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Kathir (actor)

2026-05-08T04:15:07Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made data...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kathir
| image = Kathir actor.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = 
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| spouse = 
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}

'''Kathir''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Tamil language]] films. He made his breakthrough by playing the lead role in ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-turns-producer-news-tamil-nenkFPaccih.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124221611/http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-turns-producer-news-tamil-nenkFPaccih.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2014 |title=GV Prakash turns producer |work=[[Sify]] |date=13 April 2013 |accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92721.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415003328/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92721.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=GV Prakash's dons the hat of a producer |work=IndiaGlitz |date=13 April 2013 |accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> and gained critical acclaim for his performance in ''[[Kirumi]]'' (2015), ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017), ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018) and ''[[Sigai]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyan-role-lifetime-actor-kathir-pariyerum-perumal-89373|title='Pariyan is the role of a lifetime': Actor Kathir on 'Pariyerum Perumal'|date=3 October 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232809/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyan-role-lifetime-actor-kathir-pariyerum-perumal-89373|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, he starred in the [[Prime Video]] thriller series ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=Suzhal The Vortex trailer: Kathir, Aishwarya Rajesh promise a riveting thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-kathir-aishwarya-rajesh-promise-a-riveting-thriller/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608235329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-kathir-aishwarya-rajesh-promise-a-riveting-thriller/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kathir made his debut as an actor through Vikram Sukumaran's ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' (2013), which was produced by noted music composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] Kathir acted in this movie during his college studies. In the evenings, after finishing college studies, he went to shootings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-madha-yaanai-koottam-village-vignettes/article5459572.ece |title=Audio Beat: Madha Yaanai Koottam – Village vignettes |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-12-14 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |last1=Kumar |first1=S. R. Ashok |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407004050/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-madha-yaanai-koottam-village-vignettes/article5459572.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews, with Kathir earning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a village youngster. A critic from [[The Hindu]] stated Kathir "tries to do his best", while Sify.com stated he had done "a good job in his first role".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-madha-yaanai-koottam-shows-senseless-violence-south/20131226.htm |title=Review: Madha Yaanai Koottam shows senseless violence – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2013-12-26 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420140819/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-madha-yaanai-koottam-shows-senseless-violence-south/20131226.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madhayaanai-koottam-herd-mentality/article5511986.ece |title=Madhayaanai Koottam: Herd mentality |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 December 2013 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Malathi |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220062604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/madhayaanai-koottam-herd-mentality/article5511986.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madhayaanai-koottam-review-tamil-pcmbhnhhdhceg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425075129/http://www.sify.com/movies/madhayaanai-koottam-review-tamil-pcmbhnhhdhceg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2016 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-12-26 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> Kathir then won critical acclaim for his performance in the thriller film, ''[[Kirumi]]'' (2015) directed by Anucharan and written by [[M. Manikandan|Manikandan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kirumi-a-superb-lowkey-character-study-masquerading-as-a-thriller/article7688939.ece |title=Kirumi: A superb, low-key character study masquerading as a thriller |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2015-09-25 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220094120/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kirumi-a-superb-lowkey-character-study-masquerading-as-a-thriller/article7688939.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kirumi-review--pjxjSsedjibig.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926001212/http://www.sify.com/movies/kirumi-review--pjxjSsedjibig.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2015 |title=Review : 'Kirumi' Review: Original story and a tight screenplay |website=[[Sify]] |date=2015-09-23 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> The film was also sent to international film festivals, with a critic from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' noting that "playing his namesake character, Kathir makes for a particularly avid small-time crook, effortlessly cataloging useful information for the police officers he smoothly ingratiates himself with by dint of feigned respect and subtle manipulation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kirumi-iffla-review-888472 |title='Kirumi': IFFLA Review |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2016-04-28 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215022615/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kirumi-iffla-review-888472 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kirumi-starring-kathir-to-have-international-premiere-in-toronto.html |title=Kirumi starring Kathir to have international premiere in Toronto! |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2015-09-19 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428220216/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kirumi-starring-kathir-to-have-international-premiere-in-toronto.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, he was seen in the action thriller ''[[Ennodu Vilayadu]]'' alongside [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ennodu… slacks momentum when required |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/ennoduhellip-slacks-momentum-when-required-1571771.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027164140/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/ennoduhellip-slacks-momentum-when-required-1571771.html |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He was also cast in ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' with [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s production ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018), for which he attained national acclaim and was noted for his "outstanding performance". In 2019, ''[[Sigai]]'', where he portrayed a gentle and dedicated performance of an effeminate man.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharath-kathir-chandini-sanchitha-ennodu-vilayadu-to-hit-the-screens-in-february-2017-tamil-news-176738.html |title=Bharath Kathir Chandini Sanchitha Ennodu Vilayadu to hit the screens in February 2017 – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2017-01-16 |accessdate=2017-02-16 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411072042/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharath-kathir-chandini-sanchitha-ennodu-vilayadu-to-hit-the-screens-in-february-2017-tamil-news-176738.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kathir-teams-up-with-Madhavan-and-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/55415892.cms |title=Vijay Sethupathi: Kathir teams up with Madhavan and Vijay Sethupathi |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=indiatimes.com |date= |access-date=2017-02-16 |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215145239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kathir-teams-up-with-Madhavan-and-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/55415892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He then released ''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]'' (2019), a crime thriller.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kathir-plays-a-strange-cop-in-this-crime-thriller/articleshow/60086436.cms|title=Kathir plays a 'strange' cop in this crime thriller|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824221807/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kathir-plays-a-strange-cop-in-this-crime-thriller/articleshow/60086436.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He then performed in ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019), a sports movie directed by Atlee Kumar as a football coach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigil-movie-review-atlee-gifts-vijay-a-kickass-diwali-blockbuster-1612746-2019-10-25|title=Bigil Movie Review: Atlee gifts Vijay a kickass Diwali blockbuster|date=October 25, 2019|first=Janani|last=K.|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024041016/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigil-movie-review-atlee-gifts-vijay-a-kickass-diwali-blockbuster-1612746-2019-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref> His next film was also a sports film, ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' (2019), that released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jada-review-tamil-movie-22881|title=Jada review. Jada Tamil movie review, story, rating|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417231625/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jada-review-tamil-movie-22881|url-status=live}}</ref>
His film ''[[Sarbath]]'' was a direct television premiere, which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Sarbath Movie Review: Kathir, Soori shine in a simple, no-frills comfort film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/apr/14/sarbath-movie-review-kathir-soori-shine-in-asimple-no-frillscomfort-film-23914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/apr/14/sarbath-movie-review-kathir-soori-shine-in-asimple-no-frillscomfort-film-23914.html |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

As well as starring in follow-up movies, he had starred in an [[Amazon Prime Video]] series created by [[Pushkar-Gayathri]] hence ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''. The series garnered a widespread pan-India response as well as favorable and positive reviews from the audience and critics alike.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex/season-1/seasonreview/92221443.cms |title=Suzhal: The Vortex Season 1 Review : Suzhal: A riveting, extremely well-written investigative thriller |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320203214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex/season-1/seasonreview/92221443.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kathir film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' || Parthiban ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Kathir ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Ennodu Vilayadu]]'' || Sridhar ||
|-
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' || Vignesh (Pulli) ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2018 || ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' ||Pariyerum Perumal (Pariyan)||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Sigai]]'' || Mathivanan ||
|-
| ''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]'' || SI Kathiresan ||
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]'' || Kathir ||
|-
| ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' || Jada ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021 || ''[[Sarbath]]'' || Arivu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Akka Kuruvi]]'' || Older Deva || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]'' || Rajkumar ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2023 || ''[[Thalaikoothal (film)|Thalaikoothal]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2025 || ''[[Meesha (film)|Meesha]]'' || Midhun || [[Malayalam]] debut
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''Aasai''
|{{TBA}}
|Releasing on 6 March<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title='Aasai' release date confirmed: Kathir and Divya Bharathi starrer romantic thriller out on March 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aasai-release-date-confirmed-kathir-and-divya-bharathi-starrer-romantic-thriller-out-on-march-6/articleshow/126613352.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maanavan'' || || Filming
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''I'm Game''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Malayalam; Filming
|-
|}

;Web Series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kathir television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2022 - present|| ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || SI Chakravarthy (Sakkarai) || Lead
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of awards and nominations received by Kathir
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Behindwoods Gold Medal
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-iconic-edition/gouri-kishan-best-debut-actor.html|title=LIST OF WINNERS FOR BGM ICONIC EDITION|date=16 December 2018|access-date=28 September 2019|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035031/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-iconic-edition/gouri-kishan-best-debut-actor.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Special Jury for Outstanding Performance
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big|date=17 August 2019|access-date=28 September 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6453091}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Rupa Biswas

2026-05-07T22:14:27Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: created a entry

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rupa Biswas
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = [[Malda Town]], West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Singer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Rupa Biswas''' is an Indian singer who is known for her singular ''Disco Jazz'' album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09m3hjx|title=BBC World Service – Outlook, My mother, India's forgotten disco diva|website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/21/from-bengal-to-boogie-rupa-biswas-indias-rediscovered-disco-diva|title=From Bengal to boogie: Rupa Biswas, India's rediscovered disco diva | Disco|website=The Guardian|date=21 June 2019|access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/919299/the-bengali-homemaker-whose-disco-jazz-album-has-become-a-holy-grail-after-40-years-of-anonymity|author=Nate Rabe|website=scroll.in|title=Who is Rupa Sen and why has her Disco Jazz album become a 'holy grail' after 40 years of anonymity?|access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She was born as Sukla Biswas in 1955, in [[Malda Town]], West Bengal, India.<ref name="theguardian"/> Biswas was married to Udayan and has a son Debayan.<ref name="theguardian"/>

Her one and only album, ''Disco Jazz'', was released in 1982, shortly after her father took the family on a holiday to Canada in 1981.<ref name="theguardian"/>

In 1981, at the [[University of Calgary]]'s Boris Roubakine Hall, she sang [[Geet (song)|geets]] and [[ghazals]] for three hours to an audience which included musicians such as [[Aashish Khan]] (later a [[Grammy Award]] nominee) and his [[tabla]]-playing brother Pranesh Khan, who were grandsons of [[Allauddin Khan]] and former collaborators with [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]].<ref name="theguardian"/> Aashish and Pranesh Khan had taken an interest in [[disco]] music following the success of [[Pakistani pop]] singer [[Nazia Hassan]]. The Khan brothers had composed disco music for a project called ''Disco Jazz''. After watching Rupa's performance, the Khan brothers approached her to perform vocals for the project.<ref name="Wax">{{cite web |title=Rupa, the voice of "Aaj Shanibar," speaks out after 40 years |url=https://www.waxpoetics.com/article/rupa-the-voice-behind-aaj-shanibar-speaks-out-after-forty-years/ |website=[[Wax Poetics]] |access-date=15 June 2023 |date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

The Khan brothers produced her first album ''Disco Jazz'', which was completed in 1981 and released in 1982.<ref name="Wax"/> The song "Aaj Shanibar" ({{translation|"Today's Saturday"}}) was mostly sung in the [[Bengali language]], along with some [[Hindi]].<ref name="pitchfork"/> She was given vocals written by Aashish Khan's wife Firoza Khan and a cordless mic, which she had never seen before. Rupa was used to wearing traditional [[Indian clothing]] and all this was a new experience for her. For the album cover image, she chose a dress which she found in the kids' section of a department store and decided to go with a haircut that she still uses today.<ref name="theguardian"/>

After recording her vocals, she spent time in the United Kingdom with her brother Chandan, who later paid for all her recordings.<ref name="theguardian"/> In 1982, Rupa sold a handful of copies of ''Disco Jazz'' and soon faded into anonymity. The album disappeared from circulation.<ref name="theguardian"/>

For a long time Rupa remained away from the public eye until her work was rediscovered by Indian filmmaker [[Ashim Ahluwalia]], who owned a rare vinyl copy and selected the tracks "Aaj Shanibar", "Moja Bhari Moja", and "Ayee Morshume Be-Reham Duniya" for the soundtrack of his film, ''[[Miss Lovely]]'', which competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="theguardian"/> It was also released unofficially on a German record label, Ovular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/804801/rediscovering-calcuttas-disco-jazz-from-the-80s-its-star|title=Rediscovering Calcutta's Disco Jazz From The '80s & Its Star|website=homegrown.co.in}}</ref>

In 2014, Rupa's son, Debayan Sen, discovered an album inside his house in [[Kolkata]], India. The album featured a picture of his mother, leading to the discovery of her buried musical career. On Google, Sen discovered that the album ''Disco Jazz'' was a rarity, selling at high prices on websites such as [[Discogs]] and was already viewed by millions on YouTube.<ref name="pitchfork" /> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' compared "Aaj Shanibar" to [[Balearic beat]] music, a style of [[house music]], stating it contains "touches of what would now be considered Balearic beat music, with its expansive and hypnotic musical interludes."<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite news |title=How a Long-Lost Indian Disco Record Won Over Crate Diggers and Cracked the YouTube Algorithm |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/how-a-long-lost-indian-disco-record-won-over-crate-diggers-and-cracked-the-youtube-algorithm/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

In April 2016, Fran Korzatowski, a music fan based in Albany, New York, identified the song "Aaj Shanibar" based on the ''Miss Lovely'' end credits and later uploaded it to YouTube.[1] A few months later, [[Dan Snaith]] discovered Aaj Shanibar on YouTube and immediately selected it for his live DJ sets and radio broadcasts on NTS and Gilles Peterson's Worldwide FM.[1] Since then, the album has been re-issued by [[The Numero Group]], a well-established archival record label.[2] The song has been used by [[Loewe (fashion brand)|Loewe]] in ''Paula's Ibiza 2020'' advertising campaign and by [[Netflix]] in the television series ''[[Cowboy Bebop (2021 TV series)|Cowboy Bebop]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Her debut album bombed 42 years ago. Now, at 69, Rupa is finally getting the praise she deserves |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/her-debut-album-bombed-42-years-ago-now-at-69-rupa-is-finally-getting-the-praise-she-deserves |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |date=18 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Discography==
'''Albums'''
*''Disco Jazz''

'''Songs'''
* "Aaj Shanibar"
* "Moja Bhari Moja"<ref name="scroll"/>
* "Ayee Morshume Be‐reham Duniya"
* "East West Shuffle"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Rupa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Bhubaneswar Metro

2026-05-07T13:31:58Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Put Up Some Data From Scratch.

{{Short description|Suspended rapid transit system in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Bhubaneswar Metro
| image =
| imagesize =
| locale = [[Bhubaneswar–Cuttack metropolitan area]], [[Odisha]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| status = On hold / Suspended (since April 2026)
| system_length = {{convert|26.024|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| lines = 1 (Planned, suspended)
| stations = 20 (Planned)
| key_people = Kalyan Pattnaik ([[IRSEE]]) (CEO) Krushna Chandra Mahapatra (Minister, H&UD)
| headquarters = Unnati Bhawan, Satya Nagar, Bhubaneswar
| website = {{URL|https://www.bhubaneswarmetro.in/}}
| began_operation =
| operator = Bhubaneswar Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
| vehicles = 3-coach train sets (Planned)
| train_length = 60 metres (approx.)
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| average_speed = {{convert|35|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (Projected)
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (Projected)
| map =
| line_number = {{plainlist|
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} '''Line 1''' (Airport – Trisulia)
}}
}}

The '''Bhubaneswar Metro''' is a suspended [[rapid transit]] system intended to serve the twin cities of [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Initially conceptualized to mitigate urban congestion within the [[National Capital Region (India)|Bhubaneswar–Cuttack metropolitan area]], the project entered the active implementation stage in 2024 before being placed on hold by the state government in April 2026.

The first phase was designed as an entirely elevated corridor spanning {{convert|26|km|mi}} from [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] to Trisulia Square. Following a 2026 administrative review, the project was suspended in favor of an integrated regional mobility framework known as the '''Bhubaneswar–Cuttack–Puri–Paradip Economic Corridor'''.

== History ==

=== Background and Early Proposals (2010–2017) ===
The proposal for a mass rapid transit system (MRTS) for the twin cities was first officially explored in July 2010, when the state transport department engaged the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) for a preliminary feasibility study.<ref name=OnAnvil>{{cite news|title=Metro track for twin cities on anvil|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100728/jsp/orissa/story_12739502.jsp|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=28 July 2010}}</ref> In 2013, [[E. Sreedharan]], then principal advisor to DMRC, suggested that Bhubaneswar lacked the population density (threshold of 2 million) required for a viable metro system, recommending a [[Bus rapid transit|bus rapid transit system]] (BRTS) instead.<ref name=NotReady>{{cite news|title=Bhubaneswar not yet ready for metro rail: Sreedharan|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bhubaneswar-not-yet-ready-for-metro-rail-sreedharan-113010800046_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=8 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Approval and Phase 1 Implementation (2023–2025) ===
The project was formally approved on 1 April 2023 (Utkala Dibasa). The DMRC was subsequently appointed as the consultant for Phase 1, with a budget of ₹6,255 crore entirely funded by the [[Government of Odisha]]. The foundation stone was laid near Trisulia in early 2024. By late 2025, civil works including boundary wall construction for the Trisulia depot and geotechnical surveys had commenced, with an expenditure of approximately ₹273.51 crore.

=== 2026 Suspension and Policy Shift ===
On 7 April 2026, the newly inaugurated state cabinet announced the suspension of the current Phase 1 alignment and the termination of the consultancy agreement with the DMRC. The government cited concerns regarding financial sustainability, projected operational losses, and the need to align with the revised **National Metro Rail Policy of 2026**.

The Housing and Urban Development Department stated that the standalone metro would be replaced by a broader regional transit framework connecting [[Puri]] and [[Paradip]], potentially utilizing [[Regional Rapid Transit System (India)|RRTS]] technology or an upgraded Metro Neo system to ensure better cost-to-ridership ratios.

== Network ==

=== Phase 1 (Under Review) ===
The original Phase 1 network consisted of a single elevated corridor designated as **Line 1**.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Line !! Stations !! Length (km) !! colspan="2" | Terminals !! Status
|-
! 1
| style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}}; color:white;" | '''Line 1''' || 20 || 26.024 || [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] || Trisulia Square (Cuttack) || Suspended
|}

Planned stations included major commercial and institutional nodes such as [[Capital Hospital]], [[Bhubaneswar Railway Station]], [[Vani Vihar]], Jaydev Vihar, and KIIT Square.

=== Future Expansion (Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Puri-Paradip) ===
Following the 2026 policy shift, a regional network is being planned to replace the standalone urban metro.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; margin:auto;"
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" | Proposed Regional Economic Corridor (2026 Framework)
|-
! No. !! Route !! Stations !! Length (km) !! Mode !! Status
|-
! 1
| Bhubaneswar – Cuttack (Trisulia) || 20 || 26 || RRTS / Metro Neo || Under Review
|-
! 2
| Bhubaneswar – [[Puri]] || 8 || 62 || High-speed Rail || Proposed
|-
! 3
| Bhubaneswar – [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road]] || 6 || 28 || Rapid Transit || Proposed
|-
! 4
| Cuttack – [[Paradip]] || 12 || 85 || Regional Rail || Planned
|}

== Infrastructure ==

=== Rolling Stock ===
The initial DPR proposed 3-coach stainless steel train sets with a carrying capacity of approximately 900 passengers. Following the suspension, the government is exploring lighter rolling stock (Metro Neo) to reduce capital expenditure by an estimated 40%.

=== Depots ===
A major depot was under construction at Trisulia, covering 20 hectares. Construction was halted in April 2026. The site is currently being maintained by BMRCL pending a final decision on its conversion into a multi-modal regional transport hub.

== Construction Incidents ==
During the preliminary piling works in late 2025 near Patia Square, a minor soil subsidence incident occurred, leading to the temporary closure of one flank of the Nandankanan Road. No injuries were reported, but the incident led to a safety audit of the geotechnical data provided in the 2023 DPR.

== See also ==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Capital Region Urban Transport]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Cuttack metropolitan area]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bhubaneswarmetro.in/ Official Website of BMRCL]

== History ==
=== Early proposals and feasibility studies (2010–2017) ===
The proposal for a rapid transit system to connect the twin cities of [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] was first initiated on 27 July 2010, when the state transport department engaged the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) to conduct a preliminary survey.<ref name=OnAnvil>{{cite news|title=Metro track for twin cities on anvil|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100728/jsp/orissa/story_12739502.jsp|url-status=dead|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=28 July 2010}}</ref> However, on 8 January 2013, [[E. Sreedharan]], then principal advisor to the DMRC, advised against a metro system for Bhubaneswar, noting that the city's population had not yet reached the 2 million threshold typically required for such projects. He instead recommended investment in a [[Bus rapid transit|bus rapid transit system]] (BRTS) or a high-speed [[tram]]way.<ref name=NotReady>{{cite news|title=Bhubaneswar not yet ready for metro rail: Sreedharan|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bhubaneswar-not-yet-ready-for-metro-rail-sreedharan-113010800046_1.html|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Despite these reservations, local advocacy groups, including the Cuttack Banchao Committee led by [[Subhash Chandra Singh]], petitioned the state to reconsider, citing long-term population growth and the region's emerging status as a hub for health, sports, and technology.
Alternative transit models were briefly considered; in January 2013, Engineering Projects India Ltd. proposed a [[monorail]] project.<ref name=OdishaPlans>{{cite news|title=Odisha plans Monorail transit system for Cuttack and Bhubaneswar|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news/36237712_1_monorail-transit-system-odisha-government-epi|url-status=dead|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> On 23 August 2014, the state government signed a ₹2.52 crore contract with Balaji Railroad Systems Ltd. (BARSYL) to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for a 30 km [[rapid transit|mass rapid transit system]] (MRTS).<ref name=MRTSTravel>{{cite news|title=MRTS travel in state likely in five years|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mrts-travel-in-state-likely-in-five-years-114082400834_1.html|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=24 August 2014}}</ref> However, by February 2017, the state government maintained that a metro system was not immediately feasible and prioritized a bus-based urban transport network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhubaneswar Pitches For Bus Based Urban Transport System|url=http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Bhubaneswar-Pitches-For-Bus-Based-Urban-Transport-System/21-02-2017-113235/|website=BW SC|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
=== Project approval and implementation (2018–2024) ===
The project regained political momentum in January 2018 when the [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] formally demanded federal support for metro connectivity between Cuttack and Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://kalingatv.com/state/odisha-cm-demands-metro-rail-lines-cuttack-bhubaneswar/.htm |title = Odisha CM demands Metro rail lines for Cuttack-Bhubaneswar| publisher = Kalingatv.com, 17 January 2018}}</ref> This was followed by a 2019 declaration by the Governor of Odisha affirming the state's intent to connect the "Silver City" (Cuttack) with the "Smart City" (Bhubaneswar) via a metro link.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/bhubaneswar-cuttack-to-get-metro-rail-connectivity-odisha-guv-381486.htm |title=Bhubaneswar-Cuttack to get Metro rail connectivity |publisher=[[Odisha TV]] |access-date=2019-06-19 }}</ref>
On 1 April 2023, the state government officially approved a metro service encompassing Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, and Puri. The project was designated as entirely state-funded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhubaneswar/naveen-patnaik-utkala-dibasa-gift-to-odisha-metro-project-bhubaneswar-8532252/|title=Odisha CM announces metro project for capital on statehood day| publisher = [[The New Indian Express]]|date= 1 April 2023}}</ref> In August 2023, the DMRC was re-engaged to prepare a comprehensive DPR, including traffic surveys, topographic studies, and environmental impact assessments. The resulting report was subsequently submitted to the Chief Secretary. The foundation stone for Phase 1 was laid in early 2024, focusing on a route connecting major healthcare and educational institutions with the city’s central railway station.
=== 2026 suspension and policy shift ===
By the end of 2025, approximately ₹273.51 crore had been expended on initial groundwork and the development of a depot at Trisulia. However, on 7 April 2026, the newly inaugurated state government announced the termination of the Phase 1 plan. The Housing and Urban Development Minister stated that the project would undergo a "futuristic makeover" to align with the revised 2026 National Metro Rail Policy. The suspension was attributed to a shift toward an integrated regional transport framework, focusing on the broader Bhubaneswar–Cuttack–Puri–Paradip Economic Corridor rather than a standalone metro line. While Phase 1 as originally envisioned was halted, the government maintained that the project remains part of long-term urban planning under a revised mobility scheme.

==Route network==
=== Phase 1 ===
In Phase 1, 20 metro stations may or may not be built on the Line 1 from [[Trisulia]] to [[Biju Patnaik Airport]], including [[Capital Hospital]], Sishu Bhawan, Bapuji Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar Railway Station]], Ram Mandir Square, [[Vani Vihar]], Acharya Vihar Square, Jaydev Vihar Square, Xavier Square, Rail Sadan, District Centre, Damana Square, Patia Square, KIIT Square, Nandan Vihar, [[Raghunathpur railway station|Raghunathpur]], [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]], Barang Station and Phulapokhari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/dmrc-prepares-dpr-for-bhubaneswar-metro-rail-project-submits-to-odisha-government20230816232002/| title=DMRC prepares DPR for Bhubaneswar Metro Rail Project, submits to Odisha government|website=[[Asian News International]]|language=en-US|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> which would be further extended to [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal]] in future expansion.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto;text-align:center;"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 1 Network
|-
!|No.
!|Line Name
!Stations
!Length (km)
!scope="col" colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Terminals
!Opening Date
|-
| text-align:center;" |1
| text-align:center;" |'''Line 1'''
| text-align:center;" |20
| text-align:center;" |{{convert|26.024|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|[[Trisulia]] ([[Cuttack]])
|[[Biju Patnaik Airport]] ([[Bhubaneswar]])
| text-align:center;" |TBD
|}

==Timeline==
* '''April 2023''': Metro project announced for Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Khordha, and Puri. First metro trunk route proposed, connecting Trisulia near Cuttack to [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] in Bhubaneswar.<ref name=MetroT1>{{cite news|title=Odisha CM announces first metro trunk route for State|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-cm-announces-first-metro-trunk-route-for-state/article66688050.ece|access-date=1 April 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=MetroT2>{{cite news|title=Odisha CM announces metro rail project connecting Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Khurda|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/odisha-cm-announces-metro-rail-project-connecting-cuttack-bhubaneswar-puri-khurda/articleshow/99171628.cms|access-date=1 April 2023|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
* '''May 2023''': DPR at last stage of preparation. Government announces that metro construction will start by December 2023.
* '''July 2023''': BMRCL in cooperation with DMRC said the soil testing for Bhubaneswar metro would be commenced soon. In the first phase, soil testing will take place between Trisulia and Nandankanan and then the testing will be done till Airport. Soil will be tested every 1 km and digging of 30 m pits maybe required to check the natural and bedrock of soil.
*''' August 2023''': Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was engaged with the responsibility of preparing the DPR. After conducting traffic survey, geo-technical investigation, topo-graphic survey, environmental & social impact assessments, DMRC completed the DPR preparation and submitted to Chief Secretary Pradeep Kumar Jena. A total of 20 stations on a route of 26 kilometers will be constructed, i.e. Biju Patnaik Airport, Capital Hospital, Bapuji Nagar, Bhubaneswar Railway Station, Ram Mandir Square, Vani Vihar, Acharya Vihar, Jaydev Vihar Square, Xavier Square, Rail Sadan, District Centre, Damana Square, Patia Square, KIIT Square, Nandan Vihar, Raghunathpur, Nandankanan Zoological Park, Barang Station, Phulapokhari and Trisulia Square in [[Cuttack]].
* '''October 2023''': Odisha Chief Minister has approved DPR of the metro project.
*'''January 2024''': Chief minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik, inaugurated foundation stone of the project on new year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-lays-foundation-stone-of-6225-crore-bhubaneswar-metro-project/article67695109.ece| title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik lays foundation stone of ₹6,225 crore Bhubaneswar Metro project|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-US|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>
*'''March 2024''': Delhi Metro Rail Corporation floated tenders for all 19 elevated metro stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2024/Mar/14/dmrc-floats-tenders-for-19-elevated-metro-stations-in-bhubaneswar| title=DMRC floats tenders for 19 elevated metro stations in Bhubaneswar
|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
*'''March 2025''': Odisha State Housing and Urban Development Minister announces Metro Rail project extension upto Cuttack city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Mar/19/cuttack-city-to-be-included-in-metro-rail-project-minister-krushna-chandra-mahapatra| title=Cuttack city to be included in metro rail project: Minister Krushna Chandra Mahapatra|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
*'''July 2025''': Odisha's [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha|BJP]] Government scrapped the tender with Delhi Metro Rail Corporation due to viability concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/odisha-government-cancels-bhubaneswar-metro-tender-sparks-controversy-over-urban-mobility-plans/122947287|title=Odisha govt scraps Bhubaneswar Metro tender, cites viability concerns|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
*'''April 2026''': On 5 April, the Odisha Government scrapped the Metro project citing feasibility challenges from non-compliance with the 2017 National Metro Rail Policy with respect to below-threshold traffic demand and low ridership projections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2026/Apr/06/metro-project-scrapped-bmrc-to-get-new-avatar|title=Metro project scrapped; BMRC to get new avatar|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Although a week later on 10 April, the Odisha State Housing and Urban Development Minister said the Government has put the project on hold indefinitely until the formulation of a comprehensive mobility plan for the capital region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2026/Apr/11/bhubaneswar-metro-rail-not-scrapped-put-on-hold-says-hud-minister|title=Bhubaneswar metro rail not scrapped, put on hold, says H&UD minister|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[Mo Bus]]
* [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Cuttack]]
* [[Khordha]]
* [[Puri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}

{{coord |20.378645|85.799424|display=title}}

[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Transport in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]

Surjapuri language

2026-05-06T18:20:42Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: added info

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Surjapuri
| altname = Deshi Bhasa
| nativename = গৌড়ীয় ভাষা
| pronunciation = {{IPA|sjp|surd͡ʒaˈpuɾi|}} {{IPA|sjp|deʃi|}} {{IPA|sjp|ɡou̯.ɽi.ɔ|}}
| image = File:Surjapuri language.png
| imagecaption = 'Surjapuri' in [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] & [[Devanagari]] scripts
| states = [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Bihar]], ([[Kosi-Seemanchal]]) and [[West Bengal]] ([[Islampur subdivision|Islampur]])
| speakers = 2,256,228
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Surjapuri people|Surjapuri]]
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]], [[Kaithi]] (historical)
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Odia language|Odia]]–[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]{{sfn|Toulmin|2006|p=305}}
| fam6 = [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam7 = [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupa]]{{sfn|Toulmin|2006|p=305}}
| fam8 = [[KRNB lects|Kamta]]
| fam9 = Western Kamta
| iso3 = sjp
| glotto = surj1235
| glottorefname = Surjapuri
| notice =IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Surjapuri''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese branch]], spoken in [[Eastern India]] including some eastern parts of [[Purnia division]] ([[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]], and [[Araria district|Araria]] districts) of [[Bihar]], parts of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Goalpara region|Goalpara]] Division of [[Assam]] in India, as well as parts of [[Thakurgaon district]] in Bangladesh and [[Jhapa district]] in [[Nepal]]. Among speakers in some regions, it is known as 'Deshi Bhasa'.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} It possesses similarities with [[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].

==Geographical distribution==
Surjapuri is mainly spoken in some parts of [[Purnia division]] ([[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]], and [[Araria district|Araria]] districts) of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Mithila+India+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146| isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 }}</ref> It is also spoken in [[West Bengal]] (some parts of [[Islampur subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] and [[Jalpaiguri division]] in northern Bengal region), [[Bangladesh]] ([[Thakurgaon District]]) as well as in parts of eastern [[Nepal]] of [[Jhapa District]] and [[Morang District]].

==Related languages==
Surjapuri is associated with the [[Kamtapuri language]] (and its dialects [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]], Rajbanshi and Koch Rajbangshi) spoken in [[North Bengal]] and [[Goalpara region|Western Assam]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hernández-Campoy |editor-first1=Juan Manuel |editor-last2=Conde-Silvestre |editor-first2=Juan Camilo |title=The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&pg=PA508 |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118257265 |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> as well as with [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].

===Pronouns===
Source:<ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=184}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Bez|2012}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kakati|1941}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! nominative || oblique
! nominative || oblique
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| mũi
| mo-
| hāmrā
| hāmsā-, hāmcā-
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| tũi
| to-
| tumrā, tomrā
| tumsā-, tomsā-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! proximal
| yāhāy
| yahā-
| emrā, erā
| ismā-, isā-
|-
! distal
| wahā̃y
| wahā-
| amrā, worā
| usmā-, usā-
|}

Surjapuri has the oblique plural suffixes: sā (hamsā-, tomsā-) and smā (ismā-, usmā-). They are also seen in [[Early Assamese]] as: sā (āmāsā-, tomāsā-) and sambā (esambā-, tesambā-) and their occurrences are similar.<ref>{{harvcol|Bez|2012}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}

* Nasalization is also phonemic.
* /i, e/ in medial and initial form are heard as [ɪ, ɛ].{{Sfn|Srivastava|Perumalsamy|2021}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Gitanjali |last=Bez |title=Grammatical Categories in Madhav Kandali's Ramayana |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2012|hdl=10603/116370 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |author-link=Banikanta Kakati |year=1941 |title=Assamese: Its Formation and Development |url=https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment |publisher=Government of Assam |place=Gauhati, Assam}}
* {{citation |last1=Srivastava |first1=S P |last2=Perumalsamy |first2=P |title=Surjapuri |url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/12.%20SURJAPURI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103171034/http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/12.%20SURJAPURI.pdf |archive-date=3 Nov 2021 |access-date=15 May 2023 |year=2021}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Toulmin |first=Mathew W. S. |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=The Australian National University |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |hdl=1885/45743 |hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |title=Word Formation in Surjapuri |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/march2011/surjapuriwordformationfinal.pdf |journal=Language in India}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/jan2011/surajpurifinal.pdf |title=Case and Case-like Postposition in Surjapuri |journal=Language in India}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Ossudu Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T17:40:12Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: created a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Oussudu
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = Oussudu-assembly-constituency-3.png
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[P. Karthikeyan (Puducherry politician)|P. Karthikeyan]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance =
}}
'''Ossudu''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=delimit>{{cite web|format=PDF|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> Ossudu Assembly constituency is part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]]. This assembly constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] candidates.<ref name=delimit/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=55%
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" | Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" | Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Political Party
|-
| 1964
| N. Harikrishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1969
| V. Nagarathinam
|-
| 1974
| T. Ezhumalai
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1977
| M. Thangavelu
|-
| 1980
| P. Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1985
| V. Nagarathinam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1990
| N. Marimuthu
|-
| 1991
| N. Marimuthu
|-
| 1996
| V. Nagarathinam
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 2001
| [[A Elumalai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pondicherry Makkal Congress}}
|-
| 2006
| A Elumalai
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 2011
| P. Karthikeyan
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|-
| 2016
| E. Theeppainthan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2021
| [[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2026
| [[P. Karthikeyan (Puducherry politician)|P. Karthikeyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|58.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|34.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}|34.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|53.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|69.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.07}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Karthikeyan (Puducherry politician)|P. Karthikeyan]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes= 15,400 |percentage=49.2 |change={{increase}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Theeppainthan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 11,382 |percentage=36.36 |change={{decrease}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Saraganabava|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 3,698 |percentage=11.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gowri|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 458 |percentage=1.46 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 273 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 4,018 |percentage= 12.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 31,301 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =32807 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,121 |percentage=48.78 |change=24.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Karthikeyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,241 |percentage=42.29 |change=9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geetha Priya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=740 |percentage=2.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthalu Vengadesan |party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam |votes=496 |percentage=1.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=409 |percentage=1.41 |change=-0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ambigapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sankar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=293 |percentage=1.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Murali |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,880 |percentage=6.49 |change=-2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,947 |percentage=89.50 |change= -1.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,342 |change =11.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Theeppainthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,675 |percentage=33.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,345 |percentage=24.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vaithiyanathan |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=5,687 |percentage=21.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Karthikeyan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,397 |percentage=12.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Selvarassou |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=942 |percentage=3.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Angalan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=479 |percentage=1.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=388 |percentage=1.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Asaravel |party=Independent politician |votes=166 |percentage=0.63 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,330 |percentage=8.86 |change=-13.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,284 |percentage=90.72 |change= -0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,973 |change =16.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -25.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Karthikeyan |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=13,327 |percentage=58.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abar Elumalai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,169 |percentage=36.03 |change=18.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundararasu Ponnas |party=Independent politician |votes=756 |percentage=3.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pitchekarane @ Pitchaiappan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=224 |percentage=0.99 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,158 |percentage=22.75 |change=8.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,672 |percentage=91.53 |change= -0.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,770 |change =23.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 24.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abar Elumalai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,417 |percentage=34.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Soundiraradjou Ponnas |party=Independent politician |votes=3,755 |percentage=20.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Mathivanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,164 |percentage=17.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Marimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,061 |percentage=16.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=4.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arasi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=642 |percentage=3.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Pugazhendhy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=250 |percentage=1.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ilavarassane |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=202 |percentage=1.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arounassalame |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,662 |percentage=14.34 |change=13.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,559 |percentage=92.18 |change= 10.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,134 |change =5.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Puducherry Makkal Congress |swing= -0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abar Elumalai]] |party=Puducherry Makkal Congress |votes=5,364 |percentage=34.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balaraman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,200 |percentage=33.59 |change=32.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundhararaju |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=4,072 |percentage=26.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Marimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=1.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Dayalan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=196 |percentage=1.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kalai |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=95 |percentage=0.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sivanandham |party=Independent politician |votes=94 |percentage=0.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arikishnan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=78 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=164 |percentage=1.06 |change=-14.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,481 |percentage=81.22 |change= 7.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,063 |change =5.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Puducherry Makkal Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |swing= -28.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Nagarathinam |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=7,380 |percentage=53.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Marimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,232 |percentage=38.13 |change=-24.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Elumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=1.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=192 |percentage=1.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Arulselvi |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=1.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Iyyanar |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundar Rajan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=115 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Datchinamurthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=114 |percentage=0.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Narayanasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,148 |percentage=15.65 |change=-11.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,722 |percentage=80.14 |change= 6.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,038 |change =9.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Marimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,293 |percentage=63.00 |change=22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balaraman |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,162 |percentage=35.95 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vijayakumar |party=Janata Party |votes=77 |percentage=0.67 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,131 |percentage=27.05 |change=13.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,576 |percentage=73.28 |change= -5.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,480 |change =0.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 22.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Marimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,242 |percentage=40.77 |change=-28.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundararasu |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,514 |percentage=27.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Murthy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,058 |percentage=16.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Rajendiran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,957 |percentage=15.22 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,728 |percentage=13.44 |change=-30.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,857 |percentage=78.93 |change= 1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,430 |change =40.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -28.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Nagarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,176 |percentage=69.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thangavelu Clemanso |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,251 |percentage=25.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arikrishnane |party=Janata Party |votes=493 |percentage=5.53 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,925 |percentage=44.00 |change=8.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,920 |percentage=77.31 |change= -3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,656 |change =15.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Murthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,122 |percentage=66.48 |change=54.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dhakshinamurthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,374 |percentage=30.82 |change=-11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=2.70 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,748 |percentage=35.67 |change=17.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,704 |percentage=80.70 |change= 7.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,121 |change =5.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thangavelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,902 |percentage=41.96 |change=-5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Nagarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,640 |percentage=23.71 |change=-10.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sivaparakasam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,451 |percentage=20.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Veerammal Vanamayil |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=809 |percentage=11.70 |change=-6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajalashumi |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=0.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arikrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,262 |percentage=18.25 |change=4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,916 |percentage=73.39 |change= -13.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,580 |change =10.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ezhumalai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,426 |percentage=47.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Nagarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,461 |percentage=34.36 |change=-16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Thanagarassu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,276 |percentage=17.81 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=965 |percentage=13.47 |change=12.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,163 |percentage=86.58 |change= 10.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,688 |change =-2.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Nagarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,386 |percentage=50.60 |change=-4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Perumal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,306 |percentage=49.40 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=80 |percentage=1.20 |change=-8.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,692 |percentage=76.28 |change= 8.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,950 |change =7.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ossudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Harikrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,027 |percentage=55.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumal |party=Indian People's Front |votes=2,470 |percentage=44.93 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=557 |percentage=10.13 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,497 |percentage=68.19 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,332 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.959|79.725|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana College

2026-05-01T16:57:30Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made a info...

{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Autonomous higher education institution in Vijayawada, India}}
'''Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana College''' (KBN or locally " KBN College”) is an autonomous, government-aided higher education institution located in Kothapeta, [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges / Universities {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/public-utility-category/colleges/page/2/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Established in 1965, the college is affiliated with [[Krishna University]] and is managed by the Sri Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana and Hindu High Schools Committee, one of the oldest educational trusts in the region.

== History ==
KBN College was founded by philanthropist Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana. The foundation stone was laid on Nov. 6, 1964, by Sri [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]], then-Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The college commenced academic operations in June 1965

In May 2022, a blood donation camp at KBN College saw participation from over 500 students from [[Krishna University|Krishna]], [[Guntur]], and [[NTR district|NTR districts]]. It was organized by the Youth Welfare Department with support from [[SRM University, Andhra Pradesh|SRM University AP]] and other institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-05-04 |title=500 students from 3 districts donate blood at camp held in KBN college |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2022/May/04/500-students-from-3-districts-donate-blood-at-camp-held-in-kbn-college-2449957.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education system ==
KBN College <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://kbncollege.ac.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210011332/http://kbncollege.ac.in/ |archive-date=2014-02-10 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=kbncollege.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref> follows a semester-based academic calendar and implements the Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) for its [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] programs. Teaching methods include classroom instruction, seminars, and digital learning. The college is affiliated with Krishna University, and admissions to postgraduate courses are based on entrance exams such as ICET and KRU-CET.

== Campus ==
The college campus spans 9.6 acres in an urban setting. The infrastructure has modern classrooms, science and computer laboratories, a seminar hall, administrative blocks, a digital learning center and department-specific facilities. Residential facilities include a girls' hostel with ward supervision, and the canteen provides food and refreshments for students and staff. The college provides student development through [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], [[National Service Scheme|NSS]] and sports programs. It features a sports ground for kabaddi, kho-kho and athletics, and houses a gymnasium for fitness activities.

In 2015, KBN College, Vijayawada, secured the overall championship at Krishna Tarang by earning medals in 14 events, including creative categories.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-06 |title=Krishna Tarang: KBN College emerges overall champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Krishna-Tarang-KBN-College-emerges-overall-champion/article13985966.ece |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Library ==
The central library of KBN College provides academic resources to meet the curriculum and research needs of students and faculty. The digital library, part of the institution’s infrastructure, offers e-resources including e-journals, e-books and academic repositories. The [[Academic library|UG & PG library]] has a shelving capacity of more than 56,900 books.

== Accreditation ==
KBN College was granted autonomous status by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) in 2010. The college received an 'A' grade during the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accreditation cycle in 2013 and was re-accredited with an [https://www.kbncollege.ac.in/naac 'A++' grade] in 2024. In 2016, it was recognized by the UGC as a College with Potential for Excellence (CPE). The institution was [https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-06/3-degree-colleges-in-vijayawada-secured-ranks-among-Indias-top-100/291492 ranked 92nd] among degree colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework ([[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]]) in 2017. The college has introduced academic programs including a Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence.

== Research ==
The college facilitates academic research through the Research and Publication Monitoring (RPM) Cell. The cell coordinates interdisciplinary research and faculty development activities, supported by funding from UGC and DST. Faculty are involved in both minor and major research projects. Dr. G. Krishnaveni, IQAC coordinator, also serves as Director of the RPM Cell and oversees research-related initiatives.

== Undergraduate Programmes ==
KBN College offers a diverse set of undergraduate (UG) programmes across science, commerce, and management disciplines:

=== Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) ===

* '''B.Sc. Quantum Technology — First of its Kind Under Krishna University'''
* B.Sc. Data Science
* B.Sc. Computer Science
* B.Sc. Electronics
* B.Sc. Chemistry
* B.Sc. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
* B.Sc. Mathematics
* B.Sc. Statistics
* B.Sc. Biotechnology

=== Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) ===

* BBA (General)
* BBA (Business Analytics)

=== Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) ===

* B.Com. (Tax Procedures)
* B.Com. (Computer Applications)
* B.Com. (Logistics)

=== Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) ===

* BCA (Computer Applications)

== Postgraduate Programmes ==
KBN College offers a diverse set of postgraduate (PG) programmes across science and management disciplines:

=== Master of Computer Applications (MCA) ===

* MCA

=== Master of Business Administration (MBA) ===

* MBA

=== Master of Science (M.Sc.) ===

* M.Sc. Organic Chemistry
* M.Sc. Analytical Chemistry
* M.Sc. Data Science

== Placements and Student Support ==
In the academic year 2025–2026, the college recorded '''745 placements''', demonstrating strong placement performance. The achievement reflects structured training, recruitment initiatives, and industry engagement. Students also benefit from career guidance, skill development programmes, and merit-based scholarships.

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|'''Suhas Pagolu''']] is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu films]].
* '''[[Boyi Satya]]''' is a handball player from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She plays for the Andhra Pradesh state team

== Awards ==
In January 2025, Vijayawada MP [[Kesineni Chinni|Kesineni Sivanath]] distributed sports kits to 67 schools during a program held at KBN College.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=2025-01-30 |title=MP distributes sports kits |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mp-distributes-sports-kits-940891 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Events ==
KBN College conducts academic and extracurricular events annually. Events such as Foundation Day, [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[National Service Scheme|NSS Day]], and [[National Science Day]]. The college also conducts a cultural event titled "Samskruti," which includes intercollegiate competitions in music, dance, literary activities, and drama.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.kbncollege.ac.in/ KBN College official website]

{{coord|16.5238|80.6124|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]

Santosham (2002 film)

2026-04-25T10:23:51Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made Basic Post W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|2002 Indian film directed by Dasaradh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santosham
| image = Santosham.jpg
| caption = 7th Week successful running release poster
| screenplay = Dasaradh [[Gopimohan]] [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Dasaradh
}}
| story = Dasaradh
| producer = K. L. Narayana
| director = [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Gracy Singh]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Prabhu Deva]]
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| studio = Sri Durga Arts
| distributor = [[Annapurna Studios]] Supreme Audio EVP International {{Small|(Worldwide)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|5|9}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹13 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2002 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2002/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Santosham''''' ({{translation}} Happiness) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]] who co-wrote the screenplay with [[Gopimohan]] and [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Gracy Singh]] and [[Shriya Saran]] in lead roles, with [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[K. Viswanath]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]. The film won two [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]].

Released on 9 May 2002, the film was well received by critics and was a blockbuster at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Sunil |first1=Sreya |last2=Jeevi |title=Research - Telugu cinema in the first half of 2002 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> It became the highest grossing film in Nagarjuna's career and was one of the highest grossing films of the year.<ref name=":0" /> It was a welcome break for Nagarjuna from the consecutive flops he suffered since 2000. It was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Santhosha Vanille'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''Pehli Nazar ka Pehla Pyaar''. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ugadi (2007 film)|Ugadi]]'' (2007).

==Plot==
Karthik is a rich architect in [[Ooty]]. He falls in love with Padmavathi "Padhu". Padhu is hesitant to accept and reciprocate Karthik's love, as she doesn't know what kind of a person he is. Padmavathi has a younger cousin named Bhanu. Bhanu encourages their love and gives courage to Padhu's feelings. When Padhu reveals her love, her father Ramachandrayya enraged, resists and asks her to marry the guy he has chosen for her. Motivated by Bhanu's words, Padhu leaves a letter to her parents and elopes to marry Karthik. Angered by her actions, Ramachandrayya breaks family ties with her.

Karthik and Padmavathi get married and migrate to [[New Zealand]], and later give birth to a kid named Lucky. Padmavathi is very eager to get back to her parents and get their blessings. Padhu, unfortunately, dies in a car accident. Ramachandrayya has a huge joint family. A few of the family members opine that inviting Karthik and his kid for a marriage to happen at their place would allow getting a closer look at Lucky.

When Karthik visits Ramachandrayya's place he gets mixed responses from different people in the house. Ramachandrayya doesn't like Karthik and others like him. Over some time, Karthik impresses them all and when he is about to go back to New Zealand, Ramachandrayya expresses his repentance for whatever happened and says that he is accepting Karthik as his son-in-law.

Bhanu has fallen in love with Karthik. She meets Karthik, a widower now. She still has feelings for him. But at the same time, there is Pawan - a childhood friend of Bhanu - who is deeply in love with her. Karthik returns to New Zealand. Bhanu along with Pawan visits Karthik. During that period, Bhanu gets closer to Karthik. When Karthik realizes her intentions, he fixes Pawan as her fiancée for her. Now Bhanu is about to marry Pawan.

Bhanu loves Karthik, but Karthik hesitates to repeat the history by marrying a girl against the wishes of her family. Just as Karthik is about to leave for good with his son, Ramachandrayya stops him from leaving and pleads with him to marry Bhanu. Also, Pawan comes and pleads with Karthik to marry Bhanu as he can tell that Bhanu is not happy about the marriage. The film has a happy ending with Karthik and Bhanu marrying.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Karthik
* [[Gracy Singh]] as Padmavathi / Paddu, Karthik's wife (Voice Dubbed by Sunitha)
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Bhanu (Voice Dubbed by Savitha Reddy)
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Pavan, Bhanu’s fiancee
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Himsaraju / Vikram
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Giri from Mangalagiri
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Kranthi Kumar / Seetayya
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Karthik's mother
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Panduranga Rao, Karthik's father
* [[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Ramachandrayya’s first brother and Bhanu’s father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Ramachandrayya’s second brother and Seetayya’s father
* [[Babloo Prithviraj|Pruthvi]] as Sriram, Karthik’s brother-in-law
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Ramachandrayya, Paddu’s father
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Prasad, Paddu’s first brother
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Suri, Paddu’s second brother
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Rani, Prasad’s wife
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Lakshmi, Paddu’s mother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Savitri, Bhanu’s mother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Narayana Murthy, Abbulu’s father
* [[Shankar Melkote|Melkote]] as Paddu’s manager
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Srisailam, Paddu’s grandfather
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Wedding Abbulu
* Madhu Mani as Malika, Suri’s wife
* Indu Anand as Chandram’s wife and Seetayya’s mother
* Anitha Chowdary as Anitha, Karthik’s sister
* Lahari as Durga<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/straight-answers/articleshow/18489222.cms|title=Straight answers|date=8 August 2002|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
* Aajaam
* Swapna
* Devisri
* Saraswatamma
* Master Akshay as Lucky, Karthik and Paddu’s son
* [[Sophiya Haque]] as in item song
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[New Zealand]] and [[Ooty]].<ref name="I"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Santosham
| type = film
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:59
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| prev_title = [[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/santosham.html|title=Post Mortem - Santosham by Dasaradh|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The music was released on SUPREME Music Company.
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:59
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Nuvvante Nakishtamani
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Dhimdhinaktari Naktithom
| lyrics2 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = So Much To Say
| lyrics3 = Chandra Siddhartha
| extra3 = Rajesh
| length3 = 1:57
| title4 = Devude Digivachina
| lyrics4 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Usha
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Ne Tolisariga
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra5 = Usha
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = Mehbooba Mehbooa
| lyrics6 = Vishwa
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Bhargavi, Vishwa
| length6 = 4:07
| title7 = Emaindho Emo Naalo
| lyrics7 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra7 = Rajesh
| length7 = 1:15
| title8 = Diri Diri Diridee
| lyrics8 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra8 = KK, Usha
| length8 = 4:21
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Debutant director Dasarath has done a fairly decent job, and the music of R.P.Patnaik has good hummable melodies".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosham-review-telugu-pclurehcicecc.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516232921/https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosham-review-telugu-pclurehcicecc.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 May 2022 | title=Santhosham | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "First half of the film is entertaining. The beginning of second half is little boring. But the director got the audiences back into his grip half an hour before climax".<ref name="I">{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-santosham.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Santosham - Nagarjuna, Gracy Singh, Sriya, Prabhudeva - RP Patnaik - Dasarath |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=9 May 2002 }}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "I recommend this movie to people who enjoy musical/romantic movies and to Nag fans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/santhosham/telugu/santhosham-movie-reviews-2031-2.html|title=Santhosham review: Santhosham (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "Though the story has an old formula the director gives a feel-good treatment for the entire movie with a good mix of entertainment and fun.The director showed lot of confidence in deftly handling various situations in the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/santosham.htm|title=SANTOSHAM|website=Andhra Today|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822084632/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/santosham.htm|archive-date=22 August 2003}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] '''- 2002'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - K. L. Narayana

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)|Best Film - Telugu]] - K. L. Narayana
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director - Telugu]] - [[R. P. Patnaik]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0399608|title=Santosham}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]]
| years=2002
| before=''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
| after=''[[Okkadu]]''}}
{{end}}

{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}
{{K.Dasaradh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosham (2002 Film)}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2002 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films set in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]

Nupur Sanon

2026-04-24T16:22:36Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nupur Sanon
| image = Nupur Sanon graces GQ Style Awards (11).jpg
| caption = Sanon in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|15|df=y}}<ref name="toi_bd">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kabir-bahia-shares-a-sweet-and-goofy-birthday-wish-for-nupur-sanon/articleshow/116371949.cms|publisher=Times of India|title=Kabir Bahia shares a sweet and goofy birthday wish for Nupur|access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Stebin Ben]]|2026}}
| known_for =
| relatives = [[Kriti Sanon]] (sister)
}}

'''Nupur Sanon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|uː|p|ʊər|_|ˈ|s|æ|n|ɒ|n}} {{respell|NOOP|oor|_|SAN|on}}; born 15 December 1995)<ref name="toi_bd"/> is an Indian actress. The younger sister of actress [[Kriti Sanon]], she began her career appearing in the music videos "[[Filhall]]" jsjsjsnxbx" (2021). In 2023, she starred in the television series ''[[Pop Kaun?]]'' and the [[Telugu-language]] film ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''.

== Career ==
Nupur Sanon appeared in the music videos of [[B Praak]]'s songs, "[[Filhall]]" (2019) and "[[Filhaal 2: Mohabbat]]" (2021), both opposite [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Nupur Sanon on sharing the screen with Ravi Teja in 'Tiger Nageswara Rao': I consider myself lucky |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nupur-sanon-on-sharing-the-screen-with-ravi-teja-in-tiger-nageswara-rao-i-consider-myself-lucky/articleshow/104153903.cms |access-date=25 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030090302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nupur-sanon-on-sharing-the-screen-with-ravi-teja-in-tiger-nageswara-rao-i-consider-myself-lucky/articleshow/104153903.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she starred in the television series ''[[Pop Kaun?]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-03-14 |title=Nupur Sanon excited about her OTT debut 'Pop Kaun' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/nupur-sanon-excited-about-her-ott-debut-pop-kaun/1442598/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031094532/https://theprint.in/feature/nupur-sanon-excited-about-her-ott-debut-pop-kaun/1442598/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and played one of the leading ladies in the film ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Kannappa: Nupur Sanon walks out of her highly anticipated Telugu film with Manchu Vishnu; Find out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kannappa-nupur-sanon-walks-out-of-her-highly-anticipated-telugu-film-with-manchu-vishnu-find-out-1244730 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Languages
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
|''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
| Sara
|[[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]]
| Telugu film debut
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2023 |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao box office collection day 2: Ravi Teja and Nupur Sanon's film records a dip, mints Rs 11 crore amid reports of trimmed cut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tiger-nageswara-rao-box-office-collection-day-2-ravi-teja-and-nupur-sanons-film-records-a-dip-mints-rs-11-crore-amid-reports-of-trimmed-cut-8994389/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022085420/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tiger-nageswara-rao-box-office-collection-day-2-ravi-teja-and-nupur-sanons-film-records-a-dip-mints-rs-11-crore-amid-reports-of-trimmed-cut-8994389/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2027
| {{pending film|[[Noorani Chehra]]}}
| Hiba
|[[Hindi Cinema|Hindi]]
| Hindi film debut; filming
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui-Nupur Sanon wrap up shoot of 'Noorani Chehra', a film on body positivity & skin colour discrimination |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nawazuddin-siddiqui-nupur-sanon-wrap-up-shoot-of-noorani-chehra-a-film-on-body-positivity-skin-colour-discrimination/articleshow/90571297.cms |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=The Economic Times |date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923212557/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nawazuddin-siddiqui-nupur-sanon-wrap-up-shoot-of-noorani-chehra-a-film-on-body-positivity-skin-colour-discrimination/articleshow/90571297.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
| Pihu Chaupala
| Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title=Pop Kaun first impression: Satish Kaushik's last TV show has its heart in the right place but fumbles in execution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pop-kaun-first-impression-satish-kaushik-last-tv-show-predictable-script-old-jokes-kunal-kemmu-8504856/ |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225202/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pop-kaun-first-impression-satish-kaushik-last-tv-show-predictable-script-old-jokes-kunal-kemmu-8504856/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2019
| "[[Filhall]]"
| rowspan="2" | Meher Grewal
| rowspan="2" | [[B Praak]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/akshay-kumar-s-filhall-is-now-among-top-10-fastest-music-videos-to-reach-300-million-views-on-youtube/story-hAw6VoJOgOzEgcZmT6Z5TO.html | title=Akshay Kumar's Filhall becomes Top 10 fastest music videos on YouTube | date=19 July 2020 | access-date=25 October 2023 | archive-date=30 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030090305/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/akshay-kumar-s-filhall-is-now-among-top-10-fastest-music-videos-to-reach-300-million-views-on-youtube/story-hAw6VoJOgOzEgcZmT6Z5TO.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| "[[Filhaal 2: Mohabbat]]"
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/filhaal-2-akshay-kumar-teams-up-with-nupur-sanon-again-for-new-song-says-the-pain-continues-101624525731048.html | title=Filhaal 2: Akshay Kumar teams up with Nupur Sanon again for new song, says 'the pain continues' | date=24 June 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Sanon had been in a relationship with Indian singer [[Stebin Ben]] since 2021. In January 2026, the couple announced their engagement after Ben proposed to Sanon<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahead Of Udaipur Wedding, Nupur Sanon And Stebin Ben Get Engaged |work=NDTV |date=3 January 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ahead-of-udaipur-wedding-nupur-sanon-and-boyfriend-stebin-ben-get-engaged-first-pics-out-10238078}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Sanon gets engaged to longtime boyfriend Stebin Ben |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 January 2026 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nupur-sanon-engaged-to-longtime-boyfriend-stebin-ben-flaunts-massive-diamond-ring-101767426319518.html}}</ref> and the couple married in [[Udaipur]] on 10 January 2026 in [[Christian]] and [[Hindu]] wedding ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Sanon and Stebin Ben drop PICTURES from their Christian wedding with caption, 'I did, I DO, I will Always' |work=The Times of India|date=11 January 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nupur-sanon-and-stebin-ben-drop-pictures-from-their-christian-wedding-with-caption-i-did-i-do-i-will-always/articleshow/126464154.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Sanon-Stebin Ben pop champagne, exchange vows in white wedding |work=India Today|date=11 January 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nupur-sanon-stebin-ben-intimate-christian-wedding-ceremony-2850047-2026-01-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm11130526}}
*{{Instagram|id=nupursanon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanon, Nupur}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Madipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:43Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: New!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Madipur
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| established = 1983
| district = [[West Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 26
| mla = [[Kailash Gangwal]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Madipur''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern [[India]].

==Overview==
The present geographical structure of Madipur constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], which was constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Madipur is part of [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]], [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]], [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]], [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]], [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]], [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]], [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]], [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]] and [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]].

