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Diamond Harbour, India

2026-05-05T08:28:04Z

KaleyCountryman: Put Up A Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Redirect|Diamond Harbour|the town in New Zealand|Diamond Harbour, New Zealand|other uses|Diamond Harbour (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Diamond Harbour
| official_name = Diamond Harbour
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Cities and towns in West Bengal|City]]
| image_skyline = Diamond Harbour Municipality.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Diamond Harbour Municipality
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1926886|N|88.1894879|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Diamond Harbour Municipality
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 10.36
| area_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 41,802
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85.93 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 986 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743331
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91 3174
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-19]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-20]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-95]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-96]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-97]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-98]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| website = {{URL|http://diamondharbourmunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Diamond Harbour''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈɖai̯mənɖ ˈɦaɾbaɾ|lang|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-ডায়মন্ড হারবার.wav}}) is a city and a municipality of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]].

==History==
[[File:Chingrikhali Fort, also known as the ruined Diamond Harbour Fort in South 24 Parganas 34.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Chingrikhali Fort on the banks of Hooghly River]]
Diamond Harbour was originally known as ''Hajipur'', as it was situated on the banks of the Hajipur creek. The name Diamond Harbour was applied by the [[British Empire|British]], who used it for both river and sea shipping.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUAKAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22diamond+harbour%22+Hajipur&pg=PA340|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|volume=IX: Coondapoor to Edwardesabad|pages=340|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA9kAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22diamond+harbour%22+british&pg=PA600|title=British Cyclopædia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural History, and Biography|date=1838|publisher=Wm. S. Orr and Company|language=en}}</ref> The area was known since 16th and 17th-century [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] river [[Piracy|pirates]], (''harmad'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spend a perfect weekend at Diamond Harbour |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/spend-a-perfect-weekend-at-diamond-harbour |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> There was a fort named Chingrikhali Kella, reportedly built by Portuguese pirates during 1600s, presently dilapidated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Tania Roy |title=Diamond Harbour Diaries: The uncomfortable path that took us to Diamond Harbour Fort ruins |url=https://www.tripoto.com/diamond-harbour/trips/diamond-harbour-diaries-the-uncomfortable-path-that-took-us-to-the-purano-kella-or-diamond-harbour-3b7578e92bafcef6 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Tripoto |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Diamond Harbour subdivision (including Falta, Diamond Harbour I & II, Kulpi CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|14|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hasimnagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Hasimnagar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Baneshwarpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneshwarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|17|10|N|88|9|30|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Chandpala |labela3 = Anantapathpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chandpala Anantapathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|17|8|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Fatepur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Fatepur, Falta]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|18|35|N|88|7|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Falta| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Falta, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|17|58|N|88|11|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Harindanga| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Harindanga, Falta]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|8|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Punya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Punya, Falta]] (R)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|15|27|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Patdaha| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patdaha]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|13|07|N|88|7|18|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Raichak| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Raichak]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|15|30|N|88|11|24|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10= Sarisha| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sarisha]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|5|28|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Ramnagar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ramnagar, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|15|N|88|8|15|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Parulia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Parulia, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color12=#0048BA
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|14|35|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhushna| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhushna]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|34|N|88|11|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Diamond Harbour| numbered14=M| mark-title14= Diamond Harbour (M) |shape-color14=black| label-size14 =13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|15|41|N|88|14|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Masat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Masat, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|14|51|N|88|15|10|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Sangrampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Sangrampur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|13|42|N|88|10|45|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mohanpur| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Mohanpur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Durganagar| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Durganagar, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|46|N|88|15|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Netra| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Netra, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|4|53|N|88|14|41|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Kulpi| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kulpi]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|9|30|N|88|14|59|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Berandari|labela21= Bagaria| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Berandari Bagaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|2|18|N|88|17|52|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Dhola| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|11|55|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Deulpota| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Deulpota]] (H)| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|8|22|N|88|13|51|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Harinarayanpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|2|0|N|88|12|0|E}} |label25=Hooghly | label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-75| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|5|0|N|88|12|25|E}} |label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none}}

===Area overview===
Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanisation. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the western portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 11 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the western part, located on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is covered by the Kulpi Diamond Harbour Plain, which is 5–6 metres above sea level. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Deulpota]] and [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi|Harinarayanpur]], on the bank of the Hooghly River indicate the existence of human habitation more than 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Diamond Harbour is located at {{coord|22.1926886|N|88.1894879|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|7|m}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Diamond_Harbour.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Diamond Harbour]</ref>

===Climate===
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).

The overall climate of Diamond harbour is warm and humid. The summer temperature often crosses 35 °C when it drops 15 °C. The highest temperature ever was 43.0 °C, recorded on 21 May 2002. The lowest temperature dropped was 8.2 °C, on 13 January 2003. The annual average rainfall is 1600 mm. The air is moderately humid, around 76%.

{{Weather box
| location = Diamond Harbour (1991–2020, extremes 1978–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 33.2
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 41.9
| May record high C = 43.0
| Jun record high C = 40.4
| Jul record high C = 38.0
| Aug record high C = 38.5
| Sep record high C = 37.5
| Oct record high C = 37.4
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 32.6
| year record high C = 43.0
| Jan high C = 25.4
| Feb high C = 29.1
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 34.0
| May high C = 34.3
| Jun high C = 33.5
| Jul high C = 32.1
| Aug high C = 32.2
| Sep high C = 32.4
| Oct high C = 32.3
| Nov high C = 30.2
| Dec high C = 26.8
| year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 13.9
| Feb low C = 17.9
| Mar low C = 22.8
| Apr low C = 25.8
| May low C = 26.8
| Jun low C = 27.2
| Jul low C = 26.8
| Aug low C = 26.8
| Sep low C = 26.5
| Oct low C = 24.6
| Nov low C = 19.9
| Dec low C = 15.1
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 6.8
| Feb record low C = 9.8
| Mar record low C = 14.1
| Apr record low C = 18.0
| May record low C = 18.0
| Jun record low C = 21.4
| Jul record low C = 23.2
| Aug record low C = 21.5
| Sep record low C = 20.4
| Oct record low C = 18.5
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 9.7
| year record low C = 6.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.0
| Feb rain mm = 27.8
| Mar rain mm = 28.8
| Apr rain mm = 46.5
| May rain mm = 125.1
| Jun rain mm = 258.6
| Jul rain mm = 386.1
| Aug rain mm = 365.1
| Sep rain mm = 300.8
| Oct rain mm = 147.5
| Nov rain mm = 29.4
| Dec rain mm = 8.3
| year rain mm = 1739.0
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.3
| Mar rain days = 1.7
| Apr rain days = 2.9
| May rain days = 6.1
| Jun rain days = 12.2
| Jul rain days = 16.7
| Aug rain days = 17.0
| Sep rain days = 13.2
| Oct rain days = 6.1
| Nov rain days = 1.6
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 80.4
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 66
| Mar humidity = 67
| Apr humidity = 77
| May humidity = 78
| Jun humidity = 84
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 86
| Sep humidity = 86
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 75
| Dec humidity = 73
| year humidity = 77
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Diamond Harbour Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 253–254
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M234
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1951 | 9818
| 1961 | 10135
| 1971 | 13072
| 1981 | 20259
| 1991 | 30266
| 2001 | 37234
| 2011 | 41802
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1362/download/4462/DH_2011_1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1031 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 999-1006 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Diamond Harbour had a total population of 41,802, of which 21,050 (50.36%) were males and 20,752 (49.64%) were females. It had a population density of {{convert|4035|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} with a sex ratio of 986 females for every 1000 males. There were 3,688 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years which is 8.82% of the total population. The Scheduled Castes numbered 5,221 (12.49%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 72 (0.17%). The total number of literate persons was 32,753 (85.93% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 17,193 (89.57% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 15,560 (82.25% of the female population over 6 years). Diamond Harbour had a total of 10,048 households as per report released by 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1363/download/4466/DH_2011_1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-B, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract | work = Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract, Pages 536-583 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Diamond Harbour (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.14 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.82 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.03 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 99.14% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.82% [[Hindi]] and 0.03% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Diamond Harbour (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|13.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|Black|0.04}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], 85.98% of the population is [[Hindu]], 13.75% [[Muslim]], 0.11% [[Christian]], 0.10% [[Sikh]], 0.01% [[Buddhist]] and 0.01% [[Jainism|Jain]]. 0.04% did not state a religion in the census.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Municipality===
Diamond Harbour Municipality covers an area of {{cvt|10.36|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over the entire city of Diamond Harbour. The municipality was established in {{start date and age|1982}}. It is divided into 16 administrative wards. According to the 2022 municipal election, it is being controlled by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://westbengalvaluationboard.gov.in/home/municipality_corporation_details/clo2Vll5V09rS0tqRi9icUFraHlZZFRJL0xaZnVKbVlRWU1RM0Q0cXRkZkp3ek5BU3pmOFlhRGFDRktrT2owcTQzWWNGK2tNU3JCc242N1FLOGFTSnc9PQ== | title = Diamond Harbour Municipality | work = West Bengal Valuation Board | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Diamond_Harbour.htm|title=Diamond Harbour Municipality|work=Department of Municipal Affairs|publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011803/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Diamond_Harbour.htm|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Police stations===
Diamond Harbour police station covers an area of {{cvt|134|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Diamond Harbour Municipality, and the [[Diamond Harbour I]] and [[Diamond Harbour II]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://diamondharbourpolice.wb.gov.in/ps-detail/23 |title = Diamond Harbour police station | work= Diamond Harbour police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 20 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=statisticalhandbook>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 October 2019}}</ref>

Diamond Harbour women police station has jurisdiction over parts of the Diamond Harbour Municipality, and the [[Diamond Harbour I]] and [[Diamond Harbour II]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://diamondharbourpolice.wb.gov.in/ps-detail/24 |title = Diamond Harbour Women PS | work= Diamond Harbour police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 20 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=statisticalhandbook/>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the [[Diamond Harbour I]] CD block are located at Diamond Harbour.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
Diamond Harbour is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Diamond Harbour railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah South section|Sealdah–Diamond Harbour line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].<ref name="google" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-diamond-harbour-local-34814/17067/325/8018#st | title = 34814 Sealdah-Diamond Harbour Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005–06, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from East Pakistan/ Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata |first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref>

==Education==


* [[Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital]], established in 2019, is a full-fledged tertiary referral government medical college.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dhgmc.edu.in/ |title = Diamond Harbour Government Medical College & Hospital |publisher = DHGMC | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Diamond Harbour Government Polytechnic]], established in 2014, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dhgpolytechnic.com/ |title = Diamond Harbour Government Polytechnic |publisher = DHGP | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Diamond Harbour Women's University]], established in 2013, is the first university of the state for women.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dhwu.ac.in/ |title = Diamond Harbour Women's University |publisher = DHWU | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Fakir Chand College]], established in 1948, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, economics, geography, education, mathematics and accounting & finance, and general degree courses in arts, science, and accounting & finance.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://fakirchandcollege.org/|title = Fakir Chand College |publisher = FCC | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Diamond Harbour Subdivisional Hospital, with 250 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Diamond Harbour subdivision.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Notable people ==


*[[Kibu Vicuña]], Head coach of the Diamond Harbour Football Club ( 2022 - Present)

==See also==
*[[Jaynagar Majilpur]]
*[[Budge Budge]]
*[[Maheshtala]]
*[[Howrah]]
*[[Basirhat]]
*[[Barasat]]
*[[Tamluk]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diamond Harbour, India| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of West Bengal]]

Sharvari

2026-05-01T03:18:43Z

KaleyCountryman: New A Data

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharvari
| image = Sharvari Wagh.png
| caption = Sharvari in 2021
| birth_name = Sharvari Wagh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|06|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| relatives = [[Manohar Joshi]] (grandfather)
| yearsactive = 2020–present
}}

'''Sharvari Wagh''' (born 14 June 1997), known [[Mononym|mononymously]] as '''Sharvari''', is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref name="cosmo23">{{Cite news |last=Kumari Rana |first=Priya |date=9 February 2023 |title=Class of 2023: Sharvari, the 'Bunty Aur Babli 2' actress talks about films, fashion and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/features/story/class-2023-sharvari-bunty-aur-babli-2-actress-talks-about-films-fashion-668084-2023-02-03 |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan India]] |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119140734/https://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/features/story/class-2023-sharvari-bunty-aur-babli-2-actress-talks-about-films-fashion-668084-2023-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> She began her career as an assistant director for [[Luv Ranjan]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] in 2015, before making her acting debut with [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]'s war drama series ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]'' (2020).

Sharvari ventured into films with [[Yash Raj Films]]'s comedy ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]'' (2021), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. She achieved her breakthrough with the commercially successful comedy horror film ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' in 2024.

== Early life ==
She was born in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family on 14 June 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bunty-aur-babli-2-star-sharvari-wagh-celebrates-25th-birthday-intimate-house-party/ |title=Bunty Aur Babli 2 star Sharvari Wagh celebrates 25th birthday with an intimate house party |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074023/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/bunty-aur-babli-2-star-sharvari-wagh-celebrates-25th-birthday-intimate-house-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her parents are Shailesh Wagh, a builder and Namrata Wagh, an architect. She studied at [[Mumbai]]'s The Dadar Parsee Youths Assembly High School and [[Ruparel College]].<ref name="dna">{{Cite web |title=Meet 'Bunty Aur Babli 2' debutante Sharvari Wagh |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-bunty-aur-babli-2-debutante-sharvari-wagh-granddaughter-of-maharashtra-s-former-cm-manohar-joshi-2917183 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821044401/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-bunty-aur-babli-2-debutante-sharvari-wagh-granddaughter-of-maharashtra-s-former-cm-manohar-joshi-2917183 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manohar Joshi]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]], was her maternal grandfather.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mohnish |title=Why is Bollywood excited about Sharvari Wagh? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-is-bollywood-excited-about-sharvari-wagh/20200113.htm |access-date=25 November 2021 |work=Rediff |date=13 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125060535/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-is-bollywood-excited-about-sharvari-wagh/20200113.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Sharvari worked as an assistant director in the movies [[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2|''Pyaar'' ''Ka'' ''Punchnama 2'']], [[Bajirao Mastani|''Bajirao'' ''Mastani'']] and [[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety|''Sonu'' ''Ke'' ''Titu Ki'' ''Sweety'']].<ref name=rediff /> She said she had been auditioning since 2014 for a leading roles in films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2020 |title=Bunty Aur Babli 2 actor Sharvari Wagh on being rejected for 6 years before getting a project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-actor-sharvari-wagh-on-being-rejected-for-6-years-before-getting-a-project-feels-like-failing-an-exam/story-6s2FN7Ntbb7LIpn924ViNO.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123073750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-actor-sharvari-wagh-on-being-rejected-for-6-years-before-getting-a-project-feels-like-failing-an-exam/story-6s2FN7Ntbb7LIpn924ViNO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her acting debut with the 2020 [[Amazon Prime]] series ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]'' opposite [[Sunny Kaushal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-trailer-sees-sunny-kaushal-sharvari-lead-ina-wage-war-against-british-rule-7871341.html |title=The Forgotten Army: Azaadi Ke Liye trailer sees Sunny Kaushal, Sharvari lead INA, wage war against British rule |date=7 January 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108221908/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-trailer-sees-sunny-kaushal-sharvari-lead-ina-wage-war-against-british-rule-7871341.html |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=10 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sharvari Wagh.png|thumb|285x285px|Sharvari in 2021]]
Sharvari made her film debut alongside [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] in [[Yash Raj Films]] (YRF)'s crime comedy ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]'', which was released in 2021.<ref name=iex>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Bunty Aur Babli 2 movie review and release highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-movie-review-release-live-updates-dhamaka-7629886/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-movie-review-release-live-updates-dhamaka-7629886/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] and [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Sharvari is pretty confident for her first film and has a great screen presence."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=Bunty Aur Babli 2 movie review: Rani Mukerji is the saving grace in this snooze-fest, don't watch even if paid for it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-movie-review-rani-mukerji-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-snooze-fest-don-t-watch-even-if-paid-for-it-101637313786451-amp.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120195924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bunty-aur-babli-2-movie-review-rani-mukerji-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-snooze-fest-don-t-watch-even-if-paid-for-it-101637313786451-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It did not perform well at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Can Ranbir Kapoor do for Yash Raj with Shamshera what Aamir Khan, Ranveer Singh and Akshay Kumar could not? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/can-ranbir-kapoor-do-for-yash-raj-with-shamshera-what-aamir-khan-ranveer-singh-and-akshay-kumar-could-not-11656072339740.html |newspaper=Mint |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624164037/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/can-ranbir-kapoor-do-for-yash-raj-with-shamshera-what-aamir-khan-ranveer-singh-and-akshay-kumar-could-not-11656072339740.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Her next release was three years later, in the comedy horror film ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' in 2024. Inspired by the [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] folktale of ''[[munjya]]'', the film served as an instalment of the [[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Sharvari opens up about mouthwatering Konkan cuisine experience on 'Munjya' set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharvari-opens-up-about-mouthwatering-konkan-cuisine-experience-on-munjya-set/articleshow/110627979.cms |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602013732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharvari-opens-up-about-mouthwatering-konkan-cuisine-experience-on-munjya-set/articleshow/110627979.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon the release of the film [[Sukanya Verma]] from ''[[Rediff]]'' opined, "Sharvari sticks to her brief -- beam in enthusiasm, scowl in prosthetics".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/munjya-review/20240607.htm |title=Munjya Review: Watch Out For Abhay Verma! |website=Rediff |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611182437/https://www.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/munjya-review/20240607.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Commercially, the film emerged as a [[sleeper hit]] and proved to be her break-out role.<ref name="deadline24">{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Hannah |date=3 July 2024 |title=‘Munjya’ Star Sharvari On Finding Success In Bollywood With A Supernatural Horror-Comedy & Her Desire To Work With Greta Gerwig |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/munjya-sharvari-bollywood-greta-gerwig-yrf-alia-bhatt-1235999575/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703075133/https://deadline.com/2024/07/munjya-sharvari-bollywood-greta-gerwig-yrf-alia-bhatt-1235999575/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Munjya Emerges As Surprise Hit! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-munjya-emerges-as-surprise-hit/20240610.htm |access-date=10 June 2024 |publisher=Rediff.com |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610091611/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-munjya-emerges-as-surprise-hit/20240610.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharvari had a brief role (billed as a special appearance) opposite debutante Junaid Khan in YRF's period drama ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]'', a delayed production that was released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Junaid Khan resumes shooting for Maharaja; film also stars Shalini Pandey and Sharvari Wagh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-resumes-shooting-for-debut-film-maharaja-3826907.html |date=9 June 2021 |work=News18 |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523004615/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-resumes-shooting-for-debut-film-maharaja-3826907.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In her third release of the year, Sharvari played the title role of a [[Dalit]] woman in the action drama ''[[Vedaa]]'', co-starring [[John Abraham]].<ref name="JASWV">{{Cite news |title=John Abraham and Sharvari Wagh commence shooting for Nikkhil Advani's next titled Vedaa |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-sharvari-commence-shooting-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621130455/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/john-abraham-sharvari-commence-shooting-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a mixed review of the film, Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] took note of how well she "channel[led] her heroine’s fighting spirit".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |date=15 August 2024 |title=‘Vedaa’ review: Caste in the same mould |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1071960/vedaa-review-caste-in-the-same-mould |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> It emerged as a [[box-office bomb]], which ''[[The Times of India]]'' attributed to its release alongside ''[[Stree 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 dominates box office, leaving Khel Khel Mein and Vedaa far behind: Trade experts - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/stree-2-dominates-box-office-leaving-khel-khel-mein-and-vedaa-far-behind-trade-experts-exclusive/articleshow/112575315.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/stree-2-dominates-box-office-leaving-khel-khel-mein-and-vedaa-far-behind-trade-experts-exclusive/articleshow/112575315.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sharvari will next join the [[YRF Spy Universe]] with [[Alia Bhatt]] in ''Alpha'' and star alongside [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Vedang Raina]] in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s romantic drama ''Main Wapas Aaunga''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Sharvari to join hands with Diljit Dosanjh, Vedang Raina for an Imtiaz Ali directorial: Report : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sharvari-join-hands-diljit-dosanjh-vedang-raina-imtiaz-ali-directorial-report/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |date=4 July 2024 |title=Alia Bhatt, Sharvari-Led Yash Raj Spy Universe Film Reveals Title |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/alia-bhatt-sharvari-yash-raj-spy-universe-film-title-1236060637/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=Variety |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705055850/https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/alia-bhatt-sharvari-yash-raj-spy-universe-film-title-1236060637/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''
|{{N/A}}
| rowspan="3" |Assistant director
|<ref name=rediff />
|-
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|{{N/A}}
||<ref name=rediff />
|-
|2018
|''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
|{{N/A}}
||<ref name=rediff />
|-
|2021
|''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]''
|Sonia/Babli{{efn|Sharvari played a single character with two or more names}}
|
|<ref name=iex />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
| Bela
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Maddock Films' unveils 'Munjya' movie to release on June 7 |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/05/21/ent2-maddock-munjya.html |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521063852/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/05/21/ent2-maddock-munjya.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''
|Viraaj
|Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Kanabar |first=Ankita |date=14 June 2024 |title=High Court gives stay order to Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan's debut film 'Maharaj' till June 18 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/high-court-gives-stay-order-to-aamir-khans-son-junaid-khans-debut-film-maharaj-till-june-18-exclusive/articleshow/110973803.cms |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614013011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/high-court-gives-stay-order-to-aamir-khans-son-junaid-khans-debut-film-maharaj-till-june-18-exclusive/articleshow/110973803.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vedaa]]''
| Vedaa
|
|<ref name="JASWV" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|{{Pending film|Main Vaapas Aaunga}}
|rowspan="4"| {{TableTBA}}
|Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Imtiaz Ali's next with Diljit Dosanjh titled 'Main Vaapas Aaunga'; teaser unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/imtiaz-alis-next-with-diljit-dosanjh-titled-main-vaapas-aaunga-teaser-unveiled/article70738462.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Alpha (2026 film)|Alpha]]}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Alia Bhatt, Sharvari Wagh's YRF spy-thriller titled 'Alpha', shooting begins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/alia-bhatt-sharvari-wagh-yrf-spythriller-alpha-shooting-begins-yrf-aditya-chopra-2562660-2024-07-05 |date=5 July 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=India Today |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705073019/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/alia-bhatt-sharvari-wagh-yrf-spythriller-alpha-shooting-begins-yrf-aditya-chopra-2562660-2024-07-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Yeh Prem Mol Liya}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=BREAKING: Ayushmann Khurrana-Sharvari’s next with Sooraj Barjatya gets a title – Yeh Prem Mol Liya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ayushmann-khurrana-sharvaris-next-sooraj-barjatya-gets-title-yeh-prem-mol-liya/ |date=9 November 2025 |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref>
|-
| 2027
|{{Pending film|Ali Abbas Zafar's Untitled Next}}
| Filming
|<ref> https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahaan-panday-starts-shooting-for-his-next-with-ali-abbas-zafar/article70819261.ece/amp/ </ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye]]''
|Maya Shrinivasan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharvari on being praised for The Forgotten Army: I feel over the moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sharvari-on-being-praised-for-the-forgotten-army-i-feel-over-the-moon-1640886-2020-01-28 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|[[22nd IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022:a list of all the winners |url=https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/nexa-iifa-awards-2022-a-list-of-all-the-winners- |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=IIFA |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604231640/https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/nexa-iifa-awards-2022-a-list-of-all-the-winners- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022 complete list of winners: Vicky Kaushal, Kriti Sanon win top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2022-complete-list-of-winners-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-acting-honours-2958025 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605054602/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2022-complete-list-of-winners-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-acting-honours-2958025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Filmfare |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901070051/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Filmfare Awards 2022 full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-shershaah-sardar-udham-win-big-ranveer-singh-kriti-sanon-bag-best-actor-101661916046782.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831035245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-shershaah-sardar-udham-win-big-ranveer-singh-kriti-sanon-bag-best-actor-101661916046782.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
|Stylish Emerging Talent – Female
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiindia.com/pinkvilla-style-awards-nominations-sharvari-to-rashmika-nominees-for-super-stylish-emerging-talent-female/ |title=Pinkvilla Style Awards Nominations: Sharvari To Rashmika, Nominees For Super Stylish Emerging Talent Female |website=HiIndia.com |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611221009/https://hiindia.com/pinkvilla-style-awards-nominations-sharvari-to-rashmika-nominees-for-super-stylish-emerging-talent-female/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|Best Actress – Jury Choice
|''[[Munjya]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025: Complete list of winners ft. Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar, Kajol, Shahid Kapoor and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-complete-list-of-winners-ft-ananya-panday-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-kajol-shahid-kapoor-and-more-1379543?amp |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|10806242}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/sharvari-wagh/ Sharvari Wagh] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{instagram|sharvari}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Kunnam Assembly constituency

2026-05-01T00:46:21Z

KaleyCountryman: done

{{Short description|One of 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kunnam
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 148
| map_image = Constitution-Kunnam.svg
| established = 2008
| district = [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[S. S. Sivasankar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 268,095
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kunnam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitations]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-15 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 148. It is included in [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[S. S. Sivasankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R.T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[S. S. Sivasankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.89}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Sivasankar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saranya Anbazhagan<ref>Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi candidate contesting under AIADMK symbol</ref>|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Keerthivasan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Revathi |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =266682 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Sivasankar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=103,922 |percentage=47.43% |change={{increase}} 18.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,593 |percentage=44.54% |change={{increase}} 6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arul |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,354 |percentage=4.27% |change={{increase}} 3.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kaarthikeyan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,118 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=977 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balamurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=934 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=753 |percentage=0.34% |change={{decrease}} 1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Sathik Basha |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=739 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pandiyan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=494 |percentage=0.23% |change={{decrease}} 0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vinothkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,329 |percentage=2.89% |change=-6.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=219,126 |percentage=80.13% |change= -0.02% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=151 |percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,461 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,218 |percentage=38.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Durairaj|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=59,422|percentage=28.98%|change={{decrease}} 17.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vaithilingam|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=37,271|percentage=18.18%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Aloor Shanavas|J. Mohamed Shanavas]]|party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|votes=19,853|percentage=9.68%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above|party=None of the above|votes=3,024|percentage=1.47%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arul|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=1,665|percentage=0.81%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. R. Ragupathi|party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|votes=1,168|percentage=0.57%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,092|percentage=0.53%|change={{decrease}} 0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Durairaj|party=Independent politician|votes=1,055|percentage=0.51%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramalingam|party=Independent politician|votes=586|percentage=0.29%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Silambarasan|party=Independent politician|votes=566|percentage=0.28%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,796 |percentage=9.17% |change=-4.00% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=205,044|percentage=80.15%|change=-1.76%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Sivasankar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,723 |percentage=46.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai. Kamaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=58,766 |percentage=33.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaseelan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=13,735 |percentage=7.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnivalavan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,395 |percentage=4.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Baskaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,509 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramesh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,264 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendiran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,526 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Maruthadurai |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,433 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,411 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,070 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=901 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,957 |percentage=13.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,789 |percentage=81.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,294 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.23|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Perambalur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Manipur tapes

2026-04-30T21:27:29Z

KaleyCountryman: Starting Pg

{{Short description|Controversial audio recording attributed to Manipur politician}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

In June 2024, an unnamed individual or individuals created an audio recording of an alleged closed-door conversation between [[N. Biren Singh]] – the [[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief Minister]] of the Indian state of [[Manipur]] – and his associates, and leaked it to the government-appointed Commission of Inquiry for Manipur Violence.<ref name="Wire bombs" /> In it, Singh is heard taking responsibility for starting the "war", a reference to the still-ongoing [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic conflict that had erupted in the state in 2023]] between the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo]] communities.<ref>[https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-supreme-court-says-little-disturbed-that-full-audio-not-sent-to-lab-asks-govt-to-reply Manipur Tapes: Supreme Court Says 'Little Disturbed' That Full Audio Not Sent To Lab, Asks Govt to Reply], The Wire, 16 December 2025. "KOHUR had petitioned the apex court to probe the audio tapes, believed to be from 2023, in which a voice sounding like N. Biren Singh ''could be heard claiming to be behind the breakout of ethnic violence''..." (emphasis added)</ref><ref name="KOHUR war" /> In August 2024, clips from the recording were circulated on social media and went viral, becoming known as the '''Manipur tapes'''.<ref name="Hindu 9 Feb" /> The [[Kuki Students' Organisation]] shared a transcript of excerpts from the recording in a press release, and the news portal ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' published a series of articles about the tapes.<ref name="Wire bombs" />

The [[Government of Manipur]] responded to the audio clips on social media, claiming that they were "doctored" and threatening that those involved in their circulation would be "prosecuted under relevant provisions of law".<ref name="IFP 20 Aug">{{Cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=Manipur government threatens prosecution on The Wire report |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-government-threatens-prosecution-on-the-wire-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912184954/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-government-threatens-prosecution-on-the-wire-report |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Manipur: Audio purportedly featuring CM Biren Singh meant to incite communal violence, claims police |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1072218/manipur-audio-allegedly-featuring-cm-n-biren-singh-meant-to-incite-communal-violence-says-police |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=}}</ref> The Kuki Organisation for Human Rights submitted transcripts of the tapes to the Supreme Court-appointed investigating officer and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]], urging an investigation of Singh.<ref name="PTI 5 Sep" /> Subsequently, in October 2024, it filed a writ petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] asking for a court-monitored investigation.<ref name="Hindu 23 Oct">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kuki-human-rights-body-seeks-court-monitored-sit-probe-into-leaked-audio-tapes-purported-to-be-of-cm-n-biren-singh/article68787641.ece Manipur conflict: Kuki human rights body seeks court-monitored SIT probe into leaked audio tapes purported to be of CM N. Biren Singh], The Hindu, 23 October 2024.</ref> After an initial hearing on 8 November,<ref>Krishnadas Rajagopal, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/supreme-court-agrees-to-examine-whistle-blower-audio-tapes-against-manipur-cm-biren-singh/article68844574.ece Submit tapes on Manipur CM Biren Singh's 'role' in riots, Supreme Court tells Kuki group], The Hindu, Updated 9 November 2024.</ref> it submitted a forensic report from Truth Labs, which assessed that the voice in the recording belonged to Singh with 93% certainty.<ref name="Hindu 4 Feb">Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/93-probability-that-voice-in-leaked-audio-is-of-manipur-cm-truth-labs/article69177039.ece 93% probability that voice in leaked audio is of Manipur CM: Truth Labs], The Hindu, 4 February 2025.</ref><ref name="Newsreel 4 Feb">[https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-tapes-forensic-report-truth-labs-analysis Analysis of Independent Forensic Report on 'Manipur Tapes'], Newsreel Asia, 4 February 2025.</ref> Five days later, Singh resigned as chief minister,<ref name="Hindu 9 Feb" /><ref name="HT 14 Feb" /> and the state was put under [[President's rule]]. Even after year's worth of proceedings in the Supreme Court, no progress has been made in the case, as the government, while objecting to the Truth Labs as a "private organisation", refrained from getting the audio recording analysed in its own laboratories.<ref name="ITNE 20 Nov 2025"/> Biren Singh has not commented on the matter, saying that it was ''[[sub judice]]''.

== Context ==
[[File:MANIPUR district map.svg|thumb|right|280px|The districts of Manipur as of 2011. The four central districts, Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur, comprise the [[Imphal Valley]]. The remaining districts represent hill areas.]]
On 3 May 2023, after a protest rally in [[Churachandpur Town]] by [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo tribals]] against a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] demand for [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) status, [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities erupted near the border between [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Bishnupur district, Manipur|Bishnupur]] districts. It quickly spiralled out of control, with 77 Kuki and 10 Meitei people killed within a week and over 60,000 displaced.<ref>Krishn Kaushik, [https://www.reuters.com/world/india/bunkers-sniper-rifles-deepening-sectarian-war-india-dents-modis-image-2023-07-28/ Bunkers, sniper rifles: Deepening sectarian war in India dents Modi's image], Reuters, 28 July 2023.</ref> The entire Kuki-Zo population living in the [[Imphal Valley|central valley]] was evicted from their homes, and all Meitei people living in Kuki-dominated hill districts were likewise displaced, resulting in a complete partition of the state along communal lines.

According to the Kuki Organisation for Human Rights (KOHUR), the violence was started at the behest of Manipur Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]], who belongs to the majority Meitei community. The organisation states that on the same day as the tribal rally, talks were ongoing between the Kuki-Zo militant groups under Suspension of Operations ("SoO groups") and the Union government. The talks arrived at an agreement, which was to be finalised on 8 May 2023.{{sfnp|KOHUR, Report on the Manipur Violence|2024|loc=p. 58}} Upon hearing the outcome, KOHUR's sources said that Singh became furious and told his associates that he was going to start a war against the Kukis.<ref name="KOHUR war">{{harvp|KOHUR, Report on the Manipur Violence|2024|loc=p. 58: 'The insider's information from the CM Office testifies that CM Biren got furious when the outcome of the negotiation was conveyed to him on the phone. He told his associates who were sitting with him that he was going to start the war against the Kukis. After that, he immediately called upon "someone" to go ahead or start the "war". This apparently took place between 2–2.30 PM on that day [3 May 2023]. This is corroborated by CM Biren's leaked tapes later when ''he boastfully claimed that he had started the war''.' (emphasis added)}}</ref>

Throughout the 20-month-long conflict, state complicity was widely alleged.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Arunabh Saikia |title=Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=2023-06-06 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war}}</ref><ref>PTI, [https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2023/06/16/fresh-violence-erupts-as-houses-set-ablaze-in-manipur/ Fresh violence erupts as houses set ablaze in Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216171456/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2023/06/16/fresh-violence-erupts-as-houses-set-ablaze-in-manipur/ |date=16 February 2025 }}, Nagaland Post, 16 June 2023.</ref><ref>Kaushik Deka, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2023-n-biren-singh-and-the-big-manipur-blunders-2677731-2025-02-10 From the India Today archives (2023) | N. Biren Singh and the big Manipur blunders], India Today, 7 August 2023. Updated 10 February 2025.</ref><ref>John Simte, [https://www.thequint.com/opinion/manipur-the-900-kuki-militants-mystery-and-the-cmos-flip-flop-kuldiep-singh Manipur: The '900 Kuki Militants' Mystery and Withdrawn 'Intelligence'], The Quint, 28 September 2024.</ref> Armed militias [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]] launched attacks on Kuki-Zo people; according to All India Lawyers Association For Justice, they did so with impunity under state patronage.{{sfnp|AILAJ, Manufacturing ethnic segregation and conflict|2023|p=15}}<ref>[https://scroll.in/latest/1051860/manipur-cm-biren-singh-has-spat-with-kuki-users-on-twitter-then-deletes-messages Manipur CM Biren Singh has spat with Kuki users on Twitter, then deletes messages], Scroll.in, 1 July 2023.</ref><ref>[https://thehillsjournal.com/voice-clip-of-brinda-on-arambai-tenggol-role-in-ongoing-manipur-crisis-went-viral-made-to-clarify-later/ Voice clip of Brinda on Arambai Tenggol role in ongoing Manipur crisis went viral, made to clarify later], The Hills Journal, 4 October 2023.</ref> The state police were seen to be acting as an 'ethnic army', using state resources against the Kuki-Zo people.<ref>Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1062898/inside-manipurs-new-battleground-the-border-outpost-of-moreh Inside Manipur's new battleground: The border outpost of Moreh], Scroll.in, 31 January 2024.</ref> Biren Singh himself launched a no-holds-barred campaign against the Kuki-Zo people, accusing them of "drug trafficking", "poppy cultivation", "forest encroachment" and harbouring "illegal immigrants" from [[Myanmar]].<ref>Sangmuan Hangsing, Tawna Valte, [https://www.thequint.com/opinion/manipur-is-the-legislative-assembly-even-trying-for-peaceable-reconciliation Manipur | Is the Legislative Assembly Even Trying for Peaceable Reconciliation?], The Quint, 29 March 2024.</ref><ref>Lalmin Kipgen, [https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/06/16/disinformation-as-a-tool-in-manipur-conflict/ Disinformation as a Tool in Manipur Conflict], The Shillong Times, 16 June 2023.</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/myanmar-immigrants-in-manipurs-kamjong-district-says-cm-biren-singh-9323646/ Over 5,000 illegal Myanmar immigrants in Manipur's Kamjong district, says CM Biren Singh], The Indian Express, 12 May 2024.</ref>

In August 2024, more than a year after the start of the violence, the Manipur tapes came to light in the form of audio clips circulated on social media.<ref name="Hindu 9 Feb" /> On 7 August, the [[Kuki Students' Organisation]] announced that it had the full audio recording, which contained numerous incriminating statements by Singh.<ref>[https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-police-says-probing-doctored-audio-of-cm-n-biren-warns-of-legal-action-for-conspiracy-kso-issues-statement Manipur Police says Probing 'Doctored Audio of CM N Biren,' Warns of Legal Action for Conspiracy; KSO issues statement], Ukhrul Times, 8 August 2024.</ref> It also shared a transcript of excerpts from the recording.<ref name="Wire bombs">{{Cite web |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=2024-08-19 |title=Manipur Tapes Submitted to Commission: Did Biren Singh Authorise Use of 'Bombs' in the State, in Defiance of Amit Shah? |url=https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-biren-singh-bombs-amit-shah-commission |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=}}</ref> On 19 August, the news website ''The Wire'' published a series of articles covering highlights from the recording, while also revealing that the full recording had been submitted by the sources to the government-appointed Ajay Lamba Commission in June 2024. The sources also submitted an [[affidavit]] attesting to its authenticity but requested protection and anonymity. The date of the recording and all other potentially identifying information were kept confidential.<ref name="Wire bombs" />

== Contents of the tapes ==
The audio recording is reported to be 48 minutes long and purported to contain conversations of Biren Singh with his associates in a closed-door meeting at the Singh's official residence.<ref name="Hindu 8 Aug boasting">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-08 |title=Probing source of 'doctored' audio claiming to be Biren Singh's voice: Manipur govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/probing-source-of-doctored-audio-claiming-to-be-biren-singhs-voice-manipur-govt/article68498557.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language= |issn=}}</ref><ref>Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-amit-shah-nia-biren-singh Manipur Tapes: 'Amit Shah Called Me, He Wanted NIA to Arrest 5 Persons, I Didn't Reply at First, They Finally Got Only Two'], The Wire, 1 October 2024.</ref> The conversations are in the [[Meitei language]] with some parts in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Wire bombs" /> ''The Wire'' said that it confirmed the date, subject and contents of the meeting with the meeting participants, who remain anonymous.<ref name="Wire claims credit">Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-biren-singh-kuki-posts-conflict-credit 'I Started Operations': Biren Singh Allegedly Claims Credit for Conflict, 'Kukis Filling Up Govt Posts Through ST Quota'], The Wire, 19 August 2024.</ref>

In one section of the tape, Singh is heard claiming credit for the conflict. The voice claims to have studied "all of these [issues]" (concerning land in the state) for the past 10–15 years and "when I saw all of these, I started operations".<ref name="Wire claims credit" /> Singh had previously alleged that the number of Kuki villages had grown enormously over a 15-year period.<ref>Ritika Chopra, [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manipur-violence-cm-n-biren-singh-interview-8974898/ 'Morning, night, 12, 1... I am in touch with Amit Shahji... He backs balance, Meiteis, Kukis ko same tarah se deal karna hai': Manipur CM N Biren Singh], The Indian Express, 10 October 2023.</ref> Here the voice adds that Naga villages had not grown in the same fashion and quips, "Haven't you seen on the map? Don't you feel like crying?". It further claims, "We started seeking governmental [rights] over reserved forest land [and] protected forest land."<ref name="Wire claims credit" /> The speaker also alleges that the Kukis were occupying too many civil service posts enabled by job reservations available to [[Scheduled Tribes]], again exempting the Nagas from this alleged appropriation.<ref name="Wire claims credit" /> Kukis were also blamed for growing through [[Imphal]] city by establishing colonies in a manner dissimilar to the Nagas. ''The Wire'' noted that Kuki residential colonies in Imphal were attacked by mobs in May 2023, leading to a substantial death toll among the Kukis.<ref name="Wire claims credit" />

In another section of the tape, the alleged voice of Biren Singh claims to have used bombs to prosecute the said "war". It also implies that the Union home minister [[Amit Shah]] was aware of this fact. During his visit to the state in May 2023, Shah is said to have warned the speaker as well as the [[Director General of Police|DGP]] not to use bombs. But after Shah left, the speaker claims to have told his people to use the bombs covertly rather than openly.<ref name="Wire bombs" /><ref name="Newsreel 4 Feb" /> The speaker also claims credit for the looting of 4,000–5,000 weapons from the police armouries and the fact that no one has been arrested for the act. It says, "if they arrest, it, the CM, will be the first. It is me who will be arrested for the snatching away of the 4000–5000 guns."<ref name="Wire bombs" /> The speaker is also heard saying that he would ensure arms supply and that, if the state police arrest anyone, he "will handle it".<ref name="Wire bombs" />

The speaker was also aware of resentment he was facing from the Kukis. "Kukis will scold me, abuse me... why won't they? I have destroyed a lot..." He also admits that their casualties are "a bit high", around 300 deaths.<ref name="Wire bombs" /> Yet the speaker also displays clear enmity towards the Kukis: "If I was not CM, I would have shelled bombs."<ref name="Wire bombs" />

In yet another section of the tape, the recorded voice talks about the naked parade incident from the [[Manipur viral video]]. It makes light of the crime against the two women who were sexually assaulted and berates the Meitei civil society organisations for not taking credit: "it is we, the Meiteis who saved them from the mob". It asserts that the Meitei community was very badly shamed by the episode, but that it failed to claim credit for saving the women, clothing them and sending them home, ignoring the fact that their male relatives had not been spared by the mob.<ref name="Wire raped">Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-biren-singh-kuki-women-paraded-naked-video 'Where's the Proof They Were Raped?', Biren Allegedly Says of Kuki Women Paraded Naked, 'Reward Those Arrested for Saving Them'], The Wire, 19 August 2024.</ref> The recording makes it clear that the speaker was opposed to taking action against the perpetrators of the crime: "I told those people [...] that those people arrested should instead be rewarded. Rewarded for saving them".<ref name="Wire raped" /> ''The Wire'' stated that the Singh had made similar statements in public.<ref name="Wire raped" />

''The Wire'' commented that the statements as recorded were communally divisive and inflammatory. They also raised fundamental concerns about the ruling dispensation in the state.<ref name="Wire bombs" />

== Attempts of suppression and diversion ==
The [[Government of Manipur]] issued a statement on 8 August labelling the audio clips on social media as "falsely claiming to be that of the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Manipur". It claimed that the clips were "doctored" and represented a "malicious attempt" to incite communal violence and to derail peace initiatives. It warned that legal action would be taken against all individuals and organisations involved in "this conspiracy", stating that the [[Manipur Police]] were actively investigating the matter and were committed to uncovering the origins of the clips.<ref name="Hindu 8 Aug">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/probing-source-of-doctored-audio-claiming-to-be-biren-singhs-voice-manipur-govt/article68498557.ece Probing source of 'doctored' audio claiming to be Biren Singh's voice: Manipur govt.], ''The Hindu'', 8 August 2024.</ref><ref>PTI, [https://www.business-standard.com/politics/fake-audio-clip-of-cm-biren-released-to-derail-peace-process-manipur-govt-124080800526_1.html Fake audio clip of CM Biren released to derail peace process: Manipur govt], Business Standard, 8 August 2024.</ref>
The Kuki Students' Organisation responded by announcing that it was willing to share the full audio recording with any media or government agency interested in conducting an analysis for authenticity.<ref name="Hindu 8 Aug" />

On 20 August, the government effectively threatened ''The Wire'', issuing a strong warning against all those involved in spreading "false and fabricated information" through "any media", threatening prosecution. It also branded the coverage of the audio clips an "anti-national activity" that would allegedly incite "hatred and mistrust among communities".<ref name="IFP 20 Aug" /><ref>Debanish Achom, Ratnadip Choudhury, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/to-incite-hate-mistrust-manipur-government-flags-doctored-audio-clip-again-6373459 "To Incite Hate, Mistrust": Manipur Government Flags "Doctored Audio Clip", Again], NDTV News, 20 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/alleged-voice-clips-of-cm-biren-singh-manipur-govt-calls-it-anti-national-activity/article68544367.ece After news report on alleged voice clips of CM, Manipur govt. calls it 'anti-national' activity], ''The Hindu'', 20 August 2024.</ref>

Despite the denials by the official government bodies, Singh's brother as well as [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], Manipur's titular maharaja and [[Rajya Sabha MP]], mentioned the leakers on social media, labelling them as "traitors" who passed the tapes on to "the enemy". ''The Wire'' journalist regarded the posts as indication of the genuineness of the tapes.<ref>Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-arambai-tenggol-founder-biren-singh-brother-threat-meitei Manipur Tapes: CM's Brother, Arambai Tenggol Founder's Threats To 'Traitors' Who Leaked Tapes to 'Enemy' Contradict Biren's 'Doctored' Claim], The Wire, 24 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3bl6nzXCDM Manipur Tapes Are Why We Need High-level Investigation Into State BJP Government's Role in Violence], The Wire, via YouTube, 23 August 2024. 30:47 minutes in.</ref>

After this, all efforts by the Kuki-Zo people to publicise the Manipur tapes were confronted with an escalation of violence, an apparent effort to divert media and public attention.<ref>[https://sabrangindia.in/manipur-on-edge-violent-clashes-erupt-on-the-day-following-kuki-zo-protests-demanding-separate-administration-action-against-state-cm-based-on-leaked-tapes/ Manipur on Edge: Violent Clashes Erupt on the day following Kuki-Zo Protests Demanding Separate Administration, action against state CM based on leaked tapes], Sabrang India, 2 September 2024.</ref><ref name="Newsreel violence surge">Vishal Arora, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/why-does-violence-surge-in-manipur-whenever-its-chief-minister-faces-crisis Why Does Violence Surge in Manipur Whenever Its Chief Minister Faces Crisis?], Newsreel Asia, 23 November 2024.</ref><ref>[https://thefederal.com/category/news/discussion-why-is-manipur-on-the-boil-again-155752 Discussion: Why is Manipur on the boil again?], The Federal, 13 November 2024.</ref> The day after the Kuki-Zo people held nationwide rallies to protest the Singh's alleged statements in the Manipur tapes,<ref>PTI, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/manipur-kuki-zo-bodies-hold-rallies-demand-separate-administration/article68589342.ece Manipur: Kuki-Zo bodies hold rallies, demand separate administration], ''The Hindu'', 31 August 2024.</ref> a clash broke out near the village of [[Koutruk]], where, according to Kukis, a key strategic road linking [[Churachandpur]] and [[Kangpokpi]] through the hills was ambushed by Meitei groups.<ref>Debanish Achom, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/woman-killed-daughter-injured-in-firing-by-suspected-insurgents-in-manipur-6466188 Woman Killed, Daughter Injured In Firing By Suspected Insurgents In Manipur], 1 September 2024. 'Members of the Kuki tribes alleged the incident comes just days after purported audio tapes of the Chief Minister - now submitted to a probe panel of the Home Ministry - "proved" the Chief Minister started the Manipur crisis.'</ref><ref>Ananya Bharadwaj, [https://theprint.in/india/kuki-group-claims-koutruk-clash-not-unprovoked-meitei-insurgents-bombed-own-area-using-drones/2269045/ Kuki group claims Koutruk clash 'not unprovoked', Meitei insurgents 'bombed own area using drones'], The Print, 16 September 2024.</ref> It was alleged that in the ensuing retaliation, Kuki groups used armed drones. The resulting "drones controversy" played out in the media for weeks.<ref>Angshuman Choudhury, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/northeastern-view-a-lethal-drone-attack-in-manipur-sparks-alarm-and-misinformation-101725537862418.html Northeastern View | A lethal drone attack in Manipur sparks alarm and misinformation], Hindustan Times, 5 September 2024.</ref><ref>Rujuta Thete, [https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/manipur-drone-attack-video-old-clip-from-myanmar-fact-check Old Video From Myanmar Falsely Shared as 'Drone Attack' by Kukis in Manipur], The Quint, 10 September 2024.</ref> On 5 September, the Kuki Organisation for Human Rights (KOHUR) wrote to the Supreme Court-appointed investigating officer, Dattatrey Padsalgikar, as well as the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]], asking for an investigation of the Manipur tapes.<ref name="PTI 5 Sep">PTI, [https://www.deccanherald.com/india/manipur/kuki-organisation-writes-to-sc-appointed-official-demanding-probe-against-manipur-cm-3178307 Kuki organisation writes to SC-appointed official demanding probe against Manipur CM], Deccan Herald, 5 September 2024.</ref> Seemingly in response, further allegations arose in Manipur, accusing Kukis of shooting rockets into the Imphal Valley. Protesters marched on Raj Bhavan, the Governor's residence, pelted stones and demanded that Singh be given full control over security.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/manipur-students-protest-renewed-violence-pelt-stones-outside-raj-bhavan/article68622707.ece Manipur students protest renewed violence, pelt stones outside Raj Bhavan], ''The Hindu'', 9 September 2024.</ref><ref>Ratnadip Choudhury, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/massive-student-protest-in-imphal-over-drone-and-missile-attacks-in-manipur-6526246 Massive Student Protest In Imphal Over Drone And Missile Attacks In Manipur], NDTV News, 9 September 2024.</ref> Subsequently, the Chief Minister's Office issued a security alert claiming that 900 Kuki militants from Myanmar were planning to infiltrate into Manipur, further inflaming tensions. The alert was later cancelled after the Indian Army questioned the intelligence.<ref>Vishal Arora, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/did-900-kuki-militants-really-enter-from-myanmar Did 900 'Kuki Militants' Really Enter from Myanmar?], Newsreel Asia, 24 September 2024.</ref>

On 7 November, the day before the Supreme Court of India listed the Manipur tapes case for hearing, a major unprovoked attack took place on the village of [[Zairawn]] in [[Jiribam district]], in which a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] woman was shot and brutally burnt to death.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/manipur-unrest-six-houses-torched-villagers-attacked-in-jiribam/article68844180.ece Manipur unrest: Six houses torched in Jiribam; woman allegedly shot and burned to death], The Hindu, 8 November 2024.</ref><ref name="Newsreel violence surge" /> The attack initiated a major cycle of violence resulting in dozens of deaths in all communities. After the Supreme Court agreed to examine the Manipur tapes on 8 November, another crisis erupted at the village of [[Saibol]],<ref>PTI, [https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/fresh-gun-and-bomb-attacks-in-imphal-east-district-say-manipur-police-124111000496_1.html Fresh gun-and-bomb attacks in Imphal East district, say Manipur police], Business Standard, 10 November 2024.</ref> which lasted until mid-January.<ref>Jyoti Jangra, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-kuki-zo-women-crpf-injuries Manipur's Women Describe CRPF 'Assault': Lost Eye, Head Trauma, Broken Bones], Newsreel Asia, 11 January 2025.</ref>

The cycles of escalation ended after Singh's resignation on 9 February 2025, which came days after the Supreme Court ordered a forensic examination of the Manipur tapes.<ref name="Hindu 9 Feb">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2025-02-09 |title=Biren Singh quits as Manipur CM after meeting Home Minister Shah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/biren-singh-resigns-as-manipur-chief-minister/article69199431.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="HT 14 Feb">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-violence-presidents-rule-bjp-n-biren-singh-101739455456198.html President's rule imposed in Manipur days after Biren Singh resigns as CM], Hindustan Times, 14 February 2025. "The resignation came five days after the Supreme Court directed a central forensics lab for a report on leaked audio tapes that allegedly feature Singh and where he is purportedly heard saying the ethnic violence in the state was instigated at his insistence."</ref> Afterwards, the state came under [[President's rule]], and the legislative assembly was put under suspended animation.

== Supreme Court proceedings ==
KOHUR filed a writ petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in late October 2024, seeking a court-monitored investigation into the leaked tapes. Filed through its advocate [[Prashant Bhushan]], the petition said that the tapes "''prima facie'' show the complicity and involvement of the state machinery in violence against the Kuki-Zo community". Citing several portions of the contents of the tapes, it claimed that Biren Singh, as the chief minister of Manipur, was "instrumental in inciting, organising and thereafter centrally orchestrating" violence against the Kuki-Zo people.<ref name="Hindu 23 Oct" />

The Supreme Court listed the petition for a hearing on 8 November. The Attorney General [[R. Venkataramani]] and Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta]] urged the court not to take up the case, arguing that it should be heard by the [[Manipur High Court]] instead. Nevertheless, the Court agreed to examine the contents of the recording and asked the petitioner to file material to prove its authenticity. The Solicitor General vehemently objected to the plea and alleged that the intention of the petitioner was to "keep the fire burning", whereas Singh was working to reestablish peace in the state. He also berated the judges, who included the Chief Justice [[Y. V. Chandrachud]], claiming that they were "living in ivory towers" without knowledge of the issues of a "porous border". The Court dismissed the objections and allowed the case to proceed.<ref>Krishnadas Rajagopal, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/supreme-court-agrees-to-examine-whistle-blower-audio-tapes-against-manipur-cm-biren-singh/article68844574.ece Supreme Court agrees to examine whistle-blower audio tapes against Manipur CM Biren Singh], The Hindu, 8 November 2024.</ref><ref>Debayan Roy, [https://www.barandbench.com/news/manipur-violence-supreme-court-agrees-examine-whistleblower-tapes-cm-n-biren-singh Manipur Violence: Supreme Court to examine whistleblower tapes against CM N Biren Singh], Bar and Bench, 8 November 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/show-materials-indicating-authenticity-of-audio-clips-against-manipur-cm-supreme-court-to-kuki-organization-274621 Show Materials Indicating Authenticity Of Audio Clips Against Manipur CM : Supreme Court To Kuki Organization], Live Law, 8 November 2024.</ref>

On 3 February 2025, KOHUR submitted a forensic report from the reputed Truth Labs Forensic Services, a private non-profit organisation backed by former chief justice [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]] and other jurists, which confirmed with 93% certainty that the voice on the recording belonged to Singh.<ref>[https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-violence-tapes-biren-singh-supreme-court Manipur Violence: Forensic Report on Tapes Alleging CM Biren Singh's Role Ordered], Newsreel Asia, 3 February 2025.</ref> The report said that repeated critical listening indicated similarity of voices, and that the intonation patterns of 20 commonly uttered words and vowel distribution patterns were found to be similar with high probability. It also said that it detected no abrupt changes in the background noise, context, tone consistency, speech fluency or loudness in the acoustic analysis of the audio recording.<ref name="Hindu 4 Feb" /><ref name="Newsreel 4 Feb" />

The Solicitor General however objected to the Truth Labs report, claiming that it was a private organisation and the petitioner's motives were questionable. He informed the court that investigators had already approached "the person who uploaded the clips on X (formerly twitter)" and added that the audio clips had been sent to the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL).<ref name="HT 4 Feb">Utkarsh Anand, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-seeks-forensic-report-on-alleged-leaked-audio-of-manipur-cm-101738572832887.html SC seeks forensic report on alleged leaked audio of Manipur CM], Hindustan Times, 4 February 2025.</ref><ref>Anmol Kaur Bawa, [https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-seeks-forensic-report-on-audio-tapes-alleging-manipur-cm-biren-singhs-role-in-ethnic-violence-282760 Supreme Court Seeks Forensic Report On Audio Tapes Alleging Manipur CM Biren Singh's Role In Ethnic Violence], Live Law, 3 February 2025.</ref> According to ''The Hindu,'' the Solicitor General also stated that the Union government had sent "the content handed over to it by the petitioner" to CFSL.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-decides-to-wait-for-cfsl-report-on-veracity-of-alleged-audio-on-manipur-cm-meeting/article69175323.ece Supreme Court to wait for CFSL report on veracity of alleged audio on Manipur CM meeting], The Hindu, 3 February 2025.</ref> The court ordered a CFSL analysis of the tapes, instructed that the findings be submitted within a month, and ordered the case to be relisted for the week beginning 24 March.<ref name="HT 4 Feb" />

After some delays, on 5 May, the solicitor general submitted a report from CFSL in a sealed cover, and added, "we need a month to probe it".<ref>PTI, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-happened-to-report-top-court-to-manipur-on-biren-singhs-alleged-audio-clip-9018841 "What Happened To Report?" Top Court To Manipur On Biren Singh's Alleged "Audio Clip"], NDTV News, 4 August 2025.</ref> The court however found the report inadequate. It asked the solicitor general to read the report and "bring a fresh report".<ref name="Live Law 5 May">Anmol Kaur Bawa, [https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-seeks-fresh-forensic-report-on-audio-clips-against-ex-manipur-cm-biren-singh-291260 Supreme Court Seeks Fresh Forensic Report On Audio Clips Against Ex-Manipur CM Biren Singh], Live Law, 5 May 2025.</ref><ref>[https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-supreme-court-questions-union-govt-on-delay-in-submission-of-forensic-report Manipur Tapes: Supreme Court Questions Union Govt on Delay in Submission of Forensic Report], The Wire, 4 August 2025.</ref> The court took note of the solicitor general's statement that the investigation, presumably by the state government, would continue. KOHUR's advocate Prashant Bhushan objected to the investigation, stating that it would be conducted by the state police. The Court overruled him, stating, "Mr Bhushan, we are not staying that, we have seen the report."<ref name="Live Law 5 May" />

When the "fresh report" from CFSL did not become available on 4 August, the Supreme Court questioned the delay.<ref>Gursimran Kaur Bakshi, [https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-questions-delay-in-forensic-report-on-tapes-alleging-biren-singhs-role-in-manipur-violence-299828 'Can't Go Endlessly' : Supreme Court Questions Delay In Forensic Report On Tapes Alleging Biren Singh's Role In Manipur Violence], Live Law, 4 August 2025.</ref> On 19 August, when the report was submitted, the court said it was "misdirected". The report was apparently addressing the question of whether the "clips" were authentic. Its answers were described by the Court as "wishy-washy". The court pointed out that it was not interested in the question of authenticity; rather, it wanted to know the identity of the voice on the recording, whether it belonged to the "individual", i.e., former chief minister Biren Singh. The court demanded the solicitor general produce the instructions that were given to CFSL.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exercise-misdirected-supreme-court-raps-cfsl-on-probe-ex-manipur-cm-biren-singh-audio-clip-10198806/ 'Entire exercise seems to be misdirected': Supreme Court raps CFSL on probe into ex-Manipur CM Biren Singh 'audio clip'], The Indian Express, 20 August 2025.</ref><ref>Navin Upadhyay, [https://powercorridors.in/cfsl-informs-sc-it-cannot-verify-biren-singh-audio/ SC Slams CFSL for 'Misdirected' Biren Singh Tape Probe], Power Corridors, 19 August 2025.</ref>

On 26 August, CFSL admitted that it was unable to identify the voice, according to news reports. The court thanked it for its efforts, and ordered a fresh investigation by [[National Forensic Sciences University|National Forensic Science Laboratory]] (NFSL) in [[Gandhinagar]] (Gujarat). It asked two questions: (i) whether the "audio clips" in question were modified, edited or tampered with, and (ii) whether the voice in the clips matches the voice in the "admitted audio sample".<ref>[https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/as-fsl-didnt-make-clear-finding-on-biren-singhs-voice-supreme-court-refers-manipur-tapes-to-national-forensic-laboratory-302054 As FSL Didn't Make Clear Finding On Biren Singh's Voice, Supreme Court Refers Manipur Tapes To National Forensic Laboratory], Live Law, 26 August 2025.</ref><ref>[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/sc-orders-fresh-forensic-test-of-audio-allegedly-implicating-former-manipur-cm-n-biren-singh.html SC orders fresh forensic test of audio allegedly implicating former Manipur CM N. Biren Singh], Northeast Now, 27 August 2025.</ref>

On 3 November, NFSL submitted its report stating that the "four exhibits" it was provided showed signs of modification and tampering, and that they do not constitute the original source recording. It stated that the clips were not scientifically fit for forensic voice comparison. After a contest from the petitioner's counsel that the "50-minute recording" (marked as Y1) was unedited and certified by the Truth Labs, the Court ordered the NFSL report to be provided to the petitioner and scheduled a further hearing.<ref>Amisha Shrivastava, [https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/manipur-audio-tapes-tampered-cant-say-if-voice-matches-with-ex-cm-biren-singh-nfsl-to-supreme-court-308652 Manipur Audio Tapes Tampered, Can't Say If Voice Matches With Ex-CM Biren Singh : NFSL To Supreme Court], Live Law, 3 November 2025.</ref><ref>[https://thewire.in/law/manipur-tapes-cfsl-tells-supreme-court-not-possible-to-offer-opinion-on-biren-singh-audio-clip Manipur Tapes: NFSU Tells Supreme Court 'Not Possible' to Offer Opinion on 'Biren Singh' Audio Clip], The Wire, 3 November 2025.</ref>

On 20 November, KOHUR filed a counter-petition pointing out that the 48-minute audio recording that it submitted in January 2025 was not analysed by the NFSL. Instead, only four short clips ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes, provided by Manipur Police, were apparently analysed, and they would have provided no meaningful analysis of continuity, authenticity or context. KOHUR called it "shocking" that the full recording was not sent to the government laboratory for analysis.<ref name="ITNE 20 Nov 2025">[https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/kuki-rights-body-challenges-nfsu-forensic-report-on-biren-singh-audio-seeks-court-monitored-sit-1306535-2025-11-20 Kuki rights body challenges NFSU forensic report on Biren Singh audio, seeks court-monitored SIT], India Today NE, 20 November 2025.
</ref>
On 15 December, the Supreme Court questioned the Manipur government why only a portion of the audio recording was sent to the forensic lab. It said that it was a "little disturbed" by this revelation. The Additional Solicitor General requested a week's time to respond.<ref name="Telegraph Dec 2025">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-questions-manipur-over-biren-singh-audio-clip-forensic-test-probe-case-prnt/cid/2138025 Supreme Court questions Manipur on sending only part of Biren Singh audio clip tape], The Telegraph (India), 16 December 2025.</ref><ref name="Wire Dec 2025">[https://thewire.in/government/manipur-tapes-supreme-court-says-little-disturbed-that-full-audio-not-sent-to-lab-asks-govt-to-reply Manipur Tapes: Supreme Court Says 'Little Disturbed' That Full Audio Not Sent To Lab, Asks Govt to Reply], The Wire, 16 December 2025.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Report on the Manipur Violence: A historical contextualization of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing |publisher=Kuki Organisation for Human Rights Trust |location=New Delhi |date=December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|KOHUR, Report on the Manipur Violence|2024}}}}
* {{citation |title=Manufacturing ethnic segregation and conflict: A report on the violence in Manipur |publisher=All India Lawyers Association for Justice |date=August 2023 |url=https://ailaj.wordpress.com/2023/09/24/manufacturing-ethnic-segregation-and-conflict-a-report-on-the-violence-in-manipur/ |ref={{sfnref|AILAJ, Manufacturing ethnic segregation and conflict|2023}}}}

== External links ==
* Sujit Nair, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUaOVExJ-r4 Editorial With Sujit Nair | What Forced N Biren Singh To Quit As Manipur CM Now ? | Meitei | Kuki], HW News English, via YouTube, 11 February 2025.

