Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Damaru Ghati

2026-05-07T17:04:34Z

KK JANGIR: made initial article more to come.

{{Short description|Indian Shiva temple}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Damaru Ghati|image=Damrughati Shiv Temple.jpg|caption=Statues of [[Lord Shiva]] and [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] at Damaru Ghati|deity=[[Lord Shiva]]|festival=[[Mahashivratri]]|district=[[Narsinghpur]]|state=[[Madhya Pradesh]]|country=[[India]]}}
'''Damaru Ghati''' is a [[Shiva temple]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is built in a valley shaped like a [[Damaru]]. It is located near the [[Gadarwara]] city. A [[shivalinga]] is established inside a temple shaped like a shivalinga. Statues of [[Lord Shiva]], [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] and [[Lord Hanuman]] are also present in the temple. Every year, thousands of tourists and devotees visit the temple to worship Lord Shiva during [[Mahashivaratri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=डमरूघाटी, गाडरवारा {{!}} जिला नरसिंहपुर, मध्य प्रदेश शासन {{!}} भारत |url=https://narsinghpur.nic.in/tourist-place/%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%98%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=Maha Shivratri 2023 : आज महाशिवरात्रि में उमड़ेगी आस्‍था, प्रशासन ने की व्यवस्था |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/narsimhapur-faith-will-rise-in-mahashivratri-today-administration-made-arrangements-8017168 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=ND |title=Gadarwara {{!}} डमरू घाटी पर महाशिवरात्रि का मेला |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/tourism-news/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-112021800196_1.htm |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Aditi News |date=2023-03-22 |title=सागर जिले की छात्राओं ने किया डमरू घाटी का शेक्षणिक भ्रमण |url=https://aditinews.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=ADITI NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPCG |first=Express |date=2024-03-06 |title=महाशिवरात्रि में उमड़ेगी आस्‍था, तीन दिवसीय होगा मेले का आयोजन , डमरू घाटी व महादेव पिपरिया में है शिव भक्तों की आस्था, तीन दिवसीय मेले में होगी सर्वाधिक भीड़ |url=https://expressmpcg.com/?p=10544 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Express MPCG |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/narsinghpur/news/ias-srishti-deshmukh-saw-the-arrangements-for-the-damru-valley-fair-appealed-not-to-use-banned-polythene-129454760.html</ref>

==History==
The construction of the temple began 2 decades ago. The shape of the sand dunes on the banks of Shakkar River in Gadarwara was similar to a Damaru. People started calling it 'Damaru Ghati'. The construction of the temple was started by SDOP BS Parihar, who was posted in Gadarwara, in collaboration with the local citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhishak |date=2024-03-06 |title=महाशिवरात्रि पर्व पर डमरू घाटी में होगा विशाल मेले का आयोजन, जिला कलेक्टर ने देखी तैयारियां (Damru Ghati Gadarwara) |url=https://bundelibabu.com/?p=1791 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Bundelibabu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Structure==
A foundation of {{cvt|15|ft}} has been given to the temple. {{cvt|10|ft}} below the statue of Lord Shiva, a {{cvt|7|ft}}. high statue of [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] is built.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhishak |date=2024-03-06 |title=महाशिवरात्रि पर्व पर डमरू घाटी में होगा विशाल मेले का आयोजन, जिला कलेक्टर ने देखी तैयारियां (Damru Ghati Gadarwara) |url=https://bundelibabu.com/?p=1791 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Bundelibabu.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nandi faces towards Lord Shiva. A huge Shivalinga is built of approximately {{cvt|100|ft}}. The total height of the shivalinga from the ground to the top is {{cvt|51|ft}}. {{cvt|15|ft}} high stairs are built for people's convenience. The length inside the shivalinga is {{cvt|21|ft}} and the diameter is {{cvt|65|ft}}. 2 decorated gates have been built to enter the temple.<ref name=":1" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Damru Ghati entrance.jpg|Entrance of the Damru Ghati temple
File:Damaru Ghati Hanuman statue.jpg|Statue of Lord Hanuman present in Damaru Ghati
File:Damru Ghati shivling temple.jpg|Shivalinga-shaped temple inside the Damaru Ghati temple
File:Damru Ghati pond.jpg|Pond inside the Damaru Ghati temple
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|22.9305|78.7968|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Moolchand Lodha