==Madipur Village==
Madipur Village is a census town and a village in West Delhi Tehsil in West [[Delhi]] District of Delhi State, India. It is located 8 km to the east of District headquarters [[Rajouri Garden]], 5 km from West Delhi, 12 km from State capital Delhi.
Madipur Village Pin code is 110063 and postal head office is [[Paschim Vihar]].
Paschim Vihar (2 km), Basai Dara Pur (3 km), [[Khyala village]] (3 km), Rajouri Garden (3 km), Sunder Vihar (3 km) are the nearby villages to Madipur Village. Madipur Village is surrounded by North West Delhi Tehsil to the north, Central Delhi Tehsil to the east, North Delhi Tehsil to the east, Bahadurgarh Tehsil to the west.
Madipur is a big [[Yadav]] dominated village. Shri "[[Jaildar Udmi Singh Yadav]]" was the most dominant person of this village during 1900s. Most of the Madipur agricultural land was acquired by the DDA to develop this Area including ncluding Punjabi Bagh West, Paschim Puri, Shyam Sidha Colony, Arihant Nagar, Madipur Colony Ordinance Depot Madipur, and Shivaji Park. It is famous for a pandavas era self originated shivling which is a source of pilgrimage to lakhs of devotees. Every year during shivratri festival it hosts a large fair near the temple.
This village is one of leading manufacturing centres of handmade female footwear in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/madipur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Swarup Chand Rajan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Mala Ram Gangwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Girish Soni]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Kailash Gangwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Madipur<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Madipur">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Madipur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0526.htm |accessdate=19 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219133836/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0526.htm |archivedate=19 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Madipur Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Madipur Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/madipur |accessdate=19 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219135008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/madipur |archivedate=19 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kailash Gangwal]]|votes=52,019|percentage=46.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Rakhi Birla]]
| votes = 41,120
| percentage = 36.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jai Prakash Panwar|votes=17,958|percentage=15.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=778|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,899|percentage=9.65|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,12,890|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Madipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Girish Soni
| votes = 64,440
| percentage = 56.00
| change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kailash Sankla
| votes = 41,721
| percentage = 36.26
| change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jai Prakash Panwar
| votes = 6,788
| percentage = 5.90
| change = -2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 517
| percentage = 0.45
| change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 22,719
| percentage = 19.74
| change = -5.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,15,157
| percentage =65.79
| change = -5.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -1.24
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Madipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Girish Soni]]
| votes = 66,571
| percentage = 57.24
| change = +21.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 37,184
| percentage = 31.97
| change = -2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 10,350
| percentage = 8.89
| change = -16.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Lala Ram
| votes = 600
| percentage = 0.51
| change = -1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 601
| percentage = 0.51
| change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 29,387
| percentage = 25.27
| change = +24.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,16,313
| percentage =71.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Madipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Girish Soni]]
| votes = 36,393
| percentage = 35.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kailash Sankla
| votes = 35,290
| percentage = 34.88
| change = -3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 25,545
| percentage = 25.25
| change = -23.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mishri Lal Khorwal
| votes = 2,169
| percentage = 2.14
| change = -9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Democratic Party
| candidate = Tara Chand
| votes = 464
| percentage = 0.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lalit Kumar Johar
| votes = 269
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mala Ram
| votes = 190
| percentage = 0.19
| change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 848
| percentage = 0.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,103
| percentage = 1.09
| change = -9.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 101,226
| percentage = 68.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Madipur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 40,698
| percentage = 48.75
| change = -2.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kailash Sankla
| votes = 32,166
| percentage = 38.53
| change = -2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mohan Lal
| votes = 9,337
| percentage = 11.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mala Ram
| votes = 649
| percentage = 0.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nirmala
| votes = 392
| percentage = 0.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Deepak Kumar
| votes = 241
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,532
| percentage = 10.22
| change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 83,483
| percentage = 58.4
| change = +3.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -2.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Madipur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 33,329
| percentage = 50.96
| change = -4.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kailash
| votes = 26,990
| percentage = 41.27
| change = -0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Radhey Shyam
| votes = 2,328
| percentage = 3.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naval Kishore Bilunia
| votes = 1,891
| percentage = 2.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Labour Party
| candidate = Kalu Ram
| votes = 382
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rohtash
| votes = 316
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kushal Chand
| votes = 170
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,339
| percentage = 9.69
| change = -3.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 65,406
| percentage = 55.20
| change = +3.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -4.42
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Madipur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 33,639
| percentage = 55.38
| change = +12.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Laxman Singh Atal
| votes = 25,543
| percentage = 42.06
| change = -9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Roop Singh Ahirwar
| votes = 1,184
| percentage = 1.95
| change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naval Kishore
| votes = 183
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Om Prakash Phulwaria
| votes = 146
| percentage = 0.24
| change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = K R Sunda
| votes = 42
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,096
| percentage = 13.32
| change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 60,737
| percentage = 51.94
| change = -11.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +12.91
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Madipur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Swarup Chand Rajan
| votes = 28,861
| percentage = 51.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mala Ram Gangwal
| votes = 23,986
| percentage = 42.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = B L Gautam
| votes = 1,797
| percentage = 3.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Kanta Devi
| votes = 886
| percentage = 1.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Roop Singh Ahirwar
| votes = 512
| percentage = 0.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shambhu Prasad
| votes = 96
| percentage =0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Khoob Ram Khorwal
| votes = 81
| percentage =0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 72
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prahalad Rai
| votes = 58
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = P D Aditya
| votes = 53
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Ram Maruti
| votes = 48
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Puran Chand Sakkarwal
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,875
| percentage = 8.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 56,483
| percentage = 63.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.671|77.117|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Swami Pravaktanand

2026-04-12T14:10:00Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made The Data W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Swami Pravaktanand
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barkhera Assembly constituency|Barkhera]]
| assembly = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Kishan Lal Rajpoot]]
| successor =
| term_start = March 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Swami Pravaktanand''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-14 |title=UP chief minister's office directs Pilibhit district magistrate to rescue 2-year-old tigress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-chief-ministers-office-directs-pilibhit-district-magistrate-to-rescue-2-year-old-tigress/articleshow/106837625.cms |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and currently serving as a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Barkhera Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/barkhera-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851146.html|title=Barkhera Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates:Jaydrath Alias Pravaktanand of BJP Wins|date=10 March 2022|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-pilibhit-election-result-2022-live-bjp-candidate-from-barkheda-assembly-swami-prakshanand-wins-by-81838-votes-22532663.html|title=Pilibhit Election Result 2022 Live : बरखेड़ा विधानसभा से भाजपा प्रत्याशी स्वामी प्रवक्तानंद ने की जीत दर्ज, 81838 वोटों से हराया - Pilibhit Election Result 2022 Live BJP candidate from Barkheda Assembly Swami Prakshanand wins by 81838 Votes|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections]], he won the seat by defeating Hemraj Verma of the [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 81472 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/barkhera-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923157-2022-03-09|title=Barkhera, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Jaydrath Urf Pravaktanand with 151771 defeats SP's Hemraj Verma|website=India Today|date=7 April 2022|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/barkhera-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7811347/|title=Barkhera (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up|date=9 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pravaktanand, Swami}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Roha

2026-04-12T12:52:13Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Town in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Roha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[town]]
| image_skyline = Roha today.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4543|N|73.1147|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Roha{{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 27,849
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 402 109 , 402116 (MIDC)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02194
| registration_plate = MH-06
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Raigad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Shrivardhan
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Roha in 70's.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Roha in the 1970s]]
[[File:Konkan Railway 516.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Roha railway station]]]]

'''Roha''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|r|oʊ|h|ə}}) is a town and [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in the [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra state in India, 120 km southeast of [[Mumbai,]] between the banks of the [[Kundalika River]] and the hills of Kalasgiri. It has a population of over 20,849. Roha is connected to Mumbai by [[Panvel railway station|Panvel-Roha railway line]]. Roha is off of the Mumbai Goa Highway, via the [[Kolad]] road.

==Notable people==

* [[C. D. Deshmukh]], politician who spent his childhood in Roha.

* [[Pandurang Vaijnath Shastri Athavale]] religious leader, born in Roha.

==Climate==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Roha
|temperature colour=pastel
|Jan high C=29.1
|Feb high C=29.6
|Mar high C=31.2
|Apr high C=32.5
|May high C=33.1
|Jun high C=31.4
|Jul high C=29.4
|Aug high C=29
|Sep high C=29.7
|Oct high C=31.6
|Nov high C=31.7
|Dec high C=30.4

|Jan mean C=23.8
|Feb mean C=24.3
|Mar mean C=26.5
|Apr mean C=28.6
|May mean C=29.8
|Jun mean C=28.6
|Jul mean C=27.2
|Aug mean C=26.8
|Sep mean C=27
|Oct mean C=27.7
|Nov mean C=26.5
|Dec mean C=24.9

|Jan low C=18.6
|Feb low C=19.1
|Mar low C=21.8
|Apr low C=24.7
|May low C=26.5
|Jun low C=25.9
|Jul low C=25.1
|Aug low C=24.7
|Sep low C=24.3
|Oct low C=23.8
|Nov low C=21.4
|Dec low C=19.4

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=0
|Feb precipitation mm=0
|Mar precipitation mm=0
|Apr precipitation mm=2
|May precipitation mm=24
|Jun precipitation mm=687
|Jul precipitation mm=1364
|Aug precipitation mm=889
|Sep precipitation mm=398
|Oct precipitation mm=113
|Nov precipitation mm=14
|Dec precipitation mm=1

|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 9m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/493075/ |title=Climate: Roha - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232606/http://en.climate-data.org/location/493075/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}
Summers are hot and humid with temperatures touching 37-39 degrees Celsius. Rains are pretty heavy during monsoon. Winters are not so chilly with temperatures falling to 11-12 degrees Celsius. Average annual rainfall in Roha is 3450mm.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/Forts.aspx?strpage=fort-Murud-Janjira.html "Murud Janjira"]
* [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/Forts.aspx?strpage=fort-Raigad.html "Fort Raigad"]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/gloucestershire/6233831.stm BBC article]
* [[Ghosale gad|Ghosalgad]] (The Fort) (just 10 km away from Roha on Murud road via Bhalgaon)

{{Raigad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]

Pandian Express

2026-04-09T15:05:53Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: created new entry

{{Short description|Indian Railways train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00ced1 | name = Pandian Superfast Express
| image =
| alt =
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Pandian Superfast Express is at Tiruchirappalli Junction towards Chennai Egmore
| status = Active
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1969|10|01}}<ref name="budget70">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1970-71.pdf|date=23 February 1970|title= Railway Budget speech 1970-71|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership = [[Superfast Express]]
| ridership2 =
| start = {{rws|Chennai Egmore}} (MS)
| stops = 08
| end = {{rws|Madurai Junction}} (MDU)
| distance = {{convert|493|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07hrs 45min
| frequency = Daily
| class = 1A, 2A, 3A, SL, II & EOG
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes (Un-Reserved Compartments)
| sleeping = Yes (Berth)
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Windows in all carriages
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = CCTV Camera in all coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| stock = [[WAP-7]] locomotive from [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]] and [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]]
| trainnumber = 12637 / 12638
| speed = {{convert|71|km/h|abbr=on}} (Maximum Permissible Speed 130 km/h)
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Madurai}}
| sharing = * [[Cholan Superfast Express]]
* [[Rockfort (Malaikottai) Superfast Express]]
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Pandian Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] overnight express train of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] which runs daily between {{rws|Madurai Junction}} and {{rws|Chennai Egmore}}<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Mixed-response-to-Pandian-Express-with-brand-new-LHB-rake/articleshow/53716169.cms|title=Mixed response to Pandian Express with brand new LHB rake|date=16 August 2016|access-date=1 March 2018|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> via [[Villupuram]], [[Vridhachalam]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. It began running on Wednesday October 1, 1969.

== Introduction ==
[[File:Pandiyan 50.jpg|thumb|The banner put up by Rail Fans in 2019, to commemorate the Golden Jubilee (completion of 50 Years) of Pandiyan Express]]

The name of the train commemorates the 6th century BC to 17th century AD [[Pandyan Dynasty]] or Pandian Kingdom of Tamil Nadu. It is a standard train consisting of 23 coaches. The main stops on the way are [[Chengalpattu]], [[Villupuram]], [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Dindigul]]. The train operates daily and covers a distance of {{convert|493|km|abbr=on}}. The train runs at a top speed of {{convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}. It is a Prestigious train with [[Southern Railway Zone]]. It is now running with LHB rakes (Linke Hoffman Busch) from 15 August 2016 and is maintained at [[Madurai]].

50th Anniversary of Pandian Express was celebrated by Railfans and Rail users on 1/10/2019 at Madurai Junction with a cake cut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2019 |title=All aboard the Pandian |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/cheered-by-fans-of-all-ages-madurais-iconic-train-the-pandiyan-superfast-express-chugged-into-its-50th-year-this-week-with-an-engine-shaped-birthday-cake/article29596705.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119132756/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/cheered-by-fans-of-all-ages-madurais-iconic-train-the-pandiyan-superfast-express-chugged-into-its-50th-year-this-week-with-an-engine-shaped-birthday-cake/article29596705.ece |archive-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>

This train had the livery changed twice - first it had the "Olive-Green livery", separated by 2 yellow-lines between the upper & lower part of the windows & later on it was changed to "Maroon colour" on the MG.

This train was numbered as 6717/6718 when it was run on MG. It is now hauled by [[WAP-7]] loco from [[Royapuram]] Loco Shed from [[Madurai]] to [[Chennai Egmore]] and via the same route.

== Coach composition ==
There are 22 coaches, including an AC First Class (1A), AC 2 Tier (2A), AC 3 Tier (3A), Sleeper Class (SL), Unreserved general sitting coach (UR) and End on Generators (EOG).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pandian-Express-to-get-spacious-LHB-coaches-from-Aug-15/articleshow/53642742.cms|title=Pandian Express to get spacious LHB coaches from Aug 15|newspaper=Times of India|date=11 April 2016|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
RSA with [[Rockfort Express|Rockfort Superfast Express]]/[[Cholan Express]].
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0909ff;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0909ff;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0909ff;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff0000;" | 20
!21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | 22
|-

|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG|| GS || GS || S7 || S6 || S5 || S4 || S3 || S2 || S1 || B6 || B5 || B4 || B3 || B2 || B1 || A3 || A2 || A1 || H1
|GS|| EOG
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Cheran Express]]
*[[Cholan Superfast Express]]
*[[Rockfort Superfast Express]]
*[[Vaigai Superfast Express]]
*[[Nellai Superfast Express]]
*[[Pothigai Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indianrail.gov.in/ Indian Railways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030217/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |date=1 June 2014 }}

{{commons category}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Katchi Sera

2026-04-08T11:11:34Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Infobox song
| name = Katchi Sera
| type = single
| artist = [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| cover = Katchi Sera.jpg
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| published = 22 January 2024
| recorded = August 2023
| studio = YOLO Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Dance music|dance]], [[Pop music|pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=05}}
| label = [[Think Music|Think Indie]]
| writer = Adesh Krishna
| composer = [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| title = Katchi Sera
| year = 2024
| next_title = Aasa Kooda
| next_year = 2024
| tracks =
}}

"'''Katchi Sera'''" ({{Translation|To join the party}}) is a 2024 Tamil-language song and the first independent song composed by [[Sai Abhyankkar]] for [[Think Music|Think Indie]]. The song was sung by Abhyankkar, with additional vocals by his sister Sai Smriti, and written by Adesh Krishna.

The song was released on 22 January 2024 as the first single of a contract signed by Abhyankkar for Think Indie. It subsequently became the tenth most searched song and the most searched Tamil song of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/indias-katchi-sera-in-top-10-most-searched-songs-2024-with-espresso-and-fortnight-783169|title=India's Katchi Sera in Top 10 Most Searched Songs 2024 with Espresso and Fortnight|website=Wion}}</ref>

== Production ==
According to [[Sai Abhyankkar]], the song was made during one of his casual composing sessions. He made around seven to eight songs in eight days and he felt that Adesh Krishna's lyrics perfectly complemented his lyrics and decided to make "Katchi Sera" an official song. The song is a mix of folk and jazz music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Feb/29/sai-abhyankkar-makes-a-smashing-debut-with-katchi-sera|title=Sai Abhyankkar makes a smashing debut with Katchi Sera|first=P.|last=Sangeetha|date=February 29, 2024|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref> Sai Smriti also performed for the song on the phone in their living room.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/we-share-whatever-we-feel-with-each-other-say-sai-abhyankkar-and-sai-smriti/articleshow/112670445.cms|title=We share whatever we feel with each other, say Sai Abhyankkar and Sai Smriti|work=The Times of India |date=August 21, 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Abhyankkar subsequently approached Think Indie and they agreed to produce the song.<ref name="R"/> For the music video, Abhyannkkar was inspired by [[Bruno Mars]]' "[[Leave the Door Open]]" and felt that the song was lush due to the music video compared the song's audio.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sai-abhyankkar-interview-with-mirchi-plus/108208688|title=Sai Abhyankkar: I manifested for Katchi Sera to become global - Exclusive|website=mirchi.in}}</ref> He was insistent with the music video's director Ken Roysen to make it raw and rustic.<ref name="M"/> Abhyankkar also proposed the idea of a hook step for the music video, which was choreographed by Anusha Viswanathan and performed by Samyuktha Viswanathan.<ref name="M"/>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for "Katchi Sera"
!Chart (2024)
!Date
!Type
!Position
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"| [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
| March 1
| rowspan="2"|Week
| 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-top-20-tamil-songs-are-out/108136275|title=Tune in to Mirchi Top 20 Tamil Songs now!|website=mirchi.in}}</ref>
|-
| May 10
| 3
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-top-20-tamil-songs-are-here/110000206|title=Mirchi Top 20 Tamil songs are here!|website=mirchi.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Spotify]] Global Viral Songs
| February
| {{n/a}}
| 1
|<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/sai-abhyankkar-katchi-sera-interview/|title=Sai Abhyankkar Plans More Music After 'Katchi Sera' Success|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=February 29, 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' Top 10 Indie Songs
| rowspan="2"|2024
| rowspan="2"|Year
| 9
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/sai-abhyankars-katchi-sera-anuv-jains-husn-sanju-rathods-gulabi-saadi-and-naadaniyan-top-10-indie-songs-in-2024-101735032218188.html|title=Katchi Sera, Husn, Gulabi Saadi and Naadaniyan: Top 10 indie songs in 2024|date=December 24, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Indulge Express]]'' Top Tamil Indie Songs
| 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Dec/31/top-tamil-indie-songs-of-2024-viral-hits-that-took-the-internet-by-storm|title=Top Tamil indie songs of 2024: Viral hits that took the internet by storm|first=|last=|date=December 31, 2024|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=VU23OPQ1Pmc|title="Katchi Sera" - Music video}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]

Manjit Singh Bilaspur

2026-04-07T23:42:47Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency|Nihal Singh Wala]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Rajwinder Kaur (politician)|Rajwinder Kaur]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

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| birth_place =
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| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
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| cabinet =
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| blank1 =
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}}
'''Manjit Singh Bilaspur''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Nihal Singh Wala
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilaspur, Manjit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Proto–South Dravidian language

2026-04-07T12:03:21Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Hypothetical ancestor of the South Dravidian languages}}
{{infobox proto-language
|name=Proto–South Dravidian
|altname=Proto–South Dravidian I
|familycolor=Dravidian
|ancestor=[[Proto-Dravidian]]
|target=[[South Dravidian languages]]
|era={{circa|2nd–1st millennium BC}}<ref name="southworth3">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = . |page=195}}</ref>
|region=Primarily [[South India]], possibly also areas of [[North India]] during [[Bronze Age]].
}}
{{Dravidian}}

'''Proto–South Dravidian''' is the [[linguistic reconstruction]] of the common ancestor of the southern [[Dravidian languages]] native to [[southern India]].<ref name="Krishnamurti-2003">{{cite book |first=Bhadriraju |last=Krishnamurti |title=The Dravidian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Andronov |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |year=2003 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 | postscript = . |page=299}}</ref> Its descendants include [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], [[Irula language|Irula]], [[Kota language (India)|Kota]] and [[Toda language|Toda]]. [[South Dravidian languages|South Dravidian]] is sometimes referred to as South Dravidian I (SD1) by linguists.<ref name="southworth1">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = . |pages=50–51}}</ref>

==History==

Going by attested changes in written documents, the Proto–South Dravidian I (PSD1) language has been hypothesised to have been present in the second half of the first millennium BC.<ref name="southworth1"/> Some linguists infer it to have split from Proto–South Dravidian II (Also known as South Central Dravidian or [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-Kui) at the beginning of the first millennium BC.<ref name="southworth1"/> These datings however, have been noted to be vague approximations.<ref name="southworth1"/> Til the 4th-5th century BC, Proto–South Dravidian remained one language, with possible dialectal variations.<ref name="hiremath">{{citation |last=Hiremath |first=RC |title=The Genesis and Growth of Dravidian|year=1984|publisher=Dravidian Linguistics Association |isbn=| postscript =|page=31}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

Proto–South Dravidian inherited the system of five short and long vowels from [[Proto-Dravidian]]: ''*a'', ''*ā'', ''*i'', ''*ī'', ''*u'', ''*ū'', ''*e'', ''*ē'', ''*o'', ''*ō''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8 |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}} p.79</ref>

===Consonants===

[[Old Tamil]], the earliest attested branch of South Dravidian has preserved an inventory of 17 consonants very similar to [[Proto-Dravidian language#Consonants|Proto-Dravidian]]: /p t ṯ c ṭ k, m n ñ ṇ, r ẓ, l ḷ, y w *H/.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8 |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}} p.53</ref>

===Shared innovations===

In Proto–South Dravidian I, there is a merger of Proto-Dravidian high vowels ''*i*u'' with ''*e*o'' in the environment [C-a]. There is also a loss of ''*c'' following two intermediate stages of ''s'' and ''h'' in initial and medial positions. This sporadic loss of ''*c'' is also shared with the neighboring [[Telugu language]], which suggests that the change occurred when the SD1 subgroup neighbored the ancestor of Telugu right from the beginning. Proto-Dravidian ''*ṯ'' also becomes ''*ṟ'' in intervocalic position in PSD1.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43533-8 |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}} pp.173-174</ref><ref name="Subrahmanyam 2008">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=P.S. |title=Dravidian Comparative Grammar 1|date=2008 |publisher=Central Institute of Classical Tamil|isbn= |author-link=}} pp.39-40</ref>

PSD1 also innovated separate demonstrative pronouns for females with a feminine suffix ''*-aḷ'': ''*avaḷ'' (distal) ''*ivaḷ'' (proximal), ''*uvaḷ'' (yonder).<ref name="Subrahmanyam 2008"/>

==Society==

The vocabulary of PSD indicates that the society was much more developed than at the [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] stage, although not all reconstructed words are from a single chronological stage. There are several new words for headman, rulers (including an [[Vedic Sanskrit|Indo-Aryan]] loan word), taxes, armies, territorial divisions, tolls and customs, debt collection and corvée labor.<ref name="southworth7">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = |pages=240–242}}</ref><ref name="southworth6"/>

There are also terms for urban structures and various types of habitations including villages, towns, castles, forts, prisons (or storehouses), palaces and streets. The [[caste system]] is well established with several names of occupations which later became caste terms. There are also many terms for metal objects such as weapons, ships, vehicles with wheels, clothes, and valuable stones. There are new developments in agriculture with new crops and irrigation techniques. This more advanced lifestyle has yet to be identified in the archaeological record of peninsular India in the timeframe of Proto–South Dravidian.<ref name="southworth6">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = |pages=250–256}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
===Shared words with Akkadian===

South Dravidian I (SD1) ''*eḷḷu'' ([[sesame]]) is cognate with [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''ellu'' which suggests that the name was in use at the [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|time of trade]] between the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC) and [[Mesopotamia]] (circa 2600-1900 BC). As ''*eḷḷu'' is only found in SD1,<ref>Dravidian Etymology Dictionary - entry 854 -https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?page=83</ref> it suggests that specifically SD1 speakers were involved in the Indus-Mesopotamian trade, and that SD1 speakers migrated down the west coast of India following the collapse of the IVC (circa 1900-1300 BC).<ref name="kolichala"/> This hypothesis is further supported by several Dravidian loan words in Sanskrit like ''phala'' ‘fruit’<ref>Dravidian Etymology Dictionary - entry 4004 - https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?page=356</ref> and ''mayūra'' ‘peacock’<ref>Dravidian Etymology Dictionary - entry 4642 - https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?page=410</ref> being closer to the SD1 forms than to Proto-Dravidian forms.<ref name="kolichala">Kolichala, Suresh, 'The Dravidian Languages: An Overview', in R. Amritavalli, and Bhuvana Narasimhan (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Dravidian Languages (online edn, Oxford Academic, 19 Dec. 2022), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197610411.013.2, accessed 3 Jan. 2025.</ref> The Akkadian word for [[ivory]] (''pīru'') is also said to be of Dravidian origin (''*pīlu'') and cognate with [[Brahui language|Brahui]] ''*pīl''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ansumali Mukhopadhyay |first=Bahata |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |article-number=193 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w |issn=2662-9992 |s2cid=257091003 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bray |first=Denys |author-link= |date=1978 |title=The Brahui language |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBrahuiLanguagePart2/mode/2up?view=theater |location=Quetta |publisher=Brahui academy |page=236 |isbn=}}</ref> These words reinforce the hypothesis that Dravidian speakers were present in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="southworth5">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = |page=332}}</ref>

===Old Indo-Aryan loans in Proto–South Dravidian===

The following [[Vedic Sanskrit|Old Indo-Aryan]] loan words into Proto–South Dravidian have been proposed by linguist [[Franklin Southworth]]. The word ''*accu'' (axle) was hypothesised to have been loaned into [[Proto-Dravidian]] from [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] ''akṣa''.<ref name="southworth2">{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415655446| postscript = |pages=79–82}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto–South Dravidian reconstruction !! Meaning !! Old Indo-Aryan
|-
|style="width:08em"| *arank || stage, platform, veranda || ranga
|-
|*arac-an || king || rājan
|-
|*argaḷ || bar, cross bar || argala
|-
|*āṇi || nail || āṇi
|-
|*kañc || bell metal || kamśa
|-
|*kaṭṭ || stick || kāṣṭha
|-
|*kump-at || gourd, pumpkin || kumbha-phala, kumbhanda
|-
|*paṇ-i || comb || phaṇaga, ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] phaṇi)
|-
|*paṇṭi || cart, wagon || bhāṇḍa
|-
|*pōy || member of a spec. tribe/caste, headman|| bhōgin
|-
|*may-aṇ|| wax || madana, mayana, ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] men)
|}

===Other early borrowings in the Vedic period===

The following words are attested in both Proto–South Dravidian and [[Vedic Sanskrit|Rig Vedic Sanskrit]] (circa 1400 BC), with uncertainty of which direction the borrowing was from. The [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] ''ulukhala'' (mortar) is proposed to be cognate with PSD ''*ul-akk'' ‘pestle’, while [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] ''nīla'' (blue) is proposed to be cognate with PSD ''*aṇile'' (ink nut tree).<ref name="southworth2"/>

Other words in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (circa 700 BC) include ''arka'' (the plant ''Calatropis gigantea'') cognate with PSD *erukku and ''muñja'' (‘the grass ''Saccharum Sara'') cognate with PSD ''*muñci''.<ref name="southworth2"/>

==Substratum effect on Indo-Aryan==

Ferenc Ruzca states that all the major shifts in Indo-Aryan phonetics over two millennia can be attributed to the constant influence of an old Dravidian language with a similar phonetic structure to Tamil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ruzca |first=Ferenc |date=2013 |editor-last=Klein|editor-first=Jared S. |title=Indic Across the Millennia: from the Rigveda to Modern Indo-Aryans |publisher=Hempen Verlag|pages=145–152 |chapter=The influence of Dravidian on Indo-Aryan phonetics|url=https://www.academia.edu/472464|isbn=9783934106055}}</ref>

== References ==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed Proto-Dravidian forms at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Dravidian reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Dravidian reconstructions]]'''''}}
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Proto-languages|South Dravidian]]

Prajwal Revanna

2026-03-29T06:41:51Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: slightly updated intro per sources also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Indian name|Prajwal|Revanna}}
{{infobox officeholder
| image = Prajwal Revanna (cropped).png
| birth_name =
| profession = Politician
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|8|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| parents = [[H. D. Revanna]] Bhavani Revanna
| nationality = Indian
| relatives = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] ({{small|grandfather}}) [[Suraj Revanna]] ({{small|elder brother}}) [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] ({{small|uncle}}) [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]] ({{small|aunt}}) [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]] ({{small|cousin}})
| residence = Hassan, Karnataka<ref name="myneta.info">{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4959 |title=Prajwal R(JD(S)):Constituency- HASSAN(KARNATAKA) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=myneta.info |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| successor = [[Shreyas M. Patel]]
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore Institute of Technology]]<ref name="myneta.info"/>
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
}}

'''Prajwal Revanna''' (born 5 August 1990) is an Indian politician from the [[Janata Dal (Prajwal)]] party and a convicted rapist who served as a member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/hassan.html|title=Hassan(Karnataka) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 |website=www.elections.in|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |author1=Imran Qureshi |author2=Meryl Sebastian |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68918326 |title=Prajwal Revanna: Karnataka MP's 'sex abuse' tapes spark outrage |publisher=BBC News |date=29 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape Conviction: Prajwal Revanna Sentenced to Life Imprisonment by Special Court |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/prajwal-revanna-awarded-life-imprisonment-3662563-3662563 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In August 2025, he was convicted by a Special Court of Sessions for criminal cases against MPs and MLAs and sentenced to life imprisonment for the sexual assault of a domestic worker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 1, 2025 |title=Prajwal Revanna, former JD(S) MP, convicted in rape case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-jds-mp-prajwal-revanna-convicted-in-rape-case/article69882189.ece |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 1, 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwarakanath |first=Sagay RajNagarjun |date=2025-08-01 |title=Ex-JDS MP Prajwal Revanna convicted for rape, verdict came in just 14 months |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prajwal-revanna-former-jds-mp-convicted-for-rape-breaks-down-in-court-2764732-2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Revanna was accused of raping numerous women, and videos of such acts circulated in Hassan, which were recorded by Revanna himself.<ref name=BBC/><ref>{{cite news |title=Sexual abuse case: Third FIR filed against Hassan MP Prajwal Revanna |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/sexual-abuse-case-third-fir-filed-against-hassan-mp-prajwal-revanna-124051000926_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 May 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref> On August 1, 2025, he was convicted by a Special Court of Sessions for criminal cases in a rape case filed against him by a domestic worker from KR Nagar in [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 1, 2025 |title=Prajwal Revanna, former JD(S) MP, convicted in rape case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-jds-mp-prajwal-revanna-convicted-in-rape-case/article69882189.ece |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 1, 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwarakanath |first=Sagay RajNagarjun |date=2025-08-01 |title=Ex-JDS MP Prajwal Revanna convicted for rape, verdict came in just 14 months |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prajwal-revanna-former-jds-mp-convicted-for-rape-breaks-down-in-court-2764732-2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Revanna is the son of [[H. D. Revanna]], former Minister for Public Works Department of Karnataka. He is a grandson of former Prime Minister of India [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and nephew of former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]].

Revanna graduated in mechanical engineering from [[Bangalore Institute of Technology]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Deve-Gowdas-grandson-joins-politics/articleshow/46090222.cms|title=Deve Gowda's grandson joins politics|date=2 February 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> He joined a master's degree programme in Australia but discontinued it to join politics.

In 2019, he was appointed as the state general secretary of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party (JD(S)).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prajwal-revanna-is-general-secretary-of-jds/article20999799.ece|title=Prajwal Revanna is general secretary of JD(S)|date=27 November 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 March 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He worked for more than 8 years in JD(S) party.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Political career ==

In 2014, Revanna joined the campaign of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] from [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]] in the [[2014 Indian general election in Karnataka|2014 Indian general election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/04/26/prajwal-revanna-the-rebellious-one.html|title=Prajwal Revanna: The rebellious one|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> In 2015, he was among the 10 young aspiring politicians in India to be chosen by [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]], UK, to be exposed to the British way of governance. Although a JD(S) member, his entry into politics was delayed after the party denied him a ticket in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, he was involved in the politics of Hassan.

In [[2019 Indian general election in Karnataka|2019]], Deve Gowda allowed Revanna to contest from Hassan for the Lok Sabha, himself moving to [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lok-sabha-election-2019/deve-gowda-ends-suspense-will-contest-from-tumkur-724728.html|title=Deve Gowda ends suspense, will contest from Tumkur|date=23 March 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> Revanna won from Hassan, and became the only winner from his party's six candidates that contested the elections.<ref>{{Citation|title=17th Lok Sabha|date=6 March 2020|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Lok_Sabha&oldid=944190050|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> Within 12 hours of the win, saddened by his grandfather's defeat from Tumkur, Revanna announced his resignation and offered the seat to Gowda,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prajwal-revanna-to-resign-offers-grandfather-deve-gowda-the-hassan-seat/article27236642.ece|title=Prajwal Revanna to resign, offers grandfather Deve Gowda the Hassan seat|date=24 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> who asked him to reconsider the decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lok-sabha-election-2019/deve-gowda-tells-grandson-prajwal-revanna-not-to-resign-736012.html|title=Deve Gowda tells grandson Prajwal Revanna not to resign|date=25 May 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> In September 2019, the [[Karnataka High Court]] issued a summons to him over an incomplete election affidavit. Petitioners of the summons accused Revanna of filing a false and incomplete affidavit with his nomination papers during the 2019 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/sep/11/karnataka-hc-summons-hassan-mp-prajwal-revanna-over-incomplete-election-affidavit-2032211.html|title=Karnataka HC summons Hassan MP Prajwal Revanna over incomplete election affidavit|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 September 2019 |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> In January 2020, Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]] dismissed the first petition on grounds that the petitioner had not complied with the statutory procedure under Section 81(3) of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]], and the second on technical grounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/01/karnataka-hc-dismisses-petition-against-hassan-mp-prajwal-revanna-2097409.html|title=Karnataka HC dismisses petition against Hassan MP Prajwal Revanna|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=1 February 2020|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

==Criminal History==
===2024 Sexual Abuse Allegations===

Revanna again contested from the Hassan constituency in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] for the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent MPs D K Suresh & Prajwal Revanna file nominations in Karnataka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/d-k-suresh-only-incumbent-mp-from-karnataka-files-nomination-from-bangalore-rural/articleshow/108844296.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 March 2024}}</ref> On the day of voting, his polling agent filed a complaint with the police alleging that some falsified photos and videos of Revanna were being widely circulated in Hassan district and claimed that "the accused are going door to door and showing these obscene photos and videos, provoking people not to vote for Revanna"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=South First |title='Morphed videos, photos of JD(S) MP Prajwal Revanna being circulated,' alleges his polling agent |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/morphed-videos-photos-of-jds-mp-prajwal-revanna-being-circulated-alleges-his-polling-agent |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The South First |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As media attention grew towards the alleged sexual abuse, on 27 April, the [[Government of Karnataka]] established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to probe the allegations. The Karnataka State Commission for Women stated that it had also recorded cases of women being forced and filmed without consent.<ref>{{cite news |title=SIT To Probe 'Obscene Video Scandal' Involving JDS MP Prajwal Revanna; CM Siddaramaiah Reacts |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sit-formed-to-probe-obscene-video-scandal-involving-jds-mp-prajwal-revanna-cm-siddaramaiah-reacts-8869270.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=News18 |date=28 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that thousands of [[USB flash drive|pen drive]]s containing these videos, reportedly made by Revanna himself, were circulated, some being thrown in public places such as parks, bus stops and a stadium in Hassan.<ref name=BBC/><ref>{{cite news |title=Prajwal Revanna 'sex scandal': Karnataka govt. announces SIT probe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prajwal-sex-scandal-karnataka-govt-announces-sit-probe/article68115548.ece |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=28 April 2024 |language=en-IN |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Bharath |title=Hassan sex scandal: CM Siddaramaiah orders special probe, Prajwal Revanna to flee? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hassan-sex-scandal-cm-siddaramaiah-orders-special-probe-prajwal-revanna-to-flee-2998042 |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The following day, it was reported that Revanna had fled the country for Germany using his [[diplomatic passport]] which does not require a [[Travel visa|visa]]. His family and party members said that his trip was pre-planned. However, he did not obtain the clearance required for use of a [[diplomatic passport]] from the Ministry of External Affairs before traveling to Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=Prajwal Revanna travelled to Germany on diplomatic passport, no political clearance was sought: MEA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prajwal-revanna-travelled-to-germany-on-diplomatic-passport-no-political-clearance-was-sought-mea/article68132550.ece |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> On 30 April, Revanna was suspended by the party, which stated that the suspension would stay till the SIT probe initiated against him was completed.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Prajwal Revanna suspended from JD(S), but what was the compulsion to give him a ticket from Hassan? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/prajwal-revanna-suspended-from-jds-what-was-compulsion-to-give-him-ticket-from-hassan-19404930.htm |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=30 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As Revanna continued to evade authorities, the SIT sought help from the [[Interpol]] to locate him, and a [[Interpol notice|blue corner notice]] was issued on 5 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blue corner notice issued against Prajwal Revanna, Interpol help sought |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prajwal-revanna-sex-abuse-case-cbi-blue-corner-notice-interpol-karnataka-hassan-mp-g-parameshwara-11714909728477.html |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Mint |date=5 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: What is an Interpol 'Blue Corner' notice, and how will it speed probe against Prajwal Revanna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/interpol-revanna-prajwal-sexual-assault-blue-corner-notice-probe-explainer/article68145488.ece |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On 31 May 2024, Revanna was arrested at [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in [[Bangalore]] after arriving on a [[Lufthansa]] flight from [[Munich]]. Interpol informed the SIT of Revanna's check-in and boarding information from Munich. He was detained by immigration officers and handed over to the police at the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Police on alert as Prajwal Revanna boards flight at Munich, to reach Bengaluru post-midnight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/prajwal-revanna-arrest-munich-flight-reach-bengaluru-9362396/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Prajwal |title=Prajwal Revanna arrested by SIT in sexual abuse case upon landing at Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/prajwal-revanna-detained-by-sit-in-hassan-sexual-abuse-case-after-landing-at-bengaluru-airport-3045649 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Initially, a special court for elected representatives remanded him to SIT custody until 6 June, which was later extended to 10 June.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Bengaluru court extends Prajwal Revanna's SIT custody till June 10 | work=Hindustan Times | date=6 June 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-court-extends-prajwal-revanna-s-sit-custody-till-june-10-101717675832730.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606123040/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-court-extends-prajwal-revanna-s-sit-custody-till-june-10-101717675832730.html | access-date=2025-02-22 | archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> Refvanna's father, [[H. D. Revanna]], said he should be hanged if he is found guilty of committing any crime.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1208417 | title=Hang my son if he has committed any crime: Prajwal Revanna's father }}</ref>

Revanna was convicted of rape in the first case. Judge Santhosh Gajanan Bhat of the special court for elected representatives found Revanna guilty of sexually assaulting a farm labourer who worked for his family and for recording the assault. This is the first judgement in one of four cases filed against him. On 2nd August 2025, a special court in Bengaluru sentenced Revanna to life imprisonment, and fined him Rs 5 lakh, for sexually assaulting a 48-year-old woman who was working as househelp at his residence. The court also said that the victim will be given Rs 7 lakh in compensation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ethirajan |first=Anbarasan |title=Prominent Indian ex-MP gets life sentence for rape |website=BBC Home |date=August 2, 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87edydwpv7o |access-date=August 2, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5183?from=members Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revanna, Prajwal}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:People from Hassan]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse cover-ups]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

South Delhi district

2026-03-27T19:57:24Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made New Location And Citations...

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Distinguish|South Delhi Municipal Corporation}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = South Delhi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5549|N|77.1919|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = GNCT of Delhi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 250
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 241
| population_total = 2,731,929
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/South/ |title=South Delhi Pin Code List |website=indiapincodes.net |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[District magistrate]]
| leader_name = Mekala Chaitanya Prasad, IAS
| website = {{url|https://dmsouth.delhi.gov.in}}
}}

'''South Delhi district''' is an administrative district of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in [[India]] with its headquarters in Saket. Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]], [[Hauz Khas]], and [[Mehrauli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dmsouth.delhi.gov.in/organisation-chart/ |title=Organisation Chart |website=dmsouth.delhi.gov.in |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> It is bounded by the [[Yamuna River]] to the east, the districts of [[New Delhi]] to the north, [[Faridabad District|Faridabad district]] of [[Haryana]] to the southeast, [[Gurgaon District]] of Haryana to the southwest, and [[South West Delhi]] to the west.

South Delhi has a population of 2,731,929 (2011 census), and an area of {{convert|250|km2}}, with a population density of 9,034 persons per km2 (23,397 persons per mi2).

The South Delhi neighborhood of Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/publications/working-papers/file108721.pdf |title=Dynamics of social change in South Delhi's Hauz Khas Village |last=Benroider |first= Lucie |year=2015 |website= soas.ac.uk |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the [[Delhi Metro]], making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hip [[hostel]]s and [[cafe]]s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Backpacker-haven-Paharganj-losing-out-to-safer-hip-hostels-in-south-Delhi/articleshow/48710074.cms |title=Backpacker haven Paharganj losing out to safer, hip hostels in south Delhi |date=28 August 2015 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/251706/paharganj-trap-haven-tourists.html |title=Paharganj: Trap or haven for tourists? |date=23 May 2012 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The division shown on the map bears only administrative significance, as to the common citizen, broadly speaking [[Delhi]] is vaguely ring-like, having five regions, namely North, West, South, East and Central. The usage of the term South Delhi in day-to-day life expands from [[Delhi]]'s [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]] in the New Delhi district to the river [[Yamuna]] in the South East, a region protruding into administrative [[South West Delhi]] district.

== History ==
South Delhi is a vast area in the city of Delhi and contains many significant locations. Of the eleven 'historical cities' of Delhi, three, viz. [[Qila Rai Pithora]] (1st), [[Mehrauli]] (2nd) and [[Siri Fort|Siri]] (including [[Hauz Khas]]) (3rd) fall in the South Delhi district. It was originally created after the [[construction of New Delhi]].

[[Jahaz Mahal]], [[Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)|Zafar Mahal]], [[Hauz Khas Complex]], [[Jahanpanah#Bijay Mandal|Bijay Mandal]], [[Qutub Minar]], [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], and the [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] comprise some of South Delhi's most scenic heritage sites.

== Geography ==
The administrative district had 20% green cover, as of 2009. It has several spacious green parks, wildlife sanctuary, biodiversity parks, and green belts. Deer Park and Rose Garden in [[Hauz Khas]], [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary|Asola Wildlife Sanctuary]] close to Delhi's southern border on the Aravallis foothills are few examples. It has a good mix of concrete and greens.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|23=1961|24=3,14,789|25=1971|26=5,89,956|27=1981|28=9,86,856|29=1991|30=15,01,881|31=2001|32=22,67,023|33=2011|34=27,31,929|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] South Delhi has a total population of 2,731,929, comprising 1,467,428 males (53.8%) and 1,264,501 females (46.2%),<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community - NCT of Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=Nov 1, 2024 |website=Census of India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Jamaica]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |author = US Directorate of Intelligence |title = Country Comparison:Population |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 13 June 2007 |access-date = 1 October 2011 |quote = Jamaica - 2,868,380 (July 2011)}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Nevada - 2,700,551}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 144th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 10935 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 20.59%.

The religious composition of the population is predominantly Hindu, making up 78.8% (2,155,759 adherents), followed by Muslims at 16.3% (445,914). Other religious communities include Christians, numbering 1.5% (41,880); Sikhs, with 2.5% (69,520); Buddhists at 0.1% (3,862); and Jains, totaling 0.4% (11,020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community - NCT of Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=Nov 1, 2024 |website=Census of India}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Many renowned markets of Delhi such as [[Sarojini Nagar|Sarojini Nagar Market]], [[Green Park, Delhi|Green Park]] Market, etc. and malls such as [[Saket District Centre|DLF Avenue]], [[Saket District Centre|MGF Metropolitan]], [[Select Citywalk]], [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], etc. are located in South Delhi.

== Administrative divisions ==

South Delhi has three administrative divisions:
* [[Hauz Khas]]
* [[Mehrauli]]
* [[Saket]]

== Transport ==

===Roadways===
===Metro rail===

Two lines of the [[Delhi Metro]], namely the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow]] and [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta]] lines pass through the district.

===Railways===
The nearest railway station is [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]].

===Airways===
The nearest airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], located towards west of the district.

== Culture ==
South district is considered to be the most affluent of all residential districts of Delhi, other than the districts falling under Lutyen's Delhi, viz. [[New Delhi]] and [[Central Delhi]]. With upscale areas like [[Saket]], [[Sainik Farm]], [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], [[Hauz Khas]], [[Greater Kailash]], [[Green Park, Delhi|Green Park]], [[Rama Krishna Puram]], [[Gulmohar Park]], [[Gulmohar enclave]], [[Vasant Vihar]] and [[Vasant Kunj]], it has one of the highest land prices in Delhi. Urban villages in South Delhi, like [[Hauz Khas#Hauz Khas village|Hauz Khas Village]], and [[Shahpur Jat]] have become hub for designer boutiques, restaurants and art galleries and design studios.<ref name="timesi">{{Cite web | title = Art edges out history in Delhi's ancient Lado Sarai village | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/art-culture/38462742_1_sweetgum-court-pooja-iranna-orange-city | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130624171923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/art-culture/38462742_1_sweetgum-court-pooja-iranna-orange-city | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 June 2013 | date =11 April 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Delhi's soho |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-s-soho/Article1-1076538. | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130624171922/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-s-soho/Article1-1076538. | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 June 2013 | work = Hindustan Times | date = 15 June 201 | access-date = 16 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Education ==
The [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], three of the country's premier institutes in the field of technology, medicine and fashion respectively lie in the [[Hauz Khas]] locality of South Delhi. The [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] of Delhi is located in the Qutub Institutional Area of South Delhi. Sangam Vihar is also located in South Delhi, which has the highest population in the state. The top Central University [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] is situated in the Jamia Nagar area of South Delhi. Further, [[Delhi_University#South_Campus|University of Delhi South Campus]] which is one of the oldest universities in India has its southern campus in the region. The southern campus is a part of the proposed four direction-based campuses in Delhi with East and West campuses currently in progress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campuses |url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=campuses |website=[[Delhi University]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514100851/https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=campuses |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Importance==

This district has thriving medieval era colonies or sarais, which now are severely congested and under neglect. These include Chirag Delhi, Kalu Sarai, [[Jia Sarai]], [[Ber Sarai]], Lado Sarai, [[Katwaria Sarai]], [[Yusuf Sarai]], [[Hauz Khas Complex|Hauz Khas Village]], [[Munirka]], [[Kotla Mubarakpur Complex|Kotla Mubarakpur]], [[Begumpur]], [[Saidul Ajaib|Saidulajaib]], Mohammadpur, Khirki Village, Adhchini, Chhattarpur Village, Aayaa Nagar, Maandi Village, and Dera Village.

Many important city roads such as Mehrauli-Gurgaon Road, [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road]], [[Sri Aurobindo Marg|Aurobindo Marg]], August Kranti Marg, Press Enclave Road, etc. fall in this district, while arterial roads like [[Ring Road, Delhi|Inner Ring Road]] and [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]] pass through it.

==See also==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]
* [[Hauz Khas]]
* [[Moti Bagh]]
* [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
* [[Rajpath]]
* [[Green Park]]
* [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dmsouth.delhi.gov.in/ South Delhi District official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = South Delhi district
|North = [[New Delhi district]]
|Northeast = [[East Delhi district]]
|East = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Faridabad district]], [[Haryana]]
|Southwest = [[Gurgaon district]], [[Haryana]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[South West Delhi district]]
}}

{{South Delhi district}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district|*]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]

Vanarashi Vav

2026-03-26T07:56:35Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made Basic Article More To Come

{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Vanarashi Vav
|image = Vanaarashi Stepwell - 1.jpg
|caption = Entrance
|coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location_town = Vavdi, Ghogha Taluka, [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]]
|location_country = India
|architect = Local
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = 1902
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Indian architecture]]
|floor_count =
|designations =
|mapframe-zoom = 14
|mapframe-marker = water
}}
'''Vanarashi Vav''' is a [[stepwell]] located near Vavdi village of Ghogha Taluka, [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India. Built in 1902, it was restored in 2019.

==History==
The stepwell has following inscription: This Vanarashi Vav was built in [[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]] 1958, Falgun Vad 5, Saturday (1902 AD), during the reign of Vavdi ruler Devani Nathubhai Godadbhai. It was built by Maganlal and Parmananddas, sons of Late Vanarashi Jadavji, for virtue of their father. He was a resident of [[Bhavnagar]], [[Kapol community|Kapol]] Vanik by caste and of Munja Amravala family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-24 |title=જળ સંગ્રહ વાત અને વિકાસ ઐતિહાસિક જળસ્થાનોનો વિનાશ |url=https://www.loksansar.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/24-05-2018-bhavnagar.pdf |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=Lok Sansar |pages=3 |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-05-17 |title=વાવડી ગામની 117 વર્ષ જૂની હેરિટેજ વાવનું રવિવારે લોકાર્પણ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/the-117-year-old-heritage-village-of-wawadi-village-is-dedicated-on-sunday-1558149634.html |archive-url= |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref>

In 2018, the stepwell was proposed to be buried for the construction of the Bhavnagar-[[Veraval]] Highway. Following protest and opposition by villagers for one and half year, it was saved and a bridge was built over it. It was restored and inaugurated by Vijayrajsinh Gohil, linked to former rulers of erstwhile [[Bhavnagar State]], on 19 May 2019, Sunday.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=કામગીરી:ઐતિહાસિક વણારશી વાવની જાળવણી જરૂરી |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/bhavnagar/news/preservation-of-historic-plantations-required-131983922.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The stepwell is constructed in east–west direction; the entrance is in the west while the well is in the east.

It has carvings and arches.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vanaarashi Stepwell -4.jpg|Inside the stepwell
File:Vanaarashi Stepwell -2.jpg|At first landing in the stepwell
File:Vanaarashi Stepwell -3.jpg|Arches
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1902]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]

Shekhawati

2026-03-22T22:06:12Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: refine page after review per sources

{{Short description|Region in Rajasthan, India}}
{{For|the language|Shekhawati language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shekhawati
| native_name = शेखावटी
| type = Historical region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 = Districts
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] & [[Churu district|Churu]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Regional Language or dialect
| blank_info_sec1 = Shekhawati ([[Rajasthani Language|Rajasthani]])
| anthem =
| image_map = India Shekhawati locator map.svg
| map_caption = Map of the Shekhwati region in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Shekhawati
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a =Front Facade View of Shahpura House, Shekhawati, Rajputana.jpg
|photo2a =
| spacing =1
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white

| foot_montage = [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]] Haveli }}
| founder = [[Rao Shekha]]
| named_for = [[Rao Shekha]]
}}

'''Shekhawati''' is a region in the northern part of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]], comprising the districts of [[Sikar]], [[Jhunjhunu]], and [[Churu district|Churu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shekhawati Tourism: Places to visit in Shekhawati - Rajasthan Tourism |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/shekhawati.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721134050/https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/shekhawati.html |archive-date=2024-07-21 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-IN}}</ref> The language of this region is also called [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]], which is one of the eight dialects of the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gusain |first=Lakhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75jAAAAMAAJ |title=Shekhawati |date=2001 |publisher=Lincom |isbn=978-3-89586-399-8 |language=en}}</ref> Shekhawati is known for its grand mansions, their architecture and [[Shekhawati painting|Shekhawati paintings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Foundation |url=https://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/HistoricRegions.aspx#:~:text=Shekhawati%20Region%20includes%20Churu,%20Sikar,their%20architecture%20and%20fresco%20paintings. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209111307/http://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/HistoricRegions.aspx |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=foundation.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-au}}</ref>

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, [[Marwari people|Marwari]] merchants and [[Shekhawat]] kings built [[havelis]] in the Shekhawati region. It has structures, including houses, [[temples]], and [[stepwell]]s. All of these structures have painted murals, both inside and out.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Art-through-the-lens-Havelis-of-Shekhawati/articleshow/25592970.cms Aditya Mukherjee, "Art through the lens: Havelis of Shekhawati", ''The Times of India'' (Nov 12, 2013)]</ref>

==Etymology==

Shekhawati derives its name from Maha [[Rao Shekha]], a prominent [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha Rajput]] chieftain who founded the region in the 15th century. The name is derived from the combination of "Shekha" (the name of the founder) and "wati," meaning "garden" or "garden of". Thus, Shekhawati literally translates to "The Garden of Rao Shekha".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Shekhawati - Shekhawati |url=https://shekhawati.in/about-shekhawati/#:~:text=Introduction%20of%20Shekhawati,The%20garden%20of%20Rao%20Shekha). |access-date=2025-05-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Shekhawati'' was first mentioned in the book ''Bankidas ki Khyat''.<ref>Mukutji: Jaipur rajya ka bhugol, page 46–47</ref> A contemporary of [[Kaviraja Bankidas Ashiya|Kaviraja Bankidas]] Colonel W.S. Gardener, used the term "Shekhawati" in 1803. Later, [[James Tod]] wrote the first history of Shekhawati. The term "Shekhawati" is also frequently used in ''Vamsh Bhaskar''.<ref name="Sahiram 1952">Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-1</ref>

==History==

===Ancient history===
{{main|Matsya Kingdom}}

Almost the entire region of Shekhawati was once under the rule of the [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur Rajput dynasty]]. After more than 15 wars with Gaur rajput dynasty [[Gorwar|gaur dynasty rulers]] lost their large part of kingdom into Shekhawati. Many historians believe this region was part of the [[Matsya kingdom]]. [[Rigveda]] also provides certain evidence in this matter.<ref name="Itihasa page 83">[[G H Ojha]]: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 83</ref><ref>Sukh Sampati Raj Bhandari: Bharat ke deshi Rajya, Jaypur Rajya ka Itihas, page 3</ref> [[Manusmriti]] has called this land 'Brahmrishi Desha'.<ref>Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-3</ref>

The Shekhawati region was included in 'Marukantar Desha' up to the [[Ramayana]] period. Out of 16 [[mahajanapada]]s prior to [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], only two Janapadas (namely [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] and the Kingdom of [[Virata]]) were counted in the [[Rajasthan]] area. This region was also influenced by Avanti, however [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda]]s of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] later defeated Avanti. Historians believe that [[Maurya]]s obtained the Rajasthan from Nandas.<ref>Prithvi Singh Mehta: Hamara Rajasthan (1950), pages 30–31</ref>

In ancient times, Shekhawati was not limited to the present two districts. During the Mahabharata period, the region was known as the [[Matsya kingdom]] and extended up to the [[Sarasvati River]]. Matsya Kingdom was founded by King Matsya (named Matsya because he was born from an apsra living as a fish), son of King Uparichara Vasu.<ref name=Alf>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&pg=PA354|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=USA|year=2011|pages=354–355|isbn=978-0195394238|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> During ancient times, this region was divided into several [[janapada]]s. [[Dhosi Hill]], the revered hill bordering [[Haryana]] and famous for [[Chyavana]] Rishi's Ashram, as well as the place where [[Chyawanprash]] was formulated for the first time, has extensive mentions in the epic [[Mahabharat]] in Vanparv.

After the collapse of the [[Gupta dynasty]], the Shekhawati was controlled by the Chauhan Rajputs. Some parts of Shekhawati, Jhunjhunu, [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati|Fatehpur]], and [[Narhar]] were taken from them by [[Kaimkhani]]s, which in turn were defeated by Shekhawat Rajputs.

Kaimkhani is a branch emerging from the Chauhans. The first progenitor of Kaimkhanis was Karamchand, born in the family of Moterao of the Chauhan clan, ruler of [[Dadrewa]]. [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] converted him to Islam and named him Kaimkhan. Thus, his descendants are called Kaimkhani.

===Shekhawat rule===
[[File:Bawdi.jpg|thumb|250px|Bawdi in Fatehpur. Fatehpur wthefounded by Nawab Fateh Khan in 1449]]
Shekhawati was established and ruled by Shekhawat Rajputs until [[India's independence]].

[[Rao Shekha]] from [[Dhundhar]] established his own independent kingdom with the capital located in [[Amarsar]]. He was the first independent ruler. After him, Rao Raimal, Rao Suja, and Rao Lunkaran become the rulers of Amarsar. Rao Manohar succeeded his father, Rao Lunkaran, and founded Manoharpur (later renamed [[Shahpura, Jaipur District|Shahpura)]]. The present ruler of Shahpura is the Tikai of the Shekhawat subclan. The Shekhawats conquered the Jhunjhunu, Fatehpur, and Narhar of the Kaimkhanis, established their rule in 1445, and continued to rule until 1614.

====Thikanas of Shekhawati====
{{anchor | Thikana}}
[[File:Gate of Shahpura House, Shekhawati, Rajputana build by Shekhawat Ruler.jpg|thumb|Gate of Shahpura House, Shekhawati, Rajputana build by Shekhawat Ruler]]

Rao Shekha, a Shekhawat Rajput (sub-branch of [[Kachhwaha]]), was the founder of Shekhawati, who originally divided Shekhawati into 33 [[Thikana]] (also called a [[Pargana]]), each with at least a kutcha mud fort, some of which were later reinforced with stone. Many Thikanas had their own flags and emblems. Shekhawats ruled over the largest number of Thikanas in [[Jaipur]] Rajwara.

An alphabetical list of the original 33 ''Thikana'' is as follows:{{Incomplete list|date=September 2021}}
* '''Baloda Thikana''' was granted to Raj Shree Thakur Dalel Singh Ji Shekhawat, who received a jagir consisting of 12 villages. He migrated from Pilani Fort and was the son of Raj Shree Thakur Nawal Singh Ji Shekhawat of Nawalgarh and the grandson of Jhunjhunu Raja Shree Shardul Singh Ji Shekhawat. Initially, Thakur Dalel Singh Ji Shekhawat established [[Pilani]] and constructed Dalelgarh Fort. He was granted the territories of Pilani and Baloda, along with 12 villages, as part of his jagir. In 1832, he participated in the Mandan War. Subsequently, he and his lineage migrated to Baloda Thikana, where he formally took charge of the estate. Raj Shree Thakur Dalel Singh Ji Shekhawat became the first Jagirdar (Thikanedar) of Baloda Thikana. The Shekhawat rulers of Baloda Thikana belong to the Bhojraji clan and the Shardulsinghot subclan (Panchpana).
* '''Barau Thikana''', founded by Kunwar Kushal Singh, son of Thakur Jagram Singh.
* [[Bissau, Rajasthan|Bissau Thikana]], Bissau and Surajgarh merged to form Bissau
* [[Chirawa|Chirawa Thikana]], Chirawa and Sultana merged to form Chirawa.
* [[Dundlod|Dundlod Thikana]]
* '''Indrapura''' Ratnawat clan, Churu
* [[Jhunjhunu|Jhunjhunu Thikana]]
* '''Khachariawas Thikana''' was granted to [[Raja Raisal]]'s eldest son Lal Singh. As Akbar called Lal Singh the ''Lad Khan'', this name became famous, and his descendants are known as ''Ladkhani''.
* [[Khatushyamji, Rajasthan|Khatu Thikana]] was granted to Raja Raisal's second son ''Kesari Singh''.
* '''Kansarda Thikana''' was granted to Kanak Singh.
* [[Khandela|Khandela Thikana]]
* [[Khatushyamji, Rajasthan|Khatushyamji Thikana]]
* '''Khelna Thikana'''
* '''Khetri Thikana'''
* [[Loharu Fort|Loharu Thikana]] was the 33rd Thikana, which was granted to Arjun Singh, who constructed a ''kutcha'' mud fort there in 1570. It was later converted to a ''pucca'' fort in 1803.<ref name="ta1">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/loharu-fort-bhiwani-to-be-state-protected-monument-302597 Loharu Fort, Bhiwani, to be state-protected monument], The Tribune, 27 Aug 2021.</ref>
* [[Mandawa|Mandawa Thikana]]
* [[Mandela, Rajasthan|Mandela Thikana]]
* [[Mukundgarh|Mukundgarh Thikana]]
* [[Mundru|Mundru Thikana]]
* [[Nangali Saledi Singh|'''Nangali Saledi Singh Thikana''']] was granted by Rao Bhojraj to his youngest son, Saledi Singh Shekhawat.
* [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh Thikana]]
* [[Parasrampura|Parasrampura Thikana]]
* [[Pentalisa|Pentalisa Thikana]]
* [[Pilani|Pilani Thikana]] was granted Dalel Singh Shekhawat, the third son of Thakur Nawal Singh of Nawalgarh. Dalel Singh was granted Baloda and Pilani with 12 villagea. He built Dalelgarh fort in Pilani, and after some time he migrated to Baloda Thikana.
* [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura Thikana]] was the head seat of Shekhawat clan. Shahpura was a Tazimi Thikana of Shekhawat sub-clan and was granted by Rao Shekha to his youngest son Rao Lunkaran.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |page=499}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |page=689}}</ref>
* [[Sikar|Sikar Thikana]] was granted to ''Maharaja Rao Tirmal.'' His descendants are known as ''Rao Ji ka''.
* [[Surajgarh|Surajgarh Thikana]]
* [[Tosham|Tosham Thikana]]
* [[Udaipurwati|Udaipurwati Thikana]] was granted by Raja Rtisal to his fifth son, [[Rao Bhojraj]]. Rao Bhojraj was the ancestor of the [[Bhojraj Ji Ka]] branch of Shekhawats. His descendants founded many Thikanas and ruled over them. The group of 45 villages of Udaipurwati was known as Pentalisa. Pentalisa included [[Jhajhar]], [[Gudha]], Sultana (Rao Hathi Ram Singh Ji Ka), Bagholi, Khirod, etc.