[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Government of Manipur]]

Kavita Devi (wrestler)

2026-04-26T16:59:44Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{short description|Indian professional wrestler (born 1986)}}
{{other uses|Kavita Devi (disambiguation){{!}}Kavita Devi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Kavita Devi
| image = Kavita Devi WrestleMania 34 April 2018.jpg
| caption = Devi in the inaugural [[WrestleMania]] Women's Battle Royal (April 2018)
| birthname = Kavita Dalal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|09|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Malvi, [[Jind District]], [[Haryana]], India
| names = Hard KD<ref name="Cagematch">{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=18763|title=Kavita Devi Cagematch profile|access-date=15 October 2017|work=Cagematch}}</ref> Kavita '''Kavita Devi'''
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name="MYCWWE">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/section/mae-young-classic-competitors/article/kavita-devi|title=Kavita Devi MYC Biography|access-date=15 October 2017|publisher=[[WWE]]|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011151/http://www.wwe.com/section/mae-young-classic-competitors/article/kavita-devi|url-status=live}}</ref>
| weight =
| billed = [[Haryana, India]]<ref name="MYCWWE"/>
| trainer = [[The Great Khali]]<ref name="MYCWWE"/> [[WWE Performance Center]]<ref name="Cagematch"/> [[Sara Del Rey]]
| spouse =
| family =
| debut = 2016<ref name="Wrestlingdata">{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=32296|title=Kavita Devi Wrestlingdata profile|access-date=15 October 2017|work=Wrestlingdata|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071734/http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=32296|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''Kavita Dalal''' (born 20 September 1986) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] professional wrestler who performed in the [[WWE]], under the [[ring name]] '''Kavita Devi''', on their [[Farm team|developmental territory]] [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]] between 2017 and 2021. Devi is the first female professional wrestler of Indian nationality to wrestle in WWE.<ref name = "tribune">{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/kavita-set-to-become-1st-indian-woman-to-appear-in-wwe/426440.html|title= Kavita set to become 1st Indian woman to appear in WWE|access-date= 27 August 2017|date= 23 June 2017|work= tribuneindia.com|archive-date= 27 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827210457/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/kavita-set-to-become-1st-indian-woman-to-appear-in-wwe/426440.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Devi previously wrestled on the [[independent circuit]] under the ring names '''Kavita''' and '''Hard KD''', most notably for [[Continental Wrestling Entertainment]] in India.<ref name="Cagematch"/>

==Personal life==
Kavita Devi Dalal, one of the five siblings, was born in Malvi village of [[Julana]] [[tehsil]] of [[Jind district]]<ref name=jatsit1>{{cite news |title=WWE में कविता दलाल की तरह अब और भारतीय छोरियां भी दिखाएंगी दमखम |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-wwe-superstar-kavita-dalal-will-launch-wwe-super-league-in-india-18859832.html |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=16 January 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> of [[Haryana]] state of India. She got married in 2009 and gave birth to a child in 2010, after which she wanted to quit sports but inspired by her husband she continued playing.<ref name=jatsit1/>

== Weightlifting and powerlifting career ==
{{Infobox sportsperson
| nocat_wdimage = yes
| name = Kavita Dalal
| image =
| caption =
| image_upright = yes
| headercolor = lightsteelblue
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati and Shillong]]|Freestyle (– 75 kg)}}
}}

Devi has represented India in international competition, she won gold in the 75 kg category at the 2016 South Asian Games.<ref name="MYCWWE"/>

=== Awards ===
* '''12th South Asian Games'''
** Gold in women's weightlifting 75 kg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/other-sports-news/south-asian-games-2016-gold-rush-continues-for-india-on-fourth-day-of-event-1454925934.html|title=South Asian Games 2016: Gold rush continues for India on 4th day|date=14 February 2017|access-date=27 August 2017|work=catchnews.com|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514210503/http://www.catchnews.com/other-sports-news/south-asian-games-2016-gold-rush-continues-for-india-on-fourth-day-of-event-1454925934.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==
On 24 February 2016, Kavita Dalal entered the promotion of [[The Great Khali]] named Continental Wrestling Entertainment, to begin her training as a [[professional wrestler]]. Devi made her debut for the promotion in June 2016, under the ring name Kavita, accepting the "Open Challenge" of B. B. Bull Bull before attacking her. On 25 June, she appeared with a new ring name, Hard KD, teaming with Sahil Sangwan in a losing effort against B. B. Bull Bull and Super Khalsa in the first [[mixed tag team match]] in promotion. Kavita cites her trainer [[The Great Khali]] as her main inspiration to become a professional wrestler.<ref name="MYCWWE"/>

On 13 July, she was announced as one of the participants for the [[Mae Young Classic (2017)|Mae Young Classic]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/maeyoungclassic/article/mae-young-classic-competitors-announced|title=Mae Young Classic competitors announced at Parade of Champions|work=WWE|date=13 July 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717044039/http://www.wwe.com/shows/maeyoungclassic/article/mae-young-classic-competitors-announced|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 August, Kavita was eliminated in the first round by [[Dakota Kai]].<ref name="MaeYoungClassic28/08/17">{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/111953/mae-young-classic-episode-three-report-garrett-versus-niven-belair-versus-beckett-kai-versus-devi-and-storm-versus-raymond.html|title=Mae Young Classic Episode Three Report: Garrett Versus Niven, Belair Versus Beckett, Kai Versus Devi, And Storm Versus Raymond|last=Richard|first=Trionfo|date=28 August 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|work=PWInsider|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015300/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/111953/mae-young-classic-episode-three-report-garrett-versus-niven-belair-versus-beckett-kai-versus-devi-and-storm-versus-raymond.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 October 2017, WWE announced that Devi had signed a contract, and will start training at their [[Performance Center]] in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/wwe-signs-first-female-talent-from-india-middle-east|title=WWE signs first female talent from India and the Middle East to developmental contracts|date=15 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|publisher=[[WWE]]|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235425/https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/wwe-signs-first-female-talent-from-india-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 April 2018, Devi made her first appearance as part of the company while also making her [[WrestleMania]] debut at [[WrestleMania 34]] competing during the inaugural [[WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal]] in which she was eliminated by [[Sarah Logan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=116716&p=2|title=Complete Wrestlemania 34 Kickoff Show Coverage|last=Stuart|first=Carapola|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|work=PWInsider|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235215/https://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=116716&p=2|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 April, Devi made her NXT [[Live event]] debut as a heel, teaming with [[Aliyah (wrestler)|Aliyah]] against [[Dakota Kai]] and [[Steffanie Newell]] in a losing effort. She participated in the [[Mae Young Classic]] 2018 but lost in the first round against a returning [[Kaitlyn (wrestler)|Kaitlyn]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=JJ|title=Nxt Sanford, Fl, Live Results: Kacy Catanzaro Makes Her Debut|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/nxt-sanford-fl-live-results-kacy-catanzaro-makes-her-debut-256116|website=F4WOnline|access-date=22 April 2018|date=20 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094428/https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/nxt-sanford-fl-live-results-kacy-catanzaro-makes-her-debut-256116|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 May 2021, it was announced that Devi was released from WWE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Bryan |title=Eight NXT on-air talent released by WWE |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/eight-nxt-air-talent-released-wwe-341836 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=WON/F4W |date=19 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Business ventures==
In January 2019, she started trials for selecting players to launch a WWE Super League in India.<ref name=jatsit1/>

== Electoral Performance ==
{{transcluded section|Julana Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Julana Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2024}}}}

==See also==
* [[Sakshi Malik]]
* [[Phogat sisters]]
* [[Badshah Khan (wrestler)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kavita Dalal}}
* {{twitter|KavitaDeviWWE}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|cagematch=18763|wrestlingdata=32296|iwd=kavita-devi-13552}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Kavita}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Female sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jind district]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century female professional wrestlers]]

Sabina (judge)

2026-04-23T05:05:11Z

KaleyCountryman: adding initial data added tags...

{{Short description|Acting Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sabina
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|4|20|df=y}}
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 January 2023
| term_end1 = 19 April 2023
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2022
| term_end2 = 22 June 2022
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 8 October 2021
| term_end = 19 April 2023
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start3 = 11 April 2016
| term_end3 = 7 October 2021
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator3 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start4 = 12 March 2008
| term_end4 = 10 April 2016
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator4 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Acting Chief Justice (Retd.)
}}

'''Sabina''' (born 20 April 1961) is an Indian judge. She was the [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] and a former [[Judge]] of the [[Rajasthan High Court]] and the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2016 |title=Justice Sabina transferred from Punjab and Haryana HC to Rajasthan HC |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/justice-sabina-transferred-from-punjab-and-haryana-hc-to-rajasthan-hc/story-mgQvH2Jc6XA1PE5q9ArqUN.html |access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2021 |title=Justice Sabina sworn in as Himachal HC judge, Governor administers oath |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/justice-sabina-sworn-in-as-hc-judge-guv-administers-oath-322185 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Orders of appointment of Smt. Justice Sabina, senior most Judge of the Himachal Pradesh High Court, to perform the duties of the CJ of that High Court w.e.f. 25.05.2022 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2022/05/2022052371.pdf |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=doj.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabina}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Premchand Patel

2026-04-20T08:43:53Z

KaleyCountryman: adding first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Premchand Patel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1973|1|2}}
| birth_place = Reldabri, [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]], Madhya Pradesh, [[India]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] for [[Katghora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katghora]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Purushottam Kanwar, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
| parents = Dharmu Ram Patel (Father)
| country = [[India]]
| profession = Agriculture
| alma_mater = M.Sc (Physics) & M.A. (Political Science) from [[Guru Ghasidas University]]
}}

'''Premchand Patel''' (born 2 January 1973) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He represents [[Katghora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katghora]] in [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/assets/pdf%20for%20website/CandidateVote2023/22.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424090301/https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/assets/pdf%20for%20website/CandidateVote2023/22.pdf | archive-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>

==Political career==
Patel won Katghora seat in [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]] by defeating Congress candidate Purushottam Kanwar by margin of 16,900 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Chhattisgarh election results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-jcc-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105690575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He also served BJP in organisational level as Mandal President between 2010 and 2015 and was Member of Zila Panchayat from 7 No. Constituency prior to being elected to [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=prakash |first=satya |title=CG Vidhansabha MLA Oath Live: प्रेमचंद पटेल, खुशवंत साहेब और विद्यावती ने संस्कृत में ली शपथ.. जानें किसने किस भाषा में ली पद और गोपनीयता की शपथ {{!}} CG Vidhansabha MLA Oath Live |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/raipur/cg-vidhansabha-mla-oath-live-premchand-patel-khushwant-saheb-and-vidyawati-took-oath-in-sanskrit-1886548.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Premchand}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kadavur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:52:10Z

KaleyCountryman: done

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadavur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| abolished= 1971
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kadavur''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Karur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||Karuraigiri Muthiah|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||K. K. Muthiah|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.94}}
}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadavur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Karuraigiri Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,752 |percentage=51.62% |change=-3.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,763 |percentage=48.38% |change=3.32% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,989 |percentage=3.23% |change=-6.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,515 |percentage=69.54% |change= -7.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,616 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadavur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Karuraigiri Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,102 |percentage=54.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Dharmalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,788 |percentage=45.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,314 |percentage=9.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,890 |percentage=77.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,286 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.73|78.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Karur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

{{Karur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Swaroopinii

2026-04-18T13:17:02Z

KaleyCountryman: New New Info

{{Short description|Indian Actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swaroopinii
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Aarohi Narayan
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Swaroopinii''' (formerly '''Aarohi Narayan''') is an Indian actress who works in Kannada films. She is known for her roles in the ''[[Drishya]]'' film series (2014–2021), ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' (2020) and ''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]'' (2020).

==Early life and career==
Aged four, Aarohi watched [[Prabhu Deva]]'s dance moves. She also saw ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005) and [[Dr. Rajkumar]]'s films, all of which inspired her to become an actress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aarohi-narayan-talks-about-actors-who-have-inspired-her/articleshow/78658824.cms|title=Aarohi Narayan talks about actors who have inspired her|date=14 October 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref> After playing [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]'s daughter in ''[[Drishya]]'' (2014), she played a psychiatrist in ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' (2020) and a rebellious [[Iyengar]] woman in ''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]'' (2020).<ref name="S"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aarohi-plays-a-rebellious-iyengar-girl-in-bheema-sena-nala-maharaja/articleshow/61781616.cms|title=Aarohi plays a rebellious Iyengar girl in Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja|date=25 November 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Aarohi reprised her role in ''Drishya'' in its sequel, ''[[Drishya 2]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-am-giving-the-character-in-drishya-2-my-perspective-aarohi-narayan/articleshow/85004441.cms|title=I am giving the character in Drishya 2 my perspective: Aarohi Narayan|date=4 August 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Drishya]]'' || Sindhu || || {{fact|date=April 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' || Dr. Anjali || ||<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Dec/17/aarohi-narayan-turns-psychiatrist-for-akash-srivatsas-directorial-1912399.html|title=Aarohi Narayan turns psychiatrist for Akash Srivatsa's directorial|date=17 December 2018|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]'' || Dr. Arohi / Vedavalli Varadarajan || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/i-am-greedy-when-it-comes-to-roles-says-aarohi-narayan-909393.html|title=I am greedy when it comes to roles, says Aarohi Narayan|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/audiences-will-get-to-see-a-different-side-of-me-through-vedavalli-aarohi-narayan/articleshow/78894623.cms|title=Audiences will get to see a different side of me through Vedavalli: Aarohi Narayan|date=28 October 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Drishya 2]]'' || Sindhu || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/working-with-ravi-sir-on-drishya-2-was-a-whole-new-experience-aarohi-narayan/7630348e0a520|title=Working with Ravi sir on Drishya 2 was a whole new experience: Aarohi Narayan|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Moorane Krishnappa]]'' || || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Love OTP]]'' || Sana || Kannada-Telugu bilingual film ||
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Song
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Buckasura]]'' || "Hare Ram"
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/Dec/24/aarohi-unplugged-in-buckaasura-3759.html | title=Aarohi unplugged in Buckaasura | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=24 December 2017 }}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|rowspan=2|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|''[[Drishya 2]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Team 'Pushpa' wins big in 'SIIMA 2022' Winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-pushpa-wins-big-in-siima-2022-winners-list-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-all-the-other-categories-for-the-year-2021/articleshow/94131928.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm11750607}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaroopinii}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Bishnah Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:10Z

KaleyCountryman: Put Up The Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bishnah
|type = SLA
|constituency_no = 72
|mla = [[Rajeev Kumar (Jammu & Kashmir politician)|Rajeev Kumar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
|established = 1962
|electors = 
|reservation = SC
}}

'''Bishnah Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Bishnah]] is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/bishnah.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Bishnah Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Trilochan Datt || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Bhagat Chhaju Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Parma Nand
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Bhagat Chhaju Ram
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Parma Nand || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Jagdish Raj Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Kamal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Rajeev Kumar (Jammu & Kashmir politician)|Rajeev Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajeev Kumar (Jammu & Kashmir politician)|Rajeev Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,435 |percentage=56.48 |change={{increase}}19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeraj Kundan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,808 |percentage=39.96 |change={{increase}}35.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=799 |percentage=0.84 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=660 |percentage=0.70 |change={{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=401 |percentage=0.42 |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,627 |percentage=16.52 |change= {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,611 |percentage=78.99 |change= {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,782 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Verma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=29,380 |percentage=41.62 |change={{increase}}33.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,394 |percentage=37.39 |change={{increase}}29.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,112 |percentage=11.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulchain Singh Charak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,272 |percentage=4.64 |change={{decrease}}8.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,668 |percentage=2.36 |change={{decrease}}19.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=490 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghansham Sharma |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=473 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,986 |percentage=4.23 |change= {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,587 |percentage=76.15 |change= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,694 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}19.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,078 |percentage=22.46 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,589 |percentage=21.68 |change={{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulchain Singh Charak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,212 |percentage=13.10 |change={{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,306 |percentage=8.47 |change={{decrease}}15.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shilpi Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,255 |percentage=8.38 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=3,751 |percentage=5.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=2,207 |percentage=3.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,855 |percentage=2.96 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=1,169 |percentage=1.87 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbacahan Kumari Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,072 |percentage=1.71 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=1.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=489 |percentage=0.78 |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,674 |percentage=75.77 |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,719 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,961 |percentage=32.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Verma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,298 |percentage=24.22 |change={{increase}}18.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagdish Raj Dubey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,268 |percentage=15.06 |change={{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,874 |percentage=14.34 |change={{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,060 |percentage=3.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=943 |percentage=1.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swaran Singh |party=Shiv Sena |votes=780 |percentage=1.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Pal Saini |party=Independent politician |votes=566 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanisham Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=519 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=517 |percentage=0.94 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Kumar |party=Samata Party |votes=492 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,663 |percentage=8.49 |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,895 |percentage=67.43 |change= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,424 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagdish Raj Dubey]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,941 |percentage=26.43 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,057 |percentage=21.88 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,239 |percentage=17.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janak Raj Gupta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,994 |percentage=12.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,859 |percentage=9.32 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangram Singh Charak |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,323 |percentage=5.61 |change={{decrease}}48.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,983 |percentage=4.79 |change={{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Paul |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=704 |percentage=1.70 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,884 |percentage=4.55 |change= {{decrease}}27.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,401 |percentage=69.80 |change= {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}27.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,319 |percentage=53.65 |change={{increase}}27.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=6,495 |percentage=21.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,793 |percentage=12.47 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardari Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,944 |percentage=6.39 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hansraj |party=Janata Party |votes=907 |percentage=2.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=396 |percentage=1.30 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Assa Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbachan Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,824 |percentage=32.30 |change= {{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,416 |percentage=66.20 |change= {{decrease}}9.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,580 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Chhaju Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,123 |percentage=67.18 |change={{increase}}24.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,159 |percentage=25.95 |change={{increase}}14.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,721 |percentage=5.47 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=1.40 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,964 |percentage=41.23 |change= {{increase}}31.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,442 |percentage=77.02 |change= {{increase}}13.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,830 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,441 |percentage=43.17 |change={{decrease}}20.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=7,357 |percentage=33.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sain Dass |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,476 |percentage=11.32 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,052 |percentage=9.38 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=1.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,084 |percentage=9.53 |change= {{decrease}}26.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,870 |percentage=62.31 |change= {{decrease}}11.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,679 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,971 |percentage=64.00 |change={{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,489 |percentage=27.74 |change={{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Behari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=625 |percentage=2.67 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=1.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Bano Megh |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=1.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=385 |percentage=1.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,482 |percentage=36.26 |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,394 |percentage=75.42 |change= {{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,054 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Chhaju Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,037 |percentage=55.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dass |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,832 |percentage=19.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. N. Singh |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=2,641 |percentage=13.23 |change={{decrease}}17.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,445 |percentage=12.25 |change={{decrease}}34.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,205 |percentage=36.11 |change= {{increase}}19.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,955 |percentage=81.14 |change= {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,780 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bishnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilochan Datt |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,783 |percentage=46.99 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Piara Saraf]] |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=5,768 |percentage=30.86 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Lal |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=3,899 |percentage=20.86 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Isheri Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=1.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,015 |percentage=16.13 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,692 |percentage=85.04 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,128 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jammu]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.614|74.856|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Bangalore North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:52Z

KaleyCountryman: creating first article v1

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{distinguish|text = [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bangalore North
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 
| reservation = SC
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Bangalore North Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhana Sabha]] seats in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation19612">{{cite web |date=1956 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3956-dpaco-1956/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. V. Byregowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| R. Munisamaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || K. V. Byregowda
|-
| [[Y. Ramakrishna]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Byregowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,462 |percentage = 24.47% |change = {{decrease}}25.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Anjanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,128 |percentage = 20.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Ramakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,199 |percentage = 18.54% |change = {{decrease}}31.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Kustibasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,159 |percentage = 16.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,747 |percentage = 8.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Krishnan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,353 |percentage = 7.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anjanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 3.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 4.24% |change = {{decrease}}13.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,023 |percentage = 34.46% |change = {{decrease}}24.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,023}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,461 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}21.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Byregowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,189 |percentage = 26.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Munisamaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,203 |percentage = 23.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Veeranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,186 |percentage = 9.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mune Gowda |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,041 |percentage = 8.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rangaswami |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,709 |percentage = 8.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Chickyellappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 3,117 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Srinivas |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,497 |percentage = 4.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Parthasarathi |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,249 |percentage = 3.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bachappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,777 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,003 |percentage = 17.76% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,338 |percentage = 29.32% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,338}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,085 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.104163|77.574101|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

Gubbi Thotadappa

2026-04-07T13:58:46Z

KaleyCountryman: Put Up Initial Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian businessman and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Rao Bahadhur Dharmapravartha
| name = Gubbi Thotadappa
| image = Gubbi Thotadappa (1838-1910).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1838|12|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gubbi]], [[Tumkur]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (now in [[Karnataka]])
| death_date = 1910
| death_place = [[Bangalore]]
| profession = [[Business man]]
| occupation = Donor, RBDGTC Trust Founder
| spouse = Gowramma
}}
[[File:RBDGTC Gubbi Thotadappa.jpg|thumb|Rao Bahadur Dharmapravartha Gubbi Thotadappa Charities (RBDGTC)]]
[[Rao Bahadur]] "Dharmapravartha" '''Gubbi Thotadappa''' (Kannada: ರಾವ್ ಬಹದ್ದೂರ್ ಧರ್ಮಪ್ರವರ್ತ [[:kn:ಗುಬ್ಬಿ ತೋಟದಪ್ಪ|ಗುಬ್ಬಿ ತೋಟದಪ್ಪ]]), (1838-1910 Gubbi), was an Indian businessman and [[philanthropist]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/02/stories/2003020209050300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140830123103/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/02/02/stories/2003020209050300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2014|author=Divya Sreedharan|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=For now, this old shelter|date=2003-02-02|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> He founded a free lodging place for tourists from across the nation called "Thotadappa Chathra".<ref name="The Hindu"/> He was honoured with the title "Dharmapravartha" by the [[Maharaja]] of [[Mysore]], [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]] and "[[Rao Bahadur]]" by the British government.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==Early years==
Thotadappa was born in 1838 in a [[Lingayat]] family of [[Gubbi]]. His family moved to Bangalore in the later years where he started his business in [[Mamulpet]].<ref name="bangaloremirror">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/over-100-years-of-hospitality-gubbi-thotadappa-the-legendary-philanthropist-continues-to-host-tourists-students/articleshow/60832121.cms|author=Suresh Moona|title=Over 100 years of hospitality: Gubbi Thotadappa|publisher=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref>

==Social work==
[[File:Gubbi thotadappa statue.JPG|thumb|Gubbi Thotadappa statue in front of RBDGTC trust]]
Having no children of his own, Thotadappa decided to use all his property to the benefit of tourists and students. He founded a trust called Rao Bahadur Dharmapravartha Gubbi Thotadappa Charities (RBDGTC). In 1897, the trust bought a piece of land near [[Bangalore City Railway Station]] and, on 11 Feb 1903, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV officially opened the Dharmachathra (for visiting tourists) and Free Hostel (for students).<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article230817.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905020235/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article230817.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2014|work=the Indian express, dated 6 December 2011|author=Y Maheswara Reddy|title=A model for sustainable charity|publisher=2011, the newindianexpress|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> During his last days he donated all his property to RBDGTC trust and appointed [[K. P. Puttanna Chetty]] as first president of that trust. The trust continues its work today. This hostel facility was extended to all over [[Karnataka]]. In the year 2005, the hostel was reconstructed. For its centenary the trust built Bell Hotel at [[Kempegowda Bus Station]] as a source of income. The lodging facility offers accommodation at a nominal rate and is open to all, irrespective of their religion.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Use of the hostel, however, is exclusive to students belonging to the [[lingayat]] community. To date the hostel has not received [[Indian Government|Government]] [[government grant|grants]]. The trust awards [[scholarships]] for merit to [[Lingayat]] students every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/applications-invited/article3928701.ece|work=Online Edition of the Hindu, dated 23 September 2012|author=Staff Reporter|title=Applications invited|publisher=2012, The Hindu |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Rao Bahaddhur Dharma Pravartha Gubbi thothadappa Idol.jpg|thumb|Rao Bahaddhur Dharma Pravartha Gubbi thothadappa Idol]]

==Honours==
* In 1905, he was given the title "Dharmapravartha" by the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, for his social services.
* In 1910, [[George V]], [[Emperor of India]], granted him the nobility of "Rao Bahadur".

==Death==
On 21 February 1910, Thotadappa died at the age of 72.

==Influence==
*Dr. Sree Sree Sree [[Shivakumara Swamiji]] was a student of Thotadappa hostel during the years 1927-1930.
*[[S. Nijalingappa]], Karnataka's Fourth [[Chief Minister]], was a student of Thotadappa hostel during the years 1921-1924.
*The Road in front of [[Bangalore City Railway Station]] was named "Gubbi Thotadappa road" in his honour.

== See also ==
* [[K. P. Puttanna Chetty]]
* [[Yele Mallappa Shetty]]
* [[Sajjan Rao]]
* [[S. Ramaswami Mudaliar]]
* [[Janopakari Doddanna Setty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gubbi Thotadappa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thotadappa, Gubbi}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]

Sree Narayanapuram Thrikkayil Temple

2026-04-02T14:53:52Z

KaleyCountryman: New Location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = ശ്രീ നാരായണപുരം തൃക്കയിൽ ക്ഷേത്രം
| image = THRIKKAYIL_TEMPLE_RENOVATION.jpg
| country = India
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha]]
| location = [[Perissery]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.3096|76.5994|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = പന്ത്രണ്ട് വിളക്ക് മഹോത്സവം
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = [http://www.thrikayilsrinarayanatemple.in/?fbclid=IwAR3tyLIwInhEUocBzBwTHP3ifyMIJUR1tJUJh4TixcDELUcD5lU5iQQRyE8/ ശ്രീ നാരായണപുരം തൃക്കയിൽ ക്ഷേത്രം]
}}

'''Sree Narayanapuram Thrikkayil Temple''' (Malayalam: ശ്രീ നാരായണപുരം തൃക്കയിൽ ക്ഷേത്രം) is one of the oldest temples in [[Perissery]]. The divine idol installed here represents the world–enchanting form of [[Krishna]] endowed with the [[Chaturbhuja|four lustrous arms]] carrying the [[Panchajanya|conch]], the [[Sudarshana Chakra|discus]], the [[Kaumodaki|mace]], and the [[Padma (Vishnu)|lotus]]. Adorned with the divine Thulasi garland and pearl necklaces, the idol represents the majestic form of [[Vishnu]] as revealed to [[Vasudeva]] and [[Devaki]] at the time of Krishnavatharam.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Sreenarayana123.jpg|അമ്പലക്കുളം
File:Sreenarayana1234.jpg|അരയാൽ മരം
File:Sreenarayana12345.jpg|പന്ത്രണ്ട് വിളക്ക് മഹോത്സവം
</gallery>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.thrikayilsrinarayanatemple.in/?fbclid=IwAR3tyLIwInhEUocBzBwTHP3ifyMIJUR1tJUJh4TixcDELUcD5lU5iQQRyE8/ Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/ശ്രീ-നാരായണപുരം-തൃക്കയിൽ-ക്ഷേത്രം/127300170672341/ Official Facebook Page]

==See also==

* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Temple festivals of Kerala]]
* [[List of places of worship in Chengannur]]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]

Chakrata Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T12:52:23Z

KaleyCountryman: updated page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chakrata
| constituency_no = 15
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Dehradun]]
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| map_image = Chakrata Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = {{formatnum:105064}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
}}
'''Chakrata''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Chakrata]] area of [[Dehradun]] District. This seat was known as Chakrata Constituency before the 2002 delimitation.

'''Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency''' is a part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Gulab Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Gulab Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Shoorveer Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gulab Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Gulab Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Munna Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Munna Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakrata<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,853 |percentage=50.64% |change={{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sharan Nautiyal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,417 |percentage=37.67% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Bhatt |party=Independent politician |votes=3,624 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,380 |percentage=1.90% |change={{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajendra Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=963 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Kunvar |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Dobhal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=485 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bheem Dutt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=388 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,436 |percentage=12.97% |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,774 |percentage=68.57% |change= {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,126 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakrata<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,968 |percentage=48.31% |change={{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,425 |percentage=46.18% |change={{increase}}43.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Kunwar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,375 |percentage=3.28% |change={{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swaraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=723 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=391 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,543 |percentage=2.13% |change= {{decrease}}8.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,386 |percentage=72.70% |change= {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,563 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakrata<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,187 |percentage=50.53% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=26,533 |percentage=40.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,943 |percentage=2.96% |change={{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghansyam Kunwar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.55% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chauhan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=768 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bheem Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=610 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh Rathour |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=538 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,654 |percentage=10.13% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,673 |percentage=75.59% |change= {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,876 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakrata<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,504 |percentage=49.55% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=18,763 |percentage=41.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,902 |percentage=6.39% |change={{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Dutt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,248 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,741 |percentage=8.24% |change= {{decrease}}13.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,417 |percentage=67.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,535 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakrata<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,468 |percentage=49.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=10,292 |percentage=27.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murat Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,554 |percentage=14.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nain Singh Rawat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,051 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munna Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,176 |percentage=21.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,242 |percentage=67.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,172 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
* http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
* http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/chakrata.html

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.70|77.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]

List of tallest buildings in Kolkata

2026-03-29T08:58:33Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Kolkata maidan.jpg|thumb|300x300px| An Aerial view of [[Kolkata]]'s Skyline.]]
[[File:Kolkata CBD.jpg|thumb|right|300x300px| The Skyline of Kolkata's [[Chowringhee|Central Business District]] in 2024 with [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]], [[Tata Centre]] and [[Everest House (Kolkata)|Everest House]].]]
This '''list of tallest buildings in Kolkata''' enumerates [[high-rise buildings]] and [[skyscrapers]] in [[Kolkata]] and [[Kolkata metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]]. Kolkata is currently home to around 15 [[skyscrapers]] and more than 1,500 completed [[high-rise buildings]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata high-rise buildings|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911110956/http://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india|archive-date=11 September 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-15 |title=Merlin launches tallest skyscraper in Kolkata's IT hub |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/merlin-launches-tallest-skyscraper-in-kolkatas-it-hub/articleshow/90859577.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and many more high-rise buildings are under construction. [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]], which was completed in 2019, is currently the tallest building in [[Kolkata]] and the [[List of tallest buildings in India|tallest completed building]] in India outside of [[Mumbai]], with a height of {{convert|260|m|ft|0|abbr=}} consisting of 65 floors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The 42|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216110218/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-date=16 December 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Overview ==

[[File:EM Bypass Kolkata.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Skyline along [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass|E.M.Bypass, Kolkata]].]]
[[Kolkata]]'s [[high-rise]]s are primarily concentrated in and around [[Chowringhee]], which is the [[central business district]] of the city, EM Bypass area and Newtown-Rajarhat area. [[Tata Centre]], the 18-storied building which was completed in 1963 was the city's first skyscraper at {{convert|79.2|m|ft|0}}. When [[Chatterjee International Center]] (24 floors) was built in 1976, it became the tallest office building in the city and also the tallest of its type in all of [[East India|Eastern India]] with a height of {{convert|91|m|ft|0}}. [[Everest House (Kolkata)|Everest House]] (21 floors) ({{convert|84|m|ft|0}}), built in 1978, is also located in Chowringhee.
Apart from the central business district, the region of [[B.B.D. Bagh]] and [[Babughat]] also have several high-rises. The [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|Rajarhat New Town]] regions (which already have several high-rises) have undergone a massive construction boom, with hundreds of high-rises completed and under construction. The city got its first residential high-rise in 2004 when the 'Peak' block was opened in [[Hiland Park, Kolkata|Hiland Park]]. It has 28 floors with a height of {{convert|86|m|ft|0}}.
This created a new idea of constructing residential high-rises in addition to office or commercial buildings. In 2008, [[South City]] Towers (36 floors), at a height of {{convert|117|m|ft|0}}, were completed near [[Jodhpur Park]] in [[South Kolkata]] which became the first {{convert|100|m|ft|0}}-plus buildings of the city. Again in October 2013, Towers 2 and 6 of [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana]] [[Topping out|topped out]] at a height of {{convert|167.6|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|152.4|m|ft|0}}, respectively and were the tallest buildings in the city until [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]] [[Topping out|topped out]] in 2019 at a height of {{convert|249|m|ft|0}}, becoming the tallest building in the city as well as in Eastern India. All these developments have changed the skyline of the city.

[[File:The 42 View from Elliott Park.jpg|thumb|300x300px| The 42 View from Elliott Park, Maidan]]

Currently [[Kolkata]] has around 68 completed high-rise buildings whose height is over {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} and many more high-rise buildings are under construction. 

== Tallest buildings ==

This lists ranks buildings in Kolkata that stand at least {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}, based on standard height measurement. This includes [[spire]]s and architectural details but does not include [[Radio masts and towers|antenna masts]]. Only completed buildings and under-construction buildings that have been [[Topping out|topped out]] are included.<ref>
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114204/http://www.emporis.com/city/kolkata-india/all-buildings/highrise Buildings in Kolkata{{!}} Emporis.com]}}</ref>
{{row numbers|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank !!Name !! Image !!Height !!Floors !!Year !!Building type
|-
|_row_count
| [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]]
|[[File:The 42 View from Ho Chi Minh Sarani.jpg|frameless|center|211x211px]]
|{{convert|260|m|ft|0|abbr=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/viral/kolkatas-the-42-residential-skyscraper-becomes-the-tallest-building-in-india-with-65-floors-see-pictures-3633954/|title=Kolkata's 'The 42' Residential Skyscraper Becomes The Tallest Building in India With 65 Floors – See Pictures | India.com|date=24 January 2019|website=www.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=tallest in india|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-42-in-kolkata-becomes-indias-tallest-building/articleshow/68900814.cms}}</ref>
|65
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 2]]
|
| {{convert|167.7|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=URBANA Tower 2, kolkata |work=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=84804 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref>
| 46
| 2014<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Urbana towers|url=https://urbana.co.in/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 3]]
|
| {{convert|167.7|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=URBANA Tower 3, kolkata |work=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=84803 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref>
| 46
| 2015<ref name=":18" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Peerless Avidipta II HIG 'Platinum'
| [[File:Avidipta II.jpg|frameless|center|240x240px]]
| {{convert|159.2|m|ft|0}}<ref name="semtwb_axp_gridattach_11">{{Cite web | title = AVIDIPTA PHASE II | url = http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/hiraattach/GridAttach/hira/aproj/15116000000000/axp_gridattach_12/scan243-compressed.pdf}}</ref>
| 47
| 2022<ref name="avidipta2hig">{{Cite web | title = Avidipta Phase II | url = https://avidipta2hig.bengalpeerless.co.in/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Peerless Avidipta II HIG 'Diamond'
| [[File:Peerless Avidipta.jpg|frameless|center|240x240px]]
| {{convert|159.2|m|ft|0}}<ref name="semtwb_axp_gridattach_11"/>
| 47
| 2022<ref name="avidipta2hig"/>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 1]]
|
| {{convert|152.40|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=10723|title=Urbana tower 1}}</ref>
| 41
| 2015<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Urbana - Premium Luxury apartments in Kolkata {{!}} Tallest Residential apartments in South Kolkata|url=https://www.urbana.co.in/|access-date=2020-05-11|website=www.urbana.co.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 4]]
|
| {{convert|152.40|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=10726|title=Urbana tower 4}}</ref>
| 41
| 2015<ref name=":1"/>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 5]]
|
| {{convert|152.4|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=10727|title=Urbana tower 5}}</ref>
| 41
| 2014<ref name=":1" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 6]]
|
| {{convert|152.4|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=10728|title=Urbana tower 6}}</ref>
| 41
| 2013<ref name=":1" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 7]]
|
| {{convert|152.4|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=10729|title=Urbana tower 7}}</ref>
| 41
| 2013<ref name=":1" />
|Residential
|-
|-
|_row_count
|[[Atmosphere (Kolkata)|Forum Atmosphere 1]]
| [[File:View from Science City, Kolkata 03.jpg|frameless|center|141x141px]]
|{{convert|152|m|ft|0|abbr=}}<ref name=":Atmo">{{Cite web |title=The Atmosphere, Kolkata |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=96609 |access-date=2022-12-13}}</ref>
|39
|2017
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Atmosphere (Kolkata)|Forum Atmosphere 2]]
| [[File:View from Science City, Kolkata 03.jpg|frameless|center|141x141px]]
|{{convert|152|m|ft|0|abbr=}}<ref name=":Atmo" />
|39
|2017
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|The Westin
|[[File:Westin Kolkata - Hotel Under Construction - Rajarhat 2016-07-30 5551.JPG|frameless|center|211x211px]]
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The westin V t1|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-v-kolkata-tower-1/28333}}</ref>
|35
| 2013<ref>{{Cite web | title = "The Westin" | url = https://www.marriott.com/en-us/hotels/ccuwi-the-westin-kolkata-rajarhat/overview/}}</ref>
|Hotel
|-
|_row_count
| The V
|[[File:Westin Kolkata - Hotel Under Construction - Rajarhat 2016-07-30 5551.JPG|frameless|center|211x211px]]
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The westin V t2|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-v-kolkata-tower-2/28334}}</ref>
|35
| 2013<ref>{{Cite web | title = "The V Kolkata" | url = https://thevkolkata.com/home/}}</ref>
|Mixed Use
|-
|_row_count
| Tata 88 East
| [[File:Tata 88 East Kolkata 3.jpg|172x192px|frameless|center]]
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1541751/tata-88-east-kolkata-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202193718/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1541751/tata-88-east-kolkata-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 February 2022 |title=Tata 88 East |website=Emporis}}</ref>
| Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 8]]
|
| {{convert|147|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2025 <ref name="urbana_construction-phase-2">{{Cite web|title=Urbana Phase 2|url=https://urbana.co.in/construction-phase-2}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 9]]
|
| {{convert|147|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2025 <ref name="urbana_construction-phase-2"/>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana 10]]
|
| {{convert|147|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2025 <ref name="urbana_construction-phase-2"/>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Uniworld City| Uniworld Air]]
|[[File:Uniworld AIR.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
| {{convert|145.10|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
| 41
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniworld Air, Kolkata |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=109862 |access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uniworld Air, Kolkata|url=http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/hiraattach/GridAttach/hira/nproj/16808000000000/axp_gridattach_11/UWC%20Fresco%20Phase%207%20Construction%20Permission%20To%20Renewal%20Approval.pdf}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Trump Tower Kolkata
|
|{{convert|144.60|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web | title = Trump Tower RERA | url = http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/hiraattach/GridAttach/hira/nproj/10755000000020/axp_gridattach_13/17.pdf}}</ref>
|39
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|PS Anassa
|
|{{convert|141|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|37
|2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anassa|url=https://psgroup.in/Anassa/|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Siddha Sky 1
|
| {{convert|140.3|m|ft|0}}
| 35
| 2024<ref name="Siddha Sky">{{Cite web|title=Siddha Sky|url=https://www.siddhagroup.com/projects/siddha-sky/| website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref><ref name="Sky Group">{{Cite web|title=Sky Group|url=https://www.skykolkata.org.in/?utm_source=ppc-micro&ctid=Googl_11348_Micro&dd=26112015&st=true&ucpt=addshoot&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXsTdMH6vtZ-bpXM3o6NmYKEp-Aa97f4g0M1rg1y1YVidllYkY9535RoCm1kQAvD_BwE#key/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Siddha Sky 2
|
| {{convert|140.3|m|ft|0}}
| 35
| 2024<ref name="Siddha Sky">{{Cite web|title=Siddha Sky|url=https://www.siddhagroup.com/projects/siddha-sky/| website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref><ref name="Sky Group">{{Cite web|title=Sky Group|url=https://www.skykolkata.org.in/?utm_source=ppc-micro&ctid=Googl_11348_Micro&dd=26112015&st=true&ucpt=addshoot&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXsTdMH6vtZ-bpXM3o6NmYKEp-Aa97f4g0M1rg1y1YVidllYkY9535RoCm1kQAvD_BwE#key/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Siddha Sky 3
|
| {{convert|140.3|m|ft|0}}
| 35
| 2024<ref name="Siddha Sky">{{Cite web|title=Siddha Sky|url=https://www.siddhagroup.com/projects/siddha-sky/| website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref><ref name="Sky Group">{{Cite web|title=Sky Group|url=https://www.skykolkata.org.in/?utm_source=ppc-micro&ctid=Googl_11348_Micro&dd=26112015&st=true&ucpt=addshoot&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXsTdMH6vtZ-bpXM3o6NmYKEp-Aa97f4g0M1rg1y1YVidllYkY9535RoCm1kQAvD_BwE#key/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Meghmani
|[[File:Meghmani Kolkata.jpg|frameless|center|182x182px]]
|{{convert|136|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|39
|2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nkrealtors.com/property/overview/meghmani|title=Meghmani - Upcoming Housing Projects in South Kolkata|website=www.nkrealtors.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|PS The Reserve
|[[File:PS The Reserve.jpg|frameless|center|240x240px]]
|{{convert|132|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|35
|2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Reserve|url=https://psgroup.in/The-Reserve/|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|ITC Royal Bengal
|[[File:ITC Royal Bengal, Kolkata Megacity.jpg|frameless|center|240x240px]]
|{{convert|128|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|28
|2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITC royal bengal|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/itc-royal-bengal/35679}}</ref>
|Hotel
|-
|_row_count
|PS Aurus 1
|
|{{convert|127.5|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|35
|2021<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Aurus towers kolkata|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/140756/aurus-towers-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903162604/https://www.emporis.com/complex/140756/aurus-towers-kolkata-india|archive-date=3 September 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Prasad Rare Earth 1
|[[File:Prasad Rare Earth.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|126|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|36
|2021<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Rare Earth|url=https://www.prasadgroup.co.in/rare-earth/|access-date=2021-08-01|language=en-US| website=www.prasadgroup.co.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Prasad Rare Earth 2
|[[File:Prasad Rare Earth.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|126|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|36
|2021<ref name=":4" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Prasad Rare Earth 3
|[[File:Prasad Rare Earth.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|126|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|36
|2021<ref name=":4" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Prasad Rare Earth 4
|[[File:Prasad Rare Earth.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|126|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|36
|2021<ref name=":4" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Prasad Rare Earth 5
|[[File:Prasad Rare Earth.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|126|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
|36
|2021<ref name=":4" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|RSH Signature
|
|{{convert|125|m|ft|0}}
|32
|2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSH signature|url=https://amitproperties.com/project-list/rsh-signature/}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|PS Aurus 2
|
|{{convert|122.3|m|ft|0}}
|34
|2021<ref name=":5" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Mani Vista
|
| {{convert|122|m|ft|0}}
| 32
| 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mani Vista|url=https://mani-group.com/residential/mani-vista/| website=www.mani-group.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Swarnamani Xana
|
|{{convert|119.4|m|ft|0}}
|35
|2022
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Z Residences
|[[File:Eden Z Residences.jpg|210x210px|frameless|center]]
|{{convert|130|m|ft|0}}
|34
|2024<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edenrealtygroup.com/projects/z-business-class-living.php|title=Eden Realty Group|website=www.edenrealtygroup.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Swarnamani Zarina
|
|{{convert|118|m|ft|0}}
|33
|2022
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[South City|South City Oak]]
|[[File:South City Towers, Kolkata.JPG|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
|35
| 2008<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=South city towers|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/106733/south-city-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828150617/https://www.emporis.com/complex/106733/south-city-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[South City|South City Pine]]
|[[File:South City Towers, Kolkata.JPG|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
|35
| 2008<ref name=":8" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[South City|South City Maple]]
|[[File:South City Towers, Kolkata.JPG|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
|35
| 2008<ref name=":8" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[South City|South City Cedar]]
|[[File:South City Towers, Kolkata.JPG|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
|35
| 2008<ref name=":8" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Mani Vivara
| [[File:JW Marriott Hotel and Vivara Serviced Apartments Under Construction - Eastern Metropolitan Bypass - Kolkata 2016-08-25 6269.JPG|frameless|center|140x140px]]
| {{convert|116|m|ft|0}}
| 30
| 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivara, Mani Group |website=Mani-Group.com |url=https://mani-group.com/residential/vivara/ |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref>
|Mixed Use
|-
|_row_count
| DLF Newtown Heights Tower 'E'
|
| {{convert|112.1|m|ft|0}}
| 32
| 2012<ref>{{Cite web|title=newtown heights|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/320340/dlf-new-town-heights-e-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828151548/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/320340/dlf-new-town-heights-e-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Peerless Avidipta II LIG 'Silver'
| [[File:Peerless Avidipta II.jpg|frameless|center|240x240px]]
| {{convert|110.3|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web | title = "AVIDIPTA PHASE II" | url = http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/hiraattach/GridAttach/hira/aproj/15116000000000/axp_gridattach_12/scan239-compressed.pdf}}</ref>
| 35
| 2022
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| JW Marriott
| [[File:JW Marriott Hotel and Vivara Serviced Apartments Under Construction - Eastern Metropolitan Bypass - Kolkata 2016-08-25 6264.JPG|frameless|center|210x210px]]
| {{convert|110|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| 2015<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=jw mariott kolkata 2|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1225387/jw-marriott-hotel-2-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203723/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1225387/jw-marriott-hotel-2-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Hotel
|-
|_row_count
| Anantmani 1
|
|{{convert|108.6|m|ft|0}}
|28
|2017 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anantmani|url=https://anantmani.co.in/| website=www.mani-group.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista Tower 4
|
|{{convert|108.5|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=vista t4|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/314797/elita-garden-vista-4-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828150621/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/314797/elita-garden-vista-4-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista Tower 5
|
|{{convert|108.5|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=vista t5|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186708/elita-garden-vista-5-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828154430/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1186708/elita-garden-vista-5-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Elita Garden Vista Tower 12
|
| {{convert|108.5|m|ft|0}}
|30
| 2012 <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=elits vista|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/314798/elita-garden-vista-12-13-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828150619/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/314798/elita-garden-vista-12-13-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Elita Garden Vista Tower 13
|
| {{convert|108.5|m|ft|0}}
|30
| 2012<ref name=":9" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Merlin Acropolis
|
|{{convert|106.75|m|ft|0}}
|21
|2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merlin Acropolis|url=https://property.jll.co.in/listings/acropolis-mall-1858-rajdanga-main-road-sector-1/| website=www.acropolismall.in}}</ref>
|Commercial
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove New Kolkata Prayag 2
|
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|2020 <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Alcove Prayag |url=https://newkolkata.newkolkata.in/alcove-new-kolkata}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove New Kolkata Prayag 3
|
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|2020 <ref name=":6" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove New Kolkata Prayag 4
|
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|2020 <ref name=":6" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| PS Srijan Corporate Park Tower 1
|[[File:Commercial_Block_-_PS_Srijan_Corporate_Park_-_G2_GP_Sector_V_-_Salt_Lake_City_-_Kolkata_2017-12-12_6219.JPG|frameless|center|211x211px]]
| {{convert|106|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=ps srijan|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392701/ps-srijan-corporate-park-1-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828151719/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392701/ps-srijan-corporate-park-1-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Commercial
|-
| _row_count
|Primarc The Ramdulari
|
| {{convert|105.45|m|ft|0}}
|27 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://primarc.in/ramdulari/|title=The Ramdulari|website=www.primarc.in}}</ref>
|2025
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Imagine Tech Park
| [[File:Imagine Tech Park.jpg |frameless|center|211x211px]]
|{{convert|104.45|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2024 {{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|Commercial
|-
|_row_count
|Bel Air
|[[File:Alipore Park Place 'BelAir' (1).jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|104|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bel Air, Kolkata |website=Skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=79032 |access-date=2023-02-15}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Sri Avani
|
| {{convert|104|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Avani, Kolkata |website=Skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=15826 |access-date=2023-03-08}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove New Kolkata Prayag 6
|
|{{convert|103.4|m|ft|0}}
|28
|2020 <ref name=":6" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Akankha Krishnachura 2
|
| {{convert|101.3|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2009 <ref>{{Cite web|title=krishnachura t2|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/261563/krishnachura-tower-2-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828154301/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/261563/krishnachura-tower-2-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| DLF Newtown Heights Tower 'D'
|
| {{convert|101.3|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2012 <ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=newtown heights|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/121605/dlf-new-town-heights-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901145300/https://www.emporis.com/complex/121605/dlf-new-town-heights-kolkata-india|archive-date=1 September 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| DLF Newtown Heights Tower 'F'
|
| {{convert|101.3|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2012 <ref name=":17" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tata Avenida Tower 'D'
|
| {{convert|100.9|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tata Avenida Tower 'E'
|
| {{convert|100.9|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Altius 1
|
| {{convert|100.7|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2019<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Altius t1 t2|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/altius-e-m-bypass-kolkata-pdpid-4d4235303139363335}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Altius 2
|
| {{convert|100.7|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| 2019 <ref name=":13" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tata Avenida Tower 'F'
|
| {{convert|99.8|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Flora Fountain A
|
|{{convert|99|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2020
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Flora Fountain B
|
|{{convert|99|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2020
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 2]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2010 <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=unitech|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india/status/existing/3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828150615/https://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india/status/existing/3|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 4]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 6]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2010 <ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 7]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 8]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 10]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Sunrise Heights
|
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=SUNRISE|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1548494/sunrise-heights-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828154435/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1548494/sunrise-heights-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Tata Avenida Tower 'A'
|
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Tata Avenida Tower 'B'
|
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Tata Avenida Tower 'C'
|
|{{convert|98|m|ft|0}}
|30
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| South City Galaxy
|
| {{convert|96|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2016 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southcityprojects.com/south_city_galaxy.html|title=Southcity real estate projects in Kolkata - Residential real estate developers|website=www.southcityprojects.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Inia
|
| {{convert|95.7|m|ft|0}}
|24
|2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=junejo inia|url=https://www.junejagroup.co.in/projects.html}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Royale
|
|{{convert|95.65|m|ft|0}}
|24
|2022
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Panache 6
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=tower 6 panache|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392722/panache-towers-6-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203711/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392722/panache-towers-6-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Panache 1
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=tower 1 panache|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392716/panache-towers-1-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828154330/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392716/panache-towers-1-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove New Kolkata Prayag 5
|
|{{convert|94.2|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2020 <ref name=":6" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Lake View 3
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2017 <ref>{{Cite web|title=IDEAL LAKEVIEW 3|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392757/ideal-lake-views-3-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828150632/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392757/ideal-lake-views-3-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 1
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=rosedale kolkata|url=https://www.emporis.com/search/rosedale%2520kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427190936/https://www.emporis.com/search/rosedale%2520kolkata|archive-date=27 April 2022|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 2
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 3
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 4
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 5
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Rosedale 6
|
|{{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2010 <ref name=":11" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Tata Avenida Tower 'G'
|
| {{convert|93.55|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2019
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Swarnamani Cristana
|
|{{convert|93.3|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2015 <ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=swarnamani 94m t2|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1273862/swarnamani-2-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203715/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1273862/swarnamani-2-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Swarnamani Oriana
|
|{{convert|93.3|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2015 <ref name=":16" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Merlin Cambridge
|
| {{convert|92|m|ft|0}}
| 26<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merlin Cambredge, Kolkata |website=Skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=37712 |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
| 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merlinprojects.com/merlin-cambridge/|title=Merlin Residency|website=www.merlinprojects.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809230458/http://www.merlinprojects.com/merlin-cambridge/|archive-date=2016-08-09|access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| [[Chatterjee International Center]]
|[[File:CIC kolkata.jpg|center|frameless|187x187px]]
| {{convert|91|m|ft|0}}
| 24
| 1976 <ref>{{Cite web|title=chatterjee international|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104413/chatterji-international-centre-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307044521/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/104413/chatterji-international-centre-kolkata-india|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Commercial
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Exotica Tower A
|
| {{convert|90.2|m|ft|0}}
| 22
| 2020 <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ideal Exotica - Flats in New Alipore Kolkata by Ideal Group|url=https://www.ideal.in/ready-to-move-in/ideal-exotica.aspx|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.ideal.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Panache 2
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2019 <ref name=":7">{{cite web|title=PS Panache t2|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392717/panache-towers-2-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203728/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1392717/panache-towers-2-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped|website=}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tirumani
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2013 <ref name="mani res">{{cite web|url=http://mani-group.com/residential.php|title=Mani Group|website=mani-group.com}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 1]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Unitech Universal Heights, Uniworld City, New Town, Kolkata - 3 bhk apartments|url=http://www.unitechgroup.com/residential-properties/kolkata/heights.asp#/?a=overview|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.unitechgroup.com}}</ref><ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 5]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2010 <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 8]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|27
|2010 <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|[[Uniworld City|Uniworld City Heights 9]]
|[[File:Uniworld City entrance.jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2010 <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Heights 'Cumulus'
|[[File:Ideal Heights is tallest building in Central Kolkata(23floor).jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| 2011 <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=ideal heights|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/114993/ideal-heights-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203709/https://www.emporis.com/complex/114993/ideal-heights-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Heights 'Stratus'
|[[File:Ideal Heights is tallest building in Central Kolkata(23floor).jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| 2011 <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=ideal heights|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/114993/ideal-heights-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203709/https://www.emporis.com/complex/114993/ideal-heights-kolkata-india|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Heights 'Nimbus'
|[[File:Ideal Heights is tallest building in Central Kolkata(23floor).jpg|frameless|center|140x140px]]
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| 2011 <ref name=":14" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Mani Kala
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 23
| 2013 <ref name="mani res" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Alcove Gloria 1
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2014 <ref name="alcoverealty.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.alcoverealty.in/alcove-gloria-residential-commercial-on-vip-road-kolkata-north.php|title=Residential flats, commercial office spaces in VIP Road – Alcove Realty Gloria|website=www.alcoverealty.in}}</ref>
|Mixed Use
|-
|_row_count
| Alcove Gloria 2
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2014 <ref name="alcoverealty.in"/>
|Mixed Use
|-
|_row_count
| Alcove Regency 1
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2016 <ref name="Residential Project off EM Bypass">{{cite web|url=http://www.alcoverealty.in/alcove-regency-residential-off-e-m-bypass-vishwakarma-building-kolkata-south.php|title=Residential Project off EM Bypass, Kolkata–Alcove Realty Regency|website=www.alcoverealty.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Alcove Regency 2
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 21
| 2016 <ref name="Residential Project off EM Bypass"/>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Alcove Tower 5, Diamond City South
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 22
| 2016 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcoverealty.in/alcove-tower-5-residential-tollygunge-kolkata-south.php|title=3,4 BHK Apartments in South Kolkata – Alcove Tower 5|website=www.alcoverealty.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tata Eden Court 1
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|23
|2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Eden Court Tower A, Kolkata |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=96600 |access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
| Tata Eden Court 2
|
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|23
|2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Eden Court Tower B, Kolkata |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=96601 |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Utalika 1
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2019 <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=90 meter high-rises Kolkata Emporis list|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india/type/HighRiseBuilding/4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203711/https://www.emporis.com/city/100243/kolkata-india/type/HighRiseBuilding/4|archive-date=28 August 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Utalika 2
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2019 <ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Utalika 3
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2019 <ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Utalika 4
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2020 <ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Fort Oasis 1
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011 <ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Fort Oasis 2
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011 <ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Unitech Fresco 4
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2017<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Unitech Fresco 5
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2019<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 1
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 2
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 3
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 9
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2018<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 10
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2018<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 11
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2018<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 14
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 15
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Elita Garden Vista 16
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|25
|2011<ref name=":15" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Aqua View Block A
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2022 <ref name="ideal.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.ideal.in/ongoing-projects/ideal-aqua-view.aspx|title=Ideal Aqua View – Residential Flats near Sector V, Kolkata|website=www.ideal.in}}</ref>
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Aqua View Block B
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2022 <ref name="ideal.in" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Aqua View Block C
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2022 <ref name="ideal.in" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Aqua View Block D
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2022 <ref name="ideal.in" />
|Residential
|-
|_row_count
|Ideal Aqua View Block G
|
|{{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
|26
|2022 <ref name="ideal.in" />
|Residential

|}
}}

== Tallest under construction ==
This lists buildings that are under construction in the city and are planned to rise at least {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}. Buildings that are only approved, on-hold or proposed are not included in this table. Important note: due to the airport authority, some projects have been delayed and somewhere the heights have been reduced.
{{row numbers|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Height
!Floors
!Expected year of completion
!Building type

|-
|_row_count
| The Curve
| {{convert|194.35|m|ft|0}}
| 42 <ref>https://rera.wb.gov.in/project_details.php?procode=11345000000107</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Unique Centre
| {{convert|167|m|ft|0}}
| 32
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| The 42 @ Middleton
| {{convert|164.28|m|ft|0}}
|45
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Keventer One
| {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
| 40
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| PS - Vinayak Numa T1
| {{convert|152.90|m|ft|0}}
| 43
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| PS - Vinayak Numa T2
| {{convert|152.90|m|ft|0}}
| 43
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Srijan Palladina
|{{convert|115.40|m|ft|0}} (proposed 152.40 m)
|31 (proposed 44) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://doc.repository.semtwb.in/attachments/GridAttach/rera/nproj/11558000000015/axp_gridattach_14/Building%20Section%20-%20AA.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Orbit Emora
|{{convert|149.7|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Arrjavv Nadia
|{{convert|148.55|m|ft|0}}
|35<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arrjavv.com/property-details/arrjavv-nadia-/|title=Arrjavv Nadia|website=www.arrjavv.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Sansara 2
|{{convert|135.85|m|ft|0}}
|45<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Sansara 3
|{{convert|135.85|m|ft|0}}
|45<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Sansara 4
|{{convert|135.85|m|ft|0}}
|45<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Uddyatt
|{{convert|135|m|ft|0}}
|32<ref name="Uddyatt">{{cite web|url=https://udyatt.com/}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Sansara 1
|{{convert|129.25|m|ft|0}}
|45<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Sansara 5
|{{convert|129.25|m|ft|0}}
|45<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Primarc Aadvika Tower A
|{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}
|26<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Primarc Aadvika Tower B
|{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}
|26<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Primarc Aadvika Tower C
|{{convert|122|m|ft|0}}
|25<ref name="Sansara">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/sansara|title=Sansara|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Vaanya 1
|{{convert|121.21|m|ft|0}}
|36<ref name="Vaanya">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/Vaanya?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=Vaanya-Search-Kolkata-General_Broad-Nov23&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXjqphfMZylVh8XxpvX8RKUXYf9sBxCJTCOD9IJ7zLylmrkey7IO7kBoCL5EQAvD_BwE|title=Vaanya|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Vaanya 2
|{{convert|121.21|m|ft|0}}
|36<ref name="Vaanya">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/Vaanya?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=Vaanya-Search-Kolkata-General_Broad-Nov23&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXjqphfMZylVh8XxpvX8RKUXYf9sBxCJTCOD9IJ7zLylmrkey7IO7kBoCL5EQAvD_BwE|title=Vaanya|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Vaanya 3
|{{convert|121.21|m|ft|0}}
|36<ref name="Vaanya">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/Vaanya?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=Vaanya-Search-Kolkata-General_Broad-Nov23&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXjqphfMZylVh8XxpvX8RKUXYf9sBxCJTCOD9IJ7zLylmrkey7IO7kBoCL5EQAvD_BwE|title=Vaanya|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|PS Vaanya 4
|{{convert|121.21|m|ft|0}}
|36<ref name="Vaanya">{{cite web|url=https://psgroup.in/Vaanya?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=Vaanya-Search-Kolkata-General_Broad-Nov23&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXjqphfMZylVh8XxpvX8RKUXYf9sBxCJTCOD9IJ7zLylmrkey7IO7kBoCL5EQAvD_BwE|title=Vaanya|website=www.psgroup.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Siddha Serena 1
|{{convert|120.83|m|ft|0}}
|33 <ref name="Siddha Serena">{{cite web|url=https://siddhaserena.in/|title=Siddha Serena|website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Siddha Serena 2
|{{convert|120.83|m|ft|0}}
|33 <ref name="Siddha Serena">{{cite web|url=https://siddhaserena.in/|title=Siddha Serena|website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Siddha Sky Blu
|{{convert|122.10|m|ft|0}}
|36<ref name="blu @ Siddha Sky">{{cite web|url=https://siddhaskyblu.com/|title=blu @ Siddha Sky|website=www.siddhagroup.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Ambuja Utalika Panchami
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|33<ref>{{cite web|url=https://utalikaluxury.com/utalika-panchami-official/?utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&utm_campaign=utalika_panchami&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXnohZVtbnFT2gC-6OzuxucGXwF3EQg-OaYck650CBKHG_vrPxzpr3xoCX90QAvD_BwE|title=Ambuja Utalika Panchami|website=www.utalikaluxury.com/}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Devprayag T1
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|35
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Devprayag T2
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|35
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Devprayag T3
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|35
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Devprayag T4
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|35
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eden Devprayag T5
|{{convert|120|m|ft|0}}
|35
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Sugam Niavara
|{{convert|119.95|m|ft|0}}
|33<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sugamhomes.com/projects/niavara|title=Niavara|website=www.sugamhomes.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Anantmani 2
|{{convert|116.1|m|ft|0}}
|32 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anantmani|url=https://anantmani.co.in/| website=www.mani-group.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Anantmani 3
|{{convert|116.1|m|ft|0}}
|32 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anantmani|url=https://anantmani.co.in/| website=www.mani-group.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T1
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T2
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T3
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T4
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T5
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T6
|{{convert|112.15|m|ft|0}}
|36
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 1
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 2
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 3
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 5
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 6
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
| _row_count
|Alcove Sangam 7
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 9
|109.45 metres (359 ft)
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Belani Sanctuary T1
|{{convert|109.398|m|ft|0}}
|30 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanctuarykolkata.com/|title=Sanctuary Kolkata|website=www.sanctuarykolkata.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Belani Sanctuary T2
|{{convert|109.398|m|ft|0}}
|30 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanctuarykolkata.com/|title=Sanctuary Kolkata|website=www.sanctuarykolkata.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Belani Sanctuary T3
|{{convert|109.398|m|ft|0}}
|30 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanctuarykolkata.com/|title=Sanctuary Kolkata|website=www.sanctuarykolkata.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Belani Sanctuary T4
|{{convert|109.398|m|ft|0}}
|30 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanctuarykolkata.com/|title=Sanctuary Kolkata|website=www.sanctuarykolkata.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Merlin The Fourth 1
|{{convert|108.2|m|ft|0}}
|28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Merlin The Fourth 2
|{{convert|108.2|m|ft|0}}
|28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Merlin Niyasa
|{{convert|107.75|m|ft|0}}
|29<ref>{{cite web|url=https://niyasa-kolkata.com/|title=Niyasa|website=www.niyasa-project.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merlinniyasa.com/?utm_source=google&campaign_code=NIY_GOGL_LD_SCH&utm_phone=03371262614&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwvr--BhB5EiwAd5YbXqS_EViuj9EormVO9fm1GRLsfabcYW15l3eT85YnRCw2A4nadZUNRBoCNgoQAvD_BwE/|title=Merlin Niyasa|website=www.merlinprojects.com/}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Orbit Sky Royale
|{{convert|107.7|m|ft|0}}
|28 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Orbit Sky Royale|url=https://turtlerealtors.com/kolkata/ballygunge-and-nearby/sky-royale/}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 10
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 11
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 13
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 14
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 15
|{{convert|106.4|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|The Summit
| {{convert|106.1|m|ft|0}}
|28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T7
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T8
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T9
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T10
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T11
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T12
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T13
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T14
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T15
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T16
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T17
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T18
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T19
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T20
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T21
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Royal Ganges Tides T22
|{{convert|105.72|m|ft|0}}
|30
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Vinayak Vista
| {{convert|105.65|m|ft|0}}
| 24
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Shriji Cellesta 1
|{{convert|104.4|m|ft|0}}
|32 <ref name="Cellesta">{{cite web|url=https://cellesta.in/|title=Cellesta|website=www.cellesta.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Shriji Cellesta 2
|{{convert|104.4|m|ft|0}}
|32 <ref name="Cellesta">{{cite web|url=https://cellesta.in/|title=Cellesta|website=www.cellesta.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Usshar The Condoville T1
| {{convert|103.95|m|ft|0}}
|32
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Usshar The Condoville T2
| {{convert|103.95|m|ft|0}}
|32
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Usshar The Condoville T12
| {{convert|103.95|m|ft|0}}
|32
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Alcove Sangam 16
|{{convert|103.35|m|ft|0}}
|28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Merlin Skygaze 1
|{{convert|102.8|m|ft|0}}
|26 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merlinprojects.com/projects/skygaze/|title=Merlin Skygaze|website=www.merlinprojects.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Calcutta Riverside|Hiland Riverfront 2]]
|{{convert|94.2|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Calcutta Riverside|Hiland Riverfront 1]]
|{{convert|94.075|m|ft|0}}
|29
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Merlin Serenia T2
| {{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
| 28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Merlin Serenia T3
| {{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
| 28
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Emami Business Bay
| {{convert|94|m|ft|0}}
| 22
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Park Unizen
| {{convert|93.8|m|ft|0}}
| 26
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| The Varanda
| {{convert|93.7|m|ft|0}}
| 26
|
|
|-
|_row_count
| Ideal Paradiso
| {{convert|92|m|ft|0}}
| 25
|
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Arya Altamount
|90 metres (295 ft)
|26
|
|
|}
}}