2026-05-05T06:55:37Z

KK JANGIR: Put up a data

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moolchand Lodha
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Social worker
| known_for = Work in eye care and social reform in tribal communities of Rajasthan
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
}}

'''Moolchand Lodha''' is an Indian social worker recognized for his work with tribal communities in southern [[Rajasthan]], particularly in the [[Dungarpur district]]. His activities include initiatives related to education, healthcare access, and social reform, with a focus on providing eye care. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023.<ref name="padma">{{cite web |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2023-2023&Place=Rajasthan |title=Padma Awards Dashboard |publisher=Government of India |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>

== Activities ==

Lodha's work involves engagement with rural communities on several fronts.

=== Education ===

In the mid-1990s, Lodha established a learning center to address educational access for children in the region.<ref name="zee-edu">{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/dungarpur/south-rajasthan-rss-mulchand-lodha-children-were-connected-with-education-now-get-padma-shri/1584892 |title=South Rajasthan: RSS Mulchand Lodha children were connected with education, now get Padma Shri |work=Zee News Hindi |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===

Lodha has organized eye care camps and facilitated the establishment of an eye hospital in Dungarpur. His efforts have included coordinating patient transport and soliciting medical equipment donations and volunteer services from doctors.<ref name="tv9">{{cite news |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/rajasthan/dungarpur-rajasthan-social-worker-moolchand-lodha-got-padma-shri-award-2023-know-his-journey-of-social-work-au275-1682834.html |title=Dungarpur Rajasthan: Social worker Moolchand Lodha got Padma Shri award 2023 |work=TV9 Hindi |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="csr">{{cite web |url=https://indiacsr.in/moolchand-lodha-dungarpur-social-worker-awarded-padma-shri-for-serving-tribals/ |title=Moolchand Lodha, Dungarpur Social Worker Awarded Padma Shri for Serving Tribals |work=India CSR |date=28 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="etv">{{cite news |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/dungarpur/rss-pracharak-moolchand-lodha-will-be-honored-with-padma-shri-know-about-them/rj20230128175354505505078 |title=RSS Pracharak Moolchand Lodha will be honored with Padma Shri, know about him |work=ETV Bharat |date=28 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Social Reform ===

Lodha has worked with local councils on issues related to child marriage, women's empowerment, and land rights.<ref name="amar">{{cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/padma-shri-award-all-you-need-to-know-about-moolchand-lodha-rss-rajasthan-2023-01-26 |title=Padma Shri Award: All you need to know about Moolchand Lodha |work=Amar Ujala |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar">{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/banswara/news/moolchand-lodha-padma-shri-of-sacrifice-dedication-passion-humility-and-struggle-131128354.html |title=Moolchand Lodha: Padma Shri of sacrifice, dedication, passion, humility and struggle |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

Lodha received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023 for his social work.<ref name="padma"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2023-2023&Place=Rajasthan Padma Awards Dashboard – Government of India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodha, Moolchand}}
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:People from Durgapur]]

Gandala, Rajasthan

2026-05-04T06:18:29Z

KK JANGIR: made new entry w/ sources.