==Geography==
[[File:Shekhawatiregion.jpg|thumb|200px|Shekhawati region of Rajasthan (in blue)]]

Shekhawati is in the [[Thar Desert]] of Rajasthan and has special importance in the history of India. It also covers part of the [[Bagar tract]] along the Haryana-Rajasthan border.

The climate of the desert region is harsh and extreme. The temperature ranges from below {{convert|0|°C|°F}} in winter to more than {{convert|50|°C|°F}} in summer. The summer brings hot waves of air called ''loo''. Annual rainfall is at around 450 to 600  mm. The [[groundwater]] is as deep as 200 feet (60 m), and in some places, the groundwater is [[Hard water|hard]] and salty. The people in the region depend on [[rainwater harvesting]]. The harvested rainwater during the monsoon season (July and August) is stored in [[Indian vernacular architecture#Pukka|pucca]] tanks and used throughout the year for drinking purposes.<ref name="Busquet">Busquet, Carisse and Gerard ''Impressions of Rajasthan'' 2003, Editions Flammarion, {{ISBN|2-08-011171-X}}</ref>

=== Major cities ===

Major cities in Shekhawati include:

* [[Sikar district]]
** [[Sikar]]
** [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]]
** [[Reengus]]
** [[Laxmangarh]]
** [[Ramgarh, Sikar|Ramgarh]]
** [[Sri Madhopur]]
* [[Jhunjhunu district]]
** [[Jhunjhunu]]
** [[Chirawa]]
** [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]]
** [[Pilani]]
** [[Bissau, Rajasthan|Bissau]]
** [[Khetri]]
** [[Mandawa]]
** [[Udaipurwati]]

==Culture, heritage and tourism==
[[File:Shekhawati painted houses.jpg|thumb|Shekhawati painted houses]]

===Architecture===

Shahpura [[Haveli]] is a 300-year-old palace built by Rao Pratap Singh, descendant of Rao Shekha, in the 17th century. In the ''zenana'' (women's quarters), various rooms offer different themes. One room has antique murals, another has a marble fountain, while the turret room has walls that are {{convert|7|ft|m}} thick. Diwankhana, the formal drawing room, is decorated with family portraits and an array of antique armour. The Haveli was then renovated by Maharaj Surendra Singh and is now running as a Heritage Hotel. The haveli was recognized as one of the Historic Hotels in the World in the year 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haveli |first1=Shahpura |title=Shahpura Hotels |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/shahpura-hotels/#s-cust0 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN |date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

===Havelis, temples and frescos===

Most of the buildings of the Shekhawati region were constructed between the 18th century and the early 20th century. During the British occupation, traders adapted this style for their buildings.<ref>Henderson, Carol D, ''Cultures and Customs of India''; Greenwood Press 1992, {{ISBN|0-313-30513-7}}, pg. 92</ref> Shahpura Haveli in Shahpura, 65 km from Jaipur on Jaipur - Delhi Highway, and [[Nangal Sirohi#Havelis and architecture|Nangal Sirohi]] in [[Mahendragarh district]], 130 km from Delhi, are popular for their Shekhawati architecture within the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR).<ref name=tribh1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020622/windows/main2.htm Magnificent havelis of Nangal-Sirohi], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 22 June 2002.</ref>

===Clothes===
Women wear ''ghagra lugdi'' as their traditional dress and men wear usual Rajasthani dress.

== Shekhawati language ==
{{main|Shekhawati language}}

[[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] is a [[dialect]] of the [[Rajasthani language]] and is spoken by about three million speakers in the Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, according to Historical Census of Rajputana provide by Government of India.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31806/download/34987/58047_1931.pdf|Census 1931 provided by Government of India</ref> Even though it is an important dialect from the grammatical and literary points of view, very little work is carried out on it. In 2001 a descriptive compendium of the grammar of Shekhawati was published.<ref>Lakhan Gusain. Shekhawati. Munich: Lincom Europa (2001) (LW/M 385)</ref> Shekhawati, like the Bagri dialect of Anupgarh, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Churu districts, has a parallel lexicon which makes it very rich from a lexicographical point of view.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} [[Word order]] is typically [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] and there is the existence of [[implosives]]. The presence of high tone at the [[suprasegmental]] level classifies it with other [[dialects of Rajasthani]]. It has contributed significantly to the development of Rajasthani language and [[linguistics]].

==See also==
*[[Marwar]]
*[[Mewar]]
*[[Bagar (region)|Bagar]]
*[[Dhundhar]]
*[[Hadoti]]
*[[Vagad]]
*[[Shekhawat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sikar district}}

== Further reading ==
* Ranbir singh Shekhawat(DUNDLOD) ''History of Shekhawats,''Jaipur, 2001 {{ISBN|81-86782-74-5}}
* Ghansyamdas Birla: ''Bikhare Vicharon ki Bharonti,'' New Delhi, 1978
* ''Rajasthan: the painted walls of Shekhavati'', by [[Aman Nath]] and Francis Wacziarg. Vikas Publications, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7069-2087-2}}.

{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Historical regions of North India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shekhawati]]
[[Category:Former principalities]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]
[[Category:Architecture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Rajasthan]]

Gemini TV

2026-03-20T10:03:12Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: reworked intro and cleaned formatting based on references

#REDIRECT [[Sun Gemini]]

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Arun Prakash

2026-03-15T17:48:54Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: small updated formatting and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|Former Chief of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| office1 = 18th [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| termstart1 = 31 July 2004
| termend1 = 31 October 2006
| president1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] [[Pratibha Patil]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Madhvendra Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Sureesh Mehta]]
| name = Arun Prakash
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[VrC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| image = Arun Prakash.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| rank = [[File:IN_Admiral_Shoulder_curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]]
[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| commands = [[Western Naval Command]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}} {{ship|INS|Vindhyagiri|F42}} [[INS Hansa]] [[INAS 300]] {{INS|Beas|1958|6}} {{ship|INS|Chatak|K96}}
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1944|10}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| death_place =
| serviceyears = 1966–2006
| laterwork =
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]] [[File:Vir_Chakra_ribbon_bar.svg|20px]] [[Vir Chakra]] [[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
}}
[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Arun Prakash''', [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[VrC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] (born October 1944) is a former flag officer of the [[Indian Navy]]. He served as the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|chief of the Naval Staff]] from 31 July 2004 to 31 October 2006 and as the [[chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 31 January 2005 to 31 October 2006. He is one of India's most decorated naval officers.<ref name=NewNavalChiefTimesIndia />

Prakash was born in a military family and raised in Jammu and Kashmir. He joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], graduating in 1964. He was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 1966. Trained as a [[naval aviator]], he served on India's first [[aircraft carrier]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], he was attached to the [[No. 20 Squadron IAF]]. He was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for leading airstrikes deep into enemy territory.

After the war, in 1976, he attended the [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School]]. He subsequently commanded the [[Chamak-class missile boat]] {{ship|INS|Chatak|K96}}. He also commanded the naval squadron [[INAS 300]] and led its conversion to the [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]]. He then commanded the [[Leopard-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Beas|1958}} which was converted to a training ship. He also commanded the [[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|Nilgiri-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Vindhyagiri|F42}}. In 1990, he was appointed the third [[commanding officer]] of the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}. As a commodore, He also commanded the [[naval air station]] [[INS Hansa]] in Goa.

Prakash was promoted to flag rank in 1993 and appointed [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Air) (ACNS Air). In 1995, he took command of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] as the 21st [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF). After a two-year stint, he took over as assistant chief of personnel (ACOP). Promoted to vice admiral, he served as the [[commandant of the National Defence Academy]] from 1997 to 1999, after which he took over as [[Chief of Personnel (India)|chief of personnel]] at Naval HQ. In 2001, he was appointed the first [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|commander-in-chief]] of the newly created [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]. He subsequently had stints as the flag officer commanding-in-chief [[Western Naval Command]] and [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|vice chief of the Naval Staff]].

On 31 July 2004, Prakash assumed office as the 18th chief of the Naval Staff. He took over as the [[chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] on 31 January 2005 from [[General (India)|General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]].

==Early life and education==
Prakash was born and grew up in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. His father was in the Kasmir Civil Service and rose to become the [[District collector|district commissioner]] of [[Leh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Personnel/Chiefs/147-Arun-Prakash.html | title=Admiral Arun Prakash | publisher=Bharat Rakshak | access-date=18 April 2018 }}</ref> His two elder brothers also joined the [[Indian Armed Forces]], serving in the [[Indian Army]]. Although he wanted to join the Navy, he attended college in Chandigarh for two years at the insistence of his father before joining the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in 1961. He graduated from NDA in 1964 as the cadet captain of his squadron.<ref name="PIB Bio">{{cite web |title=PIB |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/erelease.aspx |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career===
Prakash was commissioned into the Indian Navy as an acting sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1966.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=439 |date=30 July 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1664-1966-0031-75895.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He volunteered for [[naval aviation]] and received flying training from the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) at [[Bamrauli Air Force Station|Air Force Station Bamrauli]]. After receiving his 'wings' in 1968, he joined [[INAS 551]] for conversion to [[Hawker Sea Hawk]] jet fighter aircraft. He subsequently joined the ''White Tigers'' [[INAS 300]] and qualified deck landing on the [[aircraft carrier]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}. He also flew the [[Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander]] aircraft with [[INAS 550]] and the [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire]] and [[HAL Kiran|Kiran]] aircraft with [[INAS 551]]. Subsequently, Prakash was one of two naval pilots deputed to the IAF and trained on the [[Hawker Hunter]] aircraft at [[Jamnagar Air Force Station]]. After training, he joined the [[No. 20 Squadron IAF|20th Squadron Lightnings]] at [[Hindon Air Force Station]]. Before the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the squadron moved to [[Pathankot Air Force Station]].<ref name=NewNavalChiefTimesIndia />

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
In the 1971 [[Indo-Pakistan War]], for his gallantry in air action over [[West Pakistan]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], he received the [[Vir Chakra]].

The Vir Chakra citation reads:
<blockquote>
{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''LIEUTENANT ARUN PRAKASH, (00590-R)'''}}

During the operations against Pakistan in December 1971, Lieutenant Arun Prakash was one of the two naval pilots on deputation to the Indian Air Force. On 4 December he led an Indian Air Force strike mission to an enemy airfield. In this mission, he destroyed enemy's heavy transport on ground and returned to base. On 5 December he led a very deep penetration day operational strike into enemy territory and attacked airfields heavily defended by air and ground forces. He destroyed enemy's heavy transport aircraft, attacked troops and supplies and returned to base.

Throughout, Lieutenant Arun Prakash displayed gallantry, leadership and devotion to duty of a high order.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARUN PRAKASH {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/arun-prakash |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Admiral Shri Arun Prakash at the demonstration of naval exercise on ship INS Viraat Goa- Mumbai on May 5, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Prakash with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] onboard {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}.]]

===Post-War===
After the war, Prakash served afloat in [[INS Vikrant (1961)]], {{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}}, and [[INS Delhi (1948)|INS ''Delhi'']] on which he received his watch keeping ticket. Promoted to [[lieutenant commander]] on 1 May 1976, he flew the [[Super Constellation]] that year for maritime air reconnaissance with [[INAS 312|Indian Navy Air Squadron 312]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1668 |date=4 December 1976 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In 1978, he was appointed commanding officer of the [[Chamak-class missile boat]] {{ship|INS|Chatak|K96}}. The following year, he was selected to attend the staff course at the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. In December 1979, he took over as the squadron commander of [[INAS 300]], serving till May 1980. He was promoted to the rank of [[commander]] on 1 July 1980.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=188 |date=14 February 1981 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> After the short tenure as 'Tiger Leader', he was appointed commanding officer of the training frigate {{INS|Beas|1958|6}}, on which young midshipmen were trained. In November 1979, India placed its first order for six [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] FRS Mk 51 fighters and two T Mk 60 Trainers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy to bid adieu to Sea Harrier Fighters {{!}} Indian Navy |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-bid-adieu-sea-harrier-fighters |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510095021/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-bid-adieu-sea-harrier-fighters |archive-date=2016-05-10}}</ref> Prakash was selected by the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[R. H. Tahiliani]] to induct the Sea Harriers into the Navy. He took command of INAS 300 for the second time in July 1981. He supervised the training of Indian Navy crew members in the [[United Kingdom]] for the Sea Harrier and ferried the newly acquired aircraft back to India in 1983. He was promoted to [[Captain (Indian Navy)|captain]] on 1 July 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=903 |date=27 June 1987 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In his aviation assignments, he logged more than 2,500 hours in the air in single and multi-engined, shore-based and carrier-based aircraft.<ref name=NextNavalChiefTheHindu>{{citation|title=Arun Prakash next Naval Chief|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2004|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/02/stories/2004060202191300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040612074528/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/02/stories/2004060202191300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2004|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> He then took over as captain (air) of the [[naval air station]] [[INS Hansa]] and subsequently as commanding officer.<ref name=NextNavalChiefTheHindu />

After over five years at Goa as squadron commander, captain (air) and CO, Prakash was appointed CO of the antisubmarine warfare frigate {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|6}}. In 1989, he was selected to attend the [[Naval War College]] in [[Rhode Island]]. After the course, he returned to India and was appointed the third commanding officer of the new aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}. He was in command of ''Viraat'' till December 1991. In 1992, he was appointed naval assistant to the chief of the Naval Staff [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Laxminarayan Ramdas: A war hero and champion of human rights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/admiral-laxminarayan-ramdas-a-war-hero-and-champion-of-human-rights-9219051/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=en |date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
After serving as NA for a year, on 4 January 1993, Prakash was promoted to the rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]] and appointed assistant chief of Naval Staff (Air) (ACNS Air).<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1607 |date=25 November 1995 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 1 April 1995, after a two-year stint as ACNS, he was appointed the 21st [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|flag officer commanding Eastern Fleet]]. He was in command of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] for about a year and a half. In late 1996, he moved to Naval HQ as assistant chief of personnel (ACOP).

[[File:US Navy 050322-N-2383B-150 Adm. Vern Clark, Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) conducts an office call with visiting Adm. Arun Prakash, Chairman, Chief's of Staff Committee.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman, COSC]] & [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] [[Admiral (India)|Adm]] Arun Prakash with [[Chief of Naval Operations|CNO]] [[Admiral (United States)|Adm]] [[Vern Clark]] in Washington, D.C.]]

He was then promoted to the rank of [[vice admiral]] on 31 July 1997,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1124 |date=21 August 1999 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and took over as the [[commandant of the National Defence Academy]], an appointment he served in till 19 March 1999. He then moved to NHQ, having been appointed [[Chief of Personnel (India)|chief of personnel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I Reports of the Task Forces on 'Management of Internal Security' and 'Management of Defence' Presented |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/HOME%20AFFAIR/2000-JULY-DEC-HOME-AFFAIRS/PDF/HOM-2000-10-01_083.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=1 October 2000}}</ref> In October 2001, he became the first [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|commander-in-chief]] of the newly established [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]. Then, on 31 December 2002, he took over as the flag officer commanding-in-chief (FOC-in-C) [[Western Naval Command]]. Following this assignment, he was appointed the [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|vice chief of Naval Staff]], serving for a brief period from October 2003 to July 2004.

===Chief of Naval Staff===
Prakash was promoted to full [[Admiral (India)|admiral]] and was appointed the 20th [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|chief of Naval Staff]] on 31 July 2004.<ref name=NewNavalChiefTimesIndia>{{citation|title=Arun Prakash to be new Naval Chief|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 June 2004|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-01/india/27163171_1_naval-staff-personnel-at-naval-headquarters-vice-admiral-arun-prakash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908044327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-01/india/27163171_1_naval-staff-personnel-at-naval-headquarters-vice-admiral-arun-prakash|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2012|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> With the retirement of [[General (India)|General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]], Admiral Prakash took over as the [[chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] on 31 January 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dec 31 |first1=TNN | title=Gen Vij new head of chiefs of staff panel {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Vij-new-head-of-chiefs-of-staff-panel/articleshow/976587.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> While serving as chief of Naval Staff, Prakash played an important role in renewing the [[Indian Navy]]'s relationships with the [[United States Navy]]<ref name=BetterRelationsDailyTimes>{{citation|title=US, India making military deal amid better relations|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|location=Pakistan|date=25 March 2005|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg4_16|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> and in developing a vision of India's maritime strategy. Prakash retired as chief of Naval Staff in October 2006.<ref name=SureeshMehtaNewNavyChief>{{citation|title=Sureesh Mehta is new Navy chief|work=IBN Live|date=31 October 2006|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sureesh-mehta-is-new-navy-chief/25112-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016122233/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sureesh-mehta-is-new-navy-chief/25112-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2012|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> He retired from the post of chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee at the same time.

==Post-retirement==
Prakash settled in [[Goa]] after retiring from the Navy. He was the distinguished chair at the [[Naval War College, Goa]], from 2016 to 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naval War College |url=https://twitter.com/InNwc/status/1554152441469251584 |website=twitter.com |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

Following the [[Sinking of IRIS Dena|sinking of the Iranian IRIS Dena]] after attending the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] in India by the [[U.S. Navy]], he commented that the attack was shocking in multiple ways. He said "It’s a bit of treachery of the US to attend a peaceful function side-by-side with Iranian navy, where there’s a lot of camaraderie, and then the moment the Iranian ship pops out of harbour, it’s sunk ... They could have delayed this action to spare India this embarrassment." He also said that targeting a guest of India that posed no immediate threat "leaves a very bad taste in my mouth".<ref name=guardian-20260315>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/15/us-attack-iris-dena-undermines-indian-security-ties-iran |title='Bit of treachery': US attack on IRIS Dena undermines Indian security ties |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Wipulasena |first2=Aanya |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 March 2026 |access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Prakash was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] in 1972, the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 1986, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 1992 and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-01-24_089.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards for Defence Personnel |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-01-21_031.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IN Pilot.png|width=180}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|[[File:IND Samar Seva Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|colspan="4"|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|COLSPAN=4|Naval aviator (Pilot) badge
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vir Chakra]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|Samar Seva Star
|[[Paschimi Star]]
|Raksha Medal
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|50th Independence Anniversary Medal
|25th Independence Anniversary Medal
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|}

==Published writings==
* ''From the Crow's Nest: A Compendium of Speeches and Writings on Maritime and Other Issues'', New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2007.

==References==
<references/>

==Sources==
{{commons category|Arun Prakash}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029134346/http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/navy_chief.html Official Biography]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Madhvendra Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Viraat]]|years=1990-1991}}
{{s-aft|after=Madanjit Singh}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]|years=1995-1996}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=2004–2006}}
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{{s-aft|after =[[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee}}
{{Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Arun}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Indian naval aviators]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Eastern Fleet]]
[[Category:Commandants of the National Defence Academy]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Personnel (India)]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]

2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season

2026-03-15T05:39:26Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Put Up New Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| season = [[2018–19 in Indian football|2018–19]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]] (until 6 January 2018) [[Khalid Jamil]] (from 7 January 2018)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = [[Swapan Sadhan Bose]]
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| league = {{nowrap|[[I-League]]}}
| league result = '''[[2018–19 I-League|5th]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''[[2018 CFL Premier Division|Champions]]'''
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = ''[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Walkover]]''
| league topscorer = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda Dicka]] (8 goals)
| season topscorer = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda Dicka]] (18 goals)
| highest attendance = 62628
| lowest attendance = 3388
| average attendance = 27270
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _mbhome_1415
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _mbh18
| pattern_so1 = _mbhome_1516
| leftarm1 = 91191B
| body1 =
| rightarm1 = 91191B
| shorts1 =
| socks1 = 91191B
| pattern_la2 = _claretborder
| pattern_b2 = _mba18
| pattern_ra2 = _claretborder
| pattern_sh2 = _redsides
| pattern_so2 = _mbaway_1213
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Mohun Bagan FC season|2019–20]]
}}

The '''2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season''' was the club's 12th season in [[I-League]] and 129th season since its establishment in 1889. They finished 5th in the [[2018–19 I-League|I-League]] and were crowned ''Champions'' in the [[2018 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]].

==Sponsors==
{{updated|7 July 2018}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Sponsors Type
! Sponsor's Name
|-
| Sponsor
| —
|-
| Co-Sponsor
| [[M.P Birla Group|M.P Birla Cement]], Ripley
|-
| Kit Sponsor
| Shiv Naresh
|}

==Players==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|+ Current Squad
|-
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Squad No.
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Position
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|[[Shankar Roy]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|-
|22
|[[Shilton Paul]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|-
|31
|[[Ricardo Cardozo]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|-
|—
|[[Mainak Akuli]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|3
|[[Kingsley Obumneme]] [[Captain (association football)|('''C''')]]
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-

|4
|[[Dalraj Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-

|5
|[[Gurjinder Kumar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-
|14
|[[Arijit Bagui]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-
|18
|[[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-
|19
|[[Lalchhawnkima]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-

|28
|[[Bikramjeet Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-
|37
|[[Amey Ranawade]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|7
|[[Yuta Kinowaki]]
|{{flagicon|Japan}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|8
|[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|11
|[[William Lalnunfela]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|15
|[[Darren Caldeira]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|21
|[[Omar Elhussieny]]
|{{flagicon|EGY}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|23
|[[Mehtab Hossain]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|25
|[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|26
|[[Shilton D'Silva]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|27
|[[Pintu Mahata]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|33
|[[Britto PM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|34
|[[Abhinas Ruidas]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|47
|[[Sheikh Faiaz]] ''(on loan from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]])''
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
|50
|[[Sony Norde]] [[Captain (association football)|('''VC''')]]
|{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|—
|[[Dipankar Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-

|—
|[[Lalramzauva Khiangte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|9
|[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda Dicka]]
|{{flagicon|Cameroon}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|-
|10
|[[Henry Kisekka]]
|{{flagicon|Uganda}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|-
|35
|[[Azharuddin Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[https://i-league.org/team-page/mohun-bagan/]|u=9 January 2019|date=October 2018}}

==Technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Chief coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Naseem Ali
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arpan Dey
|-
| Physical Trainer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Samiran Nag
|-
| Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|India}} Soumya Bhattacharjee
|-
| Club Doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Protim Roy
|-
| Team Manager
|{{center|—}}
{{Fb cs footer|s=[http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/squad/]|u=7 January 2019|date=March 2018}}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center;" | First match
! style="text-align:center;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center;" | Current Position
! style="text-align:center;" | Final Position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018–19 I-League|I-League]]
| 27 October 2018
| 8 March 2019
| —
| 5th
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|colspan=4|Withdrew
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]
| 7 July 2018
| 19 July 2018
| —
|bgcolor=silver|'''2nd'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]
| 4 August 2018
| 18 September 2018
| —
|bgcolor=gold|'''1st'''
|-
{{fb overall competition footer|u=12 January 2019}}

===Overview===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Competition
!colspan=8|Record
|-
!{{Tooltip|G|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}
|-
| [[2018-19 I-League|I-League]]
{{WDL|20|8|5|7|for=27|against=28|diff=yes}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}}
|-
| [[2018 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]
{{WDL|11|9|2|0|for=27|against=6|diff=yes}}
|-
! Total
{{WDLtot|31|17|7|7|for=54|against=34|diff=yes}}
{{fb overall competition footer|u= March 2019}}

===I-League===
{{main|2018–19 I-League}}
{{:2018–19 I-League|showteam=MHB}}
;Results summary
{{Fb_rs |hw=3 |hd=3 |hl=4 |hgf=12 |hga=15 |aw=5 |ad=2 |al=3|agf=15|aga=13}}
{{Fb rs footer|s = [https://i-league.org/points-table/i-league/]|u=12 January 2019|date=October 2018}}

;Results by round
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1=A /H /A /A /H /H /A /A /H /A /H /H /H /H /H /A /A /A /H /A
|label2= Result
| res2=D /D /W /W /L /D /L /W /W /L /L /W /W /L /D /D /W /L /L /W

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1
}}
{{Fb rs footer|u=12 January 2019|s=[[#Matches|Competitions]]|date=October 2021}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{main|2018 CFL Premier Division}}
{{:2018 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MB}}

==Matches==

===Calcutta Football League===
{{football box collapsible
|date=4 August 2018
|round = 1
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–0
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-patha-chakra/9lzehgsa99n2sjerge72fcj1m
|team2 = Pathachakra
|goals1 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2 = [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal]] {{yel|47}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee = Debasish Mandi
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 7 August 2018
|round = 2
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 3–2
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-rainbow/9m58o4pidlyz5qjtk1qky23xm
|team2 = [[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|49}} [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] {{goal|68}} [[Azharuddin Mallick|Azharuddin]] {{goal|73}} [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|37}}
|goals2 = [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Sarkar]] {{goal|39}} [[Joel Sunday|Sunday]] {{goal|83}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee = Tanmoy Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 12 August 2018
|round = 3
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-george-telegraph/9me2u2k3k2z6z2vbbaiqu1zze
|team2 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 = [[Rajib Shaw|Shaw]] {{yel|59}} [[Echezona Anyichie|Eche]] {{yel|75}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee = Nipen Haldar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 August 2018
|round = 4
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|team2 = [[Peerless Group|Peerless SC]]
|score = 1–1
|goals1 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 = [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|90+1}}
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-peerless/9mg9lz3tus29qrwiha3im4xuy
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = D
|referee = Dipu Roy
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 19 August 2018
|round = 5
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-tollygunge/a4gxd0oywexgy1zgzc0evjtd6
|team2 = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|29}} [[Azharuddin Mallick|Azharuddin]] {{goal|35}} [[William Lalnunfela|William]] {{goal|85}}
 [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|90+4}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 25 August 2018
|round = 6
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 5–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-west-bengal-police/27nfnvgmgh5ygefuxjffi6yju
|team2 = [[West Bengal Police|West Bengal Police FC]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|2||52||90+5}} [[Britto PM|Britto]] {{goal|33}} [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 = Soumava {{yel|24}} [[Uttam Naskar|Naskar]] {{yel|33}} Pradip {{yel|38}} Subrata {{yel|41}} Mahendar {{yel|62}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee = Pratick Mondal
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 August 2018
|round = 7
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-techno-aryan/285vjqd5ipvkz7e6nozk2liei
|team2 = [[Aryan Club|Aryan FC]]
|goals1 = [[Shilton D'Silva|D'Silva]] {{goal|9}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2 = [[Pritam Roy|Roy]] {{yel|54}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|result = W
|referee = Subhankar Kharmi
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 2 September 2018
|round = 8
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-mohun-bagan/28fi9dtmvj7g1j6puntylz59m
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Jhonny Acosta|Acosta]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|62}} [[Mahmoud Amnah|Amnah]] {{yel|57}}
|goals2 = [[Pintu Mahata|Mahata]] {{goal|19}} [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|29}} [[Shilton Paul|Shilton]] {{yel|57}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = D
|attendance = 66,182
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 5 September 2018
|round = 9
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 5–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-food-corporation/53bahzcnprx6h7vmm7wqfqb8q
|team2 = [[Food Corporation of India|FCI]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|45+4||62||68}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{goal|75}} [[Lalchawnkima|Kimkima]] {{goal|84}} [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|20}}
|goals2 = [[Lakshmi Kanta Dey|Dey]] {{sentoff|0|72}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W

|referee = Mithun Kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 12 September 2018
|round = 10
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-calcutta-customs/6h4muwizmf8rmof5lcn0ai1ka
|team2 = [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|goals1 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|3||44}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W

|referee = Robin Biswas
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 September 2018
|round = 11
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-mohammedan/6j2f1pat187p6ofxjgbqxydm2
|goals1 = Adjah {{goal|76}} [[Laltu Hembram|L. Hembram]] {{yel|12}} [[Kamran Farooq|Farooq]] {{yel|49}}
|goals2 = [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{goal|82}} [[Pintu Mahata|Mahata]] {{goal|89}}|
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W

|referee = Tanmoy Dhar
}}

===I-League===
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = 27 October 2018
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Gokulam FC|Gokulam]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3668_Match_Summary_V1_1540648503.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Arjun Jayaraj|Jayaraj]] {{goal|71}} [[Salman K]] {{yel|21}} [[Deepak Kumar (footballer)|Deepak]] {{yel|39}} [[Guilherme Batata|Batata]] {{yel|70}}
|goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|41}}
|stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 28,437
|referee = Maria J. Arokia
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = 3 November 2018
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3673_Match_Summary_V1_1541253431.pdf
|team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|goals1 = [[Lalchhawnkima|Kimkima]] {{goal|44}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|69}} [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{yel|15}}
|goals2 = [[Lalkhawpuimawia]] {{goal|29}} [[David Lalrinmuana|David]] {{goal|90+3}} [[Bektur Talgat Uulu|Bektur]] {{yel|22}} [[Alfred Jaryan|Jaryan]] {{yel|31}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 18,785
|referee = Priyobarta Singh
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = 10 November 2018
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3681_Match_Summary_V1_1541857796.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam]] {{yel|40}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|30||45+1}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]]
|location = [[Cuttack]]
|attendance = 4,520
|referee = Rahul K. Gupta
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date = 20 November 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3688_Match_Summary_V1_1542711447.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Aaron Katebe|Katebe]] {{yel|7}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda]] {{goal|70}} [[Yuta Kinowaki|Kinowaki]] {{yel|90+3}}
|stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
|location = [[Srinagar]]
|attendance = 12,760
|referee = A.K. Meitei
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = 25 November 2018
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 0–3
|report = https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-churchill-brothers/3xtk8wvc7gv157tc8jq0o8kmi
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 = [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|71}}
|goals2 = [[Dawda Ceesay|Ceesay]] {{goal|21}} [[Willis Plaza|Plaza]] {{goal|51||55}} [[Wayne Vaz|Vaz]] {{yel|53}} [[Hussein Eldor|Eldor]] {{yel|77}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 22,387
|referee = Venkatesh R.
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date = 1 December 2018
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3693_Match_Summary_V1_1543154159.pdf
|team2 = [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1 = [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|50}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{yel|70}}
|goals2 = [[Néstor Gordillo|Nestor]] {{goal|81}}, {{yel|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 21,985
|referee = Maria J. Arokia
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 December 2018
|round = 7
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3707_Match_Summary_V1_1544969298.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Laldanmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|17||63}} [[Jobi Justin|Justin]] {{goal|44}} [[Jhonny Acosta|Acosta]] {{yel|48}} [[Manoj Mohammed|Manoj]] {{yel|53}}
|goals2 = [[Azharuddin Mallick|Azharuddin]] {{goal|13}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|75}} [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{sent off|2|12|59}} [[Shilton Paul|Shilton]] {{yel|18}} [[Yuta Kinowaki|Kinowaki]] {{yel|25}} [[Gurjinder Kumar|Gurjinder]] {{yel|76}} [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] {{yel|82}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 64,867
|referee = Venkatesh R.
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date = 19 December 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3701_Match_Summary_V1_1545216360.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Souvik Das|Das]] {{yel|38}} [[William Opoku|Opoku]] {{yel|49}} [[Philip Njoku|Njoku]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|79}}
|stadium = [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|location = [[Panchkula]]
|attendance = 5,157
|referee = Rabichandra Singh
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 23 December 2018
|round = 9
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3707_Match_Summary_V1_1544969298.pdf
|team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1 = [[Yuta Kinowaki|Kinowaki]] {{goal|48}} [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 = [[Aibanbha Dohling|Dohling]] {{yel|45}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 14,436
|referee = Umesh Bora
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 10
|date = 28 December 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3716_Match_Summary_V1_1545993881.pdf
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Eduardo Ferreira|Eduardo]] {{goal|24}} [[Aryn Williams|Williams]] {{goal|69}} [[Naorem Tondomba Singh|Naorem]] {{yel|45}} [[Malemngamba Meitei|Malemn]] {{yel|72}}
|goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|63}} [[Lalchawnkima|Kimkima]] {{yel|57}}
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
|location = [[Imphal]]
|attendance = 20,232
|referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 6 January 2019
|round = 11
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3707_Match_Summary_V1_1544969298.pdf
|team2 = [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|goals1 = [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|42}} [[Sheikh Faiaz|Faiaz]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|60}}
|goals2 = [[Mason Robertson|Robertson]] {{goal|33|74}} [[Bazie Armand|Armand]] {{yel|34}} [[Abhash Thapa|Thapa]] {{yel|41}} [[Aaron Katebe|Katebe]] {{yel|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 11,356
|referee = Crystal John
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 9 January 2019
|round = 12
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3748_Match_Summary_V1_1547030720.pdf
|team2 = [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1 = [[Omar Elhussieny|Elhussieny]] {{goal|30|pen}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|69}} [[Darren Caldeira|Caldeira]] {{yel|49}} [[Yuta Kinowaki|Kinowaki]] {{yel|90+2}} [[Mehtab Hossain|Mehtab]] {{yel|90+3}}
|goals2 = [[Lancine Touré|Touré]] {{yel|29}} [[Amandeep Singh (footballer born 1993)|Amandeep]] {{yel|55}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 9,185
|referee = C.R. Srikrishna
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 12 January 2019
|round = 13
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/3726_Match_Summary_V1_1547290071.pdf
|team2 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|goals1 = [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|78}} [[Darren Caldeira|Caldeira]] {{yel|78}}
|goals2 = [[Eduardo Ferreira|Eduardo]] {{yel|81}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 8,780
|referee = Umesh Bora
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 27 January 2019
|round = 14
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 0-2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3736
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1 = Omar Nabil Rashad Elhussieny {{yel|22}} Darren Dominic Caldeira {{yel|73}} Sony Norde {{yel|83}}
|goals2 = Jaime Santos Colado {{goal|35}} Lalram Chullova {{yel|47}} Jobby Justin {{goal|75}}, {{yel|76}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 62,628
|referee =
|result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date = 30 January 2019
|round = 15
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2-2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3741
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|goals1 = Shilton Sydney Dsilva {{goal|18}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|60}} [[Kingsley Obumneme|Kingsley]] {{yel|79}} Mehtab Hossain {{yel|82}}
|goals2 = Lalchhawnkima {{goal|21|o.g}} Marcus Leric Jr Joseph {{goal|24}}, {{yel|58}} Mudde Musa {{yel|89}} Arnab Das Sarma {{yel|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 16
|date = 09 February 2019
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1-1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3755
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 =
*Vigneshwaran Baskaran {{yel|50}}
*Khalid Aucho{{yel|72}}
*Dawda Ceesay{{yel|73}}
*Anthony Anton Wolfe{{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
*[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|39}}
*[[Bikramjit Singh]] {{yel|42}}
*Sony Norde {{yel|44}}
*Arijit Bagui{{yel|70}}
*Mehtab Hossain {{yel|77}}
|stadium = Tilak Maidan
|location = [[Goa]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 17
|date = 16 February 2019
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl FC]]
|score = 1-2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3756
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 =
*Ghanefo Ansumana Kromah {{goal|38}}
*Zikahi Leonce Dodoz{{yel|74}}
*Govin Singh Moirangthem{{yel|77}}
|goals2 =
*Gurjinder Kumar {{yel|13}}
*[[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|22}}
*[[Bikramjeet Singh]] {{goal|78}}
*Abinash Ruidas{{yel|90+4}}
|stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Stadium
|location = [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 18
|date = 24 February 2019
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennai City FC]]
|score = 3-1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3763
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 =
*Nestor Jesus G {{yel|8}}, {{goal|8}}
*Sandro R {{goal|15}}
*Pedro Javier M {{goal|23}}, {{yel|73}}
*Mashoor Shereef Thangalakath {{sentoff||45}}
*Regin M {{yel|60}}
|goals2 =
*William Lalnunfela {{goal|37}}
*Omar Nabil Rashad Elhussieny {{yel|45+1}}
*[[Bikramjit Singh]] {{yel|55}}
*[[Shilton Paul]] {{sentoff||78}}
|stadium = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
|location = [[Chennai]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 19
|date = 28 February 2019
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1-3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/3769
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
*Azharuddin Mallick {{goal|17}}, {{yel|54}}
|goals2 =
*Abhijit Sarkar {{goal|28}}
*Asish Rai {{yel|45}}
*[[Amarjit Singh Kiyamh]] {{yel|68}}
*Rahul Kannoly Praveen {{goal|74}}
*Rohit Danu {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 20
|date = 08 March 2019
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Shillong Lajong]]
|score = 2-3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/4506
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 =
*Phurba Tempa Lachenpa {{yel|3}}
*Phrangki Buam {{goal|45+1||53}}
|goals2 =
*[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|4}}
*[[Sony Norde]] {{goal|78}}
*Britto PM {{goal|88}}
|stadium = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
|location = [[Shillong]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Statistics==

===Goal scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10|{{Abbr| Rank | Ranking }}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10|{{Abbr| No. | Squad Number }}
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10|{{Abbr| Pos. | Position }}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=180|Player
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=60|[[2018–19 I-League|I-League]]
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=80|[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=40|[[2018 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=50|Total
|-
|1||9||FW||align=left|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]||8||-||10||'''18'''
|-
|2||10||FW||align=left|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Henry Kisekka]]||5||-||6||'''11'''
|-
|3||50||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Sony Norde]]||5||-||-||'''5'''
|-
|4||35||FW||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Azharuddin Mallick]]||2||-||2||'''4'''
|-
|rowspan="6"|5||48||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]||1||-||1||'''2'''
|-
|25||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar]]||-||-||2||'''2'''
|-
|27||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pintu Mahata]]||-||-||2||'''2'''
|-
|26||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton D'Silva]]||1||-||1||'''2'''
|-
|33||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Britto PM]]||1||-||1||'''2'''
|-
|11||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[William Lalnunfela]]||1||-||1||'''2'''
|-

|rowspan="4"|6||18||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Abhishek Ambekar]]||-||-||1||'''1'''
|-

|7||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}}[[Yuta Kinowaki]]||1||-||-||'''1'''
|-

|11||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjeet Singh]]||1||-||-||'''1'''
|-
|21||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}}[[Omar Elhussieny]]||1||-||-||'''1'''
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|colspan="4"|'''Total'''||'''27'''||'''-'''||'''27'''||'''54'''
{{fb overall competition footer|u=8 March 2019}}

===Disciplinary record===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10; rowspan="2"|{{Abbr| Rank | Ranking }}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10; rowspan="2"|{{Abbr| No. | Squad Number }}
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=10; rowspan="2"|{{Abbr| Pos. | Position }}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=180; rowspan="2"|Player
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=60; colspan="3"|[[2018–19 I-League|I-League]]
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=80; colspan="3"|[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width=40; colspan="3"|[[2018 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" width=50; colspan="3"|Total
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|1||3||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]]
|2||1||0
|||||
|3||0||0
|5||1||0
|-
|2||7||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Kinowaki]]
|3||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|3||0||0
|-
|3||22||GK||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton Paul]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|1||0||0
|2||0||0
|-
|4||15||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Darren Caldeira]]
|2||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|2||0||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|5||5||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|-
|18||DF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|6||23||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|-
|47||MF||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sheikh Faiaz]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|-
|7||10||FW||align=left|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Henry Kisekka]]
|1||0||0
|||||
|0||0||0
|1||0||0

{{fb overall competition footer|u=12 January 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 Mohun Bagan FC Season}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]
[[Category:2018–19 I-League by team]]

National Institute of Construction Management and Research

2026-03-14T07:51:11Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Stub

{{Short description|Indian educational institution}}
{{Advert|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = NICMAR University
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1982
| closed =
| type =
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Ajit Gulabchand
| chancellor =
| president = Anil Kashyap
| director_general =
| total_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|18|34|26|N|73|46|00|E|}}
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = NICMAR
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://www.nicmar.ac.in|Official Web Site}}
| logo =
| footnotes = Mumbai Landmarks
}}
'''NICMAR University''', also known as the '''National Institute of Construction Management and Research''' ('''NICMAR'''), is a higher education provider and a pioneer in techno-managerial studies in India.

NICMAR University is recognized as a state-private university by the UGC. NICMAR University Pune Act (L. C. Bill No. Of 2022) was passed by the [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra State]] Government on 16 March 2022 and appeared in the “Maharashtra Government Gazette” on 12 May 2022 (Mah. Act No. XXXVI of 2022). The institution is now recognized by the government, ministry, and various state departments.

== Profile ==
NICMAR was founded in 1982<ref name="HCC leaflet">{{cite web | url=http://www.hccindia.com/hcc_admin/data_content/fourpillarsofcsr_files/Education_-_NICMAR.pdf | title=HCC Leaflet | publisher=HCC | accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> as a result of a joint effort by a group of major construction companies in India headed by [[Hindustan Construction Company]] (HCC), whose Chairman, [[Ajit Gulabchand]], put forth the idea of setting up an advanced research center in construction management. HCC contributed {{INR}}30,000,000 towards the setting up of the proposed institute. The result was the establishment of the institute with headquarters at Walchand Centre, [[Tardeo]] in Mumbai.

In 1990, NICMAR was accredited by the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]], [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] as a ''Scientific and Industrial Research Organization'' (SIRO). Advanced Construction Management Program, a higher studies program conducted by NICMAR in association with [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[International Labour Organization]], and [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] is considered to be a premium education program by the industry.<ref name="HCC leaflet" /> The program is funded by UNDP and has visiting faculty from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[University of Michigan|the University of Michigan]], [[University of Loughborough|the University of Loughborough]], and [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIMA]] as per agreements with the respective organizations.<ref name="Collaborations">{{cite web | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/6425060/nicmar-hyd-presentation | title=Collaborations | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Facilities==
NICMAR maintains a library at its main campus in Pune which stocks more than 40,000 printed materials. It also keeps references on national and international standards such as [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Indian Roads Congress, [[International Federation of Consulting Engineers|International Federation of Consulting Engineers, Geneva, (FIDIC)]] and [[International Labour Organization]], Geneva.

The collections include 25,000 books and theses, 10,000 bound volumes of journals and 5,000 e-references in the form of compact discs. It also subscribes to 79 periodicals and 9 newspapers such as Proquest ABI Inform, ebrary-Business and Economics, ASCE Journals, SCIENCEDIRECT – Business, Management and Accounting, Sage Journals, and CMIE.

The other infrastructural facilities include classrooms, computer labs, conference halls, auditorium, [[Amphitheatre|open air theatre]], student's hostel, executive hostel, dining facility, indoor and outdoor sports and Wi-Fi facility.

==Associations and collaborations==
NICMAR has entered into collaborative associations with:

* Knowledge Partnership: With ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''Construction Week'' magazine<ref name="CW">{{cite web | url=http://www.constructionweekonline.com/ | title=CW | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref> and ''CREDAI''<ref name="Credai">{{cite web | url=http://www.credai.org/sites/default/files/magazine-pdf/Credai-Q1-Jan-Mar-2013.pdf | title=Credai | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
* NICMAR is associated with Bentley Education
* NICMAR is associated with ''Construction World'' magazine for recognizing excellence of construction companies based on a rating program developed by NICMAR, called ''Construction World NICMAR Award'', in the field of construction.<ref name="award">{{cite web | url=http://sobhaelan.com/about-us/awards/ | title=award | accessdate=July 14, 2014 | url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715041313/http://sobhaelan.com/about-us/awards/ | archivedate=July 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Construction World">{{cite web | url=http://www.constructionworld.in/CWIndiaMagazine.aspx?Tags=6njowfzBCA0EkIP4bIRT1A==&NewsType=NICMAR-India-Sector | title=Construction World | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
* PMI Organisation Centre Private Limited, a subsidiary of [[Project Management Institute]] (PMI), has awarded two scholarships to the best students at NICMAR.<ref name="PMI 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pmi.org.in/manageindia/volume2/issue04/news.html | title=PMI 1 | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PMI 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/pmi-institutes-endowment-fund-for-project-management-promotion-at-nicmar-110083000095_1.html | title=PMI 2 | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
* NICMAR is an alliance member of the ''Microsoft Dynamics Academic Alliance'' for the use of Microsoft ERP programs and has set up a ''Construction ERP laboratory'' in Pune campus, known to be the first of its kind in India.<ref name="Microsoft">{{cite web | url=http://www.aurigo.com/news_display.php?nid=43 | title=Microsoft | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
* NICMAR utilises the services of the ''Construction Computer Software'' (CCS), South Africa, for project estimation and control by way of CANDY, an industry specific software developed by CCS.<ref name="CCS">{{cite web | url=http://www.constructioncomputersoftware.com/home/ccs-india/ | title=CCS | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref>
* Palisade EMEA and India, a subsidiary of Palisade Corporation, UK, is a software partner of NICMAR for the use of ''Decision Tools Suite Industrial'', an ERP software for risk analysis.

==Courses==
{{quotebox|align = right|qalign = center|width=30em|''NICMAR's raison d'etre is to relentlessly strive to create the professionally educated engineering, managerial and leadership talent, in a sector that is rather starved of such high level talent.''<ref name="Quote">{{cite interview | title=Quote | date=March 2014 | accessdate=July 14, 2014 | last=Korgaonkar | first=M. G. | subject-link=Speech | work=Graduation Ceremony | location=Pune | url=http://www.nicmar.ac.in/content.php?Pid=7&Cid=9&Mid=46&S=1}}</ref>}}

NICMAR offers several MBA & post graduate level courses in the field of project engineering and construction management, Real Estate, Infrastructure, and Project Management areas. It also conducts short, medium and long term programs for executive development, primarily aimed at construction industry.<ref name="Course 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/National-Institute-of-Construction-Management-and-Research-NICMAR-Hyderabad/courses | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114032212/http://www.minglebox.com/college/National-Institute-of-Construction-Management-and-Research-NICMAR-Hyderabad/courses | url-status=usurped | archive-date=January 14, 2013 | title=Course 2 | accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Course 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.winentrance.com/admission_notification/national-institute-construction-management-research.html | title=Course 1 | accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> The longer duration programs are based at Pune and Hyderabad campuses. At the end of every year, it invites application for all its courses.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/news-nicmar-invites-application-for-admission-in-pg-courses-143-1774 | title= NICMAR invites application for admission in PG Courses | publisher= CollegeSearch}}</ref>

* MBA in Advanced Construction Management (ACM)
* MBA in Advanced Project Management (APM)
* Integrated Masters of Business Administration (I-MBA), spread across ten semesters over a period of five years.

* Postgraduate Diploma in Management of Family-owned Construction Business (PGD MFOCB)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Quantity Surveying and Construction Management (PGD QSCM)
* MBA in Real Estate and Urban Infrastructure Management (MBA REUIM)
* Executive Education

===Distance Education===
NICMAR offers various programs by [[distance education]] mode.<ref name="Distance 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.educationobserver.com/institute_news/index.php/nicmar-regular-and-distance-programmes-in-construction-and-allied-sectors-admissions-2010.htm | title=Distance 1 | date=4 October 2009 | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Scribed">{{cite web | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/39244449/Nicmar-Prospectus | title=Scribed | accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref> The courses were discontinued in January 2018 after the November 2017 Supreme Court ruling that technical education cannot be provided through distance learning or correspondence courses.

'''Two year post graduate distance education programs '''
* Post Graduate Program in Construction Management (PGP CM)
* Post Graduate Program in Project Management (PGP PM)
* Post Graduate Program in Infrastructure Development and Management (PGP IDM)
* Post Graduate Program in Construction Business Management (PGP CBM)
* Post Graduate Program in Real Estate Management (PGP REM)
* Post Graduate Program in Quantity Surveying (PGP QS)
* Post Graduate Program in Health, Safety and Environment Management (PGP HSEM)

'''One year part time weekend post graduate programs'''
* Post Graduate Program in Quantity Surveying and Contract Management (PGP QSCM)
* Post Graduate Program in Construction Management for Working Executives (PGP CMWE)
* Post Graduate Program in Project Management for Working Executives (PGP PMWE)
* Post Graduate Program in Facilities Management for Working Executives (PGP FMWE)

'''Graduate programs'''
* Graduate Program in Construction Project Management (GP PM)
* Graduate Program in Construction Business Management (GP CBM)
* Graduate Program in Construction Safety Management (GP CSM)
* Graduate Program in Construction Quantity Surveying (GP QS)
* Graduate Program in Power Sector Project Management (GP PSPM)
* Graduate Program in Contract Administration and Dispute Management (GP CADM)
'''Undergraduate Programs'''

• B.Tech Civil Engineering

• Bachelor of Architecture

==Centres==
{{Infobox building
| coordinates = {{coord|18.57417796391416|73.76858137478602|display=inline}}
}}

===NICMAR PUNE Campus===
The campus of NICMAR Pune is at [[Balewadi]], Pune,<ref name="Pune">{{cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/100731/Nicmar-Pune | title=Pune | accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> along the Mumbai-Bangalore Expressway, on a land measuring 11 acres of land, with a total built up area of 377,676 sq ft. The campus hosts the administration and faculty offices, various classrooms, library, computer centre, dining hall, auditorium and a documentation centre. It also provides facilities such as medical clinic, community hall and indoor and outdoor recreational areas.

===NICMAR HYDERABAD Campus===
NICMAR Hyderabad (Shamirpet) campus is situated at Shamirpet, 30 kilometres away from the [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Railway Station]] and 7 kilometres from Ratnalayam Temple, which is on the Karimnagar highway. It has over 334,609 sq ft of built-up area on a 31.46-acre plot of land.

==Publications==
The Institute publishes a periodical, ''Journal of Construction Management'' ({{ISSN|0970-3675}}) for dissemination of information on modern technologies in construction management.
* {{cite book
| title = Journal of Construction Management
| author = NICMAR
| year =
| publisher = NICMAR
| oclc = 51052980
}}

==See also==
{{Portal||India}}
* [[Construction engineering]]
* [[Construction management]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51052980 on WorldCat]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120522022258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-19/news/27422465_1_pune-campus-student-intake-construction-management News report] on [[The Economic Times]].
* [https://www.storifynews.com/top-5-construction-management-colleges-in-india-2019/ Top 5 Construction Management Colleges in India 2019]

{{Higher education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Construction management]]
[[Category:Project Management Institute]]
[[Category:Construction industry in India]]

Oini

2026-03-13T23:01:14Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: created new page

{{Short description|First capital of Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Oini
| official_name = Waini
| native_name = ओईनी
| native_name_lang = mai
| other_name = Vaini
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila region
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Pusa
| founder = King Oini Thakur
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| footnotes = Origin village of Oiniwar Dynasty
}}

'''Oini''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: ओइनी) is a village in the Pusa block of the [[Samastipur district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is an important village in the history of the Mithila region in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was the origin village of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the ancient [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]]. The historical village is presently known as '''Waini'''. It was established as the capital of the Oiniwar Dynasty by the first ''King Oini Thakur'' of the dynasty in the Mithila Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |date=1953 |title=Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303873 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=200–210 |jstor=44303873 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=oini+village+mithila |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Hindustan Special: जहां कभी सजता था राजा शिव का दरबार, अब सन्नाटे के सिवाय |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-hindustan-special-now-nothing-but-silence-where-king-shiva-darbar-used-to-held-with-poet-vidyapati-8400342.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== History ==
According to the historian ''Makhan Jha'', there was a great scholar named ''Nath Thakur'' at the court of a [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat]] king in Mithila. It is said that, for his scholarship he was gifted a village of name Oini by the king in ''daan'' (donation). Those days there was a tradition that a person rewarded with a gift of village by the king was usually came to be known after the name of that village. Therefore, the scholar Nath Thakur was also called as ''Oini Thakur''. Later after the fall of [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in Mithila, the scholar Oini Thakur became the ruler of the region. He established the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] and became the first king from the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila.<ref name=":1" /> During the early period of the Oiniwar Dynasty, Oini was the court of the kingdom of Mithila.<ref name=":0" />

The ruins of the court of the then kingdom still exists in the form of [[Dih (archaeology)|dih]] at the village. Nowadays the remains of the dih is found covered with bushes and trees. The ruins of the court is known as ''Waini Dih''. In the recent period, some youths of the village established idol of [[Bhagavati|Goddess Bhagwati]] at the dih and started worship there.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|25|54|15|N|85|40|19|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Capitals of Mithila]]

Bahadur Shah Zafar

2026-03-09T22:46:30Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1837 to 1857}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahadur Shah Zafar {{lang|fa|{{nobold|{{nq|بهادر شاہ ظفر}}}}}}
| title = King of Delhi [[Padishah]]
| image = File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Bahadur Shah II, {{Circa|1850}}
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857}}
| coronation = 29 September 1837
| predecessor = [[Akbar II]]
| successor = Position abolished
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1775|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Old Delhi]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1862|11|7|1775|10|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Rangoon]], [[Burma Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]])
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|Taj Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007">{{cite book | author = William Dalrynple | date = 2007 | title = Last Mughal (P/B) | publisher = Penguin Books India | pages = xv, xvi, 110, 215, 216 | isbn = 978-0-14-310243-4}}</ref>|[[Zinat Mahal]]<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Sharafat Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/><ref name="w659">{{cite book | author=Punjab (India) | title=Government Records: The Delhi residency and agency records, 1807-1857 | publisher=Punjab Government Press | date=1911 | page=455}}</ref>|Akhtar Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Mubarak-un-Nissa Begum<ref name="j768">{{cite book | last=Pati | first=Biswamoy | title=The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: Exploring Transgressions, Contests and Diversities | publisher=Routledge | date=February 25, 2010 | isbn=978-1-135-22514-8 | page=151}}</ref>|Afzal-un-Nissa Khanum<ref name="w659"/>|Rahim Bakhsh Bai<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Hanwa<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Moti Bai<ref name="w659"/>
|Khayum Bai<ref name="w659"/>
|Daulat Qadam<ref name="w659"/>
|Rajun Khawas<ref name="w659"/>}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|
| [[Mirza Dara Bakht]]
| [[Mirza Mughal]]
| [[Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur]]
| [[Mirza Khizr Sultan]]
| [[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1841)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]]
| [[Mirza Shah Abbas]]
| [[Mirza Abu Bakr (Mughal prince)|Mirza Abu Bakr]]
| [[Mirza Ulugh Tahir]]
}}
| full name = Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar II<ref>Frances W. Pritchett, ''Nets of Awareness: Urdu Poetry and Its Critics'' (1994), p. 5</ref>
| era dates = 18th & 19th centuries
| regnal name = Bahadur Shah II
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Akbar II|Akbar Shah II]]
| mother = Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref>
| signature = Seal of Bahadur Shah II of India.png
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Imperial Seal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
}}
| burial_date = 7 November 1862
| burial_place = Rangoon, Burma
}}

'''Bahadur Shah II''' (Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad; 24 October 1775 – 7 November 1862), also known by his poetic title '''Bahadur Shah Zafar''' ({{langx|fa|بهادر شاه ظفر}}; ''Zafar'' {{lit|Victory}}),{{efn|{{IPA|fa|ba.hɑː.ˈduɾ ʃɑːh za.ˈfaɾ}}}} was the twentieth and last [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] and an [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[poet]]. He was a titular Emperor with his authority limited to the [[Old Delhi|Walled City of Delhi]], but was declared the [[Emperor of India]] by the forces opposing [[East India Company]] forces across the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Zafar was exiled to [[Yangon]] in [[British rule in Burma|British-controlled Burma]] in December 1857 by the [[East India Company]] after rebel defeat in the war, putting an end to the nearly 500-year long [[Timurid dynasty]] started by [[Timur]].

His spouse was Zeenat Mahal. He was the second son and the successor to his father, [[Akbar II]], who died in 1837.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar; And the War of 1857 in Delhi|last=Husain|first=S. Mahdi|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2006}}</ref>

Bahadur Shah Zafar's father, [[Akbar II]], had been imprisoned by the British and he was not his father's preferred choice as his successor. One of Akbar Shah's queens pressured him to declare her son, [[Mirza Jahangir]], as his successor.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} However, the [[East India Company]] exiled Jahangir after he attacked [[Archibald Seton]], their [[Resident (title)|resident]] in the [[Red Fort]],<ref name=":0" /> paving the way for Bahadur Shah to assume the throne.

== Reign ==
[[File:Joppen1907India1795a.jpg|thumb|Map of India in 1795|left]]
[[File:Police Chuprasi, Delhi.png|thumb|Police in Delhi during the reign of Bahadur Shah II, 1842]]
{{Mughal}}

Bahadur Shah Zafar ruled over a [[Mughal Empire]] that had by the early 19th century been reduced to only the city of Delhi and the surrounding territory as far as [[Palam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fanshawe|first=Herbert Charles|date=2015|orig-date=1st pub. 1902|title=Delhi Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rk5AQAAIAAJ|location=London|publisher=John Murray|page=4|isbn=1340665395}}
</ref> The [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] had brought an end to the Mughal Empire in the Deccan during the 18th century and the regions of India formerly under Mughal rule had either been absorbed by the Marathas or had declared independence and become smaller kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=2005|pages=94}}</ref> The Marathas installed [[Shah Alam II]] in the throne in 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and maintained suzerainty over Mughal affairs in Delhi. The [[East India Company]] became the dominant political and military power in mid-nineteenth century India. Outside the region controlled by the company, hundreds of kingdoms and principalities fragmented their land. The emperor was respected by the company, who provided him with a pension. The emperor permitted the company to collect taxes from Delhi and maintain a military force in it. Zafar never had any interest in statecraft or had any "imperial ambition".{{Citation needed|reason=According to whom?|date=February 2023}} After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British exiled him from Delhi.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a noted [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]], having written a number of Urdu ''[[ghazal]]s''. While some part of his opus was lost or destroyed during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], a large collection did survive, and was compiled into the ''Kulliyyat-i-Zafar.'' The court that he maintained was home to several renowned [[Urdu]] scholars, poets and writers including [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], [[Daagh Dehlvi]], [[Momin Khan Momin]], and [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]] (who was also Bahadur Shah Zafar's mentor).

=== 1857 Rebellion ===
As the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] spread, Sepoy regiments reached the [[Durbar (court)|Mughal Court]] at Delhi.