==Approved, proposed and on-hold==
This list ranks buildings that are proposed, on-hold and approved in the city. All the buildings listed below are slated to rise at least {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Height
!Floors
!Status

|-
| KPC Global
|{{convert|190.8|m|ft|0}}
| 58
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T6
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 30
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T3
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 29
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T4
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 29
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T5
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 29
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T1
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| Proposed
|-
| Untitled Primarc - Hoogly Mills Project T2
| {{convert|98.48|m|ft|0}}
| 28
| Proposed
|-
| Sankalpa 1
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| On Hold
|-
| Sankalpa 2
| {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}
| 25
| On Hold
|-
|-

|}

==Timeline of tallest buildings in Kolkata==
The buildings listed here stand at least {{convert|55|m|ft|0}} from the ground.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Image
!Height
!Floors
!Years served as tallest building
|-
|[[Tata Centre]]
|[[File:JL Nehru Road (3).jpg|150px]]
|{{convert|79|m|ft|0}}
|18
|1963–1976
|-
||[[Chatterjee International Center]]
|[[File:CIC kolkata.jpg|150px]]
|{{convert|91|m|ft|0}}
|24
|1976–2008
|-
|[[South City]] Towers
|[[File:South City Towers, Kolkata.JPG|150px]]
|{{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
|36
|2008–2013
|-
|[[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana Tower 1]]
|[[File:Urbana Residential Complex - 783 Anandapur Road - Kolkata 2017-07-15 1527.JPG|150px]]
|{{convert|152.4|m|ft|0}}
|41
|2013–2014
|-
|[[Urbana, Kolkata|Urbana Tower 2]]
|[[File:Urbana Residential Complex - 783 Anandapur Road - Kolkata 2017-07-15 1527.JPG|150px]]
|{{convert|167.7|m|ft|0}}
|46
|2014–2019
|-
|[[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]]
|[[File:The 42 View from 5, Little Russel Street.jpg|150px]]
|{{convert|260|m|ft|0}}
|65
|2019–present
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest structures in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Skyscrapers in Kolkata}}

{{India tallest buildings lists}}

[[Category:Kolkata-related lists|Buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata|*]]
[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in West Bengal|Tallest buildings]]

Ermeline

2026-03-20T21:14:14Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ermeline
| image = Ermeline Sudhabala.jpg
| caption = Cardozo posing for a magazine, 1933
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|5|7|df=y}}
| birth_name = Ermelinda Cardozo
| birth_place = [[Divar]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| citizenship = {{ubl|
* Portugal (until 1961)
* India (from 1961)
}}
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Saib Rocha]]
| other_names = Sudhabala
| years_active =
| notable_works = ''[[Draupadi (1931 film)|Draupadi]]'' (1931)
}}

'''Ermelinda Cardozo''' (7 May 1908 – unknown), also known [[mononymously]] as '''Ermeline''', and later by her stage name '''Sudhabala''', was an Indian actress from the [[silent era]] of [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. She is often credited with providing the first significant acting job to [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], the patriarch of the [[Kapoor family]] in the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]]. Along with [[Patience Cooper]], [[Ruby Myers]], and [[Seeta Devi (actress)|Sita Devi]], she is credited as a "leading star" of the 1920s and 1930s who had more mass appeal than their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Is a Beautifully Mounted Show About the 1930s but the Women Pioneers Have Been Erased |url=https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=thewire.in |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407183554/https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Ermelinda Cardozo was born on 7 May 1908, to Paulo Faustino Cardoso and Maria Joaquina de Souza<ref name="TOI1">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-20 |title=A star who held her own in the reel world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-star-who-held-her-own-in-the-reel-world/articleshow/55518673.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726173150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-star-who-held-her-own-in-the-reel-world/articleshow/55518673.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Divar|island of Divar]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Suffering from financial constraints from early days of her life, she never really had any formal education as her parents brought her to [[Bombay]], [[British India]] in search of work. She was illiterate.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==Career==
Cardozo started off her career with the film ''Bhishma Pitamah'' under the banner of Star Films in 1922. The film starred actor Madanrai Vakil opposite her. Being the first actress of [[Goan]] descent, she went on to feature in around sixty odd films and was fondly called "[[Mary Pickford]] of India". She, along with [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], went on to be one of the earliest [[sex symbol]]s of Indian cinema since they were overly sexualized.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-28 |title=Silent knights and item songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/silent-knights-and-item-songs/articleshow/19757737.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407192049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/silent-knights-and-item-songs/articleshow/19757737.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cardozo is also credited as one of the earliest film artists who took stand against [[sexual harassment]] at workplace. A news item, "Film Star's Story; Incidents at Hill Station," which appeared in ''[[The Times of India]]'' on 15 September 1927, reported that she went to court, charging the director and chairman of the Shri Krishna Cinema Company with [[indecent assault]]. During the shoot of ''Burkhawali'' at [[Matheran]], she went to the [[Superintendent of Police]] that cameraman Chaturbhai Patel and film director [[Kanjibhai Rathod]] had entered her hotel room and outraged her modesty. The first magistrate who tried the case found that the complaints were false and ordered her to pay Rs. 100. A second judge reversed this judgment because he found the first magistrate to have been biased by the fact that Cardozo was an untutored woman of loose morals and bad association.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

Cardozo is often credited with giving [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] his first big break in Hindi cinema. It so happened that the actor who was originally cast as the male lead failed to appear for the shooting of the film. This sent the filmmaker into frenzy and he asked Cardozo to pick the leading man from the throng of people who came there to see her. She handpicked Prithviraj, who by then had acted in a few bit roles. This film was ''Cinema Girl'' which released in 1930.<ref name=Cinemaazi/> The advent of talkies posed a threat to Cardozo's career as she was not well versed with the [[Hindustani language]]. She was then restricted to play the role of [[vamp (woman)|vamps]] and eventually faded away from the film scene.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

Her most important film role was that of [[Draupadi]] in the 1931 mythological costume drama of the same name. Her other films include ''Zalim Jawani, Sarovar Ki Sundari, Swapna Sundari'' and ''Sharif Badmash'' to name a few.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==Personal life==
Cardozo married [[Saib Rocha]], a leading ''[[tiatrist]]'' (theatre performer) of that time. The most popular ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre production) in which she acted was Lusitanian Dramatic Company's ''Alma Vetat Sorgar'' on 17 October 1932.<ref name="Cinemaazi">{{cite web |title=Ermeline |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/public/people/ermeline |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Cinemaazi |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726173117/https://www.cinemaazi.com/public/people/ermeline |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
Not much is known about how Cardozo died. When film historian [[Bhagwan Das Garga]] wrote a [[Column (periodical)|column]] appealing for financial help for Cardozo who has turned pauper, she got him fired from his job. While some sources claim that she died broke, others believe she died in an accident on the sets of an unnamed film.<ref name=TOI1/>

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''Bhishma Pitamah'' (1922)
* ''Sharif Badmash'' (1924)
* ''Lalan Vanzari'' (1925)
* ''Kamlata'' (1925)
* ''Hothal Padmini'' (1925)
* ''Swapna Sundari'' (1925)
* ''Anath Abla'' (1925)
* ''Chandrakant'' (1925)
* ''Veer Kesri'' (1926)
* ''Boltu Bulbul'' (1926)
* ''Ram Bharose'' (1926)
* ''Panch Kalyan Aur Parijatak'' (1926)
* ''Love Is Blind'' (1926)
* ''Khoobsurat Bala'' (1926)
* ''Amar Asha'' (1926)
* ''Be Dinani Badshahi'' (1926)
* ''Burkhawali'' (1926)
* ''The Victim'' (1926)
* ''Kicks of Kismet'' (1927)
* ''Tainted Virtue'' (1927)
* ''Shree Jagadguru'' (1928)
* ''Madan Manjari'' (1928)
* ''Ek Abla'' (1928)
* ''Puran Bhagat'' (1928)
* ''Sarovar Ki Sundari'' (1928)
* ''Geeta Rahasya'' (1928)
* ''Hoor E Bagdhad'' (1928)
* ''Haya Na Haar'' (1928)
* ''Chandrahas'' (1928)
* ''Pandav Patrani'' (1928)
* ''Kamla Kumari'' (1928)
* ''Lal Vavto'' (1929)
* ''Raj Ramni'' (1929)
* ''Gulshan E Arab'' (1929)
* ''Do Dhari Talwar'' (1929)
* ''Vijay Kumar'' (1930)
* ''Nai Roshni'' (1930)
* ''Cinema Girl'' (1930)
* ''Vasant Bengali'' (1930)
* ''Raj Tilak'' (1931)
* ''[[Draupadi (1931 film)|Draupadi]]'' (1931)
* ''Toofani Taruni'' (1931)
* ''Namak Haram Kaun'' (1931)
* ''Golibari'' (1931)
* ''Toofan Tufani'' (1931)
* ''Zalim Jawani'' (1932)
* ''Kalo Sawar'' (1932)
* ''Abad Chor'' (1933)
* ''Azad Abla'' (1934)
* ''Khazana (1934)''
* ''Raj Tarang'' (1935)
* ''Prisoner of Golconda'' (1954)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0259598}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ermeline}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Nissan Motor India

2026-03-18T09:52:53Z

KaleyCountryman: added content as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian subsidiary company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nissan Motors India Pvt Ltd
| logo = File:Nissan_2020_logo.svg
| logo_size =
| type = Subsidiary
| foundation = 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nissan.in/corporate/vision-values-strategy.html|title = Corporate Information | Nissan India}}</ref>
| founder =
| location = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/cars/nissan/index.html|title=Nissan Motor Co.|publisher=iloveindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23943852|title=Company Overview of Nissan Motor India Private Limited|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>
| area_served =
| key_people = Saurabh Vatsa (managing director)<ref>{{cite web | title=Nissan accelerates business transformation & prepares roadmap for India, announces appointment of new Managing Director | url=https://www.nissan.in/latest-news/nissan-accelerates-business-transformation-prepares-roadmap-for-india-announces-appointment-of-new-managing-director.html#:~:text=Nissan%20accelerates%20business%20transformation%20&%20prepares%20roadmap,Managing%20Director%20retires%20effective%20March%2031%2C%202024 }}</ref>
| industry =
| products = Automobiles
| num_employees = 13990
| equity = 1400 crore
| revenue =
| operating_income = 4.8 million$
| net_income = 153 crore
| assets =
| parent = [[Nissan Motor Company]]
| homepage = {{url|nissan.in}}
}}

'''Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd''' is the Indian subsidiary of [[Nissan|Nissan Motor Company]] of Japan.<ref name=nmipl-corp>{{cite web |url=http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |title=Nissan – Corporate Information |publisher=Nissan.in |access-date=2009-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829005503/http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd (NMIPL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Nissan Motor Co. Ltd Japan. The company was incorporated in 2005 and offers [[hatchback]], [[Minivan|MUV]], [[SUV]] and [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] in India. Nissan in India has a portfolio of two brands, Nissan and [[Datsun]]. In February 2008, Nissan, together with its global alliance partner Renault signed a MoU with Government of Tamil Nadu to set up a manufacturing plant at Oragadam, near [[Chennai]] with an investment of INR 45 billion over a period of 7 years. On 17 March 2010, the Renault-Nissan alliance plant was inaugurated in a record time of 21 months since its ground breaking ceremony in June 2008.

==Models==
=== Current models ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 40%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="25%" |Model
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Indian introduction
! colspan="2" |Current model
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="10%" |Introduction
! width="10%" |Update ([[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]])
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
|[[File:2020 Nissan Magnite front view (India) 01.png|alt=|200px]]
|'''[[Nissan Magnite|Magnite]]'''
|2020
|2020
|2024
|
|-
|[[File:Nissan X-Trail e-Power IMG 9865.jpg|alt=|200px]]
|'''[[Nissan X-Trail|X-Trail]]'''
|2005
|2024
|
|Imported from [[Japan]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[Minivan|MPV]]'''
|-
|
|'''[[Nissan Gravite|Gravite]]'''
|2026
|2026
|
|Rebadged from Renault Triber
|}

=== Upcoming models ===
*[[Nissan Tekton]] (launching in 2026) 

=== Discontinued models===
==== Nissan ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Model
! Released
! Discontinued
! Image
|-
|'''[[Nissan Teana|Teana]]'''
|2006
|2014
|[[File:Nissan Teana J32 facelift 2 China 2012-04-22.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nissan Micra|Micra]]'''
|2010
|2020
|[[File:2015 Nissan Micra (K13 MY15) ST hatchback (17619371640).jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nissan 370Z|370Z]]'''
|2011
|2013
|[[File:2016 Nissan 370Z GT V6 3.7.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nissan Sunny|Sunny]]'''
|2011
|2020
|[[File:Nissan Sunny 2019.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nissan NV200|Evalia]]'''
|2012
|2017
|[[File:Nissan NV200 Shishi 01 2022-04-27.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Dacia Duster|Terrano]]'''
|2013
|2020
|[[File:2020 Nissan Terrano white front.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nissan GT-R|GT-R]]'''
|2016
|2022
|[[File:2018 Nissan GT-R Premium in Super Silver, Front Right, 10-11-2022.jpg|200px]]
|-
|[[Nissan Kicks|'''Kicks''']]
|2019
|2023
|[[File:Nissan Kicks B0 (front).jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
|}

==== Datsun ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Model
! Released
! Discontinued
! Image
|-
|'''[[Datsun Go|Go]]'''
|2014
|2022
|[[File:2019 Datsun Go Panca A 1.2 AD0 (20200222) (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Datsun Go|Go+]]'''
|2015
|2022
|[[File:Datsun Go+ Panca (front), Denpasar.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Datsun redi-Go|redi-Go]]'''
|2016
|2022
|[[File:Datsun redi-Go (front).png|200px]]
|}

==Sales and service network==
Nissan has assumed full responsibility for the sales, marketing and distribution of all Nissan-branded vehicles in India, with immediate effect from 14 February 2014.

==Sales performance==
NMIPL registered sales of over 99,000 units in FY 2024 (including 28,000 domestically and 71,000+ units in exports).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nissan Records Annual Sales at Over 99,000 Units, Highest Since FY17-18 |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/nissan-records-annual-sales-at-over-99000-units-highest-since-fy17-18-125644 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nissan Motor Company]]
*[[Automotive industry in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nissan}}
{{Japanese Automobile Industry}}
{{Cars in India}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Nissan]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{Motorvehicle-company-stub}}
{{Japan-manufacturing-company-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian roads

2026-03-16T15:20:48Z

KaleyCountryman: New Data

{{Short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive|sc1=WP:INRD|sc2=WP:INR}}
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid gold; padding: 5px; width: 100%; background: white;"
! style="background: gold; padding:5px; text-align: left; font-size:24pt;" |[[File:India-roads.svg|50px]] Indian Roads
| style="background: gold;" |
|-
| colspan=3 style="background: light green; border-top: 1px solid blue;" align=left | '''A [[WP:WikiProject|WikiProject]] dedicated to the highways and roadways of India'''
|-
|}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
__FORCETOC__

==Scope==
The scope of this project is to standardise and improve articles related to Indian Roads and also improve the articles about road development organisations.

<categorytree>Roads in India</categorytree>

==To Do==
{{to do}}

'''NH article creation'''
{{Progress bar|437|total=584}}

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Highways]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Transport in India]]

==Subpages==
[[File:Tomboy logo.svg|80px|alt=All pages for collaborative development|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_roads|align=right]]

==Topics==

* [[Roads in India]]

;Organisations

* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
* [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
* [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO)
* [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]] (PMGSY)

;Highways
* [[Expressways in India]]
* [[National highways in India]]
** [[Golden Quadrilateral]]
** [[North–South and East–West Corridor]]
* [[State highways in India]]

;Lists of NH
* [[List of National Highways in India by highway number]]
* [[List of National Highways in India by state]]
* [[List of National Highways in India by old highway number]]
* [[List of National Highways in India by state (old numbering)]]

;Lists of SH
# [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh]]
# [[List of state highways in Assam]]
# [[List of state highways in Bihar]]
# [[List of state highways in Gujarat]]
# [[List of state highways in Haryana]]
# [[List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh]]
# [[List of state highways in Karnataka]]
# [[List of state highways in Kerala]]
# [[List of state highways in Maharashtra]]
# [[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]
# [[List of state highways in Mizoram]]
# [[List of state highways in Orissa]]
# [[List of state highways in Puducherry]]
# [[List of state highways in Punjab, India]]
# [[List of state highways in Rajasthan]]
# [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu]]
# [[List of state highways in Telangana]]
# [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[List of state highways in West Bengal]]

;Templates
* [[Template:Highways in India]]
* [[Template:Karnataka State Highways]]
* [[Template:Kerala State Highways]]
* [[Template:Maharashtra State Highways]]
* [[Template:Tamil Nadu Highways]]

;Safety
*[[Traffic accidents in India]]

==Userbox==

Paste <tt><nowiki>{{</nowiki>User Wiki project Indian Roads<nowiki>}}</nowiki></tt> in your userpage to display
::{{User Wiki project Indian Roads}}
{{clear}}

==Stub==

To add an article to stub category [[:Category:India road stubs]], use <tt><nowiki>{{</nowiki>India-road-stub<nowiki>}}</nowiki></tt>
:: {{India-road-stub}}

==Invite==
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian roads/Invite|Invite]]

==Members==
Please add your name to this list using <nowiki># {{user|username}}</nowiki>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
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==Misc==
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Indian roads articles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian roads}}
[[Category:WikiProject Indian roads| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

All India Ganatantra Parishad

2026-03-15T08:10:57Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_upright =
|abbreviation = AIGP
|colorcode = {{Party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|chairperson = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1950|10}}
|founder =
|dissolution = {{End date and age|1962}}
|merged = [[Swatantra Party]]
|colours = {{Colour box|{{Party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}}} Shade of [[Magenta]]
|eci = Defunct Party
|alliance =
|national_convener =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|150px]]
|flag =
}}

The '''Ganatanra Parishad''' (GP) or the '''All India Ganatantra Parishad''' (AIGP) was a regional political party based in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state in eastern [[India]] from 1950 to 1962. This political party was formed by the former rulers of the erstwhile [[princely state]]s and big landlords.<ref>Chandra, Bipan and others (2000). ''India after Independence: 1947-2000'', New Delhi, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-027825-7}}, pp.135,216</ref> It was founded in 1950 and [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] became its president. In 1962, after the [[1962 Indian general election|parliamentary election]], this political party was merged with the Orissa unit of the [[Swatantra Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/p/patna.html |title=Patna (Princely State) |accessdate=20 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522161452/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/p/patna.html |archivedate=22 May 2009 }}</ref>

== Background ==

The roots of this party can be traced to the Koshal Utkal Praja Parishad<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sethy|first=Rabindra Kumar|title=Political Crisis and President's Rule in An Indian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2kJusgGxiQC&q=Koshal+Utkal+Praja+Parishad&pg=PA118|year=2003|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7648-463-6|page=118}}</ref> founded in October 1948 with its headquarters at [[Sambalpur]]. The first meeting of the Praja Parishad was held on 8, 9 and 10 October 1948 at [[Balibandha]] in [[Sambalpur]]. In the annual meeting of the Praja Parishad at [[Bolangir]] in October 1950 it was transformed into a full-fledged political party, the Ganatantra Parishad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sadhna|title=State Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&q=Koshala+Utkala+Praja+Parishad+Sambalpur&pg=PA276|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-619-8|pages=276–7}}</ref>

== Performance in the elections ==

In the [[1951 Indian general election|first general election]] in 1951, the GP won 0.91% of the total votes and 6 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=50 |accessdate=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archivedate=8 October 2014 }}</ref> In the first general election to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa in 1952, the GP received 20.5% of the total votes and 31 seats in the Legislative Assembly,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_Orissa.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=8|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref> and its leader, [[Shraddhakar Supakar]] became the leader of the opposition.<ref name="ola">{{Cite web |url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/brief.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109172223/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/brief.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2007 |title=Brief History of Orissa Legislative Assembly Since 1937 |publisher=Orissa Legislative Assembly website |accessdate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> In the second general election to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa in 1957, the GP received 28.74% of the total votes and 51 seats in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Orrisa_1957.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=8|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref> Its leader, Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo became the leader of the opposition. After the fall of the minority [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government, the GP formed a coalition government with the Congress on 22 May 1959. Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo became its finance minister. The coalition government collapsed on 21 February 1961 and the [[President's rule]] was imposed.<ref name="ola"/> In the third general election to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa in 1961, the GP received 22.34% of the total votes and 37 seats in the Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1961/StatRep_Orissa_1961.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1961 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=8|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref> and Deo again became the leader of the opposition.<ref name="ola"/>

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1950 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1950]]
[[Category:All India Ganatantra Parishad politicians| ]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Odisha]]

Lokesh Mittal

2026-03-14T21:43:13Z

KaleyCountryman: Starting Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lokesh Mittal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|12|04}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday post |url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CXKFqMzlFcK/?igshid=NTc4MTIwNjQ2YQ== |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Film actor
| years_active = 2010-present
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Lokesh Mittal''' is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Mittal On Working With Ajay Devgn In Bholaa, 'He Is So Natural And Flawless' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lokesh-mittal-on-working-with-ajay-devgn-in-bholaa-he-is-so-natural-and-flawless-exclusive-7493455.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Lokesh Mittal: 'Ajay Devgn as a Filmmaker Always Gives Creative Independece to Artists' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bholaa-lokesh-mittal-ajay-devgn-as-a-filmmaker-gives-creative-independence-to-artists-exclusive-bollywood-news-5979583/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=Bholaa actor Lokesh Mittal sheds light on Ajay Devgn and Karan Johar's direction style, talks about his surreal moment with Suniel Shetty - Exclusive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bholaa-actor-lokesh-mittal-sheds-light-on-ajay-devgn-and-karan-johars-direction-style-talks-about-his-surreal-moment-with-suniel-shetty-exclusive/articleshow/98979687.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is mainly known for his films like ''[[Sui Dhaaga]], [[The Pickup Artist (2019 film)|The Pickup Artist]], [[The White Tiger (2021 film)|The White Tiger]], [[Runway 34]], [[Dasvi]] and [[Farzi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-11-28 |title=Lokesh Mittal Movies List {{!}} Lokesh Mittal Upcoming Movies {{!}} Films: Latest Movies - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/lokesh-mittal/filmography/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bholaa actor Lokesh Mittal shares his experience reuniting with Director-actor Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/apr/01/bholaa-actor-lokesh-mittal-shares-his-experience-reuniting-with-director-actor-ajay-devgn-48054.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Indulgexpress |date=31 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Lokesh Mittal, who has been a part of several shows and films, like Dasvi, Sherni, and Farzi, talks about his journey |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/still-no-house-in-mumbai-490326 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mittal was born in [[Delhi]], India.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2010, Mittal started his career with the film [[Do Dooni Chaar]].<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-08 |title=Exclusive! Bholaa Fame Lokesh Mittal On Karan Johar, Ajay Devgn's Direction Style: Ajay Sir Actors Par Bharosa Karte Hain |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/exclusive-bholaa-fame-lokesh-mittal-on-karan-johar-vs-ajay-devgns-direction-ajay-sir-apne-actors-pe-bohot-bharosa-karte-hai-bollywood-news-article-99312961 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
In 2016, he played as Mamaji in the TV series [[Baked (web series)|Baked]].
In 2017, he played as Majnu in [[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]], as Lawyer Prajapati in [[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe|Long Live Brij Mohan]] and as Builder in Dilliwood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Devgn gives 'full autonomy' to actors on sets: Lokesh Mittal |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/ajay-devgn-gives-full-autonomy-actors-sets-lokesh-mittal-230322 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Mittal - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/lokesh_mittal |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
In 2018, he acted as Panditji in [[Sui Dhaaga]] and as Vidhayak’PA in [[Ekkees Tareekh Shubh Muhurat]].
Apart from this, he bagged projects like ''[[Farzi]], [[Bholaa]], [[Runway 34]], [[Dasvi]], [[The White Tiger (2021 film)|The White Tiger]], Panchayat Season 4, [[Rasbhari]]'' and ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Kapoor is cooperative with co-actors on the set: Farzi's Lokesh Mittal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shahid-kapoor-is-cooperative-with-co-actors-on-the-set-farzis-lokesh-mittal/410da276cf770 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-03-21 |title=Bholaa Actor Lokesh Mittal Lauds 'Director' Ajay Devgn: "He Doesn't Impose Anything On The Actor" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/bholaa-actor-lokesh-mittal-lauds-director-ajay-devgn-he-doesnt-impose-anything-on-the-actor/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Koimoi}}</ref><ref name="timesnownews.com"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
|
|Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''The Workplace: Love Is War''
|writer
|
|-
|[[Baked (web series)|''Baked'']]
|Mamaji
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Chef (2017 film)|''Chef'']]
|Majnu
|
|-
|[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe|''Long Live Brij Mohan'']]
|Prajapati
|
|-
|''Dilliwood''
|Builder
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''When Obama Loved Osama''
|Minister
|
|-
|''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''
|Panditji
|
|-
|''Chal Ja Bapu''
|Pooran
|
|-
|''[[Ekkees Tareekh Shubh Muhurat]]''
|Vidhayak’PA
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Rasbhari]]''
|Mohit Saxena
|
|-
|[[The Pickup Artist (2019 film)|''The Pickup Artist'']]
|Lalaram
|
|-
|''School Diaries''
|Professor Pandey
|
|-
|2020
|''Sector 12 Ka Kitty Club''
|Mr. Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|[[The White Tiger (2021 film)|''The Whiter Tiger'']]
|Sidekick
|
|-
|[[Sherni (2021 film)|''Sherni'']]
|DFO Mohan
|
|-
|''Modern Pariwar''
|Sanjiv
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Dasvi]]''
|Sherawat
|
|-
|''[[Runway 34]]''
|Chubey
|
|-
|[[Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha|''Khuda Haafiz Chapter 2 Agni Pariksha'']]
|SP Bhusan Giri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Farzi]]''
|Lakdawala
|Web Series
|-
|''[[Bholaa]]''
|Deep Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'' || Government Officer||
|-
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavtar]]''
|Mansukhani
|Marathi film
|-
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''||Mr. Bhatia||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Lokesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Judicial corruption in India

2026-03-14T07:24:55Z

KaleyCountryman: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox
| title = Judicial corruption in India
| image = [[File:Supreme Court of India 01.jpg|frameless|250px]]
| caption = The Supreme Court of India, New Delhi
| country = India
| focus = Corruption, Judiciary, Accountability
| website =
}}

'''Judicial corruption in India''' refers to unethical, illegal, or biased practices within the [[Indian judiciary]] that undermine its independence, integrity, and credibility. Corruption allegations have been reported at various levels of the system—from the lower judiciary to the higher courts, including the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Observers argue that a lack of transparency in appointments, inefficient administrative practices, and weak accountability mechanisms have allowed corruption to persist within the judicial framework.<ref name="Dam2022">{{cite journal |last=Dam |first=Shubhankar |title=Why Is Judicial Corruption Invisible? |journal=University of Portsmouth Research Portal |year=2022|url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/files/57680207/Invisible_1_AAM.pdf}}</ref><ref name="JobsForJustices">{{cite journal |title=Jobs for Justice(s): Corruption in the Supreme Court of India |journal=UChicago Journal / SSRN |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/713728}}</ref><ref name="IMPRI"/>

According to [[Transparency International]], judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".<ref>{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study 2005|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf#page=113|publisher=Transparency International India|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Courts of India}}
The Indian judiciary is one of the three constitutional pillars of governance, alongside the legislature and the executive.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judiciary of India |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_India}}</ref> It serves as the guardian of the Constitution and protector of citizens’ fundamental rights. Despite its formal independence, the system has frequently faced criticism for delays, inefficiency, and allegations of corruption. Reports from the [[Press Information Bureau]] and Transparency International have indicated recurring complaints about judicial functioning and integrity<ref name="pib"/><ref name="IMPRI">{{cite web |title=Judicial Corruption And Case Backlog: An Exception Or An Endemic? |url=https://www.impriindia.com/insights/judicial-corruption-and-case-backlog/}}</ref> Between 2017 and 2021, over 1,600 complaints related to judicial misconduct were forwarded to the Chief Justice of India or respective high courts for review.<ref name="pib">{{cite web | title=Corruption In Judiciary | website= Press Information Bureau | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1812350 | ref={{sfnref| Press Information Bureau }} | access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>

== Nature and causes ==

Judicial corruption in India takes several forms. It can involve bribery or influence-peddling to obtain favourable judgments, interference by political or business interests, or the manipulation of administrative processes such as case allocation or transfers.<ref name="Dam2022" /> The opacity of the [[collegium system]]—responsible for appointing and transferring judges—has been repeatedly criticised for nepotism and a lack of meritocracy.

Long-standing case backlogs exacerbate these vulnerabilities. With more than [[Pendency of court cases in India|50 million cases pending in courts]] as of 2024, the system’s inefficiency has made litigants susceptible to seeking shortcuts or paying bribes to expedite proceedings.<ref name="IMPRI" /> Scholars have also pointed to the promise of post-retirement appointments as a potential influence on judicial conduct, suggesting that judges may be swayed by political expectations.<ref name="JobsForJustices" />

== Major cases and controversies ==
In November 2011, a former Supreme Court Justice [[Ruma Pal]] slammed the higher judiciary for what she called the seven sins. She listed the sins as:<ref name="Former Indian Supreme Court Justice Examines Corruption in the Judiciary">{{cite news | url=http://www.fairobserver.com/article/former-indian-supreme-court-justice-examines-corruption-judiciary | title=Former Indian Supreme Court Justice Examines Corruption in the Judiciary | work=Fair Observer | date=18 November 2011 | access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>
** Turning a blind eye to the injudicious conduct of a colleague.
** Hypocrisy – the distortion of the norm of judicial independence.
** Secrecy – lack of transparency in the appointment of judges to the High and Supreme Court.
** Plagiarism and prolixity – SC judges often lift whole passages from earlier decisions without acknowledgement – and use long-winded, verbose language.
** Arrogance – the higher judiciary has claimed superiority and independence to mask their own indiscipline and transgression of norms and procedures.
** Professional incompetence – judges arrive at decisions of grave importance, ignoring precedent or judicial principle.
** Nepotism – wherein favours are sought and dispensed by some judges.

===Important cases===
Several high-profile cases have exposed the problem of judicial corruption in India.

* In 1993, Justice [[V. Ramaswami]] became the first Supreme Court judge to face impeachment proceedings after being found guilty by a parliamentary committee of financial irregularities. The motion ultimately failed in Parliament due to political divisions, but it set a precedent for judicial accountability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Judge V. Ramaswami guilty of public money misuse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930515-supreme-court-judge-v-ramaswami-guilty-of-public-money-misuse-811066-1993-04-14}}</ref><ref name="scobserver.in">{{cite web |title=Number of Times Impeachment Proceedings were Initiated |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/number-of-times-impeachment-proceedings-were-initiated-against-a-supreme-court-or-high-court-judge/}}</ref>
* There have been allegations that judges with doubtful integrity were elevated within the higher judiciary and campaigns held for their impeachment.<ref name="Wrong people sometimes elevated to higher judiciary: Ex-CJI Verma">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708763_1_higher-judiciary-js-verma-cji | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085848/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708763_1_higher-judiciary-js-verma-cji | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Wrong people sometimes elevated to higher judiciary: Ex-CJI Verma | date=27 June 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>
* In 2011, Justice [[Soumitra Sen]] of the Calcutta High Court resigned shortly before his impeachment after being found guilty of misappropriating funds.<ref>{{cite web |title=When judges face impeachment: V. Ramaswami to Soumitra Sen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/judges-impeachment-v-ramaswami-soumitra-sen-10053424/}}</ref>
*Another controversy arose in 2008 [[Tarun Chatterjee#Controversy|Ghaziabad Provident Fund scam]], where court employees’ provident funds were embezzled, allegedly involving several district and high court judges, including [[Tarun Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghaziabad PF scam: CBI files charges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ghaziabad-pf-scam-cbi-files-charges/article1527160.ece|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/courting-a-quiet-burial/266349|title=Courting A Quiet Burial?|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>
* In 2017, the medical college bribery case led to a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) probe into alleged attempts to influence judicial orders related to private medical colleges.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBI probes medical college bribery case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-probes-medical-college-bribery-case/story-wGuptmVJ3KhHBKLoIR5owM.html}}</ref>
* In March 2025, a fresh controversy erupted when a fire in the house of [[Delhi High Court]] Judge Justice [[Yashwant Varma]]’s residence revealed [[Yashwant Varma cash row|large quantities of unaccounted cash]], prompting calls for his impeachment and renewed debate on judicial accountability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-19 |title=Cash row: SC probe panel report says misconduct proved, proposes Justice Yashwant Varma's removal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cash-row-sc-probe-panel-report-says-misconduct-proved-proposes-justice-yashwant-varmas-removal/articleshow/121952456.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The scene of large sums of Indian money being burnt was described as "shocking".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=Cash at judge's house: Panel submits report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-judges-house-panel-submits-report/articleshow/120910387.cms?utm_ |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title='Misconduct found serious enough': 3-judge panel's findings about Justice Yashwant Varma's cash recovery case |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/misconduct-found-serious-enough-3-judge-panels-findings-about-justice-yashwant-varma-in-cash-from-home-case-11750326742667.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Swati |date=2025-06-10 |title=Indian judiciary on trial: How Justice Yashwant Verma faces impeachment over cash scandal |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/indian-judiciary-on-trial-how-justice-yashwant-verma-faces-impeachment-over-cash-scandal-1.500157429 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/justice-yashwant-varma-delhi-high-court-cash-discovery-b2720491.html|title= Controversy erupts in India as wads of cash found at High Court judge's home}}</ref> The Supreme Court declined to hear a plea seeking an FIR against Varma following the expose.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-home-row-sc-refuses-urgent-mentioning-of-plea-seeking-fir-against-yashwant-varma/articleshow/119546483.cms|title= Cash-at-home row: SC refuses urgent mentioning of plea seeking FIR against Yashwant Varma}}</ref> Despite the demands to have him removed and suspended, Varma was transferred to the Allahabad High Court, sparking a backlash from lawyers and other judges.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/india/why-this-oath-is-not-notified-to-bar-justice-yashwant-varmas-oath-taking-in-clandestine-manner-raises-questions-article-151354927|title= 'Why Not Notified': Allahabad Bar Association Raises Question on Justice Yashwant Varma's Oath-taking in 'Clandestine' Manner}}</ref> An impeachment process against Verma is due to be initiated in the Parliament monsoon season in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/parliament-may-move-to-impeach-justice-yashwant-varma-but-history-offers-little-hope-13288880.html/amp|title= Parliament may move to impeach Justice Yashwant Varma, but history offers little hope}}</ref>

'''[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/26/sc-flags-calculated-move-to-undermine-judiciary-in-ncert-textbook-row-says-heads-must-roll?utm_source=chatgpt.com Supreme Court ban on NCERT textbook chapter on judicial corruption]'''

In February 2026, the Supreme Court of India took suo motu cognisance of a Class 8 social science textbook published by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), which contained a section discussing corruption and other structural challenges in the judiciary. A bench comprising Chief Justice Surya Kant and Justices Joymalya Bagchi and Vipul M. Pancholi ordered a complete ban on the publication, circulation, and digital dissemination of the textbook and directed authorities to seize copies already distributed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=TNIE online |date=2026-02-26 |title=SC bans NCERT book over judiciary corruption chapter; orders seizure, digital takedown as Centre apologises |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/26/sc-bans-ncert-book-over-judiciary-corruption-chapter-orders-seizure-digital-takedown-as-centre-apologises |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==

Judicial corruption undermines the credibility of the legal system and erodes public faith in the rule of law. It creates unequal access to justice, where financially or politically powerful individuals can secure favorable outcomes, while ordinary citizens face protracted litigation and bias. It also deters investment, as foreign and domestic businesses lose confidence in contract enforcement and legal predictability. Moreover, when judges accused of misconduct remain unpunished, it fosters institutional cynicism and a sense of impunity.<ref name="Dam2022" /><ref name="IMPRI" />

== Mechanisms of accountability ==

Under Articles 124(4) and 217 of the [[Constitution of India]], judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by the President after a parliamentary process for proven misbehavior or incapacity. However, impeachment is rare and politically sensitive, with only a handful of attempts since independence.<ref name="scobserver.in"/>

To address complaints internally, the judiciary adopted the “Restatement of Values of Judicial Life” in 1997 and established an “in-house procedure” allowing the Chief Justice of India or respective High Court Chief Justices to handle allegations of misconduct.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corruption In Judiciary |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1812350}}</ref> While these mechanisms promote internal discipline, critics argue they lack transparency and independence, as proceedings are confidential and often inconclusive.<ref name="JobsForJustices" />

== Reform efforts ==

Legal experts and commissions have proposed numerous reforms to enhance judicial integrity. These include making the collegium process more transparent, establishing an independent judicial accountability commission, mandating annual asset disclosures by judges, and digitizing court processes to minimize human discretion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law Commission of India Report No. 230 on Judicial Accountability |url=https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/report230.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reforming the Collegium System |url=https://scroll.in/article/1054401/reforming-the-collegium-system-for-transparency}}</ref> The [[Digital India]] courts initiative, aimed at e-filing and video hearings, is also seen as a step toward reducing corruption opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital India Courts Initiative |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/efiling}}</ref>

Public figures such as [[Fali S. Nariman]], [[Prashant Bhushan]], and [[Arundhati Roy]] have repeatedly called for external oversight and transparency to preserve the judiciary’s moral authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fali Nariman calls for judicial ethics reform |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/fali-nariman-judicial-ethics-reform}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arundhati Roy on Judicial Impunity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/arundhati-roy-judicial-impunity/article35112080.ece}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Judiciary of India]]
* [[Judicial reform in India]]
* [[Corruption in India]]

==Bibliography==
* Justice [[Markandey Katju]]. ''Whither Indian Judiciary''. 2018, Bloomsbury Publishing.{{ISBN|9789386141255}}
* Dr. K.V. Sreenivasan ·''The Canon Of Judicial Ethics Vs corruption''. 2022. Clever Fox Publishing.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sci.gov.in/assets-of-judges/ Assets of Judges] Supreme Court of India

[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Judicial activism in India]]
[[Category:Judiciary of India]]

Mepara Inscription

2026-03-13T20:16:41Z

KaleyCountryman: Starting Stub

{{Infobox artifact
| name =
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Granite
| writing = Tamil
| created = Early 11th century AD; [[Idukki District]]
| location = K. P. Tilagar Estate, Mepara
| image = Western Ghats Tea Plantations Kerala India 2014.jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| image_caption = Rajakumari village
}}

'''Mepara Inscription''' (early 11th century AD) is medieval [[Chola Empire|Chola]] inscription on a menhir on a lateritic hillock in K. P. Tilagar Estate, Meppara, near Rajakumari in [[Idukki District]], Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajith |date=2017 |title=Chola Inscription on a Menhir from Mepara, Rajakumari Panchayat, Idukki District, Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/34564119/Chola_inscription_on_a_Menhir_from_Mepara_Rajakumari_Panchayat_Idukki_district_Kerala#:~:text=Recently%20deciphered%20inscription%20from%20Mepara,to%20the%20earlier%20megalithic%20phase. |journal=Tamiḻiyal: Journal of Tamil Studies |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |volume=95 |pages=78-85 |issn=0022-4855}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vannan |first=Gokul |date=2017 |title=Engraving Reveals Chola's Spice Ambitions |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020417/madurai-engraving-reveals-cholas-spice-ambitions.html |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> It is one of the rare Chola inscriptions from Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> The record is dated in the 10th regnal year of [[Rajendra I]] (ruled 1012-14 AD).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidyadharan |first=Sovi |date=2017 |title=Inscription Reveals Idukki’s Rare Tryst with Cholas in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/Mar/07/inscription-reveals-idukkis-rare-tryst-with-cholas-in-kerala-1578469.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
== Description ==
[[Rajendra I]] (ruled 1012-14 AD) is known to have controlled the Kerala region in early 11th century AD.'''<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=125–26 |chapter=The Balance of Two Powers}}</ref>''' Other medieval [[Chola Empire|Chola]] records from Kerala include [[Thirumittacode inscription|Thirumittacode Inscription]] ([[Pattambi]]),<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=455 and 460–61 |chapter=Index to Chera Inscriptions |orig-year=1972}}</ref> and the Eramam Inscription ([[Payyanur]]).<ref name=":02" />

Some members of the local community worship the granite menhir (6m x 5 m x 30cm), occasionally with stone lamps and metal bells. It is at times called "Bhimankallu" by the local population. The inscription was first noted by John Ochanthuruth in the 1990s and deciphered by historians Ajit Kumar, K. Rajan and S. Bala Murugan, and S. Siva in 2017.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:11th-century inscriptions]]

2023 Nationalist Congress Party split

2026-03-09T09:33:51Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Short description|Indian political incident}}
{{About|2023 Maharashtra Political Crisis(NCP Split)|2022 Shiv Sena split|2022 Maharashtra political crisis}}
{{tone|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2023 Nationalist Congress Party split
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg
| photo2b = Ajit Pawar.jpg
| position =
| size = 200
| color = ivory
| border = 1
| color_border = turquoise
| spacing = 3
| foot_montage =
| text = {{centre|[[Sharad Pawar]], [[Ajit Pawar]]}}}}
| partof = [[Politics of Maharashtra]]
| date = {{start date|df=y|2023|7|2}} – {{end date|df=y|2024|2|7}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| outcome = * [[Ajit Pawar]] took the oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra
* The [[Nationalist Congress Party]] split into two factions
* Nine NCP MLAs took the oath as Cabinet Ministers in the [[Eknath Shinde]]‑led [[Government of Maharashtra]]
* The [[Indian National Congress]] became the [[Opposition (politics)|largest opposition party]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
'''Numbers by faction:'''
* [[Sharad Pawar]] [[Nationalist Congress Party|camp]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
{{Composition bar|12|53|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
* [[Ajit Pawar]] [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar Faction)|camp]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
{{Composition bar|41|53|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
* [[Sharad Pawar]] [[Nationalist Congress Party|camp]] in the [[Parliament of India]]
{{Composition bar|7|9|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
* [[Ajit Pawar]] [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar Faction)|camp]] in the [[Parliament of India]]
{{Composition bar|2|9|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| blank_data =
| blank1_label = Preceded by
| blank1_data = [[2022 Shiv Sena split]]
}}

The '''2023 Nationalist Congress Party''' ('''NCP''') '''split''' occurred on 2 July 2023, when [[Ajit Pawar]] and several senior party leaders broke away from the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] — led by his uncle [[Sharad Pawar]] — and joined the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]–[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] alliance in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="IndianExpress1">[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ncp-split-ajit-pawar-joins-shinde-fadnavis-government-8754254/ Ajit Pawar joins Shinde-Fadnavis government, takes oath as Deputy CM], ''The Indian Express'', 2 July 2023.{{Dead link|date=October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajit Pawar takes oath as Deputy CM of Maharashtra, joins Eknath Shinde's government |date=2023-07-02 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ajit-pawar-takes-oath-as-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra-joins-eknath-shindes-government-12815252.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715201335/https://www.firstpost.com/india/ajit-pawar-takes-oath-as-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra-joins-eknath-shindes-government-12815252.html |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Ajit Pawar took the oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, and eight other NCP leaders were inducted as ministers.<ref name="NDTV1">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncp-split-ajit-pawar-joins-maharashtra-government-as-deputy-chief-minister-4179026 NCP Split: Ajit Pawar Joins Maharashtra Government As Deputy Chief Minister], ''NDTV'', 2 July 2023.</ref> This led to a formal split within the party, resulting in two factions: one led by Sharad Pawar and the other by Ajit Pawar.

The split triggered a legal dispute over the party's name and its election symbol. On 6 February 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] recognized the Ajit Pawar‑led faction as the official NCP and allotted it the party's name and symbol.<ref name="ECdecision">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ec-recognises-ajit-pawar-faction-as-real-ncp-allots-party-symbol-101706215380728.html EC recognises Ajit Pawar faction as real NCP, allots party symbol], ''Hindustan Times'', 6 February 2024.</ref> The faction led by Sharad Pawar was subsequently referred to as the Sharad Pawar faction.