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandala
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil/Sub-district
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat Gandala Gram
| leader_name =Smt. Tarawati
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| postal_code = 301709
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| population_total = 6,537 ( Census 2011)
| seat_type = Gram Panchayat
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name3 = Behror
| subdivision_name2 = Alwar
| subdivision_type1 = State
| official_name = Gandala
| subdivision_name1 = Rajasthan
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = District
| coordinates = {{coord|27|58|N|76|18|E}}
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| image_map =
| image_skyline =
| settlement_type = Up-Tahsil {{!}} Rural
| other_name = Chak Muradpur
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_total_ha =
| area_blank2_title = Gram Panchayat
| area_blank1_ha = 857.0
| area_blank1_title = Up-Tahsil
| coor_pinpoint =
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| area_total_km2 =
| total_type =
| pushpin_label_position =
| image_map1 =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| map_caption =
| area_blank2_ha = 1288.0
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''Gandala''' is a Gram Panchayat Village and Up-Tehsil in [[Behror]]<ref>[http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/docs/budget/statebudget/2021-2022/Budget%20Speech.pdf Rajasthan State Budget Speech 2021-22] | Gandala to be upgraded to status of Up-Tahsil | Page -83</ref> tahsil/Sub-district, [[Alwar District|Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Census|first=Rajasthan|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2498/1/38024_2001_ALW.pdf|title=District Census Handbook, Alwar, Part XII-A & B, Series-09|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=Jaipur|pages=Panchayat Samiti : Behror (000 I ) / 86}}</ref> It is the second largest Village by population in Behror Tehsil after Bardod Village according to 2011 Census of India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Census|first=Rajasthan|url=http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|title=Rajasthan Census 2011|publisher=Govt. Of Rajasthan|year=2012|isbn=|location=Jaipur|pages=4|access-date=12 July 2020|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920175811/http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and situated on Behror-Kund Road ( SH -111). It is 7 km from Sub-district headquarters and 70 km from District headquarters . It is 140 km from state capital and 120 km from national capital .The village is well known for its ancient temple which is named after Sati Nihali Mata. The main occupation of people in this rural area is Agriculture.The Majority population in village mainly [[Deeva gotra Yadav]]s. Part of [[Goad, Haryana]], [[Narnaul]], [[Haryana]].

== Geography and demographics ==
Latitude- 27.977853, Longitude- 76.311623

The area is generally plain with few hills of Aravalli range – Khohar hills (1990 ft) of Aaravalli – to the north-west.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Settlement Commissioner|first=M.F. O'Dwyer|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/assessment-report-tahsils-tijara-bhror-mandawar-rajgarh-and-kutumbar-alwar-0|title=Assessment reports of Tahsils of Alwar state|publisher=Government Central Printing Office|year=1899|location=Shimla|pages=6}}</ref> The village sits near a mound which has not been excavated archaeologically. The area is agrarian and most common source of irrigation is ground water. The soil here is highly fertile and is of loamy type – ''Mattiyar'' and gives excellent produce only drawback being groundwater is salty and not fit for irrigation damaging soil – which needs to be left fallow. The crops sown are bajra, wheat, jowar, mustard, cotton, barley and gram.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Settlement Commissioner|first=M.F. O'Dwyer|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/assessment-report-tahsils-tijara-bhror-mandawar-rajgarh-and-kutumbar-alwar-0|title=Assessment reports of Tahsils of Alwar state|publisher=Government Central Printing Office|year=1899|location=Shimla|pages=8}}</ref> There are no perennial water channels, there were some ephemeral streams coming from Khohar hills which are now dry, non-existent or have been encroached on . ''Pala Pula'', a dwarf ber – shrub used to grow profusely in this area which was used as an excellent source of nutrition for cattle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Settlement Commissioner|first=M.F. O'Dwyer|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/assessment-report-tahsils-tijara-bhror-mandawar-rajgarh-and-kutumbar-alwar-0|title=Assessment reports of Tahsils of Alwar state|publisher=Government Central Printing Office|year=1899|location=Shimla|pages=76}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Demographic Parameters of Gandala Village according to 2011 Census.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2498/1/38024_2001_ALW.pdf|title=District Census Handbook, Alwar, Part XII-A & B, Series-09|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
!S/N
!Parameters
!Male
!Female
!Total
|-
| colspan="5" |Castes
|-
|1.
|SC
|449
|399
|848
|-
|2.
|ST
| -
| -
| -
|-
| colspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="5" |Education
|-
|1.
|Literate
|2337
|1480
|3817
|-
|2.
|Illiterates
|697
|1335
|2052
|-
| colspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="5" |Occupation
|-
|I.
|Workers
|1669
|1566
|3235
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|A.
|Main Workers
|1258
|770
|2028
|-
|1.
|Cultivators
|615
|632
|1247
|-
|2.
|Agricultural Labourers
|71
|71
|142
|-
|3.
|Household Industry Workers
|32
|11
|43
|-
|4.
|Other Workers
|540
|56
|596
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|B.
|Marginal Workers
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Economy and culture ==

Agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. Since the last decade or so Gandala has been increasingly emerging as a place noted among the surrounding villages for providing facilities for children's education, selling their produce, shopping, trade, institutional interaction, etc. Besides the Main Bazar that is just 9 km from Behror, there are a number of shop-clusters or markets specializing.