On 12 May 1857, Zafar held his first formal audience in several years.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Altrincham|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5395|title=Who Was Who}}</ref> It was attended by several sepoys who were described as treating him "familiarly or disrespectfully".<ref name="Dalrymple, p.212">Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 212</ref> When the sepoys first arrived at Bahadur Shah Zafar's court, he asked them why they had come to him, because he had no means of maintaining them. Bahadur Shah Zafar's conduct was indecisive. However, he yielded to the demands of the sepoys when he was told that they would not be able to win against the East India Company without him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'|journal=Parliamentary Papers|volume=June 1859}}</ref>

On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed fifty-two Europeans who were prisoners of the palace and who were discovered hiding in the city. The executions took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Zafar's protests. The aim of the executioners was to implicate him in the killings.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 223</ref> Once he had joined them, Bahadur Shah II took ownership for all the actions of the mutineers. Though dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. It was later believed that Bahadur Shah was not directly responsible for the massacre, but that he may have been able to prevent it, and he was therefore considered a consenting party during his trial.<ref name=":2" />

The administration of the city and its new occupying army was described as "chaotic and troublesome", which functioned "haphazardly". The Emperor nominated his eldest son, [[Mirza Mughal]], as the commander in chief of his forces. However, Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was rejected by the sepoys. The sepoys did not have any commander since each regiment refused to accept orders from someone other than their own officers. Mirza Mughal's administration extended no further than the city. Outside [[Gujjar]] herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 145 fn</ref>

During the [[Siege of Delhi]] when the victory of the British became certain, Zafar took refuge at [[Humayun's Tomb]], in an area that was then at the outskirts of Delhi. Company forces led by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Major William Hodson]] surrounded the tomb and Zafar was captured on 20 September 1857. The next day, Hodson shot his sons [[Mirza Mughal]] and [[Mirza Khizr Sultan]], and grandson [[Mirza Abu Bakht]] under his own authority at the [[Khooni Darwaza]], near the [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]] and declared Delhi to be captured. Bahadur Shah himself was taken to his wife's ''[[haveli]]'', where he was treated disrespectfully by his captors. When brought news of the executions of his sons and grandson, the former emperor was described as being so shocked and depressed that he was unable to react.<ref>{{harvtxt|Dalrymple|2009|pp=341–47}}</ref>

After Zafar's defeat, he said:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-31 |title=Exploring the last Mughal's poetry as it intertwined with his life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/exploring-the-last-mughal-s-poetry-as-it-intertwined-with-his-life/story-4don4vBnTGNuaDT1wHhQmK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420102658/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/exploring-the-last-mughal-s-poetry-as-it-intertwined-with-his-life/story-4don4vBnTGNuaDT1wHhQmK.html |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarangi |first=Shailaja |date=2021-01-09 |title=Discover Bahadur Shah Zafar's Timeless Poetry |url=https://www.prathaculturalschool.com/post/bahadur-shah-zafar-poems |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=PRATHA |language=en}}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
غازیوں میں بُو رہے گی جب تلک ایمان کی
تخت لندن تک چلے گی تیغ ہندوستان کی
As long as there remains the scent of faith in the hearts of our Ghazis,
so long shall the sword of Hindustan flash before the throne of London.
</poem></blockquote>

== Trial ==
The trial was a consequence of the Sepoy Mutiny and lasted for 21 days, had 19 hearings, 21 witnesses and over a hundred documents in Persian and Urdu, with their English translations, were produced in the court.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|last=Bhatia|first=H.S.|pages=204}}</ref> At first the trial was suggested to be held at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], the place where Directors of East India company used to their sittings in connection with their commercial pursuits. But instead, the Red Fort in Delhi was selected for the trial.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein|last=Gill|first=M.S.|page=53}}</ref> It was the first case to be tried at the Red Fort.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/karnikawpaper.pdf|title=A Symbol of State Power: Use of the Red Fort in Indian Political Trials.|last=Sharma|first=Kanika|pages=1}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2017}}

Zafar was tried and charged on four counts:<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'|url=http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/Trial-BahadurShah.pdf|journal=Parliamentary Papers|volume=June 1859|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006215545/http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/Trial-BahadurShah.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=<nowiki/>
# Aiding and abetting the mutinies of the troops
# Encouraging and assisting divers persons in waging war against the British Government
# Assuming the sovereignty of Hindostan
# Causing and being accessory to the murder of the Christians.|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'}}

On the 20th day of the trial, Bahadur Shah II defended himself against these charges.<ref name=":3"/> Bahadur Shah, in his defense, stated his complete haplessness before the will of the sepoys. The sepoys apparently used to affix his seal on empty envelopes, the contents of which he was absolutely unaware. While the emperor may have been overstating his impotence before the sepoys, the fact remains that the sepoys had felt powerful enough to dictate terms to anybody.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Rebel Army in 1857: At the Vanguard of the War of Independence or a Tyranny of Arms?|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42}}</ref> The eighty-two-year old poet-king was harassed by the mutineers and was neither inclined to nor capable of providing any real leadership. Despite this, he was the primary accused in the trial for the rebellion.<ref name=":4" />

Hakim [[Ahsanullah Khan]], Zafar's most trusted confidant and both his Prime Minister and personal physician, had insisted that Zafar did not involve himself in the rebellion and had surrendered himself to the British. But when Zafar ultimately did this, Hakim Ahsanullah Khan betrayed him by providing evidence against him at the trial in return for a pardon for himself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857|last=Dalrymple|first=William|publisher=Penguin India|year=2007}}</ref>

Respecting [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Hodson]]'s guarantee on his surrender, Zafar was not sentenced to death but exiled to [[Rangoon]], Burma.<ref name=":3" /> His wife [[Zeenat Mahal]] and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, Zafar along with his wives, two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers#Early history|9th Lancers]] under command of Lieutenant Ommaney.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=The Last Mughal|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143102434|year=2007}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Bahadur Shah Zafar grave dispute}}
In 1862, at the age of 87, he fell ill. In October, his condition deteriorated. He was "spoon-fed on broth" but he found that difficult too by 3 November.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 473</ref> On 6 November, the British Commissioner in Rangoon, Captain H. Nelson Davies, wrote that Zafar "is evidently sinking from pure desuetude and paralysis in the region of his throat". To prepare for his death, Davies commanded the collection of lime and bricks, and a spot was selected at the "back of Zafar's enclosure" for his burial. Zafar died on Friday, 7 November 1862 at 5 am. and was buried at 4 pm near the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] at 6 Ziwaka Road, near the intersection with Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon. The shrine of Bahadur Shah Zafar Dargah was built there after the restoration of his tomb on 16 February 1991.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Amaury Lorin |date=9 February 2014|title=Grave secrets of Yangon's imperial tomb|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/lifestyle/9507-grave-secrets-of-yangon-s-imperial-tomb.html|website=mmtimes.com|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 474</ref> Davies commenting on Zafar, described his life as "very uncertain".

== Family and descendants ==
[[File: Zinat Mahal Begum.png|thumb|upright|Purported photograph of [[Zeenat Mahal|Zinat Mahal Begum]], his consort]]
[[File: Sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar.jpg|thumb|upright|Sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar. On the left is Jawan Bakht, and on the right is Mirza Shah Abbas.]]

Bahadur Shah Zafar had four wives and numerous concubines. His wives were:<ref name="Wives_Of_Bahadur_Shah_Zafar">{{cite web | first=Abdullah | last=Farooqi | title=Bahadur Shah Zafar Ka Afsanae Gam | publisher=Farooqi Book Depot | url=http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html | access-date=22 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709011843/http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html | archive-date=9 July 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

*Begum Ashraf Mahal
*Begum Akhtar Mahal
*Begum [[Zeenat Mahal]]
*Begum Taj Mahal

He had twenty two sons including:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taimuri|first=Arsh|title=Qila-e-Mu'llaa ki Jhalkiyan (Glimpses of the exalted fort)|publisher=Maktaba Jahan-numa|year=1937|location=Delhi}}</ref>

*[[Mirza Dara Bakht]] Miran Shah (1790–1841)
*Mirza Muhammed Shahrukh Bahadur
*Mirza Kayumar Bahadur
*[[Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://images.vam.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXFIRST_=16&_IXSS_=_IXFIRST_%3d1%26_IXINITSR_%3dy%26%2524%253dIXID%3d%26_IXACTION_%3dquery%26%2524%253dIXOBJECT%3d%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d15%26%252asform%3dvanda%26%2524%253dIXNAME%3d%26_IXSESSION_%3dR1TSfYS86Hp%26%2524%253dIXPLACE%3d%26_IXadv_%3d0%26search%3dsearch%26%2524%253dIXMATERIAL%3d%26%2524%253ds%3dbahadur%26%2524%253dop%3dAND%26_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ft%26%2524%253dsi%3dtext%26%2524%253dIXFROM%3d%26%2524%253dIXTO%3d&_IXACTION_=query&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSR_=Sr3lXQCNhWo&_IXSPFX_=templates%2ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2ft |title=Search the Collections | Victoria and Albert Museum |publisher=Images.vam.ac.uk |date=2009-08-25 |access-date=2012-11-13 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (alias Mirza Fakhru) (1816–1856)
*Mirza Muhammad Quwaish Bahadur
*[[Mirza Mughal]] (1817–1857)
*[[Mirza Quraish Shikoh]] (1820–c. 1889)
*Mirza Farkhanda Shah Bahadur
*[[Mirza Khizr Sultan]] (1834–1857)
*Mirza Bakhtavar Shah Bahadur
*[[Mirza Suhrab Hindi|Mirza Sohrab Hindi Bahadur]]
*Mirza Abu Nasr
*Mirza Muhammad Bahadur
*Mirza Abdullah
*Mirza Kuchak Sultan
*[[Mirza Abu Bakr (Mughal prince)|Mirza Abu Bakr]] (1837–1857)
*[[Mirza Jawan Bakht (Mughal)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]] (1841–1884)
*[[Mirza Shah Abbas]] (1845–1910)
*Muhammad Sher Shah <ref>{{cite book|title= Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1| year= 1911| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10807|page=455}}</ref>
He had at least thirty-two daughters including:

*Rabeya Begum
*Begum Fatima Sultan
*Kulsum Zamani Begum
*Raunaq Zamani Begum (possibly a granddaughter, d. 1930)

Many individuals claim to be descendants of Bahadur Shah Zafar, living in places throughout India, such as [[Hyderabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Kolkata]], Bihar, and [[Bengaluru]]. However, the claims are often disputed.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/09/stories/2002120908190500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630141428/https://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/09/stories/2002120908190500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 June 2018 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=No Living Mughals, for now | date=9 December 2002}}</ref>

== Religious beliefs ==
[[File:A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg|500px|thumb|A panorama showing the imperial procession to celebrate the feast of the ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'', with the emperor on the elephant to the left and his sons to the right (24 October 1843)]]
{{Sufism}}

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a devout [[Sufi]].<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> He was regarded as a Sufi [[pir (Sufism)|Pir]] and used to accept ''murids'' or pupils.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> The newspaper ''Delhi Urdu Akhbaar'' described him as "one of the leading saints of the age, approved of by the divine court."<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> Before his accession, he lived like "a poor scholar and [[dervish]]", differing from his three royal brothers, Mirza Jahangir, Salim and Babur.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> In 1828, a decade before he succeeded the throne, Major Archer said that "Zafar is a man of spare figure and stature, plainly apparelled, almost approaching to meanness."<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> His appearance is that of an indigent munshi or teacher of languages".<ref name="Dalrymple5">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 78</ref>

As a poet, Zafar imbibed the highest subtleties of mystical Sufi teachings.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> He was also a believer of the magical and superstitious side of the Orthodox Sufism.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> Like many of his followers, he believed that his position as both a Sufi pir and emperor gave him spiritual powers.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> In an incident in which one of his followers was bitten by a snake, Zafar tried to cure him by giving a "[[Bezoar|seal of Bezoar]]" (a stone antidote to poison) and some water on which he had breathed to the man to drink.<ref name="Dalrymple1" />

The emperor had a staunch belief in ''ta'aviz'' or charms, especially as a palliative for his constant complaint of piles, or to ward off evil spells.<ref name="Dalrymple1" /> During a period of illness, he told a group of Sufi pirs that several of his wives suspected that someone had cast a spell over him.<ref name="Dalrymple1" /> He requested them to take some steps to remove all apprehension on this account. The group wrote some charms and asked the emperor to mix them in water and drink it, which would protect him from the evil. A coterie of pirs, miracle workers and Hindu astrologers were always in touch with the emperor. On their advice, he would sacrifice buffaloes and camels, buried eggs and arrested alleged black magicians, and wore a ring that they told him would cure his indigestion. He also donated cows to the poor, elephants to the Sufi shrines and horses to the ''khadims'' or clergy of [[Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Dalrymple1">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 79</ref>

In one of his verses, Zafar explicitly stated that both [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] shared the same essence.<ref name="Dalrymple4">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 80</ref> This philosophy was implemented by his court which embodied a multicultural composite Hindu-Islamic Mughal culture.<ref name="Dalrymple4" /> He celebrated many Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali etc in the court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsC&pg=PA38|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi|author=Syed Mahdi Husain|page=38|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2006|isbn=9788187879916 }}</ref> Zafar was also tolerant of [[Shia Muslims]] who regained their lost influence at the Mughal court under him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Institutions of Shia Muslims: An Anthropological Analysis|author=Syed Kamil Hussain|publisher=Classical Publishing Company|year=1998|isbn=9788170542674|page=34}}</ref>

== Epitaph ==
He was a prolific [[Urdu]] poet and calligrapher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/p/zoomify55361.html |title=Zoomify image: Poem composed by the Emperor Bahadhur Shah and addressed to the Governor General's Agent at Delhi February 1843. |publisher=Bl.uk |date=2003-11-30 |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref> He wrote the following [[Ghazal]] as his own epitaph. In his book, ''[[The Last Mughal]]'', [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] states that, according to Lahore scholar Imran Khan, the beginning of the verse, ''umr-e-darāz māṅg ke'' ("I asked for a long life") was not written by Zafar, and does not appear in any of the works published during Zafar's lifetime.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} The verse was allegedly written by Simab Akbarabadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mailman.rice.edu/pipermail/sasialit/2008-January/013250.html |title=<nowiki>[SASIALIT</nowiki>] bahadur shah zafar poem and its translation attempts |publisher=Mailman.rice.edu |date=2008-01-07 |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2017}}

{|
|-
!'''Original Urdu'''
!'''Devanagari transliteration'''
!'''Roman transliteration'''
!'''English translation'''
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|


<div style="direction: rtl;">
{{nq|لگتا نہیں ہے جی مِرا اُجڑے دیار میں 
کس کی بنی ہے عالمِ ناپائیدار میں 
 
بُلبُل کو پاسباں سے نہ صیاد سے گلہ 
قسمت میں قید لکھی تھی فصلِ بہار میں 
 
کہہ دو اِن حسرتوں سے کہیں اور جا بسی 
اتنی جگہ کہاں ہے دلِ داغدار میں 
 
اِک شاخِ گل پہ بیٹھ کے بُلبُل ہے شادماں 
کانٹے بِچھا دیتے ہیں دلِ لالہ زار میں 
 
عمرِ دراز مانگ کے لائے تھے چار دِن 
دو آرزو میں کٹ گئے، دو اِنتظار میں 
 
دِن زندگی کے ختم ہوئے شام ہوگئی 
پھیلا کے پائوں سوئیں گے کنج مزار میں 
 
کتنا ہے بدنصیب ظفر دفن کے لئے 
دو گز زمین بھی نہ ملی کوئے یار میں}}
</div><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/05/printable/070510_spl_1857_zafar |title=BBC Hindi – भारत |publisher=BBC |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>

|
<blockquote>

लगता नहीं है जी मेरा उजड़े दयार में 
किसकी बनी है आलम-ए-नापायेदार में 
 
बुलबुल को पासबाँ से न सैयाद से गिला 
क़िस्मत में क़ैद लिखी थी फ़स्ल-ए-बहार में 
 
कह दो इन हसरतों से कहीं और जा बसें 
इतनी जगह कहाँ है दिल-ए-दाग़दार में 
 
इक शाख़-ए-गुल पे बैठ के बुलबुल है शादमाँ 
काँटे बिछा दिये हैं दिल-ए-लालाज़ार में 
 
उम्र-ए-दराज़ माँगके लाए थे चार दिन 
दो आरज़ू में कट गए, दो इन्तज़ार में 
 
दिन ज़िन्दगी के ख़त्म हुए शाम हो गई 
फैला के पाँव सोएँगे कुंज-ए-मज़ार में 
 
कितना है बदनसीब "ज़फ़र″ दफ़्न के लिए 
दो गज़ ज़मीन भी न मिली कू-ए-यार में 
 

</blockquote>
|
<blockquote>

''lagtā nahī̃ hai jī mirā ujṛe dayār mẽ'' 
''kis kī banī hai ālam-e-nā-pāedār mẽ'' 
 
''bulbul ko pāsbā̃ se na sayyād se gilā'' 
''qismat mẽ qaid likkhī thī fasl-e-bahār mẽ'' 
 
''kah do in hasratõ se kahī̃ aur jā basẽ'' 
''itnī jagah kahā̃ hai dil-e-dāġdār mẽ'' 
 
''ik shāx-e-gul pe baiṭh ke bulbul hai shādmā̃'' 
''kā̃ṭe bichā diye hãi dil-e-lālāzār mẽ'' 
 
''umr-e-darāz māṅg ke lāe the cār din'' 
''do ārzū mẽ kaṭ gae do intizār mẽ'' 
 
''din zindagī ke xatm hue shām ho gaī'' 
''phailā ke pāõ soeṅge kūñj-e-mazār mẽ'' 
 
''kitnā hai badnasīb zafar dafn ke lie'' 
''do gaz zamīn bhī na milī kū-e-yār mẽ'' 

</blockquote>
|
<blockquote>

My heart has no repose in this despoiled land 
Who has ever felt fulfilled in this futile world? 
 
The nightingale complains about neither the sentinel nor the hunter 
Fate had decreed imprisonment during the harvest of spring 
 
Tell these longings to go dwell elsewhere 
What space is there for them in this besmirched heart? 
 
Sitting on a branch of flowers, the nightingale rejoices 
It has strewn thorns in the garden of my heart 
 
I asked for a long life, I received four days 
Two passed in desire, two in waiting. 
 
The days of life are over, evening has fallen 
I shall sleep, legs outstretched, in my tomb 
 
How unfortunate is Zafar! For his burial 
Not even two yards of land were to be had, in the land of his beloved.<ref name="Jee_Nehein_Lagta_Full">{{cite web| title=Jee Nehein Lagta Ujrey Diyaar Mein | work=urdupoint.com | url=http://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/poem-5-4-123-3-23--.html | access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref> 

</blockquote>
|}

== Image gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id..jpg
|One of the many [[Flags of the Mughal Empire|Alam]] (flags) of the [[Mughal Empire]]
|File:"Capture of the King of Delhi by Captain Hodson".jpg
|Capture of the emperor and his sons by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] at [[Humayun's tomb]] on 20 September 1857
|File:A daring seizure of King of Delhi by by Capt Henry M Hodson of Hodson's Horse.jpg
|"The seizure of the King of Delhi by Capt Henry M Hodson of Hodson's Horse", painted by a British artist in 1878
|
||File:Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II with sons Mirza Jawan Bakht & Mirza Shah Abbas.jpg |Bahadur Shah II with his sons Mirza Jawan Bakht and Mirza Shah Abbas along with a British personnel while he was in exile in Burma
|File:Bahadur Shah Zafar.jpg
|Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1858, just after his trial and before his departure for exile in Burma
|File:Autograph of His Majesty Bahadur Shah of Delhi 29th April 1844 right side.png
|Poem written by Zafar, dated 29 April 1844
|File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and his wife Smt. Gursharan Kaur pray after offering chadar at the Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar, in Yangon, Myanmar on May 29, 2012.jpg
|[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] praying at the Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar, in [[Yangon, Myanmar]]
}}

== Legacy==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1975 - Colnect 372815 - Birth Bicentenary Bahadur Shah Zafar 1775-1862 - Poem.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Zafar on a 1975 stamp.]]
Zafar is seen as the hero of [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="q314">{{cite book | last=Rasheed | first=Mohd | title=Downtrodden Muslims: Brief of Communalism & Glimpses of Freedom Struggle of India | publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library | date=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HD8_AAAAMAAJ&q= | page=21}}</ref> In 1943, the [[Indian National Army]] paid tribute to his tomb in Rangoon.<ref name="g290">{{cite book | last=Needham | first=Anuradha | title=New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India: The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal's Films | publisher=Routledge | date=2013-11-26 | isbn=978-1-135-02134-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwM3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 | page=195}}</ref> In 1975, Indian government released a postal stamp in his honour.<ref name="h079">{{cite book | title=Scott's Monthly Stamp Journal | publisher=Scott Publishing Company | date=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYkuAAAAIAAJ| page=40}}</ref>

===In popular culture ===

Zafar was portrayed in the play ''1857: Ek Safarnama'' set during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] by [[Javed Siddiqui]]. It was staged at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi ramparts by [[Nadira Babbar]] and the [[National School of Drama]] repertory company in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=A little peek into history |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020307/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2008 }}</ref> A Hindi-Urdu black-and-white movie, ''Lal Quila'' (1960), directed by [[Nanabhai Bhatt]], showcased Bahadur Shah Zafar extensively.

===TV Serials and Films===
A television show, ''Bahadur Shah Zafar'', aired on [[Doordarshan]] in 1986. [[Ashok Kumar]] played the lead role in it.

In the 2001 Hindi historical drama series ''[[1857 Kranti (TV series)|1857 Kranti]]'', on [[DD National]], the character of Bahadur Shah Zafar was played by [[S. M. Zaheer]].

In the 2005 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', directed by [[Ketan Mehta]], the character of Bahadur Shah Zafar was played by [[Habib Tanveer]].

In historical series [[Bharat Ek Khoj]] which aired on [[Doordarshan]] he was portrayed by Virendra Razdan.

In Gulzar's TV serial Mirza Ghalib, Zafar was played by Sudhir Dalvi

== See also ==

* [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|List of Mughal Emperors]]
* [[Emperor of India|Emperor/Empress of India]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[List of Urdu poets]]
* [[Shahzada Muhammad Hidayat Afshar, Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/asianprintsdrawings/delhibook/bahadurshah/ Portrait of Bahadur Shah in 1840s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209065953/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/asianprintsdrawings/delhibook/bahadurshah/ |date=9 December 2015 }} ''The Delhi Book'' of [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]]
*{{cite book |first=William |last=Dalrymple |author-link=William Dalrymple |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC |year=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-0688-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Gopal|last=Das Khosla|title=The Last Mughal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hVLAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Hind Pocket Books}}
*{{cite book |author=Garrett, H. L. O. |title=The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar|publisher=Roli Books |year=2007|isbn=978-8174365842}}
* {{cite book|first=S. Mahdi|last=Husain |title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsC|year=2006|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=8187879912}}
*{{cite book|author=Kanda, K. C.|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and His Contemporaries: Zauq, Ghalib, Momin, Shefta: Selected Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD2-fatW9DAC|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3286-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Pramod K.|last=Nayar |title=The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWHyHgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3270-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Shyam Singh|last=Shashi |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Bahadur Shah II, The Last Mughal Emperor|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfsvAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bahadur Shah II}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bahadur Shah II.}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{IMDb name|2009103}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/podwilliamdalrymple.html Extract of talk by Zafar's biographer William Dalrymple (British Library)]
;Poetry

*[http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80 Bahadur Shah Zafar at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093203/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80 |date=16 September 2018 }} {{in lang|hi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328080525/http://www.123shayari.com/category/bahadur-shah-zafar/ Bahadur Shah Zafar Poetry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709011843/http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html Extracts from a book on Bahadur Shah Zafar, with details of exile and family]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/bahadur-shah-zafar/ghazals/ Bahadur Shah Zafar Ghazals]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023190755/http://www.kapadia.com/websites.html Links to further websites on Bahadur Shah Zafar]
* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/zafar.html Poetry on urdupoetry.com]
*[http://gdhar.com/2008/05/11/qalaam-e-zafar/ Kalaam e Zafar – Select verses] {{in lang|hi}}

;Descendants

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2185082.stm BBC Report on Bahadur Shah's possible descendants in Hyderabad]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021110195943/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/12/stories/2002091200120300.htm An article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Delhi and Hyderabad]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028114622/http://www.the-south-asian.com/May2004/last_mughals_of_india_in_hyderabad.htm Another article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Hyderabad]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Mughal_bahu_languishes_in_a_slum/articleshow/msid-1327140,curpg-1.cms An article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Kolkata]
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/sikhnet/discussion.nsf/3d8d6eacce83bad8872564280070c2b3/cf0d68c64d7a4a6e87256d8d0000b9a4!OpenDocument Forgotten Empress: Sultana Beghum sells tea in Kolkata]
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]|}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Akbar II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]]|years=1837–1857}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Queen Victoria]]|as=[[Empress of India]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zafar, Bahadur Shah}}
[[Category:1775 births|Zafar]]
[[Category:1862 deaths|Zafar]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Odia literature

2026-03-06T09:15:33Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: further expand formatting per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|none}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Indian literature}}
'''Odia literature '''is [[literature]] written in the [[Odia language]], mostly from the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The modern Odia language is mostly formed from [[Tadbhava]] words with significant [[Sanskrit]] (Tatsama) influences, along with loanwords from Desaja, [[English language|English]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi/Urdu). Its earliest written texts date from around 1000 CE. The earliest Odia newspaper was ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'', first published on August 4, 1866.

Historians have divided '''Odia literature''' into five main stages: Old Odia (800 AD to 1300 AD), Early Medieval Odia (1300 AD to 1500 AD), Medieval Odia (1500 AD to 1700 AD), Late Medieval Odia (1700 AD to 1850 AD) and Modern Odia (1870 AD to present). Further subdivisions, as seen below, more precisely chart the language's development.

{{Toclimit}}

== 4th century BC ==
The creativity and development of the Odia language and literature can be seen in its spoken forms, such as folk tales, and in written forms, such as rock edicts and manuscripts. Songs sung to memorialize birth, death, work, and festivals helped to preserve the language in its oral form, passing it through the generations. Stories depicted in cave paintings preserved the language in the written form.{{Clarify|reason=paintings are not language-specific|date=July 2022}}

[[Kharavela]]'s [[Hathigumpha inscription|Hatigumpha inscription]] serves as evidence of past Odia cultural, political, ritual, and social status, and is the first poetic stake inscription. Though [[Ashoka]] had created rock edicts and inscriptions before Kharavela, his instructions for administration were written in a rude and choked style. However, the Hatigumpha inscription shows the language's flexibility and flow.

The main feature of this inscription is based on principles of [[Sanskrit]] poetic structure, such as:

{{Blockquote|Sadvanshah kshyatriya bâ pi dhiirodâttah gunanwitâh I 
Ekabanshodva bhupâhâ kulajâ bahabo pi Jâ II 
Shrungarabirashantânâmekoangirasa ishyate I 
Angâni sarbe<pi rasâha sarbe nâtakasandhyâhâ II 
Itihâsodvabam bruttamânânyad bâ sajjanâshrayam I 
Chatwarastasya bargahâ syusteshwekam cha phalam bhavet II 
Aâdyu namaskriyashribâ bastunirddesha eba bâ I 
Kwacinnindâ khalâdinâm satâm cha gunakirttinam II 
(Sâhitya darpan- Biswanâth kabirâj)}}

When the Hatigumpha Inscription was created, its principles had been traced before. They were followed by [[Rudradaman]] (Girinar inscription 150 AD), [[Samudragupta]] (Prayaga inscription 365 AD), Kumargupta (Mandasore inscription 473 AD), who created their own works in a poetic style on many rocks, in Sanskrit. The writing trend was not obstructed after Kharavela. The Asanapata inscription in Keonjhar created by [[Satrubhanja|Satru Bhanja]], (a warrior of Odisha) was engraved in the temple, Laxminarayana of Simhanchalam by Mukunda Deva. In the beginning, these inscriptions had a dynamic journey from Pali to Sanskrit. Odia language, literature, script and culture are based on the discussions of these inscriptions. The words written in the Hatigumpha Inscription are still used.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prusty|first1=Subrat Kumar|last2=Pattanayak|first2=Debi Prasanna|title=Classical Odia in Historical Perspective|date=2015|publisher=Odisha Sahitya Akademi|location=Bhubaneswar|isbn=9788175861985|page=94|edition=1st}}</ref>

==Age of Charya literature (7th to 8th centuries CE)==
The beginnings of Odia poetry coincide with the development of [[Charyapada]] or [[Caryagiti]], literature started by [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist]] poets.<ref name="Mukherjee ">Mukherjee, Prabhat. ''The History of medieval Vaishnavism in Odisha''. Chapter: ''The Sidhacharyas in Odisha'' Page 55.</ref> This literature was written from the "Sandhya Bhasha" metaphor. Some of its poets such as [[Luipa]] and [[Kanha (poet)|Kanhupa]] came from present-day Odisha. The language of Charya was considered to be [[Prakrit]]. In one of his poems, Kanhupa wrote:

{{Blockquote|Your hut stands outside the city Oh, untouchable maid The bald Brahmin passes sneaking close by Oh, my maid, I would make you my companion Kanha is a kapali, a yogi He is naked and has no disgust There is a lotus with sixty-four petals Upon that the maid will climb with this poor self and dance.}}

This poet used images and symbols from the social milieu/collective psychology so that deep realization could be grasped by readers. This kind of poetry, full of the mystery of ''[[tantra]]'', spread throughout northeastern India from the 10th to the 14th centuries, and its style of expression was revived by the Odia poets of the 16th to the 19th centuries.

== Pre-Sarala Age (12th to 14th centuries) ==
In the pre-Sarala period, Natha and Siddha literature flourished. The main works of this period are ''Shishu veda'' (an anthology of 24 ''dohas''), ''Amara Kosha'' and ''Gorakha Samhita. Shishu veda'' is mentioned in the works of [[Sarala Das]] and the later 16th century poets. It is written in Dandi ''brutta''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = History of Oriya Literature|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HkMLAQAAMAAJ|publisher = Vidya|date = 1 January 2006|isbn = 9788190343800|first = Jatindra Mohan|last = Mohanty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|publisher = Abhinav Publications|date = 1 January 1989|isbn = 9788170172482|first = Durga Prasad|last = Patnaik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of literature|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofli01ship|url-access = registration|publisher = Philosophical Library|date = 1 January 1946|first = Joseph Twadell|last = Shipley}}</ref><ref name="Sahitya Akademi">{{Cite book|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1997|isbn = 9788126003655}}</ref> Raja Balabhadra Bhanja wrote the love story, ''Bhababati'' (ଭାବବତୀ).<ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA77|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-374-0|pages=77–}}</ref><ref name="odiya.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.odiya.org/misc/sahitya.shtml|title=History of Oriya Literature|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708065325/http://www.odiya.org/misc/sahitya.shtml|archive-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/26-29.pdf Orissa Review]</ref> Other important works of this period include ''Kalasha Chautisha''(କଳସା ଚଉତିଶା), by Baccha Das;<ref name="RayRāẏa1981">{{cite book|author1=B. C. Ray|author2=Bhabānī Caraṇa Rāẏa|title=Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgUeAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref><ref name="Gupta1987">{{cite book|author=Kamala Gupta|title=Social status of Hindu women in northern India, 1206–1707 AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8qAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn=978-81-210-0179-3}}</ref> ''Somanatha bratakatha'' (ସୋମନାଥ ବ୍ରତକଥା), ''Nagala chauthi'' (ନାଗଲ ଚଉଠି), ''Ta'poi'' (ତ'ପୋଇ), and ''Saptanga'' (ସପ୍ତଙ୍ଗ).

''Rudrasudhanidhi'' is considered the first work of Odia prose, written by Abhadutta Narayan Swami.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&pg=PA107|publisher = Mittal Publications|date = 1 January 1991|isbn = 9788170992615|first = Shishir Kumar|last = Panda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&pg=PA4|publisher = Mittal Publications|date = 1 January 1991|isbn = 9788170992615|first = Shishir Kumar|last = Panda}}</ref>

Markanda Das composed the first ''Koili'' (an ode to a cuckoo) in Odia just before Sarala Das. His composition ''Kesava Koili'' describes the pain of separation of Yasoda from her son Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|author=Durga Prasad Patnaik|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC&pg=PA11|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-248-2|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&pg=PA216|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2171-0|page=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eunice de Souza|title=These My Words: The Penguin Book of Indian Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4rAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT345|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-793-4|page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jatindra Mohan Mohanty|title=History of Oriya Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkMLAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Vidya|isbn=978-81-903438-0-0}}</ref> He is known to have composed the epic ''Daasagriba badha'', ''Jnaanodaya koili''.<ref name="odiya.org"/>

==Sarala Dasa==
In the 15th century, [[Sanskrit]] was the language of literature while [[Odia language|Odia]] was often considered the language of the [[Shudra|peasants]] and [[Dalit|outcastes]], who had no access to education.Sarala dasa is also known as ଆଦି କବି. The first great poet of Odisha with widespread readership was [[Sarala Das]], who translated the [[Mahabharata]] into Odia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S37EdUramu0C&pg=PA171|title=In Translation|isbn=978-9027216793|last1=St-Pierre|first1=Paul|last2=Kar|first2=Prafulla C.|date=January 2007|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waWQ8mAUrC8C&pg=PA174|title=The Communication of Ideas|year=1980 |last1=Yadava |first1=J. S. |last2=Gautam |first2=Vinayshil }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1188|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126011940|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&pg=PA448|title=Indian Literature|year=1988}}</ref> He also written chandi purana .This was not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, but rather an imitation. It can be seen as an original work. Sarala Das was given the title Shudramuni(Peasant-sage). He had no formal education and did not know Sanskrit.

This translation provided subsequent poets with the necessary foundation for a national literature, providing a fairly accurate idea of the Odia culture at the time. Dasa, born in 15th century Odisha under [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] emperor [[Kapilendradeva|Kapilendra Deva]], was acclaimed as the "Adikabi" or first poet. The reign of the Gajapatis is considered to be the golden period for Odisha art and literature. Kapilendra Deva patronized Odia language and literature along with Sanskrit, unlike his predecessors who used only Sanskrit. A short Odia poem ''Kebana Munikumara'' was found in the Sanskrit Drama ''Parashurama Vijaya,'' ascribed emperor [[Kapilendra Deva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsQBAAAAMAAJ|title=Sidelights on History and Culture of Orissa|last1=Das|first1=Manmath Nath|year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDNuAAAAMAAJ|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Ganjam|last1=(India)|first1=Orissa|year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803–1947|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ|publisher = R.N. Bhattacharya|date = 1 January 2007|first = Pramod Kumar|last = Mohanty|isbn = 9788187661528}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Oriya literature|last1=Mansinha|first1=Mayadhar|year=1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&pg=PA105|title=Medieval Orissa|isbn=9788170992615|last1=Panda|first1=Shishir Kumar|date=January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref name="oaob.nitrkl.ac.in">[http://oaob.nitrkl.ac.in/58/1/Prachina_Odia_Kabita.pdf Prachina_Odia_Kabita]</ref> Sarala Dasa's poetic gift was believed to come from [[Sarala Temple|Sarala]] (Saraswati), and that Sarala Das wrote the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' while she dictated it. Though he wrote many poems and epics, he is best remembered for ''Mahabharata''. His other notable works are ''Chandi Purana'' and ''[[Vilanka Ramayana]]''. He composed ''Lakshmi-Narayana Bachanika''.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/>

Arjuna Dasa, a contemporary of Sarala-Das, wrote ''Rama-Bibaha(ରାମ ବିବାହ)'', which is a significant long poem in Odia. He is the author of ''Kalpalata (କଳ୍ପଲତା)''.<ref name="Datta">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1987|isbn = 9788126018031|first = Amaresh|last = Datta}}</ref>

== Panchasakhas ==
Five notable Odia poets emerged during the late 15th and early 16th centuries: [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Atibadi Jagannath Das]], [[Acyutananda|Achyutananda Das]], [[Ananta Dasa]], and [[Jasobanta Dasa]].<ref name="Abraham Misrahi-Barak 2015 p. 146">{{cite book | last1=Abraham | first1=J.K. | last2=Misrahi-Barak | first2=J. | title=Dalit Literatures in India | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-40880-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph4-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146| page=146}}</ref> Although their works spanned over one hundred years, they are collectively known as the "Panchasakhas", since they adhered to the Utkaliya [[Vaishnavism]] school of thought. The word ''pancha'' means five, while the word ''sakha'' means friend.

The Panchasakhas were Vaishnavas by faith. In 1509, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Shri Chaitanya]] came to Odisha carrying his Vaishnava message of love. Before him, [[Jaydev]] had prepared the ground for Vaishnavism through his [[Gita Govinda]]. Chaitanya's path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga. He introduced chanting as a way to form a spiritual connection and taught the importance of [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] [[mantra]]s. Unlike Chaitanya, the Panchasakhas believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, similar to the Buddhist philosophy of [[Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism|Charya]] literature.

The Panchasakhas were significant because of their poetry and their spiritual legacy. In the holy land of Kalinga (Odisha) saints, mystics, and devotional souls were born, fortifying its culture and spiritualism. The area uniquely includes temples of [[Shakti]], [[Shiva]] and Jagannatha [[Vishnu]]. Rituals and traditions were sustained by various seers – including Buddhist ceremonies, Devi "Tantra" ([[Tantra|tantric]] rituals for Shakti), [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] Marg and [[Vaishnava Bhakthi|Vaishnava]] Marg.

The origin of the Panchasakhas were described in Achyutananda's ''Shunya Samhita.'' As per his narration, towards the end of [[Mahabharat]] when Lord [[Krishna]] was leaving his mortal body, Nilakantheswara Mahadeva appeared and revealed to him that the Lord's companions Dama, Sudama, Srivatsa, Subala, and Subahu would reincarnate in the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' and be known as Ananta, Acyutananda, Jagannatha, Balarama and Yasovanta, respectively. Thus, believers in the Panchasakha consider them to be the most intimate friends of Lord Krishna in ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', who came again in ''Kali Yuga'' to serve him. They are instrumental in performing the crucial and much-awaited Yuga-Karma, where they destroy the sinners and save the saints, according to Sanatana-Hindu beliefs.

Balaram Das's ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' provided one pillar, along with Sarala-Das's ''Mahabharata'', upon which subsequent Odia literature was built. His ''[[Laxmi Puran|Lakshmi Purana]]'' is considered the first manifesto of women's liberation or feminism in Indian literature. His other major works are ''Gita Abakasa, Bhava samudra, Gupta Gita, Vedanta Sara, Mriguni Stuti, Saptanga Yogasara Tika, Vedanta Sara or Brahma Tika, Baula Gai gita, Kamala Lochana Chotisa, Kanta Koili, Bedha Parikrama, Brahma Gita, Brahmanda Bhugola, Vajra Kavacha, Jnana Chudamani, Virata Gita, Ganesha Vibhuti, and Amarakosha Gita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/saints/balarama-das|title=Balarama Das|work=Puriwaves|date=4 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="odisha.gov.in">[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/69-73.pdf Orissa Review July 2014]</ref>''

The most influential work of this period was [[Atibadi Jagannath Das]]'s ''Bhagabata'', which had a great influence on the Odia people as a day-to-day philosophical guide, as well as a lasting one in Odia culture. His other works include ''Gupta Bhagavat, Tula vina, Sola Chapadi, Chari Chapadi, Tola Bena, Daru Brahma Gita, Diksa Samyad, Artha Koili, Muguni Stuti, Annamaya Kundali, Goloka Sarodhara, Bhakti Chandrika, Kali Malika, Indra Malika, Niladri Vilasa, Nitya Gupta Chintamani, Sri Krishna Bhakti Kalpa Lata''.<ref name="odisha.gov.in"/>

Shishu Ananta Das was born in Balipatana near Bhubaneswar in the late 15th century. He wrote ''Bhakti mukti daya gita'', ''Sisu Deva gita'', ''Artha tarani'', ''Udebhakara'', ''Tirabhakana'', a ''Malika'' and several bhajan poetries.<ref name="odisha.gov.in"/>

Yashobanta Das was the composer of ''Govinda Chandra'' (a ballad or Gatha- Sangeeta)'', Premabhakti, Brahma Gita, Shiva Swarodaya, Sasti mala, Brahma gita, Atma pariche gita, a Malika'' and several ''bhajans''.<ref name="odisha.gov.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://destinationodisha.com/2011/08/odia-poets-their-creations/|title=Odia Poets & their creations|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123234646/http://destinationodisha.com/2011/08/odia-poets-their-creations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA351|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=351}}</ref>

[[Acyutananda|Mahapurusha Achyutananda]] is the most prolific writer of the Panchasakhas. He is believed to have been born through special divine intervention from Lord [[Jagannath]]. The name Achyuta literally means "created from Lord Vishnu". He is also referred to as "Achyuti", i.e. "He who has no fall" in Odia. He was born to Dinabandhu Khuntia & Padma Devi in Tilakona, Nemal around 1485 AD. He established spiritual energetic centers called "gadis" across east India (in the former states of Anga, Banga, Kalinga, Magadha) and Nepal. Gadis such as Nemal, Kakatpur, Garoi, and Jobra Ghat were places for spiritual action, discourse and penance. He was learned in [[Ayurveda]], sciences and social regulations. His works are ''Harivamsa, Tattva bodhini, Sunya samhita, Jyoti samhita, Gopala Ujjvala, Baranasi Gita, Anakara Brahma Samhita, Abhayada Kavacha, Astagujari, Sarana panjara stotra, Vipra chalaka, Manamahima, Maalika.''<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Ayyappa Paniker|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA401|year=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|page=401}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&pg=PA449|year=1988|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|page=449}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/saints/achyutananda-das|title=Achyutananda Das|work=PURIWAVES|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

The Panchasakha's individual characteristics are described as follows (in Odia and English):

{{Blockquote|Agamya bhâba jânee Yasovanta Gâra katâ Yantra jânee Ananta Âgata Nâgata Achyuta bhane Balarâma Dâsa tatwa bakhâne Bhaktira bhâba jâne Jagannâtha Panchasakhaa e mora pancha mahanta.}}

{{Blockquote|Yasovanta knows the things beyond reach Yantras uses lines and figures known to Ananta Achyuta speaks the past, present and future 
Balarama Dasa is fluent in tatwa (the ultimate meaning of anything) 
Ultimate feelings of devotion are known to Jagannatha These five friends are my five mahantas.}}

During the Panchasakha era another seer, Raghu Arakhsita, who was not part of the Panchasakhas but was a revered saint, composed several ''padabalis'' in Odia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1420|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1420}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. Ayyappa Paniker|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA412|year=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|page=412}}</ref> The Panchasakha and Arakhshita together are known as the Sada-Goswami (six Lords).

[[Madhavi Pattanayak]] or Madhavi Dasi is considered as the first Odia woman poet who was a contemporary of Prataprudra Deva and wrote several devotional poems for Lord Jagannatha.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Banamali Das|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&pg=PA15|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1993|isbn = 9788172014490|first = Janaki Ballabha|last = Mohanty}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1988|isbn = 9788126011940|first = Amaresh|last = Datta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|date = 1 January 1972|isbn = 9788120825468|first = Savitiri|last = Rout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The cultural heritage of Khurda|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BxRuAAAAMAAJ|publisher = State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|date = 1 January 2003|first1 = Harish Chandra|last1 = Das|first2 = State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti|last2 = Samsad}}</ref>

== Riti Juga (16th to mid 17th centuries) ==
Several ''kaalpanika'' (imaginative) and ''pauraanika'' ([[Puranic]]) ''kavyas'' were composed during this period that formed the foundation for Riti Juga.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi"/> The major works of this era (other than those by the Panchasakhas) are ''Gopakeli'' and ''Parimalaa'' authored by Narasingha Sena, contemporary of [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati emperor Prataprudra Deva]], ''Chataa Ichaamat''i and ''Rasa'' by Banamali Das, ''Premalochana, Bada Shakuntala'' & ''Kalaabati'' by Vishnu Das, ''Nrushingha puran''a and ''Nirguna Mahatmya'' by Chaitanya Dash (born in Kalahandi),<ref name="odiya.org"/> ''Lilaabati'' by Raghunatha Harichandan, ''Usha Bilasa'' by Shishu Shankar Das, ''[[Sasisena Kavya|Sasisena]]'' by Pratap Rai, ''Rahashya Manjari'' by Devadurlava Das, ''Hiraabati'' by Ramachandra Chottaray, ''Deulatola'' by Nilambara Das,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S9uAAAAMAAJ|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi|last1=(India)|first1=Orissa|year=1966}}</ref> ''Prema Panchamruta'' by Bhupati Pandit,<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Ayyappa Paniker|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA406|year=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|page=406}}</ref> ''Rukmini Vivaha'' by Kartik Das, ''Goparasa'' by Danai Das and ''Kanchi Kaveri'' by Purushotama Das.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi"/><ref>{{Cite book|title = History of Indian Literature|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 2000|isbn = 9788172010065|first = Sisir Kumar|last = Das}}</ref><ref name="importantindia.com">{{Cite web|title = History of Oriya Literature (Odia Literature) - Important India|url = http://www.importantindia.com/1617/history-of-oriya-literature/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140803153612/http://www.importantindia.com/1617/history-of-oriya-literature/|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 3 August 2014|website = Important India| date=17 August 2013 |access-date = 1 November 2015}}</ref> In the 16th century three poets translated Jayadeva's Gita Govinda into Odia. They were Dharanidhara Mishra, Brindavan Das (''Rasabaridhi'') and Trilochan Das (''GovindaGita'').<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may-2007/engpdf/Page46-48.pdf Orissa Review May 2007]</ref> Brundabati Dasi, a woman poet wrote ''Purnatama Chandrodaya Kavya'' towards the end of the 17th century.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi"/><ref>{{Cite book|title = Indian Literature|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC|publisher = Prabhat Prakashan|date = 1 January 1988}}</ref>

Several Chautishas (a form of Odia poetry where 34 stanzas from "ka" to "Khsya" are placed at the start of each composition) were composed during this time. The best known are ''Milana Chautisha'', ''Mandakini Chautisha'', ''Barshabharana Chautisha'', ''Rasakulya Chautisha'', and ''Manobodha Chautisha''.<ref name="oaob.nitrkl.ac.in"/><ref name="importantindia.com"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Chautisha&pg=PA1425|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126011940|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgUeAAAAMAAJ&q=chautisha|title=Orissa Under the Mughals|last1=Rāẏa|first1=Bhabānī Caraṇa|year=1981}}</ref>

Muslim poet [[Salabega]] was a devotional poet who composed several poems dedicated to Lord [[Jagannath]] during Jahangir's reign in the 17th century.<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/Pages25-26.pdf Orissa Review June 2007]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&dq=Salabeg&pg=PA28|title=Lord Jagannath|isbn=9789380213224|last1=Das|first1=Suryanarayan|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers }}</ref>

=== Age of Upendra Bhanja ===
After the Panchasakhas, prominent works included the ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Das, the ''Rahasya-manjari'' of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini-bibha'' of Karttika Das. A new form of novels in verse evolved at the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote ''Haravali''. The prominent poets, however, are Dhananjaya Bhanja (born 1611. AD), [[Dinakrushna Das]] (born 1650. AD),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Dinakrushna+Das+1650&pg=PA863|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126018031|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> [[Upendra Bhanja|Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja]] (born 1670. AD) and [[Abhimanyu Samantasinhara]]. Their poetry, especially that of Upendra Bhanja, is characterised by verbal tricks, obscenity and eroticism.

[[Upendra Bhanja]]{{'}}s works such as ''Baidehisha Bilasa'', ''Koti Brahmanda Sundari'' and ''Labanyabati'' are landmarks. He was conferred the title "Kabi Samrat" of Odia literature for his poetic sense and skill with words. He wrote 52 books, of which only 25–26 survive. He contributed more than 35,000 words to Odia literature and is considered the greatest poet of Riti Juga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/3624-Biography-Kavi-Samrat-Upendra-Bhanja-Odisha.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125124915/http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/3624-Biography-Kavi-Samrat-Upendra-Bhanja-Odisha.aspx|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2012|title=Biography of Kavi Samrat Upendra Bhanja – A great Oriya Poet|author=S.manoharan|work=OrissaSpider.com|date=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU77PgAACAAJ&q=upendra+bhanja|title=The Greatness of Upendra Bhanja|last1=Brahma|first1=Gouri Kumar|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=upendra+bhanja&pg=PA440|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126018031|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=upendra+bhanja&pg=PA201|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings–1850|isbn=9788125014539|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sujit|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref>

Poet Dhananjaya Bhanja (1611–1701),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=dhananjay+bhanja+poet&pg=PA92|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings–1850|isbn=9788125014539|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sujit|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref> was also king of [[Gangapur, Odisha|Ghumusar]] and grandfather of Upendra Bhanja, wrote several ''kavyas'' including ''Anangarekha, Ichaavati, Raghunatha Bilasa, and Madana Manjari''. Besides Tribikrama Bhanja (author of ''Kanakalata'')<ref name="ObFCT5_taSgC p0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Tribikrama+bhanja&pg=PA363|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126018031|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> and Ghana Bhanja (author of ''Trailokyamohini'', ''Rasanidhi,'' and ''Govinda Bilasha'')<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=ghana+bhanja&pg=PA440|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126018031|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> of the Bhanja royal family also enriched Odia Literature.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi" /><ref name="Datta" /> Lokanatha Vidyadhara, a contemporary of Upendra Bhanja, wrote ''Sarbanga Sundari.''

[[Dinakrushna Das]]'s ''Rasokallola'' and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhara's ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' are prominent ''kavyas'' of this time. ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' is considered the longest ''kavya'' in Odia literature with 96 cantos exceeding Upendra's longest ''kavya'' of 52 cantos. Other prominent works of Abhimanyu Samanta Simhara are ''Sulakhshyana, Prema Chintaamani, Prema Kala, Rasaabati, Prematarangini''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/personality/poet/ABHIMNYU_SAMANTA_SINGHARA%20.asp|title=ABHIMNYU SAMANTA SINGHARA|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033321/http://www.orissadiary.com/personality/poet/ABHIMNYU_SAMANTA_SINGHARA%20.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=bidagdha+chintamani&pg=PA517|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126018031|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>

A new form of poetry called ''Bandha kabita'' started, where the poem was written within the ''bandha'' or frame of a picture. Upendra Bhanja pioneered this pictorial poetry. His ''Chitrakavya Bandhodaya'' is the first such creation, containing 84 pictorial poems. Poets in this tradition include Sadananda Kabisurya Bramha (''Lalita Lochana'' and ''Prema Kalpalata''), Tribikrama Bhanja (''Kanakalata''), Kesabaraja Harichandana (''Rasa Sindhu Sulakhshyana'').<ref name="ObFCT5_taSgC p0" />

=== Late Riti Juga ===
Sources:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=lyrical+odia+literature&pg=PA299|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|isbn=9788172013240|last1=George|first1=K. M.|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Banamali Das|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&q=banamali%2520das|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1993|isbn = 9788172014490|first = Janaki Ballabha|last = Mohanty}}</ref>

Towards the end of Riti Yuga, four major poets emerged.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi" /> These were [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath|Kabi Surya Baladeb Rath]], [[Brajanath Badajena]], Gopalakrushna Pattanayaka and [[Bhima Bhoi]]. Kabisurya [[Baladev Rath]] wrote his poems in ''champu'' (mixture of prose and poetry) and ''chautisha'' styles. His greatest work is ''Kishore Chandranana Champu'' which is extensively used in Odissi Music.<ref name="Datta" /><ref name="importantindia.com" /> Brajanath Badjena started a tradition of prose fiction, though he was not a great talent. His ''Chatur Binoda'' (Amusement of Intelligent) seems to be the first work that deals with different kinds of ''rasas'', predominantly the ''bibhatsa rasa'', but often verges on nonsense. The style of ''Chitra Kavya'' (mixture of poetry and paintings) was at its best in the 18th century. Several ''chitra pothis'' can be traced to this time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gurgaon.locanto.in/ID_221205969/Chitra-Pothi-Illustrated-Palm-Leaf-Manuscripts-from.html|title=Chitra Pothi : Illustrated Palm Leaf Manuscripts from ..., Gurgaon}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&dq=odia+chitra+kabya&pg=PA186|title=The Two-headed Deer|isbn=9780520080652|last1=Williams|first1=Joanna Gottfried|date=January 1996|publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>

''Bichitra Ramayana'' of Biswanaath Khuntia was composed in the early 18th century. Pitambar Das wrote the epic ''Narasingha Purana'' in seven parts called ''Ratnakaras'' then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVkuAAAAMAAJ&q=pitambar+das+poet+oriya|title=An Approach to Oriya Literature|last1=Mohanty|first1=Janaki Ballabha|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=pitambar+das+poet+oriya&pg=PA1188|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|isbn=9788126011940|last1=Datta|first1=Amaresh|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=pitambar+das+poet+oriya&pg=PA404|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|isbn=9788126003655|last1=Ayyappa Paniker|first1=K.|year=1997}}</ref> Maguni Pattanaik composed ''Rama Chandra Vihara''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=maguni+pattanaik+poet&pg=PA407|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|isbn=9788126003655|last1=Ayyappa Paniker|first1=K.|year=1997}}</ref> ''Rama Lila'' was composed by Vaishya Sadashiva and Ananga Narendra. Bhima Bhoi, the blind poet born in a tribal [[Khonds|Khondh]] family is known for his compositions ''[[Stuticintamani]]'', ''Bramha Nirupana Gita'', ''Shrutinishedha Gita''. The other major poets at this time were [[Banamali Dasa]], [[Jadumani Mahapatra]], Bhaktacharan Das (author of ''Manabodha Chautisha'' and ''Mathura Mangala''), Haribandhu, Gaurahari, Gauracharana, and Krishna Simha.<ref name="importantindia.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = BHAKTACHARAN DAS (1729 - 1813) ~ ଆମଓଡିଶାର.com|url = http://www.amoodishara.com/2013/10/bhaktacharan-das-1729-1813.html|website = www.amoodishara.com|access-date = 1 November 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/BKP_SBCD_monobodha_chautisa.pdf BKP SBCD Monobodha Chautisa]</ref>

== Age of Radhanath ==
The first Odia magazine, ''Bodha Dayini'' was published in [[Balasore]] in 1861. Its goal was to promote Odia literature and critique government policy. The first Odia newspaper ''The [[Utkala Deepika]]'', launched in 1866 under editors [[Gourishankar Ray]] and Bichitrananda. ''Utkal Deepika'' campaigned to bring all Odia-speaking areas under one administration, to develop Odia language and literature and to protect Odia interests.

In 1869 Bhagavati Charan Das started another newspaper, ''Utkal Subhakari'', to propagate the Brahmo faith. In the last three and a half decades of the 19th century, more Odia newspapers launched. Prominent examples included ''Utkal Deepika'', ''Utkal Patra'', ''Utkal Hiteisini'' from Cuttack, ''Utkal Darpan'' and ''Sambada Vahika'' from Balasore and ''Sambalpur Hiteisini'' from Deogarh. These periodicals encouraged modern literature and offered a broad audience for Odia writers.

[[Kabibar Radhanath Ray|Radhanath Ray]] (1849–1908) is the most well-known poet of this period. He wrote with a Western influence, and his ''kavyas'' included Chandrabhaga, Nandikeshwari, Usha, Mahajatra, Darbar, and Chilika.

[[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918) became the best known Odia fiction writer. He was called the [[Fakir Mohan Senapati|Vyasakabi]] or founding poet of the Odia language. Senapati was born in the coastal town of Balasore, and worked as a government administrator. Enraged by the attempts of the [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] to marginalize or replace the [[Odia language]], he took to creative writing late in life. He did translations from Sanskrit, wrote poetry and attempted many forms of literature, but is now known as the father of modern Odia prose fiction. His ''[[Rebati]]'' (1898) is widely recognized as the first Odia short story. ''Rebati'' is the story of a young girl whose desire for education is placed in the context of a conservative society in a backward Odisha village, which is hit by a [[cholera]] epidemic. His other stories are "Patent Medicine", "Dak Munshi", and "Adharma Bitta". Senapati is known for his novel [[Chha Maana Atha Guntha]]. This was the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitation of landless peasants by a feudal lord. It was written well before the [[October Revolution]] in Russia.

Other eminent Odia writers and poets of the time include [[Gangadhar Meher]] (1862–1924), [[Madhusudan Rao]], Chintamani Mohanty, [[Nanda Kishore Bal]] (1875-1928) [[Gourishankar Ray]] (1838-1917) and [[Reba Ray]] (1876-1957).

==Age of Satyabadi==
{{main|Gopabandhu Das}}
During the age of Radhanath the literary world was divided between the classicists, led by the magazine ''The Indradhanu'', and the modernists, led by the magazine ''Bijuli''. [[Gopabandhu Das]] (1877–1928) was a great balancer and realized that a nation, as well as its literature, lives by its traditions. He believed that a modern national superstructure could only endure if based on solid historical foundations. He wrote a satirical poem in ''The Indradhanu'', which led to punishment by the Inspector of Schools, but he refused to apologise.

[[Gopabandhu Das|Gopabandhu]] joined [[Ravenshaw College]] in Cuttack to pursue graduation after this incident. [[Gopabandhu Das|Gopabandhu]], along with his friends, [[Brajasundar Das]] and Lokanath Patnaik, started the ''Kartavya Bodhini Samiti'' (Duty Awakening Society) in [[Ravenshaw College]] to take on social, economic and political problems and become responsible citizens. While leading a team to serve flood victims, Gopabandhu heard that his son was seriously ill. He preferred, however, to save the "sons of the soil" rather than his own son. His mission was to reform society and develop education in the name of a social service vision. He lost his wife at age twenty-eight, after losing all three of his sons. He left his two daughters and his property in the village with his elder brother, rejecting worldly life. For this social service mission he is regarded by Odias as the Utkalmani.

As freedom movements began, a new era in literary thought emerged influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[nationalism]]. Gopabandhu was a large part of this idealistic movement, founding a school in Satyabadi and influencing many writers. Other famous writers included Godabarisha Mishra, Nilakantha Dash, Harihara Acharya, and Krupasinshu. They are known as 'Panchasakhas' for their similarities with the historical Age of Panchasakhas. Their principle genres were criticism, essays and poetry.

Chintamani Das is particularly renowned. He was born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village near Sakhigopal. He was bestowed with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his contributions. Some of his well-known literary works are ''Manishi Nilakantha'', ''Bhala Manisa Hua'', ''Usha'', ''Barabati'', ''Byasakabi Fakiramohan'' and ''Kabi Godabarisha''.

==Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
During the 1930s Odia literature was Influenced by the romantic thoughts of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and progressive Marxist movements. Kalindi Charan Panigrahi (the brother of Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi who founded Marxism in Odisha) formed a group called "Sabuja Samiti" with two of his writer friends [[Annada Shankar Ray]] and Baikuntha Patnaik. This was a short period in Odia literature, later folded into Gandhian and Marxist work. [[Kalindi Charan Panigrahi]] later wrote his famous novel ''[[Matira Manisha]]'', which was influenced by Gandhism, and Annada Shankar Ray left for Bengali literature. Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time, but though he was considered a Romantic poet he kept his distance from the influence of Rabindranath.

== Pragati Yuga ==
Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad, formed in 1935, was one of India's first progressive literary organizations, contemporaneous to other [[Progressive Writers' Movement|progressive writers' movements]]. The founders of the Progressive Movement in Odisha were Nabakrushna Choudhury, Bhagabati Panigrahi and Ananta Patnaik. At the inaugural session of Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad, freedom fighter Malati Choudhury sang "Nabeena Jugara Taruna Jagare" written by Ananta Patnaik. Nabajuga Sahity Sansad published ''Adhunika'', the first progressive literary magazine in Odia. ''Adhuinka'' was conceived, initiated, edited, published and nurtured by [[Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi]] and Ananta Patnaik. Many writers of that time wrote in ''Adhunika''.<ref name="Pati 2001 p. 86">{{cite book | last=Pati | first=B. | title=Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997 | publisher=Orient Longman | series=Madras District Gazetteers | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-250-2007-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJtnQN3KueEC&pg=PA86 | language=fr | access-date=2020-04-10 | page=86}}</ref><ref name="George Sahitya Akademi 1992 p. 307">{{cite book | last=George | first=K.M. | author2=Sahitya Akademi | title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA307 | access-date=2020-04-10 | page=307}}</ref>

==Modern age==
===''Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha''===
The ''Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha'' is a 7-volume Odia dictionary/encyclopedia of about 9,500 pages published between 1930 and 1940. It was compiled by [[Gopal Chandra Praharaj]] (1874–1945) over nearly three decades. Praharaj conceived of and compiled the work and also raised the money to print it through public donations, grants and subscriptions and supervised the printing and the sales of the published work.

It lists some 185,000 words and their meanings in four languages – Odia, English, Hindi and Bengali. It includes quotations from classical works illustrating the usage of various words. It includes information such as botanical names of local plants, information on astronomy and long articles on various topics of local interest. It also includes biographies of personalities connected with Odisha's history and culture.

''Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha'' touches on many aspects of Odia and Odisha, as well as many topics of general interest. Its author was a lawyer by profession and was ridiculed and reviled during production. Many printed copies were destroyed unbound and unsold. Many copies sat in libraries of princes who had patronised the work. Most of these copies were sold cheaply when the princes met financial straits. Few copies survive, and those that exist are fragile and worm-damaged.

===Poetry===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=June 2021}}
As the successors of Sachi Routray, the father of modern Odia poetry,<ref>{{cite web|title=CHECK: Odia Poet (Odia Love Shayari and Odia Sad Shayari Images Online) |url=https://www.odiasayari.com/|website=Odiasayari.com |access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref> Guruprasad Mohanty and Bhanuji Rao were influenced by [[T.S. Eliot]] and published a co-authored poetry book ''Nutan Kabita''. [[Ramakanta Rath]] later modified Eliot's ideas in his own work. According to Rath: "After the publication of Kalapurusha Guru Prasad's poetry collection influenced by T.S. Eliot's ''The Waste Land'' we realized that a sense of alienation is the main ingredient of modern poetry."{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Before independence Odia poetry was mostly written with Sanskritic or "literary" idiom, but after independence poets freely used of Western concepts, idioms, images and adaptation of Western myths. [[Ramakanta Rath]], [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]], [[Sitakant Mahapatra]], Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, [[Rajendra Kishore Panda]], [[Pratibha Satpathy]], [[Mamata Dash]], [[Haraprasad Das]] and Goutam Jena are the best known.