On 5 March 2024, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] Speaker [[Rahul Narwekar]] declared Ajit Pawar's group the official NCP, citing its majority in the legislature.<ref name="NarwekarDecision">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rahul-narwekar-declares-ajit-pawar-group-as-real-ncp/articleshow/108349932.cms Rahul Narwekar declares Ajit Pawar group as real NCP], ''The Economic Times'', 5 March 2024.</ref>

== Reasons behind the split ==
Ajit Pawar supported allying with the NCP's traditional opponent, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], a move that Sharad Pawar publicly opposed. The NCP is commonly characterized as a centrist, secular, and inclusive political party, with a focus on social justice, federalism, and the welfare of farmers and marginalized communities.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web |title=Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nationalist-Congress-Party |website=Britannica |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> By contrast, the BJP is generally described as right‑leaning political party, emphasizing nationalism, Hindu cultural values, and economic liberalization.<ref name="bjp1">{{cite web |title=Our Philosophy |url=https://www.bjp.org/philosophy |website=Bharatiya Janata Party |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> Ajit Pawar claimed that Sharad Pawar had previously considered forming an alliance with the BJP and that a number of NCP leaders were also in favor of aligning with the ruling party in Maharashtra. This ideological conflict<ref name="abp1">{{cite web |title=Sharad Pawar Was Ready To Join Hands With BJP Several Times, Nephew Ajit Opens All Cards |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sharad-pawar-was-ready-to-join-hands-with-bjp-several-times-nephew-ajit-opens-all-cards-1681711 |website=ABP News |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref><ref name="economictimes1">{{cite web |title='Blatant lie,' says NCP (SP) after Praful Patel's statement that Sharad Pawar was 50% ready to join hands with BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/blatant-lie-says-ncp-sp-after-praful-patels-statement-that-sharad-pawar-was-50-ready-to-join-hands-with-bjp/articleshow/109220878.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> prompted Ajit Pawar and his supporters to break away from the party.<ref name="ndtv 2023">{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Shake‑Up Was A Long Time In The Making |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-sharad-pawar-maharashtra-politics-maharashtra-shake-up-was-a-long-time-in-the-making-sequence-of-events-4172938 |website=NDTV |date=2023-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>

The split was driven by ideological differences, political ambitions, and strategic disagreements. Ajit Pawar, who led the breakaway faction, cited the need for a different political alliance as the primary reason. [[Supriya Sule]], a senior leader in the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Sharad Pawar‑led faction]], stated that the split was the result of ideological differences within the party and was not connected to personal disputes within the Pawar family.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web |title=ECI rules Ajit Pawar faction is the real NCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ajit-pawars-faction-is-real-ncp-election-commission/article67818593.ece |website=The Hindu |date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>

Ajit Pawar's ambition to secure a higher political position was also a contributing factor to the split. Despite being a prominent leader within the NCP, he had long aspired to become Chief Minister of Maharashtra. However, he was unable to attain that position through alliances with parties like the [[Indian National Congress]] and Shiv Sena.<ref name="quint1">{{cite web |title=Ajit 'Dada': 3 Reasons Why He's Indispensable for Sharad Pawar |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/sharad-pawar-resigns-quits-ncp-chief-nationalist-congress-party-ajit-pawar-profile |website=The Quint |date=2023-05-05 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> Some observers suggest that Ajit Pawar believed Sharad Pawar's focus on promoting his daughter, Supriya Sule, limited his own prospects in the party. By aligning with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and the [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Eknath Shinde–led Shiv Sena]], Ajit Pawar sought to expand his political influence and secure a significant role in the state government.<ref name="indianexpress 2024-02">{{Cite news |title=Ajit faction ‘real NCP’: Maharashtra Speaker dismisses pleas for disqualification |last=Gokhale |first=Omkar |date=2024-02-16 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ajit-pawar-faction-real-ncp-assembly-speaker-disqualification-pleas-9163674/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815220320/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ajit-pawar-faction-real-ncp-assembly-speaker-disqualification-pleas-9163674/ |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last2=Deshpande |first2=Alok |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Ajit Pawar had also stated that Sharad Pawar had sent him to negotiate an alliance with the BJP on multiple occasions, only to withdraw later, placing him in a difficult position. He said that, in private, Sharad Pawar was open to allying with the BJP, but publicly opposed it, which he argued created uncertainty within the party. Ajit Pawar took the oath as Deputy Chief Minister with the BJP in November 2019, but resigned soon after Sharad Pawar changed his stance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Praful Patel claims Sharad Pawar ‘was 50% ready’ to join hands with BJP in 2023 |date=2024-04-10 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/praful-patel-claims-sharad-pawar-was-50-ready-to-join-hands-with-bjp-in-2023-101712743660220.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416155133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/praful-patel-claims-sharad-pawar-was-50-ready-to-join-hands-with-bjp-in-2023-101712743660220.html |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title='NCP had offered support to BJP in 2014, Sharad Pawar called it a strategy to keep Shiv Sena away,' claims Ajit Pawar |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/ncp-had-offered-support-to-bjp-in-2014-sharad-pawar-called-it-a-strategy-to-keep-shiv-sena-away-claims-ajit-pawar-427591-2024-04-30 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

Internal dissent within the NCP was further fueled by differing views on the party's future direction and alliances. While Sharad Pawar and his allies preferred to maintain the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] (MVA) arrangement, Ajit Pawar and his supporters argued that a new alignment with the BJP would better serve their political goals and the party's influence in Maharashtra.<ref name="quint1" />

=== Allegations of Central Agency pressure ===
Some political observers and opposition leaders alleged that investigations by central agencies such as the [[Enforcement Directorate|Enforcement Directorate (ED)]] against Nationalist Congress Party leaders contributed to the party's 2023 split. They claim that ongoing probes may have influenced some NCP leaders to join the ruling alliance. For example, senior NCP leaders including [[Ajit Pawar]], [[Praful Patel]], and [[Hasan Mushrif]] were under ED investigation for various cases when they switched sides.<ref name="fpj1">{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Politics: ED Investigating Prominent NCP Leaders Who Switched Sides With Ajit Pawar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/ed-investigating-prominent-ncp-leaders-who-switched-sides-with-ajit-pawar |website=Free Press Journal |date=2023-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref> NCP leader Sharad Pawar suggested that some leaders joined the government to avoid investigations.<ref name="toi1">{{cite web |title=Some NCP leaders joined hands with BJP as agencies threatened them, says Sharad Pawar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/some-ncp-leaders-joined-hands-with-bjp-as-they-were-threatened-by-agencies-says-sharad-pawar/articleshow/102878286.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref> Leaders who switched sides denied these allegations, stating that their decisions were based on developmental issues rather than investigative pressure.<ref name="ie1">{{cite web |title=Ajit Pawar says corruption allegations were to defame him, Sule reminds BJP and its leaders levelled them |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ajit-pawar-corruption-allegations-defame-him-sule-levelled-bjp-9433158/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-07-04 |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref>

==Timeline==
* 3 April 2023: Two meetings took place:
** [[Sharad Pawar]] convened a meeting of senior NCP leaders to discuss the election strategy.<ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite web |title=How Sharad Pawar's Nationalist Congress Party fell apart in 3 months |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-sharad-pawar-nationalist-congress-party-fell-apart-in-3-months-2404556-2023-07-10 |website=India Today |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>
** [[Ajit Pawar]] held a separate meeting with other leaders to discuss concerns about pressure from central agencies and the party's future leadership.<ref name="indiatoday1" />
* Mid-May 2023: Ajit Pawar and [[Praful Patel]] began discussions with the BJP high command, facilitated by [[Devendra Fadnavis]].<ref name="indiatoday1" />
* 30 June 2023: A final meeting of NCP leaders intending to defect finalized the plan to join the [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Shinde–Fadnavis government]].<ref name="indiatoday1" />
* 2 July 2023: Ajit Pawar, along with eight other NCP leaders, was sworn in as a minister in the Eknath Shinde–led Maharashtra government, marking the official split in the party.<ref name="thewire1">{{cite web |title=Why Is Sharad Pawar Consistently Claiming There Is No Split in the NCP? |url=https://thewire.in/politics/sharad-pawar-ajit-election-commission-ncp |website=The Wire |date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>
* 6 February 2024: The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] awarded the party name and symbol to the faction headed by Ajit Pawar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission Says Ajit Pawar Faction of the NCP is the 'Real' One, Gives It Party Symbol |url=https://thewire.in/politics/eci-ajit-pawar-ncp-name-symbol |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday2">{{cite web |title=Sharad Pawar was '50% ready' to join hands with BJP last year: Praful Patel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sharad-pawar-ajit-pawar-factions-ncp-bjp-shiv-sena-eknath-shinde-alliance-government-maharashtra-2525835-2024-04-11 |website=India Today |date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>
* 15 February 2024: Maharashtra Assembly Speaker [[Rahul Narwekar]] declared the Ajit Pawar faction the "real" NCP, citing its legislative majority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2024-02-15 |title=Ajit Pawar's faction is the real NCP: Maharashtra Speaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ajit-pawars-faction-is-the-real-ncp-maharashtra-speaker/article67849589.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress 2024-02" />

== Split ==
Before Ajit Pawar was sworn in as Deputy Chief Minister, on 5 June 2023, [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Eknath Shinde]] and Deputy Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] met the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] in [[Delhi]] and announced that the cabinet would be expanded.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM Eknath Shinde, Devendra Fadnavis meet Amit Shah; Konkan water issue, Marathwada grid project discussed |last=Ozarkar |first=Vallabh |date=2023-06-05 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shinde-fadnavis-meet-amit-shah-8645705/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823013802/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shinde-fadnavis-meet-amit-shah-8645705/ |archive-date=2025-08-23 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Praful Patel]] attended an opposition meeting in Patna with [[Supriya Sule]] instead of [[Sharad Pawar]], Ajit Pawar's uncle and the national president of the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/patna-opposition-meeting-meeting-of-opposition-parties-begins-meeting-is-being-held-at-nitish-kumars-house-2625861.html|work=Zee News|title=Opposition meeting is being held in Nitish Kumar's House in Patna|date=30 June 2023|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>

On 2 July 2023, Ajit Pawar went to [[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|Raj Bhavan]] in [[Mumbai]] and took the oath as Deputy Chief Minister, along with NCP leaders including [[Praful Patel]], [[Chhagan Bhujbal]], [[Dilip Walse-Patil]], [[Dhananjay Munde]], [[Hasan Mushrif]], [[Aatram Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao|Dharamrao Aatram]], [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare|Aditi Tatkare]], and [[Sanjay Bansode]]. All seven NCP [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] from [[Nagaland]] supported Ajit Pawar.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

On 6 February 2024, [[Ajit Pawar]]’s faction was officially recognised as the real [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]], granting his faction the party’s poll symbol and name. The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] directed [[Sharad Pawar]]’s camp to adopt a new name for the upcoming [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharad Pawar Loses EC Battle As Ajit-led Faction Recognised As Real NCP |last=Verma |first=Saurabh |date=2024-02-06 |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/big-setback-to-sharad-pawar-ajit-pawar-faction-recognized-as-real-ncp-by-election-commission-gets-clock-symbol-8768861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817145741/https://www.news18.com/politics/big-setback-to-sharad-pawar-ajit-pawar-faction-recognized-as-real-ncp-by-election-commission-gets-clock-symbol-8768861.html |archive-date=2025-08-17 |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=[[News18.com]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Number of NCP members by leader
! Leaders
! style="width:100px;"|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
! style="width:100px;"|Lok Sabha [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]]
! style="width:100px;"|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|-
|[[Sharad Pawar]]||15||4||3
|-
|[[Ajit Pawar]]||40||1||9
|-
! Total number of members of NCP before split ||55||5||11
|}

=== MLAs of the NCP ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr No.
! Ajit Pawar
! Sr No.
! Sharad Pawar
|-
! 1
| [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare|Aditi Tatkare]]
! 1
| Ashok Pawar
|-
! 2
| [[Aatram Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao|Dharamrao Aatram]]
! 2
| [[Anil Deshmukh]]
|-
! 3
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
! 3
| [[Shamrao Pandurang Patil|Balasaheb Patil]]
|-
! 4
| [[Anil Bhaidas Patil|Anil Patil]]
! 4
| Nilesh Lanke
|-
! 5
| [[Anna Bansode]]
! 5
| [[Jayant Patil]]
|-
! 6
| [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale|Ashutosh Kale]]
! 6
| [[Chandrakant Nawghare]]
|-
! 7
| Atul Benke
! 7
| [[Jitendra Awhad]]
|-
! 8
| [[Babasaheb Patil]]
! 8
| [[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik|Mansingh Naik]]
|-
! 9
| Babanrao Shinde
! 9
| Dr Rajendra Shingne
|-
! 10
| [[Balasaheb Ajabe]]
! 10
| [[Prajakt Tanpure]]
|-
! 11
| [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
! 11
| [[Rajesh Tope]]
|-
! 12
| [[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne|Dattatraya Bharane]]
! 12
| [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]]
|-
! 13
| [[Daulat Daroda]]
! 13
| [[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
|-
! 14
| [[Dhananjay Munde]]
! 14
| [[Suman Patil]]
|-
! 15
| Dilip Bankar
! 15
| Sunil Bhusara
|-
! 16
| [[Dilip Mohite]]
|-
! 17
| [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
|-
! 18
| [[Dipak Pralhad Chavan|Dipak Chavan]]
|-
! 19
| [[Hasan Mushrif]]
|-
! 20
| [[Indranil Naik]]
|-
! 21
| [[Kiran Lahamate]]
|-
! 22
| [[Makrand Jadhav - Patil|Makrand Patil]]
|-
! 23
| [[Manikrao Kokate]]
|-
! 24
| [[Manohar Chandrikapure]]
|-
! 25
| [[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]
|-
! 26
| [[Chetan Tupe]]
|-
! 27
| Nitin Pawar
|-
! 28
| [[Prakashdada Solanke]]
|-
! 29
| [[Nawab Malik]]
|-
! 30
| [[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil|Rajesh Patil]]
|-
! 31
| [[Raju Manikrao Karemore|Raju Karemore]]
|-
! 32
| [[Sanjay Bansode]]
|-
! 33
| [[Saroj Ahire]]
|-
! 34
| [[Sangram Jagtap]]
|-
! 35
| [[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]
|-
! 36
| [[Sunil Tingre]]
|-
! 37
| [[Sunil Shelke]]
|-
! 38
| [[Yashwant Mane]]
|-
! 39
| Rupali Chakankar
|-
! 40
| Suraj Chavan
|-
! 41
| [[Amol Mitkari]]
|-
! 42
| [[Aniket Tatkare]]
|-
! 43
| Ananda Paranjape
|}

=== Lok Sabha MPs of the NCP ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr No.
! Ajit Pawar
! Sr No.
! Sharad Pawar
|-
! 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare|Sunil Dattatray Tatkare]]
! 1
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! 2
| [[Amol Kolhe]]
|-
! 3
| [[Shriniwas Patil]]
|-
! 4
| [[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
|}

=== Rajya Sabha MPs of the NCP ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr No.
! Ajit Pawar
! Sr No.
! Sharad Pawar
|-
! 1
| [[Praful Patel]]
! 1
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! 2
| [[Fouzia Khan]]
|-
! 3
| [[Vandana Chavan]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]]
* [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nationalist Congress Party split}}
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra|Political crisis]]
[[Category:July 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political crises in India]]

Pellam Oorelithe

2026-03-08T07:25:59Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pellam Oorelithe
| native_name =
| image = Pellam Oorelithe.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]] [[Vyjayanthi Movies|C. Ashwani Dutt]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Chintapalli Ramana]]
}}
| writer =
| story = [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]
| based_on = ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (Tamil)
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] [[Rakshita]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#Siri Media Arts (Dutt, Aravind)|Siri Media Arts]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|01|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Pellam Oorelithe''''' ({{translation|When wife is out of town}}) is 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy starring [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], and [[Rakshita]]. The film is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2018-10-15|title=Ten Indian films with multiple remakes|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bXD0noDJT8tcVCmijrb1gK/Ten-Indian-films-with-multiple-remakes.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Pellam Oorelithe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-idiot-to-andhrawala-5-movies-of-rakshita-you-shouldnt-miss/photostory/74916473.cms|access-date=2020-09-02|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vivek ([[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]]) runs an advertisement agency. He is married to Sandhya ([[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeeta]]). Subbu ([[Venu Thottempudi]]) works as a photographer with Vivek. Vivek treats him as a brother. During a photo shoot, he happens to see Raaji ([[Rakshita]]) and falls in love with her. Samba ([[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]), a womanizer, sends a prostitute, Tilottama, to the guesthouse of Vivek when Sandhya prepares to visit her mother's house. When Tilottama arrives at Vivek's place, Sandhya suddenly comes back on some work and enquires Vivek who she is. In a hurry to cover up his act, Vivek lie to her that she is the wife of Subbu. This leads to so many problems for Vivek and Subbu. What happens when the wives come to know about their husbands' lies forms the climax.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Vivek
* [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] as Subbu
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Sandhya
* [[Rakshita]] as Raaji
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Samba
* Jyothi as Tilottama
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Hotel worker
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Tilottama's brother
*[[Suman Setty]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Giri Babu]] as Raaji's father
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Man in temple
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as Astrologer
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Doctor
}}

==Production==
''Sarada'', ''Donga Donga Dorikadu'' and ''Aatalo Aata'' were the titles originally in consideration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/news_oct11.shtml|title=In search of a title for SVK's film|website=Telugu cinema|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022114158/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/news_oct11.shtml|archive-date=22 October 2002|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
Music by Mani Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-pellam.html |title=On a Song - Telugu cinema songs - Pellam Voorelithe - Venu, Srikanth, Rakshita, Sangeeta - Mani Sharma - SV Krishna Reddy |website=www.idlebrain.com |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030103100222/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-pellam.html |archive-date=3 January 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*"O Mallepoovuraa" - [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
*"Milamila Merise" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Gopika Poornima]]
*"Jhoom Sharabi" - [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Mallikarjun]], Gopika Poornima, Preethi
*"Ulakki Papa" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]
*"Dondapandulanti" - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Kalpana

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film three-and-half stars out of five and stated that "This film is a clean comedy film from first frame to last frame."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Pellam Voorelithe - Srikanth, Venu, Rakshita, Sangeeta, Sunil- SV Krishna Reddy - Mani Sharma|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pellam.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=15 January 2003|last=Jeevi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' praised the performances of the cast and wrote that the film is "Worth A Good Laugh".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pellam-oorelthe-review-telugu-pcluyMcgaeijd.html | title=Pellam Oorelthe | website=[[Sify]] | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092839/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=12560977&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005 }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[Santosham Film Awards]] 2004
* Best Entertainment Film<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/santoshamawards2004.html | title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Nandi award winners list 2002 | date = 3 August 2004 | work = [[Idlebrain.com]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0339504}}

{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur

2026-03-06T10:58:05Z

KaleyCountryman: cleanup

{{Short description|Medical College in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur
| native_name =
| image_name = Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur (medical school) logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = Knowledge, Patience, Service
| established = {{start date and age|1947}}
| type = Education and research institution
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| director =
| dean = Dr. Raj Gajbhiye
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Nagpur]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = {{convert|196|acre|km2|1|abbr=on}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|http://gmcnagpur.org/}}
| coor =
| logo =
}}
'''Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur''' is a [[medical college]] located in Ajni which is part of South [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World directory of medical schools|year=2000|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9241500107|page=169|edition=7}}</ref> It was founded in 1947 and was affiliated with [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]] from 1947 to 1997, and subsequently [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] (MUHS).

== History ==
The architect for the project was D.G.Karajgaonkar and Sir Sobha Singh was the contractor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Govt Medical College Nagpur(MS) Home |url=https://gmcnagpur.org/about-gmc-nagpur |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=gmcnagpur.org}}</ref> Within a year, the Nurses’ Hostel and present Hostel No.1 building was ready for the occupancy in the year 1949 itself.<ref name=":0" />

==Location==
[[File:Nagpur Government Medical College and Hospital.jpg|thumb|Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur]]
The college is located in Ajni in South Nagpur. The campus is stretched over an area of 196 acres. Government Medical College (GMC), Nagpur is also known to have the largest campus among all government medical colleges in Asia.

==Academics==

Government Medical College(GMC), Nagpur has various academic departments, with specialized laboratories and research centers.

===Departments===

* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Anesthesiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Dermatology]]-[[Venereology]]-[[Leprology]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology|Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)]]
* [[Forensic pathology|Forensic Pathology]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology]]
* [[Occupational therapy|Occupational Therapy]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Physical therapy|Physiotherapy]]
* [[Plastic surgery|Plastic]]-[[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Maxillofacial]]-[[Reconstructive surgery]]
* [[Pulmonology]]
* [[Preventive healthcare|Preventive Medicine]] and [[Social medicine|Social Medicine]]
* [[Surgery]]
* [[Radiation therapy|Radiation Therapy]] and [[Oncology]]
* [[Radiography|Radio Diagnosis]]
* [[Radiology]]

== Laboratories and Research Facilities ==

* The '''Department of Pathology''' at GMC Nagpur encompasses sub-specialties including haematology, cytology, histopathology and maintains a fully functioning blood bank laboratory. <ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Pathology |url=https://gmcnagpur.org/pathology |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Government Medical College Nagpur}}</ref>
* The '''Department of Microbiology''' maintains specialized laboratories for bacteriology, serology, mycology, virology, parasitology and immunology, enabling both diagnostic services and research in infectious diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Microbiology |url=https://gmcnagpur.org/microbiology |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Government Medical College Nagpur}}</ref>
* The '''Department of Physiology''' is one of the oldest at the college, established at the college’s inception in 1947, and has contributed to teaching, basic medical research and training of pre-clinical students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Physiology |url=https://gmcnagpur.org/physiology |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Government Medical College Nagpur}}</ref>

==Recognition==

The college is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS|url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx|work=Medical Council of India website|publisher=Medical Council of India|access-date=14 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318060327/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx|archive-date=18 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Shrikant Jichkar]], former member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Meet Shrikant Jichkar, IAS with 20 degrees from 42 universities; he is India's most educated man |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-shrikant-jichkar-ias-who-has-20-degrees-from-42-universities-he-is-india-s-most-educated-man-3033357 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Prakash Amte]], social activist, Magsaysay awardee, director of [[Lok Biradari Prakalp]].
* [[Mandakini Amte]], social activist, Magsaysay awardee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Family tree of Baba Amte: Sons Prakash and Vikas Amte; who was Sheetal Amte and her role at Anandwan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/family-tree-of-baba-amte-sons-prakash-and-vikas-amte-who-was-sheetal-amte-and-her-role-at-anandwan/689042 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Zulekha Daud]], a renowned physician-turned-entrepreneur and [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] awardee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beeraboina |first=Lavanya |date=2023-12-19 |title=Zulekha Daud: Indian Woman Becomes UAE’s First Female Doctor and Dubai's Richest Indian Woman |url=https://www.medboundtimes.com/medbound-blog/zulekha-daud-indian-women-became-uaes-first-female-doctor-and-dubais-richest-indian-women |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Medbound |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sheetal Amte]], Indian public health expert, disability specialist and social entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=Team Janmat |date=2020-11-30 |title=Sheetal Amte Biography, Age, Mother, Father, Husband, Son, Daughter, Family |url=https://janmatsamachar.com/sheetal-amte-biography-age-mother-father-husband-son-daughter-family/#:~:text=Sheetal%20Amte%20studied%20medicine,working%20at%20Anandwan%20where |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Janmat Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[V. Maitreyan]], an Indian oncologist and politician from Tamil Nadu.
* [[Ranjit Patil]], orthopedic surgeon and politician from Maharashtra.
* [[Abhay and Rani Bang]], social activist and researcher working in the field of community health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopinath |first=P. Krishna |date=2024-02-28 |title=Headling hearts and minds in Gadchiroli: The inspiring healthcare mission of the Bangs and SEARCH |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/public-health/headling-hearts-and-minds-in-gadchiroli-the-inspiring-healthcare-mission-of-the-bangs-and-search/article67890944.ece |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Deshmukh]], former radiologist and politician from Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |title=Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/sunil-panjabrao-deshmukh-77039.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra and Smita Kolhe]], an social activist & doctors
* [[Vikas Mahatme]], ophthalmologist, social entrepreneur, former member of the Parliament
* [[Harminder Dua]], ophthalmologist discovered the 6th layer of cornea the DUA's layer.<ref>Mudur, G.S. (13 June 2013). [https://archive.today/20131030093914/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130613/jsp/nation/story_17002533.jsp%23.UnAFR_nryc8 "Indian surgeon finds new layer in cornea".] The Telegraph. India. Archived from [https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130613/jsp/nation/story_17002533.jsp#.UnAFR_nryc8 the original] on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gmcnagpur.gov.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124074308/http://www.gmcnagpur.gov.in/ |date=24 January 2013 }}

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela

2026-03-03T20:35:05Z

KaleyCountryman: adding initial page and citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela
| image = Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Althaf Salim]]
| producer = [[Nivin Pauly]]
| writer = Althaf Salim [[George Kora]]
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela''|[[Chandramathi]]}}
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Siju Wilson]] [[Shanthi Krishna]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Srinda Arhaan]] [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] [[Ahaana Krishna]]
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| cinematography = Mukesh Muraleedharan
| editing = Dileep Dennies
| studio = [[Nivin Pauly|Pauly Jr. Pictures]]
| distributor = Chakkalakel Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|9|1}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|20 crore}} (Kerala)<ref name="gross"/>
}}

'''''Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela''''' ({{langx|en|An interval in the land of Crabs }}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2017|2017]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[tragicomedy|tragicomedy film]] directed and co-written by [[Althaf Salim]]. It stars [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Ahaana Krishna]], and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]. The film is based on writer [[Chandramathi]]'s memoirs of the same name, which narrates her long fight with [[cancer]]. Co-written by George Kora, the film was produced by Nivin under his home banner, [[Pauly Jr. Pictures]]. ''Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela'' released on 1 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-s-njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-be-onam-release-64617|title=Nivin Pauly's 'Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela' to be an Onam release|date=2017-07-04|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref> Shanthi Krishna won several awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]. Aishwarya Lekshmi made her feature film debut through this film.

== Plot ==
Sheela worries that she is developing [[breast cancer|cancer]] after finding a lump on her body. She discloses this to her husband Chacko and they contact their eldest son Kurien, settled in [[London]], and force him to come back home, still without disclosing the secret. Kurien misunderstands the rush to have him return to India as his part of his parents' efforts to arrange his marriage.

Chacko and Sheela decide to go for a checkup at Dr. Saiju's [[oncology]] clinic at [[Aster Medcity]] in [[Kochi]], where Dr. Saiju tells them to come back after a few days when the results are available. Meanwhile, Kurien meets his old friend Subbu with whom he planned a supermarket chain but Subbu ended up being a supermarket owner on his own. A few days later, Dr. Saiju tells Sheela that she has Stage II [[breast cancer]], but there isn't a problem and she can undergo [[chemotherapy]]. They realise they have to disclose the matter to the whole family including Kurien, their daughters Sarah and Mary, and son-in-law Tony Edayady.

Everybody in the family goes gloomy and agree on chemotherapy sessions and a lump removal surgery. In one of the chemotherapy sessions, as Chacko was petrified about going with Sheela, Kurien goes instead and there he meets Rachel in a funny situation. They then get to know each other and also that they have similar situations.

They meet occasionally and Rachel tricks Kurien by asking whether he wants to be her boyfriend. Kurien agrees but then realises she deceived him and decides not to marry. Meanwhile, Sheela starts losing her hair as a side effect. So, she trims her head and temporarily quits her lecturing job. They decide to get Sara engaged. During the occasion, Sara asks Kurien if their mother has the confidence to go through with the treatment. Kurien tells her Sara a story about her during the [[Gulf War]] in 1990. Iraqi soldiers invaded Kuwait and they escaped to India via Jordan without her confidence going down even by a little bit.

One day, she develops a fever and the children take her to the hospital thinking it to be serious, but she comes out fine and Kurien goes home alone where 'Appachan' (Grandfather) is alone. He asks for a piece of orange but as Kurien is obsessed with Lays, he decides to give him some Lays. As he bursts open the Lays packet, simultaneously the room blacks out with a deafening sound of the thunder outside. 80-year-old Appappan dies instantly in the sudden shock. After that the family plan for a trip to [[Kodaikanal]] and when they reach there, Kurien gets a call from the doctor. He smiles after attending the call, signifying that Sheela has been cured. The following scenes show flashbacks where each family member cries behind closed doors, hiding their tears from Sheela. The last scene of the movie shows Kurien crying and when Sheela calls him, he wipes his tears and goes. At the end of the film, Kurien marries Rachel.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as K. C. Kurien
*[[Siju Wilson]] as Tony
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as K. C. Chacko
* [[Shanthi Krishna]] as Sheela Chacko
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Mary Tony
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Rachel
* [[Ahaana Krishna]] as Sarah Chacko
* Baby Kalyani as Riya Tony
*Antony Chachan as Cheriyan "Chachan", Kurien's grandfather
* Mariamma Athiyalil as Kurien's grandmother (only photo)
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Dr. Saiju
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Dr. Abraham
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Subbu
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Yesudas
*George Kora as Mathew
*Jayalakshmi as Lakshmi
*Vijay Suresh as Vijay
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] as Kurien's friend (Cameo appearance)
* Omana Ouseph as Tony's mother
*Shiny Rajan as Geetha
*Dr.Ramkumar as Rachel's father
*Harish as Security
*George V. as Lift operator
*Ashok Menon as Priest
*Dr. Ramesh as Rameshan
* Mukesh (cameo)
* Akshay Ramesh as Guy caught watching it.
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Director [[Althaf Salim|Salim]] co-wrote the film with George Kora. Principal photography of the film began on 25 September 2016. Mukesh Muraleedharan was the cinematographer.<ref name=dec>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Njandukalude-Nattil-Oridavela-Nivins-next/articleshow/54510118.cms|title=Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela, Nivin's next - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> The film is inspired from author [[Chandramathi]]'s book of the same name, about her cancer survival.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagarajan|first1=Saraswathy|title='I am trying not to repeat myself'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-nivin-pauly-is-on-a-roll/article19630099.ece|access-date=3 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2017}}</ref> Salim calls the film a [[dramedy]], because it is "a family drama that deals with a pertinent social issue but told with lots of humour. That's why we like to call the film a dramedy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=One for all and all for one|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/newbie-director-altaf-salims-njandukalude-naattil-oridavela-is-a-dramedy/article19592869.ece|access-date=3 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> The film marks [[Shanthi Krishna]]'s return to acting after a 19-year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/04/shanthi-krishna-is-back-in-mollywood-1637959.html|title=Shanthi Krishna is back in Mollywood|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Justin Varghese
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|09|01}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:16
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Justin Varghese has composed the music and background score in his feature film debut.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/justin-varghese-composes-for-nivin-paulys-next/articleshow/54510320.cms|title=Justin Varghese composes for Nivin Pauly's next - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|collapsed=
|headline=
|extra_column=Artist(s)
|total_length=8:16

|title1=Enthaavo
|note1=
|lyrics1=Santhosh Varma
|extra1=[[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|length1=3:54

|title2=Nanavere
|note2=
|lyrics2=Santhosh Varma
|extra2=Tessa Chavara, Vipin Lal
|length2=4:22
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 1 September 2017 in about 108 screens across Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/09/01/nivin-pauly-njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-malayalam-review-updates.html|title=Nivin Pauly's Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela: audience review...|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310817/nivin-joins-hands-with-premam-actor.html|title=Nivin joins hands with Premam actor|date=2017-08-31|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-09-01|language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-emerges-winner-at-the-onam-box-office-news-malayalam-rjjk90hbcgdci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909213816/http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-emerges-winner-at-the-onam-box-office-news-malayalam-rjjk90hbcgdci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2017|title=Nivin Pauly emerges winner at Onam box office|work=[[Sify]]|date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-s-njandukalude-naattil-oridavela-wins-onam-race-68338|title=Nivin Pauly emerges winner at Onam race|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=13 September 2017}}</ref> The film grossed around {{INR}}20 [[crore]] from Kerala box office.<ref name="gross">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mollywood-2017-top-malayalam-movies-that-earned-big-kerala-box-office-this-year-753935|title=Mollywood in 2017: Top Malayalam movies that earned big at Kerala box office this year|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=20 December 2017}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|23.72|l}} in its two weekends from Chennai box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/njandukalude-nattil-oridavela/njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-box-office-sep-10.html|title=Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela box office|work=Behindwoods|date=13 September 2017}}</ref> The film collected $33,825 and $667,344 from UK and UAE box office respectively from its first weekend.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&id=_fNJANDUKALUDENAAT01|title=Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela box office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=13 September 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6096884}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films based on books]]

Alone (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:45:07Z

KaleyCountryman: creating some article w/ sources

{{Short description|2023 film directed by Shaji Kailas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alone
| image = Alone 2023 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = Rajesh Jayaraman
| starring = [[Mohanlal]]
| music = [[4Musics]]
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] Pramod K. Pillai
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = Aashirvad Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|1|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹2.5 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-31 |title=‘Alone’ box office collection day 4: Mohanlal starrer stays low, mints only Rs 65 lakhs|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/alone-box-office-collection-day-4-mohanlal-starrer-stays-low-mints-only-rs-68-lakhs/articleshow/97484057.cms}}</ref>
| gross = ₹1.1 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=Box Office: Analyzing theatrical performance of Mohanlal's post-pandemic movies, Marakkar to L2 Empuraan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analysing-theatrical-performance-of-mohanlals-post-pandemic-movies-from-marakkar-to-l2-empuraan-1384093 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=26 April 2025 |language=en |date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Alone''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film|mystery thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], written by Rajesh Jayaraman, and produced and distributed by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] through [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The story is set during the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] as the only character appearing in the film which otherwise features [[Voice acting|voice roles]] as supporting cast. [[4Musics]] composed the film's [[background score]] and songs.

The film was developed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] as a small film that can be made within pandemic restrictions to help unemployed workers in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. [[Principal photography]] lasted 18 days from September to October 2021. The film was originally meant to be a [[Over-the-top media services in India|direct-to-OTT]] release.

''Alone'' was released in theatres on 26 January 2023 and received negative reviews from critics and audiences. The film was a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="reviews">{{cite web |title='Alone' on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/alone-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2341131-2023-03-01 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=India Today |date=March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
Kalidas is a [[motivational speaker]] who starts living in a prominent flat in [[Kochi]] during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], with a need for something. As it is a COVID-affected area, no contact with anyone is possible, Kalidasan experience [[Paranormal|paranormal activities]] in the flat and begins to unravel the mystery. He tries to find out the mystery behind the paranormal activities seen in his flat. He seeks help from Yamuna, who arranged him the flat.

==Cast==

* [[Mohanlal]] as Kalidas, the only character seen on-screen, is stranded in an [[apartment]] building during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="teaser"/>

===Voice cast===
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Hari Bhai
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Yamuna
* [[Annie Shaji Kailas]] as [[Doctor of Medicine|Dr]]. Susan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Karthavu (Association President)
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Santhosh, the apartment's Chief security guard
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as ASI Rasheed
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Vinod
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Colonel
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Kalidas's Neighbour
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Thomas Kuruvila, the caretaker of the apartment
* [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] as Sreedevi
* [[Zeenath]] as Sheela Varky
* [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] as Binoy

==Production==
===Development===
[[Shaji Kailas]] said that ''Alone'' was developed after [[Mohanlal]] put forward a proposal to make a "small film" during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] to help unemployed workers in film industry during the pandemic. For which, producer [[Antony Perumbavoor]] enquired for potential stories, to whom Kailas suggested a single character film about a man named Kalidas who gets trapped in [[Kerala]] during the pandemic while travelling from [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="MM">{{cite news|last=കുര്യാക്കോസ്|first=റെഞ്ചി|title=കടുവയിൽ പൃഥ്വിക്കൊപ്പം മോഹന്‍ലാലിനെ കൊണ്ടുവരാൻ ആഗ്രഹിച്ചു, പക്ഷേ: ഷാജി കൈലാസ് അഭിമുഖം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/06/26/interview-with-shaji-kailas.html|access-date=26 June 2022|work=[[Manorama Online]]|date=26 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref> Mohanlal and Kailas were collaborating for a film after 12 years. The screenplay was written by Rajesh Jayaraman. The title was announced on 4 October 2021. By then, filming had already begun.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Mohanlal-Shaji Kailas film titled 'Alone'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-shaji-kailas-film-titled-alone/articleshow/86802578.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2021}}</ref> The title comes with the tagline "real heroes are always alone".<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Mohanlal-Shaji Kailas' new film titled Alone|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/07/mohanlal-shaji-kailas-new-film-titled-alone-2368483.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 October 2021|accessdate=}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] of the film began on 27 September 2021.<ref name="TOI"/> Filming was concluded on 22 October. The whole filming process was completed in 18 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal starrer 'Alone' finishes its shoot in just 18 days!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-starrer-alone-finishes-its-shoot-in-just-18-days/articleshow/87223483.cms|access-date=2021-12-01|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kailas took the project after he had begun the production of ''[[Kaduva]]'' and was shot during its break.<ref name="MM"/> [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] and Pramod K. Pillai were the cinematographers.<ref name="teaser">{{cite news|author=CE Features|title=Mohanlal's Alone teaser promises a one-man show|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/oct/21/mohanlals-alone-teaser-promises-a-one-man-show-35859.html|access-date=26 October 2022|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 October 2022}}</ref> Production design was done by Santhosh Raman.<ref name="TOI"/> Kailas' son Jagan Kailas worked as an associate director on the film.<ref name="TNIE"/> Mohanlal began [[dubbing]] for his role in May 2022.<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal starts dubbing for Shaji Kailas' movie 'Alone'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-starts-dubbing-for-shaji-kailas-movie-alone/articleshow/91592987.cms|access-date=26 October 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, Kailas said the film's post-production was in its final stage.<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal's 'Alone': Director Shaji Kailas drops a major update|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-alone-director-shaji-kailas-drops-a-major-update/articleshow/95371818.cms|access-date=23 January 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

==Music==
Initially, [[Jakes Bejoy]] was attached as the music composer.<ref name="TNIE"/> He was replaced by [[4Musics]], who composed the film's [[background score]] and songs.<ref name="teaser"/> Originally, the filmmakers had no plans to include any songs until filming was completed. After watching the visuals, 4Musics suggested two songs that would fit the narrative. Kailas wanted more [[string instrument]]s. 4Musics chose [[Western music (North America)|Western style]] feeling it suits the film's theme, but they could not fully implement it since Kailas had his own views on the kind of music he wanted. For the second track, a [[rock song]] was added in the climax portion where the [[character arc]] of Kalidas is defined, which serves as the film's theme.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal's Alone theme music has a rock as its climax veers to 'mass': 4 Musics|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlals-alone-theme-music-has-a-western-rock-influence-as-its-climax-veers-towards-massy-territory-4-musics/a555e19647543|publisher=OTT Play|access-date=23 January 2023|date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

The first [[Single (music)|single]] "Life Is A Mystery" was sung by Irish musician Mick Garry who also wrote the lyrics, with additional lyrics added by Biby Mathew and Eldhose Alias; its [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] and [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] was done by Vivek Thomas. The song was recorded in [[Spain]]. ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that the song has "a [[funk]]y style that takes us back to retro [[American popular music|American music]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title='Alone': Makers unveil the lyrical video 'Life is a Mystery' from the Mohanlal starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/alone-makers-unveil-the-lyrical-video-life-is-a-mystery-from-the-mohanlal-starrer/articleshow/97087729.cms|access-date=20 January 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2023}}</ref> It was released on 18 January 2023 by Aashirvad Cinemas label.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Is A Mystery (From "Alone") - Single by 4 Musics & Mick Garry|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/life-is-a-mystery-from-alone-single/1665911326 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=20 January 2023|date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer

| title1 = Life Is A Mystery
| lyrics1 = Mick Garry
| extra1 = Mick Garry
| note1 = From "Alone"
| length1 = 2:08

| title2 = He's Moving
| lyrics2 = Biby, Eldhose (4 Musics) & Megha Mary Binu, Rony Philip
| extra2 = Rony Philip
| note2 = From "Alone"
| length2 = 3:36
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
In November 2021, it was reported that ''Alone'' would be released on a [[digital streaming]] platform.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=Four more Mohanlal films to be released on OTT platforms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/06/four-more-mohanlal-films-to-be-released-on-ott-platforms-2380016.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In June 2022, Kailas revealed that the film would be released in August 2022 on an OTT platform, which did not happen.<ref name="MM"/> Having had a change of plan, in October that year, a teaser was released announcing the film will have a theatrical release.<ref name="teaser"/> The film received certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] in December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Mohanlal's 'Alone' gets clean U certificate. Film won't be an OTT release|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/11/mohanlal-shaji-kailas-alone-u-certificate-ott-theatrical-release.html|access-date=30 December 2022|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=11 December 2022}}</ref> In a January 2023 interview, Kailas said ''Alone'' was meant to be a direct-to-OTT release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kuriakose|first=Renji|title=Prithviraj suggested that I make 'Kaduva' in the 1990s style: Shaji Kailas|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/01/08/prithviraj-shaji-kailas-movies-kaapa-kaduva-bhavana-hunt-variety-films.html|access-date=20 January 2023|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=8 January 2023}}</ref> ''Alone'' was released in theatres on 26 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Trailer of 'Alone' starring Mohanlal alone released|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/01/01/trailer-alone-starring-mohanlal-alone-released.html|access-date=1 January 2023|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=1 January 2023}}</ref>

===Home media===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. The film started streaming on 3 March 2023 on Disney+ Hotstar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/alone-movie-ott-release-date/ | title=Alone Movie OTT Release Date Announced by Disney+Hotstar - Streaming from 3rd March 2023 | date=24 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
''Alone'' received negative reviews upon release.

Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and wrote "Director Shaji Kailas’ Alone, starring Mohanlal, is a one-actor film that tries to be a thriller with a twist. But, it neither offers thrills nor the so-called twists have an impact on you."<ref>{{cite web|title=Alone Movie Review: Mohanlal's one-actor film is a tedious watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alone-movie-review-mohanlals-one-actor-film-is-a-tedious-watch-2326798-2023-01-26|website=India Today|date=26 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[IndianExpress.com]]'' gave 1.5 rating out of 5 and stated, "But sadly, this film doesn't even have a glimpse of the good old vintage Mohanlal or Shaji Kailas."<ref>{{cite web |title='Alone' movie review: A daring experiment that becomes a tiring experience |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/28/alone-movie-review-a-daring-experiment-that-becomes-a-tiring-experience-2541917.html |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> S.R.Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Mohanlal's solo act not enough to save this stretched-out thriller".<ref>{{cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-01-26 |title='Alone' movie review: Mohanlal's solo act not enough to save this stretched-out thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alone-movie-review-mohanlals-solo-act-not-enough-to-save-this-stretched-out-thriller/article66435415.ece |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' critic gave 0 out of 5 and noted that "''Alone'' is zero-impact, zero-purpose fare. The point of its existence is a far bigger mystery than the occurrences in the flat where the story unfolds."<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Alone movie review: Is Mohanlal in a race to give us the worst Mohanlal film yet? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/alone-movie-review-is-mohanlal-in-a-race-to-give-us-the-worst-mohanlal-film-yet-12062912.html |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Box office==
This movie was made with a budget of 3 crore and only managed to collect 1.1 crore worldwide as a final collection and was one of biggest [[Box office bomb|box office failure]] in Malayalam cinema industry.<ref name="bo"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15387128}}

{{Shaji Kailas}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:One-character films]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]

Vaibhavi Shandilya

2026-03-02T05:23:08Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Vaibhavi sandilya at sakka podu podu raja movie audio launch.png
| caption = Vaibhavi sandilya in 2017
| name = Vaibhavi Shandilya
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|05|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Vaibhavi Shandilya''' (born 27 May 1993<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcft1rsC6T4|title = Vaibhu's first YouTube video|website = [[YouTube]] |time={{time needed|date=December 2022}} }}</ref>) is an Indian actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language films. After making her debut in the Marathi film ''Janiva'' (2015), she has been in films including ''[[Ekk Albela]]'' (2015), ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' (2017), ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018), ''[[Capmaari|Cap maari]]'' (2019) and ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Vaibhavi made her acting debut in the Marathi film ''Janiva'' (2015), a tale on social justice, which was noted for marking the debut of actor [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s son, Sathya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Janiva Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Janiva by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/janiva/movie-review/48374852.cms|access-date=2020-08-04}}</ref> Vaibhavi then featured amongst an ensemble cast including [[Vidya Balan]] in [[Bhagwan Dada]]'s biopic, ''[[Ekk Albela]]'' where she portrayed a Muslim girl called Shaheen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ekk-albela-14089.html |title=Movie review: Ekk Albela |website=filmfare.com |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/vaibhavi-shandilya-finds-a-prominent-role-in-ek-albela.html |title=Vaibhavi Shandilya finds a prominent role in 'Ek Albela' |website=ZEE Talkies |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412134239/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/vaibhavi-shandilya-finds-a-prominent-role-in-ek-albela.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, Vaibhavi appeared in an [[Egyptian Arabic]] film ''Gahem Fe El Hend'' as a dancer in a song. It was choreographed by famous Indian dance choreographer [[Vishnu Deva]]. Vaibhavi signed on to appear in two Tamil language films opposite [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] — ''[[Server Sundaram (upcoming film)|Server Sundaram]]'' and ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'', where the latter released in 2017 and the former remains unreleased.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-next-film-is-again-with-vaibhavi-shandilya-news-tamil-qkpoypidggjhe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220044219/http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-next-film-is-again-with-vaibhavi-shandilya-news-tamil-qkpoypidggjhe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2016 |title=Santhanam next film is again with Vaibhavi Shandilya ! |website=sify.com |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vaibhavi-to-debut-in-santhanams-next/article8318646.ece |title=Vaibhavi to debut in Santhanam's next |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Vaibhavi signed her third Tamil film opposite [[Gautham Karthik]] in ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' in 2018. she debuted kannada industry with [[Raj Vishnu]] and acted in the movie ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' opposite [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year || Film || Role || Language || Notes
|-
|2015 || ''[[Ekk Albela]]'' || Shaheen || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| Debut in [[Marathi cinema]]
|-
|2016 || ''Gahem Fe El Hend'' |||| [[Arabic]]|| Debut in [[Egyptian cinema]]; special appearance in the song "Tak Dhinna"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' || Yazhini || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Debut in [[Tamil cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Raj Vishnu]]'' || Lavanya || [[Kannada]]|| Debut in [[Kannada cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || Smita || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|-
|2018 || ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' || Thendral || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Capmaari]]''|| Jenny ||
|-
| 2022|| ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' || Shwetha || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| 2024|| ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]'' || Preeti ||
|-
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Channel
|-
|2019
|''Nisha''
|Nisha
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Chhatrasal (web series)|Chhatrasal]]''
|Devkunwari<ref name="MD">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=1 August 2021|title=Vaibhavi Shandilya on Devkunwari in 'Chhatrasal': It was really difficult; I had to do a lot of research|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/vaibhavi-shandilya-on-devkunwari-in-chhatrasal-it-was-really-difficult-i-had-to-do-a-lot-of-research-23185681|newspaper=Mid-day}}</ref>
|[[Hindi]]
|[[MX Player]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|6684659}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shandilya, Vaibhavi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Aitareya Upanishad

2026-02-27T00:04:45Z

KaleyCountryman: typo fix

{{short description|One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism}}
{{italics}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Aitareya Upanishad, Sanskrit, Rigveda, Devanagari script, 1865 CE manuscript.jpg
| caption = ''The Aitareya Upanishad'', is found embedded inside the Rigveda. Above: a manuscript page (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| name = Aitareya
| Devanagari = ऐतरेय
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Aitareya
| composition_date = 1st millennium BCE
| authors = Aitareya Mahidasa
| type = [[Mukhya Upanishad]]
| Veda = [[Rigveda]]
| Brahmana = [[Aitareya Brahmana]]
| Aranyaka = [[Aitareya Aranyaka]]
| philosophy = [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]], [[Brahman]]
| chapters = 3
| verses = 33
| commentary = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]]
| verse =[[Mahāvākyas#Prajñānam Brahma|"Prajñānam Brahma"]]
}}
{{Upanishads}}
The '''Aitareya Upanishad''' ({{langx|sa|ऐतरेयोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Aitareyopaniṣad}}) is a [[Mukhya Upanishads|Mukhya]] Upanishad, associated with the [[Rigveda]]. It comprises the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters of the second book of [[Aranyaka#Aitareya Aranyaka|Aitareya Aranyaka]], which is one of the four layers of Rig vedic text.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 7–14</ref>

Aitareya Upanishad discusses three philosophical themes: first, that the world and man is the creation of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Universal Self); second, the theory that the ''Atman'' undergoes threefold birth; third, that Consciousness is the essence of ''Atman''.<ref name=pauldeussen>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 13–20</ref>

==Chronology==
According to a 1998 review by [[Patrick Olivelle]] and other scholars, the Aitareya Upanishad was likely composed in a pre-[[Buddhist]] period, possibly 6th to 5th century BCE.<ref name="Olivelle1998p12">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4IRDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Phillips|title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14485-8|pages=28–30}}</ref>

==Discussion==
Aitareya Upanishad is a primary ancient [[Upanishad]], and is listed as number 8 in the [[Muktikā|Muktika]] canon of 108 Upanishads. Considered one of the middle Upanishads, the date of composition is not known but has been estimated by scholars to be sometime around 6th or 5th century BCE.<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}, pages 12–15</ref>

The Aitareya Upanishad is a short prose text, divided into three chapters, containing 33 verses.<ref>[[Max Muller]], [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n97/mode/2up The Aitareya Upanishad], The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages xcv-xcviii and 236–246</ref>

===First chapter===
In the first chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is asserted to have existed alone prior to the creation of the universe. It is this Atman, the Self or the Inner Self, that is then portrayed as the creator of everything from itself and nothing, through heat. The text states that the Atman created the universe in stages. First came four entities: space, ''maram'' (earth, stars), ''maricih'' (light-atom) and ''apas'' (ur-water, cosmic fluid).<ref name=pauldeussen/> After these came into existence, came the cosmic self and eight psyches and principles (speech, in-breathing, sight, hearing, skin/hair, mind, out-breathing, reproductivity). Atman then created eight guardians corresponding to these psyches and principles.<ref name=pauldeussen/> Then, asserts Aitareya Upanishad, came the connective principles of hunger and thirst, where everything became interdependent on everything else through the principle of ''apana'' (digestion). Thereafter came man, who could not exist without a sense of Self and Atman. But this sense then began cogitating on itself, saying that "I am more than my sensory organs, I am more than my mind, I am more than my reproductive ability", and then asked (abridged),

{{Quote|
कोऽहमिति

Who am I?
|Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 1, Hymn 11<ref name=pauldeussen/><ref>Max Muller translates this as "What am I?", see: [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/240/mode/2up Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6], The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 240–241; The complete hymn is: स ईक्षत कथं न्विदं मदृते स्यादिति स ईक्षत कतरेण प्रपद्या इति । स ईक्षत यदि वाचाऽभिव्याहृतं यदि प्राणेनाभिप्राणितं यदि चक्षुषा दृष्टं यदि श्रोत्रेण श्रुतं यदि त्वचा स्पृष्टं यदि मनसा ध्यातं यद्यपानेनाभ्यपानितं यदि शिश्नेन विसृष्टमथ '''कोऽहमिति''' ॥ ११ ॥ ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऐतरेयोपनिषद् Wikisource]</ref>}}

Paul Deussen summarizes the first chapter of Aitareya Upanishad as follows,

{{Quote|
The world as a creation, the Man as the highest manifestation of the Atman who is also named as the [[Brahman]] - this is the basic idea of this section.
|[[Paul Deussen]], Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 1<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, page 14</ref>}}

===Second chapter===
In the second chapter, Aitareya Upanishad asserts that the Atman in any man is born thrice: first, when a child is born (procreation); second, when the child has been cared for and loved to Selfhood where the child equals the parent; third, when the parent dies and the Atman transmigrates.<ref name=pauldeussen/> The overall idea of chapter 2 of Aitareya Upanishad is that it is procreation and nurturing of children that makes a man immortal, and the theory of rebirth, which are the means by which Atman sustainably persists in this universe.<ref name=pauldeussen/>

===Third Chapter===
The third chapter of Aitareya Upanishad discusses the nature of Atman. It declares that consciousness is what defines man, the source of all intellectual and moral theories, all gods, all living beings (man, animals, plants), all that there is. Then the Upanishad asserts that the key to the riddle of the Universe is one's own inner self.<ref name=pauldeussen/> To know the universe, know thyself. Become immortal, suggests the Aitareya Upanishad, by being you.<ref name=pauldeussen/>

Max Muller translates parts of the chapter as follows (abridged),<ref name=maxmuller245/>
{{Quote|
Who is he whom we meditate on as the Self? Which is the Self? 
(...) 
Everything are various names only of Knowledge (the true Self) 
Everything is led (produced) by knowledge. 
It rests on Knowledge. The world is led by Knowledge. Knowledge is its cause. 
Knowledge is Brahman.
|Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 3<ref name=maxmuller245>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/244/mode/2up Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6], The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 245–246</ref>}}

Aitareya Upanishad, like other Upanishads of Hinduism, asserts the existence of Consciousness as Atman, the Self or [[Brahman]]. It contains one of the most famous expressions of the Vedanta, "Prajnanam Brahma" (Knowledge is Brahman/god/divine/holy),<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n7/mode/2up Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad] Adi Shankara, pages 3–4</ref> which is one of the [[Mahāvākyas]].

==Sanskrit commentaries==
[[File:1593 CE, Adi Shankara bhasya Aitareya Upanishad, Varanasi Jain temple bhandara, Sanskrit, Devanagari, MS Add.2092.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A 1593 CE manuscript page of the ''Aitareya Upanishad'' with Adi Shankara's commentary. This Hindu manuscript was preserved by and found in a Jain temple ''bhandara'' in Varanasi.]]
Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older [[Upanishads|Upanishad]]s reviewed and commented upon in their respective ''Bhasyas'' by various ancient scholars such as [[Adi Shankara]] and [[Madhvacharya]]. Adi Shankara, for example, commented on Aitereya Upanishad, clarifying that some of his peer scholars have interpreted the hymns in a way that must be refuted. The first meaning, as follows, is incomplete and incorrect, states Shankara

{{Quote|
This is the true Brahman called ''Prana'' (Life force), this is the only God. All the ''Devas'' (Gods) are only the various manifestations of this ''Prana''. He who attains Oneness with this ''Prana'' attains the ''Devas''.
|Adi Shankara, Aitareya Upanishad Bhasya<ref name=adishankara>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n5/mode/2up Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad] Adi Shankara, pages 1–55</ref>}}

Adi Shankara then reminds the reader that the Aitereya Upanishad must be studied in its context, which starts with and states ''Atma va idam'' in hymn 1. It doesn't start with, nor does the text's context, mean that "I am alive, thus God". Rather, states Shankara, the context is abundantly clear that one must know, "Atman exists, I am consciousness, and that self-realization of one's Atman, its Oneness with Universal Self is the path to liberation and freedom. Know yourself. Worship yourself."<ref name=adishankara/> Adi Shankara then explains that rituals, sacrifices, merit-karma (worship) does not lead to liberation, the wise do not perform these and rituals such as ''Agnihotra'', they seek Atman and understanding of their own Being and their own Inner Self, and when one has achieved "Self-knowledge, full awareness of one's consciousness" does one achieve [[moksha]].<ref name=adishankara/>

==Translations==
The first{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} English translation was published in 1805 by [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebrooke]].<ref name=colebrook1858>See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), ''[https://archive.org/details/essaysonreligio01colegoog/page/n38  Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus]''. London: [[Williams and Norgate]]. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), ''On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus'', reprinted from Colebrooke's ''Asiatic Researches'', Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter.</ref> Other translators include Max Muller, Paul Deussen, Charles Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda, Sarvananda, Patrick Olivelle<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}</ref> and Bhānu Swami (with commentary of Śrī Raṅgarāmānujācārya).

==Authorship==
The author of the ''Aitareya Aranyaka'' and the ''Aitareya Upanishad'' has been historically credited to [[rishi]] Aitareya Mahidasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aitareya Aranyaka |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/hi/aranyakas/aitareyaranyaka/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Vedic Heritage Portal |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India |quote=The speculative thoughts... are established in this Aranyaka by Mahidasa Aitareya. Out of the five Aranyakas, first, second and third Aranyaka are attributed to Mahidasa Aitareya.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource}}
{{wikisourcelang|sa|ऐतरेयोपनिषद्|Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/aitareya-upanishad/ Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/156/mode/2up Aitareya Aranyaka with Aitareya Upanishad embedded inside] Max Muller. The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press
*[http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/aitareya_upanishad.php Aitareya Upanishad] Another archive of Nikhilānanda translation
*[http://www.sriaurobindoashram.info/Contents.aspx?ParentCategoryName=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-01%20Works%20of%20Sri%20Aurobindo/-12_The%20Upanishad_Volume-12 Aitareya]. [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. 1972.

{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Geography of Mizoram

2026-02-26T11:12:04Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Geography of the Indian state of Mizoram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox place geography
| name = Mizoram
| image name = Reiek Tlang Mamit Mizoram.jpg
| image size = 300
| image caption = Hills of Mamit district
| image alt = Rolling hills covered with green forests in Mamit district, Mizoram
| map =
| map size =
| map_alt =
| continent = Asia
| region = Northeast India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1645|N|92.9376|E|region:IN-MZ_type:adm1st|display=inline}}
| area ranking = 24th in India
| km area = 21087
| miles area = 8139
| percent land = 92
| percent water = 8
| km coastline = 0
| miles coastline = 0
| exclusive economic zone =
| borders = [[Bangladesh]] (318 km), [[Myanmar]] (404 km), [[Assam]] (123 km), [[Manipur]] (95 km), [[Tripura]] (66 km)
| highest point = [[Phawngpui|Phawngpui Tlang]] (2,210 m)
| lowest point = [[Tlawng River|Tlawng Valley]] (50 m)
| longest river = [[Chimtuipui River|Chimtuipui (Kaladan)]] (159 km)
| largest lake = [[Palak Dil|Palak Lake]] (30 ha)
| climate = Subtropical, monsoon-influenced
| terrain = Hilly, forested, with valleys and rivers
| natural resources = Bamboo, timber, hydropower potential
| natural hazards = Earthquakes, landslides, floods
| environmental issues = Deforestation, soil erosion, jhum cultivation impacts
}}

'''Mizoram''', a state in Northeast India, is characterized by rolling hills, valleys, rivers, and lakes, forming a diverse and rugged landscape. With 21 major hill ranges of varying heights running north-south, the state is predominantly mountainous, interspersed with scattered plains. The average elevation of hills in the west is approximately {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=off}}, rising to {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=off}} in the east, with some peaks exceeding {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="mizoram_nic">{{cite web |title=Mountains in Mizoram |url=http://mizoram.nic.in/about/hill.htm |website=mizoram.nic.in |publisher=Government of Mizoram |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> Known for its biodiversity, rivers, and cultural significance, Mizoram’s geography shapes its climate, economy, and tourism.<ref name="mizoram_tourism">{{cite web |title=Mizoram |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/page/mizoram |website=Mizoram Tourism Department |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Landscape ==
[[File:Reiek Tlang Mamit Mizoram.jpg|thumb|300px|Hills of Mamit district]]
Mizoram’s terrain is shaped by the collision of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates, resulting in a folded, north-south hill system with perpendicular faults.<ref name="pachuau2009">{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Rintluanga |title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC |year=2009 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-264-6 |page=25}}</ref> The state lies in India’s highest seismic zone (Zone V), experiencing frequent earthquakes. Notable events include a 4.3 magnitude quake near Kolasib on 19 April 2011 and a 6.4 magnitude quake on 4 February 2011.<ref name="virthli">{{cite web |title=Quake measuring 4.3 on Richter scale jolts Mizoram |url=http://virthli.com/2011/04/20/quake-measuring-4-3-on-richter-scale-jolts-mizoram/ |website=Virthli |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718145041/http://virthli.com/2011/04/20/quake-measuring-4-3-on-richter-scale-jolts-mizoram/ |archive-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> More recently, a 5.2 magnitude earthquake struck Champhai district on 12 January 2025, highlighting ongoing seismic activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Earthquake of 5.2 magnitude hits Mizoram’s Champhai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-of-5-2-magnitude-hits-mizoram-s-champhai-101704756239781.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
The geological structure comprises sedimentary rocks from the Surma (Middle Bhuban Formation), Barail, and Tipam groups, with alluvium in riverbeds containing argillaceous and arenaceous sandstones, shale, siltstones, mudstones, and greywacke.<ref name="verticalnews">{{cite web |title=Researchers at Mizoram University release new data on geology |url=http://www.verticalnews.com/newsletters/Journal-of-India/2008-03-31/67596JI.html |website=Vertical News |date=31 March 2008 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> A 560 m thick Middle Bhuban rock succession between Bawngkawn and Durtlang, showing seven normal and seven reverse magneto-strata, dates to approximately 20 million years old.<ref name="verticalnews"/> These rocks are weak, weathered, and prone to landslides, especially during monsoons, due to high slopes and seismic activity.<ref name="pachuau2009"/> Locally, soft black-to-grey rock is used for building materials and low-traffic roads. Soils are typically sandy loam and clay loam, heavily leached, porous, and low in minerals and humus.<ref name="pachuau2009"/>
No economically significant minerals are present, though clay, sand, and gravel deposits occur in riverbeds like the Tlawng.<ref name="mizoram_nic"/> Mizoram’s geological conditions have spurred oil and gas exploration, with international companies from France, Russia, and Cyprus signing agreements in 2009 for a 12% oil and 10% gas royalty to the state, though no major reserves have been confirmed as of 2025.<ref name="pachuau2009"/>
== Mountain Ranges ==
Mizoram’s 21 hill ranges form a rugged backbone, with notable peaks including:
[[Phawngpui|Phawngpui Tlang]] (Blue Mountain), the highest peak at {{convert|2210|m|ft|abbr=off}}, in [[Saiha District]], known for its biodiversity and tourism.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

[[Lengteng]], at {{convert|2141|m|ft|abbr=off}}, a significant peak in eastern Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountains of Mizoram |url=http://mizohican.blogspot.com/2007/02/chp-110-mizoram-statistics.html |website=Mizohican |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

[[Mawma]], at {{convert|2050|m|ft|abbr=off}}, in central Mizoram.