== Services ==
There are two government senior secondary schools, one primary health center and one nationalised bank - Punjab National Bank.,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Census|first=Rajasthan|title=District Census Handbook, Alwar, Part XII-A & B, Series-09|publisher=Govt. Of Rajasthan|year=|isbn=|location=Jaipur|pages=27 / XXV - Statement - 7}}</ref> Post Office, telephone exchange with all towers (BSNL, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Communications, Airtel, etc.), Government Hospital, Pashu Hospital, government and private schools, main market, Atal Seva Kendra, Emitra Services, electricity (24 hours), uptehshil office, air water tank for water supply .

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Alwar district}}
{{coord|27|58|N|76|18|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Alwar district]]

1990 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-03T13:54:07Z

KK JANGIR: Adding New Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1985
| election_date = {{Start date|1990|02|27}}
| next_election = 1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1995
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 74
| registered = {{formatnum:19745549}}
| turnout = 56.63%
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biju-Patnaik.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| party1 = Janata Dal
| leader_since1 = 1985
| seats_before1 = ''New''
| popular_vote1 = 53.69%
| seat_change1 = ''New''
| seats1 = 123
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand_INC.svg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=14|oTop=4}}
| leader2 = [[Sarat Pattanayak]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 1989
| seats_before2 = 117
| popular_vote2 = 29.78%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}107
| seats2 = 10
| swing2 =

| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| after_party = Janata Dal
| after_election = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| outgoing_members = 9th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 10th Odisha Legislative Assembly
}}

Elections to the '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in February 1990 to elect members of the 147 constituencies in [[Orissa]], India. The [[Janata Party]] won a majority of seats and [[Biju Patnaik]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref name=independent>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-biju-patnaik-1259246.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-biju-patnaik-1259246.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Obituary: Biju Patnaik |author=Kuldip Singh |date=1 May 1997 |access-date=6 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=cmlist>{{cite web |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/statisticsmembers.aspx?x=5 |title=List Of Honourable Chief Minister (YearWise) |access-date= 6 February 2022| website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 147 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Result==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3626-orissa-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|- valign="top"
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[File:Janata_Dal_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Janata_Dal_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |5,884,443
|53.69
|(new)
|139
|123
|(new)
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |3,264,000
|29.78
|{{decrease}}21.3
|145
|10
|{{decrease}}110
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|390,060
|3.56
|{{Increase}}0.96
|63
|2
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 326,364
|2.98
|{{decrease}}0.33
|9
|5
|{{Increase}}4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|91,767
|0.84
|{{decrease}}0.3
|3
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 807,000
|7.36
|{{decrease}}3.14
|389
|6
|{{decrease}}1
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!100
!-
!-
!147
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''10,960,587'''
|55.51
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|221,565
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''11,182,152'''
|'''56.63'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"|8,563,397
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''19,745,549'''
!
|}