There is a sect known as [[Chakulia panda]] that walk Odisha streets reciting ancient verse.<ref>{{Cite web| title=A Documentary on Chakulia Panda by Prangya Paramita Pradhan| last=Senapati | first=Sangram Keshari | url=https://blogs.gapu.in/2018/09/documentary-by-Prangya.html}}</ref>

The early 1980s introduced poets with new thoughts and styles. They mixed Odia heritage and culture with the feelings of common people. They were somehow nearer to the readers as they avoided ambiguity in their expression.

===Fiction===
====Before the 1970s====
In the post-independence era Odia fiction took a new direction. The trend that Fakir Mohan started grew after independence, led by [[Gopinath Mohanty]] (1914–1991), [[Surendra Mohanty]] and [[Manoj Das]] (1934–2021 ). These authors pioneered the trend of developing or projecting the "individual as protagonist" in Odia fiction. Eminent feminist writer and critic [[Sarojini Sahoo]] believes that Surendra Mohanty's "Ruti O Chandra" should be considered the first story of the individualistic approach, rather than Gopinath's story "Dan".<ref>Istahar-92, (26th Volume, 2nd Issue),</ref> The major difference between the two is that Gopinath is more optimistic while Surendra is nihilistic. This nihilism prepared the ground for an existentialist movement in Odia literature.

Surendra Mohanty's short story collections and novels include ''Krushna Chuda'', ''Mahanagarira Rati'', ''Ruti O Chandra'', ''Maralara Mrutyu'', ''Shesha Kabita'', ''Dura Simanta'', ''Oh Calcutta'', ''Kabi-O- Nartaki'', ''Sabuja Patra-O-Dhusara Golap'', ''Nila Shaila'' and ''Andha Diganta''.

In his fiction [[Gopinath Mohanty]] explores all aspects of Odishan life, including the plains and the hills. He uses a lyrical prose style, adopting the day-to-day speech of ordinary men and women. Gopinath's first novel, ''Mana Gahtra Chasa'', was published in 1940, followed by ''Dadi Budha'' (1944), ''Paraja'' (1945) and ''Amrutara Santan'' (1947). He published 24 novels, 10 collections of short stories, three plays, two biographies, two volumes of critical essays and five books on the languages of Kandh, [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]] and [[Saora]] tribes. He translated [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy's]] ''War and Peace'' (''Yuddh O Shanti'') in three volumes (tr. 1985–86) and Tagore's ''[[Jogajog (novel)|Jogajog]]'' (tr. 1965) into Odia.

[[Kalpanakumari Devi]]'s sequence of novels, in particular, her ''Srushti o pralaya'' (1959), documented social change in the country.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111231/jsp/odisha/story_14945271.jsp#.Vn8gMRGl2FU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053249/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111231/jsp/odisha/story_14945271.jsp#.Vn8gMRGl2FU|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2016|author=Namita Panda|date=31 December 2011|title=Furore over award to Kalpanakumari}}</ref>

Starting his literary career as a communist and later becoming an Aurobindian philosopher, [[Manoj Das]] wrote in Odia and English. His major Odia works are: ''Shesha Basantara Chithi'' (1966), ''Manoj Dasanka Katha O Kahani'' (1971), ''Dhumabha Diganta'' (1971), ''Manojpancabimsati'' (1977) and ''Tuma Gam O Anyanya Kabita'' (1992). Notable English works include ''The crocodile's lady : a collection of stories'' (1975), ''The submerged valley and other stories'', ''Farewell to a ghost : short stories and a novelette'' (1994), ''Cyclones'' (1987) and ''A tiger at twilight'' (1991).

Ananta Charan Sukla's short story collection, ''Sulataku Sesa Chitthi'' (Last Letter to Sulata) was published in 1965. The ten stories included in this book are "Sulataku Sesa Chitthi", "Kapilas", "Janeika Kulapati-nka Mrutyu", "Tandril Ru Tornoto", "Mystic Realistic", "Prasanta Samudra: Asanta Lahari", "Nalakula Matha, Nepala Babu O Narana", "Daudana Bada Khara", "Duragata" and "Sandipani-ra Symphony".

Other significant pre-1970s fiction writers are Bama Charan Mitra, Chandrasekhar Rath, [[Santanu Kumar Acharya|Shantanu Kumar Acharya]], [[Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo]], Akhil Mohan Patnaik, Gobind Das, Rabi Patnaik and [[Jagannath Prasad Das]]. Chandra Sekhar Rath's novel ''Jantrarudha'' is a classic of this period. Shantanu Acharya's novel ''Nara-Kinnara'' was also influential.

====After the 1970s====

In the 1960s a small magazine ''Uan Neo Lu'' in Cuttack, challenged these authors' approaches. The title of the magazine was made up of three unused Odia alphabets. Writers associated with the magazine included Annada Prasad Ray, Guru Mohanty, Kailash Lenka, and Akshyay Mohanty. These writers began a revolution in Odia fiction. They introduced sexuality in their work and created a new prose style. In the late 1960s many "groups" of writers emerged from different parts of Odisha. Anamas from Puri, Abadhutas from Balugaon, Panchamukhi from Balangir, Abujha from Berhampur and Akshara group from Sambalpur created a sensation.

Changes that started in the 1960s were confirmed in the next decade by authors such as Jagadish Mohanty, Kanheilal Das, Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Tarun Kanti Mishra, Padmaja Pal, [[Yashodhara Mishra]] and Sarojini Sahoo. Kanheilal Das and Jagadish Mohanty began creating a style popular among a general audience as well as intellectuals. Jagadish Mohanty introduced [[existentialism]] to Odia literature. His works include ''Ekaki Ashwarohi'', ''Dakshina Duari Ghara'', ''Album'', ''Dipahara Dekhinathiba Lokotie'', ''Nian O Anyanya Galpo'', ''Mephestophelesera Pruthibi'', ''Nija Nija Panipatha'', ''Kanishka Kanishka, Uttaradhikar,'' and ''Adrushya Sakal''.

Ramchandra Behera is known for short story collections ''Dwitiya Shmashana'', ''Abashishta Ayusha'', ''Omkara Dhwani'', ''Bhagnangshara Swapna'' and ''Achinha Pruthibi''. Padmaj Pal is known for short story collections, including ''Eaglera Nakha Danta'', ''Sabuthu Sundar Pakshi'', ''Jibanamaya'' and ''Uttara Purusha''. Tarun Kanti Mishra emerged during the 1970s as a powerful storyteller with an elegant style, full of poise and vigor. His outstanding works include ''Sharadah Shatam'' ( A Thousand Autumns), – a novel dealing with resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced persons from East Pakistan, now Bangladesh—and anthologies of short stories such as ''Komal Gandhar'', ''Bitansa'', ''Bhaswati'' and ''Akash Setu''.

Sarojini Sahoo, who became known as a feminist writer, contributed to Odia fiction. Her novel ''Gambhiri Ghara'' is a landmark, that gained international recognition for its feminist and liberal ideas. Her other works include ''Amrutara Pratikshare'', ''Chowkatha'', ''Upanibesh'', ''Pratibandi'', ''Paksibasa'', ''Tarlijauthiba Durga'', ''Dukha Apramita'', ''Gambhiri Ghara'' and ''Mahajatra''. Kanaklata Hati, another women fiction writer whose writing featured psychoanalysis of the female mind. To date she published two story collections, ''Nirbak Pahada'' and ''Kuhudi Ghara''. Her story collections ''Galpa Galpantara'' and ''Praibeshi Galpa'' were translated.

====Popular fiction ====
A popular Odia literature emerged in the 1970s, particularly read by [[rural women]]. The best selling writers are Bhagirathi Das, Kanduri Das, Bhagwana Das, [[Bibhuti Patnaik]] and [[Pratibha Ray]]. Some of their works were made into Odia films. In recent times Rabi Kaunungo, [[Tarun Kanti Mishra]], Ajay Swain, Mrinal Chatterjee, Radhu Mishra, Dr Laxmikant Tripathy, Nisith Bose, Suniti Mund, Anjan Chand and Dr. Kulangara contributed to popular writing.

====Women writers====
Women's magazine ''Sucharita'' was founded in 1975 by [[Sakuntala Panda]]. It had a significant impact in helping female writers find an audience.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Its writers include Giribala Mohanty, Jayanti Rath, [[Susmita Bagchi]]. [[Paramita Satpathy]], [[Hiranmayee Mishra]], Chirashree Indra Singh, Sairindhree Sahoo, Supriya Panda, [[Gayatri Saraf]], Suniti Mund and Mamatamay. Chowdhry. Giribala Mohanty (1947–) is noted for her deep sensitiveness for women's issues. Her poems depict the binary of women's social apathy and self-confidence. Her collections of poems include ''Streeloka'' (Women), ''Kalijhia'' (The Dark complexion Girl), ''Ma Habara Dukha'' (The sorrow of being a mother) and ''Kati Katia Katyayani''. Sahoo had a significant influence on these women. Sahoo claims that women are an "Other" from the masculine perspective, but that they are entitled to equal human rights according to [[Plato]]. Suniti Mund's story book ''Anustupa'', poetry book ''Jhia'' and novels ''Abhisapta'', ''Agarbatira Ghara'', ''Matrimony dot com'' and ''Gigolo'' also present a feminist voice.

===Drama===
The traditional Odia theater is the folk opera, or [[Jatra (theatre)|jatra]], which flourishes in rural Odisha. Modern theater is not commercially viable, although in the 1960s experimental theatre made a mark through the works of [[Manoranjan Das]], who pioneered an experimental theater movement. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Prasad Panigrahi, Ratnakar Chaini, Prasanna Das, Pramod Kumar Tripathy, Sankar Tripathy, Ranjit Patnaik, Dr. Pradip Bhowmic, Hemendra Mahapatra, Dr. Panchanana Patra and Purna Chandra Mallick continued the tradition. Tripathy's contribution to the growth and development of {{Transliteration|or|lok natakas}} is recognised.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} [[Ananta Charan Sukla]] translated four classic Greek dramas. His 1974 book, ''Greek Drama'' has translations (with commentary) of ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' (by Aeschylus), ''[[Oedipus the King]]'' (by Sophocles), [[Medea (play)|Medea]] (by Euripides) and [[The Frogs]] (by Aristophanes). Sukla's translations were staged in various colleges and universities. He wrote two historical plays on Odia freedom fighters [[Chakhi Khuntia]] and Jayee Rajguru that were widely staged. Amateur theater groups and drama competitions operate there. Opera is commercially viable.

===Science fiction===
Popular science fiction writers include [[Prana Krushna Parija]], Padmashree [[Binod Kanungo]], Prof [[Gokulananda Mohapatra]], Prof Gadadhar Mishra, Prof Kulamani Samal, Sarat Kumar Mohanty, Prof Amulya Kumar Panda, [[Dr. Nikhilanand Panigrahy]], Dr. Debakanta Mishra, [[Dr.Ramesh Chandra Parida]], Sashibhusan Rath, Dr. [[Chitta Ranjan Mishra]], Dr. Nityananada Swain, Dr. Choudhury Satybrata Nanda, Er. Mayadhar Swain, [[Kamalakanta Jena]], Himansu Sekhar Fatesingh and Bibhuprasad Mohapatra.

[[Dr. Nikhilanand Panigrahy|Nikhilanand Panigrahy]]'s ''Sampratikatara Anuchintare Bigyan O Baigyanik'' became popular. Sashibhusan Rath's ''Vigyan Chinta'' and [[Kamalakanta Jena]]'s ''Gapare Gapare Bigyan'' (Awarded by Odisha Bigyan Academy 2011) are written for children and adults.

==Odia and world literature==
===Odia translation of classics===
The first foreign book to be translated into Odia was the [[Bible]]'s [[New Testament]] in 1809. It was followed by translation of [[Hebrew poetry|Hebrew poems]] by J. Carey in 1814 and [[John Bunyan|John Bunyan's]] classic ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' by A. Sutton in 1820. [[Madhusudan Rao]] translated [[William Cowper|William Cowper's]] ''Solitude of Alexander Selkirk'' as ''Nirbasitara Vilaapa''. Other notable translations include [[Matthew Arnold|Arnold]]'s and [[Tennyson]]'s classics translated by [[Godabarish Mishra]] and [[Nilakantha Das]], besides translation of ''[[Sohrab and Rustum]]'' by [[Radha Mohan Gadanayak]] and ''[[Don Quixote]]'' by Govinda Tripathy etc.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Aditya Panda|title= Translation in Odia - A Historical Survey |url= https://www.ntm.org.in/download/ttvol/Volume9/article_13.pdf |journal= Translation Today |issn= 0972-8740|volume=9| issue=1| pages=202–224| date=1 November 2015 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref> Prof. [[Ananta Charan Sukla]]'s translation (with commentary) of Aristotle's ''Poetics'' (ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲଙ୍କ କାବ୍ୟ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ) published in the late 1960s was only the second translation of this classic in any Indian language. Classics including children's literature were translated by ''Grantha Mandir Publishers'' under their "Vishwa Sahitya Granthamala" (''World Literature Series'') initiative, including ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' translated by Subhendu Mohan Srichandan Singh as ''Vichitra Deshare Alice'' (ବିଚିତ୍ର ଦେଶରେ ଆଲିସ୍ ).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ganguly S.|title= Translation of World Literature - Alice in Wonderland in Odia |url= https://ijclts.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/childrene28099s-world-literature-translation-of-alice-in-wonderland-in-odia-by-sonali-ganguly-dr-lipika-das-dr-tanutrushna-panigrahi.pdf |journal= Indian Journal of Comparative Literature & Language Studies |issn= 2321-8274|volume=5| issue=1| date=1 June 2019 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref>

===Translation of Odia works into world languages===
Translation of Odia literature into other world languages is mostly into English. The most well known translations are Fakir Mohan's novels ''Six Acres and Half'' by Rabi Shankar Mishra, ''Lachhama'' by Chandan Das and ''The Penance'' by [[Snehaprava Das]]. Madhusudan Pati has translated [[Gangadhar Meher]]'s ''Tapaswini'' and ''Pranaya Ballari'' into English.<ref>{{cite news|title= Translation of World Literature - Alice in Wonderland in Odia |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/writers-for-translation-of-odia-works/cid/1507489 |publisher= The Telegraph |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref> Other notable translations include ''Basanti'' and ''Greatest Odia Stories'' by [[Paul St. Pierre]], [[Gopinath Mohanty]]'s ''Paraja'' by Bikram Das, Spark of Light by [[Valerie Henitiuk]],<ref>{{cite news|title= Eight Odia Books in Translation |url= https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/odia-books-in-translation-must-read_in_5e0ee3ace4b0843d36107493 |publisher= Huff Post |date=1 March 2020 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref> and [[Kalahandi (poem)|''Kalahandi'']] by [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]].

===Odia in United States of America===
An initiative, Pratishruti, was started to connect literary minded people in North America with their Indian peers. The goal is to expose Indian-Americans to the best writings of Odia writers as well as to cultivate new Odia writers in America.

Black Eagle Books, a non-profit publishing initiative was started in April 2019 to propagate Odia literature globally through publication and translation projects. To encourage new writers, Black Eagle Books started "Black Eagle Books First Book Award". The award for 2019 was given to Niharika Mallick for her translation anthology of contemporary Hindi short stories in Odia, ''Adhunika Hindi Galpamala''.

== See also ==
{{cmn|
* [[Abolakara]]
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Indian poetry]]
* [[John Beames]]
* [[Laxmi Puran]]
* [[Madala Panji]]
* [[Rebati]]
* [[Six Acres and a Third]]
* [[Utkala Bhramanam]]
* [[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Odia]]
}}

==References==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Neukom, Lukas and Manideepa Patnaik. 2003. ''A grammar of Oriya''. (Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft; 17). Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich. {{ISBN|3-9521010-9-5}}
* Mansingha, Mayadhar (1962) ''History of Oriya literature'' Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi
* Sahoo, Krushna Charan (2004) ''Oriya Lekhaka Paricaya'' Orissa Sahitya Academy, Bhubaneswar, {{ISBN|81-7586-097-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7586-097-1}}
* Myers, Carol Fairbanks (1976) ''Women in Literature: Criticism of the Seventies'' Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, {{ISBN|0-8108-0885-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071117111717/http://india_resource.tripod.com/orissa.html "The History of Orissa: An Introduction"Pages from the history of India and the sub-continent:SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY]
* Sahoo, Dr. Basanta Kishore Sahoo (1995) Who's who in Oriya Children's – Literature, Vol. I&II Mayur Publication and RIOCL, {{ISBN|8186040447}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=Chittaranjan |title=A Glimpse into Oriya Literature |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |date=1982}}
* Ghosh, A. (2003). ''An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa''. Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan.
* {{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Khageswar |title=Odia Landscape & Literary Efflorescence |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Trupti |date=2010 |isbn=978-93-80758-06-0}}
* Masica, Colin (1991). ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29944-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=K. C. |chapter=Oriya |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |volume=V: Languages and Literatures |editor=Suniti Kumar Chatterji |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture |date=2003 |orig-year=1978 |pages=561-577 |isbn=81-85843-06-6}}
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of: History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
* {{cite book |title=Critical Discourse in Odia |chapter=1. Odia folktales |author=Mohini Mohan Senapati |translator=Shaswat Panda |editor1=Jatindra Kumar Nayak |editor2=Animesh Mohapatra |publisher=Routledge India |date=2023 |pages=1-17 |isbn=9781032124858}}

;Folklore collections:
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Orissa |first=Madhusudan |last=Rao |author-link=Madhusudan Rao |location=Cuttack |publisher=Printed by H. M. Dutta at the Dutta Press |date=1927 |orig-year=1901 |lang=Odia |url=https://or.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80}}
* {{cite book |title=Volksmärchen aus dem Jeyporeland |first=Rudolf |last=Tauscher |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1959 |isbn=9783111763804 |language=DE}}
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales Of Orissa |last=Mohanty |first=Shanti |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1960}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Village Tales |first=Prafulla |last=Mohanti |publisher=Davis-Poynter |date=1975 |isbn=9780706701838}}
* {{cite book |first=Upendra Narayan |last=Dutta Gupta |title=Folk Tales of Orissa |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=G. Gupta |date=1975 |orig-year=1922}}
* {{cite book |first=Kunja Behari |last=Dash |author-link=:or:କୁଞ୍ଜବିହାରୀ ଦାଶ |title=Folklore of Orissa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |date=1979}}
* {{cite book |title=Tales from Hill and Jungle: Tribal Folk Tales of Koraput region, Orissa |first=Ranjan |last=Pradhan |date=2009 |publisher=Creative Odisha |location=Niginipur, Sanjaria, Kendrapada, Odisha |isbn=978-81-89098-40-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Folktales of Odisha |first=Mahendra Kumar |last=Mishra |author-link=:or:ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ର କୁମାର ମିଶ୍ର |location=India |publisher=National Book Trust |date=2015 |isbn=9788123773773}}
* {{cite book |title=କଳାହାଣ୍ଡିର ଲୋକକଥା |trans-title=Kalahandira Lokakatha |first=Basanti |last=Mohanty |publisher=Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti |location=Biswarupa, Bhubaneswar, Orissa |date=2015 |lang=Odia}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071122143104/http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/oriya.html Romanised to Unicode Oriya transliterator]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212024352/http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/oriyachart.html Unicode Entity Codes for the Oriya Script]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214035207/http://oriya.sarovar.org/ Free/Open Source Oriya Computing] Rebati project

{{Odia language}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Odia literature| ]]
[[Category:Odia language|Literature]]

Vallikkunnu

2026-03-06T06:25:11Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: expand layout additionally and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{original research|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vallikkunnu
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] is located in the Balathiruthi Island clusters of Vallikkunnu
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|8|0|N|75|50|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2
| population_total = 25448
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673314
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0494
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kozhikode
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malappuram]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Vallikkunnu
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Vallikkunnu ''' is a village in [[Tirurangadi]] taluk of [[Malappuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India with an area of 25 km2. It is located 5 km north of [[Parappanangadi]] town and falls under the jurisdiction of Parappanangadi Police Station and Parappanangadi Judicial First Class Magistrate Court. Vallikkunnu was awarded the best panchayath of Kerala in 1997.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|last=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/2015/local-body/malappuram/vallikkunnu-grama-panchayat-malayalam-news-1.582652|title=വള്ളിക്കുന്ന് ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Vallikunnu is situated on [[Tirur]]-[[Kadalundi]] Road.<ref name="tps">{{Cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072201/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vallikkunnu is also a part of the Oldest Railway Line of Kerala laid in 1861 from [[Tirur]] to [[Chaliyam]] via [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Parappanangadi]], Vallikkunnu, and [[Kadalundi]].<ref name="tps"/>
[[File:Vallikkunnu Railway Station.jpg|thumbnail|[[Vallikkunnu railway station]]]]
[[File:A sunrise at Vallikkunnu.jpg|thumbnail|A sunrise at Vallikkunnu]]
Vallikkunnu lies on the bank of the [[Kadalundi River]]. Kadalundi River joins the [[Arabian Sea]] at the estuary (''Azhimukham'') in Kadalundi Nagaram beach of Vallikkunnu grama panchayat. [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] and Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve are located in Vallikkunnu.<ref name="Vallikkunnu">{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/04/04/kadalundi-vallikunnu-community-reserve-ecotourism-centre.html |title=Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve |website=www.onmanorama.com |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Vallikkunnu had a population of 25448 with 12019 males and 13429 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vallikkunnu Village Population - Tirurangadi - Malappuram, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627539-vallikkunnu-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />
It falls under Thirurangadi thaluk. Its northern boundary is [[Kadalundi river]] its southern boundary is with [[Parappanangadi]] Municipality. The village has a coastline of 8 kilometers with [[Arabian Sea]] in the west. It is bordered by [[Chelembra]], [[Tenhipalam]] and Moonniyoor Panchayaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html|title=CEO Kerala :: Malappuram|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/charamparambu--ii-/id/1907|title=Charamparambu (ii), Vallikkunnu Panchayat, Malappuram District, Kerala, India|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Green Vallikkunnu.jpg|thumbnail|[[Mangrove]] plantation at Vallikunnu]]
Vallikkunnu-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Beypore]] had trade relations with foreign countries like Rome and Arabia since the era of king Solomon. [[Tyndis]], which was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]s and the [[Roman Empire]], is identified with [[Kadalundi]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]] (just opposite to Vallikkunnu), were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

After the breakdown of the Chera Kingdom dynasty rooted in Kadalundi, [[Parappanad]] Kovilakam of [[Parappanangadi]] became the rulers of Vallikkunnu. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the [[Travancore royal family]].<ref name="Thrippadidaanam">{{cite book|last1=Mheshwari|first1=S Uma|title=Thrippadidaanam|publisher=Mathrubhumi Books|isbn=978-81-8265-947-6|pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>(See page 4 in Madras Presidency Records, 1915, Supt , Government Press, Madras.)</ref> They gave permission for the Dutch to build a fort at [[Kadalundi]]. Even though the fort collapsed after a war with Zamorins, we can see the remnants in Mulla. Later the British became the rulers of Vallikkunnu and they built railway lines from [[Tirur]] up to [[Chaliyam]] for the purpose of business. Later it was extended to [[Shoranur]]. [[Marthanda Varma]], the founder of [[Travancore]], belongs to [[Parappanad]] royal family.<ref name="Thrippadidaanam"/>

Thundi is an ancient seaport and harbor-town north of [[Muziris|Muziris (Muchiri)]] in the [[Chera Kingdom]] (Keprobotos), modern day [[India]] on the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|author=The official web portal of Government of Kerala |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2852&Itemid=2291 |title=History |publisher=Kerala.gov.in |access-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009144939/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2852&Itemid=2291 |archive-date=2012-10-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The official web portal of Government of Kerala |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in |title=Official Web Portal of Government of Kerala |publisher=Kerala.gov.in |access-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=2006-01-18 }}</ref> The exact location of the port is still unknown, modernday Kadalundi Nagaram, [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and [[Koyilandi|Pantalayani Kollam]]<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2852&Itemid=2291 History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009144939/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2852&Itemid=2291 |date=2012-10-09 }}.</ref> are often identified as Tyndis located in the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] [[Tamil people|Tamil]] kingdom of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]] in the early centuries of the Christian era. A branch of the Chera royal family is also said to have established itself at Tyndis. It is also speculated that Tyndis (along with ports such as Naura, Bakare and Nelkynda) operated as a satellite feeding port to Muziris.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

'''Temples'''

Vallikkunnu has several temples including Ravimngalam Vishnu temple and Nirankaitha Kotta. The annual Thalappoli Utsavam is one of the major religious festivals in this region, usually celebrated in the months of Feb-March.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://niramkaithakotta.com/}}</ref>

==Wards of Vallikkunnu==
<mapframe text="Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q7912419"}</mapframe>
Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat is composed of the following 23 wards:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Content/index/lsgd
|website = sec.kerala.gov.in
|title = Wards of Vallikkunnu
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Kadalundi]] Nagaram North
|2
|Keezhayil
|-
|3
|Navajeevan
|4
|Balathiruthi
|-
|5
|Anayarangadi
|6
|Madathil Purayi
|-
|7
|Kizhakkemala
|8
|Olipram
|-
|9
|Paruthikkad
|10
|Pottenkuzhi
|-
|11
|Kacherikunnu
|12
|Karumarakkad
|-
|13
|Kodakkad East
|14
|Kodakkad South
|-
|15
|Kodakkad West
|16
|[[Ariyallur]] East
|-
|17
|Madhavanandam
|18
|[[Ariyallur]] South
|-
|19
|[[Ariyallur]] Beach
|20
|[[Ariyallur]] North
|-
|21
|Anangadi South
|22
|Anangadi
|-
|23
|[[Kadalundi]] Nagaram
|
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Parappanangadi]]
* [[Chelari]]
* [[Tenhipalam]]
* [[Chelembra]]
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu Community Reserve]]
* [[Chaliyar]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Vallikkunnu}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Vallikkunnu
| list =
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Parappanangadi area]]

Style (2002 film)

2026-03-03T04:39:29Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: minor update

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Distinguish|Style (2006 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Style (2002 film).jpg
| caption =
| writer = [[Padmamagan]]
| starring = [[Raghava Lawrence]] [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] [[Gayathri Raguram]]
| director = Sibi Chakravarthy
| producer = K. Thirugnanam
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = Dinesh
| studio = Thiru films
| editing = K. Pazhanivel
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|12|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Style''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language]] film, written and directed by Sibi Chakravarthy. It stars [[Raghava Lawrence]] and [[Gayathri Raguram]], while [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] and [[Vadivelu]] portray supporting roles. The music for the film was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] and the film opened on 20 December 2002.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2002 |title=Vasundhara's no glam doll |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130215244/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as Vetrivel
* [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Vetri
* [[Gayathri Raguram]] as Viji
* [[Vadivelu]] as Manmadhan
* [[Anandaraj]] as Marthandam
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Pandithurai
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Manikkam
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Nathan
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Vetrivel's mother
* [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] as Viji's mother
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Selvi's mother
* Junior Silk as House owner's daughter
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Anjamma
* Payal as Selvi
* Sri Latha
* [[Singamuthu]] as House owner
* [[Kumarimuthu]]
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Marthandam's henchman
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Swamy
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Police inspector
}}

==Production==
Raghava Lawrence worked on ''Style'' after completing work on ''[[Arputham]]'' (2002), and appeared in two Tamil films in quick succession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=5 October 2002 |title=Interview with Lawrence by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_lawrence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620201134/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_lawrence.html |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Arul, who had earlier written the script for ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' (1994), was announced as the film's director, while [[Padmamagan]] wrote the dialogues for the film. The film was shot at Pollachi, Nellaiyampatti at Kerala, SRM College, Hindustan College and at AVM and Film City.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2001 |title=A success formula |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112901140300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030629132629/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112901140300.htm |archive-date=29 June 2003 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film marked the acting debut of Ramana, son of actor Vijay Babu.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=24 April 2002 |title=Style |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/style.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040827025004/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/style.asp |archive-date=27 August 2004 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composeed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]. The lyrics written by [[Pa. Vijay]] and Bharani (Pottu Eduthu).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2002 |title=Style |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/style/kTXw1yr-ezo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216015344/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/style/kTXw1yr-ezo_ |archive-date=16 February 2026 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Style Tamil Audio Cassette By Bharani |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/style-tamil-audio-cassette-by-bharani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216020450/https://banumass.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Style-Tamil-Audio-Cassette-By-Bharani.jpg |archive-date=2026-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

*"Kadhalithal Anandham" — [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
*"Kadhalithal Anandham" — [[K. S. Chithra]]
*"Varuiral En" — [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
*"Pottu Eduthu" — [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Swarnalatha]]
*"Style Style" — [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Unakku Enna" — Unnikrishnan
*"Kadithamillai" — Unnikrishnan
*"Muzhu Nila" – Hariharan
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 =
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 =
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 =
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| title4 =
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
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| lyrics7 =
| extra7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| lyrics9 =
}}

==Release==
The film had a low-key release during December 2002. The director of the film, Sibi Chakravarthy, later attempted to make a film with [[Dhanush]] and debutant Mamta Zaveri titled ''Raghava'', but financial troubles stopped the production.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2004 |title=Director drags Dhanush to court for dates |url=http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/fullstory.php?id=13355508 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120190816/http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/fullstory.php?id=13355508 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum

2026-03-03T03:01:53Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: updated intro after review and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|2019 Tamil film directed by Ranjit Jeyakodi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum
| image = Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]]
| producer = Balaji Kapa
| writer = [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]]
| starring = [[Harish Kalyan]] [[Shilpa Manjunath]] [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] [[Bala Saravanan]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cinematography = Kavin Raj
| editing = Bavan Sreekumar
| studio = Madhav Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|03|15}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = 
| based_on =
}}

'''''Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum''''' ({{Translation|King of Spades and Queen of Hearts}})<ref name="ir" /> is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romance film]] by [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-14 |title=இஸ்பேட் ராஜாவும் இதய ராணியும் பட தலைப்பு, ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actor-harish-kalyan-and-shilpa-manjunath-starrer-spade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-movie-title-and-first-look-poster-released/articleshow/66208104.cms |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Shilpa Manjunath]], while [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], and [[Ponvannan]] act in the supporting roles. [[Sam C. S.]] composed the film's soundtrack and score, while cinematography is handled by Kavin Raj and editing is done by Bavan Sreekumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2019 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Starring Harish Kalyan, Shilpa Manjunath |url=https://silverscreen.in/videos/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-starring-harish-kalyan-shilpa-manjunath/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124308/https://silverscreen.in/videos/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-starring-harish-kalyan-shilpa-manjunath/ |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-07 |work=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 15 March 2019 to mixed-to-positive reviews and become a box office hit.

==Plot==
The story revolves around Gautham, an unemployed youth, and his love interest, Thara, who belongs to the elite class and is engaged to a family friend, Rohith. Gautham's parents are divorced, and his mother is married to another person. Gautham hates his mother, and due to this, he had a broken childhood. Gautham is not able to control his anger. He is overly possessive and abusive. Thara, on the other hand, is a free-spirited girl. She is understanding and tolerates Gautham to a point. When his anger reaches its peak, she calls off her relationship. They soon reconcile. But despite asking him to control his anger multiple times, Gautham continues to be the same. He also slaps Thara's father and beats up Rohit when being engaged in an argument.
Thara's wedding with Rohit is rushed after all this. On the day before marriage, Thara realises that she can't live without Gautham and goes in search of him. On the other hand, a drunken Gautham listens to a beggar as he tells him a story. The beggar says that he killed his girlfriend's dog because it bit her and that everyone accused him of being mentally ill for it. Gautham recalls his behaviour towards Thara.
Thara arrives to where Gautham is and tells him that she wants him back. When they both hug each other, Gautham thinks of killing her. The next moment he is filled with guilt and realises that the relationship will destroy her. He tells her the same and leaves her when a heartbroken Thara stands there helplessly.
Gautham sets out on a journey to forget Thara completely, while Thara becomes determined to find Gautham and reconcile with him.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Harish Kalyan]] as Gautham
* [[Shilpa Manjunath]] as Thara
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] as Anand, Gautham's friend
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Kumar, Gautham's friend
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Thara's father
* [[Ponvannan]] as Gautham's father
* [[Lizzie Antony]] as Charulatha, Gautham's mother
* Mathew Varghese as Charulatha's second husband
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Motorbike Driver
* Adithya Shivpink as Rohith
* Karthick Raj as Rohith's friend
* Maari as Gautham's friend
* [[Rajmohan Arumugam|"Put Chutney" Rajmohan]] as Lawyer
* Sujatha Panju as Thara's mother
* [[Dhivya Duraisamy]] as Anand's pair
* Master Avanish as Young Gautham
* Ranjit Jeyakodi as Drug addict (Cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==

The project was announced by director [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]] who previously directed the film ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''.<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web |title=First look out! Tamil star Harish Kalyan in Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum, out! See photo inside {{!}} Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/first-look-out-tamil-star-harish-kalyan-in-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-out-see-photo-inside/299651 |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Harish Kalyan plays in the film and marks his second successive film as lead actor after ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cr |first=Sharanya |title=Harish Kalyan plays a boxer in Ranjit's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-plays-a-boxer-in-ranjits-next/articleshow/65440166.cms |access-date=2018-12-20 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The title of the film was announced with the film's first look.<ref name="ir">{{Cite web |title=Harish Kalyan's next titled Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/15/harish-kalyans-next-titled-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-1885533.html |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The phrase ''Ispade Raja'' in the film title implies the meaning of [[King (playing card)|King of Spades]] while Idhaya Rani in the title of the film implies [[Queen (playing card)|Queen of Hearts]].<ref name="timesnownews.com" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 February 2019
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:04
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title = [[Adanga Maru]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[K-13 (film)|K-13]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Kannamma
| single1date = 11 January 2019
| single2 = Yei Kadavule
| single2date = 23 January 2019
}}
}}

The soundtrack album of ''Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum'', featured music composed by [[Sam C. S.]] who also wrote lyrics for all the songs. The film marks Sam's second collaboration with director Ranjit, after ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' (2017). In December 2018, it was revealed that actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] had rendered one song for the film, along with actor [[Harish Kalyan]], who also made his singing debut through this film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi turns as singer for Sam CS |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-turns-singer-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-92879 |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Harish Kalyan croon a song in 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vijay-sethupathi-harish-kalyan-croon-a-song-in-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/articleshow/66937082.cms |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Later in January 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anirudh croons for 'Ispade Raajavum Idhaya Raniyum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/anirudh-croons-for-ispade-raajavum-idhaya-raniyum/articleshow/67450627.cms |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Anirudh Ravichander]] also recorded one song for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anirudh sings for Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jan/09/anirudh-sings-for-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-9569.html |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Adithya |date=10 January 2019 |title=After Vijay Sethupathi, Anirudh Sings For 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/after-vijay-sethupathi-anirudh-sings-for-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123917/https://silverscreen.in/news/after-vijay-sethupathi-anirudh-sings-for-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/ |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-07 |work=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> By mid-January Sam had wrapped up composition for the songs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Sam CS to wrap Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sam-cs-to-wrap-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/articleshow/67609984.cms |access-date=2019-02-07 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A teaser of the song "Kannamma" sung by Anirudh was released on 9 January 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=@thinkmusicofficial |date=2019-01-09 |title=Here is the glimpse of #Kannamma sung by @anirudhofficial - First single from #IspadeRajavumIdhayaRaniyum will be releasing on Jan 11th. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BsZluXUBi5v/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> and the full song was released as the first single on 11 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@thinkmusicofficial |date=2019-01-11 |title=#Kannamma first single from #IspadeRajavumIdhayaRaniyum will be released today. A rockstar @anirudhofficial's romantic vocal |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BsewfKuhsZL/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Yei Kadavulae" was released on 23 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@thinkmusicofficial |date=2019-01-23 |title=#YeiKadavule 2nd single from #IspadeRajavumIdhayaRaniyum releasing today 6pm. A @samcsmusic with special monologue by Makkal Selvan. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BtAZKypg0Qn/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Yei Kadavule, the second single from Harish Kalyan's Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jan/24/heres-yei-kadavule-the-second-single-from-harish-kalyans-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-9774.html |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The full album was unveiled on 14 February 2019, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=@thinkmusicofficial |date=2019-02-12 |title=#IspadeRajavumIdhayaRaniyum full audio releasing on Valentine's Day, 14th Feb, #IRIRaudio A @samcsmusic musical |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BtD3-z2Ac8R/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> and the audio launch was held on [[Airtel Super Singer]] reality show, which was aired on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=@thinkmusicofficial |date=2019-02-14 |title=#IspadeRajavumIdhayaRaniyum Audio launch to telecasted in Vijaytv Supersinger today. #IRIRaudio A @SamCSmusic musical |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BtFchclgTtP/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> Singer Harish Kalyan does a reprised version of "Kannamma" which was released by [[Think Music]] on 25 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harish Kalyan does a reprise version of Kannamma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-does-a-reprise-version-of-kannamma/articleshow/75736662.cms |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kannamma
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Yei Kadavulae
| extra2 = [[Harish Kalyan]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Sandaali
| extra3 = Paul Prakash
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Yendi Raasathi
| extra4 = D. Sathyaprakash, Roshini
| length4 = 3:20
| title5 = Yeno Pennae
| extra5 = D. Sathyaprakash, Swagatha S. Krishnan
| length5 = 3:46
| all_writing =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}The songs of ''Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum'' eventually received rave reviews from the audience, especially youngsters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The entire tone of the song transforms after Anirudh sings it: Sam CS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-entire-tone-of-the-song-transforms-after-anirudh-sings-it-sam-cs/articleshow/68411328.cms |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Jyothi Prabhakar of ''[[The Times of India]]'', reviewed it as "The songs of Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum are hummable, danceable, and very likeable. No wonder, a couple of them are already tripping the charts. Sam CS has done a great job of getting the right mix of sounds and voices to keep all the songs, even the ones that intersect ‘sad scenes’ in the movie, from getting maudlin and noisy. As a rule, instead of varying the beats to fast and slow to keep pace with the emotions, Sam has kept the tempo going strong for all the songs, which works for the album as a whole."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhakar |first=Jyothi |title=Music Review: Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/articleshow/68426160.cms |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 1 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trailer of Harish Kalyan starrer 'IRIR' unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trailer-of-harish-kalyan-starrer-irir-unveiled/articleshow/67869540.cms |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Youngsters will connect to 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum': Ranjit Jeyakodi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/youngsters-will-connect-to-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/articleshow/68393353.cms |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost gave 2 out of 5 stating "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum is a watered-down version of Arjun Reddy, being too lengthy with a long drawn-out-second half."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum movie review: Harish Kalyan's film is watered-down version of Arjun Reddy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-movie-review-harish-kalyans-film-is-watered-down-version-of-arjun-reddy-6267701.html |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and stated "The climax of Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum promotes a much-needed message about rejection. But, throughout the film, the director shows otherwise. In the end, there is a monologue by Harish Kalyan, which people might not lend an ear to."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=March 15, 2019 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Review: Harish Kalyan film is flawed from start to end |url=https://www.indiatoday.com/movies/reviews/story/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-harish-kalyan-film-is-flawed-from-start-to-end-1478802-2019-03-15 |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 2 out of 5 and wrote "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum will be liked by fans who enjoyed films like Kaatru Veliyidai and Neethane En Ponvasantham, where the two lovers are a confused pair."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum review: A tedious watch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-a-tedious-watch-review-tamil-tdpilubgbaaci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315194344/http://www.sify.com/movies/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-a-tedious-watch-review-tamil-tdpilubgbaaci.html |archive-date=15 March 2019 |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars "Though Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum tries to explore how men behave in relationships when they come from a broken family, it justifies the violent behaviour of the protagonist."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum movie review: This Harish Kalyan film is highly pretentious |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-movie-review-rating-5628571/ |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Srinivasan Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed it as "A film that’s just as confused and complicated as the love story it portrays."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2019-03-15 |title='Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' review: disorderly romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-disorderly-romance/article26545729.ece |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of [[Film Companion]] gave 1.5 out of 5 and wrote "The film takes a misconceived stab at self-awareness, with a conversation about stalking that’s not just badly written but not exactly relevant either, given this particular sequence of events. Imagine the irony. The one time Tamil cinema actually acknowledges this subject, it’s out of context."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum is an utterly misconceived movie |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-movie-review-a-misconceived-romance-that-tries-to-be-so-hip-and-cool-its-painful/ |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}</ref>

In contrast, ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 to the film stating "The film has the required elements to attract youngsters though the screenplay becomes a little stretched in the latter half."<ref>{{Citation |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum by Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/movie-review/68415195.cms |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref> Behindwoods gave the film 2.75 out of 5 stating "Mature handling of {{sic|the an}} edgy script makes 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' a worthy watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum (aka) Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyumm review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review.html |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Indiaglitz gave 2.75 out of 5 and stated "Go for IRIR for the ernest performances and a fairly engaging screenplay with a relevant message."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum review. Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-tamil-movie-22657 |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322110059/https://www.indiaglitz.com/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-tamil-movie-22657 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The New Indian Express gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "This film can also be seen as a take-down of the superficial romances we get, in which the sun shines bright and rainbows flash forever."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' movie review: A romance that isn't afraid to tread uncomfortable zones |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/16/a-romance-that-isnt-afraid-to-tread-uncomfortable-zones-1951579.html |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Moviecrow gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Ranjit Jeyakodi's 'Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' is a two hour long, self-obsessed rant of director's take on love and relationships. The standout from the film is Harish Kalyan's hard-hitting performance and the technical brilliance from the cinematographer, editor and music director."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Review - An Inconsistent Mess that's more of a ranting than a film |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/22719/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]

Research fellowships in India

2026-02-26T10:48:35Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: created new details

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

After completing a postgraduate degree, one of the options is to pursue a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D) program. These Ph.D programs cost money and time. To help a scholar there are many '''Research Fellowship Schemes''' in [[India]] funded by either a government agency or a private one. Such a scholar pursuing a Ph.D receives a monthly stipend and in some cases an annual contingency grant for 2 to 5 years.

The most relevant of these are:

#Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF)
#[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Memorial Fund Scholarship
#[[Physical Research Laboratory]] Junior Research Fellowship
#[[Google]] PhD Fellowship India Program
#ICHR Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)
#ICSSR Doctoral Research Fellowship
#[[Maulana Azad]] National Fellowship (MANF) (discontinued from [[fiscal year]] 2023)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Centre stops Maulana Azad scholarship for research scholars from minority communities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-stops-maulana-azad-scholarship-for-research-scholars-from-minority-communities/article66238681.ece |access-date=2023-08-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
#NCERT Doctoral Fellowship for PhD
#Junior Research Fellowship
#CSIR-UGC JRF NET Fellowship
#AICTE Doctoral fellowship (ADF)
#DBT-JRF Fellowship
#FITM – AYUSH Research Fellowship Scheme
#SAARC Agricultural PhD Scholarship
#[[Swami Vivekananda]] Single Child Scholarship for Research in Social Science
#ESSO-NCESS Junior Research Fellowship

==Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF)==

This fellowship was launched by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] under the supervision of the Central Government of India in the budget 2018-2019. This scholarship scheme provides financial support to the meritorious students of IISc, IISERs and IITs taking admission in a Ph.D programme. Under this scheme, the scholar gets a monthly stipend of ₹70,000 for first-year which is increased to ₹80,000 per month during 4th and 5th year of the program. During the course of the fellowship, researchers are also eligible to a research contingency grant of ₹2 lakh per annum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Ministers research Fellowship |url=https://www.pmrf.in/fellowship |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.pmrf.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Ministers research Fellowship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/prime-minister-s-research-fellowship-pmrf-for-four-bhu-research-scholars-101666893316667.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Scholarship==

Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Scholarships is another Ph.D scholarship available to Indian and students of Asian countries. The selected candidates are paid ₹18,000 every month to support their tuition fees. Contingency grand of ₹15,000 is also paid to these researchers annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Scholarship |url=https://krishijagran.com/news/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-fund-scholarship-2022-23-apply-before-31st-may-get-financial-assistance-for-further-studies/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Krishi Jagran}}</ref>

==Physical Research Laboratory Junior Research Fellowship==

It is one of the top PhD scholarships in India for postgraduates in the field of physics and astronomy. It is exclusively for PhD research at Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) and provides monthly awards up to ₹35,000 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Physical Research Laboratory Junior Research Fellowship |url=https://www.prl.res.in/recruit/njrf2022sp/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Physical Research Laboratory}}</ref>

==Google PhD Fellowship India Program==

This fellowship program is offered by Google for Ph.D scholars in computer science. The Google Ph.D Fellowship India Program also provides a monthly fellowship amount and a contingency expenses. Moreover the scholars are also provided an internship offer at Google.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google PhD Fellowship India Program |url=https://www.biotecnika.org/2022/04/google-phd-fellowship-program-2022-rs-37-lakh-fellowship/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Bio Tecnika}}</ref>

==ICHR Junior Research Fellowship==

ICHR Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) are for PhD aspirants of historical studies and are offered by the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]. It offers monthly stipend of ₹17,600 and contingency expenses of ₹16,500 for 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICHR Junior Research Fellowship |url=http://ichr.ac.in/content/innerpage/junior-research-fellowship.php |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ICHR}}</ref>

==ICSSR Doctoral Research Fellowship==

It is a doctoral fellowship given by Indian Council of Social Science Research of Government of India pursuing Ph.D in social sciences and is registered in a UGC recognized Indian university. The fellowship is ₹20,000 per month for only two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICSSR Doctoral Research Fellowship |url=https://www.icssr.org/doctoral-fellowship |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ICSSR}}</ref>

==Maulana Azad National Fellowship==

This fellowship was provided by the Ministry of Minority Affairs of the Government of India. The fellowship was provided to students from minority communities whose family income is not more than 6 Lakh. Financial assistance of ₹28,000 per month for 5 years was given to pursue higher education such as MPhil and PhD. However, this scheme has been discontinued as, according to the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], it overlaps with other fellowships schemes offered by [[Government of India|Govt. of India]] such as JRF and CSIR fellowship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Azad National Fellowship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/govt-discontinued-maulana-azad-fellowship-as-it-overlaps-other-schemes-1187342.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maulana Azad National Fellowship |url=https://manf.ugc.ac.in/#:~:text=The%20Maulana%20Azad%20National%20Fellowship,Phil%2FPh. |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.manf.ugc.ac,in}}</ref> In February 2024, Ministry of Minority Affairs increased the fellowship amount at par with UGC norms with effect from January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMDFC |url=https://nmdfc.org/uploads/files/MANF-OM-DT02022024pdf-f28008820c6157f2a78e6469443f4545.pdf |website=National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation}}</ref>

==NCERT Doctoral Fellowship for Ph.D==

This fellowship is given by [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] to young scholars in any recognized university in India. The NET qualified NCERT doctoral fellows receives ₹25,000 per month for a maximum period of three years. For the candidates who have not qualified for the NET exam, the amount is only ₹23,000 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCERT Doctoral Fellowship for Ph.D |url=https://research.noticebard.com/general/ncert-doctoral-fellowship-2022-23/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Research Notice Board}}</ref>

==Junior Research Fellowship==
{{Redirect|Junior Research Fellowship|the fellowship at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge in England|Junior Research Fellowships}}

The Junior Research Fellow (JRF) is a letter awarded by the various government agencies to the candidates who qualify in the a [[National Eligibility Test]]. JRF letter is a bearer document that signifies you can avail of the scholarship while pursuing Ph.D.

One of the most widely participated NET exams is the [[UGC–NET]], for which there are two cut-off marks declared by UGC, one for passing the exam which qualifies a candidate for [[assistant professor]]ship in universities and colleges and a higher cut-off for receiving JRF. The score of JRF is valid only for 3 years, whereas the score for assistant professorship is valid for the lifetime.

==CSIR-UGC JRF NET Fellowship==

This is a fully-funded PhD scholarship offered by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for the field of Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and [[Planetary science|Planetary Science]], Chemical Sciences, amongst others. Similar to UGC JRF, the stipend of a JRF selected through CSIR- National Eligibility Test (NET) will be ₹31,000 per month for the first two years and ₹35,000 per month for the next three years. In addition, annual contingent grant of ₹20,000 is also provided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSIR-UGC JRF NET Fellowship |url=https://csirnet.nta.nic.in/about-joint-csir-ugc/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=CSIR NET}}</ref>

==AICTE Doctoral fellowship (ADF)==

'''ADF''' or '''AICTE Doctoral Fellowship''', is a research promotion scheme launched by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] in 2020. It is the AICTE equivalent to junior research fellowships. The objectives of the ADF scheme are:
*To promote research culture in AICTE-approved Institutions.
*To promote collaborative research between Institute and Industries leading to start-ups.
*To nurture talents for technical research.

In 2020 and 2021 as per ADF Guidelines, a total of 339 fellowships were granted to 42 universities in [[India]] for the academic session 2020-–021 and 2021-–022. For the current academic year 2022-2023, fellowships were reduced to 310 across 35 universities in [[India]]. The university-wise number of fellowships is available in the [https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/stdc/ADF%20guidelines%202022-23.pdf ADF Scheme] published annually during the month of July by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqindia.com/aicte-doctoral-fellowship-provides-339-scholarships-students-stipend-rs-31000/|title=AICTE Doctoral Fellowship Provides 339 Scholarships for Students, Stipend Rs 31,000|date=10 September 2020}}</ref>

===Fellowship===

The fellowship of ADF Fellows is ₹37,000 per month for the first two years followed by ₹42,000 per month for the third year. house rent allowance (HRA) is also provided to these scholars at the rate of 8%, 16% and 24% as per the Government of India (GoI) norms In addition, Contingency Grant of Rs.15, 000/- per annum is also given to ADF Fellows to meet their miscellaneous expenditures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/scholarships/story/aicte-doctoral-fellowship-adf-scheme-iiit-delhi-invites-applications-for-phd-admissions-2000249-2022-09-14|title=AICTE Doctoral Fellowship (ADF) Scheme: IIIT Delhi invites applications for PhD admissions|website=India Today}}</ref>
Even in [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]'s and [[National Institutes of Technology|NIT]]'s the fellowship for doing Ph.D is same as UGC, which is Rs 37,000 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=skilloutlook |date=2022-04-05 |title=Ten IITs Open PhD Admission July 2022 with Institute Fellowships ! Apply Now |url=https://skilloutlook.com/phd-research/ten-iits-open-phd-admission-july-2022-with-institute-fellowships-apply-now |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=SkillOutlook.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skilloutlook.com/phd-research/seven-nits-open-phd-admission-january-2023-with-institute-fellowships|title=Seven NITs Open PhD Admission January 2023 with Institute Fellowships|date=26 November 2022|website=SkillOutlook.com}}</ref> The highest fellowship for doing Ph.D in India is PMRF- Prime Ministers Research Fellowship.

===List of Universities in India under ADF Scheme===

# Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh - 8 Fellowship
# North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Arunachal Pradesh - 8 Fellowship
# [[Assam Science and Technology University]], Guwahati, Assam - 5 Fellowship
# [[Tezpur University]], Tezpur, Assam - 11 Fellowship
# [[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]], Bhillai, Chhattisgarh - 10 Fellowship
# Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (Chhatisgarh), Chhattisgarh - 8 Fellowship
# [[Delhi Technological University]], Delhi (Delhi), Delhi - 8 Fellowship
# [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], New Delhi, Delhi - 5 Fellowship
# Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, (IIIT) Delhi, Delhi - 8 Fellowship
# Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi (Delhi), Delhi - 8 Fellowship
# [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi - 8 Fellowship
# Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, Gujarat - 15 Fellowship
# Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana - 6 Fellowship
# J. C. Bose University of Science and Technology (YMCA), Faridabad, Haryana - 7 Fellowship
# Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana - 7 Fellowship
# Jharkhand University of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand - 5 Fellowship
# Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka - 10 Fellowship
# APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala - 10 Fellowship
# Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 10 Fellowship
# Mumbai University, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 6 Fellowship
# Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra - 9 Fellowship
# Savitribai Phule Pune University, formerly University of Pune, Maharashtra - 8 Fellowship
# Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 11 Fellowship
# Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha - 10 Fellowship
# Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha - 8 Fellowship
# Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, Puducherry - 3 Fellowship
# Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bhatinda, Punjab - 5 Fellowship
# Sant Longowal Institute of Engg and Technology (Deemed University), Punjab - 8 Fellowship
# Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 15 Fellowship
# Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana - 10 Fellowship
# University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad (Telangana), Telangana - 8 Fellowship
# Tripura University (Central University), Tripura - 8 Fellowship
# Dr. A. P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 18 Fellowship
# Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal - 10 Fellowship
# Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal - 16 Fellowship

==DBT-JRF Fellowship==

This Fellowship is offered by the Government of India for biotechnology scholars who clear the biotechnology eligibility test (BET). The fellowship amount of is ₹25,000 per month for the first two years and ₹28,000 for the last three years. In addition house rent allowance (HRA) is also given.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DBT-JRF Fellowship |url=https://www.dbtjrf.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=DBT-JRF}}</ref>

==FITM – AYUSH Research Fellowships Scheme==

This fellowship is awarded to scholars of age 28 – 35 doing research in the field of [[Ministry of Ayush|AYUSH]]. Under this scheme, a doctoral fellowship for 2 years and a postdoctoral fellowship for 1 year is provided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FITM – AYUSH Research Fellowships Scheme |url=https://www.fitm.ris.org.in/en/FITM-AYUSH-Research-Fellowship-Scheme |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.pfitm.ris.org}}</ref>

==SAARC Agricultural PhD Scholarship==

This fellowship is provided by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] for pursuing a Ph.D in animal nutrition or fish nutrition and feed technology for period of 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAARC Agricultural PhD Scholarship |url=https://www.saarctb.org/applications-for-the-saarc-agriculture-phd-scholarship-2021-extended-the-deadline-for-submission-of-application-is-30-september-2021/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.saarctb.org}}</ref>

==Swami Vivekananda Single Child Scholarship for Research in Social Science==

This scholarship is for a single woman pursuing a Ph.D in social sciences in an UGC approved institute/university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Vivekananda Single Child Scholarship for Research in Social Science |url=https://vikaspedia.in/education/policies-and-schemes/scholarships/p-g-and-above-scholarships/swami-vivekananda-single-girl-child-scholarship-for-research-in-social-sciences |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Vikaspedia}}</ref>

==ESSO-NCESS Junior Research Fellowship==

This fellowship is for scholars who has passed CSIR-UGC NET exam for JRF and pursuing a Ph.D in areas of earth system sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD Program |url=https://www.ncess.gov.in/notifications/phd-program.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.ncess.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Research in India]]
[[Category:Scholarships in India]]

Soneri Mahal

2026-02-24T07:48:34Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: update lead for clarity and added references after review

{{Short description|17th century palace in Aurangabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Soneri Mahal
| image = Soneri Mahal, Aurangabad.jpg
| location = Jaisingpura, [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| built = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1651}}
| elevation =
| founder = Pahadsingh (Envoy of [[Shah Jahan]])
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput architecture]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|54|24|N|75|18|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Maharashtra #India
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
}}
'''Soneri Mahal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soneri Mahal: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar's Golden Palace |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/maharashtra/chhatrapati-sambhaji-nagar/soneri-mahal |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref> ({{IPA|mr|soˑneˑriˑ m(ə)ˑhaːlˑ}}; ''lit. "Golden Palace"''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soneri Mahal Aurangabad (Timings, Entry Fee, History, Location, Images & Facts) - Aurangabad Tourism |url=https://aurangabadtourism.in/soneri-mahal-aurangabad |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=aurangabadtourism.in}}</ref> is a [[historic monument]] located in [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], situated in the [[Satmala Range|Satmala mountain range]]. It is near [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Murray G. |title=New Universities in the Modern World |chapter=Marathwada University |date=1966 |issue=Palgrave Macmillan UK |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-81783-2_7 |isbn=978-1-349-81785-6 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-81783-2_7}}</ref> and currently serves as the home of the Maharashtra State Museum for Aurangabad.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sohoni |first1=Pushkar |title=A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage |journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture |date=2016 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.18860/jia.v4i2.3514 |s2cid=157970183 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== History ==
Historical records indicate that [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] sent [[Pahar Singh|Pahad Singh]] and Juzar Singh to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bansod |first1=Bhakti |title=A Review Paper on Aurangabad Tourism Foundation |journal=International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology |date=March 2019 |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=271 |url=https://www.ijert.org/research/a-review-paper-on-aurangabad-tourism-foundation-IJERTV8IS030184.pdf |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> During [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule, Pahad Singh demonstrated his loyalty to the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1689 |date=1993 |work=The Mughal Empire |pages=165–184 |editor-last=Richards |editor-first=John F. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/mughal-empire/imperial-expansion-under-aurangzeb-16581689/400829DA4BF155B4F0DB828E20FBA610 |access-date=2025-02-24 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511584060.011 |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> eventually relocating to Aurangabad during this period.

The palace was constructed sometime in the 1650s AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soneri Mahal, Aurangabad, India - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://extensionembed.wanderlog.com/place/details/1617261/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref> In 1934, the estimated value of the palace was assessed, and it was sold to the then [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], Mir Mahbub Ali Pasha, for 26,400 [[Rupee|rupees]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== [[Architecture]] ==
The main building is situated along the ridge of a hill and is surrounded by trees, gardens, and fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Soneri Mahal – Marathwada Tourism Development Chamber (MTDC) |url=https://www.marathwadatourism.com/en/soneri-mahal/#:~:text=The%20golden%20palatial%20building%20with,painted%20with%20real%20gold%20water. |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> The palace is believed to have originally featured paintings made with real gold, which inspired its name. The entrance is a robust structure fortified with defensive features. The ''Hathikhana Gate'', adorned with ornate arches and intricate carvings, serves as the main access point to the palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soneri Mahal |url=https://aurangabadmahapalika.org/assets/300/2023/01/mediafiles/Soneri_mahal.pdf |publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132417/https://aurangabadmahapalika.org/assets/300/2023/01/mediafiles/Soneri_mahal.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2023 |language=English}}</ref>

A central pathway extends from this gate to the main palace, flanked by gardens on both sides. At the center of the pathway lies a large rectangular water reservoir, which was meticulously reconstructed by craftsmen in 2001–2002. This restoration adhered to the principles of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architecture, aiming to preserve the historical authenticity of the site.

The Soneri Mahal is a rectangular, symmetrical structure built on a raised platform. The ground floor features a columned balcony along with four additional openings, providing both aesthetic appeal and ventilation. The second floor houses a central hall, also flanked by four openings, enhancing its balanced design. A staircase, positioned along the south–north axis in the southern section of the building, leads upward, culminating in a decorative pinnacle. Constructed using stone, brick, and lime plaster, the Soneri Mahal showcases a blend of durability and architectural elegance.<ref name=":0" />

The monument is a notable example of the fusion of [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] architectural styles. It is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1962,<ref>{{cite web |title=Protected Monuments in Maharashtra |url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-maharashtra/ |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909133943/https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-maharashtra/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=B. B. |title=Indian Archaeology 1968-69: A review |date=1971 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=104 |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/img_bkup/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201968-69%20A%20Review.pdf |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> and it stands as a valuable piece of Maharashtra's architectural heritage. It has been the venue for several events, including the Ajanta-Ellora festival,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hajra |first1=Vandita |title=Role of Indian folk culture in promotion of tourism in the country |journal=Indian Journal of Research |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=231–235 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4d201b9f8cd7f991669e1d711e974aa1d1642d13 |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Good response to heritage walk at Soneri Mahal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/good-response-to-heritage-walk-at-soneri-mahal/articleshow/59197513.cms |access-date=9 September 2023 |agency=Times of India}}</ref> and more recently as a part of [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|India's G20]] tourism drive<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha: 17th century palace in Aurangabad gets new look with lights |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/maha-17th-century-palace-in-aurangabad-gets-new-look-with-lights/532848.html |access-date=8 September 2023 |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=17 March 2023}}</ref> in Aurangabad. The palace also has a library, and a small history museum displaying old statues, coins, and ancient manuscripts.