[[Surtlang]], at {{convert|1967|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountains in Mizoram |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/120137/8/08_chapter%202.pdf |website=Shodhganga |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

[[Hmuifang]], at {{convert|1619|m|ft|abbr=off}}, near [[Lunglei]], with virgin forests preserved since Mizo chieftain times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hmuifang Tourist Resort |url=https://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/hmuifang-tourist-resort |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

[[Reiek]], at {{convert|1465|m|ft|abbr=off}}, in [[Mamit District]], offering views of [[Aizawl]] and Bangladesh plains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reiek |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/67 |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

[[Sakawrhmutuai]], at {{convert|1535|m|ft|abbr=off}}, a tourism hub in Mamit District with a proposed skywalk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakawrhmuituai Hills |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/68 |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

Other notable peaks include Lurhtlang ({{convert|1935|m|ft|abbr=off}}), Tan Tlang ({{convert|1837|m|ft|abbr=off}}), and Chalhfilh Tlang ({{convert|1865|m|ft|abbr=off}}).<ref name="mizoram_nic"/>

== Rivers ==
Mizoram’s rivers, flowing through steep valleys, are vital for agriculture, hydropower, and connectivity. Major rivers include:
[[Chimtuipui River|Chimtuipui]] (Kaladan), originating in Myanmar’s Chin State, flows through [[Saiha]] and [[Lawngtlai]] districts, supporting southern Mizoram’s drainage.<ref name="pachuau2009"/>

[[Tlawng River|Tlawng]] (Dhaleswari in Assam), flowing through [[Aizawl]], joins the [[Barak River]]. Tributaries include the [[Tut River|Tut]], [[Teirei River|Teirei]], and Ngashih.<ref name="pachuau2009"/>

[[Tuirial River|Tuirial]], impounded by the [[Tuirial Dam]], flows northwards in Aizawl District.<ref name="lalhriatpuii2010">{{cite book |author=Lalhriatpuii |title=Economic Participation of Women in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JF_LzD2Q8DUC |year=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-665-7 |page=11}}</ref>

[[Tuivawl River|Tuivawl]], joining the Barak River in Assam’s [[Cachar District]].<ref name="pachuau2009"/>

[[Tiau River|Tiau]], a 159 km international boundary river between India and Myanmar.<ref name="pachuau2009"/>

[[Khawthlangtuipui River|Khawthlangtuipui]] (Karnaphuli), draining southwestern Mizoram, with a length of 128 km.<ref name="mizoram_rivers">{{cite web |title=Main Rivers of Mizoram |url=http://mizoram.nic.in/about/river.htm |website=mizoram.nic.in |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

Smaller rivers include [[Tuichang]] (120.75 km), [[Tuichawng]] (107.87 km), [[Mat River, Mizoram|Mat]] (90.16 km), [[Tuirini]] (54.5 km), and [[Serlui River|Serlui]] (56.33 km, impounded by [[Serlui B Dam]]).<ref name="pachuau2009"/><ref name="mizoram_rivers"/>

== Lakes ==
Mizoram’s lakes, often formed by tectonic or natural events, are significant for tourism and folklore:
[[Palak Dil|Palak Lake]], the largest in Mizoram, covers {{convert|30|ha|acre|abbr=off}} in Saiha District. Believed to have formed from an earthquake or flood, locals claim a submerged village lies beneath.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

[[Tam Dil|Tam Lake]], 85 km from Aizawl, is a natural lake named “Lake of Mustard Plant” due to a legend involving a giant mustard plant. It is a popular tourist resort.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

[[Rih Dil|Rih Lake]], located in Myanmar near the India-Myanmar border, is culturally significant, believed to be a passage for departed souls to [[Pialral]] (Mizo heaven).<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

== Waterfalls ==
Mizoram’s waterfalls enhance its tourism appeal:
[[Vantawng Falls]], 5 km south of [[Thenzawl]] in [[Serchhip District]], is a two-tiered waterfall with a height of 228.6 m, the tallest in Mizoram.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

[[Tuirihiau Falls]], near Thenzawl, is unique for its cave-like arc, allowing visitors to view it from behind.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

== Climate ==
Mizoram has a mild, subtropical climate due to its elevation and location. Temperatures range from 11°C to 21°C in winter (November–February) and 20°C to 30°C in summer (March–May). The monsoon season (June–September) brings heavy rainfall, averaging 250 cm annually, contributing to landslides and lush vegetation.<ref name="pachuau2009"/> The state’s climate supports biodiversity and agriculture, including rice, anthurium, and grape cultivation.<ref name="assamtribune2025">{{cite web |title=Mizoram to promote high quality wine using local produce |url=https://assamtribune.com/mizoram/mizoram-to-promote-high-quality-wine-using-local-produce-to-boost-economy-1560588 |website=The Assam Tribune |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
== Biodiversity ==
Mizoram’s forests cover approximately 85% of its 21,081 km² area, hosting diverse flora and fauna.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/> Key ecosystems include tropical moist deciduous, subtropical broad-leaved, and montane forests. Notable species include:
Flora: Bamboo, anthurium, orchids, and temperate trees like Michelia champaca.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/>

Fauna: Hoolock gibbon, barking deer, sambar, clouded leopard, and birds like the Peregrine falcon and Mrs. Hume’s pheasant.<ref name="kahanchale">{{cite web |title=Reiek Tourism 2025 |url=https://www.kahanchale.com/city/reiek |website=Kahan Chale |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
Protected areas include [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]], [[Murlen National Park]], and [[Phawngpui National Park]], supporting conservation efforts.<ref name="mizoram_tourism"/> The state’s 2025–2026 budget funds reforestation and wildlife protection.<ref name="hindu2025">{{cite web |title=Mizoram Government presents ₹15,198 crore budget |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-government-presents-1519876-crore-budget-allocates-75-more-in-flagship-scheme/article67909961.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Natural Resources and Economy ==
Mizoram’s economy relies on agriculture (e.g., rice, grapes, anthurium) and tourism, driven by its natural beauty.<ref name="assamtribune2025"/> Hydropower potential from rivers like Tuirial and Serlui is harnessed through dams, supporting energy needs.<ref name="lalhriatpuii2010"/> While oil and gas exploration continues, no significant reserves have been confirmed as of 2025.<ref name="pachuau2009"/> Recent infrastructure, including the [[Bairabi–Sairang line]] (operational 2025), enhances connectivity, boosting tourism and trade.<ref name="TOI2025">{{cite web |title=Inspection of Mizoram’s Bairabi-Sairang rail tracks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/inspection-of-mizorams-bairabi-sairang-rail-tracks-likely-in-may/articleshow/119314500.cms |website=The Times of India |date=21 March 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Geography of India]]
* [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]]
* [[Phawngpui National Park]]
* [[Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Mizoram}}
[[Category:Geography of Mizoram| ]]

New Haven, Connecticut

2026-02-19T00:09:44Z

KaleyCountryman: expanded content

{{Redirect|New Haven}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Haven
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Connecticut|City]]
| nickname = The Elm City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image_style = border:1;
|perrow = 1/2/3/1
|image1 = New Haven, Connecticut skyline (cropped).jpg
|caption1 = [[Downtown New Haven|Downtown]]
|image2 = East Rock from SSS Hall, October 17, 2008.jpg
|caption2 = [[East Rock Park]]
|image3 = New Haven Green with Center Church.jpg
|caption3 = [[New Haven Green]]
|image4 = Upper State4.jpg
|caption4 = [[Upper State Street Historic District|Upper State Street]]
|image5 = Five Mile Point Lighthouse (CT).jpg
|caption5 = [[Five Mile Point Light]]
|image6 = Harkness Tower, high contrast.jpg
|caption6 = [[Harkness Tower]]
|image7 = Connecticut Hall, Yale University.jpg
|caption7 = [[Connecticut Hall]] at [[Yale University]]
}}
| image_seal = New Haven Seal.png
| image_flag = NewHavenCTflag.png
| seal_size = 90px
| imagesize = 290px
| flag_size = 120px
| image_blank_emblem = New Haven Wordmark.png
| blank_emblem_size = 80px
| blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]]
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:New Haven County Connecticut Incorporated and Unincorporated areas New Haven Highlighted.svg|250px|frameless|alt=New Haven's location within New Haven County and Connecticut]]| [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven County]] and Connecticut|[[File:South Central Connecticut incorporated and unincorporated areas New Haven highlighted.svg|250px|frameless|alt=New Haven's location within the South Central Connecticut Planning Region and the state of Connecticut]]| [[South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut|South Central Connecticut Planning Region]] and Connecticut|default=1}}
| image_map1 = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=270|frame-height=200|frame-coord=SWITCH:{{coord|qid=Q49145}}###{{coord|qid=Q779}}###{{coord|41|18|30|N|72|55|30|W}}|zoom=SWITCH:10;6;3|type=SWITCH:shape-inverse;point;point|marker=city|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|id2=SWITCH:Q49145;Q779;Q30|type2=shape|fill2=#ffffff|fill-opacity2=SWITCH:0;0.1;0.1|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|stroke-opacity2=SWITCH:0;1;1|switch=New Haven;Connecticut;the United States}}
| established_title = Settled (town)
| established_date = April 3, 1638
| established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date2 = 1784
| established_title3 = Consolidated
| established_date3 = 1895
| named_for = Natural harbor
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = U.S. state
| subdivision_name1 = [[Connecticut]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[County (United States)|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Haven County, Connecticut|New Haven]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Councils of governments in Connecticut|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut|South Central Connecticut]]
|| government_type = [[Mayor-council|Mayor–board of aldermen]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Justin Elicker]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_km2 = 52.15
| area_land_km2 = 48.41
| area_water_km2 = 3.74
| area_total_sq_mi = 20.13
| area_land_sq_mi = 18.69
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.44
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web |title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_09.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321092545/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_09.txt |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 134023
| population_urban = 561456 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 77th]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 727.4
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 1,884.0
| population_metro = 576718 ([[Metropolitan statistical area|US: 100th]])
| population_density_km2 = 2768.5
| population_note =
| population_demonym = New Havener
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| elevation_m = 18
| elevation_ft = 59
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:US-CT_type:city|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_codes = [[Area codes 203 and 475|203/475]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 09-52000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0209231
| blank2_name = Airport
| blank2_info = [[Tweed New Haven Airport]]
| blank3_name = Major highways
| blank3_info = [[File:I-95.svg|25px|link=Interstate 95 in Connecticut]] [[File:I-91.svg|25px|link=Interstate 91]] [[File:Connecticut Highway 15.svg|25px|link=Connecticut Route 15]]
| blank4_name = Commuter rail
| blank4_info = [[File:Amtrak logo 2.svg|25px|link=Amtrak]] [[File:Hartford Line Transparent.png|25px|link=CT Rail]] [[File:MTA NYC logo.svg|25px|link=New Haven Line]]
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 06501–06540
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="NHQuickFacts">{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=QuickFacts - New Haven city, Connecticut; United States |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newhavencityconnecticut,US/PST045224 |website=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts}}</ref>
| population_est = 137,562
| website = {{URL|www.newhavenct.gov}}
}}

'''New Haven''' is a city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Connecticut]]. It is located on [[New Haven Harbor]] on the northern shore of [[Long Island Sound]]. With a population of 134,023 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newhavencityconnecticut/POP010220#POP010220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211003129/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newhavencityconnecticut/POP010220#POP010220 |archive-date=February 11, 2022 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New Haven city, Connecticut }}</ref> it is the [[List of municipalities in Connecticut|third-most populous city]] in Connecticut and the largest in the [[South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut|South Central Connecticut Planning Region]], with the [[Greater New Haven]] metropolitan area having an estimated 577,000 residents.<ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2024 |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=March 13, 2025 |access-date=March 13, 2025 }}</ref>

New Haven was one of the first [[Planned community|planned cities]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/11/planned-cities-from-space/ |title=Strange, Beautiful, and Unexpected: Planned Cities Seen From Space |last=Mason |first=Betsy |magazine=WIRED |access-date=January 21, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184435/https://www.wired.com/2012/11/planned-cities-from-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Architecture and Town Planning in Coastal Connecticut |last=Garvan |first=Anthony |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1951 |location=New Haven, CT |page=41 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=Molly |title=The Failure of America's First City Plan: Why New Haven, the Colonies'First Planned City, Would Have Been Better Left Unplanned |journal=Urban Lawyer |date=2014 |volume=46 |page=507 |ssrn=2557690 }}</ref> A year after its founding by English [[Puritan]]s in 1638, eight streets were laid out in a three-by-three [[Grid plan|grid]], creating the "Nine Square Plan".<ref name="nhtowngreen">{{cite web |url=http://www.towngreens.com/exhibits/index.cgi/2/index.html |title=New Haven: The Elm City |publisher=Town Greens |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720033127/http://www.towngreens.com/exhibits/index.cgi/2/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The central common block is [[New Haven Green|the New Haven Green]], a {{convert|16|acre|ha|0|adj=on}} square at the center of [[Downtown New Haven]]. The Green is now a [[National Historic Landmark]], and the "Nine Square Plan" is recognized by the [[American Planning Association]] as a National Planning Landmark.<ref name="National Planning Landmark Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.planning.org/awards/landmarks.htm#Connecticut |title=National Planning Landmark Award |publisher=American Planning Association |access-date=March 4, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201206/https://www.planning.org/awards/landmarks.htm#Connecticut |archive-date=March 5, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newhavenct.gov/news/displaynews.htm?NewsID=237&TargetID=1 |title=News Details |publisher=New Haven, CT |date=July 24, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810174813/https://www.newhavenct.gov/news/displaynews.htm?NewsID=237&TargetID=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Haven is the home of [[Yale University]], New Haven's biggest taxpayer and employer,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/onhsa/about_YaleNH.htm |title=Office of New Haven and State Affairs > About Yale and New Haven |publisher=Yale University |date=April 15, 2003 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907184503/http://www.yale.edu/onhsa/about_YaleNH.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2011 }}</ref> and an integral part of the city's economy. Health care, professional and financial services, and retail trade also contribute to the city's economic activity.

The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 to 1873, when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]. New Haven has since billed itself as the "Cultural Capital of Connecticut" for its many theaters, museums, and music venues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/06/travel/escapes/06trip.html |title=In New Haven, Art Almost Everywhere You Look |date=April 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |first=Maura J. |last=Casey |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080433/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/06/travel/escapes/06trip.html |url-status=live }}</ref> New Haven had the first public tree planting program in the U.S., producing a canopy of mature trees (including some large [[elm]]s) that gave the city the nickname "The Elm City".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |title=They're Putting The "Elm" Back In "Elm City" |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710234844/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-colonial foundation as an independent colony ===
Before Europeans arrived, the New Haven area was the home of the [[Quinnipiac]] tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the harbor and sustained an economy of local fisheries and the farming of maize. The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer [[Adriaen Block]] in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of [[beaver]] pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in the area.
[[File:Atwater1881 p10 Map New Haven in 1641.jpg|thumb|left|The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant [[New Haven Green]] at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown.]]

In 1637, a small party of Puritans did a reconnaissance of the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans, who had left the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] under the leadership of Reverend [[John Davenport (Puritan)|John Davenport]] and London merchant [[Theophilus Eaton]], sailed into the harbor. It was their hope to set up a theological community with the government more closely linked to the church than that in Massachusetts, and to exploit the area's potential as a port. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring [[Pequot people|Pequots]], sold their land to the settlers in return for a pledge of protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Haven's History {{!}} New Haven, CT |url=https://www.newhavenct.gov/government/about-new-haven/new-haven-s-history |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=www.newhavenct.gov |language=en |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045417/https://www.newhavenct.gov/government/about-new-haven/new-haven-s-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Wikisource|Government of New Haven Colony}}
[[File:Theophilus Eaton house in New Haven.png|thumb|right|House of New Haven Founder [[Theophilus Eaton]] as it stood at Orange and Elm streets in the 17th century]]

By 1640, "Quinnipiac's" [[theocracy|theocratic]] government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the [[New England town|town]] was renamed New Haven, with '[[wiktionary:haven#Etymology|haven]]' meaning harbor or port. However, the area to the north remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]. The settlement became the headquarters of the [[New Haven Colony]], distinct from the [[Connecticut Colony]] previously established to the north centering on [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]. Reflecting its theocratic roots, the New Haven Colony forbade the establishment of other churches, whereas the Connecticut Colony permitted them.

Economic disaster struck New Haven in 1646, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of local goods (the "Great Shippe") back to England. It never reached its destination, and its disappearance hindered New Haven's development as compared to the rising trade powers of [[Boston]] and [[New Amsterdam]] (modern day New York City).

In 1660, Colony founder John Davenport's wishes were fulfilled, and [[Hopkins School]] was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of [[Edward Hopkins]].

In 1661, the [[Regicide of Charles I of England|Regicides]] who had signed the death warrant of [[Charles I of England]] were pursued by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Two of them, Colonel [[Edward Whalley]] and Colonel [[William Goffe]], fled to New Haven for refuge. Davenport arranged for them to hide in the [[West Rock]] hills northwest of the town. A third judge, [[John Dixwell]], later joined the others. None of the three were ever returned to England for trial; Dixwell died of old age in New Haven, the others likewise elsewhere in New England.

=== As part of the Connecticut Colony ===
[[File:New Haven 1786.jpeg|thumb|right|New Haven as it appeared in a 1786 engraving]]
[[File:Second meeting house, new haven, ct.png|thumb|right|upright|Second meeting house on the New Haven Green, as it stood from 1670 to 1757]]

In 1664, New Haven became part of the Connecticut Colony when the two colonies were merged under political pressure from England. Seeking to establish a new theocracy elsewhere, some members of the New Haven Colony went on to establish [[Newark, New Jersey]].

New Haven was made co-capital of Connecticut in 1701, a status it retained until 1873.

In 1716, the Collegiate School relocated from [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Old Saybrook]] to New Haven, establishing it as a center of learning. In 1718, in response to a large donation from [[East India Company]] merchant [[Elihu Yale]], former Governor of [[Madras]], the Collegiate School was renamed [[Yale University|Yale College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schiff |first1=Judith |title=A Brief History of Yale |url=https://guides.library.yale.edu/yalehistory#:~:text=In%201718%2C%20when%20wealthy%20London,college%20was%20named%20Yale%20College. |website=Yale University Library |publisher=Yale University |access-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808074347/https://guides.library.yale.edu/yalehistory#:~:text=In%201718%2C%20when%20wealthy%20London,college%20was%20named%20Yale%20College. |url-status=live }}</ref>

For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, including the [[French and Indian War]]. As the [[American Revolution]] approached, General [[David Wooster]] and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British parliament]] could be resolved short of rebellion. On April 23, 1775, Captain [[Benedict Arnold]] commanded the Second Company, [[Governor's Foot Guard]], of New Haven to break into the powder house to arm themselves for a three-day march to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], an event still celebrated in New Haven as [[Powder House Day]]. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort [[George Washington]] from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.

On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General [[William Tryon]], governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and [[Tryon's raid|raided]] the town of 3,500. A militia of Yale students had been preparing for battle, and former Yale president and [[Yale Divinity School]] professor [[Naphtali Daggett]] rode out to confront the Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun.<ref>Freeman, Joanne B., "The American Revolution," lecture 15, Open Yale course</ref> New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] in 1777, or [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] a week after the New Haven raid, preserving many of the town's colonial features.

=== Post-colonial period and industrialization ===

New Haven was incorporated as a city in 1784, and [[Roger Sherman]], one of the signers of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] and author of the "[[Connecticut Compromise]]", became the new city's first mayor.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"| '''Towns created from the original New Haven Colony<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314164126/http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm |url-status=dead |title=Connecticut Register and Manual |archive-date=March 14, 2008 }}</ref>'''
|-
! ''New town''
! ''Split from''
! ''Incorporated''
|-
| [[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]]
| New Haven
| 1670
|-
| [[Cheshire, Connecticut|Cheshire]]
| Wallingford
| 1780
|-
| [[Meriden, Connecticut|Meriden]]
| Wallingford
| 1806
|-
| [[Branford, Connecticut|Branford]]
| New Haven
| 1685
|-
| [[North Branford, Connecticut|North Branford]]
| Branford
| 1831
|-
| [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]]
| New Haven and [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]]
| 1784
|-
| [[Bethany, Connecticut|Bethany]]
| Woodbridge
| 1832
|-
| [[East Haven, Connecticut|East Haven]]
| New Haven
| 1785
|-
| [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]
| New Haven
| 1786
|-
| [[North Haven, Connecticut|North Haven]]
| New Haven
| 1786
|-
| [[Orange, Connecticut|Orange]]
| New Haven and [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]]
| 1822
|-
| [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]]
| Orange
| 1921
|}[[File:Harbor and long Wharf, from Depot Tower, New Haven, by Whitney, Beckwith & Paradice.png|thumb|left|New Haven's harbor and long wharf as seen from Depot Tower, {{circa|1849}}]]

The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of [[Eli Whitney]], a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the [[milling machine|cotton gin]] and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]] town line. That area is still known as [[Whitneyville, Connecticut|Whitneyville]], and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the [[Eli Whitney Museum]], which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the [[A. C. Gilbert Company]]. His factory, along with that of [[Simeon North]], and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as "The Arsenal of America". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that [[Samuel Colt]] invented the [[revolver|automatic revolver]] in 1836. Many other talented machinists and firearms designers would go on to found successful firearms manufacturing companies in New Haven, including [[Oliver Winchester]] and [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons]].

The [[Farmington Canal]], created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to [[Northampton, Massachusetts]].

New Haven was to be the site of the first college for African Americans in the United States, but the plan was obstructed by efforts led by Yale [[Law School]] founder and former New Haven Mayor [[David Daggett]], who went on to serve as a U.S. Senator and judge on Connecticut's highest court. Daggett denigrated African Americans, denied they were citizens, and presided over the trial of a woman persecuted for trying to admit an African American girl to her boarding school and, having that effort blocked, running a boarding school for African American girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/daggett.html |title=David Daggett |publisher=Yaleslavery.org |date= |access-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320072324/http://yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/daggett.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning [[Antislavery Movement In America|anti-slavery movement]] when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering [[Mende people|Mende tribesmen]] being transported as slaves on the Spanish [[slaveship]] ''[[La Amistad|Amistad]]'' was held in [[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut|New Haven's United States District Court]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title=Unidentified Young Man |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=1839–1840 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927124613/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a [[Amistad memorial (New Haven)|statue]] of [[Joseph Cinqué]], the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See "Museums" below for more information. [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/ |title=The History Place presents Abraham Lincoln |access-date=March 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312232200/http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/ |archive-date=March 12, 2010 }}</ref> shortly before he secured the [[1860 Republican National Convention|Republican nomination for President]].

The [[American Civil War]] boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company#Predecessors|New Haven Arms Company]], which would later become the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]]. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011903278.html?nav=most_emailed |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Out With A Bang |first=Stephen |last=Hunter |date=January 20, 2006 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011903278.html?nav=most_emailed |url-status=live }}</ref> After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are [[Italian-American]]. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of [[American Jews|Jewish]] life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire. [[Lowell House (New Haven, Connecticut)|Lowell House]], the city's first [[settlement movement|settlement]], opened in 1900.<ref name="Stokes-1946">{{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Anson Phelps |title=The Early History of Lowell House, First New Haven Social Settlement |date=1946 |publisher=Pub. for Farnum-Neighborhood house, successor of Lowell house |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gvZAAAAMAAJ&q=lowell+house+new+haven |access-date=April 30, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930113248/https://books.google.com/books?id=_gvZAAAAMAAJ&q=lowell+house+new+haven |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-industrial era and urban redevelopment ===

New Haven's expansion continued during the two World Wars, with most new inhabitants being African Americans from the [[Southern United States|American South]], and [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]]. The city reached its peak population after [[World War II]]. The area of New Haven is only {{convert|17|sqmi|km2|0}}, encouraging further development of new housing after 1950 in adjacent, suburban towns. Moreover, as in other U.S. cities in the [[United States in the 1950s|1950s]], New Haven began to suffer [[white flight]] of middle-class workers. One author suggested that aggressive [[redlining]] and rezoning made it difficult for residents to obtain financing for older, deteriorating urban housing stock, thereby condemning such structures to deterioration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |title=City: Urbanism and Its End (The Institution for Social and Policy St) – Department of Political Science |website=politicalscience.yale.edu |access-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529102003/http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=Non-free source cited; additional source needed to support this assertion}}

In 1954, then-mayor [[Richard C. Lee]] began some of the earliest major [[urban renewal]] projects in the United States. Certain sections of [[downtown New Haven]] were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes.<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019193231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |magazine=Time |title=CITIES: Forward Look in Connecticut |date=June 24, 1957 |access-date=May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other parts of the city, particularly the Wooster Square and [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]] neighborhoods were affected by the construction of [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]] along the Long Wharf section, [[Interstate 91]], and the [[Oak Street Connector]]. The Oak Street Connector ([[Connecticut Route 34|Route 34]]), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and [[The Hill (New Haven)|The Hill]] neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

In 1970, a [[New Haven Black Panther trials|series of criminal prosecutions]] against various members of the [[Black Panther Party]] took place in New Haven, inciting mass protests on the New Haven Green involving twelve thousand demonstrators and many well-known [[New Left]] political activists. (See "Political Culture" below for more information). From the 1960s through the early 1990s, some areas of New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of population despite attempts to resurrect certain neighborhoods through renewal projects. In conjunction with its declining population, New Haven experienced a steep rise in its [[crime rate]].

Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In addition, two new supermarkets opened to serve downtown's growing residential population: a Stop and Shop opened just west of downtown, while Elm City Market, located one block from the Green, opened in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |work=The New York Times |title=Commercial Property/Connecticut; Downtown New Haven's Multifaceted Rehabilitation |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=September 29, 2002 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701025212/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.<ref name="Charles">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |work=The New York Times |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=April 3, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=LIVING IN/Downtown New Haven; An Infusion of Energy in Yale's Backyard |archive-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608041915/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0 |title=/ House & Home – Downtown on an upturn |publisher=Ft.com |date=January 22, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608173734/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |work=The New York Times |title=On Renewing New Haven |first=Lisa |last=Prevost |date=January 21, 2007 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512184323/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called [[360 State Street]]. The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |title=360 State Street | New York Construction | McGraw-Hill Construction |publisher=New York Construction |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929133445/http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park [[Farmington Canal Trail]] is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329220946/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref> Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Q Bridge]], has begun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906105611/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |url-status=dead |title=New Haven Register – Serving Greater New Haven, CT |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 7, 2021 }}</ref> The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the [[New Haven Coliseum]], which was demolished in 2007.

In April 2009, the [[United States Supreme Court]] agreed to [[Ricci v. DeStefano|hear a suit]] over [[reverse discrimination]] brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no [[African American|black]] firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent ''[[Ricci v. DeStefano]]'' decision the court found 5–4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Standler |first=Ronald |date=May 30, 2009 |url=http://www.rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |title=Full Text of Judicial Opinions in ''Ricci v. DeStefano'' |work=[[personal website]] |access-date=June 6, 2009 |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014235716/http://rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.<ref>"New Haven Firefighter Should Have Intervened In Ricci Suit." ''Connecticut Law Tribune'' (2010).</ref>

In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the [[Hartford Line]], with a southern terminus at New Haven's [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] and a northern terminus at [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield's]] Union Station.<ref name="nhhsrail.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |title=New Haven – Hartford – Springfield Rail Project |publisher=Nhhsrail.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032221/http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[White House]], "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the [[Northeast Corridor]] and [[Vermont]]. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the [[Knowledge Corridor]] in [[western Massachusetts]], improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |title=Fact Sheet: High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program: Northeast Region | The White House |date=January 28, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121104613/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be [[Montreal]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/market_news/article.jsp?content=D9M1KRP00 |title=News & Markets |publisher=CanadianBusiness.com |access-date=September 28, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> Train speeds between will reportedly exceed {{convert|110|mph}} and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |title=110 Mph | Progressive Policy Institute |publisher=Progressivefix.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211401/http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |archive-date=March 20, 2012 }}</ref>

=== Timeline of notable firsts ===
{{see also|Yale – New Haven Hospital#Milestones in medicine}}
*1638: New Haven becomes the first planned city in America.
*1776: Yale student David Bushnell invents the first American [[submarine]].
*1787: [[John Fitch (inventor)|John Fitch]] builds the first [[steamboat]].
*1836: [[Samuel Colt]] invents the [[automatic revolver]] in Whitney's [[Eli Whitney Museum|factory]].
*1839: [[Charles Goodyear]] of New Haven discovers the process of [[vulcanizing]] rubber in [[Woburn, Massachusetts]], and later perfects it and patents the process in nearby [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techcorr.com/about/Clients/index.cfm |title=TechCorr's Clients Top 100 |publisher=Techcorr.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628082927/http://www.techcorr.com/about/Clients/index.cfm |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1860: Philios P. Blake patents the first corkscrew.
*1877: New Haven hosts the first [[Bell System|Bell]] [[PSTN]] (telephone) switch office.
*1878–1880: The District Telephone Company of New Haven creates the world's first [[telephone exchange]] and the first [[telephone directory]] and installs the first public phone. The company expanded and became the Connecticut Telephone Company, then the [[Southern New England Telephone Company]] (now part of [[AT&T Inc.|AT&T]]).<ref name="NPSTele">{{cite web |last1=National Park Services |title=Site of the First Telephone Exchange |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm |website=National Park Services |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028094111/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1882: The [[Knights of Columbus]] are founded in New Haven. The city still serves as the world [[Knights of Columbus Building (New Haven, Connecticut)|headquarters]] of the organization, which maintains a museum downtown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165402/http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/anniversary/historical/index4.html |url-status=dead |title=Knights of Columbus Home |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Kofc.org }}</ref>
*1892: Local confectioner George C. Smith of the Bradley Smith Candy Co. invents the first [[lollipop]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/1632_Business_New_Haven.html |title=UNH Workshop Aims To Toughen Firms |website=Conntact.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201150357/http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/1632_Business_New_Haven.html |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Late 19th century-early 20th century: The first public tree planting program takes place in New Haven, at the urging of native [[James Hillhouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |title=They're Putting The "Elm" Back In "Elm City" |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710234844/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1900: Louis Lassen, owner of [[Louis' Lunch]], is credited with inventing the [[hamburger]], as well as the [[steak sandwich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |title=Connecticut: Louis' Lunch (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots – Library of Congress) |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630052938/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1911: The [[Erector Set]], the popular and culturally important construction toy, is invented in New Haven by [[Alfred Carlton Gilbert|A.C. Gilbert]]. It was manufactured by the A. C. Gilbert Company at [[Erector Square]] from 1913 until the company's bankruptcy in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/-gilbert-project/-man/a-c-gilbert-scientific-toymaker-essays-arts-and-sciences-october-6 |title=The Demise of The A. C. Gilbert Company | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop |publisher=Eliwhitney.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092824/http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/-gilbert-project/-man/a-c-gilbert-scientific-toymaker-essays-arts-and-sciences-october-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1920: In competition with competing explanations, the [[Frisbee]] is said to have originated on the Yale campus, based on the tin pans of the [[Frisbie Pie Company]] which were tossed around by students on the [[New Haven Green]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2007/11/05/local-pie-tin-first-frisbee-legend-holds/ |title=Local pie tin first Frisbee, legend holds |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413134840/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2007/11/05/local-pie-tin-first-frisbee-legend-holds/ |archive-date=April 13, 2010 }}</ref>
*1977: The first memorial to victims of [[the Holocaust]] on public land in America<ref name="ashes">{{cite web |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/post_324.php |title=The Ashes of Memory, Revealed |date=May 8, 2007 |access-date=March 30, 2008 |work=New Haven Independent |archive-date=October 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016165650/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/post_324.php |url-status=live }}</ref> stands in New Haven's [[Edgewood Park, New Haven|Edgewood Park]] at the corner of Whalley and West Park avenues. It was built with funds collected from the community<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.yale.edu/nhohp/content/the-collection/featured-interview/shifre-zamkov-on-the-new-haven-holocaust-memorial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015031038/http://research.yale.edu/nhohp/content/the-collection/featured-interview/shifre-zamkov-on-the-new-haven-holocaust-memorial |url-status=dead |title=Shifre Zamkov on the New Haven Holocaust Memorial |archive-date=October 15, 2009 }}</ref> and is maintained by Greater New Haven Holocaust Memory, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhhm.org/ |title=Greater New Haven Holocaust Memory, Inc |publisher=Gnhhm.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628022710/http://www.gnhhm.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ashes of victims killed and [[cremation|cremated]] at [[Auschwitz]] are buried under the memorial.<ref name="ashes" />

== Geography ==
[[File:Quinnipiac River from Fair Haven.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Quinnipiac River]] from [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]]]]According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|52.1|km2|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|48.4|km2|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|3.7|km2|order=flip}}, or 6.67%, is water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): New Haven city, Connecticut |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 26, 2012 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large, shallow harbor, and two reddish basalt [[trap rock]] ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as [[East Rock]] and [[West Rock]], and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east–west passage of the [[Wilbur Cross Parkway]] (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the "[[Regicide of Charles I of England|Regicides]]" (see: [[Regicides Trail]]). Most New Haveners refer to these men as "The Three Judges". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the "Great/Giant Steps" which run up the rock's cliffside.

The city is drained by three rivers; the [[West River (Connecticut)|West]], [[Mill River (Connecticut)|Mill]], and [[Quinnipiac River|Quinnipiac]], named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]] Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of [[Long Island Sound]]. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round.

=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], New Haven experiences a bordering a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). The city has hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters. From May to late September, the weather is typically hot and humid, with average temperatures exceeding {{convert|80|°F}} on 70 days per year. In summer, the [[Bermuda High]] creates as southern flow of warm and humid air, with frequent (but brief) thundershowers. October to early December is normally mild to cool late in the season, while early spring (April) can be cool to warm. Winters are more variable, with cool to cold temperatures, mixed with warmer spells, with both rain and snow fall.

While the weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound, the location on Long Island Sound often influences the weather along the coastline compared to inland. During summer heat waves, temperatures may reach {{convert|95|°F}} or higher on occasion with heat-index values of over {{convert|100|°F}}. [[Tropical cyclones]] have struck New Haven in the past, including 1938 Hurricane ([[Long Island Express]]), [[Hurricane Carol]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Gloria]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanrahan • • |first=Ryan |title=Hurricane Carol |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/hurricane-carol/21493/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=NBC Connecticut |date=August 31, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109124713/https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/hurricane-carol/21493/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 26, 2015 |title=Hurricane Gloria hit Connecticut 30 years ago causing $60 million in damage |url=https://www.nhregister.com/weather/article/Hurricane-Gloria-hit-Connecticut-30-years-ago-11342161.php |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=New Haven Register |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109124527/https://www.nhregister.com/weather/article/Hurricane-Gloria-hit-Connecticut-30-years-ago-11342161.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[USDA hardiness zone|hardiness zone]] is 7a.
{{Weather box
| location = New Haven ([[Tweed New Haven Airport|HVN]]), Connecticut, elevation: {{cvt|4|m|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 69
| Feb record high F = 68
| Mar record high F = 77
| Apr record high F = 88
| May record high F = 95
| Jun record high F = 96
| Jul record high F = 101
| Aug record high F = 100
| Sep record high F = 93
| Oct record high F = 89
| Nov record high F = 80
| Dec record high F = 65
| year record high F =
| Jan avg record high F = 56.4
| Feb avg record high F = 54.8
| Mar avg record high F = 64.4
| Apr avg record high F = 76.9
| May avg record high F = 82.7
| Jun avg record high F = 88.4
| Jul avg record high F = 91.1
| Aug avg record high F = 90.0
| Sep avg record high F = 86.1
| Oct avg record high F = 77.8
| Nov avg record high F = 68.3
| Dec avg record high F = 59.3
| year avg record high F = 92.1
| Jan high F = 38.1
| Feb high F = 40.2
| Mar high F = 47.0
| Apr high F = 57.8
| May high F = 67.7
| Jun high F = 76.4
| Jul high F = 82.1
| Aug high F = 81.0
| Sep high F = 74.7
| Oct high F = 63.8
| Nov high F = 53.4
| Dec high F = 43.7
| year high F = 60.5
| Jan mean F = 30.5
| Feb mean F = 32.0
| Mar mean F = 38.5
| Apr mean F = 48.5
| May mean F = 58.5
| Jun mean F = 67.9
| Jul mean F = 73.9
| Aug mean F = 72.9
| Sep mean F = 66.0
| Oct mean F = 54.7
| Nov mean F = 44.7
| Dec mean F = 36.3
| year mean F = 52.0
| Jan low F = 23.0
| Feb low F = 23.9
| Mar low F = 30.1
| Apr low F = 39.3
| May low F = 49.4
| Jun low F = 59.3
| Jul low F = 65.7
| Aug low F = 64.7
| Sep low F = 57.3
| Oct low F = 45.5
| Nov low F = 35.9
| Dec low F = 28.9
| year low F = 43.9
| Jan avg record low F = 4.8
| Feb avg record low F = 8.9
| Mar avg record low F = 15.8
| Apr avg record low F = 27.5
| May avg record low F = 37.7
| Jun avg record low F = 47.7
| Jul avg record low F = 56.9
| Aug avg record low F = 54.1
| Sep avg record low F = 45.0
| Oct avg record low F = 30.7
| Nov avg record low F = 21.8
| Dec avg record low F = 14.5
| year avg record low F = 6.2
| Jan record low F = -8
| Feb record low F = -6
| Mar record low F = 1
| Apr record low F = 17
| May record low F = 30
| Jun record low F = 40
| Jul record low F = 50
| Aug record low F = 43
| Sep record low F = 34
| Oct record low F = 23
| Nov record low F = 13
| Dec record low F = -3
| year record low F = -8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 2.72
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.84
| Mar precipitation inch = 3.66
| Apr precipitation inch = 4.19
| May precipitation inch = 3.54
| Jun precipitation inch = 3.47
| Jul precipitation inch = 3.36
| Aug precipitation inch = 3.55
| Sep precipitation inch = 4.03
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.78
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.12
| Dec precipitation inch = 3.53
| year precipitation inch = 41.79
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 9.5
| Feb precipitation days = 8.5
| Mar precipitation days = 9.6
| Apr precipitation days = 10.9
| May precipitation days = 12.9
| Jun precipitation days = 11.8
| Jul precipitation days = 10.4
| Aug precipitation days = 9.9
| Sep precipitation days = 9.3
| Oct precipitation days = 11.1
| Nov precipitation days = 9.4
| Dec precipitation days = 11.0
| year precipitation days = 124.3
| Jan snow inch = 9.0
| Feb snow inch = 9.8
| Mar snow inch = 7.2
| Apr snow inch = 1.0
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 1.1
| Dec snow inch = 7.2
| year snow inch =
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 5.9
| Feb snow days = 5.9
| Mar snow days = 4.5
| Apr snow days = 0.7
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 0.7
| Dec snow days = 4.4
| Jan humidity = 62.8
| Feb humidity = 60.3
| Mar humidity = 64.4
| Apr humidity = 65.1
| May humidity = 69.7
| Jun humidity = 73.8
| Jul humidity = 74.2
| Aug humidity = 73.8
| Sep humidity = 74.1
| Oct humidity = 70.4
| Nov humidity = 68.2
| Dec humidity = 63.6
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 2
| Mar uv = 4
| Apr uv = 6
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 6
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (snow/snow days 1948–1974)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527215410/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014758&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station: New Haven Tweed AP, CT |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213951/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014758&format=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weatherbase (humidity),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=372560&units= |title=New Haven – Airport, Connecticut Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase.com |access-date=July 3, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224184423/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=372560&units= |url-status=live }}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/connecticut-usa/new-haven-climate |title=New Haven, CT – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather-atlas.com |language=en |access-date=July 3, 2019 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223241/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/connecticut-usa/new-haven-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source =
}}

=== Streetscape ===
[[File:Yale University 08.jpg|thumb|right|The city from the south with [[The Hill, New Haven|The Hill]] in the foreground. [[East Rock, New Haven|East Rock]] is visible in the background.]]
[[File:Large American Elm Tree, New Haven, CT - June 10, 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Ulmus americana|American elm]] in New Haven]]

New Haven has a long tradition of [[urban planning]] and a purposeful design for the city's layout.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newhaven1879.blogspot.com/ |title=New Haven 1879-An Architectural Guide |website=Newhaven1879.blogspot.com |access-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084249/https://newhaven1879.blogspot.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1638_new_haven_plan.htm |title=The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut |publisher=Colonialwarsct.org |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106135222/http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1638_new_haven_plan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/PlanningPrograms/ComprehensivePlan/SectionIIntroduction.pdf |title=New Haven's Comprehensive Plan |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235355/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/PlanningPrograms/ComprehensivePlan/SectionIIntroduction.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a [[grid plan]] of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the [[village green|city green]] (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the [[elm]]s that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City" perished in the mid-20th century due to [[Dutch elm disease]], although many have since been replanted. The [[New Haven Green]] is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city.<ref name="nhtowngreen" /> The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1970.

[[Downtown New Haven]], occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns.<ref name="downtown">[http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/PlanningPrograms/ComprehensivePlan/SectionVIDowntown.pdf CityOfNewHaven.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301230330/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/PlanningPrograms/ComprehensivePlan/SectionVIDowntown.pdf |date=March 1, 2016 }} Comprehensive Report: New Haven pg3</ref> The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base<ref name="downtown" /> and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.<ref name="new_development">{{cite web |url=http://www.conntact.com/article_page.lasso?id=40054 |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 11, 2009 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104839/http://www.conntact.com/article_page.lasso?id=40054 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Neighborhoods ===
[[File:Front Street in New Haven CT.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Quinnipiac River Historic District]], located in the [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]] neighborhood, is one of dozens of listed historic districts in New Haven.]]

{{main|Neighborhoods of New Haven, Connecticut}}
The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the [[New Haven Green|Green]], are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of [[Dixwell (New Haven)|Dixwell]] and [[Dwight Street Historic District|Dwight]]; the southern neighborhoods of [[The Hill (New Haven)|The Hill]], historic water-front [[City Point (New Haven)|City Point]] (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of [[Long Wharf (New Haven)|Long Wharf]]; the western neighborhoods of [[Beaver Hills, New Haven|Beaver Hills]], [[Edgewood Park Historic District|Edgewood]], [[West River (neighborhood)|West River]], [[Westville (New Haven)|Westville]], [[Amity (New Haven)|Amity]], and [[West Rock (neighborhood)|West Rock-Westhills]]; [[East Rock (neighborhood)|East Rock]], [[Cedar Hill (New Haven)|Cedar Hill]], [[Prospect Hill (New Haven)|Prospect Hill]], and [[Newhallville]] in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of [[Mill River (neighborhood)|Mill River]] and [[Wooster Square]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wooster Square {{!}} CTvisit |url=https://ctvisit.com/listings/wooster-square |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=ctvisit.com |language=en}}</ref> an Italian-American neighborhood; [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]], an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; [[Quinnipiac Meadows]] and [[Fair Haven Heights]] across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, [[The Annex (New Haven)|The Annex]] and [[East Shore (New Haven)|East Shore]] (or Morris Cove).<ref>''Harrison's illustrated guide to greater New Haven'', (H2 Company, New Haven, 1995).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/Maps/NeighborhoodPlanningMaps/ |title=/CityPlan/pdfs/Maps/NeighborhoodPlanningMaps/ |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612083643/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/Maps/NeighborhoodPlanningMaps/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/index.asp |title=Welcome to the New Haven City Plan Department |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=July 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705045245/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/index.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/?q=http://www.southernct.edu/departments/usc/offcampushousing/New_Haven_Neighborhoods.kml |title=Google Maps |website=Maps.google.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111091532/http://maps.google.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernct.edu%2Fdepartments%2Fusc%2Foffcampushousing%2FNew_Haven_Neighborhoods.kml |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Census data ===
{{see also|List of Connecticut locations by per capita income}}
[[File:New haven race-ethnicity-color-nativity-origin 1790-2010.png|right|thumb|Graph of New Haven demographics from the US Census, 1790–2010]]
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|1756|5085
|1774|8295
|1790|4487
|1800|4049
|1810|5772
|1820|7147
|1830|10180
|1840|12960
|1850|20345
|1860|39267
|1870|50840
|1880|62882
|1890|86045
|1900|108027
|1910|133605
|1920|162537
|1930|162665
|1940|160605
|1950|164443
|1960|152048
|1970|137707
|1980|126021
|1990|130474
|2000|123626
|2010|129779
|2020|134023
|2024 est.|137562
|source={{center|U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="2020 Census Data">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/stamfordcityconnecticut/POP010220 |title=QuickFacts: Stamford city, Connecticut |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211003107/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/stamfordcityconnecticut/POP010220 |url-status=live }}</ref> Connecticut Census 1756 & 1774<ref name="ColonialPop">{{cite book |author=United States Census Bureau |date=1909 |title=A Century of Population Growth |url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofpopulat00unit/page/164/mode/2up |pages=164–167 }}</ref>}}
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''New Haven, Connecticut – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / Ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web |title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – New Haven city, Connecticut |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US0952000 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web |title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – New Haven city, Connecticut |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0952000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] }}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web |title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – New Haven city, Connecticut |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0952000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627010707/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0952000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|43,979
|41,230
|style='background: #ffffe6; |37,010
|35.57%
|31.77%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |27.61%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|44,598
|43,332
|style='background: #ffffe6; |40,788
|36.07%
|33.39%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |30.43%
|-
|Native American or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|348
|379
|style='background: #ffffe6; |339
|0.28%
|0.29%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.25%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|4,776
|5,864
|style='background: #ffffe6; |9,044
|3.86%
|4.52%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.75%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|47
|34
|style='background: #ffffe6; |61
|0.04%
|0.03%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.05%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|408
|415
|style='background: #ffffe6; |873
|0.33%
|0.32%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.65%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|3,027
|2,934
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,840
|2.45%
|2.26%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.61%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|26,443
|35,591
|style='background: #ffffe6; |41,068
|21.39%
|27.42%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |30.64%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''123,626'''
|'''129,779'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''134,023'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] reports a 2010 population of 129,779, with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven. The population density was {{convert|6,859.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 52,941 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2,808.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 42.6% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 35.4% [[African American (U.S. census)|African American]], 0.5% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.6% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 12.9% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.9% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] residents of any race were 27.4% of the population.<ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/09/0952000.htm]{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites]] were 31.8% of the population in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/09/0952000.html |title=New Haven (city), Connecticut |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508163817/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/09/0952000.html |archive-date=May 8, 2012 }}</ref> down from 69.6% in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=Connecticut – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=May 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> The city's Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period.

By the 2020 census, its population was 134,023; its racial and ethnic makeup was 27.61% non-Hispanic white, 30.43% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American or Alaska Native, 6.75% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.65% some other race, 3.61% multiracial, and 30.64% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the 2010 census, of the 47,094 households, 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.5% include married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size 3.19.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&pctxt=fph&_lang=en&_sse=on&geo_id=16000US0952000&_state=04000US09 |title=New Haven city, Connecticut – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212042629/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&pctxt=fph&_lang=en&_sse=on&geo_id=16000US0952000&_state=04000US09 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on&-geo_id=16000US0952000 |title=New Haven city, Connecticut – DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212041759/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on&-geo_id=16000US0952000 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ages of New Haven's residents were 25.4% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years, which was significantly lower than the national average. There were 91.8 males per 100 females. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,604, and the median income for a family was $35,950. Median income for males was $33,605, compared with $28,424 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,393. About 20.5% of families and 24.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="autogenerated4" />

=== Other data ===
It is estimated that 14% of New Haven residents are pedestrian commuters, ranking it number four by highest percentage in the United States. This is primarily due to New Haven's small area and the presence of [[Yale University]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

New Haven is noted for having the highest percentage of Italian American residents of any US city, and is noted for its [[New Haven-style pizza|local style of pizza]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nhregister.com/realestate/article/CT-city-has-the-most-Italian-Americans-in-the-U-S-14535297.php |title='CT city has the most Italian Americans in the U.S. |work=New Haven Register |date=October 14, 2019 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717024642/https://www.nhregister.com/realestate/article/CT-city-has-the-most-Italian-Americans-in-the-U-S-14535297.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

A study of the demographics of the New Haven metro area, based on age, educational attainment, and race and ethnicity, found that they were the closest of any American city to the national average.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolko |first=Jed |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/normal-america-is-not-a-small-town-of-white-people/ |title='Normal America' Is Not A Small Town Of White People |work=FiveThirtyEight |date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310080419/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/normal-america-is-not-a-small-town-of-white-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:New Haven from above, 2009-12-10.jpg|thumb|right|The Port of New Haven]]
[[File:Connecticut - New Haven - NARA - 23936517 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Port in the 1930s]]
New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid [[deindustrialization|industrial decline]]; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of [[Yale University]] further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by [[Yale – New Haven Hospital]]. Other large employers include [[Southern Connecticut State University]], [[Assa Abloy]] lock manufacturing, the [[Knights of Columbus]] headquarters, Higher One, [[Alexion Pharmaceuticals]], Covidien and [[United Illuminating]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Clothing stores [[Gant (retailer)|Gant]] and [[Ann Inc.|Ann Taylor]] were founded in the city.

In 2017, New Haven was ranked by a [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] study as one of the top 10 cities in America for launching tech startups, and top two in New England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/03/08/new-haven-named-top-city-for-tech-startups/ |title=New Haven named top city for tech startups |website=Yaledailynews.com |date=March 8, 2017 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022217/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/03/08/new-haven-named-top-city-for-tech-startups/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Industry sectors''': Agriculture (.6%), Construction and Mining (4.9%), Manufacturing (2.9%), Transportation and Utilities (2.9%), Trade (21.7%), Finance and Real Estate (7.1%), Services (55.9%), Government (4.0%)

=== Headquarters ===
The [[Knights of Columbus]], the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a [[Fortune 1000]] company, is headquartered in New Haven.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/10207.html |work=CNN |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=Fortune 500 2008: Knights of Columbus |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193742/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/10207.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amphenol]], based in Greater New Haven ([[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]]), is a Fortune 100 company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/5006.html |work=CNN |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=Fortune 500 2008: Amphenol |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926103043/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/5006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courant.com/business/hc-ct100-top-2004rank,0,7082408.htmlstory |title=Courant 100 Companies By Size |publisher=Courant.com |date=June 8, 2004 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611202857/http://www.courant.com/business/hc-ct100-top-2004rank,0,7082408.htmlstory |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> New Haven-based companies publicly listed include [[NewAlliance Bank]], the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in [[New England]] (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), a financial services firm, [[United Illuminating]], the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). The American division of [[Assa Abloy]] (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks) is located in the city. The [[Southern New England Telephone Company]] (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of [[Frontier Communications]] and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut.<ref>AT&T SNET Fairfield County White Pages, Customer Service Guide page 14, "Local Toll-free Calling Areas", August 2006 edition</ref> [[SeeClickFix]] was founded and has been headquartered in the city since 2007. [[Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company]] (a candy-making division of the [[Hershey Company]]) was formerly located in the city. Achillion Pharmaceuticals and Alexion Pharmaceuticals were also formerly headquartered in New Haven.

== Law and government ==
=== Political structure ===
{{see also|List of mayors of New Haven, Connecticut|Mayoral elections in New Haven, Connecticut}}
[[File:Newhavenstructure2-statue.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Roman orator [[Cicero]] at the New Haven County Courthouse]]
New Haven is governed via the [[mayor-council system]]. Connecticut municipalities (like those of neighboring states [[Massachusetts]] and [[Rhode Island]]) provide nearly all local services (such as fire and rescue, education, snow removal, etc.), as county government has been abolished since 1960.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/14/archives/connecticut-ends-county-rule-oct-1-state-to-take-over-historic.html |work=The New York Times |title=Connecticut Ends County Rule Oct. 1; State to Take Over Historic Government Units – Minor Court System Also to Go |date=August 14, 1960 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704125722/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/14/archives/connecticut-ends-county-rule-oct-1-state-to-take-over-historic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:New Haven City Hall, October 17, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|upright|New Haven City Hall]]

[[New Haven County]] merely refers to a grouping of towns and a judicial district, not a governmental entity. New Haven is a member of the South Central Connecticut Regional Council of Governments (SCRCOG), a regional agency created to facilitate coordination between area municipal governments and state and federal agencies, in the absence of county government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scrcog.org/ |title=South Central Connecticut Regional Council of Governments |publisher=SCRCOG |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929200649/http://www.scrcog.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Justin Elicker]] is the mayor of New Haven. He was sworn in as the 51st mayor of New Haven on January 1, 2020.

The city council, called the Board of Alders, consists of thirty members, each elected from single-member wards.<ref>[https://data.ct.gov/Government/City-of-New-Haven-Aldermanic-Wards/nki6-723a/data City of New Haven Aldermanic Wards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103013/https://data.ct.gov/Government/City-of-New-Haven-Aldermanic-Wards/nki6-723a/data |date=September 28, 2017 }}, GIS Data, Connecticut Open Data Portal.</ref> Each of the 30 wards consists of slightly over 4,300 residents; [[redistricting]] takes place every ten years.<ref>Alexandra Sanders, [http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/New-Haven-ward-map-finalized-new-lines-represent-11458216.php New Haven ward map finalized; new lines represent compromise (maps)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060404/http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/New-Haven-ward-map-finalized-new-lines-represent-11458216.php |date=September 28, 2017 }}, ''New Haven Register'' (May 21, 2012).</ref>

The city is overwhelmingly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]. In 2017, of the town's 83,694 voters, 66% were registered as Democrats (−4% since 2015), 4% were registered as Republicans (+1%), and 29% were unaffiliated (+3).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/sots/ElectionServices/Registration_and_Enrollment_Stats/Nov17RPES.pdf?la=en |title=Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics |date=November 1, 2017 |website=portal.ct.gov |format=PDF |access-date=May 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102003/http://portal.ct.gov/-/media/sots/ElectionServices/Registration_and_Enrollment_Stats/Nov17RPES.pdf?la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The board of alders is dominated by Democrats; a Republican has not served as a New Haven alder since 2011.<ref name="2015Alders">[http://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/New-Haven-s-Board-of-Alders-races-feature-11343913.php New Haven's Board of Alders races feature challengers and upcoming primary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928055831/http://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/New-Haven-s-Board-of-Alders-races-feature-11343913.php |date=September 28, 2017 }}, ''New Haven Register'' (August 22, 2015).</ref><ref>Abbe Smith, [http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Lone-New-Haven-Republican-Alderwoman-Arlene-11553657.php Lone New Haven Republican Alderwoman Arlene DePino withdraws from race] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928102938/http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Lone-New-Haven-Republican-Alderwoman-Arlene-11553657.php |date=September 28, 2017 }}, ''New Haven Register'' (September 27, 2011).</ref>

New Haven is served by the [[New Haven Police Department]], which had 443 sworn officers in 2011.<ref>Veronica Rose, [https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0194.htm Report 2011-R-0194: Connecticut Police Department Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124152211/https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0194.htm |date=January 24, 2017 }}, Office of Legislative Research, Connecticut General Assembly (April 25, 2011).</ref> The city is also served by the [[New Haven Fire Department]].

New Haven lies within [[Connecticut's 3rd congressional district]] and has been represented by [[Rosa DeLauro]] since 1991. [[Martin Looney]] and [[Gary Winfield]] represent New Haven in the [[Connecticut State Senate]], and the city lies within six districts (numbers 92 through 97) of the [[Connecticut House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cga.ct.gov/red/2001houseplan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205213333/http://cga.ct.gov/red/2001houseplan.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2005 |title=House District Map |date=February 5, 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives |title=Connecticut House of Representatives |publisher=Ballotpedia |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214043607/https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Greater New Haven area is served by the New Haven Judicial District Court and the New Haven Superior Court, both headquartered at the New Haven County Courthouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jud.ct.gov/directory/directory/directions/30.htm |title=New Haven JD Directions |publisher=Jud.ct.gov |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165453/http://www.jud.ct.gov/directory/directory/directions/30.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut|federal District Court for the District of Connecticut]] has a New Haven facility, the [[Richard C. Lee United States Courthouse]].

=== Political history ===
[[File:Roger Sherman 1721-1793 by Ralph Earl.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Roger Sherman]], signer of [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], author of [[Connecticut Compromise]], and first mayor of New Haven. Portrait by [[Ralph Earl]], {{Circa|1775}}.]]
{{see also|List of Yale University people#Law and politics| List of people from New Haven, Connecticut#Politicians}}

New Haven is the birthplace of former president [[George W. Bush]],<ref name="bushbio">{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/biography.html |title=Biography of President George W. Bush |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205072744/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/biography.html |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=February 5, 2009 }}</ref> who was born when his father, former president [[George H. W. Bush]], was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents [[William Howard Taft]], [[Gerald Ford]], and [[Bill Clinton]], as well as Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], while the two were students at [[Yale Law School]]. Former vice presidents [[John C. Calhoun]] and [[Dick Cheney]] also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. [[James Hillhouse]], a New Haven native, served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] in 1801.

New Haven voters overwhelmingly supported [[Al Gore]] in the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 election]], Yale graduate [[John Kerry]] in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2004_results/general_election/ct_us_president.htm |work=The Boston Globe |title=Connecticut presidential results by town |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205345/http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2004_results/general_election/ct_us_president.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Barack Obama]] in [[2008 US presidential election|2008]] and 2012. In the 2008 election, [[New Haven County]] was third among all [[Connecticut counties]] in campaign contributions, after [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Fairfield]] and [[Hartford County|Hartford]] counties. (Connecticut, in turn, was ranked 14th among all states in total campaign contributions.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/states/geog.php?cycle=2010&state=CT |title=Connecticut: Geographic Totals |publisher=OpenSecrets |date=April 25, 2011 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108225253/http://www.opensecrets.org/states/geog.php?cycle=2010&state=CT |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/statetotals.php?cycle=2008 |title=Contributions by State |publisher=OpenSecrets |date=July 13, 2009 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106134759/http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/statetotals.php?cycle=2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

New Haven was the subject of '' [[Who Governs?]] Democracy and Power in An American City'', a very influential book in [[political science]] by preeminent Yale professor [[Robert A. Dahl]], which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life, ''[[Democracy in America]]''.<ref>Tocqueville, Alexis. 2004. ''Democracy in America''. Translated by [[Arthur Goldhammer]]. New York: The Library of America, pp. 39n, 41, 43.</ref> New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], in 1951, when he wrote his influential ''[[God and Man at Yale]]''. [[William Lee Miller]]'s ''The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society'' (1966) similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements, focusing on [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]] and [[urban renewal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=William Lee |title=The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society: An Encounter With a Modern City |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=1966 }}</ref>

[[George Williamson Crawford]], a Yale Law School graduate, served as the city's first black [[corporation counsel]] from 1954 to 1962, under Mayor [[Richard C. Lee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgecrawfordblackbar.org/about/ |title=George W. Crawford Black Bar Association |access-date=January 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204161601/http://www.georgecrawfordblackbar.org/about/ |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

In 1970, the [[New Haven Black Panther trials]] took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. [[Black Panther Party]] co-founder [[Bobby Seale]] and ten other party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, college students, and [[New Left]] activists (including [[Jean Genet]], [[Benjamin Spock]], [[Abbie Hoffman]], [[Jerry Rubin]], and [[John Froines]]), who amassed on the [[New Haven Green]], across the street from where the trials were being held. Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the [[New Haven Police Department|New Haven Police]] occurred, and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals. The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon Administration]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/02/archives/new-haven-police-set-off-tear-gas-at-panther-rally-crowd-of-youths.html?sq=black%2520panther%2520trial%2520new%2520haven&scp=14&st=cse |work=The New York Times |title=NEW HAVEN POLICE SET OFF TEAR GAS AT PANTHER RALLY; Crowd of Youths Hurl Rocks After a Quiet Protest by 12,000 in Afternoon Streets Clear at 2 A.M. New Haven Police Fire Tear Gas at Panther Rally Some Outflank Marshals Barricade on Street. Less Than Predicted Brewster Supported |date=May 2, 1970 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |first=Homer |last=Bigart |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212445/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/02/archives/new-haven-police-set-off-tear-gas-at-panther-rally-crowd-of-youths.html?sq=black%2520panther%2520trial%2520new%2520haven&scp=14&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902777-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035656/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902777-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |magazine=Time |title=The Law: Justice in New Haven |date=September 14, 1970 |access-date=May 20, 2010 }}</ref>

During the summer of 2007, New Haven was the center of protests by [[anti-immigration]] groups who opposed the city's program of offering municipal ID cards, known as the [[Elm City Resident Card]], to [[illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/16peoplect.html?scp=119&sq=&st=nyt |work=The New York Times |title=This Summer's Surprise Hit: An Elm City ID |first=Jeff |last=Holtz |date=September 16, 2007 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512182618/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/16peoplect.html?scp=119&sq=&st=nyt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bass |first=Paul |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/07/post_331.php |title=We Are At War |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628130558/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/07/post_331.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Melissa |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/07/immigrants_line.php |title=Immigrants, Supporters Pour in For ID |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113051923/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/07/immigrants_line.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, the country of [[Ecuador]] opened a consulate in New Haven to serve the large Ecuadorean immigrant population in the area. It is the first foreign mission to open in New Haven since Italy opened a consulate (now closed) in the city in 1910.<ref>{{cite web |last=Appel |first=Allan |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2008/09/ecuadorian_cons.php |title=Ecuadorian Consulate Opens |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=July 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722083650/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2008/09/ecuadorian_cons.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ross |first=Colin |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2008/10/01/in-elm-city-an-ecuador-outpost/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209215826/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2008/10/01/in-elm-city-an-ecuador-outpost/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |title=In Elm City, an Ecuador outpost |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref>

In April 2009, the [[United States Supreme Court]] agreed to [[Ricci v. DeStefano|hear a suit]] over [[reverse discrimination]] brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the [[New Haven Fire Department]]. After the tests were scored, no [[black people|blacks]] scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On June 29, 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race.<ref name="globe20090630">Williams, Joseph (June 30, 2009). Supreme Court rules in favor of Conn. firefighters. The Boston Globe. Retrieved on July 6, 2009 from [https://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2009/06/30/supreme_court_rules_in_favor_of_conn_firefighters/ Boston.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073053/http://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2009/06/30/supreme_court_rules_in_favor_of_conn_firefighters/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, "Supreme court rules in favor of conn firefighters"</ref> The case, ''Ricci v. DeStefano'', became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-[[US Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) [[Sonia Sotomayor]] in a lower court decision.<ref>[http://interact.stltoday.com/blogzone/political-fix/dc-download/2009/05/in-sotomayor-confirmation-ricci-v-destefano-looms-big/]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>

[[Garry Trudeau]], creator of the political ''[[Doonesbury]]'' [[comic strip]], attended Yale University. There he met fellow student and later [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] candidate for [[United States Congress|Congress]] [[Charles Pillsbury (attorney)|Charles Pillsbury]], a long-time New Haven resident for whom Trudeau's comic strip is named. During his college years, Pillsbury was known by the nickname "The Doones". A [[International legal theory|theory of international law]], which argues for a sociological normative approach in regards to jurisprudence, is named the [[International legal theory#New Haven Approach|New Haven Approach]], after the city. Connecticut US senator [[Richard Blumenthal]] is a Yale graduate, as was former Connecticut US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] who also was a New Haven resident for many years, before moving back to his hometown of [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]].<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/257647 Op-Ed: Joe Lieberman Supports McCain, Becomes an Enigma to Democrats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013073126/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/257647 |date=October 13, 2010 }}. Digitaljournal.com (July 20, 2008). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>

=== Crime ===
Crime increased in the 1990s, with New Haven having one of the ten highest violent crime rates per capita in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/01/nyregion/policing-new-haven-patrols-politics-special-report-chief-with-high-profile-uses.html |work=The New York Times |title=Policing New Haven: Patrols and Politics – A special report.; Chief With High Profile Uses Streets to Test New Theories |first1=Ralph |last1=Blumenthal |first2=M. A. |last2=Farber |date=November 1, 1991 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=November 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120071850/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/01/nyregion/policing-new-haven-patrols-politics-special-report-chief-with-high-profile-uses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1990s New Haven's crime began to stabilize. The city, adopting a policy of [[neighborhood watch|community policing]], saw crime rates drop during the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2001/04/13/crime-down-mayor-seeks-credit/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210133607/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2001/04/13/crime-down-mayor-seeks-credit/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |title=Crime down, mayor seeks credit |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=April 13, 2001 |access-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ross |first=Colin |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2010/02/19/crime-hits-20-year-low/ |title=City crime hits 20-year low |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=February 19, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224234120/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2010/02/19/crime-hits-20-year-low/ |archive-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref>

Violent crime levels vary dramatically among New Haven's neighborhoods, with some areas having crime rates in line with the state of Connecticut average, and others having extremely high rates of crime. A 2011 New Haven Health Department report identifies these issues in greater detail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctdatahaven.org/know/index.php/File:Creating_a_Healthy_and_Safe_City_2011_sml.pdf |title=File:Creating a Healthy and Safe City 2011 sml.pdf – Knowledge Center |publisher=Ctdatahaven.org |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008080733/http://www.ctdatahaven.org/know/index.php/File:Creating_a_Healthy_and_Safe_City_2011_sml.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, New Haven ranked as the 18th most dangerous city in the United States (albeit below the safety benchmark of 200.00 for the second consecutive year).<ref name="os.cqpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime/2010/City_crime_rate_2010-2011_hightolow.pdf |title=2010 City Crime Rate Rankings |work=CQ Press using reported data from the F.B.I. "Crime in the United States 2009" |date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412010233/http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime/2010/City_crime_rate_2010-2011_hightolow.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, according to a completely different analysis conducted by the "24/7 Wall Street Blog", in 2011 New Haven had risen to become the fourth most dangerous city in the United States, and was widely cited in the press as such.<ref>{{cite web |last=Connors |first=Bob |url=http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/New-Haven-4th-Most-Dangerous-City-Report-122619474.html |title=New Haven 4th Most Dangerous City: Report |publisher=NBC Connecticut |date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033135/http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/New-Haven-4th-Most-Dangerous-City-Report-122619474.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://247wallst.com/2011/05/24/the-most-dangerous-cities-in-america/ |title=The Most Dangerous Cities In America – 24/7 Wall St |publisher=24/7 Wall St. |date=May 24, 2011 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009133104/http://247wallst.com/2011/05/24/the-most-dangerous-cities-in-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, an analysis by the Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc., has shown that due to issues of comparative denominators and other factors, such municipality-based rankings can be considered inaccurate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctdatahaven.org/blog/2011/06/public_safety_new_haven/ |title=Connecticut Data Blog » Public safety concerns in our neighborhoods are legitimate, but 24/7 Wall Street's "Most Dangerous Cities" ranking is not |publisher=Ctdatahaven.org |date=June 4, 2011 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008080741/http://www.ctdatahaven.org/blog/2011/06/public_safety_new_haven/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas, making such analyses irrelevant. The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods, blocks, or standard methodologies (similar to those used by Brookings, DiversityData, and other established institutions), not based on municipalities.