==Results by Constituency==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! rowspan="2" | District
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" |%
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
|-
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
|-
| rowspan="10"|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
! 1
| Karanjia (ST)
| 46.35
| Raghunath Hembram
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,143
| 61.39
| Sukanti Naik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 16,721
| 34.05
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,422
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27.34
|-
! 2
| Jashipur (ST)
| 45.95
| Mangal Singh Mudi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 19,438
| 40.88
| Sambhunath Naik
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 14,891
| 31.32
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,547
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9.56
|-
! 3
| Bahalda (ST)
| 44.54
| Khelaram Mahali
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 20,073
| 42.22
| Nirmal Bhagey
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 18,597
| 39.11
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 1,476
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 3.11
|-
! 4
| Rairangpur (ST)
| 45.88
| Chaitanya Prasad Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 24,011
| 47.23
| Naba Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 19,105
| 37.58
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,906
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9.65
|-
! 5
| Bangriposi (ST)
| 45.29
| Sudam Chandra Marndi
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 14,633
| 28.43
| Purushottam Naik
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 10,988
| 21.35
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 3,645
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 7.08
|-
! 6
| Kuliana (ST)
| 45.59
| Kanhu Soren
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 20,720
| 39.11
| Saraswati Hembram
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 16,774
| 31.66
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3,946
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7.45
|-
! 7
| Baripada
| 60.67
| Chhatish Chandra Dhal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 31,114
| 37.59
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,335
| 30.61
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5,779
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6.98
|-
! 8
| Baisinga (ST)
| 53.34
| Ananta Charan Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,434
| 48.82
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,653
| 39.55
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5,781
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9.27
|-
! 9
| Khunta (ST)
| 58.42
| Bira Bhadra Singh
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 35,387
| 49.13
| Ramesh Soren
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,519
| 28.49
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,868
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20.64
|-
! 10
| Udala (ST)
| 49.82
| Rohidas Soren
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 26,828
| 46.68
| Durga Charan Tudu
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,317
| 24.91
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 12,511
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21.77
|-
|rowspan="12"|[[Balasore district|Baleshwar]]
! 11
| Bhograi
| 70.96
| Kamala Das
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 61,687
| 60.48
| Bijaya Kumar Pati
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 38,845
| 38.08
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,842
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22.40
|-
! 12
| Jaleswar
| 68.18
| Aswini Kumar Patra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 63,644
| 59.33
| Kumar Chakravarty
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,617
| 18.29
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 44,027
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 41.04
|-
! 13
| Basta
| 69.72
| Raghunath Mohanty
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 41,654
| 46.23
| Bhupal Chandra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 34,852
| 38.68
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,802
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7.55
|-
! 14
| Balasore
| 52.76
| Arun Dey
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 77,904
| 86.56
| Jogendra Prasad Das
| {{Party color cell|United Communist Party of India}}
| [[United Communist Party of India|UCPI]]
| 7,213
| 8.01
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 70,691
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 78.55
|-
! 15
| Soro
| 65.67
| Kartik Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 43,460
| 48.33
| Pitamber Panda
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 37,458
| 41.66
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6,002
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6.67
|-
! 16
| Simulia
| 62.18
| Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 52,081
| 64.08
| Bhartruhari Mahatab
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,589
| 30.25
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,492
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33.83
|-
! 17
| Nilgiri
| 67.08
| Chittaranjan Sadangi
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 31,977
| 34.38
| Pradipta Kumar Panda
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 31,917
| 34.32
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 60
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 0.06
|-
! 18
| Bhandaripokhari (SC)
| 64.12
| Arjun Charan Sethi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 56,391
| 72.25
| Purusottam Sethi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,027
| 25.66
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36,364
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 46.59
|-
! 19
| Bhadrak
| 65.37
| Prafulla Samal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,066
| 56.62
| Jugalkishore Patnaik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 35,920
| 38.33
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,146
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.29
|-
! 20
| Dhamnagar
| 67.90
| Hrudananda Malliki
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 52,620
| 56.21
| Jagabandhu Rout
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 34,384
| 36.73
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18,236
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19.48
|-
! 21
| Chandbali (SC)
| 65.84
| Bairagi Jena
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 57,040
| 58.17
| Netrananda Mallik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 39,776
| 40.56
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,264
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17.61
|-
! 22
| Basudevpur
| 71.09
| Bijoyshree Routray
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 54,340
| 54.44
| Purnachandra Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 44,129
| 44.21
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10,211
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10.23
|-
|rowspan="26"|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
! 23
| Sukinda
| 74.15
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadai
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 54,530
| 54.50
| Sarat Rout
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,554
| 32.54
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,976