=== Museum ===
The first-floor gallery of the palace, which was established in 1979, houses the Regional Museum. This museum showcases a diverse collection of ancient artifacts across various categories. It includes ancient sculptures, paintings, coins, pottery, arms, and armour, and more. It houses [[terracotta]] artifacts, wooden sculptures, and glass paintings, among other items, which were excavated from various sites in and around Marathwada. The second floor of the museum currently houses the office of the Assistant Curator of the Archaeology Department, [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=dev |date=2024-05-30 |title=Soneri Mahal Enchantment Woven in Threads of Golden Antiquity |url=https://specialplacesofindia.com/soneri-mahal/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Special Places Of India}}</ref>

=== Lala Hardaul Samadhi ===
[[File:Lala Hardaul Samadhi, Soneri Mahal.jpg|thumb|Lala Hardaul Samadhi, Soneri Mahal]]
Lala Hardaul was a freedom fighter and skilled warrior, the son of [[Bundelkhand]]'s Orcha Naresh Veersingh.
A ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' (memorial) dedicated to him is located 50 meters from the palace. The memorial is in the form of a square platform. This location in Bundelkhand's history is known for the extraordinary valor and bravery of Lala Hardaul. He is said to have fiercely resisted the Mughal authority, instilling fear in their ranks.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Hardaul's bravery and courage are still celebrated in the Bundelkhand region. His untimely demise is attributed to his consumption of poison on the occasion of the [[Vijayadashami]] festival in 1631, fearing his impending capture by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces. His memorial contains an inscription in both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Urdu]], which mentions him by name.

Due to his significant role in Indian history, the memorial has been declared a State Protected Monument by the Archaeology Department of the Government of Maharashtra and was recently renovated.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Aurangabad monuments to get Rs 5.75 cr facelift |url=https://archive.ptinews.com//news/11001512_Maha--10-Aurangabad-monuments-to-get-Rs-5-75-cr-facelift.html |access-date=9 September 2023 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Soneri Mahal Sunset.jpg|At sunset
File:Soneri Mahal Cloudy.jpg|During the day
File:Soneri Mahal.jpg|View from the ''Hathikhana'' gate
File:Hathikhana, Soneri Mahal.jpg|The ''Hathikhana'' fountain
</gallery>

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Soneri Mahal}}
*[https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/soneri-mahal Soneri Mahal, Government of Maharashtra]
*[https://aurangabadmahapalika.org/assets/300/2023/01/mediafiles/Soneri_mahal.pdf Soneri Mahal, Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Palaces in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1650s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1651]]
[[Category:Mughal palaces]]

Jorawarsinhji

2026-02-17T09:10:35Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made new pg

{{short description|Raja of Sant (1896-1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sant State|Sant]]
| reign = 31 August 1896 – 22 December 1946
| coronation = 31 August 1896
| predecessor = Pratapsinhji
| successor = [[Pravinsinhji]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|03|24|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|12|22|1881|03|24|df=yes}}
| issue = [[Pravinsinhji]]
| issue-link = #Early_life,_family,_and_education
| full name = Jorawarsinhji Pratapsinhji
| investiture = 10 May 1902
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = {{ubl|[[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]}}

}}
}}
'''Jorawarsinhji''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Sant State|Santrampur]] from 1896 until his death in 1946.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 24 March 1881 into the Babrol family and was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33936 |title=List Of Ruling Princes And Chiefs In Political Relations With The Government Of Bombay And Their Leading Officials Nobles And Personages |date=1931 |pages=45}}</ref> He married a daughter of [[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Nahar Singh]] of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]] and, by her, had issue, a son, [[Pravinsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=SANT |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sant.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123215533/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sant.html |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

== Succession ==
In 1896, when Pratapsinhji, the [[Raja]] of [[Sant State|Santrampur]], died without leaving any issue to succeed him, Jorawarsinhji was chosen to succeed the deceased on the vacant throne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=746–751 |language=en}}</ref> He was installed on the throne on 31 August 1896.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Manager Of Publication. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53946 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States (1937) |date=1937 |pages=117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4941 |title=Indian states register and directory |date=1932 |publisher=[s. n.], Madras |pages=62–63}}</ref> Owing to his minority at the time, a [[council of regency]] was formed to govern the state in his stead until he came of age. After completing his studies, he remained associated with the [[Government of India]]-appointed administrator of his state for more than a year to gain experience in administration.<ref name=":0" /> He was formally invested with full administrative powers on 10 May 1902 by the political agent at a grand [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]], which was specially held for the purpose, at the capital of his state.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He personally oversaw the administration of his state and, during his reign, state revenue increased, lands were surveyed, and regular settlements were introduced.<ref name=":0" /> He made primary and secondary education entirely free and made provision for English education.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He sanctioned municipal elections and expanded medical relief through new dispensaries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He founded a permanent Famine Relief Fund, provided agricultural and merchant loans, and developed infrastructure, including electricity in towns, metalled roads, a clock tower, and public gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Personal interests ==
Jorawarsinhji was a skilled horseman and was particularly noted for his love of shooting.<ref name=":1" /> He is said to have shot at least 52 panthers, along with a number of other large game species.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died on 22 December 1946 and was succeeded by his son [[Pravinsinhji]] to his rank, title, and designation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Statesman_s_Year_Book/TY3JDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1948 |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27077-0 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Astra (missile)

2026-02-12T18:57:55Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: added info

{{Short description|Indian beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile}}
{{for|the naval surface-to-air variant of the missile|VL-SRSAM|}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Astra
| image = File:Astrabvraam.png
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = Astra Mk-1
| type = [[Beyond-visual-range missile|Beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| origin = India
| is_missile = yes
<-- Service history -->
| service = {{start date|2019}}–present
| used_by = *[[Indian Air Force]]
*[[Indian Navy]]
| wars = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] ([[DRDO]])
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost = Mk-1: {{INRConvert|7-8|c}}<ref name="Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed"/>
| production_date = 2017 − Present
| variants = *Mk-1 (Operational)
*Mk-2 (LSP)
*Mk-3 (Trial-phase)
*[[VL-SRSAM]] (Trial-phase)
| engine = *Mk-1: [[Solid-propellant rocket]]
*Mk-2: [[Dual-thrust]] [[pulsed rocket motor]]
*Mk-3: [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]]
| spec_label =
| weight = {{cvt|154|kg}}
| length = {{cvt|3.84|m}}
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{cvt|178|mm}}
| filling = [[High-explosive]] pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] [[HMX]]/[[Polyurethane|PU]]<ref name="livefistdefence.com">{{cite web |last1=Aroor |first1=Shiv |title=How India's ASTRA Air-To-Air Missile Is Quietly Killing It |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2018/03/how-indias-astra-air-to-air-missile-is-quietly-killing-it.html |website=Livefist Defence |date=24 March 2018 |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>
| filling_weight = {{cvt|15|kg}}<ref name="livefistdefence.com" />
| detonation = *Mk-1: [[Radio proximity fuze]] 
*Mk-2: [[Proximity fuze#Optical|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = *Mk-1: {{cvt|110|km}}<ref name="Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed" />
*Mk-2: {{cvt|240|km}}<ref name=":18" />
*Mk-3: {{cvt|350|km}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-07 |title=From missiles to glide bombs, India set to test several advanced weapon systems |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-all-set-to-test-several-homemade-weapon-systems/articleshow/91394150.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2022-06-05 |title=With The 'Devil' Behind, India's Fastest Missile 'Astra' Can Down Enemy Jets At Almost Hypersonic Speeds |work=Eurasian Times |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/with-the-devil-india-fastest-missile-astra-can-hypersonic/ |access-date= 2023-08-05}}</ref>
| speed = *Mk-1: [[Mach number|Mach]] 4.5<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Tarun |title=Deadly weapon! IAF successfully test-fires air-to-air missile Astra from Sukhoi-30 combat aircrafts [sic]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/deadly-weapon-iaf-successfully-test-fires-air-to-air-missile-astra-from-sukhoi-30-combat-aircrafts/1708799/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |publisher=Financial Express |date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Fibre-optic gyroscope|FOG]]-[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + [[Mid-course update]] via [[datalink]] '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing|ARH]]
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| ceiling = {{cvt|20|km|ft}}
| altitude =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = *[[Su-30MKI]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=India orders Astra weapon in move to break dependence on foreign missiles |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2022/06/02/india-orders-astra-weapon-in-move-to-break-dependence-on-foreign-missiles/ |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]
*[[HAL Tejas|Tejas Mk.1/1A]]
*[[MiG-29|MiG-29UPG]] (Trial-phase)
*[[HAL Tejas Mk2]] (Planned)
*[[HAL AMCA|AMCA]] (Planned)
*[[HAL TEDBF|TEDBF]] (Planned)
* [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale Marine]] (Planned)<ref name=":2" />
| ref = <ref name="janes-6sep17">{{cite news|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=BDL begins initial build of Astra Mk1 BVRAAM|url=http://www.janes.com/article/73576/bdl-begins-initial-build-of-astra-mk1-bvraam|work=IHS Jane's Missiles & Rockets|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906221508/http://www.janes.com/article/73576/bdl-begins-initial-build-of-astra-mk1-bvraam|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=M. Somasekhar|title=Jaitley hands over long-range surface-to-air missile to Navy|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jaitley-hands-over-longrange-surfacetoair-missile-to-navy/article9832349.ece|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="vayu-sep15"/><ref name="thehindu-22may15">{{cite news|title=Astra missile successfully tested again|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/astra-missile-successfully-testfired-again/article7233219.ece|author=Y. Mallikarjun|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=22 May 2015|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="SM">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/15-years-on-drdos-supersonic-missile-ready-for-iaf-fighters/articleshow/71355843.cms|title=15 years on, DRDO's supersonic missile ready for IAF fighters|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=29 September 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CA" />
}}

'''Astra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: "Weapon") is a family of Indian all weather [[Beyond Visual Range missile|beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile]] (BVRAAM) developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. Multiple variants of this missile have been developed with engagement range varying from {{convert|500|m|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|340|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is Astra Missile ? |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-astra-missile#collapse |access-date=2022-07-25}}</ref> Astra Mk-1 has been integrated with the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] fleet.<ref name="janes-6sep17" /> The missile will be integrated with the entire fighter fleet except the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] of the Indian Air Force as well as the [[Dassault Rafale]] fleet of the Navy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-04-30 |title=Why homegrown Astra, set to be integrated with Rafale Marine, is no ordinary missile |url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-homegrown-astra-set-to-be-integrated-with-rafale-marine-is-no-ordinary-missile/2609584/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17460171019652&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://theprint.in/defence/why-homegrown-astra-set-to-be-integrated-with-rafale-marine-is-no-ordinary-missile/2609584/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, the missile was cleared for full production.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
=== Astra Mark-1 ===
Astra Mk-1 is {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} long with a diameter of {{convert|178|mm|in|abbr=on}} and weighs {{convert|154|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It uses mid-course [[Inertial navigation system|inertial guidance]] driven by [[fibre-optic gyroscope]] with [[terminal guidance]] through [[active radar homing]].<ref name="toi-5may14">{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=First successful Astra test gives boost to air missile technology |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-successful-Astra-test-gives-boost-to-air-missile-technology/articleshow/34652986.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=5 May 2014}}</ref> It is capable of receiving course corrections through a secure data link. The missile's active radar seeker, with a homing range of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}, was originally designed by Russia's [[Concern Morinformsystem-Agat]] for the [[R-77]] missile<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Vivek |date=2016-12-19 |title=Indian Astra Missile Still Needs Russian Tech To Find Targets |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/12/19/indian-astra-missile-still-needs-russian-tech-to-find-targets/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> but manufactured within India.<ref name="vayu-sep15">{{cite magazine|last1=Majumdar|first1=Sayan|title=Astra – The Spear for Air Dominance|url=http://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/vayu-issue-Vayu-Issue-V-Sep-Oct-2015.pdf|magazine=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review|date=September–October 2015|issue=5|pages=56–57|publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies}}</ref> The seeker can lock-on to a target with a radar cross section of 5 square metres from a distance of 15 km and enables off-boresight launches up to an angle of 45°.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Doug|title=India's Astra uses an AGAT seeker|journal=IHS Jane's Missiles and Rockets|date=1 April 2017|volume=17|issue=4|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|location=Coulsdon}}</ref> Some tests in 2017 and 2018 validated an indigenous seeker replacing the earlier seeker. It is an improved active [[Ku band|Ku]], [[X band|X]] band monopulse [[Radio frequency|radio-frequency]] seeker developed by [[Research Centre Imarat|Research Center Imarat]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=U. Sudhakar |date=16 September 2017 |title=Final trials of air-to-air missile Astra successful |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/160917/final-trials-of-air-to-air-missile-astra-successful-1.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd-report412">{{cite web |date=March 2018 |title=Forty first report of the Standing Committee on Defence (2017–2018) |url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_41.pdf |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=59 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="ht-26sep182">{{cite news |date=26 September 2018 |title=Indigenously developed air-to-air missile Astra successfully test fired |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenously-developed-air-to-air-missile-astra-successfully-test-fired/story-1KXLnNJoMeaoOVovnlh5KI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="jdw-6may1422">{{cite news |last1=Udoshi |first1=Rahul |date=6 May 2014 |title=India successfully tests home-grown Astra AAM |url=http://www.janes.com/article/37521/india-successfully-tests-home-grown-astra-aam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517051207/http://www.janes.com/article/37521/india-successfully-tests-home-grown-astra-aam |archive-date=17 May 2014 |work=[[IHS Jane's Defence Weekly]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref>

Astra Mk-1 is equipped with [[electronic counter-countermeasure]]s to allow operation even during enemy attempts to jam the seeker using [[electronic countermeasure]]s. It carries a {{convert|15|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[high explosive]] pre-fragmented warhead activated by a DRDO-developed [[Proximity fuze#Optical|laser proximity fuse]].<ref name="vayu-sep15" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-06 |title=‘Astra’ carriage trials with Su-30 begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Astra-carriage-trials-with-Su-30-begins/articleshow/26955534.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109160313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Astra-carriage-trials-with-Su-30-begins/articleshow/26955534.cms |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> It uses a smokeless solid fuelled motor that can propel the missile to a speed of Mach 4.5 and allows operation from a maximum altitude of {{convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="thehindu-22may15" /><ref name="vayu-sep15" /> Its maximum range is {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in tail chase mode and {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} in head-on chase mode.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-05-21 |title=Astra missile successfully test-fired: 10 Facts you shouldn't miss about it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/astra-missile-successfully-test-fired-some-facts-254084-2015-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109140831/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/astra-missile-successfully-test-fired-some-facts-254084-2015-05-21 |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thbl-18sep17">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=After successful development trials, Astra missile ready for production |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/after-successful-development-trials-astra-missile-ready-for-production/article9864087.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110025327/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/after-successful-development-trials-astra-missile-ready-for-production/article9864087.ece |archive-date=2025-11-10 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The maximum range is achieved when the missile launched from an altitude of over {{convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}. However, the maximum range of the missile when fired from an altitude of {{convert|8|km|ft|abbr=on}} drops to {{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=on}} and when launched from sea level, the range drops further to {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last= |date=2012-12-21 |title=Astra missile test-fired successfully |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Astra-missile-test-fired-successfully/article12457627.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109142207/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Astra-missile-test-fired-successfully/article12457627.ece |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="thehindu-22dec12">{{cite news|author1=Y. Mallikarjun|author2=T. S. Subramanian|title=Astra missile test-fired successfully|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Astra-missile-test-fired-successfully/article12457627.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=22 December 2012|language=en-IN}}</ref> The seeker of the missile has a search range of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":5" /> The airframe can also handle up to [[G-force|40g]] of lateral acceleration (latax).<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2009-10-31 |title=Captive flight trials of Astra missile carried out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/Captive-flight-trials-of-Astra-missile-carried-out/article16889657.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109161513/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/Captive-flight-trials-of-Astra-missile-carried-out/article16889657.ece |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It can be launched in both autonomous and buddy mode operation and can lock on to its target before or [[Lock-on after launch|after]] it is launched.<ref name=":19">{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Saurav|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/sauravjha/2976/64918/drdos-international-coming-out-party-in-seoul-features-new-pragati-tactical-missile-system.html|title=DRDO's international coming out party in Seoul features new Pragati tactical missile system|publisher=IBNLive|date=26 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029132054/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/sauravjha/2976/64918/drdos-international-coming-out-party-in-seoul-features-new-pragati-tactical-missile-system.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The missile is designed for [[Helmet-mounted sight|high off-boresight]] launches beyond 45°.<ref name=":18">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw87BZ-eXwQ |title=Astra Missile By DRDO: दुश्मनों के होश उड़ाने को वाले DRDO द्वारा निर्मित स्वदेशी अस्त्र मिसाइले |date=2026-01-25 |last=IndiaTV |type=Video |language=Hindi |trans-title=Astra Missile by DRDO: The indigenously developed Astra missiles, manufactured by DRDO, are designed to stun the enemy. |access-date=2026-01-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

It can be launched in both autonomous and buddy mode operation and can lock on to its target before or [[Lock-on after launch|after]] it is launched.<ref name=":19" /> The missile is designed for [[Helmet-mounted sight|high off-boresight]] launches beyond 45°.<ref name=":18" />

During an interview in January 2026, a DRDO official said the missile was fired from the [[LCA Tejas]] in 2025 where the target was detected at {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} and was engaged at a range of {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The missile has already completed over 50 live firing trials. Further, the officials explained that following extensive feasibility talks between DRDO and Air Force officials after [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the range of the existing missiles is being enhanced to {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite tweet|number=2015410028149461245|user=DefenceDecode|title=Astra MK1 has been integrated on LCA, in the last test target was detected by the LCA at 140km range and it was destroyed with Astra...|date=2026-01-25|access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>

=== Astra Mark-2 ===
The Astra Mk-2 has a maximum range of {{Convert|130-160|km||abbr=on}} depending on the firing altitude.<ref name="DM" /><ref name="UB" /> Multiple upgrades have been implemented including an in-house developed [[Dual-thrust|dual]]-[[Pulsed rocket motor|pulse rocket motor]], [[Proximity fuze|laser proximity fuze]], [[fiber optic]] and [[gyroscope]] based [[Inertial navigation system|Inertial navigation systems]], two-way awacs [[Data link|datalink]] capability and an indigenous [[AESA radar]] seeker among others.<ref name="IN">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=5 October 2022 |title=India's new Astra Missile – All you want to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indias-new-astra-missile-all-you-want-to-know/2701350/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jdw-6may1422"/><ref name="Trials22">{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=7 May 2022 |title=From missiles to glide bombs, India set to test several advanced weapon systems |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-all-set-to-test-several-homemade-weapon-systems/articleshow/91394150.cms |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Vijainder K. |date=2025-12-31 |title=Astra Mk-2: Chinese Missile Tech Is Likely Shaping India’s Next-Gen AAM As DRDO Decodes Seized PL-15 |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/astra-mk-2-chinese-missile-tech-is-likely-shaping-indias-next-gen-aam-as-drdo-decodes-seized-pl-15-aam/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> As per reports in 2015, the expected maximum range of the missile was {{Convert|150|km||abbr=on}} while featuring shorter fins.<ref name=":5" />

It can be launched in both autonomous and buddy mode operation and can lock on to its target before or [[Lock-on after launch|after]] it is launched.<ref name=":19" /> The missile is designed for [[Helmet-mounted sight|high off-boresight]] launches beyond 45°.<ref name=":18" />

According to a October 2025 report, the missile is now planned to have a maximum range of over 200 km.<ref name=":4" /> The propulsion system is modified for enhanced thrust is and trajectory shaping optimized to provide longer endurance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-20 |title=Upgrading strike capability: India tests 800-km BrahMos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/upgrading-strike-capability-india-tests-800-km-brahmos/articleshow/124694864.cms |access-date=2025-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The missile will also reportedly incorporate technology from the Chinese-origin [[PL-15E]] missile that was recovered by the Indian forces in [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] during [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]] and later studied by DRDO. The missile was recovered in a fully intact form due to a lack of [[Self-destruct|self destruct]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2025-10-18 |title=DRDO analyses Chinese PL-15 missile, Astra-II will co-opt its advanced tech |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-analyses-chinese-pl-15-missile-astra-ii-will-co-opt-its-advanced-tech-101760751326571.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], cleared the range extension of Astra Mk 2 missiles for the Indian Air Force during its meet on 29 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 79,000 crore to enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces |date=2025-12-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209422&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-12-30 |title=Defence ministry nod to Rs 79,000 crore military projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dac-approvs-rs-1600-cr-lease-of-2-more-predator-drones/articleshow/126241732.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> During an interview in January 2026, a DRDO scientist said that the missile's range can be upgraded up to {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} with the addition of a newly developed dual-pulse motor. The missile, with an indigenous content of 90%. is also expected to be integrated with the [[LCA Tejas]]. The missile will have two launch modes: [[hot launch]], akin to the Mark 1 variant, and [[cold launch]] or ejection type launch.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20" />

=== Gandiva ===
{{See also|Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}

The Gandiva missile, previously Astra Mark-3, incorporate an air-breathing propulsion system designated as [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]] setting it apart from the predecessors. By dimensions, the missile has a length of {{convert|3838|mm|ft|abbr=on}} and a diameter of {{convert|178-200|mm|in|abbr=on}}. This throttlable propulsion system significantly improves the range of the missile at {{Convert|340|km||abbr=on}} at {{Convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}} altitude and a range of {{Convert|190|km||abbr=on}} at {{Convert|8|km|ft|abbr=on}} altitude. As per reports, the missile's launch speed ranges from [[Mach]] 0.8 to 2.2 while the target hit speed ranges from Mach 2.0 to 3.6. It can engage highly maneuverable fighter aircraft with high [[angle of attack]] of up to 20 degrees. With its "±10 km snap-up/snap-down capability" the missile allows the pilots to engage targets at both higher or lower altitudes with respect to the firing aircraft. The missile utilises a two-way [[data link]] for mid-course guidance from the launch aircraft or friendly [[AEW&C]] aircraft and also employs [[electronic counter-countermeasures]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="AA" />

=== VL-SRSAM ===
{{Excerpt|VL-SRSAM|Design|paragraphs=1}}

== Development ==
[[File:Astra BVRAAM.webm|thumb|Astra Mk-1 fired from Su-30MKI]]
Preliminary work on Astra Mk-1 had begun by 1990 with the completion of a pre-feasibility study.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Beech|first=Eric|date=2–8 May 1990|title=India researches air-to-air missile|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1990/1990%20-%201243.PDF|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|volume=137|issue=4214|page=15|issn=0015-3710|magazine=[[Flight International]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021555/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1990/1990%20-%201243.PDF|archive-date=11 Mar 2018}}</ref> It was revealed to the public for the first time at [[List of Aero India editions#2nd edition (1998)|Aero India 1998]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gethin|first=Howard|date=16–22 December 1998|title=India unveils Astra but keeps wraps on LCA|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1998/1998%20-%203358.PDF|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|magazine=[[Flight International]]}}</ref> It was described as an elongated [[Super 530|Matra Super 530D]] with a smaller diameter in front of the wings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Astra-test-may-be-delayed/articleshow/6009784.cms|title=Astra test may be delayed|date=6 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> The project to develop the missile was officially sanctioned in 2004 with a budget of {{INRConvert|955|c|lk=on|year=2004}}.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-06 |title=10 years in making, Astra advanced air combat missile may be ready in 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-years-in-making-astra-advanced-air-combat-missile-may-be-ready-in-2016/articleshow/49682035.cms |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The project was to be led by [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] with assistance from [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=M. Somasekhar|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2004/06/17/stories/2004061702730500.htm|title=DRDL to develop Astra missile|date=17 June 2004|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref> The initial version of Astra Mk-1 reportedly weighed {{convert|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} with a range of {{convert|25|–|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} and was planned to be integrated with [[HAL Tejas]]. It was tested for the first time in May 2003.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2003-05-09 |title=Missile Astra successfully test-fired |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/missile-astra-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/45856991.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109153805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/missile-astra-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/45856991.cms |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=24 May – 6 June 2003|title=An Astra in the armoury|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2011/stories/20030606003509800.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|volume=20|issue=11|issn=0970-1710}}</ref>

The missile was redesigned around 2006 due to control issues and performance deficiencies at high altitude. The initial design of four cruciform [[Wingspan|short-span]] [[Chord (aeronautics)|long-chord]] wings were replaced by [[Delta wing#Design variations|cropped delta]] wings placed near the nose. The redesigned missile had an improved propulsion system and was tested for the first time in 2008.<ref name="jmr-apr11">{{cite journal|last1=Hewson|first1=Robert|date=April 2011|title=Astra redesign paves way for ramjet AAM|journal=Jane's Missiles and Rockets|location=Coulsdon|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|volume=15|issue=4|page=3}}</ref> By 2013, the missile had been redesigned again in response to multiple failures caused by adverse interactions between flight control surfaces.<ref name="toi-1july2013">{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Long-delayed-Astra-missile-will-finally-be-test-fired/articleshow/20852126.cms|title=Long-delayed Astra missile will finally be test-fired|date=1 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> The control, guidance, and propulsion systems were also reconfigured.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Doug|date=1 February 2017|title=Redesigned Astra completes three ground launches|journal=IHS Jane's Missiles and Rockets|location=Coulsdon|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|volume=17|issue=2}}</ref> After the second redesign, the missile was lighter than the initial version by around {{cvt|130|kg}}. It was tested from the ground thrice in December 2012 and captive trials from a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] were held in April 2013.<ref name="thehindu-25dec12">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/third-astra-launch-too-a-success/article4236048.ece|title=Third Astra launch too a success|date=25 December 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="toi-1july2013" /> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

Though initially conceived to be integrated with [[HAL Tejas]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2007-03-25 |title=Astra missile tested after long gap |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/astra-missile-tested-after-long-gap/story-COepdHAXIewypZDwf3hL0N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109154335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/astra-missile-tested-after-long-gap/story-COepdHAXIewypZDwf3hL0N.html |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the platform catalogue were later expanded to include [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] and [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] of the Indian Air Force and was further made compatible with Su-30MKI and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] as well.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2008-09-13 |title=Air-to-air missile 'Astra' test-fired successfully |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/air-to-air-missile-astra-test-fired-successfully-29816-2008-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109152853/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/air-to-air-missile-astra-test-fired-successfully-29816-2008-09-13 |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Variants==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) missile being tested on 8 February 2019.jpg
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| image2 = Maiden launch of VL-SRSAM by DRDO (cropped).jpg
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| width2 = 63
| footer = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propulsion test in 2019 (left), VL-SRSAM test in 2021 (right)
}}
* '''Astra Mk-1''': Basic variant with a range of {{Convert|110|km||abbr=on}}.
* '''Astra Mk-2''': Extended range variant with a maximum range in excess of {{Convert|160-200|km||abbr=on}}.<ref name="IN" /><ref name=":4" /> It retains most of the features of Mk-1 variant with multiple upgrades including new indigenous [[Dual-thrust|dual]]-[[Pulsed rocket motor|pulse rocket motor]], [[Proximity fuze|laser proximity fuze]] and [[AESA radar]] seeker.<ref name="IN" /> Development of the type was first reported in 2015.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="print-151220">{{cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=15 December 2020 |title=India working on next 'Astra' missile with 160 km range as Mk1 is integrated in IAF & Navy |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-working-on-next-astra-missile-with-160-km-range-as-mk1-is-integrated-in-iaf-navy/566699/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=The Print}}</ref>
* '''''Gandiva''''': The variant, designated as Astra Mk-3, is named after ''[[Gandiva]]'' of ''[[Arjuna]]'' from the ''[[Mahabharata]].'' The missile, based on the [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]],<ref name="et2">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2018-06-02 |title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms |access-date=2019-10-11 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> exhibits a maximum range of {{Convert|340|km||abbr=on}}. The missile enables combat aircraft to engage strategic targets including [[AEW&C]], [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuellers]], [[strategic bombers]] as well as enemy [[fighter aircraft]] at long distances.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=ASTRA MK-III: India's most advanced air-to-air missile set to alter balance of power with its unmatched range |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/astra-mk-iii-indias-most-advanced-air-to-air-missile-set-to-alter-balance-of-power-with-its-unmatched-range/articleshow/118726844.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="AA">{{Cite web |title=India's Air-To-Air Superweapon Breaks Cover - Livefist |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/indias-air-to-air-superweapon-breaks-cover/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Livefist Defence |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Astra IR''': A planned shorter ranged variant with an [[Infrared homing#Imaging systems|imaging Infra-red homing]] seeker with a range of {{Convert|80|km||abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=Astra air combat missile to be soon tested from Tejas fighter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-developing-300km-range-air-to-air-missile-101654886565073.html}}</ref>
* '''[[VL-SRSAM]]''': It is the [[surface-to-air missile]] derivative of the Astra family based on Indian Navy's requirements to replace older [[Barak 1]] short range SAM system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=23 February 2021 |title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of VL-SRSAM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/feb/23/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-vl-srsam-2267748.html |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> VL-SRSAM will equip Indian Navy ships like [[Kamorta-class corvette]] as a short range air defense system and guided by its [[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Revathi radar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Indian Navy's Ship-based Air Defence Missile Contest Begins Today |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/indian-navys-ship-based-air-defence-missile-contest-begins-today/ |publisher=Livefist}}</ref>

== Trials ==

=== Astra Mark 1 ===
The Astra Mark 1 missile underwent flight trials from ground-based launchers between May 2003<ref name=":11" /> and December 2012.<ref name=":9" /> Parallely, captive flight trials and weapons integration trials from the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] were also completed in 2009–10<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":8" /> and 2013–14,<ref name=":9" /><ref name="thehindu-4may14" /> respectively. Further in-flight firing trials were conducted from the aircraft May 2014 onwards.<ref name="thehindu-4may14" /> As of 2026, over 50 trials have been undertaken from both [[Su-30MKI]] and [[LCA Tejas]].<ref name=":18" />

Trials of the missile with [[HAL Tejas]] commenced in August 2023.<ref name="TH-230823" />

* The Astra BVRAAM missile was fired for its maiden flight trial on '''9 May 2003''' at from a ground based fixed launcher with the help of a booster engine at Launch Complex 2 (LC-II) of the [[Integrated Test Range]], [[Chandipur, Odisha]] at 12:15 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-05-09 |title=India conducts first air-to-air missile test |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-05-09/india-conducts-first-air-to-air-missile-test/1851228 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> A total of three such trials were conducted during '''9–12 May'''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> as was expected.<ref name=":11" />
* On '''25 March 2007''', the missile was again test-fired from LC-II of the ITR at Chandipur after a gap of four years but with an upgraded range from 40 km<ref name=":11" /> to 80 km. The development was expected to be completed in 2011–12.<ref name=":12" />
* On '''13 September 2008''', Astra BVRAAM was launched from Launch Complex 2 (LC-II) of the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur at 1205 hours IST. Another test could be conducted following analysing data captured from the current test. Validation trials of the missile's navigation, control, air frame, propulsion and other sub-system were completed. Earlier experimental trials were also conducted on '''25 and 26 March 2008'''.<ref name=":13" />
* In '''October 2009''', the Indian Air Force undertook multiple captive flight trials of Astra BVRAAM with a Su-30MKI. The sorties were conducted from the [[Lohegaon Air Force Station]], [[Pune]]. Until 29 October, four sorties were completed with the fifth one, which lasted for 90 minutes, was conducted on 31 October. The sorties included various flight parameters including supersonic speeds and [[G-force|7g]] manoeuvres to confirm the missile is compatible with the entire flight envelope of Su-30MKI. The inert missiles were being integrated on one of the six under-wing [[hardpoints]] of the aircraft, though the avionics of the missile and aircraft were not electronically connected. The missile was still integrated with a Russian launcher and seeker head while the latter was yet to be consolidated with its on-board radar and other electronics.<ref name=":10" /> A total of seven sorties were conducted through November.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2011-05-21 |title=Astra successfully test fired for second day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astra-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/article2037476.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109144630/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astra-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/article2037476.ece |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
** While the first phase of captive trials, including aero mechanical integrity tests, were realised after four years of planning and certification, the second phase, consisting of avionics integrity tests, would be conducted in early 2010. During this phase, the electronics components of the missile and the avionics of the aircraft would be connected so that the pilot in the [[cockpit]] can "communicate" with the missile stored on the hardpoint.<ref name=":10" />
** Further, guided flights from ground and firing trials from Su-30MKI were also planned in early 2010 and July–August 2010, respectively.<ref name=":10" />
* On '''11 January 2010,''' two ballistic flight trials of Astra missiles were conducted from Integrated Test Range, [[Balasore]]. The missiles were launched at 0915 hours and 1200 hours, respectively. The missile's final trial was expected by the year-end following its integration with Su-30MKI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-11 |title=Two Astra missiles flight-tested successfully |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Two-Astra-missiles-flight-tested-successfully/article16837123.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109152803/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Two-Astra-missiles-flight-tested-successfully/article16837123.ece |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On '''20 May 2011''', the missile was fired in a ground-to-air ballistic mode at 0950 hours IST. Two additional tests were also planned in two consecutive days. The data for the trial were being analysed. The objective was to evaluate the performance of the motor, propulsion system along with the vehicle and aero-dynamics configurations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-20 |title=Astra ballistic flight test carried out |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/astra-ballistic-flight-test-carried-2416659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109150343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astra-ballistic-flight-test-carried-out/articleshow/8460652.cms |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2011-05-20 |title=Astra ballistic flight test carried out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astra-ballistic-flight-test-carried-out/articleshow/8460652.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The missile, with a range of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, was again fired on '''21 May''' at 1032 hours from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. Further rigorous and flawless ground- and air-launched tests were to be conducted before being integrated on various fighter jets of the Indian Air Force fleet.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-21 |title=India successfully test fires Astra interceptor missile again in Orissa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-successfully-test-fires-astra-interceptor-missile-again-in-orissa/articleshow/8492893.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109151332if_/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-successfully-test-fires-astra-interceptor-missile-again-in-orissa/articleshow/8492893.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* On '''21 December 2012''', Astra BVRAAM was successfully test fired from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur in a ground-to-air mode. The missile was fired against an electronic target with midcourse guidance while a [[DRDO Lakshya]] Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA) was also deployed. While this firing was only a rehearsal meant to validate the reconfigured propulsion, control and guidance systems, another test firing was scheduled on '''22 December''' with an actual seeker with the objective of intercepting Lakshya. The altitude of engagement was {{Convert|4|km|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":6" /> The 22 December test was also a success.<ref name=":9" />
* Between '''29''' '''November 2013''' and '''February 2014''', around 40 sorties were conducted from [[Lohegaon Air Force Station]], [[Pune]] for weapons integration trial to make the missile compatible with a modified Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The Software Development Institute (SDI) of the IAF was working on integrating aircraft avionics using Sukhoi test rig with the missile's onboard equipment. A team of scientists and officials were also present in Pune.<ref name=":9" /> The missile also underwent rigorous testing on Su-30 in captive mode for avionics integration and seeker evaluation.<ref name="thehindu-4may14" />
* On '''4 May 2014''', Astra was fired for the first time in air-to-air mode from a Su-30MKI at a naval range in the Western Sector. The test-firing successfully achieved all mission objectives, with side and forward-looking high-speed cameras capturing the air release. The separation occurred precisely as predicted by the simulation. Further 20-30 trials would be necessary to evaluate the air-launch envelope across parameters like altitude, speed and the angle of attack.<ref name="thehindu-4may14">{{Cite news |date=2014-05-04 |title=Astra successfully test-fired from Sukhoi-30 MKI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Astra-successfully-test-fired-from-Sukhoi-30-MKI/article11626648.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109141018/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Astra-successfully-test-fired-from-Sukhoi-30-MKI/article11626648.ece |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On '''18 March 2015''', the missile was successfully test fired from a Su-30MKI where the missile validated its manoeuvring ability of up to [[G-force|30g]] while engaging the target. On '''19 March 2015''', the missile was again successfully test fired from a Su-30MKI over the Integrated Test Range, [[Balasore]] with a payload of telemetry equipment in place of the warhead. The missile had been tasked to intercept a Lakshya PTA. These were the fourth and fifth test firing of the missile and were precisely coordinated with the Air Headquarters.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=India’s BVR Air-to-Air Missile ‘ASTRA’ Successfully Test Fired |date=2015-03-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117420 |access-date=2025-11-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109144124/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117420 |archive-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>
* Two developmental trials were conducted from Su-30MKI on '''20 May 2015'''. The missiles were fired over the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur while the aircraft was performing a high-g manoeuvre. These were the sixth and seventh test firing of the missile, which is expected to be inducted in 2016. Additional tests including pre-induction trials shall be undertaken. So far, the missile has failed in only one test.<ref name=":5" /> The missile's revised deadline of development was set in December 2016. Nine trials were already completed.<ref name=":15" />
* On '''18 March 2016''', Su-30MKI was test fired in public during Exercise [[Iron Fist (exercise)#Iron Fist 2016|Iron Fist]] exercise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tejas, Astra Missile To Be Showcased At Indian Air Force's Firepower Demo |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-astra-missile-to-be-showcased-at-indian-air-forces-firepower-demo-1285883 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820195754/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-astra-missile-to-be-showcased-at-indian-air-forces-firepower-demo-1285883 |archive-date=2019-08-20 |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-14 |title=IAF To Test Fire Astra Missile During Iron Fist 2016 |url=https://defensemirror.com/news/15590/IAF_To_Test_Fire_Astra_Missile_During_Iron_Fist_2016 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=defensemirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chopra|first1=Anil|title=Iron Fist 2016: Indian Air Force's greatest show of air power|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/column-iron-fist-2016-indian-air-force-s-greatest-show-of-air-power-2191190|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=19 March 2016}}</ref>
* On '''7 December 2016''', the user trial of Astra missile failed to deliver results. After being fired from the aircraft, the missile began to lose velocity within seconds, veered off trajectory and nose-dived in a steep manner before exploding on a sea beach. The explosion resulted in smoke and a huge noise which was heard from villages located 15 km from the test site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2016-12-08 |title=‘Astra’ goes up in smoke |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2016/Dec/08/astra-goes-up-in-smoke-1546815.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, further trials on '''11–13 December''', proved to be successful.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16" />
* Between '''11 and 14 September 2017''', Astra Mk 1 was tested seven developmental trials. The missile hit its designated pilotless target aircraft each time. The tests included an indigenous seeker, which had been put to trials for the second time.<ref name=":16">{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Indian Air Force likely to start trials of Astra missile from today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/aug/31/indian-air-force-likely-to-start-trials-of-astra-missile-from-today-1650442.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=Express Publications (Madurai)}}</ref> A wide variety of missions were simulated including targets located at long-range distances, high manoeuvring targets at medium ranges, salvo launches to engage multiple targets as well as firing two missiles with live warheads to neutralise targets. This marked the '''end of developmental trials''' of the missile.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-15 |title=IAF completes development trials of Astra air-to-air missile |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-completes-development-trials-of-astra-air-to-air-missile/story-kGcgryfM50C9DCQpc8zi3N.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=India successfully conducted Trials of Astra Missile in Odisha Coast of Chandipur during 11-14 Sep 2017 |url=https://orissadiary.com/india-successfully-conducted-trials-astra-missile-odisha-coast-chandipur-11-14-sep-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105121739/https://orissadiary.com/india-successfully-conducted-trials-astra-missile-odisha-coast-chandipur-11-14-sep-2017/ |archive-date=2024-11-05 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=orissadiary.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Three consecutive test firings were conducted during the user trials on '''16 September 2019'''. A missile also hit a target at a distance of {{cvt|90|km}} in one of the trials.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF, DRDO carry out test firing of Astra air-to-air missile |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/iaf-drdo-carry-out-test-firing-of-astra-air-to-air-missile-119091801432_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[File:HAL Tejas LSP7 during a maiden firing of Astra Mk1 missile.webm|thumb|HAL Tejas LSP7 during a maiden firing of Astra Mk1 missile]]On '''23 August 2023''', Astra Mk-1 was successfully test fired from [[HAL Tejas]] LSP 7 aircraft off the coast of [[Goa]] from an altitude of {{Convert|20000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. The aircraft was monitored by a "Chase" Tejas twin-seater variant.<ref name="TH-230823">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile/article67227156.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=LCA Tejas Fighter Jet Successfully Test-Fires ASTRA Beyond Visual Range Missile |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lca-tejas-fighter-jet-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile-4322691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207200724/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lca-tejas-fighter-jet-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile-4322691 |archive-date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* On '''12 March 2025''', Astra Mk-1 was successfully test fired from a Tejas Mk1 prototype over the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. The missile scored a direct hit on a flying target at a range of over 100 km. This test was significant for the subsequent induction of Tejas Mk1A aircraft. Further trials are also expected for performance evaluation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Tejas LCA AF MK1 test-fires Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2111068 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2025-03-13 |title=Homegrown beyond-visual-range missile Astra successfully test-fired from LCA Tejas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/missile-astra-lca-tejas-test-fired-9884805/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125175847/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/missile-astra-lca-tejas-test-fired-9884805/ |archive-date=2025-11-25 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, Tejas Mk1A variant failed the Astra firing trial later that month. This compelled the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] to undertake certain software tweaks and, as of 16 September, HAL is awaiting an approval from [[CEMILAC]]'s safety review board to continue with the trials. Another trial is now expected in September or October.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-09-16 |title=New LCA deal after first jets delivered |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-lca-deal-after-first-jets-delivered-101757961231857.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The target was detected at {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} and was engaged at a range of {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} as per a DRDO official.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20" />
* On '''11 July 2025''', the [[DRDO]] and the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] conducted trials of Astra missiles with an indigenous radio frequency seeker off the coast of Odisha. Two launches were undertaken from a [[Su-30MKI]] against high-speed unmanned aerial targets at varying ranges. Both the targets were reportedly destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2025 |title=DRDO & IAF conduct successful flight-test of Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air missile with indigenous Radio Frequency Seeker from Su-30 Mk-I |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2144118 |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-11 |title=DRDO's ASTRA: BVRAAM missile successfully test-fired; IAF conducts trial from Su-30 MKI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdos-astra-bvraam-missile-successfully-test-fired-iaf-conducts-trial-from-su-30-mki/articleshow/122393167.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-11 |title=DRDO, IAF successfully test indigenous Astra Missile with Radio Frequency Seeker from Su-30 MKI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-iaf-successfully-test-indigenous-astra-missile-with-radio-frequency-seeker-from-su-30-mki/article69801243.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Astra Mark 2 ===
[[File:Astra Mk2.webm|thumb|Astra Mk-2 dropped from Su-30MKI using Unified Common Launcher]]

During an annual press conference on October 4, 2022, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] released footage of an Astra Mk-2 launched from a Su-30MKI using Unified Common Launcher developed by [[DRDO]] with industry partners for air-to-air missiles.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 'Astra Mk2' BVR Missile Breaks Cover; IAF's New Promo Video Shows Su-30 MKI Fighter Firing The Indigenous Weapon|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-astra-mk2-bvr-missile-breaks-cover-iafs-new-promo/?amp|author=Sakshi Tiwari|date=6 October 2022|website=The Eurasian Times}}</ref>

Reports released in April 2024 suggested that the missile will be tested in first half of 2024 with an initial target range of around 130 km.<ref name="DM">{{Cite web |title=Defence ministry to test Astra Mark 2 air-to-air missiles with 130 km strike range |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-to-test-astra-mark-2-air-to-air-missiles-with-130-km-strike-range-2528041-2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=India Today |date=16 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-16 |title=India to test 130 km strike range Astra Mark-2 missile this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-test-130-km-strike-range-astra-mark-2-missile-this-year/articleshow/109353571.cms |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=India to test 130 km strike range Astra Mark-2 air-to-air missile for IAF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-test-130-km-strike-range-astra-mark-2-air-to-air-missile-for-iaf-101713283941651.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Reports in September 2024 suggested that a series of developmental and user trials of the Astra Mk 2, with a range of 140–160 km, will be conducted in 2025 which will be completed by 2026 and followed by induction in the same year. Full-scale production is expected by 2027. There has been a few design modifications which led to delays.<ref name="UB">{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=Upgraded BVR missile Astra Mk-2 will be ready for IAF induction in two years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/upgraded-bvr-missile-astra-mk-2-will-be-ready-for-iaf-induction-in-two-years-3191961 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The first test firing is expected in 2026 as of December 2025.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-12-29 |title=200 km+ range Astra missile, 120 km range Pinaka rockets on shopping list as MoD clears Rs 79,000 cr proposals |url=https://theprint.in/defence/200-km-range-astra-missile-120-km-range-pinaka-rockets-on-shopping-list-as-mod-clears-rs-79000-cr-proposals/2814298/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Astra Mark 3 ===
The missile's under development propulsion system was first tested on 30 May 2018 and further test was carried out on 8 February 2019.<ref name="pib122">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="pib222">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]}}</ref>

As per the Ministry of Defence's Year End Review, Astra Mk-3 with [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet|SFDR]] propulsion was flight tested in 2023 which enabled the missile to intercept aerial threats over a far greater distance at [[supersonic speed]]. The missile was configured with nozzle-less booster, thrust modulation system and a [[sustainer engine]] to deliver [[specific impulse]] in [[ramjet]] mode.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |work=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

By March 2025, the missile completed two in-flight tests FT-01 and FT-02 validating separation mechanisms after the previous ground tests for booster and nozzleless boosters. The missile will now undergo firing trials from the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] and [[HAL Tejas]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="AA" />

== Production ==

=== Astra Mark 1 ===
In September 2017, Astra Mk 1 finished its last development trials and received approval from [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] to go into production. The first order of 50 missiles will be produced at the Bhanur plant in [[Sangareddy]]. The facility was launched on 27 August 2017. The missiles, intended for the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] fleet, would be delivered and inducted by the year-end.<ref name="thbl-18sep17" /><ref name="janes-6sep17" /> In 2020, an additional order of 248 missiles was placed for the [[Indian Air Force]] (200) and [[Indian Navy]] (48). The missiles would be deployed on the Su-30MKI, [[HAL Tejas]], and [[MiG-29]] of the Air Force and [[MiG-29K]] of the Navy.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1635916|title=DAC approves capital acquisition of various platforms & equipment worth Rs 38,900 crore|publisher=PIB India|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{cite web |title=Air Force to get 33 new fighter jets, 248 indigenous Astra missiles |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Air-Force-to-get-33-new-fighter-jets-248-indigenous-Astra-missiles/02-07-2020-293377/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=BusinessWorld}}</ref>

A contract worth ₹2,971 crore (US$383 million) was signed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]] on May 31, 2022, to produce 350+ Astra Mk-1 units for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy under the high priority Indian Designed, Developed, and Manufactured (IDDM) category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoshi |first=Rahul |date=1 June 2022 |title=Indian MoD orders Astra BVRAAM from BDL |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-mod-orders-astra-bvraam-from-bdl |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> The technology transfer of the missile and related systems to BDL has already begun by [[DRDO]]. One missile will cost between ₹7 and ₹8 crore.<ref name="Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-06-01 |title=Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed, India set to test next-gen air-to-air missile 'this month' |url=https://theprint.in/defence/deal-for-desi-astra-mk-1-sealed-india-set-to-test-next-gen-air-to-air-missile-this-month/979234/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |ref=Deal for desi Astra Mk 1 sealed}}</ref> All long-range air-to-air missiles of Russian origin in the Indian fleet will eventually be replaced by the Astra Mk-1 and other variants of this missile.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=31 May 2022 |title=First order for indigenous air to air missiles placed |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-order-for-indigenous-air-to-air-missiles-placed/articleshow/91925886.cms |access-date=2022-06-01}}</ref> An aging test is being carried out to approve the production of the missile and launcher. Delivery began in FY2023–2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

The first production batch of Astra Mk-1 for the Indian Air Force was flagged off from BDL's [[Kanchanbagh]] facility on January 14, 2024, by [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]], the [[Ministry of Defence (India)#Organizational structure|Minister of State for Defence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-14 |title=Union Minister Ajay Bhatt flags off Astra Missile for supply to IAF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/union-minister-ajay-bhatt-flags-off-astra-missile-for-supply-to-iaf/articleshow/106836727.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-01-14 |title=Union Minister of State for Defence flags off indigenous Astra Missiles for Indian Air Force |url=https://telanganatoday.com/union-minister-of-state-for-defence-flags-off-indigenous-astra-missiles-for-indian-air-force |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> During his visit to BDL's [[Hyderabad]] facility on August 4, 2024, then-[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy COAS]] [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Ashutosh Dixit]] certified the missile for full-rate production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=IAF gives clearance to DRDO, BDL for Astra missile production |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-iaf-gives-clearance-to-drdo-bdl-for-astra-missile-production-305944 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=IAF gives clearance to DRDO, BDL for Astra missile production |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-gives-clearance-to-drdo-bdl-for-astra-missile-production20240804203810/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

=== Astra Mark 2 ===
According to media report published on 15 October 2025, the Indian Air Force had indicated interest in acquiring approximately 700 Astra Mk 2 missiles for its fleet of HAL Tejas and Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircraft. The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] is anticipated to discuss the acquisition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2025-10-14 |title=Astra Mark 2 missile range to be over 200 km, IAF to buy around 700 for fighter jet fleet |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/astra-mark-2-missile-range-to-be-over-200-km-iaf-to-buy-around-700-for-fighter-jet-fleet20251014203255/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The missile's production is expected to begin from 2026 to 2027. As of October 2025, it can start within six months, given its trials are successful.<ref name=":3" />

=== Astra Mark 3 ===
The missile is expected to be operationalised within three years as of October 2025.<ref name=":3" />

==Exports==
It was published in August 2023 that [[Brazil]] was exploring possibility of equipping its [[Gripen]] fighters with Astra Mk-1 missiles as a cost-effective option.<ref>{{cite news|title=Empowering defence collaboration: Brazil and India unite to shape future security landscape|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-empowering-defence-collaboration-brazil-and-india-unite-to-shape-future-security-landscape-3214566/|date=18 August 2023|website=Financial Express}}</ref> According to a report published in [[ThePrint|The Print]] on September 14, 2024, [[Armenia]] has inquired about the possibility of purchasing Astra Mk-1 for its [[Sukhoi Su-30|Sukhoi Su-30s]]. Discussions are in early stages.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-09-14 |title=Armenia looks to India for Astra missiles, upgrade of its Sukhoi fleet |url=https://theprint.in/defence/armenia-looks-to-india-for-astra-missiles-upgrade-of-its-sukhoi-fleet/2267517/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915101506/https://theprint.in/defence/armenia-looks-to-india-for-astra-missiles-upgrade-of-its-sukhoi-fleet/2267517/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{Flagu|India}}
* [[Indian Air Force]]<ref name="CA" /><ref name=":21" />
* [[Indian Navy]]<ref name="CA" /><ref name=":21" />

=== Potential operator ===

* [[Armenian Air Force]]: The Astra missile is among the Indian weapons sought to be integrated with their upgraded [[Su-30]] fleet, in addition to other systems such as guided [[air-to-surface missiles]].<ref name=":22" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Astra missile launched from a ground-based launcher.jpg|Astra tested from ground-based launcher during initial developmental trial.
File:ASTRA, the indigenously developed Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM), successfully test fired by the Indian Air Force from Su-30 aircraft, from Air Force Station, Kalaikunda on September 26, 2018.JPG|Astra fired from an [[Indian Air Force]] [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]
File:Astra BVRAAM successfully test fired from Su-30MKI off the Odisha coast on September 17, 2019.jpg|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] fires an Astra missile
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
{{Div col |colwidth=22em}}
* {{lwc|AIM-120 AMRAAM}}
* {{lwc|Python (missile)#Derby|Derby}}
* {{lwc|MICA (missile)}}
* {{lwc|R-77}}
* {{lwc|R-27 (air-to-air missile)|R-27EA}}
* {{lwc|PL-12}}
* {{lwc|R-Darter}}
* {{lwc|Meteor (missile)|Meteor}}
* {{lwc|PL-15}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikinews|India test-fires 'Astra' missile}}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/astra.htm Globalsecurity]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504064032/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/aam/astra-aam.html Bharat Rakshak]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astra Missile}}
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy

2026-01-17T16:16:54Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Stub

{{short description|Indian university sports award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy
| image =
| image_size = 255px
| alt =
| caption = [[Panjab University|Panjab University, Chandigarh]] receiving the trophy for the year 2021 from Anurag Singh Thakur, Minister Of Youth Affairs and Sports.
| subheader = Rolling Trophy awarded to the best overall university in sports
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1956–1957
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INRConvert|15|l}}
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Chandigarh University]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 68
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Bombay University]]
}}
The '''Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy''', is a sports honour of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The award is named after [[Abul Kalam Azad]] commonly referred to as Maulana Azad, one of the senior leaders of [[Indian National Congress|Indian national congress]] and first [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]] in independent India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huq |first=Mushirul |date=23 July 2006 |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=35 |title=President Azad |format=PHP |access-date=15 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409232031/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=35 |archive-date=9 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/Speeches/NED09.pdf Speech of Hon’ble Human Resource Minister on National Education Day 2009, Ministry of HRD, Government of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007173930/http://www.education.nic.in/Speeches/NED09.pdf |date=7 October 2010 }}</ref> It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. It is a rolling trophy awarded to the "overall top performing University in sports and promoting competitive sports in University" over the preceding year. {{As of|2020}}, the award for the university securing first position comprises "a rolling MAKA trophy and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}". The second- and third-place universities receive cash prizes of {{INRConvert|7.5|l}} and {{INRConvert|4.5|l}} respectively.<ref name="Scheme" />

The trophy, initiated in 1956–1957, has been awarded a total of 68 times as of 2024. The objective of the trophy is to promote competitive sports, excellence in sports, and integrating sports and physical fitness amongst the Indian colleges and universities. The trophy is awarded annually with the other five [[National Sports Awards]] and [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award|national adventure award]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential Palace]] presented by the [[President of India]], usually on 29 August of a year.<ref name="MAKA" /> Six universities have won the trophy various times. [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in [[Amritsar]] has won the trophy 25 times, most recently in the year 2023. [[Panjab University]] in Chandigarh has won the trophy 15 times, most recently in the year 2020, while [[Delhi University]] based in Delhi has won the trophy 14 times, most recently in the year 2000–2001. Other winners include [[Bombay University]] in [[Mumbai]] which won the inaugural trophy, [[Punjabi University]] in [[Patiala]], [[Kurukshetra University]] in [[Kurukshetra]], and [[Chandigarh University]] in [[Mohali]].<ref name="MAKA" />

==List of recipients ==
{{Bar graph
| title = Recipients by number of times awarded<ref name="MAKA" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 24
| label_type = University
| data_type = Number of times awarded
| label1 =[[Bombay University|Bombay University, Mumbai]] | data1 =3

| label2 =[[Delhi University|Delhi University, Delhi]] | data2 =14

| label3 =[[Guru Nanak Dev University|Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar]] | data3 =24

| label4 =[[Kurukshetra University|Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra]] | data4 =1

| label5 =[[Panjab University|Panjab University, Chandigarh]] | data5 =15

| label6 =[[Punjabi University|Punjabi University, Patiala]] | data6 =9

| label7 =[[Chandigarh University|Chandigarh University, Mohali]] | data7 =1}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:55%"
|+ List of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy recipients, showing the year, university, and city<ref name="MAKA" />
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | University
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | City
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1956–1957
! scope="row" | [[Bombay University]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1957–1958
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1958–1959
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1959–1960
! scope="row" | [[Bombay University]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1960–1961
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1961–1962
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1962–1963
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1963–1964
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1964–1965
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1965–1966
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1966–1967
! scope="row" | [[Kurukshetra University]]
| [[Kurukshetra]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1967–1968
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1968–1969
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1969–1970
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970–1971
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971–1972
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971–1972
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972–1973
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973–1974
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974–1975
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975–1976
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976–1977
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1980–1981
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1981–1982
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1983–1984
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1984–1985
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1985–1986
! scope="row" | [[Bombay University]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1986–1987
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1987–1988
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1988–1989
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1989–1990
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990–1991
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991–1992
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992–1993
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993–1994
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994–1995
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995–1996
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996–1997
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997–1998
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998–1999
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999–2000
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000–2001
! scope="row" | [[Delhi University]]
| Delhi
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2001–2002
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2002–2003
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003–2004
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2004–2005
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2005–2006
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2006–2007
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2007–2008
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2008–2009
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2009–2010
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2010–2011
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2011–2012
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2012–2013
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2013–2014
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2014–2015
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2015–2016
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2016–2017
! scope="row" | [[Punjabi University]]
| [[Patiala]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2017–2018
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2019
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | [[Panjab University]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| [[Amritsar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | [[Chandigarh University]]
| [[Mohali]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="MAKA">{{cite web|title=List of winners of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy (1956-2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAULANA%20AZAD%20KALAM%20AZAD%20TROPHY%20%286%29_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143059/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAULANA%20AZAD%20KALAM%20AZAD%20TROPHY%20%286%29_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards -2019 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=8 October 2020|date=20 August 2019|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143129/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=8 October 2020|date=21 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143213/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 November 2022|date=2 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116135805/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 November 2022|date=14 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115143412/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2023|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1988607|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 December 2023|date=20 December 2023|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142358/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1988607|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2024|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089557|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 January 2025|date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Inviting applications from Universities for award of MAKA Trophy for the year 2020|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Circular_Inviting%20MAKA%20Trophy%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Circular_Inviting%20MAKA%20Trophy%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy}}
* [https://yas.nic.in/maulana-abul-kalam-azad-trophy Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy] at [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

{{National Sports Awards}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy| ]]
[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1956]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal: The Incredibly Melodious Journey

2026-01-13T07:00:54Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Done!

{{Short description|2021 book by Rajiv Vijayakar}}
{{Infobox book
| name =Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal: The Incredibly Melodious Journey
| image =LaxmikantPyarelal.jpeg
| author = Rajiv Vijayakar
| language = English
| genre = Non-fiction
| publisher = [[Rupa Publications]]
| release_date =
| pages =
| isbn = 978-9355201362
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] (2023)
}}
'''''Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal: The Incredibly Melodious Journey''''' is a book authored by Rajiv Vijayakar, published in 2021 by [[Rupa Publications]] India. It explores the musical legacy of the renowned Indian composer duo [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]], celebrated for their substantial contributions to [[Bollywood]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. The book traces their extensive work across numerous films and their influence on Indian film music. It was honored with the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] at the [[69th National Film Awards]] in 2023 for its 2021 edition.<ref name="PIB">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1951758|title=69th National Film Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=11 August 2023|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==Background==
Rajiv Vijayakar, a seasoned entertainment journalist, penned the book to document the career of [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]], consisting of Laxmikant Shantaram Kudalkar and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/book-review-rajiv-vijayakars-music-by-laxmikant-pyarelal-delves-deep-into-the-musical-accomplishments-of-the-duo-10687081.html|title=Book review: Rajiv Vijayakar's Music by Laxmikant-Pyarelal|publisher=Firstpost|date=18 May 2022|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> The work reflects his expertise in Indian film music, compiled through research and analysis of the duo's achievements.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-music-by-laxmikant-pyarelal-by-rajiv-vijayakar-101651136103876.html|title=Review: Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal by Rajiv Vijayakar|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=28 April 2022|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-record-of-l-ps-journey/article37805275.ece|title=A record of L-P's journey|work=The Hindu|date=2 December 2021|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==Content==
The book chronicles the journey of [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] from their early influences to their prominent role in the Hindi film industry, where they composed music for over 700 films.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/the-magic-of-laxmikant-pyarelal/20211103.htm|title=The Magic of Laxmikant-Pyarelal|work=Rediff.com|date=3 November 2021|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> It highlights their adaptability across different musical styles and their partnerships with leading singers.<ref name="FP"/> The narrative also includes personal stories and the obstacles they faced during their career.<ref name="HT"/>

==Reception==
The book has received positive feedback for its detailed research and engaging narrative. [[Firstpost]] commended its depth, making it valuable for Bollywood music enthusiasts.<ref name="FP"/> [[Hindustan Times]] appreciated its balanced portrayal of the duo's professional successes and personal challenges.<ref name="HT"/> [[Rediff.com]] noted its comprehensive coverage of the duo's musical contributions.<ref name="Rediff"/> Its National Film Award recognition affirms its importance in Indian cinema literature.<ref name="PIB"/>

==Awards==
National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema: Awarded at the [[69th National Film Awards]], announced on 11 August 2023 for the 2021 publication.<ref name="PIB"/>

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about musicians]]
[[Category:Rupa Publications books]]

Tirukkural translations into Hindi

2026-01-11T17:48:35Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made First Details W/ Refs

{{Translation sidebar}}[[Hindi]] perhaps has many translations of the [[Tirukkural]]. As of 2000, there were at least 19 translations of the Kural text available in Hindi. Many of these translations are in verse form.