== Education ==

=== Colleges and universities ===
New Haven is a notable center for higher education. [[Yale University]], at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acinet.org/acinet/oview6.asp?soccode=&id=&nodeid=12&stfips=09&from=State |title=Acinet.org |publisher=Acinet.org |date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602162828/http://www.acinet.org/acinet/oview6.asp?soccode=&id=&nodeid=12&stfips=09&from=State |archive-date=June 2, 2013 }}</ref> New Haven is also home to [[Southern Connecticut State University]], part of the [[Connecticut State University System]], and [[Albertus Magnus College]], a private institution. [[Gateway Community College]] has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the [[Long Wharf (New Haven)|Long Wharf]] district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.<ref>[http://www.wtnh.com/dpp/news/news_wtnh_newhaven_gateway_cc_waiting_for_its_new_start_200903310618 Gateway Community College waiting for its new start]. WTNH.com (March 31, 2009). Retrieved on July 15, 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616154600/http://www.wtnh.com/dpp/news/news_wtnh_newhaven_gateway_cc_waiting_for_its_new_start_200903310618 |date=June 16, 2013 }}</ref><ref>Bellmorembellmore, Michael. (May 23, 2013) [https://archive.today/20130704021050/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2013/05/23/news/new_haven/doc519ec5e58dfe5867803988.txt Much to look forward to for Gateway Community College grads- The New Haven Register – Serving New Haven, Connecticut]. Nhregister.com. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>

There are several institutions immediately outside of New Haven, as well. [[Quinnipiac University]] and the [[Paier College of Art]] are located just to the north, in the town of [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]. The [[University of New Haven]] is located not in New Haven but in neighboring [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]].
[[File:HGS Student Body 1911 12.jpg|thumb|The 1911 student body of the [[Hopkins School]], the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States]]

=== Primary and secondary schools ===
[[New Haven Public Schools]] is the school district serving the city. [[Wilbur Cross High School]] and [[Hillhouse High School]] are New Haven's two largest public secondary schools.

[[Hopkins School]], a private school, was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkins.edu/who/profile/ |title=Who We Are |publisher=Hopkins School |access-date=October 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014252/http://www.hopkins.edu/who/profile/  |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including [[Metropolitan Business Academy]], High School in the Community, [[Hill Regional Career High School]], [[Co-op High School]], [[New Haven Academy]], [[Edgewood Magnet School]], [[ACES Educational Center for the Arts]], the Foote School and the [[Sound School]], all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns. New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools, Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep, and to Common Ground, an environmental charter school.

The city is renowned for its progressive school lunch programs,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/nyregion/connecticut/28colct.html |title=Whole Grains, Fresh Corn: School Menu on a Mission |last=Hirshey |first=Gerri |date=September 26, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080146/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/nyregion/connecticut/28colct.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and participation in statewide bussing efforts toward increased diversity in schools.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/school-busing-city-and-suburban.html |title=School Busing, City and Suburban |last=Weizel |first=Richard |date=October 4, 1998 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080617/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/school-busing-city-and-suburban.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Cuisine ===

[[Livability.com]] named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014. There are dozens of [[Zagat Survey|Zagat-rated]] restaurants in New Haven, the most in Connecticut and the third most in [[New England]] (after [[Boston]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zagat.com/Verticals/BrowseSubLocation.aspx?GS=GeoParentID%7c832&GN=Connecticut |title=Zagat Survey page for CT |publisher=Zagat.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629133835/http://www.zagat.com/Verticals/BrowseSubLocation.aspx?GS=GeoParentID%7C832&GN=Connecticut |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the [[New Haven Green]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=April 3, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=LIVING IN/Downtown New Haven; An Infusion of Energy in Yale's Backyard |archive-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303163020/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/nyregion/dining-out-in-new-haven-flavors-from-south-asia.html?scp=11&sq=new%20haven%20ethnic%20food%20resraurants&st=cse |work=The New York Times |title=DINING OUT; In New Haven, Flavors from South Asia |first=Patricia |last=Brooks |date=March 7, 1999 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512165905/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/nyregion/dining-out-in-new-haven-flavors-from-south-asia.html?scp=11&sq=new%20haven%20ethnic%20food%20resraurants&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.petergreenberg.com/2010/03/02/spotlight-on-new-haven-ct-a-college-town-vacation/ Travel News You Can Use – Spotlight on New Haven, CT: A College Town Vacation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317141800/http://www.petergreenberg.com/2010/03/02/spotlight-on-new-haven-ct-a-college-town-vacation/ |date=March 17, 2010 }}. Petergreenberg.com (March 2, 2010). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref> Represented cuisines include Malaysian, Ethiopian, Spanish, Belgian, French, Greek, Latin American, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Cuban, Peruvian, Syrian/Lebanese, and Turkish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zagat.com/verticals/Browse.aspx?Ntk=GeoChildID&Ntt=1521&N=120&Ne=2392&VID=8&Key=Cuisines |title=New Haven restaurants by cuisine @ Zagat Survey |publisher=Zagat.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630002959/http://www.zagat.com/verticals/Browse.aspx?Ntk=GeoChildID&Ntt=1521&N=120&Ne=2392&VID=8&Key=Cuisines |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Frank pepe clam pie.jpg|thumb|White clam pizza from [[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana|Pepe's]], in the classic [[New Haven-style pizza|New Haven-style]]]]
New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090523225742/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/30872147/ 25 best pizzas around the country – today > food – TODAY.com] . Today.msnbc.msn.com (May 22, 2009). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://thepauperedchef.com/2007/09/new-haven-pizza.html Some Say New Haven Has America's Best Pizza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315135921/http://thepauperedchef.com/2007/09/new-haven-pizza.html |date=March 15, 2010 }}. The Paupered Chef (September 13, 2007). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.realamericanstories.com/new-haven-pizza-wars-%E2%80%93-new/?curpage=0 New Haven Pizza Wars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326004116/http://www.realamericanstories.com/new-haven-pizza-wars-%E2%80%93-new/?curpage=0 |date=March 26, 2010 }}. Real American Stories. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://gridskipper.com/archives/entries/058/58727.php 15 Best Pizzas in America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132553/http://gridskipper.com/archives/entries/058/58727.php |date=September 30, 2011 }}. Gridskipper (October 27, 2006). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> or even in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/sep/13/best-foods-in-the-world |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=The 50 best things to eat in the world, and where to eat them |first=Killian |last=Fox |date=September 13, 2009 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824024902/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/sep/13/best-foods-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://journeypod.wordpress.com/best-pizzas-from-around-the-world/ Best Pizzas From Around The World |Luxury Travel Nightlife & Restaurant Reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310201246/http://journeypod.wordpress.com/best-pizzas-from-around-the-world/ |date=March 10, 2010 }}. Journeypod.wordpress.com (April 18, 2009). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref> [[New Haven-style pizza]], called "apizza", made its debut at the iconic [[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana]] (known as Pepe's) in 1925.<ref>"American Eats: Pizza", The History Channel, June 29, 2006</ref> Apizza is baked in coal- or wood-fired brick ovens, and is notable for its thin crust. Apizza may be red (with a tomato-based sauce) or white (with a sauce of garlic and [[olive oil]]), and pies ordered "plain" are made without the otherwise customary [[mozzarella]] (originally smoked mozzarella, known as "scamorza" in Italian). A white [[clam]] pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on [[Wooster Square|Wooster Street]] in the Little Italy section of New Haven, including Pepe's and [[Sally's Apizza]] (which opened in 1938). [[Modern Apizza]] on State Street, which opened in 1934, is also well-known.<ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2008/11/06/taste-tests-prove-that-brand-does-matter/ Taste tests prove that brand does matter] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130209195224/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2008/11/06/taste-tests-prove-that-brand-does-matter/ |date=February 9, 2013 }}. Yale Daily News (November 6, 2008). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>
[[File:Louis-lunch.png|thumb|right|[[Louis' Lunch]], where the [[hamburger]] was reputedly invented in 1900]]

A second New Haven [[gastronomical]] claim to fame is [[Louis' Lunch]], which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895.<ref>Price & Lee's New Haven (New Haven County, Conn.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgCAAAAYAAJ City Directory, 1899, page 375] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052410/https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA375,M1 |date=January 2, 2016 }}</ref> Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the [[Library of Congress]] with inventing the [[hamburger]] and [[steak sandwich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/ct/es_ct_burger_1.html |title=Louis' Lunch |website=Americaslibrary.gov |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110171638/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/ct/es_ct_burger_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |title=Connecticut: Louis' Lunch (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots – Library of Congress) |website=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630052938/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Louis' Lunch [[broiling|broils]] hamburgers, steak sandwiches and [[hot dogs]] vertically in original antique 1898 [[cast iron]] stoves using [[gridiron (cooking)|gridirons]], patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/patents?id=LRhJAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=pieragostini+broiler&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA1,M1 |title=U.S. Patent #2,148,879 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=May 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523110811/http://www.google.com/patents?id=LRhJAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=pieragostini+broiler&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA1,M1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A third New Haven [[gastronomical]] claim to fame is [[Miya's]], the first [[sustainable sushi]] restaurant in the world. Miya's, founded by Chef Yoshiko Lai in 1982, featured the first [[sustainable seafood]]-based sushi menu, the first plant-based sushi menu, and the first [[invasive species]] menu in the world. Second generation [[Miya's]] chef, [[Bun Lai]], is the 2016 [[White House]] Champions of Change for Sustainable Seafood and a [[James Beard Foundation]] Award nominee. Chef [[Bun Lai]] is credited as the first chef in the world for implementing a sustainability paradigm to the cuisine of sushi.<ref name="granata1">{{cite web |last=Granata |first=Elise |url=http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/sustainable_sushi_gets_a_toehold1/ |title="Sustainable Sushi" Gets A Toehold |publisher=New Haven Independent |date=January 18, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2010 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615173423/http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/sustainable_sushi_gets_a_toehold1/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fish2fork.com/apps/index.php/reviews/view/315 |title=Miya's Sushi |publisher=Fish2fork.com |access-date=June 7, 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/sustainable_sushi_gets_a_toehold1/ |title="Sustainable Sushi" Gets A Toehold |date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615173423/http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/sustainable_sushi_gets_a_toehold1/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/12-champions-of-change-for-sustainable-seafood-chosen-by-white-house |title=12 "Champions of Change for Sustainable Seafood" chosen by White House |website=Seafoodsource.com |access-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-date=August 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815015713/https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/12-champions-of-change-for-sustainable-seafood-chosen-by-white-house |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewhelkwestport.com/news/2013-james-beard-awards-semifinalists-chefs-bill-taibe-bun-lai/ |title=2013 James Beard Awards Semifinalists: Chefs Bill Taibe & Bun Lai – The Whelk |website=Thewhelkwestport.com |access-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-date=August 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814222029/http://www.thewhelkwestport.com/news/2013-james-beard-awards-semifinalists-chefs-bill-taibe-bun-lai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During weekday lunchtime, over 150 lunch carts and food trucks cater to diners around the city.<ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/magazine/column/2004/11/17/burritos-bubble-tea-and-burgers/ Burritos, Bubble Tea and Burgers |YDN Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130210041519/http://www.yaledailynews.com/magazine/column/2004/11/17/burritos-bubble-tea-and-burgers/ |date=February 10, 2013 }}. Yaledailynews.com (November 17, 2004). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref> The carts and food trucks cluster at four main points: on Long Wharf Drive, along the city's shoreline with quick access off Interstate 95,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nhregister.com/lifestyle/article/New-Haven-officials-tout-development-of-Food-11319264.php |title=New Haven officials tout development of 'Food Truck Paradise' on Long Wharf |date=November 14, 2016 |newspaper=[[New Haven Register]] |access-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106163720/https://www.nhregister.com/lifestyle/article/New-Haven-officials-tout-development-of-Food-11319264.php |url-status=live }}</ref> by [[Yale – New Haven Hospital]] in the center of the Hospital Green (Cedar and York streets), by Yale's [[Trumbull College]] (Elm and York streets), and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the [[Yale School of Management]].<ref>Spiegel, Jan Ellen (April 21, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/nyregion/25dinect.html?scp=3&sq=&st=nyt "From Common Food Carts, Exotic Tastes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313131513/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/nyregion/25dinect.html?scp=3&sq=&st=nyt |date=March 13, 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]].'' Retrieved July 18, 2010.</ref>

Popular farmers' markets, managed by the local non-profit CitySeed,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cityseed.org/ |title=Home |website=Cityseed.org |access-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405214440/https://cityseed.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods, including Westville/Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, and Downtown/New Haven Green.

=== Theatre and film ===
The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses, including the [[Yale Repertory Theatre]], the [[Long Wharf Theatre]], and the [[Shubert Theatre (New Haven)|Shubert Theatre]]. There is also theatre activity from the [[Yale School of Drama]], which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run [[Yale Cabaret]]. [[Southern Connecticut State University]] hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts. The shuttered Palace Theatre (opposite the Shubert Theatre) was renovated and reopened as the College Street Music Hall in May 2015. Smaller theatres include the Little Theater on Lincoln Street. Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School also has a theatre on College Street. The theatre is used for student productions, and is the home to weekly services to a local non-denominational church, the City Church New Haven.<ref>[http://www.ourcitychurch.org/when_and_where/weekly.php "Weekly Gatherings"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920212644/http://www.ourcitychurch.org/when_and_where/weekly.php |date=September 20, 2013 }}. City Church New Haven. Retrieved March 14, 2012.</ref>

The Shubert Theatre once premiered many major theatrical productions before their Broadway debuts. Productions that premiered at the Shubert include ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' (which was also written in New Haven<ref name="morganreed.com">[http://www.morganreed.com/taft_building.html The Taft Apartment Building—New Haven, Connecticut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329105420/http://www.morganreed.com/taft_building.html |date=March 29, 2010 }}. Morganreed.com. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>), ''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'', ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'', ''[[My Fair Lady]]'', ''[[The King and I]]'', and ''[[The Sound of Music]]'', and the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (play)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]''.

Bow Tie Cinemas owns and operates the Criterion Cinemas, the first new movie theater to open in New Haven in over 30 years and the first luxury movie complex in the city's history. The Criterion has seven screens and opened in November 2004, showing a mix of upscale first run commercial and independent film.<ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2004/11/08/upscale-movie-theater-opens-doors-downtown/ Upscale movie theater opens doors downtown] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130209223807/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2004/11/08/upscale-movie-theater-opens-doors-downtown/ |date=February 9, 2013 }}. Yale Daily News (November 8, 2004). Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>

=== Museums ===
[[File:Yale Peabody Museum 2.JPG|right|thumb|The historic [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] at Yale]]
[[File:Yale-Center-for-British-Arts-New-Haven-Connecticut-04-2014d.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Yale Center for British Art]], designed by [[Louis Kahn]]]]

New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]] features an original copy of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. There is also the [[Connecticut Children's Museum]]; the [[Knights of Columbus]] museum near that organization's world headquarters; the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]]; the [[Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments]]; the [[Eli Whitney Museum]] (across the town line in [[Hamden, Connecticut]], on Whitney Avenue); the [[Yale Center for British Art]], which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K.;<ref>[http://ycba.yale.edu/information/index.html YCBA Home Page |britishart.yale.edu]. Ycba.yale.edu. Retrieved on July 15, 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504003234/http://ycba.yale.edu/information/index.html |date=May 4, 2011 }}</ref> [[Lost in New Haven]], and the [[Yale University Art Gallery]], the western hemisphere's oldest college art museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yale University Art Gallery – 1953 |url=http://www.buildings.yale.edu/property.aspx?id=26 |website=Building.yale.edu |access-date=August 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830040549/http://www.buildings.yale.edu/property.aspx?id=26 |archive-date=August 30, 2013 }}</ref> New Haven is also home to the [[New Haven Museum and Historical Society]] on Whitney Avenue, which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present.

[[Artspace, New Haven|Artspace]] on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The [[Erector Square]] complex in the [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]] neighborhood houses, the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.

New Haven is the home port of a life-size replica of the historical ''[[Amistad (ship replica)|Freedom Schooner Amistad]]'', which is open for tours at Long Wharf pier at certain times during the summer. Also at Long Wharf pier is the ''Quinnipiack'' schooner, offering sailing cruises of the harbor area throughout the summer. The ''Quinnipiack'' also functions as a floating classroom for hundreds of local students.

=== Music ===
The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts, especially during the summer months. These have included the [[New Haven Symphony Orchestra]], the July Free Concerts on the Green, and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August. The Jazz Festival, which began in 1982, is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S., until it was canceled for 2007. Headliners such as [[Dave Brubeck]], [[Ray Charles]] and [[Celia Cruz]] have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans, filling up the New Haven Green to capacity. The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven.<ref>[http://jazzhaven.org/ Jazz Haven, Inc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929130628/http://www.jazzhaven.org/ |date=September 29, 2009 }}. Jazzhaven.org. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>

New Haven is home to the concert venue [[Toad's Place]], and a new venue, College Street Music Hall. The city has retained an alternative art and music underground that has helped to influence post-punk era music movements such as [[indie rock|indie]], [[college rock]] and underground [[hip-hop]].

The [[Yale School of Music]] contributes to the city's music scene by offering hundreds of free concerts throughout the year at venues in and around the Yale campus. Large performances are held in the 2,700-seat [[Woolsey Hall]] auditorium, which contains the [[Newberry Memorial Organ|world's largest symphonic organs]], while chamber music and recitals are performed in Sprague Hall.

[[Heavy metal music|Hardcore]] band [[Hatebreed]] are from [[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]], but got their start in New Haven under the name [[Jasta 14 (band)|Jasta 14]]. The band [[Miracle Legion]] formed in New Haven in 1983. Folk musicians from New Haven include [[Loren Mazzacane Connors]] and [[Kath Bloom]].

The Hillhouse Opera Company is a U.S. non-profit<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.implu.com/nonprofit/263218851 |title=HILLHOUSE OPERA COMPANY Form 990 Data as of 2009-11-02 |publisher=implu Corporation |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514122527/http://www.implu.com/nonprofit/263218851 |url-status=live }}</ref> opera company based in New Haven that performs in the New Haven area. Founded in 2008 by Victoria Leigh Gardner, Nicole Rodriguez and Jim Coatsworth Hillhouse Opera Company has performed operas as well as opera scenes programs, master classes and concert series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2009/11/01/entertainment/doc4aeb978d48275567661046.txt |title=Hillhouse Opera presents 'Alicina' |date=November 1, 2009 |work=New Haven Register |access-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312040845/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2009/11/01/entertainment/doc4aeb978d48275567661046.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newhavenadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid=15343 |title=Island of Pleasure: Hillhouse Opera Company takes on a rarely-heard masterpiece |last=Johnson |first=Daniel Stephen |date=November 4, 2009 |work=New Haven Advocate |publisher=New Mass Media |access-date=January 28, 2010}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/1575763351.html?dids=1575763351:1575763351&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+16%2C+2008&author=Fernando+Alfonso+III&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=GERSHWIN+IN+HARTFORD%3B+STRING+QUARTET+IN+STORRS&pqatl=google |title=GERSHWIN IN HARTFORD; STRING QUARTET IN STORRS |last=Alfonso III |first=Fernando |work=Hartford Courant |pages=CAL.21 |access-date=January 29, 2010 |location=Hartford, Connecticut |quote=The Hillhouse Opera Company will perform Mozart's two act opera "Don Giovanni." |date=October 16, 2008 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025051956/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/1575763351.html?dids=1575763351:1575763351&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+16,+2008&author=Fernando+Alfonso+III&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=GERSHWIN+IN+HARTFORD%3B+STRING+QUARTET+IN+STORRS&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, the Company professionally staged the works created through the Riverview Opera Project. The Riverview Opera Project created workshops for children and adolescents at Riverview Hospital, Connecticut's only state-funded psychiatric hospital for youth, and helped them to successfully create, produce, and perform four original operas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://summer.music.ubc.ca/workshops.html |title=Vocal Workshop Faculty |work=University of British Columbia Summer Music Institutes site |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613005416/http://summer.music.ubc.ca/workshops.html |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual [[International Festival of Arts and Ideas]]. New Haven's [[Saint Patrick's Day]] parade, which began in 1842, is [[New England]]'s oldest and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/specials/holiday/articles/2010/03/14/beyond_the_pubs_painting_the_town_green/ |work=The Boston Globe |title=Beyond the pubs, painting the town green |first=Christopher |last=Klein |date=March 14, 2010 |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070740/http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/specials/holiday/articles/2010/03/14/beyond_the_pubs_painting_the_town_green/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic [[Wooster Square]] neighborhood every year since 1900. Other parishes in the city celebrate the Feast of [[Saint Anthony of Padua]] and a carnival in honor of [[St. Bernadette Soubirous]].<ref>[http://www.wtnh.com/dpp/ct_style/in_the_kitchen/CTStyle_wtnh_wooster_square_italian_festival_200906241010 Italian Festival in Wooster Square |Connecticut style]. wtnh.com (June 24, 2009). Retrieved on July 15, 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616143235/http://www.wtnh.com/dpp/ct_style/in_the_kitchen/CTStyle_wtnh_wooster_square_italian_festival_200906241010 |date=June 16, 2013 }}</ref> New Haven celebrates [[Powder House Day]] every April on the New Haven Green to commemorate the city's entrance into the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. The annual Wooster Square Cherry Blossom Festival<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicwoostersquare.org/cherryblossomfestival.html |title=historic preservation, Historic Wooster Square Association Inc Cherry Blossom Festival |website=Historicwoostersquare.org |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701053915/http://www.historicwoostersquare.org/cherryblossomfestival.html |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> commemorates the 1973 planting of 72 [[Prunus × yedoensis|Yoshino]] Japanese cherry blossom trees by the New Haven Historic Commission in collaboration with the New Haven Parks Department and residents of the neighborhood. The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors. The [[Film Fest New Haven]] has been held annually since 1995.

=== Newspapers and media ===
New Haven is served by the daily ''[[New Haven Register]]'', the weekly "alternative" ''[[New Haven Advocate]]'' (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the ''[[Hartford Courant]]''), the online daily ''New Haven Independent'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/new-haven-independent/ |title=New Haven Independent |author=Nieman Journalism Lab |encyclopedia=Encyclo: an encyclopedia of the future of news |access-date=April 1, 2012 |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507151129/http://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/new-haven-independent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the monthly ''Grand News Community Newspaper.'' Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, [[Design New Haven]]. The ''Register'' also backs ''PLAY'' magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'', the weekly ''[[Yale Herald]]'' and a humor tabloid, ''[[Rumpus Magazine]]''.


[[WTNH]] Channel 8, the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] affiliate for Connecticut, [[WCTX]] Channel 59, the [[MyNetworkTV]] affiliate for the state, [[Connecticut Public Television]] station [[WEDY]] channel 65, a [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] affiliate, and WTXX Channel 34, the IntrigueTV affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.

=== Sports and athletics ===
[[File:Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yale Bowl]] during "The Game" in 2001]]
[[File:Ingalls Ice Rink (Yale Hockey).jpg|thumb|[[Ingalls Rink]]]]
{{main|Sports in New Haven, Connecticut}}

New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century<ref>[http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1875/TNH101875.htm The 1875 New Haven Elm Citys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630075030/http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1875/TNH101875.htm |date=June 30, 2014 }}. Retrosheet.org. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> and has been the home to professional baseball, basketball, [[American football|football]], [[ice hockey|hockey]], and soccer teams—including the [[New York Giants]] of the [[National Football League]] from 1973 to 1974, who played at the [[Yale Bowl]]. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams, which played at the [[New Haven Arena]] (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), [[New Haven Coliseum]] (1972–2002), and [[Yale Field]] (1928–present).

When [[John DeStefano, Jr.]], became mayor of New Haven in 1995, he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises. As nearby [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]] built new sports facilities, the [[brutalist]] New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated. Believing the upkeep on the venue to be a drain of tax dollars, the DeStefano administration closed the Coliseum in 2002; it was demolished in 2007. New Haven's last professional sports team, the [[New Haven County Cutters]], left in 2009. The DeStefano administration did, however, see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998, a {{convert|94000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} indoor athletic facility with a [[seating capacity]] of over 3,000. The NHAC, built adjacent to [[Hillhouse High School]], is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state.<ref>Orzechowski, Brett. (July 23, 2006) [http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2006/07/23/sports/16956394.txt Nightmare in the Elm City- The New Haven Register – Serving New Haven, Connecticut]. Nhregister.com. Retrieved on August 2, 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312044748/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2006/07/23/sports/16956394.txt |date=March 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2006/nov/10/twilight-for-new-haven-sports/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110606082904/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2006/nov/10/twilight-for-new-haven-sports/ |url-status=dead |title=Twilight for New Haven Sports | Yale Daily News |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=April 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.cga.ct.gov/2007/rpt/2007-R-0277.htm Hillhouse High School's Indoor Track Facility] . Cga.ct.gov (March 28, 2007). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref>

New Haven was the host of the [[1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games]]; then-President [[Bill Clinton]] spoke at the opening ceremonies.<ref>[http://www.eunicekennedyshriver.org/articles/article/71/page/1 Remarks: Opening Ceremonies of the Special Olympics World Games in New Haven, Connecticut] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526143854/http://www.eunicekennedyshriver.org/articles/article/71/page/1 |date=May 26, 2013 }}. Eunice Kennedy Shriver (July 1, 1995). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> The city is home to the [[New Haven Open at Yale|Pilot Pen International]] tennis event, which takes place every August at the [[Connecticut Tennis Center]], one of the largest tennis venues in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yalebulldogs.cstv.com/facilities/faccullman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105030259/http://yalebulldogs.cstv.com/facilities/faccullman.html |url-status=dead |title=Yale University Bulldogs, Official Athletic Site |archive-date=January 5, 2009 }}</ref> New Haven biannually hosts "[[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|The Game]]" between Yale and [[Harvard University|Harvard]], the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Numerous [[road running|road races]] take place in New Haven, including the [[USATF]] 20K Championship during the [[New Haven Road Race]].<ref>[http://www.newhavenroadrace.org/city-nh.htm Stratton Faxon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231053700/http://newhavenroadrace.org/city-nh.htm |date=December 31, 2009 }}. New Haven Roadrace. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref>

[[Greater New Haven]] is home to a number of [[college sports]] teams. The [[Yale Bulldogs]] play Division I college sports, as do the [[Quinnipiac Bobcats]] in neighboring [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]. Division II athletics are played by [[Southern Connecticut State University]] and the [[University of New Haven]] (actually located in neighboring [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]]), while [[Albertus Magnus College]] athletes perform at the Division III level.

New Haven is home to many [[New York Yankees]], [[New York Mets]], and [[Boston Red Sox]] fans due to the proximity of New York City and Boston.<ref>{{cite news |last=Branch |first=John |title=Where Do Rivals Draw the Line? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/sports/baseball/18fans.html?ei=5088&en=6f3f651e40bd2179&ex=1313553600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 18, 2006 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053456/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/sports/baseball/18fans.html?ei=5088&en=6f3f651e40bd2179&ex=1313553600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Walter Camp]], deemed the "father of American football", was a New Havener.

The [[New Haven Warriors]] [[rugby league]] team play in the [[AMNRL]]. They have a large number of [[Pacific Islander]]s playing for them.<ref>[http://www.newhavenwarriors.net/roster/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404000915/http://www.newhavenwarriors.net/roster/|date=April 4, 2011}}</ref> Their field is located at the [[West Haven High School]]'s [[Ken Strong Stadium]].<ref>[http://www.americanrugbynews.com/artman/publish/rugby_league/AMNRL_Season_Preview.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093556/http://www.americanrugbynews.com/artman/publish/rugby_league/AMNRL_Season_Preview.shtml|date=December 6, 2010}}</ref> They won the 2008 AMNRL Grand Final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fightrugby.com/n.php?n=158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311170921/http://www.fightrugby.com/n.php?n=158|url-status=dead|title=New Haven Warriors new AMNRL National Champions :: Philadelphia Fight Rugby|archivedate=March 11, 2012|website=www.fightrugby.com}}</ref>

== Structures ==

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Yalenewhavenstructure1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Collegiate Gothic architecture]] is popular in New Haven.]]

New Haven has many architectural landmarks dating from every important time period and architectural style in American history. The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including [[Ithiel Town]] and [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]] in the 19th century and [[Cesar Pelli]], [[Warren Platner]], [[Kevin Roche]], [[Herbert Newman]] and [[Barry Svigals]] in the 20th. The [[Yale School of Architecture]] has fostered this important component of the city's economy. [[Cass Gilbert]], of the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] school, designed New Haven's [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a [[City Beautiful]] plan in 1919. [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Marcel Breuer]], [[Alexander Jackson Davis]], [[Philip Johnson|Philip C. Johnson]], [[Gordon Bunshaft]], [[Louis Kahn]], [[James Gamble Rogers]], [[Frank Gehry]], [[Charles Willard Moore]], [[Behnisch Architekten|Stefan Behnisch]], [[James Polshek]], [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]], [[Eero Saarinen]] and [[Robert Venturi]] all have designed buildings in New Haven. Yale's 1950s-era [[Ingalls Rink]], designed by Eero Saarinen, was included on the ''[[America's Favorite Architecture]]'' list created in 2007.<ref>[http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php The American Institute of Architects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510113118/http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php |date=May 10, 2011 }}. Favoritearchitecture.org. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.</ref>

Several residential homes in New Haven were designed by Alice Washburn, a noted female architect whose Colonial Revival style set a standard for homes in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/01/garden/still-mysterious-architect-gets-her-due.html |title=Still Mysterious, Architect Gets Her Due |first=Eve M. |last=Kahn |date=March 1, 1990 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106165044/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/01/garden/still-mysterious-architect-gets-her-due.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the city's neighborhoods are well-preserved as walkable "museums" of 19th- and 20th-century American architecture, particularly by the [[New Haven Green]], [[Hillhouse Avenue]] and other residential sections close to [[Downtown New Haven]]. Overall, a large proportion of the city's land area is National (NRHP) historic districts. One of the best sources on local architecture is ''New Haven: Architecture and Urban Design'', by Elizabeth Mills Brown.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://downtownnewhaven.blogspot.com/2009/01/tribute-to-elizabeth-mills-brown-athena.html |title=Tribute to Elizabeth Mills Brown, 'Athena' of New Haven Preservation, January 2009 |publisher=Downtownnewhaven.blogspot.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814162807/http://downtownnewhaven.blogspot.com/2009/01/tribute-to-elizabeth-mills-brown-athena.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{see also|List of tallest buildings in New Haven}}

The five tallest buildings in New Haven are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/?id=102251 |title=Buildings of New Haven |publisher=Emporis.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224223556/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/?id=102251 |archive-date=December 24, 2010 }}</ref>

# [[Connecticut Financial Center]] 383 ft (117m) 26 floors
# [[360 State Street]] 338 ft (103m) 32 floors
# [[Knights of Columbus Building (New Haven, Connecticut)|Knights of Columbus Building]] 321 ft (98m) 23 floors
# [[Kline Biology Tower]] 250 ft (76m) 16 floors
# [[Crown Towers (New Haven, Connecticut)|Crown Towers]] 233 ft (71m) 22 floors

=== Historic points of interest ===
[[File:Crypt beneath Center Church on the Green, New Haven, CT (October 2025).jpg|thumb|The Crypt - Center Church on the Green]]
[[File:NewHavenHillhouse5.JPG|thumb|The Graves-Dwight on Hillhouse Avenue]]

{{see also|National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut}}
Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including [[National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut|59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places]]. Of these, nine are among the [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut|60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut]]. The [[New Haven Green]], one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below the First Church of Christ in New Haven (referred to as the Center Church on the Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tales from the crypt: stones and stories from the basement of Center Church |url=http://ctcryptkeeper.wordpress.com |publisher=Center Church |access-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528033512/http://ctcryptkeeper.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of [[Benedict Arnold]] and the aunt and grandmother of President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880.<ref>[http://www.newhavencenterchurch.org/crypt.html Center Church on-the-Green – The Crypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223133606/http://www.newhavencenterchurch.org/crypt.html |date=December 23, 2013 }}. Newhavencenterchurch.org. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> The [[Old Campus]] of [[Yale University]] is located next to the Green, and includes [[Connecticut Hall]], Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The [[Hillhouse Avenue]] area, which is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; [[Charles Dickens]] is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue "the most beautiful street in America" when visiting the city in 1868.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityofnewhaven.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901193810/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/library/Tour/tour16.html|url-status=dead|title=About City of New Haven, CT|archivedate=September 1, 2012|website=cityofnewhaven.com}}</ref>
[[File:Blackrockfort.jpg|thumb|right|The restored [[Fort Nathan Hale|Black Rock Fort]]]]

In 1660, [[Edward Whalley]] (a cousin and friend of [[Oliver Cromwell]]) and [[William Goffe]], two [[English Civil War]] generals who signed the death warrant of [[King Charles I of England|King Charles I]], hid in a rock formation in New Haven after having fled England upon the [[Restoration (England)|restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the English throne.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Edward Whalley, the Regicide |author1=Robert Patterson Robins |author2=Edward Wale |author3=Sam. Hopkins |author4=G. T. Bratton |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1877 |pages=55–66 |publisher=The Historical Society of Pennsylvania |jstor=20084256 }}</ref> They were later joined by a third [[regicide]], [[John Dixwell]]. The rock formation, which is now a part of [[West Rock Park]], is known as [[Judges' Cave]], and the path leading to the cave is called the [[Regicides Trail]].

After the [[American Revolutionary War]] broke out in 1776, the [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut colonial government]] ordered the construction of [[Fort Nathan Hale|Black Rock Fort]] (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the [[Tryon's raid|Battle of New Haven]], British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the [[Thomas Jefferson]] administration), and rechristened [[Fort Nathan Hale]], after the [[Nathan Hale|Revolutionary War hero]] who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the [[War of 1812]]. In 1863, during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], a [[Fort Nathan Hale|second Fort Hale]] was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a [[Confederate States of America|Southern raid]] against New Haven be launched. The [[United States Congress]] deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fort-nathan-hale.org/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211200051/http://www.fort-nathan-hale.org/history.html |url-status=dead |title=Fort Nathan Hale History |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |website=Fort-nathan-hale.org }}</ref><ref>[http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ct.html#blackrock Connecticut Forts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925224307/http://northamericanforts.com/East/ct.html#blackrock |date=September 25, 2010 }}. Northamericanforts.com (April 1, 2013). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref>

[[Grove Street Cemetery]], a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of [[Roger Sherman]], [[Eli Whitney]], [[Noah Webster]], [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]], [[Charles Goodyear]] and [[Walter Camp]], among other notable burials.<ref>[http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/ Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701102445/http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/ |date=July 1, 2010 }}. Grovestreetcemetery.org. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> The cemetery is noted for its [[Egyptian Revival]] gateway, and is the oldest planned burial ground in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/nyregion/the-nations-first-planned-burial-ground.html |title=The Nation's First Planned Burial Ground |last=Risen |first=Clay |date=June 26, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 11, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084238/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/nyregion/the-nations-first-planned-burial-ground.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Union League|Union League Club]] of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; [[George Washington]] is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).<ref>[http://historicbuildingsct.com/?p=2424 Historic Buildings of Connecticut » Blog Archive » Union League Club of New Haven (1902)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124135539/http://historicbuildingsct.com/?p=2424 |date=November 24, 2010 }}. Historicbuildingsct.com (January 26, 2010). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.newhavenmuseum.org/files/news/summer07version2.pdf]{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Two sites pay homage to the time President and [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[William Howard Taft]] lived in the city, as both a student and later Professor at Yale: a plaque on Prospect Street marks the site where Taft's home formerly stood,<ref>Stannard, Ed. (February 8, 2009) [http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt Photography exhibit reveals 'lost New Haven'- The New Haven Register – Serving New Haven, Connecticut] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306222022/http://www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/08/news/new_haven/ctoldnewhaven.txt |date=March 6, 2012 }}. The New Haven Register. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> and downtown's Taft Apartment Building (formerly the Taft Hotel) bears the name of the former president who resided in the building for eight years before becoming Chief Justice of the United States.<ref name="morganreed.com" />

Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the [[Roaring Twenties]], attracting luminaries of the period such as [[Babe Ruth]] and [[Ty Cobb]].<ref>[http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/lighthousepoint.asp#pride Welcome to Department of Parks, Recreation and Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306115038/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/parks/parksinformation/lighthousepoint.asp#pride |date=March 6, 2010 }}. Cityofnewhaven.com. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref> The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the [[Five Mile Point Light]]house, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point [[Carousel]], constructed in 1916.<ref>[http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/lighthousepoint.asp#The%20Present%20Lighthouse Welcome to Department of Parks, Recreation and Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306115038/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/parks/parksinformation/lighthousepoint.asp#The%20Present%20Lighthouse |date=March 6, 2010 }}. Cityofnewhaven.com. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/carousel.asp#history |title=Welcome to Department of Parks, Recreation and Trees |publisher=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044233/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/carousel.asp#history |url-status=live }}</ref> Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of [[Southwest Ledge Light]] at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Other historic sites in the city include the [[Soldiers and Sailors Monument (New Haven)|Soldiers and Sailors Monument]], which stands at the summit of [[East Rock]], the [[Marsh Botanical Garden]], [[Wooster Square]], [[Dwight Street Historic District|Dwight Street]], [[Louis' Lunch]], and the [[Farmington Canal]], all of which date back to the 19th century. Other historic parks besides the Green include [[Edgerton (Hamden and New Haven, Connecticut)|Edgerton Park]], [[Edgewood Park, New Haven|Edgewood Park]], and [[East Rock Park]], each of which is included on the National Register of Historic Places.

== Transportation ==
=== Rail ===
[[File:New Haven Union Station from Union Avenue, December 2016.JPG|thumb|right|[[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] in 2016]]

New Haven has two railroad stations, connected to New York City and points along the Northeast Corridor by [[commuter rail]], [[regional rail]] and [[inter-city rail]]. Service is provided by:
* [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[New Haven Line]] (commuter rail) to points west, such as [[Bridgeport station (Connecticut)|Bridgeport]], [[Stamford Transportation Center|Stamford]], [[Greenwich station (Metro-North)|Greenwich]], and [[Grand Central Terminal|New York City]]
* [[Shore Line East]] (commuter rail) to points east, such as [[Old Saybrook station|Old Saybrook]] and [[New London Union Station|New London]], with limited rush-hour service west to Stamford
* [[Hartford Line]] (commuter rail) to points north, such as [[Meriden Transit Center|Meriden]], [[Hartford Union Station|Hartford]], [[Windsor station (Connecticut)|Windsor]], and [[Springfield Union Station (Massachusetts)|Springfield, Massachusetts]]
* [[Amtrak]] (regional and intercity rail) to Northeast Corridor hubs, such as [[New York Penn Station|New York]], [[30th Street Station|Philadelphia]], [[Washington Union Station|Washington D.C.]], and [[South Station|Boston]]
The city's main railroad station is the historic [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]], which serves Metro-North, Hartford Line, and Shore Line East commuter trains. Approximately 175 trains serve Union Station on weekdays. Union Station is also served by four Amtrak lines: the ''[[Northeast Regional]]'' and the [[high-speed rail|high-speed]] ''[[Acela Express]]'' provide service to New York, Washington, D.C., and [[Boston]], and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the [[New Haven–Springfield Line]] provides service to [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]; and the ''[[Vermonter (train)|Vermonter]]'' provides service to both Washington, D.C., and [[Vermont]], {{convert|15|mi|km}} from the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]].

An additional station, [[State Street Station (New Haven)|State Street Station]], was opened in 2002, providing passengers easier access to [[downtown New Haven]]. State Street Station is currently serviced by Shore Line East and Hartford Line trains, plus some peak-hour Metro-North trips.

=== Bus ===
[[File:CT bus342face.JPG|thumb|A [[Connecticut Transit New Haven|New Haven Division]] bus in [[Downtown New Haven]], near the Green]]
The [[Connecticut Transit New Haven|New Haven Division]] of [[Connecticut Transit]] (CT Transit), the state's bus system, is the second largest division in the state with 24 routes. All routes originate from the [[New Haven Green]], making it the central transfer hub of the city. Service is provided to 19 different municipalities throughout [[Greater New Haven]]. Bus routes were formerly identified by letters, but as of October 8, 2017, all service was renamed using 200-series numbers, in accordance with a renumbering of CTtransit's statewide services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cttransit.com/news/important-information-regarding-route-renumbering-and-renaming-cttransits-new-haven-area-bus |title=Important information regarding the route renumbering and renaming for CTtransit's New Haven-area bus routes |date=August 30, 2017 |website=CTtransit |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204718/https://www.cttransit.com/news/important-information-regarding-route-renumbering-and-renaming-cttransits-new-haven-area-bus |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

CT Transit's Union Station Shuttle provides free service from Union Station to the New Haven Green and several New Haven parking garages. [[Peter Pan Bus Lines|Peter Pan]] and [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] bus lines have scheduled stops at Union Station, and connections downtown can be made via the Union Station Shuttle. A private company operates the New Haven/Hartford Express which provides commuter bus service to Hartford. The Yale University Shuttle provides free transportation around New Haven for Yale students, faculty, and staff.

The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by [[tram|trolley]] service. [[Horsecar|Horse-drawn streetcars]] began operating in New Haven in the 1860s, and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines, with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 26, 1948 |title=Trolley Cars Run No More In New Haven |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-trolley-cars-run-no-mor/188082974/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |page=1}}</ref> The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar (light-rail) service, which has been absent since the postwar period.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Melissa |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/12/a_streetcar_com.php |title=A Streetcar Comeback? |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628042117/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/12/a_streetcar_com.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Appel |first=Allan |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2008/03/street_cars_new.php |title=Where To Catch The Streetcar |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628142330/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2008/03/street_cars_new.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/upload/2008/03/New%20Haven%20Streetcar%20a%20Catalyst.pdf |title=TransSystems: New Haven Electric StreetCar A Catalyst for Development |website=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627204551/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/upload/2008/03/New%20Haven%20Streetcar%20a%20Catalyst.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scrcog.org/toc_files/New%20Haven%20Streetcar%20Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201156/http://www.scrcog.org/toc_files/New%20Haven%20Streetcar%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |title=TranSystems/Stone Consulting & Design, "New Haven Streetcar Assessment", April 2008. |archive-date=September 29, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Bicycle ===

==== Bikeshare ====
On February 21, 2018, New Haven officially launched its '''Bike New Haven''' bikeshare program.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://wshu.org/post/new-haven-launches-bike-share-program#stream/0 |title=New Haven Launches Bike Share Program |last=Moaton |first=Anthony |date=February 21, 2018 |work=WSHU |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221194102/http://wshu.org/post/new-haven-launches-bike-share-program#stream/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> based on dockless technology powered by Noa Technologies<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/bike-new-haven/id1349187233 |title=Bike New Haven |website=iTunes App Store |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022547/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/bike-new-haven/id1349187233?mt=8 |url-status=live }}</ref> At time of launch, the program features 10 docking stations and 100 bikes, spread throughout the urban core; there are plans to reach 30 bike stations and 300 bikes by the end of April 2018.<ref name=":0" /> The launch of the New Haven bikeshare program coincided with the launch of Yale University's own bikeshare program, which uses the same technology powered by Noa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://to.yale.edu/news/yale-launches-new-bikeshare-program |title=Yale Launches New Bikeshare Program |last=Connor |first=Sullivan |date=December 4, 2017 |work=Yale Transportation |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163035/https://to.yale.edu/news/yale-launches-new-bikeshare-program |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Bike lanes ====
In 2004, the first bike lane in the city was added.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/EnvironmentalInitiatives/Greenways/BikeMap_Front.pdf |title=City Cycle Map |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605170353/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/EnvironmentalInitiatives/Greenways/BikeMap_Front.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/EnvironmentalInitiatives/Greenways/BikeMap_Back.pdf |title=City Cycle Map by Region |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014248/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/EnvironmentalInitiatives/Greenways/BikeMap_Back.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2011 }}</ref> The city has added covered [[bicycle parking|bike parking]] spots at Union Station, in order to facilitate bike commuting to the station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/TrafficParking/BikePlanning.asp |title=Welcome to the New Haven Department of Transportation, Traffic and Parking |publisher=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521045110/http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/TrafficParking/BikePlanning.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Farmington Canal Greenway ====
The [[Farmington Canal Trail]] is a [[rail trail]] that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic [[New Haven and Northampton Company]] and the [[Farmington Canal]]. Currently, there is a continuous {{convert|14|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of the trail from downtown, through [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]] and into [[Cheshire, Connecticut|Cheshire]], making [[bicycle commuting]] between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the [[East Coast Greenway]], a proposed {{convert|3000|mi|km|adj=on}} bike path that would link every major city on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] from Florida to [[Maine]].

=== Roads ===
[[File:Q Bridge in New Haven Illuminated Red, White, and Blue (27460771747).jpg|thumb|The [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge]], locally known as the ''Q Bridge'', carries ten lanes over the [[Quinnipiac River]] along the [[Connecticut Turnpike]].]]
New Haven lies at the intersection of [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]] on the coast—which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, [[Rhode Island]], and eastern [[Massachusetts]]—and [[Interstate 91#Connecticut|Interstate 91]], which leads northward to the interior of Connecticut, Massachusetts and [[Vermont]] and the Canada–US border. I-95 is notorious for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the [[Quinnipiac River]] via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or "[[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Q Bridge]]", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The [[Oak Street Connector]] ([[Connecticut Route 34]]) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The [[Wilbur Cross Parkway]] ([[Connecticut Route 15]]) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]], offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as [[Heroes Tunnel]]), running through [[West Rock]], home to [[West Rock Park]] and the [[Three Judges Cave]].
[[File:Heros Tunnel.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Wilbur Cross Parkway]] passes through [[West Rock]] via [[Heroes Tunnel]], the only highway tunnel in Connecticut.]]
The city also has several major surface arteries. [[U.S. Route 1 in Connecticut|U.S. Route 1]] (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) runs in an east–west direction south of downtown serving [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] and leading out of the city to [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]], [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]], [[East Haven, Connecticut|East Haven]] and [[Branford, Connecticut|Branford]]. The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue (partly signed as [[Connecticut Route 10|Route 10]] and [[Connecticut Route 63|Route 63]]) leading to [[Westville (New Haven)|Westville]] and [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]]. Heading north towards [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]], there are two major thoroughfares, Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue. To the northeast are Middletown Avenue ([[Connecticut Route 17|Route 17]]), which leads to the Montowese section of North Haven, and Foxon Boulevard ([[Connecticut Route 80|Route 80]]), which leads to the Foxon section of East Haven and to the town of [[North Branford, Connecticut|North Branford]]. To the west is [[Connecticut Route 34|Route 34]], which leads to the city of [[Derby, Connecticut|Derby]]. Other major intracity arteries are [[Ella Grasso]] Boulevard ([[Connecticut Route 10|Route 10]]) west of downtown, and College Street, Temple Street, Church Street, Elm Street, and Grove Street in the downtown area.

Traffic safety is a major concern for drivers, pedestrians and cyclists in New Haven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newhavensafestreets.org |title=NewHavenSafeStreets.org |publisher=NewHavenSafeStreets.org |date=March 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808165458/http://www.newhavensafestreets.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to many traffic-related fatalities in the city each year, since 2005, over a dozen Yale students, staff and faculty have been killed or injured in traffic collisions on or near the campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/ |title=Yale Daily News – The Oldest College Daily |work=Yale Daily News |access-date=March 11, 2010 |archive-date=March 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314030551/http://www.yaledailynews.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Airport ===
[[Tweed New Haven Airport]] is located within the city limits {{convert|3|mi|0}} east of the business district, straddling the border with neighboring East Haven. Service to approximately 25 cities is provided by [[Avelo Airlines]], which established its first East Coast base at the airport in 2021. [[Breeze Airways]] plans to begin operations at Tweed in December 2024, and will provide service to 10 destinations. The airport is currently planning a runway lengthening and new terminal on the East Haven side of the airport.

Bus service between [[Downtown New Haven]] and Tweed is available via the [[Connecticut Transit New Haven|CT Transit New Haven Division]].

=== Seaport ===
[[File:Newhaven harbor pan.png|thumb|250px|Port of New Haven]]
[[New Haven Harbor]] is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle [[break bulk cargo]]. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. [[Providence and Worcester Railroad]] provides freight rail transportation to the port, with the railroad operating a switch engine for yard movements, a private siding for loading and unloading, and trackage over the [[Tomlinson Lift Bridge]] toward the Northeast Corridor. Approximately {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|-4}} of inside storage and {{convert|50|acre|m2}} of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

On June 17, 2013, the city commissioned the [[Nathan Hale (fireboat)|''Nathan Hale'']], a {{convert|36|foot|m}} port security vessel capable of serving [[search and rescue]], firefighting, and constabulary roles.<ref name="NewHavenRegister2013-06-17" /><ref name="Nhi2014-06-17">{{cite news |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/nathan_hale_hits_the_harbor/ |title="Nathan Hale" hits the harbor |publisher=[[New Haven Independent]] |author-first1=Thomas |author-last1=MacMillan |date=June 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231091954/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/nathan_hale_hits_the_harbor/ |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |access-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |quote=The city recently purchased the Metalcraft Firestorm 36 using grant money from the federal Department of Homeland Security. The vessel will be used by the fire and police departments for dousing fires on sea and on the shore, and search and rescue operations. }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Sterling Memorial Library Interior (bright color scale).jpg|thumb|Yale's [[Sterling Memorial Library]]]]

=== Hospitals and medicine ===
The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: [[Yale – New Haven Hospital]] has four pavilions, including the Yale – New Haven Children's Hospital<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynhch.org/ |title=Yale – New Haven Children's Hospital |publisher=Ynhch.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414230922/http://www.ynhch.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Smilow Cancer Hospital;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynhh.org/smilow/index.aspx |title=Smilow Cancer Hospital |publisher=Ynhh.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=October 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024081929/http://www.ynhh.org/smilow/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Hospital of Saint Raphael]] is several blocks north, and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program. Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street, Connecticut Mental Health Center/<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607105619/http://www.med.yale.edu/psych/clinical_care/mental_health.html |url-status=dead |title=Home | Yale School of Medicine |archive-date=June 7, 2009 |website=medicine.yale.edu }}</ref> across Park Street from Y-NHH, and the Hill Health Center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillhealthcenter.com/ |title=Hill Health Center |publisher=Hill Health Center |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712034650/http://www.hillhealthcenter.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven. To the west in [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]] is [[Milford Hospital (Connecticut)|Milford Hospital]], and to the north in [[Meriden, Connecticut|Meriden]] is the MidState Medical Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midstatemedical.org/ |title=MidState Medical Center |publisher=Midstatemedical.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=July 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719113536/http://www.midstatemedical.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In recent years, Yale and the City of New Haven have been working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ribbon Cut On New Downtown "Bioscience Center" |url=https://www.newhavenindependent.org/article/elm_city_bioscience_center |access-date=November 7, 2022 |website=New Haven Independent |date=September 16, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107122406/https://www.newhavenindependent.org/article/elm_city_bioscience_center |url-status=live }}</ref> The city, state and Yale together run Science Park,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2008/10/16/staff-offices-move-to-science-park/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210141723/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/city-news/2008/10/16/staff-offices-move-to-science-park/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |title=Staff offices move to Science Park |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=October 16, 2008 |access-date=July 23, 2014 }}</ref> a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's [[Science Hill (Yale University)|Science Hill]] campus.<ref name="autogenerated5">[citation forthcoming]</ref> This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester]]'s and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.

A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built [[Connecticut Route 34|Route 34]] extension.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> As of late 2009, a [[Pfizer]] drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> A former [[Southern New England Telephone|SNET]] telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been quite successful so far in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.<ref name="autogenerated5" />

=== Power supply facilities ===
[[File:English Station Power Plant.jpg|thumb|[[English Station]], an abandoned [[thermal power plant]] in downtown]]
Electricity for New Haven is generated by a 448 MW oil and gas-fired generating station located on the shore at New Haven Harbor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pseg.com:80/companies/fossil/plants/newhaven.jsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216230659/http://www.pseg.com/companies/fossil/plants/newhaven.jsp|url-status=dead|title=The New Haven Harbor Generating Station|archivedate=February 16, 2010|website=www.pseg.com}}</ref> [[PPL Corporation]] operates a 220 MW peaking natural gas turbine plant in nearby Wallingford.

Near New Haven there is the [[static inverter plant]] of the [[HVDC]] [[Cross Sound Cable]].

There are three [[PureCell System|PureCell]] Model 400 [[fuel cell]]s placed in the city of New Haven—one at the [[New Haven Public Schools]] and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://environmentalheadlines.com/ct/2010/09/23/new-haven-breaks-elementary-school-fuel-cell-barrier/ |title=New Haven breaks elementary school fuel cell barrier – CT Environmental Headlines |publisher=Environmentalheadlines.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628215338/http://environmentalheadlines.com/ct/2010/09/23/new-haven-breaks-elementary-school-fuel-cell-barrier/ |url-status=live }}</ref> one at the mixed-use [[360 State Street]] building,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/06/08/new-haven-installs-400kw-fuel-cell/ |title=New Haven Installs 400kW Fuel Cell · Environmental Management & Sustainability News · Environmental Leader |publisher=Environmentalleader.com |date=June 8, 2010 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405000747/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/06/08/new-haven-installs-400kw-fuel-cell/ |archive-date=April 5, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and one at [[New Haven City Hall and County Courthouse|City Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Appel |first=Allan |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/city_hall_fuel_cell_powe/ |title=City Hall Fuel Cell Green-Lighted |publisher=New Haven Independent |date=November 21, 2011 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627204556/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/city_hall_fuel_cell_powe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2012/01/17/1st-fuel-cell-arrives-at-new-haven-city-hall/ |title=1st Fuel Cell Arrives At New Haven City Hall |publisher=FuelCellsWorks |date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627223235/http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2012/01/17/1st-fuel-cell-arrives-at-new-haven-city-hall/ |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fuel cells were provided by [[ClearEdge Power]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power |title=ClearEdge Power – Media Room |publisher=Clearedgepower.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601083211/http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power |url-status=dead }}</ref> formerly [[UTC Power]].<ref>{{cite web |author=WFSB Staff |url=http://www.wfsb.com/story/16525566/new-haven-welcomes-new-fuel-cell |title=New Haven welcomes new fuel cell – WFSB 3 Connecticut |publisher=Wfsb.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628043904/http://www.wfsb.com/story/16525566/new-haven-welcomes-new-fuel-cell |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additional fuel cells are located at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History]] and at the Greater New Haven Water Pollution Control Authority (GNHWPCA).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/city_hall_moves_on_green_energy/ |title=City Hall Moves on Green Energy |last=MacMillan |first=Thomas |date=December 7, 2010 |work=New Haven Register |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124926/https://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/city_hall_moves_on_green_energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[IKEA|Ikea]]'s New Haven facility also utilizes a 250 kW fuel cell and 940.8 kW solar array.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://solarindustrymag.com/ikea-complements-solar-fuel-cells-new-haven-store |title=Solar With Fuel Cells At New Haven Store |last=Bebon |first=Joseph |date=March 22, 2017 |work=Solar Magazine |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092245/https://solarindustrymag.com/ikea-complements-solar-fuel-cells-new-haven-store |archive-date=March 23, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

New Haven recently installed solar panels at 11 city schools with a combined power generation capacity of 1.8 MW.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenskies.com/about/news/solar-projects-under-way-new-haven-schools |title=Solar Projects Under Way At New Haven Schools |last=Joseph |first=Bebon |date=January 24, 2018 |website=Greenskies |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522164539/https://www.greenskies.com/about/news/solar-projects-under-way-new-haven-schools |url-status=live }}</ref> Owned and maintained by Greenskies, the panels allow New Haven to purchase electricity at a discounted rate through a power-purchasing agreement. The panels bring New Haven's solar capacity to 2.8 MW and will help New Haven meet its commitment to powering 100% of its municipal operations through clean energy, which it made in Summer 2017<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/New-Haven-commits-to-using-only-renewable-energy-11309125.php |title=New Haven commits to using only renewable energy for city operations |last=Hernandez |first=Esteban |date=July 5, 2017 |work=New Haven Register |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030530/https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/New-Haven-commits-to-using-only-renewable-energy-11309125.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and reaffirmed in the 2018 New Haven Climate and Sustainability Framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/climatechange/publications/city_of_new_haven_climate_and_sustainability.pdf |title=City of New Haven Climate and Sustainability Framework, January 2018 |date=Jan 2018 |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204734/http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/climatechange/publications/city_of_new_haven_climate_and_sustainability.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2016}}
Several movies have been filmed in New Haven since 2000, including ''[[Mona Lisa Smile]]'' (2003), with [[Julia Roberts]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2002/10/15/with-roberts-hollywood-comes-to-yale/ |title=With Roberts, Hollywood comes to Yale |website=Yaledailynews.com |date=October 15, 2002 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106163230/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2002/10/15/with-roberts-hollywood-comes-to-yale/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Life Before Her Eyes]]'' (2007), with [[Uma Thurman]], and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' (2008) directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] and starring [[Harrison Ford]], [[Cate Blanchett]] and [[Shia LaBeouf]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhregister.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18340961&BRD=1281&PAG=461&dept_id=566835&rfi=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003748/http://www.nhregister.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18340961&BRD=1281&PAG=461&dept_id=566835&rfi=6 |url-status=dead |title=NHregister.com |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> The filming of ''Crystal Skull'' involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a "makeover" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/nyregion/01yale.html |work=The New York Times |title=This Place Looks Familiar, but Where's Starbucks? |date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512191423/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/nyregion/01yale.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Melissa |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/city_clears_pat.php |title=City Clears Path For Indiana Jones |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133302/http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/city_clears_pat.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Everybody's Fine (2009 film)|Everybody's Fine]]'' (2009), [[Robert De Niro]] has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the [[Denver]] train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station.
[[File:New Haven Union Station tunnels.jpg|thumb|right|Union Station tunnel as seen in ''[[Everybody's Fine (2009 film)|Everybody's Fine]]'' (2009)]] New Haven is mentioned in the song [[Peace Frog]] by [[the Doors]], referencing a 1967 incident where vocalist [[Jim Morrison]] was arrested for "attempting to incite a riot" in the middle of a concert at the [[New Haven Arena]].

== Notable people ==
{{main list|List of people from New Haven, Connecticut
}}

== Sister cities ==
New Haven's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web |title=New Haven Sister Cities |url=https://www.newhavenct.gov/arts/neighborhood_n_cultural_development/sister_cities.htm |website=newhavenct.gov |publisher=City of New Haven |access-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516191920/https://www.newhavenct.gov/arts/neighborhood_n_cultural_development/sister_cities.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Afula]], Israel
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Amalfi]], Italy
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Avignon]], France
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Changsha]], China
*{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Huế]], Vietnam
*{{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua]], Nicaragua
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taichung]], Taiwan
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[San Francisco Tetlanohcan Municipality|San Francisco Tetlanohcan]], Mexico
{{div col end}}

Some of these were selected because of historical connection—Freetown because of the ''Amistad'' trial. Others, such as Amalfi and Afula, reflect ethnic groups in New Haven.

In 1990, the United Nations named New Haven a "[[United Nations Peace Messenger Cities|Peace Messenger City]]".