==History==
The first translation of the Kural text into Hindi was probably made by Khenand Rakat, who published the translated work in 1924.<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |page=680|language=Tamil|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="GeoCities_Hindi"/> Khan Chand Rahit published a translation in 1926.<ref name="CICT_KuralPunjabi">{{cite book
| last = Bedi
| first = Tarlochan Singh
| title = Tirukkural in Punjabi
| publisher = Central Institute of Classical Tamil
| edition = First
| date = 2012
| location = Chennai
| language = ta, pa
| isbn =978-93-81744-02-4
}}</ref> In 1958, the [[University of Madras]] published a translation by Sankar Raju Naidu under the title "Tamil Ved."<ref name="CICT_KuralPunjabi"/> In 1964, another translation was published by M. G. Venkatakrishnan, whose second edition appeared in 1998.<ref name="Polilan2019"/><ref name="GeoCities_Hindi"/><ref>{{cite book
| last = Sanjeevi
| first = N.
| title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers
| publisher = University of Madras
| date = 1973
| location = Chennai
| pages = 135–136
}}</ref> In 1967, another translation was published under the title "Uttar Ved."<ref name="CICT_KuralPunjabi"/> In 1982, a translation of 700 couplets of the Kural text was published under the title "Satsai."<ref name="CICT_KuralPunjabi"/> There was yet another Hindi translation in 1989.<ref name="CICT_KuralPunjabi"/> In 1990, T. E. S. Raghavan rendered a poetic rendition in couplet form in 'Venba' metre as in the source, following four words in the first line and three in the second.<ref name="TH_Raghavan">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Translator wants Tirukkural couplets to be displayed in planes, trains | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 23 September 2021 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/translator-wants-tirukkural-couplets-to-be-displayed-in-planes-trains/article36621486.ece | access-date = 8 March 2022}}</ref> In 2000, a translation by Ananda Sandhidut was published under the title ''Kural Kavitā Valī''.<ref name="GeoCities_Hindi">{{cite web
| url = http://www.geocities.ws/nvkashraf/kur-trans/Hind-Int.htm
| title = तिरुक्कुरल हिन्दी भाषा में
| last = Ashraf
| first = N. V. K.
| orig-year = October 2005| date = March 2007
| website = GeoCities
| access-date = 14 April 2017
}}</ref>

In 2023, as part of its Ancient Tamil Classics in Translations series, the Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT) in Chennai released its Hindi translation of the Kural by M. Govindarajan, who made the translation in both verse and prose.

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, माँस-वर्जन
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''M. G. Venkatakrishnan, 1964''||निर्दयता है जीववध, दया अहिंसा धर्म। करना माँसाहार है, धर्म हीन दुष्कर्म॥ ||जीव-हनन से छिन्न जो, मृत शरीर है माँस। दोषरहित तत्वज्ञ तो, खायेंगे नहीं माँस॥
|}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Venkatakrishnan, M. G. (1998). ''Thirukkural.'' Chennai: Sakthi Finance Ltd.

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:Translations into Hindi]]

2018 Bengaluru Open

2026-01-02T21:34:32Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2018|Bengaluru Open|
| date= 12–17 November
| edition=3rd
| draw=32S / 16D
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Bangalore]], India
| champs={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
| champd={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]]
| after_year=2020
}}
The '''2018 [[Bengaluru Open]]''' was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2018 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Bangalore]], India from 12 to 17 November 2018.

==Singles main-draw entrants==

===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|MDA}}
|[[Radu Albot]]
|100
|1
|-
|{{flag|ARG}}
|[[Marco Trungelliti]]
|121
|2
|-
|{{flag|SWE}}
|[[Elias Ymer]]
|130
|3
|-
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
|141
|4
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Marc Polmans]]
|142
|5
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Quentin Halys]]
|145
|6
|-
|{{flag|GBR}}
|[[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]]
|174
|7
|-
|{{flag|CAN}}
|[[Filip Peliwo]]
|181
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 5 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings – Singles – ATP Tour – Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} Adil Kalyanpur
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Suraj Prabodh

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Fanselow]]
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Youssef Hossam]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sasikumar Mukund]]
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Zsombor Piros]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Zizou Bergs]]

==Champions==

===Singles===
{{main|2018 Bengaluru Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]''' def. {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] 6–2, 6–2.

===Doubles===
{{main|2018 Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Max Purcell]]''' / {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Luke Saville]]''' def. {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] / {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Šančić]] 7–6(7–3), 6–3.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2018 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open, 2018}}
[[Category:2018 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2018]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian tennis]]

Sati Anasuya (1935 film)

2026-01-02T01:38:15Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Made Some Data Added Tags

{{short description|1935 Telugu mythological film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Sati Anasuya
| image = Book cover of Sati Anasuya, 1935 film (page 1 crop).jpg
| caption = Songbook cover of ''Sati Anasuya''
| director = [[Ahindra Choudhury]]
| producer = [[Dasari Kotiratnam]]
| writer = Annamaacharya (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| music = Akula Narasimha Rao Nimmagadda Paradesi
| starring = [[Dasari Kotiratnam]] Tungala Chalapathi Rao D. Leelakumari D. Venkubayi Rangapushpa Chitra
| studio = [[Aurora Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1935|10|4}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sati Anasuya''''' is a 1935 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language mythological film directed by [[Ahindra Choudhury]] and produced by [[Dasari Kotiratnam]] under the banner of [[Aurora Film Corporation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sathi Anasuya (1935) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BOW/info |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film marks Kotiratnam's debut as the first female producer in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Py9LAQAAIAAJ&q=Dasari+Kotiratnam |title=Limca Book of Records |date=2006 |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |isbn=978-81-902837-2-4 |pages=113 |language=en |quote=First woman producer Dasari Kotiratnam produced Anasuya in 1935.}}</ref><ref>Mareswara Rao, Akkina (1997). ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25594/7/07_chapter%202.pdf Cultural and Ideological Mediation of Telugu Cinema in Colonial Andhra's Past (1931–1947)]''. [[University of Hyderabad]]. Chapter 2. p. 102. "Dasari Kotiratnam of Sakkubai fame emerged as the first woman producer of Telugu film industry by producing Anasuya in 1935."</ref> Released on 4 October 1935, it stars Kotiratnam in the titular role of [[Anasuya]], alongside D. Leelakumari, D. Venkubai, and Tungala Chalapathi Rao in prominent roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sati Anasuya |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sati-anasuya |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Sati Anasuya'' tells the story of [[Anasuya]], the wife of the sage [[Atri]], renowned for her unwavering devotion and virtue. The river Ganga, worshipped across India, becomes polluted by the sins of those who bathe in her waters to cleanse themselves. Unable to bear the burden of these sins, [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] seeks purification. She first turns to the goddesses [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvati]], and [[Saraswati]], but their efforts to help her fail.

[[Narada]] advises Ganga to seek the help of Anasuya, known on Earth for her unparalleled devotion to her husband. Jealous of Anasuya’s virtue, the goddesses Lakshmi, Parvati, and Saraswati decide to test her fidelity. Simultaneously, other characters like Mallika, a woman who mistreats her husband Soma Sarma, and Narmada, a devoted wife who indulges her husband Kousika’s desires, add complexity to the narrative.

Amidst a water shortage, people visit Atri’s ashram in search of water. Anasuya fetches water for them from Ganga, who, purified by Anasuya’s devotion, relieves the world’s suffering. Mallika, realizing her mistakes after encountering Kousika, renounces worldly pleasures.

At the ashram, Bhringi, a guest, attempts to humiliate Anasuya by conjuring a devil and placing a venomous snake around her neck. However, her virtue transforms the snake into a garland of flowers.

In another subplot, Narmada’s husband Kousika accidentally touches the sage Mandavya, who curses him to die before sunrise. Through Narmada’s moral power, the sun does not rise. Anasuya, Atri, and others pray to Narmada to allow the sun to rise. Kousika dies as predicted but is later revived by Anasuya’s spiritual power, restoring him to full health. Devendra, the king of the gods, pardons Mandavya for his actions.

Spurred by their jealousy, Lakshmi, Parvati, and Saraswati send Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva in disguise to test Anasuya further. Using her spiritual strength, Anasuya transforms the gods into babies. When the goddesses learn of this, they seek her forgiveness, and Anasuya returns their husbands to their original forms.

Narada then challenges Anasuya one final time, giving her stones to cook and serve as food. Anasuya’s virtue enables her to transform the stones into fruit, further demonstrating her moral strength. In the end, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva promise to be born as the son of Atri and Anasuya, manifesting as the deity [[Dattatreya]]. The story concludes with a divine glimpse of Dattatreya’s birth.

== Cast ==
* [[Dasari Kotiratnam]] as [[Anasuya]]
* D. Leelakumari as Narmada
* Tungala Chalapathi Rao as [[Narada]]
* D. Venkubayi as [[Lakshmi]]
* Rangapushpa Chitra as [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]
* S. P. Lakshmana Swamy as Manmatha
* M. Gopala Rao as [[Vishnu]]
* N. Krishnamachary as [[Atri]]
* [[C. Krishnaveni]]

== Production ==
''Sati Anasuya'' was a notable production in [[Telugu cinema]], with [[Dasari Kotiratnam]] playing the lead role of [[Anasuya]] and also serving as a co-producer. After spending several months in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] for the filming of ''Sati Sakkubai'' (1935), Kotiratnam observed the practices of Bengali filmmakers and was inspired by their success.<ref name=":13" /> This experience motivated her to produce her own film in Telugu, marking her entry into film production. Kotiratnam partnered with [[Aurora Film Corporation]] to secure support for the project. She proposed a profit-sharing model among the cast and crew. The film was directed by [[Ahindra Choudhury]], an experienced director from Calcutta.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Vinayaka Rao |date=4 May 2011 |title=తొలి మహిళా నిర్మాత కోటిరత్నం |trans-title=First Female Producer Kotiratnam |url=https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NrUKmmYfzP8/TdPnh_3Ib_I/AAAAAAAAGtg/UL7kcsHqTBc/s1600/producer+kotiratnam+1.jpeg |website=Navya, [[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=67 |language=te}}</ref> Thus, Kotiratnam became the first female producer of Telugu cinema.<ref name=":2" />

== Music ==
The film features several devotional songs and verses composed by Akula Narasimha Rao and Nimmagadda Paradesi.<ref name=":1" /> The soundtrack became popular during its time, resonating with the audience due to its religious and devotional appeal.<ref name=":0" /> Lyrics were written by [[Chandala Kesavadasu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=సతీ అనసూయ పాటల పుస్తకం (1935) |url=https://te.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82 |via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref>

Tarcklist: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sati Anasuya (1935) songbook |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Sati_Anasooya.pdf |via=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref>

# "Ativa Satee Minna Narada Sati Anasuya"
# "Idemanta Ghanamaina Janani"
# "Epudu Gani Soukhyambu Nenchani" (Padyam)
# "Kantikin Reppayatu Trikalam" (Padyam)
# "Krute Ganga Sagaragamana Vrata" (Shlokam)
# uKrushi Saphalama Yagunu"
# "Kothi Mogamanivu Na Gonthu Gosinavu"
# "Kshamiyimpumana Sadhvi Siromani"
# "Gana Lola Vimana Kanchanamayam"
# "Jalamu Bhavam Mee Prantamu"
# "Tataparopakriti Paramadharmamu" (Padyam)
# "Tanak Evvani Sirambu Daake" (Padyam)
# "Tanumanamulu Hridishuni Padambulu" (Padyam)
# "Dayacheta Dhanyunaitini"
# "Dayanidhe Natanasutradhaare"
# "Dayasagara Manobhava Dharmamani"
# "Devuni Dayassayindi"
# "Dhavuni Sevala Niratamu" (Padyam)
# "Naramathi Tulasi Satee Parama Paavani"
# "Nee Udayimpa Lokamu Gane" (Padyam)
# "Neelila Noohimpaneela Nikilesa"
# "Pati Paadadasi Bhagya Rasi Sati"
# "Papulella Najalamulopala"
# "Prasanna Atmala Laali Laali"
# "Prahlada Gana Stambhamuloni" (Padyam)
# "Buddhavi Nuta Dayaneeku Ledha"
# "Bhaya Mela Neekodave Pavani"
# "Mangalam Mangalam Mangalam"
# "Mati Pati Paada Bhakti Maravani" (Padyam)
# "Maatayini Maatavini Lokamata"
# "Mora Vini Kavaraa Nathagu Bharimpa" (Padyam)
# "Yogaratova Bhogaratova" (Shlokam)
# "Sri Mahalakshmi Yimeme Gaurima" (Padyam)
# "Satee Mahima Mana Maanam"
# "Sarvamangalanchita Sadvineni" (Padyam)
# "SarvantaraatIa Iswarudu" (Padyam)
# "Sauseela Dharmadheena Sati"
# "Swaantaanandamuga Srujinche"

== Release ==
Released on October 4, 1935, ''Sati Anasuya'' became a pioneering work, demonstrating the potential for Telugu films to be produced and distributed successfully. Kotiratnam's leadership in this project helped pave the way for more locally produced films and increased the involvement of women in the Telugu film industry.<ref name=":13" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]

Uthayan

2025-12-14T07:00:59Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: add formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Sri Lankan Tamil language newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Uthayan
| logo = [[File:Uthayan nameplate.jpg|200px]]
| image =
| caption =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = Print, online
| owners = Uthayan Group of Newspapers
| founder = [[E. Saravanapavan]]
| publisher = New Uthyan Publication (Private) Limited
| editor =
| chief_editor = M. V. Kanamaylnathan
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor = [[E. Saravanapavan]]
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{Start date|1985|11|27|df=y}}
| political_position = Neutral
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = 361 Kasthuriyar Road, [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Sudar Oli]]''
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = [http://www.uthayan.com/ uthayan.com]
}}
'''''Uthayan''''' ({{langx|ta|உதயன்}} Utayaṉ, {{langx|en|Morning}}) is a [[Tamil language]] [[Sri Lanka]]n daily [[newspaper]] published by New Uthayan Publication (Private) Limited, part of the Uthayan Group of Newspapers. It was founded in 1985 and is published from [[Jaffna]]. Its sister newspaper is the [[Colombo]]-based ''[[Sudar Oli]]''. ''Uthayan'' was the only newspaper published from Jaffna which did not cease publication due to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]].<ref>[http://www.ifex.org/sri_lanka/2000/06/16/officials_pledge_to_lift_sri_lanka/ Officials pledge to lift Sri Lanka censorship] International Freedom of Expression Exchange – 15 June 2000</ref> The newspaper has been attacked several times; a number of its staff have been murdered by paramilitary groups and other forces, and it regularly receives threats.<ref name="Azeez">{{cite news|last=Azeez|first=Abdul H.|title=Uthayan Under Fresh Attack|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/06/12/uthayan-under-fresh-attack/|newspaper=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="f119">{{cite web | last=Buncombe | first=Andrew | title=Office of outspoken Tamil newspaper Uthayan attacked in Sri Lanka | website=The Independent | date=13 April 2013 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/office-of-outspoken-tamil-newspaper-uthayan-attacked-in-sri-lanka-8570776.html | access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:British Prime Minister David Cameron visiting Jaffna.JPG|thumb|[[David Cameron]], Prime Minister of the United Kingdom inspecting burnt down printing press of Uthayan newspaper in [[Jaffna]] on 15 November 2013 while M. V. Kanamaylnathan, the Editor of the newspaper explaining something to him. [[E. Saravanapavan]], the Managing Director of the newspaper looking on.]]
''Uthayan'' was founded in 1985 by [[E. Saravanapavan]] with the first edition being published on 27 November 1985.<ref>{{cite news|title=SL Policeman, claiming EPDP, threatens Tamil daily in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=33684|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=17 March 2011}}</ref><ref name=ST050801>{{cite news|last=Samath|first=Feiza|title=Pressing on|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/010805/plus3.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=5 August 2001}}</ref> At that time there were two other newspapers published from Jaffna: the Tamil language ''[[Eelamurasu]]'' and ''[[Eelanadu]]''.<ref name=ST050801/> ''[[Murasoli (Sri Lanka)|Murasoli]]'' began publishing from Jaffna in 1986.<ref name=ST050801/>

As the [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]] escalated newspapers published from Jaffna came under pressure from both government forces and the [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|rebel militant groups]]. ''Eelamurasu'' and ''Eelanadu'' were taken over by the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) in 1987 and 1994 respectively.<ref name=ST050801/>

In October 1995, as the [[Sri Lankan military]] launched a military offensive to recapture the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE, virtually the entire population of the [[Valikamam]] region fled to other parts of the peninsula and the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]]. ''Uthayan'' staff fled from their Jaffna offices, taking printing machine, a generator and newsprint on a truck.<ref name=ST050801/> They set up a temporary office in Sarasalai, [[Thenmarachchi]] from where they published the paper until April 1996.<ref name=ST050801/> Then the paper returned to Jaffna after the military had recaptured most of the peninsula including Jaffna city.<ref name=ST050801/> By 1996 the ''Uthayan'' was the only newspaper published from Jaffna.<ref name=ST050801/>

''Uthayan'' was shut down by the [[Sri Lankan government]] on 19 May 2000 using the recently passed draconian law – the ''Emergency (Miscellaneous Provisions and Powers) Regulation No.1 of 2000''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamalendran|first=Chris|title=Jaffna's Uthayan newspaper sealed|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000521/frontm.html#1LABEL5|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=21 May 2000}}</ref> The [[Sri Lanka Army]] cut off the phone lines, locked the offices and took away the keys.<ref>{{cite news|title=SLA shuts down Jaffna paper|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5049|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=20 May 2000}}</ref> The newspaper re-opened 45 days later on 4 July 2000 after the government lifted its ban.<ref name=ST070506>{{cite news|title=World Press Freedom Day bloodied by Uthayan attack|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/060507/news/19.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=7 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ban on Jaffna paper lifted|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5174|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=3 July 2000}}</ref>

Sub-editor N. Vithyatharan was [[interrogated]] by the [[Sri Lanka Police Service|police]] for two hours at his offices 20 January 2001 regarding an interview with [[Anton Balasingham]], the LTTE's chief negotiator and political advisor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan journalist interrogated|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5744|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=20 January 2001}}</ref>

After the civil war resumed the Sri Lankan military closed the [[A9 highway (Sri Lanka)|A9 road]] which was the main road link between the Jaffna peninsula and the rest of the country. This resulted in an acute shortage of food, fuel, medicine and other supplies, including newsprint and printing ink, on the peninsula. ''Uthayan'' was forced to drastically cut its number of pages and the copies printed – it went from 20,000 copies of a 12-page paper to 7,500 copies of a 4-page paper.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open letter to the donor countries' ambassadors regarding the situation of the media in Jaffna|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-open-letter-to-the-donor-countries-26-01-2007,20666.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064126/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-open-letter-to-the-donor-countries-26-01-2007,20666.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=26 January 2007}}</ref>

Editor [[N. Vithyatharan]] was arrested by the police without a [[Warrant (law)|warrant]] on 26 February 2009 as he attended a funeral in [[Mount Lavinia]] without a [[Warrant (law)|warrant]] and allegedly beaten in custody.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prominent Tamil Editor abducted in Colombo, later claimed 'arrested'|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28528|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=26 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Editor Arrested and Beaten|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/03/01/sri-lanka-editor-arrested-and-beaten|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> As international criticism of the arrest intensified the Sri Lankan government claimed [[Vithyatharan]] had been arrested in connections with the [[2009 suicide air raid on Colombo|LTTE air raid on Colombo]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mushtaq|first=Munza|title=And ... The White Vans Are Back!|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2009/12/06/and%E2%80%A6-the-white-vans-are-back/|newspaper=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=6 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil editor arrested in Sri Lanka|url=http://cpj.org/2009/02/tamil-editor-arrested-in-sri-lanka.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=26 February 2009}}</ref> [[Vithyatharan]] was released on 24 April 2009 after the Colombo Crimes Division informed the court that there was no evidence connecting him to the air raid.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayawardene|first=Kishali Pinto|title=Calling for a change of policy in arrests and detentions|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/090426/Columns/focus.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vithiyatharan released|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29149|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=24 April 2009}}</ref> [[Vithyatharan]] alleged that he had been detained in order to prevent him highlighting the plight of the civilians in the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Satyapalan|first=Franklin R.|title=Fight with people with guns, not those with pens – Editor Vithiyatharan|url=http://www.island.lk/2009/04/26/news2.html|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Colombo wanted to hide forced displacement of Tamils – Vithiyatharan|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29161|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=25 April 2009}}</ref>

==Attacks==
[[File:Stephen Rapp in Jaffna.JPG|thumb|[[Stephen J. Rapp]], the [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues]] and [[Michele J. Sison]], US ambassador to Sri Lanka are discussing with [[E. Saravanapavan]], managing director of the Uthayan newspaper and M. V. Kanamaylnathan, Editor-in-chief at Uthayan Newspapers's Office in [[Jaffna]] on 8 January 2014. Some of the bullet holes and portraits of slain staff are visible on the wall behind them.]]

The ''Uthayan'' and its employees have been subject to numerous attacks during its existence. In 1987, the Sri Lankan security forces attacked the Navalar Road in Jaffna, where the ''Uthayan'' offices were located, using artillery. Two ''Uthayan'' employees were injured and 40 others in the area were killed. In 1990, the ''Uthayan's'' offices were hit by an air raid killing one employee and injuring five.<ref name=ST070506/>

A Journalist named Velupillai Thavachelvam was attacked on 29 August 1998 at his home in Sembianpattu, [[Vadamarachchi]].<ref name="tamilnt">{{cite news|title=Uthayan journalist assaulted over report|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=1956|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=31 August 1998}}</ref> Thavachelvam had written a report critical of the local authority.<ref name="tamilnt"/> The following year, two grenades were thrown into the newspaper's offices, exploding near the printing machines and injuring security guard S. Selvarajah.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local, world journalists condemn attack on Uthayan|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/990829/news4.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Grenades lobbed at office of Jaffna daily|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=3813|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=21 August 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Grenade attack on Tamil newspaper group's office|url=http://www.ifex.org/sri_lanka/1999/08/23/grenade_attack_on_tamil_newspaper/|publisher=[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]|date=23 August 1999}}</ref> The [[Eelam People's Democratic Party]] (EPDP), a government backed paramilitary group, was blamed for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: Sri Lanka|url=http://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-sri-lanka.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=22 March 2000}}</ref><ref name="tamilnt1">{{cite news|title=EPDP accused of grenade attack on Jaffna daily|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=3825|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=24 August 1999}}</ref> The ''Uthayan'' had recently criticised government-backed paramilitary groups.<ref name="tamilnt1"/>

On 20 August 2005, two grenades were thrown into the advertising office of the ''Uthayan'' and ''Sudar Oli'' in [[Wellawatte]], but failed to explode.<ref name=ST070506/><ref>{{cite web|title=Sudar Oli ATTACKED|url=http://cpj.org/2005/08/sri-lanka-6.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=30 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Advertising office of Colombo Tamil daily attacked|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=15686|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=20 August 2005}}</ref>

[[Suresh Kumar and Ranjith Kumar incident|Suresh Kumar (B. G. Sahayathasan) and Ranjith Kumar]], two employees of the newspaper, were killed on 2 May 2006 when armed men burst into the newspaper's offices and opened fire indiscriminately.<ref name="Azeez"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Gunmen 'kill two' at Jaffna paper|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4966252.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=2 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan 'worst hit' of Sri Lanka's media – RSF|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=19566|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=13 September 2006}}</ref> The attack followed the newspaper publishing a cartoon mocking [[Douglas Devananda]], the leader of the EPDP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gunmen open fire inside Tamil newspaper, killing two employees|url=http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17591|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=5 May 2006|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030601/http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17591|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A delivery driver and an agent named [[Sathasivam Baskaran]] was shot dead at the wheel of his delivery truck on 15 August 2006 at Puttur junction near [[Achchuveli]].<ref name="cpj.org">{{cite web|title=Attacks on the Press 2006: Sri Lanka|url=http://cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-sri-lanka.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=5 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Newspaper delivery agent shot and killed in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=19249|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=15 August 2006}}</ref> Baskaran was shot in an area controlled by the Sri Lankan military.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gunmen set fire to Tamil newspaper's press|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-gunmen-set-fire-to-tamil-newspaper-23-08-2006,18578.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060036/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-gunmen-set-fire-to-tamil-newspaper-23-08-2006,18578.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=23 August 2006}}</ref> Three days later, on 18 August 2006, a warehouse in [[Kopay]] was burnt down by armed men as a [[curfew]] was in place.<ref name="cpj.org"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan newspaper warehouse burnt down in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=19305|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=19 August 2006}}</ref>

Armed men entered the ''Uthayan'' offices on 7 September 2006 and ordered staff to publish a statement urging Jaffna's students to call off their strike, threatening "severe reprisals" if the statement wasn't published.<ref name=RWB120906>{{cite web|title=Two more armed attacks on Tamil daily in space of three days|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-two-more-armed-attacks-on-tamil-12-09-2006,18831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070729/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-two-more-armed-attacks-on-tamil-12-09-2006,18831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=12 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gunmen force Uthayan to carry their statement|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=19511|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=8 September 2006}}</ref> A few days later, on 10 September 2006, two armed men who entered into the ''Uthayan'' offices were arrested by the policemen who were guarding the building. But they were released within hours.<ref name=RWB120906/>

[[File:Uthayan Office Attacked.jpg|thumb|Damaged printing press after attack in Jaffna on 13 April 2013.]]

Journalist [[Selvarajah Rajivarnam]], an ''Uthayan'' reporter for six months prior to his death, was shot dead in Jaffna close to a military checkpoint on 29 April 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airlines cancel Sri Lanka flights|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6609041.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=30 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Young journalist shot dead in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=22022|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=29 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Selvarajah Rajeewarnam|url=http://cpj.org/killed/2007/selvarajah-rajeewarnam.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> The EPDP was blamed for Rajivarnam's murder.<ref>{{cite web|title=Young reporter with Tamil newspaper murdered in Jaffna|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-young-reporter-with-tamil-30-04-2007,21932.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060709/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-young-reporter-with-tamil-30-04-2007,21932.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=30 April 2007}}</ref> A proofreader, [[Disappearance of Vadivel Nimalarajah|Vadivel Nimalarajah]], was abducted on 17 November 2007 near Jaffna as he returned home after work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil newspaper's proof reader missing in Jaffna|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-tamil-newspaper-s-proof-reader-22-11-2007,24490.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714002022/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-tamil-newspaper-s-proof-reader-22-11-2007,24490.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2012|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=22 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan proof reader feared abducted|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2007/11/21/B58.htm|newspaper=[[The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka)]]|date=21 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan staffer, family man feared abducted in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23815|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=19 November 2007}}</ref>

A grenade was thrown into the newspaper's office in Jaffna on 24 March 2009 causing extensive damage and injuring a security guard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lankan newspaper office bombed|url=http://cpj.org/2009/04/sri-lankan-newspaper-office-bombed.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=23 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil daily "Uthayan" target of grenade attack|url=http://www.ifex.org/sri_lanka/2009/03/25/tamil_daily_uthayan_target_of_grenade/|publisher=[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]|date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan office in Jaffna attacked|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28822|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=24 March 2009}}</ref> Same year, on 25 June, thousands of copies of the ''Uthayan'', ''[[Thinakkural]]'' and ''Valampuri'' were burnt in the street by armed men, after the papers had refused to print a statement against the LTTE.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wholesale attack on Jaffna newspapers|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29647|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Who wants to silence the Tamil newspaper Uthayan?|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-who-wants-to-silence-the-tamil-30-06-2009,33662.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623130223/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-who-wants-to-silence-the-tamil-30-06-2009,33662.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=30 June 2009}}</ref>

A staff correspondent of the newspaper, S. Kavitharan, was attacked by a group of men on 28 May 2011 as he cycled to work.<ref name=IFEX>{{cite web|title=FMM condemns attack on "Uthayan" journalist|url=http://www.ifex.org/sri_lanka/2011/06/07/kavitharan_attacked/|publisher=[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]|access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gang attacks Tamil journalist in Jaffna city|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=34004|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=28 May 2011}}</ref> Kavitharan had written articles critical of the security in Jaffna and the actions of government-backed paramilitary groups whose members had previously threatened Kavitharan.<ref name=IFEX/> On 29 July, the same year, ''Uthayan'''s chief news editor [[Gnanasundaram Kuganathan]] was brutally attacked as he walked home from the office in Jaffna.<ref name=ST310711>{{cite news|last=Kamalendran|first=Chris|title=Uthayan news editor brutally attacked|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/110731/News/nws_06.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=31 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R. K.|title=Sri Lankan journalist critical after murderous attack|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2311116.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=News Editor attacked in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=34236|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=29 July 2011}}</ref> The EPDP was blamed for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeyaraj|first=D. B S.|title=Suspected EPDP goons assault 59-year-old news editor of Jaffna newspaper|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/2606|publisher=dbsjeyaraj.com|author-link=|date=30 July 2011}}</ref> Between 2006 and 2010 Kuganathan lived in the ''Uthayan'' offices out of fear for his life but had recently moved back to his family home after assurances were given by the government.<ref name=ST310711/>

Nagesh Pratheepan and two other ''Uthayan'' distributors were attacked and newspapers torched by four men on two motorbikes on 10 January 2013 as they were distributing them in the [[Valvettithurai]] area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Media worker attacked in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35926|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan newspaper distributor attacked |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/uthayan-newspaper-distributor-attacked|newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>

The paper's office in [[Kilinochchi]] were attacked by a group of six masked Sinhala-speaking men on 3 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=SL military squad attacks paper office, curbs paper dissemination in Vanni|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=36193|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil paper Uthayan attacked in northern Sri Lanka|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22013779|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=3 April 2013}}</ref> Five employees were injured, two seriously, and equipment and vehicles damaged.<ref>{{cite news|title='Uthayan' office attacked|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/27616-uthayan-office-attacked.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Offices of Tamil-language daily attacked in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.cpj.org/2013/04/offices-of-tamil-language-daily-attacked-in-sri-la.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=MallaWarachi|first=Bharatha|title=Tamil newspaper says staff attacked in Sri Lanka|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/tamil-newspaper-says-staff-attacked-sri-lanka|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=3 April 2013}}</ref> The newspaper blamed the security forces for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=No arrests yet over attack on Uthayan-Police|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/27722-no-arrests-yet-over-attack-on-uthayan-police.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=5 April 2013|author=Hafeel Farisz|author2=Benislos Thushan}}</ref> The attack came after the paper published a series of articles highlighting seizure of Tamil owned land by the army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armed attack on Tamil newspaper's distribution office in Kilinochchi|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-armed-attack-on-tamil-newspaper-s-05-04-2013,44307.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410003204/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-armed-attack-on-tamil-newspaper-s-05-04-2013,44307.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2013|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> Ten days later, on 13 April 2013, three men came to the paper's office in Jaffna and threatened security guards before damaging equipment and setting the [[printing press]] ablaze.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armed squad attacks Tamil paper office in Jaffna setting ablaze press machines|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=36220|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uthayan office in Jaffna set on fire|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/28098-uthayan-office-in-jaffna-set-on-fire.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|title=Sri Lankan Tamil daily's office attacked in Jaffna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/uthayan-office-attacked/article4613921.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

===Commentary on attacks by notable media/personalities/entities===

*''[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]''

"These attacks on the offices of ''Uthayan'' have been going on for years and typify the threats faced by the Tamil press in Sri Lanka," said CPJ Asia Program Coordinator Bob Dietz.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan daily attacked again, twice in two weeks|url=http://cpj.org/2013/04/sri-lankan-daily-attacked-again-twice-in-two-weeks.php|newspaper=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=15 April 2013}}</ref>

*''[[Reporters Without Borders]]''

"At least five of its employees have been killed this year, two of them in an attack on the newspaper on the eve of [[World Press Freedom Day]]. The press that prints the Colombo edition was the target of an arson attack in September. In Jaffna, the newspaper has twice been forced to publish communiqués at gunpoint", RSF said.<ref name="Uthayan recognised">{{cite news|title=Uthayan recognised|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/061217/News/n111.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=17 December 2006}}</ref>

*''[[United States Department of State]]''

"As we continue our free the press campaign we will highlight the case of ''Uthayan'', a Tamil language newspaper in Sri Lanka. ''Uthayan'' has seen its personnel beaten, its newspaper shipments burned, its equipment destroyed and its offices set ablaze in the past month alone. The assault on a free press in Sri Lanka extends beyond ''Uthayan''" Speaking at the US State Department's daily press briefing in Washington, the Department's Acting Deputy Spokesperson, Patrick Ventrell, expressed.<ref>{{cite news|title=US calls on SL to demonstrate its commitment to the rule of law and freedom of expression|url=http://www.newsfirst.lk/english/node/23729|newspaper=Newsfirst.lk|date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=State Department Daily Press Briefing|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/04/20130430146650.html#axzz2W6YI0dcS|newspaper=IIP DiGITAL(U.S. Department of State)|date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

*''[[Human Rights Watch]]''

The Rajapaksa government has a long history of media harassment and attacks on journalists critical of the government, Human Rights Watch said. Publications − including electronic media − that oppose government policies have been subject to censorship, and some have been forced to close down. The leading Tamil opposition newspaper, ''Uthayan'', has faced repeated physical attacks against its journalists and property.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka: Reveal Fate of 'Disappeared' Cartoonist|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/09/sri-lanka-reveal-fate-disappeared-cartoonist|newspaper=News:Human Rights Watch|date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

*''[[International Federation of Journalists]]''

"The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) joins partners and affiliates in Sri Lanka in unequivocally condemning the repeated targeting of the Tamil newspaper ''Uthayan''.......... The effort to silence ''Uthayan'' after the country’s long civil war was formally declared over in May 2009, 'is seen as a direct attack on post-war democracy and media freedom in the country, aimed at suppressing the dissemination of important information and diverse views among the public'.<ref>{{cite news|title=IFJ Condemns Repeated Targeting of Tamil Newspaper in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1304/S00153/ifj-condemns-repeated-targeting-of-tamil-newspaper-in-sri-la.htm|newspaper=Scoop Media|date=15 April 2013}}</ref>

*''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''

"The newspaper has supported self-rule for Tamils and its staff has repeatedly faced threats and violence, the most serious in 2006 when gunmen stormed its offices and killed two staffers."<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan Newspaper Press Set Ablaze|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323741004578419963052548972|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

*''[[The Globe and Mail]]''

".....I also saw the bullet holes above the sofa in the office of the editor of a Tamil language newspaper in Jaffna. Days after we visited the paper, its offices were trashed and employees beaten." – [[Hugh Segal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The PM is right: Going to Sri Lanka would legitimize the regime|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-pm-is-right-going-to-sri-lanka-would-legitimize-the-regime/article14740206/|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=8 October 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Uthayan quotidien sri-lankais Prix Reporter Sans Frontières catégorie médias Strasbourg 27 novembre 2013-2.jpg|thumb|150px|The awarding ceremony of the ''Reporters Without Borders-Fondation de France Prize'', in [[Strasbourg]], November 2013.]]
The ''Uthayan'' was nominated in the "Media" category in the 15th ''[[Reporters Without Borders]]-[[Fondation de France]] Prize''.<ref name="Uthayan recognised"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The 15th Reporters Without Borders – Fondation de France prize was presented in Paris on Tuesday, 12 December 2006|url=http://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=article&id_article=20098|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714094302/http://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=article&id_article=20098|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2012|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=13 December 2006}}</ref> It was awarded by the prize in 2013.

The ''Uthayan'' received the Public service and Tolerance Journalism Award at a ceremony at [[Galle Face Hotel]] on 24 October 2008 organised by six Sri Lankan journalists associations (National Federation of Journalists, Federation of Media Employee's Trade Unions, Free Media Movement, Sri Lankan Working Journalists Association, Sri Lanka Muslim Media Forum and Sri Lanka Tamil Media Alliance).<ref>{{cite web|title='Uthayan' honoured with the prestigious award for defending press freedom in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/2310/37|publisher=Tamil Sydney}}</ref>

The chief editor and staff of ''Uthayan'' won the ''Sepala Gunasena Award for Defending Press Freedom in Sri Lanka'' award at the Journalism Awards for Excellence 2008 held at [[Mount Lavinia Hotel]] on 14 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=The night of the pen at milestone of ten|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/090719/Plus/sundaytimesplus_01.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=19 July 2009}}</ref>

In its August 2007 report The International Press Freedom Mission to Sri Lanka describes the Uthayan as "a heroic paper".<ref name=RWB290807>{{cite web|title=Jaffna's media in the grip of terror|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-jaffna-s-media-in-the-grip-of-24-08-2007,23380.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415221447/http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-jaffna-s-media-in-the-grip-of-24-08-2007,23380.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=29 August 2007}}</ref> It goes on to say – "This newspaper, Jaffna’s most popular Tamil daily, has paid a heavy price for doing its job since it was founded in November 1985. Its offices were bombed by the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian army]] in the 1980s and then by Sri Lankan war planes in 1990. Its staff have been threatened by several Tamil armed groups, including the [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front|EPRLF]] and the EPDP, that have been fighting in Jaffna for the past 20 years, and in 1999 paramilitaries threw a grenade into its offices."<ref name=RWB290807/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|1=www.uthayan.com|name=Uthayan}}

{{Media of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Mass media in Jaffna]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1985]]
[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Uthayan Group of Newspapers]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Bohurupee

2025-12-12T17:07:50Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: refine article additionally and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian theatre group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox theatre group
| name = Bohurupee
| image = Char Adhyay Bohurupee.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = A scene from ''Char Adhyay'' (1951),<ref>{{cite web|title=Bohurupee productions|url=http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/107946production.html|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> a play staged by Bohurupee
| ArtisticDirector =
| formed = 1948
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| disbanded =
| members =
| notable = [[Sombhu Mitra]], [[Tripti Mitra]], [[Kumar Roy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A life devoted to theatre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/A-life-devoted-to-theatre/articleshow/5631421.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707015231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-02/kolkata/28122620_1_bohurupee-kumar-roy-floral-tribute|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>
| homepage =
| genre =
}}
'''Bohurupee''' is a Bengali premier theatre group. Bohurupee was founded in 1948<ref>{{cite web|title=Bohurupee 61|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090501/jsp/calcutta/story_10903033.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203125451/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090501/jsp/calcutta/story_10903033.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> by several active members who left the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]]. The group was created to present the experimental Bengali drama in unusual form.<ref name="Greatness of spirit : profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award winners">{{cite book|last=Johri|first=Meera|title=Greatness of spirit : profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award winners|year=2010|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|location=Delhi|isbn=8170288584|pages=59–60}}</ref>

==Early days==
After breaking away from [[Indian People's Theatre Association]], prominent Bengali theatre personalities like [[Sombhu Mitra]], [[Bijon Bhattacharya]] created Bohurupee in 1948. The group came into prominence as a composite drama form. This period was a period of struggle for Bohurupee.<ref name="Greatness of spirit : profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award winners" /> Between 1950 and 1958 they directed multiple important plays. They staged [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s play ''Char Adhyay'' in 1951. In 1958, they stage another work of Tagore - ''Raktakaravi''.<ref name="Greatness of spirit : profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award winners" /> In ''Putulkhela'' (1958), which was a depiction of [[Ibsen]]'s ''Doll's House'', Bohurupee touched a sensitive contemporary issue in bold manner. They adapted various international plays viz. ''Dasachakra'' (1962), which was adapted from ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'' by [[Henrik Ibsen]] and ''Raja Oedipous'' (1964), an adaptation of ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' by [[Sophocles]].

==Selected plays==

*Char Adhyay (1951)
*Raktakaravi (1954)
*Putulkhela (1958)
*Visarjan (1961)
*Dasachakra (1962)
*Raja Oidipous (1964)
*Raja (1964)
*Chop! Adalat Cholche (1971)
*Dakghar (1973)
*Ghare Baire (1974)
*Mrichchhakatika (1979)
*Galileo (1980)
*Rajdarsan (1982)
*Aguner pakhi (1984)
*Mr. Kakatuya (1987)
*Kinu Kaharer Thetar (1988)
*Nabanna (1989)

==Awards==
*Airlines Cultural Organisation - Kolkata - Contribution to Bengali Theatre
*Anya Theatre - Kolkata - Distinguished Theatre personality Natya Swapnakalpa - 2004
*Dishari - Kolkata - Best Actor - Nisiddha Thikana - 2004

==See also==
*[[Sombhu Mitra]]
*[[Tripti Mitra]]
*[[Kumar Roy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website| https://web.archive.org/web/20120702141815/http://bohurupeeindia.org:80/}}

{{Bengali Theatre}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1948 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Performing groups established in 1948]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre groups]]

Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)

2025-11-03T01:48:49Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Creating New Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|Synagogue in Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Magen David Synagogue
| image = Maghen David Synagogue - Kolkata 2012-09-22 0275-0276 Combined.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Burrabazar]], [[Kolkata]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.577694481559167|88.35194239008337|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Judaism]]
| rite = [[Baghdadi Jews]]
| province =
| district =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = Protected Monument under ASI
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Italian Renaissance]]
| architecture_style =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 11 September 1884
| specifications = yes
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length = {{convert|140|ft|m}}
| width = {{convert|80|ft|m}}
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height = {{convert|140|ft|m}}
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
}}

'''Magen David Synagogue''' (or the "Shield of David") is located at the junction of Brabourne Road and Canning Street (Biplabi Rashbehari Road) in [[Kolkata]]. Magen David is the second operating synagogue in Kolkata, the other is the Beth El Synagogue at Pollock Street.

==History and architecture==
The synagogue was built in 1884 by [[Elias David Ezra]] in memory of his father [[David Joseph Ezra]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Nishit Ranjan|title=Saswata Kolkata, Ingrej Amaler Sthapotho|year=1990|publisher=Pub Name|pages=38}}</ref> who made his fortune in the real estate trade of Kolkata. Elias David Joseph Ezra is associated with some of the well known buildings of Kolkata including Esplanade Mansion, Ezra Mansion and Chowringhee Mansion. Ezra Street is also named after him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jews of India|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/March2001/Jews_of_India-%20Baghdadi-Manipuri.htm|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

The complex also houses the Neveh Shalome Synagogue, Calcutta's oldest existing synagogue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neveh Shalome Synagogue|url=https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2014/10/09/naveh-shalome-synagogue-kolkata-calcutta/|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=200px>
File:Magen David 2.jpg|Magen David interiors
File:Magen David Synagogue Interiors after restoration.jpg|Interiors after restoration
</gallery>

The synagogue is built in the Italian Renaissance style with a brick red finish. The entrance to the synagogue compound is hidden behind makeshift stalls selling hairclips and other trinkets.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakraborty Lahiri|first=Samhita|title=Jewish jewels|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/jewish-jewels/cid/1270820|date=25 April 2010|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
The Magen David Synagogue is approached through an arched door, containing the hexagonal "Star of David" and Hebrew inscription. The two side walls contains memorial plaques dedicated to the well known [[Jews of Kolkata|Jews of Calcutta (Kolkata)]].
Although the services of the Magen David Synagogue have long stopped, the interior is astonishingly well maintained. The chequered marble floor, gleaming chandeliers, stained glass windows and ornate floral pillars shipped from Paris enhance its Continental look.
The [[Torah ark|ark]] of the Magen David Synagogue is set into the walls of an [[apse]]. The star-studded half dome of the apse represents the heavens. The large plaque above the middle section of the ark contains the [[Ten Commandments]].
It also contains several other Hebrew inscription along with several other items of Jewish Iconography, including the seven branched lamp stand of the menorah. High above the wall opposite the ark is a beautiful stained glass [[rose window]].
At the centre of the hall is the [[Bema|bimah]], the raised platform from which the [[Torah]] was read. Two sets of stairs from either side of the hall lead to the upper balconies, reserved for women.

==Jewish community of Kolkata==
[[File:Magen David 3.jpg|thumb|Magen David Apse]]
[[File:Magen David 4.jpg|thumb|Magen David memorial plaques]]
{{See also|Ethnic communities in Kolkata|History of the Jews in Kolkata}}
Kolkata's Jews are mostly Baghdadi Jews who came to Kolkata to trade. At one point as strong as 6,000, the community dwindled to about 60 after the [[formation of Israel]]. Today there are only about 30 Jews left in Kolkata. The first recorded Jewish immigrant to Kolkata was Shalom Cohen in 1798 from [[Aleppo]] in present-day [[Syria]]. The most influential Jewish family in Kolkata was perhaps the father-son real estate magnates [[David Joseph Ezra]] and [[Elias David Ezra]]. The family founded the Jewish Girls School.

[[File:Magen David Synagogue as seen from Brabourne road.jpg|thumb|Magen David Synagogue as seen from Brabourne road]]
The community had five independent synagogues in Kolkata, out of which the Magen David, Neveh Shalome, and Beth El operate to this day. Magen David and the neighbouring Neveh Shalome are accessible to the public as they are under the protection of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

The Jewish confectioner and bakery [[Nahoum & Sons|Nahoum's]] in the [[New Market, Calcutta|New Market]] holds a special place in [[Kolkata confectionery]]. Founded in 1902, Nahoum's moved to its present location in the New Market in 1916. A permission from the Nahoum Shop is required to visit the synagogues of Kolkata.

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]
* [[Jews of Kolkata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Magen David Synagogue}}
* [http://www.bongblogger.com/magen-david-synagogue-kolkata-calcutta/ Magen David Synagogue]

{{Synagogues in India}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Synagogues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian history]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:19th-century synagogues in Asia]]

Mynavathi

2025-10-22T21:33:56Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian Kannada actress (1935-2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mynavathi
| image = Mynavathi Savkur.jpg
| caption =
| birthname = M. Mynavathi
| birth_date = {{birth date |1935|7|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhatkal]], [[Uttara Kannada district]], Karnataka, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|11|10|1935|7|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1955–2012
| spouse = Dr. S. Radhakrishna
| website =
| relatives = [[Pandari Bai]] (sister)
| children = 3
}}

'''Mynavathi''' (26 July 1935 – 10 November 2012) was an Indian actress. She made her first screen appearance as an actor in the 1955 [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] film ''Santa Sakhu'' and acted in over 100 Kannada films. She was the younger sister of another popular Kannada actress [[Pandari Bai]]. She became popular after her role in the 1959 Kannada film ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'', which co-starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and her sister [[Pandari Bai]] and was directed by H. L. N. Simha. In the film, she played the role of an autocratic girl who hates men. It was based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Career ==
After her debut in 1955, Mynavathi appeared in ''[[Bhakta Vijaya]]'', ''[[Hari Bhakta]]'' and ''[[Rayara Sose]]'', all the films that had [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] playing the lead role. She has acted alongside other greats of Kannada cinema like [[Kalyan Kumar]] and [[Udaykumar]], with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in Tamil films. Her other popular films include ''Kacha Devayani'', ''Naane Bhagyavathi'', ''Anuraadha'', ''Annapurna'', ''Sarvajnamurthy'', ''Amma'', ''Muthaide Bhagya'' and ''Obbarigintha Obbaru''. Launching "Yantra Media" in the 1980s with her sons, Mynavathi entered the television industry. She has acted in the [[Soap opera|television serials]] ''Amma'', ''Manetana'', ''Mahayagna'' and ''Sumangali''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/actor-mynavathi-passes-away/article4086807.ece |title= Actor Mynavathi passes away |newspaper= The Hindu |accessdate= 2012-11-13 |archive-date= 12 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201012063251/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/actor-mynavathi-passes-away/article4086807.ece |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Death ==
Mynavathi died on 10 November 2012

== Filmography ==
=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Kangal (film)|Kangal]]'' || || rowspan=3 | Tamil || Debut Film
|-
| rowspan=2 |1954 || ''[[En Magal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ponvayal]]'' || ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Santha Sakku]]'' || || Kannada || Debut in Kannada
|-
| rowspan=8 |1956 || ''[[Nalla Veedu]]'' || ||rowspan=3 |Tamil ||
|-
|| ''[[Nannambikkai]]'' ||
||
|-
|| ''[[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|Kula Dheivam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhakta Vijaya]]'' || || rowspan=4|Kannada||
|-
|| ''[[Hari Bhakta]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Muttaide Bhagya]]'' || Vidyavati ||
|-
|| ''Kacha Devayani'' || ||
|-
|| ''Shantha Sakkubai'' || || Tamil || Dubbed from Kannada
|-
| rowspan=5 |1957 || ''[[Bettada Kalla]]'' || || rowspan=3|Kannada
|-
|| ''[[Sati Nalaayini]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|| ''Pudhu Vayal'' || || rowspan=7 |Tamil ||
|-
|| ''[[Aaravalli]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1958 || ''[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bommai Kalyanam]]'' || Kannamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Anbu Engey]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Naan Valartha Thangai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Sengottai Singam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bommala Pelli]]'' || Bullemma || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1959 || ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'' || Sharmishtha || rowspan=2 | Kannada ||
|-
|| ''[[Manege Banda Mahalakshmi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kann Thirandhadhu]]'' || || rowspan=11 |Tamil||
|-
|| ''[[Engal Kuladevi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vannakili]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyanikku Kalyanam]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1960 || ''[[Kuravanji]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mahalakshmi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi|Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Thanthaikku Pin Thamaiyan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Anbukor Anni'' || ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Malliyam Mangalam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1964 || ''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]'' || Ashadevi || rowspan=17 |Kannada ||
|-
|| ''[[Navajeevana]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1965 || ''[[Sarvagna Murthy]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mahasathi Anasuya]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Subba Shastry]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1967 || ''Shri Purandaradasaru'' || Circus woman || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Anuradha (1967 film)|Anuradha]]'' || Anuradha ||
|-
|rowspan=4| 1968 || ''Nane Bhagyavathi'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Gowri Ganda]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Aananda Kanda'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Amma (1968 film)|Amma]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1969 || ''Vichithra Samaara'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Gandondu Hennaru]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1970 || ''[[Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Aparaajithe'' || ||
|-
|| ''Muru Muttugalu'' || ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Aliya Geleya'' || ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Avalum Penn Thaane]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Mugiyada Kathe]]'' || || rowspan=15 |Kannada ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' || Gundu Rao's wife ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Gruhapravesha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1992 || ''[[Mana Mecchida Sose]]'' || Savitri ||
|-
|| ''[[Prema Sangama]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nanna Thangi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1993 || ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' || Pandaribai ||
|-
|| ''[[Manikantana Mahime]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chirabandhavya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 ||''[[Mutthanna]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |1996 ||'' Shiva Leele'' || ||
|-
|| ''Geluvina Saradara'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Doni Sagali]]'' || ||
|-
|2001 || ''Sundara Neenu Sundari Naanu'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Preetisle Beku]]'' || Ganesha's grandmother ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm5919275}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

2005 elections in India

2025-10-14T14:29:47Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: minor correct page based on references additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2004 elections in India
| previous_year = 2004
| election_date = 2005
| next_election = 2006 elections in India
| next_year = 2006
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Overall result==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
|3 – 23 February 2005
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rabri Devi]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
|3 – 23 February 2005
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Munda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|[[File:IN-JH.svg|50px]]
|-
|27 February 2005
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|[[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
|18 October to 19 November 2005
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
Elections to the State Legislative Assemblies were held in three [[India]]n states during February 2005, [[#Bihar|Bihar]], [[#Haryana|Haryana]] and [[#Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]. In [[Haryana]] the [[Indian National Congress]] won a landslide victory, dethroning the long-time Chief Minister [[Om Prakash Chautala]]. In [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] there was a fractured verdict. Since no government could be formed in Bihar, fresh elections were held in October–November the same year.

===[[Bihar]]===
==== February ====
{{Main|February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
[[Image:Bihar in India.png|thumb|right|[[Bihar]]]]
Source:<ref name=bhelection2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
{|
|- bgcolor="efefef"
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 103
| 37
| 2686290
| 10,97%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 238
| 2
| 1080745
| 4,41%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 17
| 3
| 386236
| 1,58%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 12
| 1
| 156656
| 0,64%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 84
| 10
| 1223835
| 5,00%
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 31
| 3
| 240862
| 0,98%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 138
| 55
| 3564930
| 14,55%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 18
| 0
| 76671
| 0,31%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 210
| 75
| 6140223
| 25,07%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 3
| 0
| 5555
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| 109
| 7
| 610345
| 2,49%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 4
| 0
| 22428
| 0,09%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 1
| 0
| 4225
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 23
| 0
| 25618
| 0,10%
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 26
| 0
| 25698
| 0,10%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 142
| 4
| 658791
| 2,69%
|-
| [[Adarsh Political Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 736
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena]]
| 1
| 0
| 858
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha]]
| 1
| 0
| 326
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 5
| 0
| 4603
| 0,02%
|-
| Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| 19
| 0
| 10990
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| 64
| 0
| 73109
| 0,30%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist)]]
| 1
| 0
| 27045
| 0,11%
|-
| Akhand Jharkhand People's Front
| 7
| 0
| 9800
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Awami Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 24400
| 0,10%
|-
| [[Bajjikanchal Vikas Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 4693
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Momin Front]]
| 3
| 0
| 2008
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Bharat Mangalam Parishad]]
| 1
| 0
| 397
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Federal Congress of India]]
| 2
| 0
| 1752
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Gondvana Ganatantra Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1460
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 15
| 0
| 20227
| 0,08%
|-
| [[Indian Union Muslim League (1)|Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 1
| 0
| 758
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Jai Hind Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1467
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Mazdoor Congress]]
| 7
| 0
| 6695
| 0,03%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1071
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Janhit Samaj Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 4770
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Jawan Kisan Morcha]]
| 5
| 0
| 2705
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Disom Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 18717
| 0,08%
|-
| [[Kamjor Varg Sangh, Bihar]]
| 1
| 0
| 1529
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Kosi Vikas Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 19267
| 0,08%
|-
| [[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]
| 8
| 0
| 10327
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Lok Dal]]
| 3
| 0
| 1496
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 178
| 29
| 3091173
| 12,62%
|-
| [[Lok Sewa Dal]]
| 3
| 0
| 1807
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Lokpriya Samaj Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 3438
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1774
| 0,1%
|-
| [[Marxist Communist Party of India]]
| 3
| 0
| 3420
| 0,01%
|-
| [[National Loktantrik Party]]
| 5
| 0
| 4003
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Navbharat Nirman Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 2220
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1011
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Proutist Sarva Samaj Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 3075
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]
| 9
| 0
| 11227
| 0,05%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Garib Dal]]
| 2
| 0
| 1802
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 3908
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Lok Seva Morcha]]
| 15
| 0
| 21571
| 0,09%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]
| 3
| 0
| 2891
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 23122
| 0,09%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
| 5
| 0
| 5466
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| 31
| 0
| 60528
| 0,25%
|-
| [[Samata Party]]
| 73
| 0
| 105438
| 0,43%
|-
| [[Sanatan Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 705
| 0,00%
|-
| [[Sarvhara Dal]]
| 1
| 0
| 1238
| 0,01%
|-
| [[Shoshit Samaj Dal]]
| 7
| 0
| 9303
| 0,04%
|-
| [[Shoshit Samaj Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 3729
| 0,02%
|-
| [[Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 13655
| 0,06%
|-
| Independents
| 1493
| 17
| 3957945
| 16,16%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 3193
| 243
| 24494763
|
|
|}

====October====
{{Main|October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref name=bhelection2005/>
{|
|- bgcolor="efefef"
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 139
| 88
| 4819759
| 20.46%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 102
| 55
| 3686720
| 15.65%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 175
| 54
| 5525081
| 23.45%
|-
| [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]]
| 203
| 10
| 2615901
| 11.10%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 51
| 9
| 1435449
| 6.09%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)]]
| 85
| 5
| 559326
| 2.37%
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 212
| 4
| 981464
| 4.17%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 35
| 3
| 491689
| 2.09%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 158
| 2
| 594266
| 2.52%
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 8
| 1
| 186936
| 0.79%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 10
| 1
| 159906
| 0.68%
|-
| [[Akhil Jan Vikas Dal]]
| 7
| 1
| 49869
| 0.21%
|-
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 36
| 0
| 51004
| 0.22%
|-
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
| 15
| 0
| 44562
| 0.19%
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 3
| 0
| 42749
| 0.18%
|-
| [[Samata Party]]
| 20
| 0
| 28374
| 0.12%
|-
| [[Kosi Vikas Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 27071
| 0.11%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 13
| 0
| 21998
| 0.09%
|-
| [[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Mazdoor Congress]]
| 8
| 0
| 19045
| 0.08%
|-
| Ambedkar National Congress
| 8
| 0
| 14396
| 0.06%
|-
| [[Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 11037
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| 8
| 0
| 12026
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| 8
| 0
| 9179
| 0.04%
|-
| [[Gondvana Gantantra Party]]
| 7
| 0
| 8756
| 0.04%
|-
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 6
| 0
| 7672
| 0.03%
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 5920
| 0.03%
|-
| [[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 7150
| 0.03%
|-
| [[Shoshit Samaj Dal]]
| 7
| 0
| 6421
| 0.03%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 5
| 0
| 5135
| 0.02%
|-
| Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| 8
| 0
| 5790
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Ekta Dal]]
| 2
| 0
| 3815
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Buddhiviveki Vikas Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 4096
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Disom Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 4351
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Proutist Sarva Samaj Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 3938
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]
| 2
| 0
| 4056
| 0.02%
|-
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 1337
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
| 2
| 0
| 1848
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena]]
| 1
| 0
| 1450
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha]]
| 2
| 0
| 2690
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Amra Bangalee]]
| 2
| 0
| 3104
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Awami Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1833
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Jai Hind Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1531
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Jawan Kisan Morcha]]
| 2
| 0
| 1864
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Jai Prakash Janata Dal]]
| 2
| 0
| 2710
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 2721
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Lok Dal]]
| 2
| 0
| 2402
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Lok Sewa Dal]]
| 1
| 0
| 2557
| 0.01%
|-
| [[National Loktantrik Party]]
| 3
| 0
| 2632
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Kamjor Varg Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 1359
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 2430
| 0.01%
|-
| [[Bajjikanchal Vikas Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 400
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Bharatiya Momin Front]]
| 1
| 0
| 445
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Bharat Mangalam Parishad]]
| 1
| 0
| 1069
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 942
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 407
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Rashtriya Garib Dal]]
| 1
| 0
| 1167
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| 1
| 0
| 1089
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Samajik Jantantrik Party]]
| 1
| 0
| 553
| 0.00%
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 746
| 10
| 2065744
| 8.77%
|
|-
| '''Total:'''
| '''2135'''
| '''243'''
| '''23559191'''
| '''100%'''
|
|}

===Haryana===
{{Main|2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref name=hrelection2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3825-haryana-2005/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2005 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
! align="center" | % Votes in Seats Cont.
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||'''90'''||'''67'''||'''42.46'''||'''42.46'''
|-
|2||align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] ||'''442'''||'''10'''||'''13.70'''||'''14.26'''
|-
|3||align="left"|[[Indian National Lok Dal]] ||'''89'''||'''9'''||'''26.77'''||'''26.95'''
|-
|4||align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||90||'''2'''||'''10.36'''|| '''10.36'''
|-
|5||align="left"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]||84||'''1'''||'''3.22'''|| '''3.44'''
|-
|5||align="left"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]||14||'''1'''||'''0.68'''|| '''4.57'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''90'''||||
|}

===Jharkhand===
{{main|2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref name=jhelection2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width=90%
|-
!SN
!Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats Won
! % Votes
! % Votes in Seats Contested
|-
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 63
| 30
| 23.57
| 30.19
|-
| 2
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 49
| 17
| 14.29
| 24.04
|-
| 3
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 41
| 9
| 12.05
| 22.74
|-
| 4
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 51
| 7
| 8.48
| 13.14
|-
| 5
| JANATA DAL (UNITED)
| 18
| 6
| 4.0
| 18.25
|-
| 6
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 662
| 3
| 15.31
| 15.53
|-
| 7
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 12
| 2
| 1.0
| 6.37
|-
| 7
| [[United Goans Democratic Party]]
| 22
| 2
| 1.52
| 5.92
|-
| 7
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| 40
| 2
| 2.81
| 5.75
|-
| 8
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 13
| 1
| 0.43
| 2.35
|-
| 8
| CPI(ML)(L)
| 28
| 1
| 2.46
| 6.58
|-
| 8
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 27
| 1
| 0.97
| 3.14
|-

|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''81'''
|
|
|}

==Legislative By-elections==

===Meghalaya ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2005/index.htm |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - Jan-Feb 2005 |publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Mawprem Assembly constituency|Mawprem]]||49.88%||Manas Chaudhuri||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,839||14.7%||Dambar B. Gurung||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,521||35.4%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,318'''
|-
|2||[[Selsella Assembly constituency|Selsella]]||71.83%||Clement Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,745||7.32%||Connad Kongkal Sangma||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||2,563||24.68%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''182'''
|-
|3||[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]||70.84%||Tonsing N Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,890||13.51%||Anderson Sangma||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,260||14.54%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''630'''
|-
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|2005 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2005 elections in India]]
[[Category:2005 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2005 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Citizens Justice Committee

2025-10-12T04:44:02Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: general enhance structure to improve readability and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian umbrella organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Citizen's Justice Committee
| logo =
| type = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]]
| founded =
| location =
| key_people = [[Sarv Mittra Sikri]], [[H. S. Phoolka]], [[Rajinder Sachar]], [[V. M. Tarkunde]], [[Kuldip Nayar]], [[Soli Sorabjee]]
| fields =
| homepage =
}}

'''Citizen's Justice Committee''' (commonly known as CJC) is an Indian umbrella organization of various [[human rights]] organizations and is known for ''[[pro bono]]'' representing the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] victims in their legal battle to gain justice.

==Formation==
The CJC was formed in May 1985,<ref name=Tribune-1>{{cite news | title = Justice Narula passes away| publisher = The Tribune (Chandigarh)| date = 1985-11-07}}</ref> by [[H. S. Phoolka]] who became a counselor for the Citizens Justice Committee (CJC). The first activity of CJC was helping the victims of anti-Sikh riots file affidavits and testify before the first formal sitting of the [[Mishra Commission]] on 29 July 1985.

===Withdrawal from Mishra Commission===
The proceedings of the sitting of Mishra Commission were not made public or open to the press<ref name=firstsitting>{{cite news | title = Judicial inquiry into November 1984 riots| work =BBC Summary of World Broadcasts | publisher = The Press Trust of India | date = 1985-07-31}}</ref> In protest, the CJC withdrew its cooperation from the Mishra Commission on 31 March 1986 because it disagreed with the commissions decision to hold secret proceedings. The CJC then started filing individual court cases.<ref>{{cite news | last = Tenorio |first = Vyvyan | title = Victimized Sikhs await redress | pages = 19| publisher = Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA) | date = 1986-06-06}}</ref>

==Members==
The CJC was chaired by Justice [[Sarv Mittra Sikri]].<ref name="Jr2011"/> The CJC membership included Senior advocate of [[Delhi High Court]] [[H. S. Phoolka]], Justice Ranjit Singh Narula, [[Soli Sorabjee]], General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] (Bangladesh war veteran), Justice [[V. M. Tarkunde]] and journalist/columnist [[Khushwant Singh]].<ref name=Tribune-1/>

==Activism==
The CJC has been representing the 1984 anti-Sikh massacre victims before various judicial commissions that have been formed for inquiry into the massacres.<ref name=Tribune-1/>

==Disbanding==
By 2000 the CJC had become largely defunct. Of the core team of the CJC its chairman Sikri had died in 1992, whilst [[Soli Sorabjee]] had been re-appointed as [[Attorney-General for India]] and [[V. M. Tarkunde]] had retired. Two other members of the CJC, [[Rajinder Sachar]] [[Kuldip Nayar]], joined a new organization set up to replace the CJC, the Carnage Justice Committee.<ref name="Jr2011">{{cite book|author=George H. Gadbois, Jr|title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|date=2 May 2011|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-908838-6|page=110}}</ref><ref name="MittaPhoolka2013">{{cite book|author1=Manoj Mitta|author2=H.S. Phoolka|title=When a Tree Shook Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6mBAAAQBAJ|date=19 December 2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-043-2}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] victims have been represented by CJC since its inception.
* [[H. S. Phoolka]] spearheaded the formation of CJC.
* [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] - some members of CJC also worked for this organization.
* [[Coordination of Democratic Rights Organisations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots]]

The Breakup Song (Ae Dil Hai Mushkil song)

2025-09-27T19:57:20Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (soundtrack)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from song}}
}}
[[Category:2016 songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Pritam Chakraborty]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Breakup Song}}

Surendra (actor)

2025-09-22T06:32:07Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Indian singer-actor (1910–1987)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surendra
| image = Surendra_Dynamite_(1938).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Surendra in ''Dynamite'' (1938)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Batala]], [[Gurdaspur District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|09|11|1910|11|11}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| death_cause =
| birth_name = Surendra Nath Sharma
| occupation = Actor, singer
| years_active = 1936–1986
| spouse = Satya Rishi
}}
'''Surendra''' (11 November 1910 – 11 September 1987; '''Surendra Nath Sharma''') was an Indian singer-actor of Hindi films.<ref name=FAR>{{cite web |title=Surendra |url=http://www.singeractorsurendra.com/ |website=singeractorsurendra.com |publisher=FAR Commercials |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Known by his mononym, Surendra was born and educated in Punjab to be a lawyer by profession. He came to Bombay to become a singer on the recommendation of a Delhi distributor and his friends.<ref name="Varma1963">{{cite book |author=Om Parkash Varma |title=333 Great Indians, who is who & who was Who, from the Remotest Past to the Nearest Present: Philosophers, Politicians, Diplomats |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5qGRboIYVoC |access-date=9 May 2015 |year=1963 |publisher=Varma Bros.}}</ref> He was "picked" by [[Mehboob Khan]] whom he met at Sagar Movietone, to sing and act in films as an alternative to the then [[Calcutta]]-based singer-actor, [[K. L. Saigal]].<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book |author=Tilak Rishi |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA126 |access-date=26 April 2015 |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9 |pages=126–}}</ref> Surendra started his career with his debut starring role in ''[[Deccan Queen (film)|Deccan Queen]]'' (1936), directed by Mehboob Khan.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1971 |access-date=9 May 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=2– |chapter=Deccan Queen}}</ref> He soon became a part of Sagar Movietone when his song "Birha Ki Aag Lagi More Man Mein" from the film became an "instant hit".

==Early life==
Surendra was born on 11 November 1910, in [[Batala]], [[Gurdaspur District]], Punjab [[British India]]. His father's name was Ralia Ram Sharma. While in school, Surendranath, as he was then called, took part in concerts and earned the "reputation" of a singer.<ref name=FAR /> Surendra completed his education in 1935, from the Punjab University, in [[Ambala]], which was at that time a part of Punjab. He got his B.A.,LL.B degree and started preparing to work as a lawyer in Punjab.<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book |author=Ashok Raj |title=Hero Vol.1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |access-date=27 April 2015 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |pages=87–}}</ref> He was "spotted" by the then leading distributor from Delhi, Lala Alopi Prashad who encouraged the young Surendra to join films.<ref name="Varma 1963">{{cite book |title=333 Great Indians, who is who & who was Who, from the Remotest Past to the Nearest Present: Philosophers, Politicians, Diplomats}}</ref> On the instigation of his friends who wanted him to try his luck in films as a singer, he left Punjab and came to Bombay, where he met Mehboob Khan.

Surendra's parents were against the idea of his joining films, but on being persuaded they agreed, stipulating that Surendra's name in the credit roll of the films should appear as "Surendra Nath B.A., LL.B", a condition agreed to by Mehboob Khan.<ref name="RaufAhmed p. 29">RaufAhmed, p. 29</ref>

==Career==

===1930s===
[[File:Surendra_Bibbo_1938.jpg|thumb|right|Surendra and [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] in ''Dynamite'' (1938)]]
Mehboob Khan, who had made a commercially successful film ''[[Al Hilal (film)|Al Hilal]]'' in 1935, is credited for bringing Surendra into films. He offered him the leading role in ''[[Deccan Queen (film)|Deccan Queen]]'' (1936), which was produced by Sagar Movietone.<ref name="RaufAhmed p. 29">RaufAhmed, p. 29</ref> Khan also chose the singular name Surendra, which was to stay as his screen name. ''Deccan Queen'', with music by [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], was a story about a police inspector played by Surendra, who has twin sisters fall in love with him. A song sung by Surendra "Birha Ki Aag Lagi", which according to author Ashok Raj, was a "rehash" of K. L. Saigal's song from ''[[Devdas (1936 film)|Devdas]]'' (1935), "Baalam Aaye Baso", became extremely popular.<ref name=Raj2009 /> The other notable song from this film was a popular ghazal sung by Surendra "Yaad Na Kar Dil-e-Haseen Bhooli Hui Kahaniyan".<ref name=Dutta>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=V. S. |title=Death Anniversary Tribute- Surendra |url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/12522-death-anniversary-tribute-surendra-was-hero-opposite-such-legends-as-noor-jehan-suraiya-naseem-bano |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=Active India |access-date=27 April 2015 |ref=Death Anniversary Tribute-Surendra was hero opposite such legends as Noor Jehan, Suraiya, Naseem Bano}}</ref>

In 1936, Khan wanted to make a film in Bombay, that would rival Calcutta's ''Devdas''. ''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' (1936), directed by Khan had Surendra once again in the lead. [[Zia Sarhadi]] wrote the story, script and dialogues for the film. Though referred to as the "poor man's Devdas"<ref name=Outlook>{{cite journal |title=Devdas Forever |journal=Outlook Magazine |date=5 Aug 2002 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?216691 |access-date=8 Sep 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908112414/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?216691 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the film went on to become a big hit. The third film in 1936 was Sagar's ''[[Grama Kanya]]'', directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]]. The film had Surendra starring opposite [[Sabita Devi]] and Aruna Devi. The music of the film, composed by the famous [[bhajan]] singer Shankarrao Khatu became popular with the public.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book |author=Ashok Damodar Ranade |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA342 |access-date=29 April 2015 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 |pages=342–}}</ref>

In 1938, while working for ''[[Gramophone Singer]]'' Surendra met with a car accident and had to be hospitalised. The film's shooting was halted for a few days.<ref name=BaburaoPatel>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Studio Close-Ups |journal=Filmindia |date=February 1938 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=38 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia19373803unse#page/n117/mode/2up/search/Surendra |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> ''Gramophone Singer'' was Ramachandra Thakur's debut directorial venture, which he co-directed with V. C. Desai. The film had music composed by [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]. It was cited as a "music-dominated" love triangle starring Surendra with [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] and Prabha, who played the role of his wife.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 ch. Gramaphone Singer">RajadhyakshaWillemen2014, ch. Gramaphone Singer</ref> Following the release of the film, Surendra and Bibbo became a popular pair and worked together in several films together. Surendra's song "Ek Chhota Sa Mandir Banaya Hua Hai" went on to become popular.<ref name=Krishna>{{cite web |title=Interview-Surendra |url=http://cinegems.in/surendra-nath/ |website=cinegems.in |publisher=Cinegems.in |access-date=8 May 2015 |ref=Krishna-1977}}</ref>

===1940s===
[[File:1857_SuraiyaSurendra.jpg|thumb|right|Surendra and Suraiya in ''[[1857 (film)|1857]]'' (1946)]]
In 1940, Mehboob Khan produced ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' under the banner of his National Studios. Mehboob was to later remake ''Aurat'' as ''[[Mother India]]'' in 1957. In ''Aurat'', he cast Surendra as the older brother, a role to be played by [[Rajendra Kumar]] in ''Mother India''. [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] was cast as the younger brother Birju, with [[Sardar Akhtar]] playing the mother's role. The song "Utth Sajni Khol Kiware, Tere Sajan Aye Duware", sung by Surendra and Jyoti went on to become a "big hit",<ref name=VSDutta>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=V. S. |title=India Homage to Surendra |url=http://www.activeindiatv.com/entertainment/13580-homage-to-surendra-awaz-de-kahan-hai-duniya-meri-jawan-hai |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=Active India |access-date=8 May 2015 |ref=Awaz De Kahan Hai}}</ref> with [[Baburao Patel]], editor of the cine-magazine ''Filmindia'' claiming that "Surendra had never sung better" in the June 1940 issue.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Aurat Review |journal=Filmindia |date=June 1940 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=37 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194006unse#page/n359/mode/2up/search/Surendra |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]'' (1940) had Surendra starring in the title role,<ref name="Raj2009 p. 86">Raj2009, p. 86</ref> with Sardar Akhtar and Waheedan Bai. The film was a bilingual, made both in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], with Surendra playing the double role of Alibaba and his son.<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book |author=Sanjit Narwekar |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 May 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=Flicks Books|isbn=9780948911408 }}</ref> The popular song from this film was "Hum Aur Tum Aur Ye Khushi Ye Kehkahe Ye Dillagi", sung by Surendra and Waheedan.<ref name=ActiveIndia>{{cite web |last1=Datta |first1=V. S. |title=Surendra's evergreen songs are a treat to remember |url=http://www.activeindiatv.com/entertainment/24546-surendras-evergreen-songs-are-a-treat-to-remember- |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=Active India |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>

In 1940, it was reported by [[Baburao Patel]], editor of ''Filmindia'' in the June 1940 issue that Surendra had fallen off a horse while riding at the [[Bombay Turf Club]] lawns. He was hospitalised for several months. Rumours surfaced at that time that Surendra had retired from acting.<ref name=Baburao>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Pictures In The Making |journal=Filmindia |date=June 1940 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=59 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194006unse#page/n359/mode/2up/search/Surendra |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> However, quashing the report in the news, Surendra returned after almost ten months to complete his films. He was left with a limp that remained for the rest of his life.<ref name=Krishna />

Following a hiatus of two years he went on to act in ''Jawani'' (1942), directed by [[Wajahat Mirza]]. In 1943, he acted in ''Paigham'', directed by music director [[Gyan Dutt]], ''Vish Kanya'', by [[Kidar Sharma]] and ''Vishwas'', by [[Homi Wadia]].

In 1944, Surendra acted in three films, ''Lal Haveli'', ''Bhatruhari'' and ''Miss Devi''. The first two were successful films of 1944. ''Lal Haveli'' starred him opposite the then reigning singer-actress [[Noor Jehan]]. Directed by K. B. Lall, it had music by Mir Sahib with the duet "Dil Le Ke Mukar Na Jaana, Nazuk Hai Bahut Zamana", sung by Noor Jehan and Surendra and two solos songs by Surendra, "Yehi Fiqar Hai Shyam Pichale Savere" and "Kyun Man Dhoondhe Prem Nadi Ka Kinara" becoming successful. ''Bhatruhari'', also called ''Raja Bhatruhari'', directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi, had music composed by Khemchand Prakash. The popular songs were "Bhanwara Madhuban Mein Ja", Prem Bina Sab Soona", Bhiksha De De Maa" and "Allah Naam Ras Pina Prani".<ref name=Raj2009 />

1946 had Surendra and Noor Jehan starring again with a third singer-actress [[Suraiya]], in what was to be the highest-grossing film of that year, ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]''. Directed by Mehboob Khan for his Mehboob Productions, it had music composed by Naushad. According to journalist and author Rauf Ahmed in his book ''Mehboob Khan'', Mehboob had initially decided not to cast Surendra as the male lead in ''Anmol Ghadi'', due to a misunderstanding created by the head of [[Ranjit Studios]], [[Chandulal Shah]].<ref name="RaufAhmed p. 58">RaufAhmed, p. 58</ref> The role was written with Surendra in mind, and in an interview with journalist-author Bunny Reuben, for his book ''Mehboob, India's Demille: The First Biography'' Surendra stated that a frustrated Mehboob, unable to find the right man to enact the role told Faredoon Irani, his cinematographer, "it's really Surendra who should be doing this role".<ref name="Reuben1994">{{cite book |author=Bunny Reuben |title=Mehboob, India's DeMille: The First Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExhlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 May 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-153-8 |pages=128}}</ref> Faredoon Irani asked Mehboob to pick up the phone and patch-up with Surendra, which he did. Surendra's "pathos-ridden" "Kyun Yaad Aa Rahein Hain" has "stood the test of time".<ref name="RaufAhmed p. 29">RaufAhmed, p. 29</ref> Surendra's other solo "Ab Kaun Hai Mera", and a duet with Noor Jehan "Awaaz De Kahan Hai" also became "big hits", with the music composition cited as Naushad's "crowning glory" of the 1940s.<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |title=Turning the clock back to Anmol Ghadi |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/29dinesh.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Two other films of 1946 were Mohan Sinha's ''[[1857 (film)|1857]]'' opposite Suraiya, and ''Panihari'' directed by V. M. Gunjal.

''[[Elaan (1947 film)|Elaan]]'' made in 1947, was a Mehboob Khan Productions, directed by Mehboob Khan. The film, a Muslim social, followed the fortunes of two step-brothers, one evil, called Sajjad, played by Himalayawala, the other good, called Javed, acted by Surendra, who is mistreated by Sajjad and his mother played by Zebunissa. Both brothers are in love with the same girl, [[Munawwar Sultana]]. Claimed to be a "stylised Muslim social", it had music by Naushad.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 ch. Elaan">RajadhyakshaWillemen2014, ch. Elaan</ref> ''Elaan'' was in trouble with the censors and banned for a time. When the censors cleared the film for viewing it was "rejected" by audiences and did not fare well at the box office though Surendra's acting was acclaimed as the "simple-hearted" stepbrother.<ref name="Rauf Ahmed">{{cite book |title=Mehboob Khan}}</ref> Suendra went on to act in a couple of films directed by Mohan Sinha, ''Mere Bhagwan'' and ''Chittor Vijay'', which turned out to unsuccessful commercially. A third film made by Sinha in 1949 ''Imtihan'' also flopped. According to Surendra, in an interview with Krishna, he stated the films were "very badly made and released without any build-up" and "very poor in content". The films faring poorly brought his acting career in a lead role to a near halt.<ref name=Krishna />

In 1948, Mehboob Khan cast Surendra in ''[[Anokhi Ada (1948 film)|Anokhi Ada]]'', with [[Naseem Banu]] and [[Prem Adib]]. ''Anokhi Ada'' was unsuccessful in creating the same "magic" as ''Anmol Ghadi'' and has been cited as "at best a modest grosser" at the box office.<ref name="Rauf Ahmed"/> His duet with Shamshad Begum "Kyun Unhen Dil Diya" was appreciated. ''Anokhi Ada'' was also the last film Mehboob and Surendra worked in together.

===1950s-1980s===
In 1950, Surendra was part of an ensemble cast in ''Hindustan Hamara'', a fictional story that used "extensive documentary footage".<ref name="Daiya2011">{{cite book |author=Kavita Daiya |title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA88 |access-date=13 May 2015 |date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-744-2 |pages=88–}}</ref> Produced by the Documentary Unit of India, it was directed by Paul Zils. The film also featured [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Durga Khote]] and [[P. Jairaj]].<ref name=Goble>{{cite web |title=Hamara Hindustan |url=http://www.citwf.com/film150416.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>

1n 1952, while going through a rough patch as far as film roles were concerned, he was offered to enact [[Tansen]] in [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s film ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]''. The film starring [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Bharat Bhushan]] in the lead roles, went on to become a big success commercially, with its music composed by [[Naushad]] becoming popular. One of the highlights of the film was the music-singing competition between the court musician Tansen and the folk popular Baiju.<ref name="Dwyer2005">{{cite book |author=Rachel Dwyer |title=100 Bollywood Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |access-date=13 May 2015 |date=1 December 2005 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7436-990-1 |pages=35–}}</ref> However, instead of singing for himself in the film, Surendra had to lip-sync to [[Ustad Amir Khan]] for the song "Ghanana Ghanana Kar Barso Re" in raga Malhar, while the song sequence between Tansen and Baiju played by Bharat Bhushan had Ustad Amir Khan and [[D. V. Paluskar]] providing playback singing for them.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=Wimal Dissanayake |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA260 |access-date=13 May 2015 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=260–}}</ref>

In 1954, Surendra's version of the song from ''Gawaiya'' "Teri Yaad Ka Deepak Jalta Hai Din Raat" was claimed to be a "super-hit".<ref name=Raj2009 /> The roles were less, and Surendra switched to playing character roles. Some of his films in the period from late 1950s to 1970s included Rani Roopmati (1957), ''Mughal-E-Azam'' (1960) where he again played Tansen, ''Hariyali Aur Raasta'' (1962), ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne|Geet Gaaya Pattharone]]'' (1964), ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965), ''Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti'', ''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' (1967) and ''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' (1968).<ref name=Raj2009 />

Surendra started making ad films and Television commercials for "big brands" like Colgate and Liril several years before his death.<ref name=TilakRishi>{{cite web |title=Surendra |url=http://tilakrishi.blogspot.in/2012_02_01_archive.html |website=tilakrishi.blogspot.in |publisher=Tilak Rishi |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
Surendra was married to Satya Rishi, in Lahore on 3 March 1945. Satya Rishi was the sister of author Tilak Rishi.<ref name=TilakRishi /> Surendra and Satya had four children, two daughters and two sons, Sunita, Jeetendranath, Kailash and Rohini. Surendra had started an ad film company, Surendra Film Productions making commercials. The name was changed to J K Advertisers and then FAR Productions, later run by his sons Jeetendra and Kailash. His son Jeetendra Surendranath and daughter Rohini Pinto manage the Indian Advertising Company FAR Commercials.<ref name=afaq>{{cite web |title=FAR Commercials |url=http://resources.afaqs.com/index.html?id=510&category=Production%20Houses&alpha=F |website=resources.afaqs.com |publisher=afaqs!. |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> His younger son [[Kailash Surendranath]] is an advertisement film-maker and founder of Kailash Picture Company. He is married to actress Aarti Gupta.<ref name=KS>{{cite web |title=Kailash Picture Company |url=http://www.kailashpictureco.com/about-us.html |website=kailashpictureco.com |publisher=Kailash Picture Co. |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

Surendra died on 11 September 1987 at the age of 76 years, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.<ref name=Surendra>{{cite web |title=Death Anniversary Tribute |url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/12522-death-anniversary-tribute-surendra-was-hero-opposite-such-legends-as-noor-jehan-suraiya-naseem-bano |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=activeindiatv.com |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
List of films:<ref name=FAR />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Composer !! Studio
|-
|1936||''[[Deccan Queen (film)|Deccan Queen]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Pransukh Nayak, Ashok Ghosh ||[[Sagar Movietone]]
|-
|1936||''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Ashok Ghosh ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1936||''[[Grama Kanya]]'' ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] ||Shankarrao Khatu ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1937||''Qazzak Ki Ladki'' ||K. Sardar ||Ishrat Sultana ||Rainbow Films
|-
|1937||''[[Jagirdar (film)|Jagirdar]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1937||''Kal Ki Baat'' ||Rama S. Choudhary ||Mir Sahib ||Saroj Movies
|-
|1937||''Mahageet'' a.k.a. ''Eternal Music'' ||Hiren Bose ||Anil Biswas ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1938||''Dynamite'' ||C. M. Luhar ||Anil Biswas ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1938||''[[Gramophone Singer]]'' ||V. C. Desai, Ramchandra Thakur ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1939||''Jeevan Saathi'' a.k.a. ''Comrades'' ||Nandlal Jaswantlal ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1939||''[[Ladies Only (1939 film)|Ladies Only]]'' ||Sarvottam Badami ||Anupam Ghatak ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1939||''Service Ltd.'' a.k.a. ''Seva Samaj'' ||C. M. Luhar ||Anupam Ghatak ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1940||''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Anil Biswas ||National Studios
|-
|1940||''[[Alibaba (1940 film)|Alibaba]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Anil Biswas ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1942||''Garib'' ||Ramchandra Thakur ||Ashok Ghose ||National Studios
|-
|1942||''Jawani'' ||[[Wajahat Mirza]] ||Anil Biswas ||National Studios
|-
|1943||''Paigham'' ||[[Gyan Dutt]] ||Gyan Dutt ||Amar Pictures
|-
|1943||''Vish Kanya'' ||[[Kidar Sharma]] ||[[Khemchand Prakash]] ||[[Ranjit Studios]]
|-
|1943||''[[Vishwas (film)|Vishwas]]'' ||[[Homi Wadia]] ||Feroz Nizami, Chhelalal ||Wadia Movietone
|-
|1944||''[[Lal Haveli (film)|Lal Haveli]]'' ||K. B. Lall ||Mir Sahib ||Bombay Cinetone
|-
|1944||''Miss Devi'' ||C. M. Trivedi ||Ashok Ghosh ||Laxmi Productions
|-
|1944||''Bhatruhari'' ||[[Chaturbhuj Doshi]] ||Khemchand Prakash ||Navin Pictures
|-
|1945||''Ratnavali'' ||Surendra Desai ||Gobindram ||Amar Pictures
|-
|1945||''Parinde'' ||P. K. Atre ||Gobindram ||Atre Pictures
|-
|1945||''Aarti''||Ramchandra Thakur ||Ashok Ghosh, Ali Bux ||Screen Attractions Corp.
|-
|1945||''Chand Chakori'' ||Kidar Sharma ||[[Bulo C. Rani]] ||Ranjit Studios
|-
|1946||''[[Anmol Ghadi]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Naushad]] ||[[Mehboob Productions]]
|-
|1946||''[[1857 (film)|1857]]'' ||Mohan Sinha ||Sajjad Hussain ||Murari Pictures
|-
|1946||''[[Panihari]]'' ||V. M. Gunjal ||Ali Hussain, [[S. N. Tripathi]] ||Asiatic Pictures
|-
|1947||''[[Elaan (1947 film)|Elaan]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Naushad ||[[Mehboob Productions]]
|-
|1947||''[[Manjhdhar (1947 film)|Manjhdhar]]'' ||[[Sohrab Modi]] ||[[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]], Gyan Dutt ||[[Minerva Movietone]]
|-
|1948||''[[Anokhi Ada (1948 film)|Anokhi Ada]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Naushad ||[[Mehboob Productions]]
|-
|1948||''Dukhiyari'' ||D. K. Ratan ||Gyan Dutt ||Jeevan Jyot Kalamandir
|-
|1949||''[[Imtihaan (1949 film)|Imtihaan]]'' ||Mohan Sinha ||S. Pathak ||Veena Pictures
|-
|1949||''Kamal'' ||Surya Kumar ||[[S. D. Burman]] ||Hind Kamal Pictures
|-
|1950||''Hindustan Hamara'' ||Paul Zils ||Vasant Desai ||Documentary Unit of India
|-
|1951||''Maya Machhindra'' ||Aspi ||Premnath (composer) ||Super Pictures
|-
|1952||''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]] ||Naushad ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1953||''Gharbaar'' ||Dinkar Patil ||Vasant Prabhu ||K. Pictures
|-
|1954||''Gawaiya'' ||H. P. Sharma ||Ram Ganguly ||R. B. Productions
|-
|1954||''Mahatma Kabir'' ||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] ||Anil Biswas ||N. P. Films
|-
|1959||''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' ||[[Nasir Hussain]] ||[[Usha Khanna]] ||[[Filmalaya]]
|-
|1962||''[[Hariyali Aur Rasta]]'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]] ||[[Shankar Jaikishan]] ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1964||[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]||[[V. Shantaram]] ||Ramlal ||V. Shantaram Productions
|-
|1965||''Johar-Mehmood in Goa'' || [[I. S. Johar]] ||[[Kalyanji Anandji]] ||Johar Films
|-
|1965||''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]] ||Ravi ||B. R. Films
|-
|1967||''[[An Evening in Paris|Evening In Paris]]'' ||Shakti Samanta ||Shankar Jaikishan ||Shakti Films
|-
|1967||''Sangdil'' ||Dharam Kumar ||G. S. Kohli ||Alamdeep Productions
|-
|1967||''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' ||[[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] ||Rajashree Pictures, Prasad Productions
|-
|1968||''[[Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti]]'' ||[[V. Shantaram]] ||Satish Bhatia ||[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] (Shantaram Productions)
|-
|1968||''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' ||Govind Saraiyya ||[[Kalyanji-Anandji]] ||Sarvodaya Pictures
|-
|1973||''[[Daag: A Poem of Love|Daag]]'' ||Yash Chopra ||[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] ||[[Yash Raj Films]], Trimurti Films
|-
|1974||''[[36 Ghante]]'' ||Raj Tilak ||Sapan-Jagmohan ||Raj Tilak
|-
|1974||''Bazaar Band Karo'' ||B. R. Ishara ||[[Bappi Lahiri]] ||B. R. Ishara
|-
|1975||''Angaarey'' ||Govind Saraiya ||Chitragupta ||Apollo Arts
|-
|1976||''[[Kabeela]]'' ||Bholu Khosla ||Kalyanji Anandji ||Bholu Khosla
|-
|1976||''[[Fauji (1976 film)|Fauji]]'' ||Joginder Shelly ||Sonik Omi ||Ai Apollo
|-
|1977||''[[Abhi To Jee Lein]]'' ||Roshan Taneja ||Sapan-Jagmohan ||Embee Combines
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0839586}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surendra}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Actors from Punjab, India]]

Paulo Menezes (football coach)

2025-09-19T12:04:29Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{Short description|Portuguese football manager (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Paulo Menezes
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Paulo Menezes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1978|3|24}}
| birth_place = Portugal
| height = 
| position =
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1 = 2017–2018
| managerclubs1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| manageryears2 = 2022–2024
| managerclubs2 = [[Nejmeh SC|Nejmeh]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Facebook | url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=805193484974005&set=a.563587099134646 | access-date=2025-07-04 | website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
| manageryears3 = 2024
| managerclubs3 = [[Madura United]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inews.id/sport/soccer/madura-united-resmi-tunjuk-pelatih-asal-portugal-ini-targetnya|title=Madura United resmi tunjuk pelatih asal Portugal, ini targetnya|first=Cikal Bintang|last=Raissatria|work=[[iNews]]|date=4 October 2024|language=id}}</ref>
}}

'''Paulo Menezes''' (born 24 March 1978) is a Portuguese [[association football|football]] manager.

==Playing career==
Menezes started his playing career in 1996 and spent all of it playing in the Portuguese second and third divisions.<ref name="NEI">{{cite news|last1=Garg|first1=Swati|title=Aizawl FC Appoints Paulo Menezes as Head Coach|url=https://www.northeastindia.com/aizawl-fc-appoints-paulo-menezes-head-coach/|access-date=1 December 2017|work=NorthEast India|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ptinews.com/news/9353577_Aizawl-look-to-make-a-strong-comeback.html Aizawl look to make a strong comeback].

{{Aizawl F.C. managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Paulo}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Portuguese football managers]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC managers]]
[[Category:Nejmeh SC managers]]
[[Category:Madura United F.C. managers]]
[[Category:I-League managers]]
[[Category:Lebanese Premier League managers]]
[[Category:Liga 1 (Indonesia) managers]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Indonesia]]

{{Portugal-footy-bio-stub}}

Ajñana

2025-07-12T19:22:30Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: Put Up Basic Info W/ Sources.

{{short description|One of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of ancient Indian philosophy}}
{{italic title}}
{{for multi|the Buddhist concept on ignorance|Avidyā (Buddhism)|the Hindu concept on ignorance|Avidya (Hinduism)}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Infobox six heretical teachers}}
'''''Ajñāna''''' ({{Langx|sa|अज्ञान}}, (Vedic) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː.nɐ/; (Classical) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑˈɲɑː.n̪ɐ/) is an ancient [[Āstika and nāstika|''nāstika'']], or 'heterodox,' [[Hindu philosophy|Indian school]] of [[agnosticism]] that embraces radical [[Philosophical skepticism#Ajñana|skepticism]]. It emerged as a [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]] and was a major rival of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and the [[Ājīvika]] school. They have been recorded in Buddhist and Jain texts. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]] was one of the major proponents of this school of thought.

==Sources==
All of our knowledge of the Ajñāna come from the Buddhists and Jain sources. The Ajñāna view points are recorded in [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]]'s [[Pāli Canon]] in the [[Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)|''Brahmajala Sutta'']] and ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' and in the [[Sutrakritanga|''Sūyagaḍaṃga'']] of [[Jainism]]. Along with these texts, the sayings and opinions of the Sceptics (''ajñānikāḥ'', ''ajñānināḥ'') has been preserved by Jain writer Silanka, from the ninth century, commenting on the [[Sutrakritanga]]. Silanka considers sceptics "those who claim that scepticism is best" or as "those in whom no knowledge, i.e. scepticism, is evident". Apart from the specific technical meaning, Silanka also uses the word ''ajñānikah'' in a more general sense to mean anyone who is ignorant.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=110-111}}{{sfn|Warder|1998|pp=43-44}}

==Origin==
The traces of scepticism can be found in Vedic sources such as in the [[Nasadiya Sukta|Nasadiya]] hymn and hymn to ''sraddha'' (faith) in [[Rigveda]]. In Brahmanas and Early Upanishads doubt regarding a person's existence after death is cast, while the [[Yajnavalkya|Yajñavalkya]] argued for the impossibility of knowing the ultimate reality or the atman.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=109}} However the flourishing of sceptical thoughts seems to have occurred in a period with diverse, conflicting, and irreconcilable theories, regarding morality, metaphysics, and religious beliefs. It is natural, in the absence of a commonly accepted criterion of truth, for some people to wonder if any theory could be true at all.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=110}} The Sceptics specifically pointed to the conflicting theories of atman and the requirement of omniscience, and hence the criticism of omniscience, to obtain true knowledge.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=111-115}} A proliferation of view points existed during the period immediately preceding the rise of Buddhism, as attested in the Buddhist and Jain texts. The Buddhist [[Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)|Brahmajal Sutta]] lists four types (or schools) of Sceptics along with fifty-eight other schools of thought, while the Jain Sutrakrtanga lists sixty-seven "schools" of Sceptics among three hundred and sixty-three different schools of thought. While the list is artificially constructed according to Jain categories, the four main schools of thought, Kriyavada, Akriyavada, Ajnanikavada, and Vainayikavada, and their subgroups must have existed. Thus, philosophical Scepticism is thought to have appeared around this historic time frame.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=115-116}}

==Jain account==
===Existence of dissent===
The Ajñāna claimed that the possibility of knowledge is doubtful since the claims to knowledge were mutually contradictory. Silanka quotes, "They posit the theory that since those who claim knowledge make mutually contradictory assertions, they cannot be stating the truth." Regarding Sceptic's point of view, Silanka in his commentary writes, as translated by Jayatilleke:

{{blockquote|For they (i.e. the Sceptics) say that those who claim knowledge (''jñaninah'') cannot be stating actual facts since their statements are mutually contradictory, for even with regard to the category of the soul, some assert that the soul is omnipresent (''sarvagatam'') and other that it is not omnipresent (''asarvagatam''), some (say) it is of the size of a digit (''angustaparvamatram'') others that it is of the size of a kernel of a grain of millet (''syamakatandulamatram'') some say it both has form and is formless (''murtamamurtam''), some that it resides in the heart (''hrdayamadhyavartinam'') and (others) that it is located in the forehead (''lalatavyavasthitam''), etc. -- in respect of every category there is no uniformity in their assertion.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=112-113}}}}

The conflicting theories of atman can be traced to Early Upanisads. The idea of atman "made of everything" (''sarvamayah'', ''idammayah adomayah'') would be omnipresent (''sarvagatam'') (Brhadaranyaka 4.4.5) while the transcendent atman defined negatively (Brhadaranyaka 3.9.26) would not be so. Again at Katha 2.3.17 the atman is of "the size of a digit", while at Chandogya 3.14.3, the atman is "smaller than a kernel of a grain of millet". Again at Brhadaranyaka 2.3.1, Brahman which is identical with the atman is said "both to have form and also be formless." Likewise at Katha 2.3.17 the atman "resides in the heart" while at Aitareya Aranyaka 2.1.4.6 it is located in the head.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=114}}

===Impossibility of omniscience===
In the same passage, Silanka continues:
{{blockquote| There is no one with an outstanding intellect whose statements may be regarded as authoritative; even if such a person existed, he cannot be discovered by one with a limited vision according to the maxim that "one who is not omniscient does not know everything" for it is said "how can one desiring to know that a certain person is omniscient at a certain time do so if he is devoid of that person's intellect, his knowledge and his consciousness"; owing to the absence of the knowledge of the means, it cannot properly be accomplished; it cannot be accomplished because of the mutual dependence (of the two); for it is said "without a super-knowledge (''visistaparijñana'') the knowledge of the means is not attained and as a result there is no attainment of the super-knowledge of the object".{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=112-113}} }}

This criticism of omniscience seems to be directed at those teachers who claimed omniscience, or to their followers who later claimed them to be omniscient, specifically the Jain leaders and Purana Kassapa, and maybe later to Makkhali Gosala and the Buddha, on the basis of which they claimed to speak with authority.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=114-115}} The dictum, that with a limited knowledge no one can know that any person is omniscient, may possibly be an old saying of the Sceptics; and they may have extended the idea to say that since human intellect was limited, no one could claim to know everything with such limited intellect.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=115}} The passage may also be seen as a critique of epistemology.

===Relativity of knowledge===
In the same passage, Silanka further continues:
{{blockquote| Knowledge cannot completely comprehend the nature of the object of knowledge, for it is said, "whatever is apprehended should have the parts, near, middle and outer but here only the near part is apprehended and not the others since it is determined by it (i.e. the nature of the object)"; as for the exhausting the atom (''paramanu-paryavasanata?'') with the (knowledge of) the near portion, considering the unrepresented parts out of the three parts, it is not possible to apprehend the atom by those with a limited vision owing to the excellence of its nature; therefore, since there is no omniscient person and since one who is not omniscient cannot comprehend the nature of an object as it is constituted, since all the theorists (''sarvavadinam'') have conceived of the nature of the categories in a mutually contradictory manner and those who have claimed super-knowledge (''uttarapari-jñaninam'') are at fault (''paramdavatam'') Scepticism is best owing to the magnitude of the mistakes that arise (from claims of knowledge).{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=112-113}} }}

To the Sceptics, none of the contending theories, proposed by limited intellect, can be known to be true, since they are mutually contradictory. Also, any new theory is bound to contradict existing theories, and hence cannot be true. Hence nothing can be known to be true. Thus the Sceptics conclude that the contradictions of metaphysics and the impossibility of omniscience leads them to accept Scepticism.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=115}}

In a similar vein, the Sceptics held that

{{blockquote|Scepticism is the best since it is difficult to gauge the thought process of another.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=117}}}}

This may also be the reason why the Sceptics held to another dictum that

{{blockquote|All teachings are like the utterances of barbarians since they have no (epistemic) basis.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=117}}}}

Likewise, Silanka comments, "owing to the difficulty of knowing another's mind, they do not grasp what is intended by the words of their teacher and thus repeat the other's words like a barbarian without understanding the real meaning."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=117-118}}

Regarding this passage and the maxims on knowledge, Jayatilleke compares the Sceptic's views with that of the Greek sophist [[Gorgias]], as given in his book "Nature or the Non-existent," and proposes that the Sceptics may have arrived at their position using similar lines of reasoning. According to Jayatilleke's interpretation of the passage given by Silanka, perception is divided into near, middle, and outer, and we perceive only the near; so each person's view of what they see of an object will be different according their perspective. Since our knowledge depends on our individual perspective, the knowledge would be subjective since different person will have differing perspectives. In the absence of objectivity, there is no knowledge and all private experiences of impressions of different individuals would be incommunicable.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=118-119}}

===Futility of knowledge ===
According to Silanka,

{{blockquote|The Sceptics... conceive that even if there was knowledge it is useless (''nisphalam'') since it has many disadvantages (''bahudosavat'').{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=119}}}}

This quotation suggests that the Sceptics preferred scepticism not just on intellectual basis, but also for pragmatic or moral reasons. What these disadvantages are, Silanka does not elaborate, but can be found in the Buddhist sources.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=119}} Regarding the futility of knowledge, Silanka puts these questions of the Sceptics:

{{blockquote| Who knows that the soul exists? Of what use is this knowledge? Who knows that the soul does not exist? Of what use is this knowledge?{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=119}} }}

The Sutrakrtanga affirms that the Sceptics "teach final beatitude and final deliverance." Thus, the Sceptics may have contended that knowledge is not necessary for salvation but ''tapas'', which seem similar to ''karmapatha''.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=125}}

===Who knows?===
Silanka in his commentary mentions sixty-seven types of Sceptics. However, these sixty-seven types are obtained combinatorially by taking nine categories (''navapadartha'') of Jainism, each with seven forms of predication (''saptabhangakah''), to give sixty-three (9 × 7) forms of sceptical questions, which were considered to represent sixty-three "types" of Sceptics asking these questions. The last four "types" were added to complete the list of sixty-seven types.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=121}} However, according to Jayatilleke, these last four "types" may represent the kind of questions the Sceptics themselves might have asked. The last four questions are:{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=121}}
# Who knows whether there is an arising of psychological states?
# Who knows whether there is no arising of psychological states?
# Who knows whether there is and is no arising of psychological states?
# Who knows whether the arising of psychological states is impredicable?

Such psychological speculations seem to be rife during this era, as evinced in Pali Nikayas, especially the Potthapada Sutta.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=121}}

==Buddhist account==

In the Pali texts, the Sceptics are nicknamed ''Amarāvikkhepika''s, which translates as "eel-wrigglers," probably in reference to their "verbal jugglery." They are collectively spoken of as "some recluse and brahmins who wriggle like eels. For when a question is put to them on this or that matter, they resort to verbal jugglery and eel-wriggling on four grounds."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=122}} Brahmajala Sutta describes four schools of Scepticism, the first three of whom advocated Scepticism on the basis of fear of falsehood (''musavadabhaya''), fear of involvement (''upadanabhaya''), and fear of interrogation in debate (''anuyogabhaya''), respectively, which all of them considered undesirable since it led to remorse or worry, and which led to a moral danger.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=128}} While these three schools seem to have valued mental equanimity, it appears that the fourth school of Sceptics, associated with the philosopher [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]], did not share this value.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=129}} A notable commonality among all these schools is the arrangement of propositions according to five-fold logic, alongside the usual two-fold mode and the four-fold mode ([[catuṣkoṭi]]) common in Pali Nikayas. The fifth mode is given as the denial of denials, that is, the rejection of the dialectician's view.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=134-140}}

===First school===
The first school is described in the ''Brahmajala Sutta'':
{{blockquote|Herein a certain recluse or brahmin does not understand, as it really is, that this is good or this is evil. And it occurs to him: I do not understand what is good or evil as it really is. Not understanding what is good or evil, as it really is, if I were to assert that this is good and this is evil, that will be due to my likes, desires, aversions, or resentments. If it were due to my likes, desires, aversions or resentments, it would be wrong. And if I were wrong, it would cause me worry (''vighato'') and worry would be a moral danger to me (''antarayo''). Thus, through fear of being wrong (''musavadabhaya'') and the abhorrence of being wrong, he does not assert anything to be good or evil and on questions being put to him on this or that matter he resorts to verbal jugglery and eel-wriggling, saying: I do not say so, I do not say thus, I do not say otherwise, I do not say no, I deny the denials. (literally, I do not say "no, no").{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=122-123}} }}

In the absence of adequate information, the Sceptics prudently recommend suspension of judgement. The Sceptics felt that it was not just intellectually dishonest, but also morally dangerous not to do so.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=123}}
However, according to Jayatilleke, this was probably not a temporary suspension of judgement, until new information could come by to make a better evaluation; but rather it was meant to be a permanent state of affair by outright denying the very possibility of knowledge, and hence of questions regarding morality.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=123-124}} Thus, their Scepticism is motivated by both intellectual as well as moral reasoning (i.e. fear of asserting falsehood due to one's prejudices).{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=124}} They seem to have contended that knowledge was not necessary for salvation but for ''karma-patha''.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=125}}

===Second School===
The second school of Sceptics is described in Brahmajala Sutta in similar terms as the first, except that for them to be led to believe in a proposition by one's likes, desires, aversions, and resentments would be entanglement (''upadanam''), and such entanglement would be a source of worry (''vighato'') and as such a moral danger (''antarayo'').{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=126}}

According to Jayatilleke, this group adopted Scepticism mainly due to morality, since to do so otherwise would lead to worry and mental disquietude (''vighata''), and not necessarily due to the considerations of rebirth, as understood according to the Buddhist connotation of the word "entanglement".{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=127}}

===Third School===
In Brahmajala Sutta, the third school of Scepticism is shown to put forward such arguments in support for their view point:

{{blockquote|I do not know, as it really is, what is good and what is evil and not knowing, if I were to pronounce that this is good or this is evil, then I would have to join issue, argue and debate with recluses and brahmins, learned, subtle, hair-splitters, skilled in controversy, who go about debunking with their intellect the theories of others. If I were to join issue, argue and debate with them, I would no be able to explain to them. If I were unable to explain to them, that would cause me worry (''vighata'') and be moral danger (''antarayo''). Thus because he fears and detests interrogation (''anuyoga'') he does not "pronounce this to be good nor that to be evil."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=127}}}}

According to Jayatilleke, it is not clear from this passage if they wished to avoid debate because they were Sceptics or whether they adopted Scepticism because they wanted to avoid debate. According to him, it is probable that "they would have seen no point in debate since one was nowhere nearer the truth at the end of it and at the same time feared debate because it could result in loss of their mental equanimity with they valued."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=128}}

===Fourth School===
The fourth school of Scepticism described in Brahmajala Sutta is associated with Sanjaya Belatthiputta, whose views are also recorded in the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'', since identical language is used to describe them.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=130-131}} Sanjaya is described as a contemporary of the Buddha, as a well-known and celebrated teacher, and as a leader of a sect who was held in high esteem by the common folk. He is said to have taught Sariputta and Moggallana, before their conversion to Buddhism.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=130-131}}

In Brahmajala Sutta, this fourth school of Sceptics is described as thus:

{{blockquote|Herein a certain recluse or brahmin is dull, stupid. And by reason of his dullness and stupidity, when questioned on this or that matter, he resorts to verbal jugglery or eel-wriggling: "If you ask me whether there is a next world, then if it were to occur to me (''iti ce me assa'') that there is a next world, I would pronounce that there is a next world. Yet, I do not say so, I do not say thus, I do not say otherwise, I do not say no, I deny the denials. Similarly with regard to the propositions, "there is no next world", "there is and is not a next world", "there neither is nor is not a next world", "there are beings who survive (death)", "there are no beings who survive", "there are and are no beings who survive", "there neither are nor are there no beings who survive", "there is a result and a consequence of good and evil actions", "there is no result or consequence of good or evil actions", "the Perfect One (Tathagato) exists after death", "the Perfect One does not exist after death", "the Perfect One both exists and does not exist after death", "the Perfect One neither exists nor does not exist after death""{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=131}} }}
A similar account is given in the ''Samaññaphala Sutta''. In both the accounts, the stupidity of this school is emphasised, highlighting the antipathy that the Buddhists felt about this school. In the ''Brahmajala Sutta'', out of sixty-two philosophical schools mentioned, this school is singled out as being "a product of sheer stupidity;" whereas in the ''Samaññaphala Sutta'', Ajatasattu singles out Sanjaya as "the most foolish and stupid."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=133}}

Notable in this account of the fourth school of Scepticism is the lack of concern for good life and peace of mind, which the previous three schools regarded as desirable, and hence their advocacy of scepticism. Jayatilleke states that Sanjaya may have been a more thorough-going sceptic, to the point of being sceptical about a sceptic's way of life, and as such might have been a more vocal critic of his opponents and their regard for mental tranquillity, valued by the Buddhists as well.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=133}} Judging by the propositions listed, Sanjaya's scepticism seems to have encompassed both metaphysics and morality. Sanjaya seems to grant the possibility of their truth, while denying the possibility of knowing this.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=134}}

==Criticisms==
The Jains criticised the Sceptics by pointing out that their scepticism should lead them to the conclusion that they know nothing whatsoever, yet they assert the knowledge of their scepticism and claim to know such propositions as "ignorance is best".{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=117}} Silanka criticises the Sceptics' belief that one cannot know what is on another's mind, saying "the inner mind of another can be apprehended by his external features, gestures, movements, gait, speech and the changes in his eyes and face."{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=118}}

==Influence==
Although criticised by the Buddhists as ''amarāvikkhepikā'' (eel-wrigglers) in the Pali canon, the Buddha is depicted negating various the four-fold logical alternatives or ''catuṣkoṭi'' when posed with metaphysical questions, which is similar to the logic employed by the Ajñānins. However, all four schools of Ajñānins arrange their logic as five-fold formula, which seems to be based on the acceptance of the four-fold formula. This may mean that such logical schema was a common feature of the pre-Buddhist era.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=135-138}} Alternatively, since there is no known school of Indian thinkers apart from the Buddhist who adopted a four-fold logical schema, and since all Sceptical schools are depicted to have the five-fold formula of denial, which seems to be based on the acceptance of a four-fold form of predication, this may suggest the four-fold schema to be the Buddhist invention.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=135-138}} Indeed, two of the foremost disciples of Buddha, [[Sariputta]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallāna]], were initially the students of Sanjaya; and a strong element of skepticism is found in early Buddhism, most particularly in the [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga|Aṭṭhakavagga]] sutra. The catuṣkoṭi was later used as a tool by [[Nagarjuna]] to formulate his influential brand of [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy. Since skepticism is a philosophical attitude and a style of philosophising rather than a position, the Ajñānins may have influenced other skeptical thinkers of India like Nagarjuna, [[Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa]], and [[Shriharsha]].{{sfn|Matilal|2004|pp=52-75}}

According to [[Diogenes Laërtius]],{{sfn|classicpersuasion}} the Greek philosopher [[Pyrrho]] developed [[Pyrrhonism|his skeptical philosophy]] in India when Pyrrho was there during the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]]. Based on the so-called "Aristocles passage," Jayatilleke draws many similarities between [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonist]] philosophy and the Indian philosophies current at the time. In particular, he lists the following:

{{blockquote|(1) There were no beliefs or opinions which were true or false and therefore (2) we should give no positive answer to any of the logical alternatives. It would also be seen that (3) the four logical alternatives mentioned in Timon's account (i.e. is, is not, both is and is not, neither is nor is not) are identical with that of Sanjaya, the Buddhists, and perhaps also of the three schools of Sceptics... Lastly (4) the value of the sceptical attitude is said by Pyrrho to lie in the fact that it promotes speechlessness (aphasia) and mental imperturbability (ataraxia).{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=130}} }}

Scholars including Barua, [[K. N. Jayatilleke|Jayatilleke]], and Flintoff, contend that Pyrrho was influenced by, or at the very least agreed with, Indian scepticism rather than Buddhism or Jainism, based on the fact that he valued [[ataraxia]], which can be translated as "freedom from worry".{{sfn|Barua|1921|p=299}}{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|pp=129-130}}{{sfn|Flintoff|1980}} Jayatilleke, in particular, contends that Pyrrho may have been influenced by the first three schools of Ajñāna, since they too valued freedom from worry.{{sfn|Jayatilleke|1963|p=130}} If this is true, then the methods of the Ajñānins may be preserved in the extant work by the Pyrrhonist philosopher [[Sextus Empiricus]].

==See also==
*[[Āstika and nāstika]]
*[[Ājīvika]]
*[[Charvaka]]
*[[Philosophical skepticism]]
*[[Śramaṇa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Barua | first=Benimadhab | title=A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy | year=1921 | edition=1st | publisher=University of Calcutta | place=London | pages=468 | url= https://archive.org/details/A.History.of.Pre-Buddhistic.Indian.Philosophy}}
*{{cite journal|last=Flintoff | first=Everard | title=Pyrrho and India | journal=Phronesis | year=1980 | volume=25 | issue=1 | publisher=Brill | pages=88–108 | doi=10.1163/156852880X00052 | jstor= 4182084}}
*{{cite book|last=Jayatilleke | first=K.N. | title=Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge | year=1963 | edition=1st | publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. | place=London | pages=524 | url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911084454/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 11, 2015 }}
*{{cite book|last=Matilal | first=B.K. | title=Logical and Ethical Issues: An Essays on Indian Philosophy of Religion | chapter=Scepticism | year=2004 | edition=2nd | publisher=Orient Blackswan| place=India | pages=52–75 | isbn=9788180280115 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvWbzLWFXkC&q=indian+scepticism&pg=PA52}}
*{{cite book|last=Warder | first=Anthony K. | title=A Course in Indian Philosophy | chapter=Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy | year=1998 | edition=2nd | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| place=Delhi | pages=32–44 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&q=ajnana&pg=PA32| isbn=9788120812444}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlpyrrho.htm|title=classicpersuasion.org|website=www.classicpersuasion.org|access-date=2017-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083202/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlpyrrho.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|ref={{harvid|classicpersuasion}}}}

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Philosophical skepticism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajnana}}
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Nāstika]]
[[Category:Philosophical skepticism]]

Bijoya Chakravarty

2025-07-08T10:18:09Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijoya Chakravarty
| image = File:Bijoya Chakravarty in August 2015.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|10|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Baligaon, [[Jorhat]], [[Assam Province]], [[British India]]
| residence = [[Guwahati]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]] (M.A), [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2009
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| term =
| predecessor = [[Kirip Chaliha]]
| successor = [[Queen Oja]]
| constituency1 = [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Jiten Chakravarty|1 June 1965}}
| children = 2 (including [[Suman Haripriya]])
| year =
| website = {{URL|1=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=69 |2=Profile}}
| term_start1 = 13 May 1999
| term_end1 = 13 May 2004
| office2 = [[Union Minister]] of State for [[Water Resources]], [[Government of India]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 1999
| term_end2 = 13 May 2004
| predecessor2 =
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1986
| term_end3 = 1992
| constituency3 = [[Assam]]
| predecessor1 = Bhubaneshwar Kalita
| successor1 = [[Kirip Chaliha]]
| primeminister3 =
| honorific_prefix = Smt.
| otherparty = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| primeminister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
}}
'''Bijoya Chakravarty''' (born 7 October 1939), is an Indian politician of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13AS07.htm|title=Chakravarty, Smt. Bijoya|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601043002/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13AS07.htm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She served as the Member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]] from 1999 to 2004 and from 2009 to 2019. She was the Union Minister of State for Water Resources from 1999 to 2004. She was also the Member of the Rajya Sabha from 1986 to 1992 as a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. She was one of the first members of the Bharatiya Janata Party. She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://assamtribune.com/padma-bhushan-for-tarun-gogoi/ |title=Padma Bhushan for Tarun Gogoi |publisher=Assam Tribune |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
Bijoya began her political career in the [[Janata Party]]. She subsequently joined the regional [[Asom Gana Parishad]] and served in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1986 to 1992. Following her stint in the Rajya Sabha, she joined the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].

She represented the [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] in the [[13th Lok Sabha]]. She won this seat for the BJP for the first time ever in 1999. Under the premiership of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], she served as the Union Minister of State for Water Resources. In 2004, the BJP decided to field singer [[Bhupen Hazarika]] in her place, causing widespread protests from BJP party workers. Hazarika lost the elections. The BJP understood its mistake and re-nominated Bijoya in the 2009 Lok Sabha election from the Gauhati seat. As a result, she again won the seat in 2009 and 2014 representing the BJP.

== Personal life ==
Chakravarty was born to B.K. Thakur and Mukhyada Thakur on 7 October 1939 in Baligaon village of [[Jorhat district]] in [[Assam]].<ref name="Profile"/> A post graduate with [[Masters of Arts]] in [[English language]], she received her education from [[Guwahati University]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="Profile"/> She married Jiten Chakravarty on 1 June 1965, with whom she has a son and a daughter.<ref name="Profile"/> Her daughter [[Suman Haripriya]] was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] election in 2016 from [[Hajo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajo Vidhan Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Cabinet Portfolio Names for BJP-led Govt in Assam |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/exclusive-cabinet-portfolio-names-for-bjp-led-govt-in-assam |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=21 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fathers & sons, husbands & wives and a mother in place of daughter, all in one Congress poll family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/kerala-elections-congress-candidates/ |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Her son, Ranajit Chakravarty, died in May 2017 at the age of 49.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may3117%2Fcity057 |title=Bijoya Chakravarty bereaved |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=[[Assam Tribune]] |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054917/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may3117%2Fcity057 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Positions held ==
*1977–1979 District Secretary, Janata Party, Mangaldoi (Assam)
*1986–1992 [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha]] of [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
*1999–2004 [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] representing [[Gauhati]] (Assam)
*1999–2004 Union Minister of State for Water Resources
*2007–present National Vice-president, [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=69&lastls=16 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{16th LS members from Northeast states |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarty, Bijoya}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Women in Assam politics]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

2013 elections in India

2025-05-05T03:08:51Z

Kalyan Yadav SPKAY: improved section

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2012 elections in India
| previous_year = 2012
| election_date = 2013
| next_election = 2014 elections in India
| next_year = 2014
}}
{{Politics of India}}
[[State Assembly elections in India|Legislative Assembly '''elections in India''']] were conducted for nine [[legislative assemblies]] in 2013. Voting in Chhattisgarh was held in two phases on 11 November and 19 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/article/india/election-commission-announces-poll-dates-for-five-states-highlights-427827|title=Election Commission announces poll dates in five states|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) successfully conducted elections in [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]], [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] and [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] in February<ref name="EC announces poll dates for Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland">{{cite news|title=EC announces poll dates for Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/01/assembly-polls-in-tripura-on-feb-14-meghalaya-nagaland-on-feb-23.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Niti Central|date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115204401/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/01/assembly-polls-in-tripura-on-feb-14-meghalaya-nagaland-on-feb-23.html|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]] on 5 May. The elections in [[Chhattisgarh]], Delhi, [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] were conducted in December while the counting that took place on 8 December showed a clear majority for [[BJP]] in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, while Congress retained the state of Mizoram and Delhi got a hung assembly, with no single party getting a clear majority.<ref name="test">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-aaps-grand-showing-delhi-faces-hung-assembly/article5437216.ece|title= Despite AAP's grand showing, Delhi faces hung Assembly|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|14 February 2013
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Manik Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Manik Sarkar]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;
| rowspan="2" |23 February 2013
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
|[[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5 May 2013
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jagadish Shettar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11 and 19 November 2013
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Raman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Raman Singh]]
| [[File:IN-CT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 25 November 2013
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1 December 2013
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| |[[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |4 December 2013
| rowspan="2" |[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sheila Dikshit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 9 December 2013
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|}

== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|19
|Rowspan=4|2 June 2013
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|Bihar
|[[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Uma Shankar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[Prabhunath Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|2
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|Rowspan=2|Gujarat
|[[Mukesh Gadhvi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|11
|[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|[[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|25
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
|West Bengal
|[[Ambica Banerjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Prasun Banerjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|2
|23 June 2013
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Pratibha Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|20
|Rowspan=2|21 August 2013
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|Rowspan=2|Karnataka
|[[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|23
|[[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[D. K. Suresh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!76
|21 August 2013
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|[[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Ambati Srihari Prasad
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|}

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!42
|31 October 2013
|[[Dambuk Assembly constituency|Dambuk]]
|[[Jomin Tayeng]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Gum Tayeng]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!8
|24 February 2013
|[[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
|Sahidul Alam Chodhary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|[[Mandira Roy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!131
|24 February 2013
|[[Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Ram Sewak Hazari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Manju Kumari
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!61
|Rowspan=4|2 June 2013
|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limbdi]]
|[[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kiritsinh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!74
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Jayesh Radadiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jayesh Radadiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!75
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pravin Makadiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!125
|[[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]]
|[[Savitaben Khant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nimisha Suthar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!167
|4 December 2013
|[[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|[[Kishor Vankawala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Purnesh Modi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!271
|24 February 2013
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
|Babasaheb Kupekar
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Sandhyadevi Kupekar
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
!70
|2 June 2013
|[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
|Nilesh Shivram Deshmukh Parvekar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nandini Nilesh Deshmukh Parvekar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!8
|23 February 2013
|[[Chalfilh Assembly constituency|Chalfilh]]
|Chawngtinthanga
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ngurdingliana
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!73
|4 September 2013
|[[Noksen Assembly constituency|Noksen]]
|[[C. M. Chang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|[[C. M. Chang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|}

=== [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!73
|23 February 2013
|[[Moga Assembly constituency|Moga]]
|Joginder Pal Jain
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Joginder Pal Jain
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!83
|23 February 2013
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]
|[[C. Perumal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|P. Saroja
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!340
|23 February 2013
|[[Bhatpar Rani Assembly constituency|Bhatpar Rani]]
|Kameswar Upadhyay
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[Ashutosh Upadhyay]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!258
|2 June 2013
|[[Handia Assembly constituency|Handia]]
|Mahesh Narayan Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[Prashant Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!51
|Rowspan=3|23 February 2013
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|[[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!70
|[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|[[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dipak Chatterjee (politician)|Dipak Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|}

==Local body elections==
*[[2013 Uttarakhand local body elections]]

==See also==
* [[V. S. Sampath]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2013 elections in India]]
[[Category:2013 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2013 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]