== See also ==
{{Portal|Connecticut|New England|Cities}}
* [[List of people from New Haven, Connecticut]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut]]
* [[New Haven Fire Department]]
* [[New Haven Police Department]]
* [[Coast Guard Station New Haven]]
* [[USS New Haven|USS ''New Haven'']], 4 ships
* [[Education in Connecticut]]
* [[History of Connecticut]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="NewHavenRegister2013-06-17">{{cite news |url=http://www.nhregister.com/general-news/20130617/new-police-fire-ems-boat-afloat-in-new-haven |title=New police, fire EMS boat afloat in New Haven |newspaper=[[New Haven Register]] |author-first1=Guerrero |author-last1=Garcia |date=June 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026012806/http://www.nhregister.com/general-news/20130617/new-police-fire-ems-boat-afloat-in-new-haven |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |access-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=live |quote=The city held a ceremony to commission The Nathan Hale, the new public safety vessel, which is going to be used by the police, fire and emergency services departments to support all operations in the harbor and to help put the public in a better place, said Deputy Director of Emergency Management Rick Fontana. }}</ref>
</references>

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Leonard Bacon, ''Thirteen Historical Discourses'' (New Haven, 1839)
* C. H. Hoadley (editor), ''Records of the Colony of New Haven, 1638–1665'' (two volumes, Hartford, 1857–58)
* J. W. Barber, ''History and Antiquities of New Haven'' (third edition, New Haven, 1870)
* C. H. Levermore, ''Town and City Government of New Haven'' (Baltimore, 1886)
* C. H. Levermore, ''Republic of New Haven: A History of Municipal Evolution'' (Baltimore, 1886)
* E. S. Bartlett, ''Historical Sketches of New Haven'' (New Haven, 1897)
* F. H. Cogswell, "New Haven" in L. P. Powell (editor), ''Historic Towns of New England'' (New York, 1898)
* H. T. Blake, ''Chronicles of New Haven Green'' (New Haven, 1898)
* E. E. Atwater, ''History of the Colony of New Haven'' (New edition, New Haven, 1902)
* {{Citation |publisher=[[Porter Sargent|Porter E. Sargent]] |location=Boston |title=Handbook of New England |date=1916 |oclc=16726464 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookofneweng00sargiala#page/94/mode/2up |chapter=New Haven}}
* [[Robert A. Dahl]], ''[[Who Governs?|Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City]]'' (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1961)
* [[William Lee Miller]], ''The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society'' (Houghton Mifflin/Riverside, 1966)
* Douglas W. Rae, ''City: Urbanism and Its End'' (New Haven, 2003)
* ''New Haven City Yearbooks''
* Michael Sletcher, ''New Haven: From Puritanism to the Age of Terrorism'' (Charleston, 2004)
* Preston C. Maynard and Majorey B. Noyes, (editors), "Carriages and Clocks, Corsets and Locks: the Rise and Fall of an Industrial City—New Haven, Connecticut" (University Press of New England, 2005)
* Mandi Isaacs Jackson, ''Model City Blues: Urban Space and Organized Resistance in New Haven'' (Temple University Press, 2008)
* James Cersonsky, "Whose New Haven? Reversing the Slant of the Knowledge Economy" (''Dissent'', February 15, 2011)
* Paul Bass, "New Hope for New Haven, Connecticut" (''Nation'', January 25, 2012)
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|New Haven, Connecticut}}
{{Wikivoyage|New Haven}}
{{EB1911 poster|New Haven}}
* {{Official website|https://www.newhavenct.gov/}}

{{Geographic Location
| Centre = [[New Haven]]
| North = [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]
| Northwest = [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]]
| Northeast = [[North Haven, Connecticut|North Haven]]
| West = [[Orange, Connecticut|Orange]]
[[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]]
| East = [[East Haven, Connecticut|East Haven]]
| South = [[Long Island Sound]]}}
{{Neighborhoods of New Haven}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut}}
{{New Haven County, Connecticut}}
{{Connecticut}}
{{New England}}
{{New York metropolitan area}}
{{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}}
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{{Northeast US}}
{{Connecticut county seats}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New Haven, Connecticut| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Cities in New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Cities in the New York metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1638]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:1638 establishments in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American culture in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Cities in South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut]]

Shammi Kapoor

2026-02-03T20:31:06Z

KaleyCountryman: reworked lead for accuracy and corrected details

{{short description|Indian film actor (1931–2011)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shammi Kapoor
| image = Shammi Kapoor in the film Rockstar.jpg
| caption = Kapoor during the filming of ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| birth_name = Shamsher Raj Kapoor
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|08|14|1931|10|21|df=yes}}
| othername = ''[[Elvis Presley]] of India'', ''First Rockstar of Indian Cinema''
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/veteran-actor-shammi-kappor-passes-away/175514-8-66.html|title=Veteran actor Shammi Kapoor passes away|work=CNN-IBN|date=14 August 2011|access-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084511/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/veteran-actor-shammi-kappor-passes-away/175514-8-66.html|archive-date=17 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| years_active = 1953–2011
| works = [[Shammi Kapoor filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Geeta Bali]]|1955|1965|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Neila Devi Gohil|1969}}
}}
| website = {{URL|shammikapoor.net}}
| father = [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
| mother = Ramsarni Mehra Kapoor
| family = [[Kapoor family]]
| children = 2, including [[Aditya Raj Kapoor|Aditya]]
| signature = Shammi Kapoor.svg
| height =
}}

'''Shammi Kapoor''' (born '''Shamsher Raj Kapoor'''; (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ʃʌmːi kʌpuːɾ]]]; 21 October 1931 – 14 August 2011) was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. Kapoor is regarded as one of the greatest actors in the history of [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="IndiaTodaySK">{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/16 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/16 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> In a career spanning over five decades, he worked in over [[Shammi Kapoor filmography|100 films]] and was the recipient of three [[Filmfare Awards]], including one for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]].<ref name="ShammiDance" />

Born to actor [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and a member of the [[Kapoor family]], he made his film debut with the commercially unsuccessful ''[[Jeewan Jyoti (1953 film)|Jeewan Jyoti]]'' (1953). Following roles in continued [[Box-office bomb|box-office flops]], he had his breakthrough with ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahi Dekha]]'' (1957), which attained him the image of a stylish [[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]] and dancer, and subsequently gained further recognition with ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959). Kapoor rose to widespread recognition with the romantic blockbuster ''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]'' (1961), and went on to become one of the most marketable Bollywood stars throughout the 1960s, appearing in a number of highly successful films such as - ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'' (1962), ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'' (1962), ''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'' (1962), ''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]'' (1964), ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]'' (1964), ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' (1965), ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' (1966), ''[[An Evening in Paris|An Evening In Paris]]'' (1967), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968) and ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' (1969). For ''Brahmachari'', he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].

Following his leading role in ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971), he began to appear in supporting roles. His notable such roles includes ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1977), ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982), ''[[Vidhaata]]'' (1982), ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983), ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983), ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1984), ''[[Wanted: Dead or Alive (1984 film)|Wanted]]'' (1984), ''[[Hukumat]]'' (1987), ''[[Daata (1989 film)|Daata]]'' (1989), ''[[Tahalka]]'' (1992), ''[[Chamatkar]]'' (1992), ''[[Gardish]]'' (1993) and ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011), which was his final film. For ''Vidhaata'', he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. Apart from acting, Kapoor was widely considered among the best dancers.

== Early life and family ==
{{See also|Kapoor family}}

Kapoor was born as Shamsher Raj Kapoor in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and Ramsharni Mehra Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junglee.org.in/sk.html |title=Shammi Kapoor |work=Junglee.org.in |date=30 October 1998 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012839/http://www.junglee.org.in/sk.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shammi was the second of the three sons of Prithviraj (the other two being [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Shashi Kapoor]], both successful [[Hindi film]] actors).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-actor-a-gentleman-and-a-man-of-integrity/article21336313.ece|title=Shashi Kapoor: an Actor, a Gentleman and a Man of Integrity|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 December 2017 |access-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210233742/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-actor-a-gentleman-and-a-man-of-integrity/article21336313.ece|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Radha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Prerna|date=14 December 2018|title=Raj Kapoor, The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema|work=[[The Print]]|url=https://theprint.in/features/raj-kapoor-the-greatest-showman-of-indian-cinema/163297/|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> He is the nephew of actor [[Trilok Kapoor]]. His father's first cousin was producer and filmmaker [[Surinder Kapoor]]. He was the first cousin of singer, Juggal Kishore Mehra, whose granddaughter is the actress-singer [[Salma Agha]]. Actors [[Randhir Kapoor|Randhir]] and [[Rishi Kapoor|Rishi]] are his nephews, while actor [[Ranbir Kapoor|Ranbir]] is his grand nephew and actresses [[Karisma Kapoor|Karisma]] and [[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena]] are his grand nieces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02slide1.htm |work=Rediff.com |title=Rediff Special - The Kapoors: Bollywood's First Family |accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref>

Though born in [[Mumbai]], he spent a major portion of his childhood in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), where his father was involved with New Theatres Studios, acting in films. It was in Kolkata that he did his [[Montessori education]] and Kindergarten. After coming back to Bombay, he first went to St. Joseph's Convent ([[Wadala]]) and then, to [[Don Bosco High School (Matunga)|Don Bosco School]]. He finished his matric schooling from New Era School at [[Hughes Road]].<ref name="Website">{{cite web|title=Don Bosco High School, Matunga |work=Don Bosco High School |url=https://donboscomatunga.com/|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>

Kapoor had a short stint at [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] after which he joined his father's theatrical company Prithvi Theatres. He entered the cinema world in 1948, as a junior artiste, at a salary of Rs. 50 per month, stayed with Prithvi Theatres for the next four years and collected his last paycheck of Rs. 300, in 1952. He made his debut in Hindi Films in the year 1953, when the film ''[[Jeewan Jyoti (1953 film)|Jeewan Jyoti]]'' was released. It was directed by Mahesh Kaul and [[Chand Usmani]] was Kapoor's first heroine. He was in a relationship with [[Nadia Gamal]], a belly dancer from [[Cairo]]<ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-look-at-the-kapoor-clan-part-3-shammi-and-shashi-raj-kapoor-5435.html?page=4 A look at the Kapoor clan: Part 3 – Shammi and Shashi Raj Kapoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233235/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-look-at-the-kapoor-clan-part-3-shammi-and-shashi-raj-kapoor-5435.html?page=4 |date=30 December 2013 }}. indiatvnews.com. 31 October 2012</ref> and [[Egypt]]ian actress, from 1953–55 after they met in [[Sri Lanka]] on an occasion while he was on a holiday trip, but their relationship ended when she moved back to Cairo.<ref>[http://www.itimes.com/photo/shammi-the-junglee-kapoor-520a0f391e025 Trending stories on Indian Lifestyle, Culture, Relationships, Food, Travel, Entertainment, News & New Technology News – Indiatimes.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203650/https://www.indiatimes.com/ |date=11 October 2020 }}. www.itimes.com (1 January 1970). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref>

== Career ==
Shammi Kapoor debuted into Hindi films in 1953, with the release of ''[[Jeewan Jyoti (1953 film)|Jeewan Jyoti]]'', starring [[Shashikala]] and [[Leela Mishra]].<ref name="Gahlot2008">{{cite book|author=Deepa Gahlot|title=Shammi Kapoor: The Dancing Hero|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EFXKA2PIOwC&pg=PT82|accessdate=29 October 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=SCB Distributors|isbn=978-81-8328-228-4|pages=82–}}</ref> Kapoor's career started unsuccessfully in the early 1950s with him acting with established actresses playing second fiddle in woman-oriented movies: with [[Madhubala]] in films such as ''[[Rail Ka Dibba]]'' (1953) and ''[[Naqab (1955 film)|Naqab]]'' (1955), with [[Nutan]] in ''Laila Majnu'', with [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] in ''Thokar'' and with [[Nalini Jaywant]] in ''Hum Sab Chor Hain'' and ''Mehbooba'' ''Shama Parwana'' (1954) with [[Suraiya]], comedy flick ''[[Mem Sahib]]'' (1956) with [[Meena Kumari]], and thrillers like ''Chor Bazar'' (1954), as well as in the tragic love story ''Mirza Sahiban'' (1957) opposite [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-beloved-Junglee-no-more/articleshow/9606519.cms India's beloved Junglee no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815023752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-beloved-Junglee-no-more/articleshow/9606519.cms |date=15 August 2011 }}. ''Times Of India''. Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref> From 1953 to 1957, none of his films made him popular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mem Sahib (1956) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos, Videos and more |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mem-sahib-3886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203171125/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mem-sahib-3886 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

He had his first major success with [[Filmistan]]'s [[Nasir Hussain]] directed ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' (1957) opposite [[Ameeta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tumsa-nahin-dekha-2357/box-office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020713/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tumsa-nahin-dekha-2357/box-office|url-status=live|archive-date=25 January 2018|title=Do you know how Tumsa Nahin Dekha did at the Box Office?|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> and with ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959), he attained the image of a light-hearted, and stylish playboy.<ref name="mapsofindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/entertainment/shammi-kapoor.html|title=Shammi Kapoor Biography – Life Story, Career, Awards and Achievements|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060445/http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/entertainment/shammi-kapoor.html|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With the hugely successful ''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]'' (1961) his new image was cemented and most of his subsequent films were in the [[romantic comedy]] and [[Musical film|musical]] thriller genres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg==&PHPSESSID=ca1e1760f53b3e93baf402e572945727 |work=Box Office India |title=Box Office 1962 |access-date=9 February 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715143201/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg==&PHPSESSID=ca1e1760f53b3e93baf402e572945727 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mohammed Rafi]] was frequently chosen as his [[Playback singer|playback]] voice in the movies that he did and contributed to the success of his films.<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-great-association-of-shammi-kapoor-with-mohammed-rafi-11489881.html/amp</ref>

In the 1960s he was often paired with new actresses such as [[Asha Parekh]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] all of whom went on to have very successful careers.<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/news/shammi-kapoorl-lionheart/388339/ Shammi Kapoorl: Lionheart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901113110/http://www.screenindia.com/news/shammi-kapoorl-lionheart/388339 |date=1 September 2010 }}. Screenindia.com. Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-14|title=Boy Friend (1961) |work=Box Office India|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ==|access-date=2020-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014051632/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ==|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! : India's premier film trade magazine |work=Box Office India |accessdate=2017-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archivedate=15 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the first half of the 1960s, Kapoor was seen in successful films like ''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]'', ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'', ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'', ''[[China Town (1962 film)|China Town]]'', ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]'', ''[[Bluff Master (1963 film)|Bluff Master]]'', ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' and ''[[Teesri Manzil]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! : India's premier film trade magazine |work=Box Office India |accessdate=2017-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archivedate=15 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/singapore1960/article2038700.ece|title=Singapore(1960)|last=Kohli|first=Suresh|date=2011-05-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In 1968, he received the first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] of his career for ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg==&PHPSESSID=ca1e1760f53b3e93baf402e572945727 |work=Box Office India |title=Box Office 1962 |access-date=9 February 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715143201/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg==&PHPSESSID=ca1e1760f53b3e93baf402e572945727 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made a unique place for himself in the industry as he was the only dancing hero in Hindi films from the late 1950s till the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shammiji-had-his-own-way-of-encouraging-people-Saira-Banu/articleshow/9599609.cms |title=Shammiji had his own way of encouraging people: Saira Banu |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707195353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-14/news-interviews/29886258_1_shammi-kapoor-saira-banu-shammiji |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> He used to compose dancing steps in the songs starring him and reportedly never needed a choreographer. This earned him the name of [[Elvis Presley]] of India.<ref name="express1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shammi-kapoor-indias-elvis-dies/832069/0 |title=Shammi Kapoor, India's Elvis, dies |date=15 August 2011 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615120523/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shammi-kapoor-indias-elvis-dies/832069/0 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ansari|first=Shabana|title=Rebel star Shammi Kapoor screams a final Yahoo!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rebel-star-shammi-kapoor-screams-a-final-yahoo_1576090|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=18 August 2011|date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128023124/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rebel-star-shammi-kapoor-screams-a-final-yahoo_1576090|archive-date=28 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

His pairing opposite Southern heroines tended to be commercially successful. He played opposite [[B. Saroja Devi]] in ''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'' and ''Preet Na Jane Reet'', with Padmini in ''Singapore'', and opposite Vyjayanthimala in ''College Girl'' and ''Prince'' and with Ragini in ''Mujrim''.<ref>[http://www.10ka20.com/indian-actors/shammi-kapoor-profile.html Indian Actors : Shammi Kapoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817095444/http://www.10ka20.com/indian-actors/shammi-kapoor-profile.html|date=17 August 2011}}. 10ka20.com (21 October 1931). Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref> In the late 1960s, his successful films included ''[[Budtameez]]'' and ''[[Sachaai]]'' with [[Sadhana]], ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' with [[Rajshree]], ''Latt Saheb'' with [[Nutan]], ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]'' with [[Babita]], ''[[An Evening in Paris]]'' with [[Sharmila Tagore]] and ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' with [[Vyjayanthimala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#6 |title=Shankar-Jaikishan were the original choice for Kashmir Ki Kali |date=26 June 2012 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shammi-kapoor-birthday-and-also-the-50th-anniversary-of-teesri-manzil-his-finest-film-3094470/|title=Today is Shammi Kapoor's birthday and also the 50th anniversary of Teesri Manzil|work=The Indian Express|date=21 October 2016 |accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>Preeti Mudliar, "[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=124512 Without Cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113152430/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=124512 |date=13 January 2009 }}", ''Pune Newsline'', 11 April 2005</ref>

In the 1970s, Kapoor's weight problem proved an obstacle when playing the [[romantic hero]], and the last such film he played in was ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971) co-starring superstar [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Hema Malini]].<ref name="AḵẖtarKabir2003">{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking films: conversations on Hindi cinema with Javed Akhtar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 March 2011|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566462-1|page=141}}</ref> ''[[Chhote Sarkar (1974 film)|Chhote Sarkar]]'' (1974) was his last movie in a lead role. He turned into a successful supporting actor in the 1970s, playing [[Saira Banu]]'s father in ''[[Zameer (1974 film)|Zameer]]'' (1975), when he had been her leading man a decade earlier in ''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]'' (1961) and ''Bluff Master'' (1963) and playing Vinod Khanna's father and Amitabh Bachchan's foster father in ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1977). He also directed ''[[Manoranjan]]'' (1974), a movie inspired from ''[[Irma La Douce]]'' and ''[[Bundal Baaz]]'' (1976). Neither were successful commercially though they got critical acclaim and were hailed as classics and ahead of their time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19811215-ahista-ahista-is-a-celluloid-edifice-built-on-prefabricated-blocks-of-tear-jerker-tragedy-773530-2013-10-24|title=Ahista Ahista is a celluloid edifice built on prefabricated blocks of tear-jerker tragedy|website=India Today|date=24 October 2013 |accessdate=2013-10-24}}</ref>

In the 1980s, he continued to play many supporting roles in films like ''[[Prem Rog]]'', ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'', ''[[Betaab]]'' and ''[[Vidhaata]]'' for which he won a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] where big giants as [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]] played major roles. He played a rare negative role in the 1992 film ''[[Tahalka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hero-was-an-important-film-for-me-subhash-ghai-1588815.html|title=Hero was an important film for me: Subhash Ghai|website=News18 India|date=27 November 2017|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

In the 1990s he also appeared on television such as in the social drama serial called ''Chattan'' which aired on Zee TV for more than a year in the 1990s. He eventually cut down on film appearances by the late 1990s and early 2000s with appearances in the 1999 [[Salman Khan]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]] starrer ''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'', [[Dev Anand]]'s 2001 film ''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]],'' the 2002 release ''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]'' and the delayed 2006 release ''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nWcN5ISlrVgfQJvjrENHbM/More-power-to-Heer.html|title=More power to Heer - Heer Ranjha (1992)|first=Shubha|last=Mudgal|date=6 April 2013|website=mint}}</ref>

Shortly before his death, he made his last film appearance in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s 2011 directorial venture ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' co-starring his grand-nephew [[Ranbir Kapoor]], the grandson of his brother [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/the-last-hurrah-shammi-kapoor-in-rockstar-8429|title=The Last Hurrah: Shammi Kapoor in Rockstar|work=NDTV|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref>

Director [[Shakti Samanta]] directed Shammi Kapoor in six films — ''Singapore'', ''China Town'', ''Kashmir Ki Kali'', ''An Evening In Paris'', ''Pagla Kahin Ka'' and ''Jaane Anjane'' (the last two were unsuccessful) — and said in an interview "I found Shammi to be a thoroughly good man. Even in his heyday, he was humble."<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/story.php?id=396722&pg=-1 Reinventing itself] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415003610/http://www.screenindia.com/story.php?id=396722&pg=-1 |date=15 April 2009 }}. Screenindia (12 December 2008). Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Shammi Kapoor Neila Devi.jpg|thumb|upright|Kapoor with his second wife Neila Devi in 2010]]

Kapoor met actress [[Geeta Bali]] in 1955, during the film ''Miss Coca Cola''. They fell in love while shooting of the film ''Rangeen Raaten'', where he was the leading actor and she played a cameo. Four months later, the couple got married at Banganga Temple, near Malabar Hill of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/blast-from-the-past-shammi-kapoor-and-geeta-balis-sudden-marriage-47798.amp |title=Blast from the past: Shammi Kapoor and Geeta Bali's sudden marriage |magazine=Filmfare |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> They had a son, [[Aditya Raj Kapoor]], on 1 July 1956, at Shirodkar's Hospital, Mumbai, a year after they were married. Five years later, in 1961, they had a daughter, Kanchan Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parande|first1=Shweta|title=Acting is in my genes: Aditya Raj Kapoor|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acting-is-in-my-genes-aditya-raj-kapoor/114542-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507083413/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acting-is-in-my-genes-aditya-raj-kapoor/114542-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2010|access-date=7 December 2014|work=CNN-IBN|date=4 May 2010}}</ref> Bali died on 21 January 1965, at the age of 35, due to illness from [[smallpox]].<ref name="Dawar2006">{{cite book |author=Ramesh Dawar |title=Bollywood Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&pg=RA1-PT11 |access-date=22 April 2012 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-1-905863-01-3 |pages=1–}}</ref> Four years later, Kapoor married Neila Devi Gohil, a princess of the [[Gohil dynasty]] of [[Bhavnagar State]], on 27 January 1969.<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/articles/kareenas-loss-is-priyankas-gain-1316.html Neila Devi: I knew I'd always get second billing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012020/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/kareenas-loss-is-priyankas-gain-1316.html |date=16 December 2013 }}. filmfare.com (25 September 2012). Retrieved on 8 November 2018.</ref>

In an interview in 2011, [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] had stated that Kapoor had proposed marriage to her, as they had drawn close while shooting for ''Brahmachari''. Mumtaz states that she had politely refused, as Kapoor wanted her to give up her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2011/shammi-wanted-to-marry-mumtaz-160811.html|title=Yes! Shammi wanted to marry me: Mumtaz|date=16 August 2011|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518103409/http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2011/shammi-wanted-to-marry-mumtaz-160811.html|archive-date=18 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mumtaz-turns-70-did-you-know-shammi-kapoor-and-jeetendra-were-in-love-with-the-actor/story-8N5tdWG9OHDWAFc5K3SqeI.html |title=Mumtaz turns 70: Did you know Shammi Kapoor and Jeetendra were in love with the actor? |accessdate=31 July 2017 |website=Hindustan Times|date=31 July 2017 }}</ref>

Kapoor was the founder and chairman of Internet Users Community of India (IUCI). He had also played a major role in setting up internet organizations like the Ethical Hackers Association. Kapoor also maintained a website dedicated to the [[Kapoor family]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://junglee.org.in/ |title=Shammi Kapoor |publisher=Junglee.org.in |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819043907/http://junglee.org.in/ |archive-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapoor was a follower of [[Haidakhan Babaji|Haidakhan Baba]].<ref>{{cite web|last=shammikapoor|title=A Positive Change Was Impending In My Life – Shammi Kapoor Unplugged|date=29 March 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCJK1h6NXEo|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCJK1h6NXEo|url-status=live|work=YouTube}}</ref>

== Artistry and legacy ==
[[File:Shammi Kapoor at the launch of Shammi Kapoor Unplugged.jpg|thumb|Kapoor in 2010]]

Kapoor is regarded as one of the most iconic actors of Hindi cinema.<ref name="IndiaTodaySK" /> Kapoor was recognised for his stylish playboy image and dancing skills. One of the most successful actor of 1960s, Kapoor appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list four times, (1962, 1964-1966).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> In 2022, he was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also known for his charismatic personality and unmatched talent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/remembering-shammi-kapoor-on-his-birth-anniversary-special-line-up-of-his-movies-curated-to-pay-tribute-to-the-legend-news-231172/amp |title=Remembering Shammi Kapoor on his birth anniversary |work=Outlook India |archive-date=28 November 2020 |accessdate=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/remembering-shammi-kapoor-on-his-birth-anniversary-special-line-up-of-his-movies-curated-to-pay-tribute-to-the-legend-news-231172/amp}}</ref> He was compared to the American actor [[Elvis Presley]]. Kapoor was also termed as the "Yahoo star".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shammi-kapoor-839057-2016-10-21 |title=Remembering Shammi Kapoor, the Elvis Presley of India |work=India Today |date=21 October 2016 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |accessdate=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shammi-kapoor-839057-2016-10-21}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' placed him first in its "Bollywood's most stylish men" list.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Bollywood's most stylish men |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/bollywoods-most-stylish-men-4326.amp |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.filmfare.com/features/bollywoods-most-stylish-men-4326.amp |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

Shaikh Ayaz of ''[[Indian Express]]'' said, "Shammi Kapoor, along with [[Dev Anand]], set the template for our typical Bollywood hero. He was the quintessential modern Bollywood hero."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/remembering-shammi-kapoor-rich-musical-and-dancing-legacy-4795730/lite/ |title=Remembering Shammi Kapoor's rich musical and dancing legacy |work=Indian Express |date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |accessdate=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/remembering-shammi-kapoor-rich-musical-and-dancing-legacy-4795730/lite/}}</ref> Madhavi Pothukuchi of ''[[The Print]]'' noted that Kapoor seemed to have a different kind of influence with his "unparalleled energy" which could liven up any film. Limber, loose and complete with a signature head bob, his dance moves were "inimitable".<ref name="ShammiDance">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/celebrating-shammi-kapoor-indias-elvis-presley-through-song-and-dance/276378/|title=Celebrating Shammi Kapoor, India's Elvis Presley, through song and dance|work=The Print|date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |accessdate=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/celebrating-shammi-kapoor-indias-elvis-presley-through-song-and-dance/276378/}}</ref> Dinesh Raheja of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that Shammi Kapoor was an effervescent hero who had so much energy that even a 35 mm screen could barely contain it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/29dinesh.htm |title=The rebel with the loudest yell! |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=28 November 2020 |accessdate=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/29dinesh.htm}}</ref> Journalist Rauf Ahmed added Kapoor on his "Biggest stars in Hindi filmdom" list and noted, "He was an original and a natural. He broke the mould of the Hindi film hero, gave him am erotic presence, revolutionised the love scene and invested the song-and-dance-routine."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The editor on the biggest stars in Hindi filmdom |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/millenni/rauf.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/millenni/rauf.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Shammi Kapoor filmography}}

Kapoor starred in over 100 films in his career. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in ''Brahmachari'' (1968) and Best Supporting Actor for ''Vidhaata'' (1982).

== Death and tributes ==
[[File:Shammi Kapoor 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kapoor on a 2013 stamp of India]]

Kapoor's co-actor [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] stated in an interview, that few months before his death, she met him in a party. He was drinking wine. When she asked why was he drinking wine, he told her that he had only a few months to live.<ref name="YT_Mumtaz"> {{YouTube |title= Mumtaz Interview: Rajesh Khanna-Anju Mahendroo BREAK-UP {{!}} Feroz Khan {{!}} Dev Anand {{!}} Shammi Kapoor |id=04t8w4zcAOM|time=8m52s}}</ref> Kapoor was admitted to the [[Breach Candy Hospital]], [[Mumbai]] on 7 August 2011 suffering from chronic [[kidney failure]]. His condition remained serious for the next few days and he was kept on [[Medical ventilator|ventilator support]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/aug/140811-News-Mumbai-Shammi-Kapoor-condition-serious.htm|title=Shammi Kapoor's condition continues to be serious|work=Mid-Day|date=14 August 2011|access-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908055054/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/aug/140811-News-Mumbai-Shammi-Kapoor-condition-serious.htm|archive-date=8 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> He died on 14 August 2011, 05:15 am IST, of [[Chronic kidney disease|chronic kidney failure]], aged 79.<ref>{{citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-film-actor-Shammi-Kapoor-passes-away/articleshow/9598394.cms|title=Veteran film actor Shammi Kapoor passes away|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2011|access-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107065801/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-film-actor-Shammi-Kapoor-passes-away/articleshow/9598394.cms|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/articles/story94206.htm|title=Legendary actor Shammi Kapoor passes away|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2011|access-date=14 August 2011|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203652/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/legendary-actor-shammi-kapoor-passes-away_94206.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The funeral was held on Monday, 15 August at the Banganga cremation ground, [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]]. His son, Aditya, performed the last rites. The entire Kapoor family was present to pay their last respects, including Shashi, Krishna, Rishi, Randhir, Rajiv, Babita, Karisma, Kareena and Ranbir.<ref name="Bollywood actor Shammi Kapoor cremated">{{cite news|title=Bollywood actor Shammi Kapoor cremated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14526683|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818172311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14526683|archive-date=18 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Bollywood personalities including [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Subhash Ghai]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Aamir Khan]], were among others who attended the funeral.<ref name="Legendary actor Shammi Kapoor cremated">{{cite news|title=Legendary actor Shammi Kapoor cremated|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Legendary-actor-Shammi-Kapoor-cremated/Article1-733512.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093910/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Legendary-actor-Shammi-Kapoor-cremated/Article1-733512.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On the occasion of 100 years of Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his image was released by [[India Post]] to honor him in May 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=3 May 2013 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee releases stamps on 50 Bollywood personalities |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/president-pranab-mukherjee-releases-stamps-on-50-bollywood-personalities/articleshow/19870256.cms |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> In his honor, a brass statue was unveiled at [[Walk of the Stars]] at [[Bandstand Promenade|Bandra Bandstand]], along with his autograph.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thirani|first=Neha|title=Mumbai Gets Its Own Walk of Fame|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/mumbai-gets-its-own-walk-of-fame/|accessdate=15 April 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 2012}}</ref> In 2011, [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] organized a seven-film retrospective of Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Retrospective to celebrate Shammi Kapoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/retrospective-to-celebrate-shammi-kapoor-602799 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093910/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/retrospective-to-celebrate-shammi-kapoor-602799/amp/1 |url-status=live|archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=20 January 2019 |newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> The same year, [[ISAFF|South Asian Film Festival]] also held a special screening of the actor's film ''Brahmachari'', as a tribute.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Asian Film Festival to pay tribute to late Shammi Kapoor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-south-asian-film-festival-to-pay-tribute-to-late-shammi-kapoor-1577228/amp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093910/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-south-asian-film-festival-to-pay-tribute-to-late-shammi-kapoor-1577228/amp |url-status=live|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=10 February 2020|newspaper=DNA India}}</ref> In 2016, Rauf Ahmed wrote Kapoor's biography named, "Shammi Kapoor: The Game Changer".<ref>{{cite news|title=All these years later, nobody exudes flamboyance like Shammi Kapoor |url=https://scroll.in/reel/847167/all-these-years-later-nobody-exudes-flamboyance-like-shammi-kapoor |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093910/https://amp.scroll.in/article/847167/all-these-years-later-nobody-exudes-flamboyance-like-shammi-kapoor |url-status=live|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=17 February 2019|newspaper=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Accolades==
===Filmfare awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[10th Filmfare Awards|1963]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=Filmfare |pages=15–16}}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Filmfare Awards|1969]]
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="indiatimes1968">{{cite web|title=Winners – Filmfare Awards 1968|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710162530/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|work=Filmfare |access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[30th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| ''[[Vidhaata]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners – Filmfare 1982|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367125.cms|work=Filmfare |access-date=15 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709074210/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367125.cms|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
|}

===Other awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[40th Filmfare Awards|1995]]
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lifetime Achievement (Popular)|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212082935/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2008|work=Filmfare Awards|access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards|1999]]
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/1999/winners/ |title=The 2nd Zee Cine Awards 1999 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees & Winners |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024714/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/1999/winners/ |archive-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards|2001]]
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Screen honours Shammi Kapoor for lifetime achievement|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/old/ie20020105/top9.html|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=4 January 2002|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203654/http://archive.indianexpress.com/old/ie20020105/top9.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd IIFA Awards|2002]]
| [[IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2001: South Africa |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131700/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Movie Awards|2005]]
| [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{honoured}}
|<ref>[http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ Bollywood Fashion Awards | Bollywood Music Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705085218/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ |date=5 July 2011 }}. Bollywood Awards. Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref>
|}

===Other recognitions===
* 1998 – Kalakar Awards – Special Award for "Contribution in Indian Cinema".<ref>[http://www.kalakarawards.com/adver/105937cinema-awardee.htm Kalakar Awards] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220004457/http://www.kalakarawards.com/adver/105937cinema-awardee.htm |date=20 February 2008 }}</ref>
* 2001 – [[Anandalok Awards]] - Lifetime Achievement Award for "Contribution in Indian Cinema".
* 2005 – [[Raj Kapoor Award]] - Lifetime Achievement Award for "Contribution in Hindi Cinema."
* 2007 – [[Living Legend Award]] by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry ([[FICCI]]).<ref>[http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/2007/03article09.asp FICCI-Frames award for Kamal Haasan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204709/http://chennaionline.com/film/News/2007/03article09.asp |date=25 March 2007 }}</ref>
* 2008 – [[Pune International Film Festival]] - Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Indian Cinema.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=82eafdbb-2efd-4d47-99b8-b2e62d65f4b2&MatchID1=4619&TeamID1=3&TeamID2=4&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1163&MatchID2=4617&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4619&Headline=Shammi+Kapoor%2c+Sharmila+Tagore+honoured+at+Pune+International+Film+Fest Shammi Kapoor, Sharmila Tagore honoured at Pune International Film Fest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108195913/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=82eafdbb-2efd-4d47-99b8-b2e62d65f4b2&MatchID1=4619&TeamID1=3&TeamID2=4&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1163&MatchID2=4617&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4619&Headline=Shammi+Kapoor%2C+Sharmila+Tagore+honoured+at+Pune+International+Film+Fest |date=8 January 2009 }}. ''Hindustan Times'' (11 January 2008). Retrieved on 16 August 2011.</ref>
* 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Shammi Kapoor awarded "Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2010"|url=http://www.i-newswire.com/environmentalist-ajay-jain-awarded/18301|publisher=i-Newswire|access-date=15 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513105429/http://www.i-newswire.com/environmentalist-ajay-jain-awarded/18301|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''The Kapoors: the first family of Indian cinema'', by Madhu Jain. Penguin, Viking, 2005. {{ISBN|0670058378}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Iyengar |first1=Niranjan |author-link1=Niranjan Iyengar |editor1-last=Patel |editor1-first=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20 Superstars of Indian Cinema |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08572-9 |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.junglee.org.in}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0004433|name=Shammi Kapoor}}
* http://www.shammikapoor.net
{{Kapoor family}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Shammi}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Shammi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]

Dhātu (ayurveda)

2026-01-30T23:04:09Z

KaleyCountryman: Put Up Some Post From Scratch

'''Dhātus''' (dhä·tōōs), n.pl. ( from [[Sanskrit]] धातु dhātu - layer, stratum, constituent part, ingredient, element, primitive matter<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary by [[Monier-Williams]], (c) 1899</ref> ) in [[Ayurveda]], the seven fundamental principles (elements) that support the basic structure (and functioning) of the body.<ref>Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier.</ref>

They consist of:
* Rasa dhatu ([[lymph]]) the substratum formed just after the digestion of food. The main function of this Dhatu is nourishment.
* Rakta dhatu ([[blood]])This is the second Dhatu formed after the food digestion. This is formed from the former Dhatu, Rasa Dhatu
* Mamsa dhatu ([[muscles]]) This is the third Dhatu. This is formed from the former Dhatu, Rakta Dhatu. The main function of covering the bones.
* Medus dhatu ([[fat]])
* Asthi dhatu ([[bone]])
* Majja dhatu (marrow (bone and spinal))
* Shukra dhatu ([[semen]]){{cn|date=January 2025}}

Traditional texts often refer to these as the Seven Dhātus (Saptadhātus). Ojas, meaning vigour or vitality, is known as the eighth Dhātu, or Mahādhātu (superior, or great dhātu).{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==See also==

[[Dhatu (disambiguation)|Dhātu]] (disambiguation) - a Buddhist technical [[Skandha#Eighteen Dhātus and Four Paramatthas|term]] or a [[stupa]], [[Pāli]] ''thūpa''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ayurveda}}

{{alt-med-stub}}
{{Hindu-philo-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhatu (Ayurveda)}}
[[Category:Ayurveda]]

Coke Studio Tamil

2026-01-23T00:04:43Z

KaleyCountryman: new a info

{{Short description|Indian music series}}
{{For|other versions|Coke Studio (disambiguation){{!}}Coke Studio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| starring = [[#Featured artists|Featured Artists]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 14
| list_episodes = List of Coke Studio (Indian TV program) episodes#Coke_Studio_Tamil
| executive_producer = Coca-Cola India
| producer = Arivu [[Sean Roldan]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 3–6 minutes
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|01|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|07|27|df=yes}}
| network2 = {{ubl|[[JioCinema]]|[[YouTube]]}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|2024|01|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired2 = present
| related = [[Coke Studio Bharat]]
}}

'''''Coke Studio Tamil''''' is an Indian music series that is part of the international franchise, Coke Studio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muskaan Ahmed |date=24 January 2023 |title=From shadows to centre stage, Tamil artistes reclaim what is theirs |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2023/01/24/from-shadows-to-the-centre-stage-tamil-artistes-reclaim-what-is-theirs |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Devrishi |date=21 December 2023 |title=Mics on for a music marvel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Dec/21/mics-on-for-a-music-marvel-2643368.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It features live studio recordings by various artists, showcasing a diverse range of music. This includes classical genres from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], alongside [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[Pop music|pop]] music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dr Vineeta Agrawal & Dr Piali Haldar |date=8 May 2023 |title=Fascinating Saga of A Beverage Giant THE COKE STORY |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/fascinating-saga-of-a-beverage-giant-the-coke-story/cid1683501418.htm |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref><ref name="cokestabout">{{cite web |last=Moye |first=Jay |date=2013-11-01 |title=Coke Studio Bridges Barriers in Pakistan, India the Middle East and Africa |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/coke-studio-brings-people-together/26072/1 |access-date=2015-12-23 |publisher=The Coca-Cola Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Anurag Tagat |date=27 January 2023 |title=Arivu, Sean Roldan, Benny Dayal and More Lead Coke Studio Tamil Season One in Jubilant New Trailer |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/arivu-sean-roldan-benny-dayal-chinmayi-sripaada-coke-studio-tamil-season-one-trailer/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

The first season began airing on 1 February 2023 and concluded its run on 27 July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |date=3 February 2023 |title=Fans are in love with AR Rahman's daughter Khatija Rahman and Arivu's Coke Studio Tamil song Sagavaasi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> This season showcased a collection of seven songs curated by [[Sean Roldan]] and Arivu.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aditya Shrikrishna |date=3 March 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil seeks out new sounds |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/coke-studio-seeks-out-new-sounds-111677813814224.html |url-status= |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Meenakshi Verma Ambwani |date=26 January 2023 |title=Coca-Cola India launches Coke Studio in Tamil |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/coca-cola-india-launches-coke-studio-in-tamil/article66424235.ece |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The second season premiered on 3 January 2024, with [[Sean Roldan]] and [[Arivu]] continuing their roles as music curators for the season.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Anurag Tagat |date=27 December 2023 |title='Coke Studio Tamil' Season 2 Brings Star Power with Vijay Sethupathi, Aditi Rao Hydari and More |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/coke-studio-tamil-season-2-songs-teaser-vijay-sethupathi-sivaangi-krishnakumar/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Devrishi |date=21 December 2023 |title=Mics on for a music marvel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Dec/21/mics-on-for-a-music-marvel-2643368.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Featured artists ==
=== Season 1's vocalists ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Arifullah Shah Rafaee
* [[Arivu]]
* [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
* Gaana Vimala
* John Pradeep JL
* Jhanu
* Kalaimamani Gaana Ulaganathan
* [[Khatija Rahman]]
* M Lalitha Sudha
* Meenakshi Elayaraja
* Meha
* Muthu
* Mutthammaal
* ofRo
* [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
* Sanjay Subrahmanyan
* [[Sean Roldan]]{{div col end}}

=== Season 2's vocalists ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
* [[Arivu]]
* [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
* [[Benny Dayal]]
* [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan|Girishh G]]
* Mullai Kalai Kuzhu
* Navz-47
* Rajalakshmi Senthilganesan
* [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]]
* Sathyaprakash
* [[Sean Roldan]]
* The Ambassa Band
* [[Vidya Vox]]
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]{{div col end}}

== Songs ==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #B50000
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)
| episodes1 = 7
| start1 = {{Start date|2023|02|01|df=yes}}
| end1 = {{End date|2023|07|27|df=yes}}
| network1 = [[YouTube]]

| color2 = #F17618
| link2 = #Season 2 (2024)
| episodes2 = 9
| start2 = {{Start date|2023|12|20|df=yes}}
| end2 = present
| network2 = [[JioCinema]] & [[YouTube]]
}}
<onlyinclude>

=== Season 1 (2023) ===
{{Episode table|background=#B50000|overall=|season=|title=12|aux1=|writer=|aux2=|airdate=|country=India|titleT=Song Title|aux1T=Artist(s)|writerT=Lyricist(s)|aux2T=Composer(s)|episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = -
| EpisodeNumber2 = -
| Title = Idhu Namma Isai
| Aux1 = M Lalitha Sudha, Meha, [[Sean Roldan]]
| WrittenBy = Ba. Murali Krishnan & [[Sean Roldan]]
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|23|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite news |author=Ajmal Abbas |date=23 January 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil is here! First ever regional studio launched in Chennai |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/coke-studio-tamil-is-here-first-ever-regional-studio-launched-in-chennai-article-97253305 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123164813/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/coke-studio-tamil-is-here-first-ever-regional-studio-launched-in-chennai-article-97253305 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Sagavaasi
| Aux1 = [[Arivu]] & [[Khatija Rahman]]
| WrittenBy = [[Arivu]]
| Aux2 = [[Arivu]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|01|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite news|author=Entertainment Desk|date=3 February 2023|title=Fans are in love with AR Rahman's daughter Khatija Rahman and Arivu's Coke Studio Tamil song Sagavaasi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Vendum
| Aux1 = [[Sean Roldan]] & Meenakshi Elayaraja
| WrittenBy = [[Sean Roldan]]
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|06|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil song Vendum: Sean Roldan delivers a refreshing number demanding triumph for humanity|work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/coke-studio-tamil-song-vendum-sean-roldan-8481627/|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Tamizhi
| Aux1 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]] & ofRo
| WrittenBy = Ashwin Samynathan, ofRo, [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], Urban Thozha & Vishnu Edavan
| Aux2 = ofRo, [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]] & [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|06|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil Drops Latest Track Tamizhi Celebrating the Beauty of the Tamil Language |work=Live Chennai |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=&newsid=66990 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Kan Moodudho
| Aux1 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]] & John Pradeep JL
| WrittenBy = Kaber Vasuki
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|04|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Vaishali Vijaykumar|date=26 March 2024|title=Rooted in culture, global in appeal|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Mar/26/rooted-in-cultureglobal-in-appeal|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Urudhi
| Aux1 = Sanjay Subrahmanyan & Arifullah Shah Rafaee
| WrittenBy = Krithika Nelson
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|23|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil drops Carnatic music maestro Sanjay Subrahmanyan's 'Urudhi' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/coke-studio-tamil-drops-carnatic-music-maestro-sanjay-subrahmanyans-urudhi-8626026/ |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Daavula Darling
| Aux1 = Gaana Vimala & Kalaimamani Gaana Ulaganathan
| WrittenBy = Kalaimamani Gaana Ulaganathan
| Aux2 = Kalaimamani Gaana Ulaganathan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Archita|last=Raghu|date=26 July 2023|title=Rhythms of resistance: 'Daavula Darling' artistes speak on gaining popularity|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jul/26/rhythms-of-resistance-daavula-darling-artistes-speak-on-gaining-popularity-2598483.html|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Archita|last1=Raghu|first2=Diya Maria|last2=George|date=31 March 2024|title=Tunes of transformation|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/30/tunes-of-transformation|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Puzhudhi
| Aux1 = Jhanu, Muthu & Mutthammaal
| WrittenBy = Jayamkondar, Muthu & Mutthammaal
| Aux2 = Jhanu
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|27|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |first1=Archita|last1=Raghu|first2=Diya Maria|last2=George|date=15 December 2023|title=Rocking their way to Mexico: Tamil rock band Jhanu reveal all about their Mexico tour experience|work=Indulgexpress |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Dec/14/rocking-their-way-to-mexico-tamil-rock-band-jhanu-reveal-all-about-their-experience-in-mexico-55977.html|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
}}}}

=== Season 2 (2024) ===
{{Episode table|background=#F17618|overall=|season=|title=12|aux1=|writer=|aux2=|airdate=|country=India|titleT=Song Title|aux1T=Artist(s)|writerT=Lyricist(s)|aux2T=Composer(s)|episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = -
| EpisodeNumber2 = -
| Title = Idhu Semma Vibe
| Aux1 = [[Sean Roldan]] & El Fé Choir by Roe Vincent
| WrittenBy = [[Sean Roldan]]
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|12|20|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Express News Service |date=21 December 2023 |title=Mics on for a music marvel |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/dec/21/mics-on-for-a-music-marvel-2643368.html |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Kaakarattan
| Aux1 = [[Vidya Vox]] & Rajalakshmi Senthilganesan
| WrittenBy = [[Yugabharathi]]
| Aux2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|03|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=P Sangeetha |date=12 January 2024 |title=Kaakarattan took me on a trip down memory lane: Rajalakshmi Senthil |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/jan/12/rajalakshmi-senthil-kaakarattan-took-me-on-a-trip-down-memory-lane-56766.html |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Please Purinjukko
| Aux1 = [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] & [[Sean Roldan]]
| WrittenBy = [[Sean Roldan]] & [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|31|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Srinivasa Ramanujam |date=7 February 2024 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari on independent music: 'If my voice is auto-tuned, I feel like I've cheated'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-rao-hydari-on-independent-music-if-my-voice-is-auto-tuned-i-feel-like-ive-cheated/article67813901.ece|access-date=28 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Sanghamitra Chatterjee|date=5 February 2024 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari lends her voice to Coke Studio Tamil's latest track Please Purinjukko|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditi-rao-hydari-lends-her-voice-to-coke-studio-tamils-latest-track-please-purinjukko/cid/1998431|access-date=25 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Elay Makka
| Aux1 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan|Girishh G]], Navz-47, [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]] & Sathyaprakash
| WrittenBy = [[Mohan Rajan]] & Navz-47
| Aux2 = [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan|Girishh G]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|21|df=yes}}
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Roar-a Yethu
| Aux1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Sean Roldan]] & [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| WrittenBy = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| Aux2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2024 |title=Coke Studio Tamil S2 unleashes CSK fan anthem 'Roar-a Yethu', Vijay Sethupathi turns singer|url=https://originweb2.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/coke-studio-tamil-s2-unleashes-csk-fan-anthem-roar-a-yethu-vijay-sethupathi-turns-singer-23340329|access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2024 |title=Coke Studio Tamil Season 2: Thamizh Vaazhthu By Arivu And Ambassa Pays Tribute To Tamil Culture |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/coke-studio-tamil-season-2-thamizh-vaazhthu-by-arivu-and-ambassa-pays-tribute-to-tamil-culture-8849025.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Thamizh Vaazhthu
| Aux1 = [[Arivu]] & The Ambassa Band
| WrittenBy = [[Bharathiyar]], Madurai Ilangumaranar & [[Thiruvalluvar]]
| Aux2 = [[Arivu]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|04|10|df=yes}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2024 |title=Coke Studio Tamil Season 2 releases "Thamizh Vaazhthu": An ode to Tamil by Arivu and Ambassa band |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=70633 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Oh Hoi
| Aux1 = Benny Dayal, Mullai Kalai Kuzhu, Arivu & Sean Roldan
| WrittenBy = Arivu
| Aux2 = Sean Roldan & Arivu
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|20|df=yes}}
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Tamil season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Kalyana Kacheri
| Aux1 = Kapil Kapilan, Sithara Krishnakumar
| WrittenBy = Karthik Netha
| Aux2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|06|16|df=yes}}
}}}}</onlyinclude>

== Production ==
=== Season 1 (2023) ===
The first season was curated by Arivu and Sean Roldan, and managed and produced by GroupM Motion Entertainment and Studio X.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajmal Abbas |date=23 January 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil is here! First ever regional studio launched in Chennai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/coke-studio-tamil-is-here-first-ever-regional-studio-launched-in-chennai-article-97253305 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The video production was directed by Amith Krishnan, with StudioMOCA Productions Pvt. Ltd. handling the production. A. Amaran served as the production designer. Universal Music India was responsible for the content marketing strategy, as well as audio distribution and marketing.<ref>{{cite news |author=Meenakshi Verma Ambwani |date=26 January 2023 |title=Coca-Cola India launches Coke Studio in Tamil |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/coca-cola-india-launches-coke-studio-in-tamil/article66424235.ece |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bapna |first=Amit |date=2 February 2023 |title=Coca-Cola relaunches Coke Studio music platform to connect with the new India |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2023/02/02/coca-cola-relaunches-coke-studio-music-platform-connect-with-the-new-india |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=The Drum}}</ref>

=== Season 2 (2024) ===
Season 2 was curated by Arivu and Sean Roldan, with the season narrative crafted by GroupM Motion Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Coke Studio Tamil launches Season 2 with 'Idhu Semma Vibe' |url=https://www.buzzincontent.com/story/coke-studio-tamil-launches-season-2-with-idhu-semma-vibe-single/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=BuzzInContent}}</ref> The season was managed and produced collaboratively by GroupM Motion Entertainment and Studio X.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balraj Sohal |date=11 January 2024 |title=Coke Studio Tamil Season 2: A Preview of Fresh Sounds |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/coke-studio-tamil-season-2-a-preview-of-fresh-sounds |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=DESIblitz}}</ref> The video production was directed by Amith Krishnan and handled by StudioMOCA Productions Pvt. Ltd, with Michael BFA serving as the production designer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manivasagan Namasivayam |title="Coke Studio Tamil - Season 2: A Global Melody of Emotions and Artistry" |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/coke-studio-tamil-season-2-a-global-melody-of-emotions-and-artistry-756714?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Coke Studio Bharat]]
*[[Coke Studio Bangla]]
*[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episodes|32308457|season=1}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCLlo_ZOiYES3P6xAwXsAJpw}}


{{Coke Studio (Indian series)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Coke Studio (Indian TV program)]]

Western Naval Command

2026-01-18T09:49:06Z

KaleyCountryman: basic reworked structure for clarity and added references

{{short description|Indian navy command}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = '''Western Naval Command'''
| image = File:Western Naval Command (India).png
| caption = Crest of the Western Naval Command
| dates =
|country= {{flag|India}}
|branch= {{navy|India}}
| type = [[Command (military formation)|Command]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]], [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| commander1_label = FOC-in-C
| commander2 = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| commander3 = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vivek Dahiya (admiral)|Vivek Dahiya]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| commander3_label = [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|FOCWF]]
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

The '''Western Naval Command''' is one of the three command–level [[formation (military)|formations]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=inwc>{{cite web|title=Organisation of Western Command|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/organisation-western-naval-command-mumbai|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210060810/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/organisation-western-naval-command-mumbai|archive-date=2013-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. As the senior–most of the three formations,<ref name="reorganisation"/> the command is responsible for the all naval forces in the [[Arabian Sea]] and western parts of the [[Indian Ocean]] and the naval establishments on the west coast of India.

The Command was formed on 1 March 1968.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luthra|first=Gulshan|date=December 2018|title=50 Glorious Years of Western Naval Command|url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/2018/12/19/50-glorious-years-of-western-naval-command/|access-date=31 October 2020|website=India Strategic}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Command is commanded by a [[Three-star rank|Three Star]] Flag Officer of the rank of Vice Admiral with the title Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command (FOC-in-C). [[Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]] is the current FOC-in-C WNC, who took over on 1 August 2025.

==History==
After the [[independence of India|independence]] and the [[partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, the ships and personnel of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] were divided between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.<ref>Bhatia (1977), p. 28: "Consequent on the partition of the country on 15 August 1947, two thirds of the undivided fleet and associated assets came to India."</ref> Two new appointments were created, the Rear Admiral Commanding Indian Naval Squadron (RACINS), the commander of the surface fleet of the Navy, and the Commodore-in-Charge Bombay, a [[One-star rank|one-star]] officer who headed the shore establishments on the western coast. To bring the service more in line with other navies, on 1 May 1952 the Rear Admiral Commanding Indian Naval Squadron was re-designated Flag Officer Commanding (Flotillas), Indian Fleet,<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of Titles in Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-27_107.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 April 1952|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

On 30 December 1957, the office of Flag Officer Commanding (Flotillas) was re-designated Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet (FOCIF), while the command of the shore establishments was upgraded to the [[Two-star rank|Two Star]] appointment of Flag Officer Bombay (FOB) in June 1958.<ref name="Gazette_1958"/> The FOCIF and FOB reported to the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]. On 1 March 1968, the FOB was upgraded to the [[Three-star rank|Three Star]] of [[Vice Admiral]] and was re-designated Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command (FOC-in-C WNC). The Indian Fleet was renamed as [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] with the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] (FOCWF) reporting into the FOC-in-C WNC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=G M |title=Transition to triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1897829721 |pages=615}}</ref><ref name="reorganisation">{{cite web|title=Reorganisation of Naval Commands|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-JAN-APR-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-03-02_089.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 March 1968|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

==Area of responsibility==
The Western Naval Command (WNC) is the sword arm of the Indian Navy and naval operations conducted on the western seaboard would be central to the outcome of any conflict at sea against [[Pakistan]]. The [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] is the two-star level operational formation of the Western Naval Command. It utilises [[Mumbai]] and [[Karwar]] as its home ports, with INS Kunjali, its HQ in [[Mumbai]].
The fleet at the WNC is based under [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA) and provides naval defence in the sensitive north [[Arabian Sea]] adjacent to Pakistan.
[[INS Kadamba|INS ''Kadamba'']], a large naval base, was constructed under Project Seabird and completed in 2005. This [[naval base]], at [[Karwar]] in [[Karnataka]], is used exclusively by the Indian Navy.<ref name=inwc />

== Capabilities ==
[[File:INS Vikramaditya (R33) with a Sea Harrier.jpg|thumb|right|{{ship|INS|Vikramaditya|R33}} at sea.]]
The Flagship carrier of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] is INS ''Vikramaditya''. The WNC is equipped with submarine pens, a carrier dock and main maintenance dockyards. The Carrier Battle Group of the Western Fleet consists of [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], [[Delhi class destroyer|''Delhi'' class destroyer]]s, [[Talwar class frigate|''Talwar'' class frigate]]s, [[Brahmaputra class frigate|''Brahmaputra'' class frigate]]s, [[INS Kolkata]], Indian navy's one of the most powerful destroyer<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/delay-mars-main-air-defence-weapon-deployment-ins-kolkata-1662943.html|title = Delay mars main air defence weapon deployment on INS Kolkata|date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Sindhughosh class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class submarine]]s. The Naval Aviation is provided by [[MiG-29K]] fighters along with airborne early warning [[Kamov Ka-31]] Helicopters.

Full-fledged shipbuilding facilities on the western seaboard include the [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] in Mumbai, the [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] and the [[Cochin Shipyard]] Ltd in [[Kerala]], which is India's largest repair dry dock.

== Organization ==
The Western Naval Command is organized as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation|title=Organisation {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Post
!Current Holder
!References
|-
|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]], AVSM, NM
|<ref name="CinC">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL KRISHNA SWAMINATHAN, AVSM, VSM TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2150996#:~:text=Vice%20Admiral%20Krishna%20Swaminathan%2C%20AVSM%2C%20VSM%20assumed%20charge%20as%20the,service%20in%20the%20Indian%20Navy. |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Chief of Staff
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]], YSM, NM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_WNC/status/1974053473218936951 |website=x.com |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] (FOCWF)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vivek Dahiya (admiral)|Vivek Dahiya]], NM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya assumes command of Navy's Western Fleet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-navys-western-fleet-3746225 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Shantanu Jha]], NM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Naval Area: New Commander Takes Charge |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-naval-area-mna-gets-new-commander-3768604 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area|Flag Officer Goa Area]] (FOGA) & [[Flag Officer Naval Aviation (India)|Flag Officer Naval Aviation]] (FONA)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ajay D. Theophilus]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Ajay D Theophilus assumed charge as FOGA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1944823 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Gujarat Naval Area]] (FOGNA)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sritanu Guru
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_WNC/status/1984588240922583396 |website=x.com |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>
|}
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area]] (FOK)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vikram Menon]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Vikram Menon assumes command of Karnataka Naval Area |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/rear-admiral-vikram-menon-assumes-command-of-karnataka-naval-area/articleshow/123438355.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 August 2025 |date=22 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Defence Advisory Group]] (FODAG)
|
|
|-
|Admiral Superintendent Dockyard (ASD) - Mumbai
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Deepak Kumar Goswami, AVSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Deepak Kumar Goswami Takes Charge as the Admiral Superintendent, Naval Dockyard, Mumbai - India Strategic |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/rear-admiral-deepak-kumar-goswami-takes-charge-as-the-admiral-superintendent-naval-dockyard-mumbai/ |website=indiastrategic.in |access-date=30 December 2023 |date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Commodore Commanding Submarines (West)]]
||[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Anurag Srivastava
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IN_WNC/status/1703230768796037545 |url=https://twitter.com/IN_WNC/status/1703230768796037545 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Naval bases==
Naval bases under Western Naval Command are the following<ref>{{Cite web|title = Organisation of Western Naval Command, Mumbai {{!}} Indian Navy|url = http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-western-naval-command-mumbai#|website = indiannavy.nic.in|access-date = 2015-12-29}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | Base
!City
! style="text-align:left;" | [[States and territories of India|State/Territory]]
!Role
|-
| [[INS Dwarka]]
|Okha
| rowspan="2" | [[Gujarat]]
|Logistics and Maintenance support
|-
|[[INS Sardar Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = INS Sardar Patel: Indian Navy's new base commissioned in Gujarat - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-sardar-patel-indian-navys-new-base-commissioned-in-gujarat/articleshow/47213260.cms|website = The Economic Times|access-date = 2015-12-29}}</ref>
|Porbandar
|Logistics Support
|-
| [[INS Kadamba]]
| rowspan="3" |Karwar
| rowspan="3" | Karnataka
|Logistics and Maintenance support
|-
|[[INS Vajrakosh]]
|Naval ammunition and missile depot
|-
|[[INHS Patanjali]]
|Naval Hospital
|-
|INS Gomantak
|Vasco da gama
| rowspan="3" |Goa
|Logistics and Maintenance support
|-
|[[INS Hansa]]
|Dabolim
|Naval Air Station
|-
|INHS Jeevanti
|Vasco-da-gama
|Naval Hospital
|-
|[[INS Angre]]
| rowspan="12" |Mumbai
| rowspan="12" |Maharashtra
|Logistics and Administrative support
|-
|INS Abhimanyu
|[[MARCOS]] base
|-
|INHS Sandhani
|Naval Hospital
|-
|INS Agnibahu
|Missile boat squadron base
|-
|[[INHS Asvini]]
|Naval Hospital
|-
|INS Kunjali
|Naval Air Station
|-
|[[INS Shikra]]
|Naval Air Station
|-
|NH Powai
|Naval Hospital
|-
|INS Tanaji
|Naval ammunition depot
|-
|[[INS Trata]]
|Coastal Missile Defense
|-
|INS Tunir
|Naval missile depot
|-
|[[INS Vajrabahu]]
|Submarine base
|}

== List of Commanders ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | References
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Commodore-in-Charge Bombay (COMBAY)'''
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Henry Richmond Inigo-Jones
|15 August 1947
|31 December 1950
|Formerly [[Royal Indian Navy]].
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Note|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-12-30_334.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 December 1950|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] R. M. T. Taylor
|31 December 1950
|March 1954
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Officers' Conference Opens - Admiral Pizey's Address|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-12-03_307.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=3 December 1952|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[Ajitendu Chakraverti]]
|March 1954
|16 November 1954
|First Indian to hold the appointment.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Note|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1953-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1953-12-05_386.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 December 1953|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]]
|17 November 1954
|November 1956
|Later served as Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Change in Bombay Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-11-15_334.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 November 1954|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
|November 1956
|12 June 1958
|Later served as Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commodore Soman to Take Over Bombay Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1956-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1956-10-15_166.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 October 1956|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Gazette_1958">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=188 |date=16 August 1958 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer Bombay (FOB)'''
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman
|12 June 1958
|April 1960
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref name="new_deputy">{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1962-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1962-05-14_188.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 May 1962|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[S. G. Karmarkar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MBE}}}}
|June 1960
|June 1964
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=312 |date=26 November 1960 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1948-1960-0048-87707.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=330 |date=15 August 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1798-1964-0033-81989.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] R. S. David
|June 1964
|15 February 1968
|
|<ref name="Krishnan_new_VCNS">{{cite web|title=Commodore Krishnan New Navy Vice Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-12-11_192.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 December 1967|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S. M. Nanda|url=https://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/621585/sm-nanda-rs-david-rear-admiral-indi.html|website=Times of India Group|date=16 February 1968|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|16 February 1968
|1 March 1968
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref name="Krishnan_new_VCNS"/>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command (FOC-in-C WNC)'''
|-
|1
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 1968
|28 February 1970
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Services chiefs of India |year=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172111625 |pages=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Upgradations in Defence Services Appointments |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-JAN-APR-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-03-01_081.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau - Archive |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|DSC]]}}
|28 February 1970
|12 February 1971
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Chatterji Hands Over Charge to Admiral Nanda |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-02-28_085.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau - Archive|date=28 February 1970 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|12 February 1971
|27 February 1973
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Sourendra Nath Kohli, Padma Bhushan, PVSMAdmiral Sourendra Nath Kohli, Padma Bhushan, PVSM |url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=83 |website=Indian Navy Information Resource and Facilitation Centre |publisher=Indian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410073723/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=83 |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jal Cursetji]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|27 February 1973
|28 February 1976
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Cursetji To Head Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-02-14_083.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau - Archive|date=14 February 1973 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-02-28_054.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|28 February 1976
|5 April 1977
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-02-28_054.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Pereira Takes Over as Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-04-05_070.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 April 1977|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rustom K. S. Ghandhi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VrC}}}}
|April 1977
|3 March 1979
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Officers' Conference|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-SEP-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1978-11-05_100.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 November 1978|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[V. E. C. Barboza]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]][[Medal Bar|*]]}}
|3 March 1979
|March 1981
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Snippets|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1979-04-09_152.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 April 1979|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Manohar Prahlad Awati]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VrC}}}}
|March 1981
|30 March 1983
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral M P Awati, distinguished and genial senior officer in the Indian Navy – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/01/11/vice-admiral-m-p-awati-distinguished-genial-senior-officer-indian/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=T. N. Raghunatha |title=Iconic Vice Admiral Awati (Retd) passes away in Satara |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/iconic-vice-admiral-awati--retd--passes-away-in-satara.html |work=The Pioneer |date=5 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Awati Inaugurates Naval Diving Squadron|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1981-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1981-03-14_077.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 March 1981|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 March 1983
|30 April 1984
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Tahiliani Takes Over Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-03-31_102.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 March 1983|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Subimal Mookerjee {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|30 April 1984
|28 February 1986
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Mookerjee Takes Over Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1984-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1984-04-29_159.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 April 1984|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Subimal Mookerjee Retires From Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-03-01_127.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 March 1986|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Sukhmal Jain {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|28 February 1986
|31 December 1990
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Jain Takes Over Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-26_121.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1986|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19901031-indian-navy-rocked-by-major-succession-scandal-813204-1990-10-30|title=Indian Navy rocked by major succession scandal|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] H. Johnson {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 January 1991
|31 August 1992
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, Flag Officer Commanders-in-Chief and Deputy Chief For Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-12-28_181.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[KASZ Raju]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|31 August 1992
|31 December 1994
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral KASZ Raju|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-08-31_196.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 August 1992|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vishnu Bhagwat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 December 1994
|30 September 1996
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Takes Over as FOC-in-C (West)|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1994-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1994-12-31_440.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 December 1994|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Takes Over as Chief of Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-09-30_111.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Avnish R Tandon, {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|24 October 1996
|31 March 1998
|
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
|16
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Madhvendra Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 April 1998
|31 March 2001
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff, and as [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
|<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_CgAAQBAJ&q=Madanjit+Singh+western+naval+command&pg=PT176|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivor's Stories|last=Cardozo|first=Major General Ian|date=2006-12-01|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940999|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/roct2001/29102001/r2910200110.html|title=Latest Releases|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Vinod Pasricha {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 April 2001
|31 December 2002
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-JAN-MARCH-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-2001-03-01_150.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 March 2001|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Arun Prakash]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|1 January 2003
|30 September 2003
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff, and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=1868|title=Vice Admiral Arun Prakash,PVSM,AVSM,VrC,VSM,ADC will be the new Naval Chief|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/vice-admiral-arun-prakash-takes-over-as-cinc-of-wnc_73639.html|title=Vice Admiral Arun Prakash takes over as C-in-C of WNC|date=2002-12-31|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Madanjit Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 October 2003
|28 February 2006
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/admiral-byce-named-flag-officer-cic-of-western-naval-command_278690.html|title=Admiral Byce named flag officer CIC of Western Naval Command|date=2006-02-28|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/22/stories/2003092204291100.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=New Naval appointments|date=2003-09-22|access-date=2017-10-24}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Sangram Singh Byce {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 March 2006
|31 July 2007
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=16031|title=New Flag Appointments in the Navy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|21
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jagjit Singh Bedi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 August 2007
|30 April 2009
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=12271|title=New Deputy Chief for the Navy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/31/vice-admiral-bedi-takes-charge-of-western-naval-command-1185869091.html|title=Bedi takes charge of Western Naval Command|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjeev Bhasin]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 May 2009
|30 April 2012
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sanjeev-bhasin-to-head-the-western-naval-command-1251285|title=Sanjeev Bhasin to head the Western Naval Command {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2009-04-29|work=dna|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Devendra Kumar Joshi|D. K. Joshi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|1 May 2012
|31 August 2012
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff. Current [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/D-K-Joshi-is-new-chief-of-Western-Naval-Command/articleshow/8129905.cms|title=D K Joshi is new chief of Western Naval Command - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|24
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Shekhar Sinha]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]][[Medal Bar|*]]}}
|1 September 2012
|31 May 2014
|Retired from the Navy after being superseded.
|<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=86874|title=Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha PVSM AVSM NM& BAR, ADC Appointed as Commander in Chief Western Naval Command to Take Over from Vice Admiral DK Joshi|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Kumar Chopra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 June 2014
|31 March 2015
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vice-Admiral-Anil-Chopra-takes-over-as-Western-Naval-Commander/articleshow/36159986.cms|title=Vice Admiral Anil Chopra takes over as Western Naval Commander - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema|S. P. S. Cheema]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 April 2015
|31 January 2016
|Also headed the [[Strategic Forces Command]] and the [[Southern Naval Command]], apart from serving as the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vadm-sps-cheema-takes-over-foc-cwest-0|title=VAdm SPS Cheema takes over as FOC-in-C(West) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117823|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over from Vice Admiral SPS Cheema as the Commander-in-Chief of Southern Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 February 2016
|31 May 2016
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff, and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Girish Luthra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 June 2016
|31 January 2019
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-takes-over-western-naval-command|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra takes over Western Naval Command {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145783|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajit Kumar P]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 February 2019
|28 February 2021
|
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=indiannavy|number=1090817788447518720|date=2019-01-31|title=VAdm P Ajit Kumar PVSM, AVSM, VSM takes over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command, the premier Command of #IndianNavy in an impressive ceremony at Mumbai. Returns where he has commanded two frontline Destroyers + stealth frigate & was Chief Staff Offr (Ops)}}</ref>
|-
|29
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|28 February 2021
|29 November 2021
|Later served as Chief of Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-admiral-r-hari-kumar-takes-charge-as-western-naval-command-chief/articleshow/81253791.cms|title=Vice Admiral R Hari Kumar takes charge as Western Naval Command Chief|publisher=Times Of India|date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajendra Bahadur Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|30 November 2021
|28 February 2023
|
|<ref name=uni-281121>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/enc-bids-farewell-to-vice-admiral-ajendra-bahadur-singh/States/news/2576666.html|title=ENC bids Farewell to Vice Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh|publisher=United News of India|date=2021-11-28}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 March 2023
|3 January 2024
|Current [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi Takes Over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-dinesh-k-tripathi-takes-over-flag-officer-commanding-chief-western-naval-1 |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|32
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|SYSM|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|3 January 2024
|31 July 2025
|First Naval recipient of [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]. Awarded during [[Operation Sindoor]].
|<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY J SINGH TAKES OVER AS FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1992829 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|33
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 August 2025
|Present
|Current FOC-in-C.
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Swaminathan to head Western Naval Command |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/krishna-swaminathan-to-head-western-naval-command-101753383353695.html |website=hindustantimes.com |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Eastern Naval Command]]
* [[Southern Naval Command]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1968]]

Supratik Chakraborty

2026-01-09T07:02:22Z

KaleyCountryman: New A Data

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Supratik Chakraborty

| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] (MS, PhD),
 [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (B.Tech.)
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] 
Fujitsu Research of America
| fields = [[Formal methods]] [[Automated reasoning]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[David L. Dill]]
| website = https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~supratik
}}
'''Supratik Chakraborty''' is an Indian [[computer scientist]]. He is currently Bajaj Group Chair Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Supratik Chakraborty |url=http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~supratik |website=www.cse.iitb.ac.in |publisher=IIT Bombay}}</ref>

==Education==
Supratik completed his undergraduate in Computer Science and Engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1993, where he was awarded the President of India Gold Medal. Subsequently, he completed his M.S. and Ph.D. in [[Electrical Engineering]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1995 and 1998 respectively, working on the design of [[polynomial time]] approximate algorithms for [[Static timing analysis|timing analysis]] of [[asynchronous systems]]. He worked for a year in the Advanced CAD Research group at [https://www.fujitsu.com/us/about/businesspolicy/tech/rd/ Fujitsu Laboratories of America] before joining [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] in 1999.

==Career==
His areas of research include both theoretical and practical aspects of [[formal methods]] and [[automated reasoning]]. Specifically, he has worked on [[formal verification]] of software and hardware systems, constrained counting and sampling, automated synthesis, [[automata theory]], [[logic]], and [[systems biology]]. In the past, he has also worked on design and analysis of [[asynchronous systems]] and on [[cellular automata]].

==Awards and honors==
He is a Fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Two professors from IIT Bombay elected as Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/two-professors-from-iit-bombay-elected-as-fellows-of-the-indian-national-academy-of-engineering/21824196 |work=Mid-Day |date=30 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> a Distinguished Member of [[Association for Computing Machinery]],<ref>{{citation |title=ACM Recognizes 2021 Distinguished Members for Pivotal Educational, Engineering and Scientific Contributions |url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2021/december/distinguished-members-2021 |work=ACM |date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> a Fellow of [https://www.aaia-ai.org/fellows?words=chakraborty Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association], a Senior Member of [[IEEE]] and a Distinguished Alumnus of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref>{{citation | title=Distinguished Alumnus Award 2022, IIT Kharagpur |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/files/DAA2022.pdf |date=24 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he was elected an [[List of distinguished members of the Association for Computing Machinery|ACM Distinguished Member]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.acm.org/media-center/2021/december/distinguished-members-2021 |title= ACM Recognizes 2021 Distinguished Members for Pivotal Educational, Engineering and Scientific Contributions Longstanding Members Cited for Trailblazing Achievements across Computing Field |author= Jim Ormond |date= December 15, 2021 |website= [[Association for Computing Machinery]] |publisher= |access-date= January 9, 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}



{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Supratik}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Formal methods people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]

Vijay Atluri

2026-01-09T06:25:36Z

KaleyCountryman: New New Page

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vijay Atluri
| birth_name = Vijayalakshmi Atluri
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
| fields = Computer science, information systems security, database management
| workplaces = [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] [[Andhra University]] [[Rutgers Business School – Newark and New Brunswick|Rutgers Business School – Newark]] [[University of the People]]
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]] [[IIT Kharagpur]] [[George Mason University]]
| thesis_title = Concurrency Control in Multilevel Secure Databases
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31384738
| thesis_year = 1994
| doctoral_advisor = [[Sushil Jajodia]]
}}

'''Vijayalakshmi Atluri''' (born 1956)<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIAF: Atluri, Vijay|url=https://viaf.org/viaf/33793777/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Virtual International Authority File}}</ref> is an Indian computer scientist specialized in information systems security and database management. She is a professor of management science and information systems at [[Rutgers Business School – Newark and New Brunswick|Rutgers Business School – Newark]]. Atluri is an advisory board member of the computer science department at the [[University of the People]].

== Education ==
Atluri completed a Bachelors of Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]] in May 1977. She earned a Masters of Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering (Controls and Automation) from [[IIT Kharagpur]] in June 1979. Atluri graduated in May 1994 with a Ph.D. in Information Technology at [[George Mason University]]. Her dissertation was titled ''Concurrency Control in Multilevel Secure Databases''. Her doctoral advisor was [[Sushil Jajodia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Atluri|first=Vijay|title=Curriculum Vita|url=https://www.business.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/documents/faculty/cv-vijay-atluri.pdf|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Rutgers Business School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Concurrency control in multilevel secure databases|date=1994|language=English|first=Vijay|last=Atluri|degree=Ph.D.|publisher=George Mason University|oclc=31384738}}</ref>

== Career ==
Atluri was a lecturer at [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] from August 1980 to December 1982 and again from December 1983 to March 1985. She was a lecturer at [[Andhra University]] from December 1982 to December 1983. From March 1985 to August 1990, she was an assistant professor in the department of electronics and communication and computer engineering at Nagarjuna University.<ref name=":0" />

Atluri was a research assistant in the center for secure information systems at [[George Mason University]] from August 1990 to August 1994.<ref name=":0" />

Atluri joined the faculty of the management doctorate program at [[Rutgers Business School – Newark and New Brunswick|Rutgers Business School – Newark]] in October 1996.<ref name=":0" /> Atluri was an assistant professor from July 1995 to June 2001 and an Associate professor from July 2001 to June 2006. She became a professor in the management science and information systems department in July 2006. Atluri teaches courses in database management, computer information systems, information systems security, electronic commerce, computer architecture, and computer languages.<ref name=":0" />

In 2010, she joined the advisory board of the computer science department of the [[University of the People]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Vijay Atluri|url=https://www.uopeople.edu/programs/cs/leadership/computer-science-advisory-board/dr-vijay-atluri/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=University of the People}}</ref>

Atluri was a computer scientist at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] Information Technology Laboratory, Computer Security Division, Systems & Network Security Group from February 2007 to February 2011. From September 2011 to September 2013, she became a program director in the [[National Science Foundation]] Division of Information and Intelligent Systems, Information Integration and Informatics and Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honors==
In 1996, she won a [[National Science Foundation CAREER Award]]. In 2022, she was elected an [[List of distinguished members of the Association for Computing Machinery|ACM Distinguished Member]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.acm.org/media-center/2022/december/distinguished-members-2022 |title= World’s Largest Computing Society Honors 2022 Distinguished Members for Ground-Breaking Achievements and Longstanding Participation: Pivotal Educational, Engineering, and Scientific Contributions Recognized |author= Jim Ormond |date= December 7, 2022 |website= [[Association for Computing Machinery]] |publisher= |access-date= January 9, 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Atluri|first1=Vijay|title=Multilevel Secure Transaction Processing|last2=Jajodia|first2=Sushil|last3=George|first3=Binto|date=2000|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-7923-7702-3|language=en}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google scholar id}}
* {{Scopus}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atluri, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Acharya Nagarjuna University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Rutgers University–Newark faculty]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:George Mason University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:University of the People people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]

Lucknow Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal Double Decker Express

2026-01-05T18:08:45Z

KaleyCountryman: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF5C5C
| name = Lucknow Jn. – Anand Vihar Terminal ''AC Double Decker Express''
| image = Lucknow Anand Vihar Double Decker Inaugural Name-board.jpg
| caption = Train name board of the Inaugural Special
| type = [[Double Decker Express|Double Decker]]
| first = 26 April 2015
| last =
| status =
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} (LJN)
| booking classes = AC Chair Car
| stops = 3
| end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|479|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hrs 20 mins
| trainnumber = 12583 / 12584
| class = AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{Lucknow–Anand Vihar Terminal DD Express Route}}
| frequency = 4 days a week
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]]
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]]
}}

The 12583 / 12584 '''Lucknow Jn.–Anand Vihar Terminal AC Double Decker Express''' is an [[Indian Railways]] train running between {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}. It is the ninth double decker train in India and is the first such service for the state of Uttar Pradesh. The train operates four days a week on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays from both ends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/anand-vihar-lucknow-double-decker-train-to-run-on-more-days-timings-of-lalkuan-intercity-express-revised/1230593/|title=Anand Vihar-Lucknow Double Decker train to run on more days! Timings of Lalkuan Intercity Express revised|work=The Financial Express|date=4 July 2018 }}</ref> After [[Lucknow Mail]], [[Lucknow–New Delhi AC Superfast Express]], [[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express]] and [[Gomti Express]], it is the fifth dedicated train service between the national capital and the state capital of Uttar Pradesh. The other train service is by IRCTC by the name of [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express|Lucknow - New Delhi Tejas Express]].

==Trials and Clearance Certificate==
The rake for this train was procured by North Eastern Railways, Lucknow Division from the [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] on 21 April 2014.
The first trials of the train on its route were carried out on 18 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/1985188 |title=- India Rail Info |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131830/http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/1985188 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The train departed from Lucknow Jn. at 10 AM and reached Anand Vihar Terminal within 7 hours 40 minutes. While the trials were mostly successful, on its way back, the train brushed against the wall of a platform at Moradabad Jn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/double-decker-exp-may-hit-tracks-on-march-1/article1-1318835.aspx|title=Double-Decker Exp may hit tracks on March 1|date=20 February 2015|publisher=|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709142737/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/double-decker-exp-may-hit-tracks-on-march-1/article1-1318835.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> forcing the station authorities to modify a part of the platform. Followed by this, rigorous trials at all platforms of Lucknow Junction railway station were carried out the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/indian-railways-news/198609|title=लखनऊ जंक्शन के हर प्लेटफार्म पर दौड़ी डबल डेकर – Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Finally the safety clearance from [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO) was given <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/new-delhi-lucknow-double-decker-train-service-soon-115021900889_1.html|title=New Delhi–Lucknow double-decker train service soon|last=IANS|date=19 February 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref> and the train chugged off after four months.

==Inauguration==
This train service was flagged off on 26 April 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=998&id=0,4,268|title=North Eastern Railway|website=www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> from the Anand Vihar Terminal by the Union Home minister Mr. [[Rajnath Singh]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/home-minister-rajnath-singh-flags-off-ac-double-decker-train-for-lucknow/articleshow/47060423.cms|title=Home Minister Rajnath Singh flags off AC double-decker train for Lucknow|date=26 April 2015|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> in the presence of the Union Railway Minister Mr.[[Suresh Prabhu]] and the Minister of State for Railways, Mr. [[Manoj Sinha]]. Nearly 650 people travelled in the inaugural run of this train.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?Artname=20150427g_008163007&ileft=490&itop=516&zoomRatio=388&AN=20150427g_008163007 | title=Article view | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150428224704/http://epaper.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?Artname=20150427g_008163007&ileft=490&itop=516&zoomRatio=388&AN=20150427g_008163007 | archive-date=2015-04-28 }}</ref>
[[File:Lucknow Double Decker Flag-off.jpg|thumb|right|Lucknow Double Decker being flagged-off from Anand Vihar Terminal]]

==Journey==

The train starts from {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} at 04:55 hrs and reaches {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} at 12:55 hrs, the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/31116/906/7322 Time Table/Schedule: Lucknow Junction NER to Anand Vihar Terminal NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> In return the train starts back at 14:05 from Anand Vihar Terminal to reach back Lucknow Jn at 22:30 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/31118/7322/906 Time Table/Schedule: Anand Vihar Terminal to Lucknow Junction NER NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> the same day.
The Time table is as follows:

12583 Lucknow Junction NER to Anand Vihar Terminal
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | LJN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction||Lucknow Jn NER}}
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | 04:55
|-
| valign="top" | BE
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
| valign="top" | 08:23
| valign="top" | 08:25
|-
| valign="top" | MB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
| valign="top" | 10:00
| valign="top" | 10:08
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
| valign="top" | 12:22
| valign="top" | 12:23
|-
| valign="top" | ANVT
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}
| valign="top" | 12:55
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}

12584 Anand Vihar Terminal to Lucknow Jn NER

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | ANVT
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | 14:05
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
| valign="top" | 14:33
| valign="top" | 14:35
|-
| valign="top" | MB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
| valign="top" | 16:50
| valign="top" | 16:58
|-
| valign="top" | BE
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
| valign="top" | 18:22
| valign="top" | 18:24
|-
| valign="top" | LJN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction||Lucknow Jn NER}}
| valign="top" | 22:30
| valign="top" | Destination station
|}

==Introduction of catering services==
In a response to the numerous complaints from passengers pertaining to unavailability of catering services and buffet car in the train, North Eastern Railways consented to initiate the facility with effect from 17 July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Railways-to-start-catering-service-onboard-Lucknow-Delhi-double-decker-train/articleshow/48102714.cms|title=Railways to start catering service onboard Lucknow–Delhi double decker train|work=Times of India|date=16 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/indian-railways-news/234059|title=अब डबल डेकर ट्रेन में भी मिलेगा नाश्ता-खाना – Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Vendors providing lunch, dinner, beverages, drinking water and snacks are now available aboard. E-catering service is yet to be introduced.

==Coach composition==

The train was inaugurated and further planned to run with twelve Double Decked LHB AC Chair Car coaches, but due to technical reasons, the composition was revised to ten such coaches and two generator cum luggage vans at each end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1014&id=0,4,268|title=North Eastern Railway|website=www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Each coach has a sitting capacity of 120 passengers. The coach composition was again revised on 29 July 2018, when 2 AC Double Decker Chair Car Coaches were removed and sent for repairs. As of now, the trains runs with a 10 coach composition, with 2 EOGs and 8 AC Double Decker Chair Car Coaches, headed by a Ghaziabad Shed Electric Loco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://st.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya24/0/5/4/7/3664547/1/img5b5b551458ecb83870.jpg |title=Info |website=st.indiarailinfo.com |format=JPG}}</ref>

The coach composition is as follows: 
12583: LOCO-{{font color|red|EOG-}}{{font color|blue|C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-}}{{font color|red|EOG}} 
12584: LOCO-{{font color|red|EOG-}}{{font color|blue|C8-C7-C6-C5-C4-C3-C2-C1-}}{{font color|red|EOG}}

Here 'LOCO' denotes the direction of the locomotive. '{{font color|red|EOG}}' stands for End-On-Generator Van and {{font color|blue|C1}} through {{font color|blue|C10}} are AC Chair Car Coaches. The rake is non-self-generating LHB type and the maximum permissible speed of the rolling stock is 160 kmph though due to sectional speed restrictions, the train only touches a maximum speed of 110 kmph.

==Quota allocation==
The figures mentioned denote the total number of seats available for booking in this train from the mentioned station under the respective quotas. The bookings can be made from the official ticketing site of Indian Railways http://irctc.co.in .

12583 Lucknow Jn NER to Anand Vihar Terminal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/lucknow-jn-anand-vihar-t-double-decker-express-12583-ljn-to-anvt/31116/906/7322|title=12583/Lucknow Jn. - Anand Vihar Terminal AC Double Decker Express - Lucknow Junction NER to Anand Vihar Terminal NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Arpit|last=P|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Source station
!! style="background:gold;"| General quota
!! style="background:gold;"| [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal quota]]
!! style="background:gold;"| Premium Tatkal quota
!! style="background:gold;"| Ladies quota
!! style="background:gold;"| Foreign Tourist quota
|-
| valign="top" | Lucknow Junction
| valign="top" | 985
| valign="top" | 120
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Bareilly Jn
| valign="top" | 985
| valign="top" | 120
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Moradabad Jn
| valign="top" | 985
| valign="top" | 120
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Ghaziabad Jn
| valign="top" | 985
| valign="top" | 120
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|}
12584 Anand Vihar Terminal to Lucknow Jn NER<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/seats/31118/7322/906?kkk=1430297944354|title=Anand Vihar Terminal - Lucknow Jn. AC Double Decker Express/12584 IRCTC Reservation/Availability Enquiry: Anand Vihar Terminal/ANVT to Lucknow NER/LJN - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Source station
!! style="background:gold;"| General quota
!! style="background:gold;"| [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal quota]]
!! style="background:gold;"| Premium Tatkal quota
!! style="background:gold;"| Ladies quota
!! style="background:gold;"| Foreign Tourist quota
|-
| valign="top" | Anand Vihar Terminal
| valign="top" | 1053
| valign="top" | 60
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Ghaziabad Jn.
| valign="top" | 1053
| valign="top" | 60
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Moradabad Jn
| valign="top" | 30
| valign="top" | 60
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|-
| valign="top" | Bareilly Jn
| valign="top" | 20
| valign="top" | 60
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
| valign="top" | N.A.
|}

==Extension and linkage to Jaipur-bound Double Decker service==
Unavailability of pit lines for maintenance of the train at Lucknow Junction is posing difficulties in operation of the train on a daily basis. Hence it has been proposed to link the service to the Jaipur bound Double Decker Service from Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad/jaipur-ac-double-decker-now/articleshow/48163737.cms|title=एसी डबल डेकर अब जयपुर तक !|work=Navbharat Times}}</ref> The Ghaziabad–Delhi Sarai Rohilla section is currently being surveyed for feasibility of operation. With the change in place the timings may be changed to a 9AM departure from Lucknow and around 11AM departure from Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/26-jul-2015-edition-Lucknow-page_4-52457-2930-11.html |title=Story |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100031/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/26-jul-2015-edition-Lucknow-page_4-52457-2930-11.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Accidents==
On 28 June 2015, the C-5 coach of the Anand Vihar bound train caught fire due to jamming of brakes to the wheels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/231385|title=हादसे से बची डबल डेकर ट्रेन – Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/231276|title=12583 LKO ANVT DD catches fire - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The incident happened near Karuha station (9 km from Hardoi, 110 km from Lucknow Jn.). Though the incident was soon noticed and attended and hence no casualties were reported. After a delay of approximately two hours, the train was made to depart.

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Indian Railways, Double-Decker trains, Lower Deck.jpg|Lower Deck
File:Indian Railways, Double-Decker trains, Upper Deck.jpg|Upper Deck
File:Lucknow_Double_Decker_at_Moradabad_on_Inaugural_Run.jpg|Decorated rake on Inaugural run
File:Lucknow_Double_Decker_at_Moradabad_PF-05.jpg|Departing from Moradabad PF-05
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Double Decker Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow Junction-Anand Vihar Terminal Double Decker Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Double-decker trains of India]]

Mir Abdus Sayeed

2025-12-27T19:36:23Z

KaleyCountryman:

'''Mir Abdus Sayeed''' (died 2004) was an Indian [[trade union]]ist and politician, belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the president of the [[Forward Seamens Union of India]] (FSUI), and a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] 1969-1970 and 1979-1987.

==Biography==
As of 1952 M.A. Sayeed was the general secretary of the United Seamen's Union in Calcutta.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=gG4_AAAAMAAJ Survey of China Mainland Press]''. United States Consulate General (Hong Kong, China), 1952. p. 8</ref><ref name=gdov>Gene D. Overstreet. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=jGzfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA382 Communism in India]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 381-382</ref> He was part of an Indian trade union delegation that took part in a month-long visit to China in connection with the [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] celebrations of 1952.<ref name=gdov/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=B-V008fEyFAC Review of Hong Kong Chinese Press]''. 1952. p. 8</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=jkU_AAAAMAAJ Chinese Press Review]''. American Consulate General, 1952. p. 17</ref>

The [[Communist Party of India]] fielded M.A. Sayeed as its candidate for the [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria seat]] in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. M.A. Sayeed finished in second place with 20,146 votes (43.85%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193601/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> M.A. Sayeed sided with the CPI(M) in the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]]. CPI(M) fielded M.A. Sayeed as its candidate in Baduria in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], in which he finished in second place with 17,820 votes (33.60%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

M.A. Sayeed contested the Baduria seat for a third time in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], this time winning the seat with 29,718 votes (54.95%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref name="Committee"/> In the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the CPI(M) fielded M.A. Sayeed as its candidate in the [[Kabitirtha Assembly constituency|Kabitirtha seat]], where he finished in third place with 12,036 votes (26.49%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> In the subsequent [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he contested the Baduria seat and finished in second place with 17,399 votes (35.71%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

M.A. Sayeed returned to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1979. He contested a by-election for the [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala seat]], held after the death of incumbent legislator [[Sudhir Chandra Bhandari]].<ref name=bro79>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=vJZRAQAAMAAJ Bye-elections Brochure]''. Election Commission of India, 1979. p. 47</ref> M.A. Sayeed obtained 45,259 votes (76.18%).<ref name=bro79/><ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952-95]''</ref> He retained the Maheshtala seat in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 40,523 votes (63.15%).<ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=399}}</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

As of the 1980s and early 1990s M.A. Sayeed was the president of the [[Forward Seamens Union of India]] (FSUI).<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=o3rtAAAAMAAJ Trade Union Record, Vol. 50]''. All-India Trade Union Congress, 1992. p. 2</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=kJ2IYGn5XrYC FSUI Delegation Visits USSR]'', in ''The Working Class'', Vol. 17. Centre of Indian Trade Unions, 1987. p. 22</ref> He was a member of the General Council of the [[Centre for Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU).<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=9SxYAAAAYAAJ The CITU Resolves in Madras: Review of the 4th Conference and Resolutions]''. Centre of Indian Trade Unions, 1979. p. 71</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=5dcM2CfHuWwC The Working Class, Vol. 23]'' Centre for Indian Trade Unions, 1993. p. 62</ref>

Mir Abdus Sayeed died in 2004.<ref>''[https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764092/1/jpi_march_2005.pdf Sessional Review]'', in ''Journal of Parliamentary Information'', No 1, March 2005. p. 98</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Abdussayeed}}
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]

Eliza (1804 ship)

2025-12-15T23:09:19Z

KaleyCountryman: Put Up A Info First Draft

{{other ships|Eliza (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=United Kingdom
|flag= [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|United Kingdom civil ensign]]
|name=''Alert''
|renamed=''Eliza''{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=96}}
|owner=
|builder=Calcutta
|laid_down=
|yard_number=
|launched=1802 (as ''Alert''),{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=96}} 1804{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=272}}<ref name=LR1813/><ref name=RS1813/>{{efn|There is much ambiguity, with some sources giving the year as 1806, e.g., Bateson.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=292–3}} ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1835 and 1836 gives it as 1807.<ref name=LR1835/>}}
|fate=Abandoned at sea 1836
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
|tons_burthen=500{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=96}} 511, or 512, or 512{{small|{{frac|37|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=272}} or 515,<ref name=RS1826>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214283?urlappend=%3Bseq=183 ''Register of Shipping'' (1825), Seq. №E254.]</ref> or 538 (1835)<ref name=LR1835/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=
|armament=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Eliza''''' was a merchant ship built in British India, probably in 1804. (She may have been built in 1802 as ''Alert''.) Between 1819 and 1831 she made five voyages transporting convicts from England and Ireland to Australia. In between, she also made one voyage for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). Her crew abandoned her at sea in 1836 as she was leaking uncontrollably.

==Career==
''Eliza'' first appears in British registries in 1812 in a relatively illegible entry in the supplementary pages to ''[[Lloyd's Register]]''. The table below shows the somewhat inconsistent entries from both ''Lloyd's Register'' and the ''Register of Shipping'' for 1813.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Notes
! Source
|-
| N. Jordan
| Bouderet
| London
| Calcutta-built 1804
| ''Lloyd's''<ref name=LR1813>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005689347?urlappend=%3Bseq=170 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1813), Seq. №E243.]</ref>
|-
| J. Allen
| G. Faith
| London—St Croix
| India-built 1804
| ''Register''<ref name=RS1813>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214457?urlappend=%3Bseq=194 ''Register of Shipping'' (1813), Seq. №201.]</ref>
|-
|}

The 1814 issue of ''Lloyd's Register'' shows the same master and owner as the 1813 issue of the ''Shipping Register'', but now the launch year in 1806, and the trade is simply "London transport".

===First convict transport voyage (1819-1820)===
Under the command of Francis Hunt and surgeon J. Brydone, she left England on 16 October 1819, arrived in Sydney on 21 January 1820.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=292–3}} She embarked 160 male convicts and had one death en route.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=328}}

''Eliza'' departed Port Jackson on 21 March 1820 bound for [[Hobart Town]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2179340 |title=Ship News |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday 25 March 1820, p.2 |publisher= |accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

===Second convict transport voyage (1822)===
On her second convict voyage under the command of J. Hunt and surgeon William Rae, she left [[Sheerness]], England on 20 July 1822, and arrived in Sydney on 22 November 1822.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=249–245}} She embarked 160 male convicts and had no deaths en route.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=329}}

''Eliza'' departed Port Jackson on 12 January 1823, bound for [[Jakarta|Batavia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2181577 |title=Ship News |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Thursday 16 January 1823, p.2 |publisher= |accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>

===EIC voyage (1825-26)===
Captain William Faith sailed from [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 25 September 1825, bound for Bengal. ''Eliza'' reached [[Santiago, Cape Verde|São Tiago]] on 24 October. She arrived at [[Garden Reach]] on 22 February 1826, and [[Kidderpore]] on 3 March.{{efn|The British Library records conflate this ''Eliza'' with an India-built ''Eliza'' of 639 or 682 tons (bm), built in 1816, that carried out a voyage for the EIC in 1829.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114944 British Library: ''Eliza'' (2).]</ref>}}

===Third convict transport voyage (1827-1828)===
In 1827, her master changed from W. Faith to D. Leary, her owner from G. Faith to Heatorn, and her trade from London—Calcutta to London—New South Wales.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214549?urlappend=%3Bseq=189 ''Register of Shipping'' (1827), Seq.№E252.]</ref>

On her next convict voyage under the command of Daniel Leary and surgeon George Rutherford, she left [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland on 19 July 1827, and arrived in Sydney on 8 November 1827.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=296-7}} She embarked 192 male convicts and had no convict deaths en route. One guard died on the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=331}}

''Eliza'' departed Port Jackson on 8 April 1828, bound for London with produce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2190207 |title=Shipping Intelligence |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Wednesday 9 April 1828, p.3 |publisher= |accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>

===Fourth convict transport voyage (1829-1830)===
In 1829 ''Eliza''{{'}}s master changed from Leary to Nicholls.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214549?urlappend=%3Bseq=189 ''Register of Shipping'' (1829), Seq. №E277.]</ref>

On her fourth convict voyage, ''Eliza'' was under the command of William Nicholas and surgeon J. McTernan. She left Cork, Ireland, on 2 March 1829, and arrived in Sydney on 20 June.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=298–9}} She embarked 171 male convicts, three of whom died on the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=331}} She also carried 11 free boys joining their parents.

''Eliza'' departed Port Jackson on 16 July 1829, bound for [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166261324 |title=Vessels Entered Outwards, since last publication |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=Sydney General Trade List, Thursday 23 July 1829, p.1 |publisher= |accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref> She arrived at Mauritius in mid September.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166261035 |title=Nautical Intelligence |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=Sydney General Trade List, and Mercantile Advertiser, Thursday 31 December 1829, p.2 |publisher= |accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref>

===Fifth convict transport voyage (1831)===
The ''Register of Shipping'' (1831) shows ''Eliza''{{'}}s master changing from J. Nicholas to Grove, and her owner from Cockerill to Heathorn.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214549?urlappend=%3Bseq=189 ''Register of Shipping'' (1831), Seq.№E325.]</ref>

For ''Eliza''{{'}}s fifth convict voyage she was under the command of John Groves and surgeon William Anderson. She left [[Portsmouth]], England on 6 February 1831 and arrived at Hobart Town on 29 May.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=310-1}} She embarked 224 male convicts and had no deaths en route.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=332}}
''Eliza'' departed Hobart Town on 16 June, bound for [[Penang]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], in ballast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4203387 |title=The Courier |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=The Hobart Town Courier, Saturday 18 June 1831, p.2 |publisher= |accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref>

==Fate==
''Lloyd's Register'' for 1835 has H. Crouch, master, and Gould, owner. It also gives her burthen as 538 tons, and her launch year as 1807.<ref name=LR1835>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015065537956?urlappend=%3Bseq=195 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1835), Seq.№288.]</ref>

''Lloyd's Register'' for 1836 has Smith, master, Gould, owner, and trade London—"LoS'ol". It has also a subsequent notation: "Abandoned".<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3255428?urlappend=%3Bseq=156 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1836), Seq.№E333.]</ref>

On 20 December 1836 as ''Eliza'' was sailing from London to Quebec, she became waterlogged and her decks were "blown up". ''Austerlitz'' saved her crew, who landed at Havre.<ref>House... (1839), p.88.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* House of Commons, Parliament. Great Britannia (1839) ''Report from Select Committee on Shipwrecks of Timber Ships: With the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix & Index...''
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

{{1836 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliza}}
[[Category:1800s ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Convict ships to Tasmania]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in December 1836]]

Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-11-24T14:33:26Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Kinnaur district]], Himachal Pradesh
| nearest_city = Rampur
| area_km2 = 503
| established = 1982
}}

'''Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It was established in 1982 and covers an area of about 503 km2 in the upper catchment of the [[Bhaba Valley]]. The sanctuary is situated between elevations of 1,200 to 1600 metres and forms a significant part of the western [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2017 |title=Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/rupi-bhaba-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The vegetation ranges from temperate coniferous forests to alpine meadows. It is home to species such as the [[Himalayan tahr]], [[musk deer]], [[serow]], [[brown bear]], [[snow leopard]], and various pheasants including the [[Himalayan monal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary, India, Asia Factsheet |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rupi-bhaba-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=BirdLife DataZone |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/rupi-bhaba-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref>

The sanctuary also acts as a corridor linking the [[Great Himalayan National Park]] with the [[Pin Valley National Park]], enhancing regional biodiversity conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/rupi-bhaba-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries in India]]
* [[Great Himalayan National Park]]
* [[Pin Valley National Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|31|43|N|77|57|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:50000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1982]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sardar Singh II

2025-11-13T20:58:24Z

KaleyCountryman: New A Biography

{{short description|Rao Raja of Uniara (1913-1969)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

'''Sardar Singh II''' was the [[Rao Raja]] of [[Uniara Jagir|Uniara]] from 1913 until his death in 1969.
==Early life and family==
He was born on 3 October 1894 to Rup Singh, the Thakur of Hardattpura.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Layall |first=K. C. B. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117113 |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages Seventh Edition |date=1938 |pages=82}}</ref> He married and had three sons—Rajendra Singh, Digvijay Singh, and Jayendra Singh—and two daughters, the eldest of whom married Jorawarsinhji, the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]], and the younger, Phool Kumari, who married the [[Rao Raja]] of [[Garhi, Banswara|Garhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=UNIARA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/uniara.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111111843/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/uniara.html |archive-date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Guman Singh, the [[Rao Raja]] of [[Uniara Jagir|Uniara]], who had no male issue, adopted Sardar as his son and heir.<ref name=":0" />
==Reign==
Upon the death of his adoptive father, he succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity on 13 March 1913.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091 |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=54–55}}</ref> His succession was approved by the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":1" /> He had opened a [[dispensary]] at Awan and another at [[Uniara]].<ref name=":2" /> He had raised the upper primary school in his estate to a [[middle school]] and had opened branch schools in all four [[Tehsil|tehsils]] of his estate.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[World War I|First World War]], he furnished 250 recruits and subscribed Rs. 20,000 to various funds.<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
He died in 1969 and was succeeded by Rajendra Singh in his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":0" />
==References==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh II, Sardar}}
[[Category: 1894 births]]
[[Category: 1969 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Football at the 2015 National Games of India

2025-11-09T15:53:39Z

KaleyCountryman: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT:[[2015 National Games of India]]

National Highway 48 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T07:26:27Z

KaleyCountryman: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 75 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

S. B. Sinha

2025-08-31T08:29:25Z

KaleyCountryman:

{{Short description|Indian judge (1944–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox judge
| image =
| name = Satya Brata Sinha
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = 5th Chairperson of [[Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal]]
| termstart = 3 November 2009
| termend = 2 November 2012
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor = Arun Kumar
| successor = [[Aftab Alam (judge)|Aftab Alam]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| termstart1 = 3 October 2002
| termend1 = 8 August 2009
| nominator1 = [[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]]
| appointer1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = 21st [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| nominator2 = [[Sam Piroj Bharucha]]
| appointer2 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| termstart2 = 26 November 2001
| termend2 = 2 October 2002
| predecessor2 = [[Arijit Pasayat]]
| successor2 = Babulal Chandulal Patel
| office3 = 27th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| termstart3 = 11 December 2000
| termend3 = 25 November 2001
| nominator3 = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| appointer3 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. S. Liberhan]]
| successor3 = [[A. R. Lakshmanan]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| termstart4 = 11 May 1994
| termend4 = 10 December 2000
| nominator4 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
| appointer4 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| office5 = [[Judge]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| termstart5 = 9 March 1987
| termend5 = 10 May 1994
| nominator5 = [[R. S. Pathak]]
| appointer5 = [[Zail Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhanbad]], Jharkhand, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|3|19|1944|8|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouse = Utpala Sinha
}}

'''Satya Brata Sinha''' (8 August 1944 – 19 March 2019){{cn|date=October 2021}}, known as '''S. B. Sinha,''' was a jurist and former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==Introduction==
S. B. Sinha was born in [[Kayastha]] on 8 August 1944 at [[Dhanbad]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], India. He passed his matriculation examination from H.E. School, Dhanbad and received his [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from [[Chotanagpur Law College]] in 1967. Sinha joined the Dhanbad District Court in 1968 after which he shifted his practice to [[Ranchi]] upon constitution of the Permanent Bench of the [[Patna High Court]] in 1976.

He was designated as senior advocate by the Patna High Court. Subsequently, he was appointed the first Government Advocate of the Ranchi Bench of the [[Patna High Court]] and was elevated to the Patna High Court on 9 March 1987. He was transferred to the [[Calcutta High Court]] on 11 May 1994. He served as the Chief Justice of the High Courts of Andhra Pradesh and Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=173 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=tshc.gov.in}}</ref>

He was elevated as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 3 October 2002 and retired on 8 August 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/sitting/sbsinha.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109163741/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/sitting/sbsinha.htm | archivedate=9 January 2010 | title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.B. Sinha | publisher=Supreme Court of India|year=2009}}</ref>

==TDSAT Chairman==

On 3 November 2009, after retirement from the Supreme Court, Sinha was appointed the chairman of the [[Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal]] (TDSAT) succeeding Arun Kumar who retired in September, 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/justice-s-b-sinha-joins-tdsat-as-chairman-109110300190_1.html | title=Justice S B Sinha joins TDSAT as Chairman | date=21 January 2013 | author=Press Trust of India | newspaper=Business Standard | accessdate=13 August 2018 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Sinha died on 19 March 2019 at the age of 74 after brief illness in [[New Delhi]].{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, S. B.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]

Lakshmi Nandan Bora

2025-08-13T14:49:02Z

KaleyCountryman: Starting A Pg

{{Short description|Indian writer (1932–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Nandan Bora
| image = Lakshmi Nandan Bora.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 June 1932
| birth_place = Kujidah, [[Nagaon district]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|06|03|1932|06|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer and scientist
| yearsactive = 1954–2021
| known for = Novels, Short Stories
| spouse = Madhuri
| domesticpartner =
| children = Seuji Tridib Nandan Swaroop Nandan
| parents = Phuleswar Bora Phuleswari
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sahitya Academy Award]] [[Saraswati Samman]] [[Publication Board Assam Lifetime Achievement Award]] [[Assam Valley Literary Award]] Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Rachna Samagra Award
}}
'''Lakshmi Nandan Bora''' (15 June 1932 – 3 June 2021) was an Indian [[novelist]] and short story writer in the [[Assamese language]],<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Patal+Bhairavi+Bora&pg=PA186 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |publisher=Sahitya Academy |author=Kartik Chandra Dutt |year=1999 |pages=1490 |isbn=9788126008735}}</ref><ref name="Bipul Jyoti">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipuljyoti.in/authors/lakshminandan.html |title=Bipul Jyoti |publisher=Bipul Jyoti |date=2007 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805013825/http://www.bipuljyoti.in/authors/lakshminandan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> known for over 60 books he has authored,<ref name="UCCS">{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~jkalita/assam/news/lkbora.html |title=UCCS |publisher=UCCS |date=2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805043528/http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~jkalita/assam/news/lkbora.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/body-of-science/article1605037.ece |title=The Hindu |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> including award winning novels, ''Patal Bhairavi''<ref name="Patal Bhairavi">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf1QlvNfKk8C |title=Patal Bhairavi |publisher=Sahitya Academy Publications |author=Lakshmi Nandan Bora |year=1997 |pages=308 |isbn=9788126001460|edition=1997 }}</ref> and ''Kayakalpa''.<ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth">{{cite book |title=Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth |publisher=Niyogi Books |author=Lakshmi Nandan Bora |year=2010 |pages=280 |isbn=978-8189738679}}</ref> A recipient of [[Sahitya Academy Award]] and [[Saraswati Samman]],<ref name="Good Reads">{{cite web |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4301442.Lakshmi_Nandan_Bora |title=Good Reads |publisher=Good Reads |date=2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Saraswati Samman">{{cite web |url=https://librarykvpattom.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/lakshmi-nandan-bora/ |title=Saraswati Samman |publisher=LKVP |date=14 February 2009 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Bora was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2015 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref> He died on 3 June 2021, from complications caused by [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Assamese litterateur Lakshmi Nandan Bora passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/covid-19-assamese-litterateur-lakshmi-nandan-bora-passes-away/article34715572.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 June 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = left|width=21em|''Except for one novel, I had written all my other novels after my marriage,'' says Lakshmi Nandan Bora.<ref name="Assam Tribune" />}}

Lakshmi Nandan Bora was born on 15 June 1932 at Hatichung of Kudijah village,<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> a small hamlet in [[Nagaon district]] in the Northeast Indian state of [[Assam]] to Phuleswar Bora and Phuleswari as the youngest of their five children.<ref name="UCCS" /> His parents died while he was in his teens and he was brought up by his eldest brother, Kamal Chandra Bora.<ref name="UCCS" /> He did his schooling at Nagaon High School, graduated in Physics (BSc) from [[Cotton College State University]], Guwahati and secured his master's degree (MSc) from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]].<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /><ref name="UCCS" /> He pursued doctoral studies in [[meteorology]] at [[Andhra University]] from where he secured a PhD, the first person to be awarded a doctoral degree in meteorology by the university.<ref name="UCCS" /> For most of his career he worked at [[Assam Agricultural University]], Jorhat as a faculty member and stayed with the institution till his retirement as a professor<ref name="Good Reads" /> and the head of the department of physics and agrometeorology<ref name="UCCS" /> in 1992.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /><ref name="The Hindu" /> He has also served as a visiting professor at the [[Johannes Gutenberg University]]<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> for two terms.<ref name="UCCS" /> Bora married Madhuri in 1961 and the couple has one daughter Seuji and two sons Tridib Nandan and Swaroop Nandan.<ref name="UCCS" /> The family lives in [[Ganeshguri]], a satellite town of Guwahati, Assam.<ref name="UCCS" /> Seuji Bora Neog is a Professor of Genetics and Plantbreeding at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Tridib Nandan Bora is a Senior State Government Official while the youngest son Swaroop Nandan is a Professor of Mathematics at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. Lakshmi Nandan Borah died on 3 June 2021 at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/covid-19-assamese-litterateur-lakshmi-nandan-bora-passes-away/article34715572.eve |title=COVID-19: Assamese litterateur Lakshmi Nandan Bora passes away |date=3 June 2021 |language=en |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Literary and social career==

Bora wrote his first short story, ''Bhaona'', in 1954, which was published in Assamese magazine, Ramdhenu.<ref name="UCCS" /> His first book, ''Dristirupa'' was published in 1958 and the next one, ''Nishar Purabhi'' in 1962.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> He published his first novel, ''Gonga Silonir Pakhi'', in 1963, which is reported to have earned critical acclaim, has been translated into 11 languages<ref name="UCCS" /> and was made into a film, [[Gonga Silonir Pakhi|under the same name]], by Padum Baruah in 1976. The succeeding years saw him active in the political milieu of Assam and was arrested once, in 1981, under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]].<ref name="UCCS" /> His novel, ''Akou Saraighat'',<ref name="Akou Saraighat">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XFvehm9NmcC&q=Akou+Saraighat+Bora&pg=PA106 |title=Akou Saraighat |publisher=Bani Prakash Pathsala |date=1980 |isbn=9781843318132 |access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> written during this time and published in 1980, reflects his political leanings to a certain measure.<ref name="UCCS" /> He also founded a weekly, ''Rangpur'', and stayed as its editor till 1996 when he resigned from the post, reportedly due to ideological differences with the owner of the publication.<ref name="UCCS" />

Two more novels, ''Matit Meghar Chaan'' (1970) and ''Bishesh Eraati'' (1979) and a short story anthology, ''Sehi Anuraga'' (1983) followed<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> before he published his novel, ''Patal Bhairavi'' in 1986<ref name="Patal Bhairavi" /> which won the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1988.<ref name="UCCS" /> Two novels were published next, ''Kal Dingare Pal'' in 1988 and ''Matsya Kanya'' in 1995 followed by ''Preyashi'' (1996 - short story anthology), ''Jaa Keri Naahike Upaam'' and ''Sehi Gunanidhi'' (1997 - novel),<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> the latter two inspired by the lives of [[Sankardev]] and his disciple, [[Madhavdev]], renowned Assamese saint-scholars.<ref name="UCCS" /> In 2008, he published ''Kayakalpa'', which won the [[Saraswati Samman]] from [[K. K. Birla Foundation]].<ref name="Saraswati Samman" /> The work has since been translated into 22 Indian languages<ref name="Saraswati Samman" /> as well as into English by Biman Arandhara.<ref name="The Hindu" />

Lakshmi Nandan Bora has written a number of plays and books on agriculture and environment, taking his publications to a total of 60 books, composed of twenty nine novels and twenty six short story anthologies.<ref name="UCCS" /><ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth" /> His short stories, 75 selected ones, have been compiled under the name, ''Lakshminandan Borar Charita Dasakar Galpa Samagra''.<ref name="Bipul Jyoti" /> His published autobiography ''Kal Balukat Khoj'' was also serialized in the Assamese fortnightly, [[Prantik]].<ref name="Bipul Jyoti" /> His other current projects are two books, one on [[Hem Chandra Baruah]], renowned lexicographer and social reformer and the other, on [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], a known [[Assamese literature|Assamese]] literary figure.<ref name="Bipul Jyoti" />

He has served as the president of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] (1996–97)<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /><ref name="UCCS" /> and as a member of the Planning Commission of Assam.<ref name="The Hindu" /> He has also been the chairman of the Assam Pollution Control Board<ref name="UCCS" /> during the period 1997 - 2003<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> and served as the editor of [[Goriyoshi]], an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] monthly literary magazine.<ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth" /><ref name="Good Reads" /><ref name="Assam Tribune">{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct0312/at094 |title=Assam Tribune |publisher=Assam Tribune |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220081736/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct0312%2Fat094 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Some of the selected publications of Bora are:<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" />

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

*Sei Surey Utola[1960] --Story
*Kashiyolir Kuwoli[1961]--Story
*Gopon Godhuli[1961]--Story
*Gouri Ruupok[1961]--Story
*Mon Mati Megh[1962]--Story
*Ashiin Koina[1963]--Story
*Aei Roop Aei Chanda[1963]--Story
*Dahan Dulori[1965]--Story
*Kothin Maya[1966]--Story
*Debotar Byadhi[1966]--Story
*Majot Trisharey Noi[1967--Story
*Byotikrom[1976]--Story
*Nishiddha Chetona[1976]--Story
*Arabarir Lecheri[1983]--Story
*Doostor Karagar[2002]--Story
*Preyoshi[1993]--Anthology
*Mon Birikhor Jokh[2001]--Story
*Mukta Poorush[2002]--Story
*Mon Mati Piriti[1962]--Story
*Aalakh Khorikajai[2006]--Story
*Basonti Bashona[2017]--Story
*Saa Jueir Pohorot[1966]--Novel
*Shikhar Surobhi[1968]--Novel
*Meghali Doopor[1968]--Novel
*Bolookat Bijuli[1969]--Novel
*Amtit Meghor Saa[1970]--Novel
*Uttor Poorush[1970]--Novel
*Poton[1979]--Novel
*Radhikaput Aruu Malakhsmi Niketan[1982]--Novel
*Ghatok Polatok[1985]--Novel
*Protirodh[1987]--Novel
*Biponna Bismoi[1988]--Novel
*Ganeshguri[1988]--Novel
*Nayak Adhinayak[1992]--Novel
*Hiyat Tirebirai[1993]--Novel
*Meghot Madol Baje[1999]--Novel
*Shoturongo[2003]--Novel
*Tejoshini[2003]--Novel
*Goti Moti Bhokoti[2005]--Novel
*Shehi Shobyoshashi[2014]--Novel
*Pochimor Pom Khedi[1991]--Travelogue
*Joraloga Germany[1993]--Travelogue
*Shimar Poridhi Bhangi[1997]--Travelogue
*Shipurir Achoni[1961]--Drama
*Akanko Jugol[1972]--Drama
*Swamy Bibekananda[1997]--Biography
*Sonkordev:Ati Mohajibon[1999]--Biography
*Mahapoorush Madhabdeb[1999]--Biography
*Kal Bolukat Khoj[2010]--Autobiography

* Dristirupa (1958) - anthology
* Nishar Purabi (1962) - anthology
* Gonga Silonir Pakhi (1963) - novel
* Aabesh Indrajal (1967) - anthology
* Matit Meghar Chaan (1970) - anthology
* Bishesh Eraati (1979) - novel
* Akou Saraighat (1980) - novel<ref name="Akou Saraighat" />
* Jaa Keri Naahike Upaam
* Sehi Anuraga (1983) - anthology
* Patal Bhairavi (1986) - novel<ref name="Patal Bhairavi" />
* Kal Dingarare Pal (1988) - novel
* Matsya Kanya (1995) - novel
* Preyashi (1996) - anthology
* Sehi Gunanidhi (1997) - novel
* Ganga Cheel Ke Pankh (2003) - novel<ref name="Ganga Cheel Ke Pankh">{{cite book |title=Ganga Cheel Ke Pankh |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |author=Lakshmi Nandan Bora |year=2003 |pages=144 |asin=B003DRNSME}}</ref>
* Kayakalpa (2008) - novel<ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth" />
* Lakshminandan Borar Charita Dasakar Galpa Samagra — short story anthology
{{div col end}}

==Awards and recognitions==
Bora received the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1988 for his novel, ''Patal Bhairavi''<ref name="Saraswati Samman" /> and the Assam Valley Literary Award in 2004.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth" /><ref name="Good Reads" /> His novel, ''Kayakalpa'' fetched him the [[Saraswati Samman]]<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth" /><ref name="Good Reads" /> instituted by the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]] in 2008<ref name="Saraswati Samman" /> and in 2012, Assam Publication Board honoured him with the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="Assam Tribune" /> The [[Government of India]] included him for the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list, in 2015, for the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gonga Silonir Pakhi]]
* [[Assam Agricultural University]]
* [[Goriyoshi]]
* [[Hem Chandra Baruah]]
* [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]
* [[Sankardev]]
* [[Madhavdev]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf1QlvNfKk8C |title=Patal Bhairavi |publisher=Sahitya Academy Publications |author=Lakshmi Nandan Bora |year=1997 |pages=308 |isbn=9788126001460}}
* {{cite book |title=Kayakalpa — The Elixir of Everlasting Youth |publisher=Niyogi Books |author=Lakshmi Nandan Bora |year=2010 |pages=280 |isbn=978-8189738679}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Patal+Bhairavi+Bora&pg=PA186 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |publisher=Sahitya Academy |author=Kartik Chandra Dutt |year=1999 |pages=1490 |isbn=9788126008735}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Lakshmi Nandan}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Balharshah railway station

2025-06-20T17:02:07Z

KaleyCountryman: creating some stub v1

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Balharshah
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]] [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar ward 25, [[Ballarpur]], [[Chandrapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]-442901
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.849|N|79.348|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|188|m|ft}}
| line = [[Delhi–Chennai line]] [[Gondia–Nagbhir–Balharshah line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 5
| tracks = 8
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BPQ
| division = {{rwd|Nagpur CR}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 15000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Balharshah railway station
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
}}
'''Balharshah railway station''' (station code: '''BPQ''') is a railway station serving [[Ballarpur]] town, in [[Chandrapur district]] of Maharashtra state in India. Established by the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], it is now under the [[Nagpur CR railway division]] of [[Central Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways. It is an important junction on [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] of Indian Railways. It is located at 185 m above sea level and has 5 platforms. The Ballarshah–Wardha–Nagpur section was electrified in 1989.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE }}</ref>

==History==
With the completion of the {{stnlnk|Kazipet}}–Balharshah link in 1929, Chennai was directly linked to Delhi.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – III">{{cite web| url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html | title=IR History: Early Days – III| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 3 (1900–1947)| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

The {{stnlnk|Gondia}}–Nagbhir–{{stnlnk|Nagpur}} line was opened for traffic in 1908. The Nagbhir–Rajoli line was opened in 1913 and extended up to Chanda Fort.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Work for conversion to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] of the {{convert|240|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] Gondia–Chanda Fort line started in December 1992. The fourth phase covering Nagbhir–Chanda Fort section was opened on 13 January 1999 and the Chanda Fort–Balharshah section was opened from 2 July 1999.<ref name=division >{{cite web| url = http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1312278598168-Tourist%20Places.pdf |title =Nagpur Division | publisher=South East Central Railway| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

The Mancherial–Balharshah–Wardha–Nagpur sector was electrified in 1988–89.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref> The Gondia–Nagbhir–Balharshah line was electrified in 2018.

==Amenities==
The railway station has computerized reservation counters, STD/PCO booth, retiring room, waiting room, vegetarian and non-vegetarian refreshments and book stall.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/balharshah-bangalore-train-tickets.html |title = Balhashah to Bangalore trains | publisher= Make My Trip | access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/balharshah-junction-bpq/22 Trains at Balharshah]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVc75tVCkvg Tamil Nadu Express entering Balharpur Junction]
}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Central Railway zone|left=Gondwana Visapur towards New Delhi|right=Manikgarh Towards Chennai|type=[[Delhi–Chennai line]]
|line2=South East Central Railway zone|left2=|right2=Chanda Fort|type2=[[Gondia–Nagbhir–Balharshah line]]}}

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]

Do Dilon Ki Dastaan

2025-05-05T08:41:14Z

KaleyCountryman: created a pg

'''''Do Dilon Ki Dastaan''''' ({{Lit|The Story of Two Hearts}}; {{Translation|The Story of Us}}) may refer to the following Indian films:

*[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1966 film)|''Do Dilon Ki Dastaan'' (1966 film)]], directed by Pradeep Kumar
*[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|''Do Dilon Ki Dastaan'' (1985 film)]], directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar

== See also ==
*[[The Story of Us (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Islamiyah Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2025-04-26T14:48:28Z

KaleyCountryman: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Coimbatore]]

2021 ICC Champions Trophy

2025-02-12T07:56:15Z

KaleyCountryman: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[ICC Champions Trophy#History]]

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{{R to section}}
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[[Category:Cancelled cricket competitions]]