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21.96
|-
! 24
| Korai
| 66.86
| Ashok Kumar Das
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 61,138
| 63.37
| Rama Chandra Khuntia
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33,630
| 34.86
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,508
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.51
|-
! 25
| Jajpur (SC)
| 61.39
| Jagannath Mallik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 50,118
| 57.12
| Anchal Das
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 35,951
| 40.98
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,167
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16.14
|-
! 26
| Dharmasala
| 70.63
| Gurcharan Tikayat
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 52,548
| 59.48
| Kangali Charan Panda
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 31,133
| 35.24
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,415
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 24.24
|-
! 27
| Barchana
| 72.58
| Amar Prasad Satpathy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 55,844
| 55.53
| Sitakanta Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 40,747
| 40.52
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,097
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15.01
|-
! 28
| Bari-Derabisi
| 65.72
| Kulamoni Rout
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,978
| 56.58
| Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 30,182
| 35.59
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,796
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20.99
|-
! 29
| Binjharpur (SC)
| 58.53
| Pramila Mallik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 29,886
| 38.99
| Niranjan Jena
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,616
| 33.42
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,270
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5.57
|-
! 30
| Aul
| 68.68
| Sushree Devi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 56,186
| 56.60
| Dolagovinda Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 41,276
| 41.58
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,910
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15.02
|-
! 31
| Patamundai (SC)
| 56.33
| Radhakanta Sethy
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 35,861
| 43.96
| Prahallad Mallik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 23,395
| 28.68
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | 12,466
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" | 15.28
|-
! 32
| Rajnagar
| 75.51
| Nalinikanta Mohanty
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 58,553
| 59.20
| Bijaya Kumar Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 39,244
| 39.67
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,309
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19.53
|-
! 33
| Kendrapara
| 69.96
| Bed Prakash Agarwala
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,784
| 60.80
| Dillip Misra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 29,129
| 32.93
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 24,655
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27.87
|-
! 34
| Patkura
| 64.67
| Bijay Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 65,085
| 72.41
| Indramani Rout
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18,508
| 20.59
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 46,577
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 51.82
|-
! 35
| Tirtol
| 73.43
| Basanta Kumar Biswal
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 53,318
| 50.30
| Pratap Chandra Mohanty
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,771
| 48.84
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1,547
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1.46
|-
! 36
| Ersama
| 69.60
| Damodar Rout
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 81,761
| 71.86
| Bijoy Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 31,464
| 27.65
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 50,297
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 44.21
|-
! 37
| Balikuda
| 68.23
| Umesh Swain
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 57,432
| 62.90
| Jyotish Chandra Das
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33,869
| 37.10
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,563
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 25.80
|-
! 38
| Jagatsinghpur (SC)
| 65.70
| Bishnu Charan Das
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 59,954
| 65.36
| Lakshman Mallick
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 30,570
| 33.33
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29,384
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 32.03
|-
! 39
| Kissannagar
| 63.28
| Yudhisthir Das
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 37,140
| 47.35
| Gurapada Nanda
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,452
| 26.07
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,688
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21.28
|-
! 40
| Mahanga
| 74.43
| Sarat Kumar Kar
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,089
| 57.84
| Sk. Matlub Ali
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 36,206
| 40.99
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,883
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16.85
|-
! 41
| Salepur (SC)
| 62.43
| Kalindi Charan Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 56,088
| 75.97
| Pramod Kumar Jena
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,711
| 19.92
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 41,377
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 56.05
|-
! 42
| Gobindpur
| 70.58
| Rabindra Kumar Mallick
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 44,751
| 46.65
| Trilochan Kanungo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 42,466
| 44.27
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 2,285
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 2.38
|-
! 43
| Cuttack Sadar
| 55.86
| Rajendra Singh
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 56,824
| 66.04
| Vijayalaxmi Sahoo
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,265
| 29.36
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 31,559
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36.68
|-
! 44
| Cuttack City
| 46.84
| Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 56,365
| 66.39
| Samir Dey
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 17,238
| 20.30
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 39,127
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 46.09
|-
! 45
| Choudwar
| 65.11
| Raj Kishore Ram
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 60,866
| 75.59
| Kailash Chandra Baral
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,659
| 24.41
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 41,207
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 51.18
|-
! 46
| Banki
| 65.30
| Ghanashyam Sahoo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 46,787
| 56.08
| Jogesh Chandra Rout
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 31,112
| 37.29
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,675
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.79
|-
! 47
| Athgarh
| 61.62
| Ranendra Pratap Swain
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,247
| 56.48
| Uma Ballav Rath
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 25,112
| 30.02
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,135
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26.46
|-
! 48
| Baramba
| 50.72
| Raja Saheb Trilochan Singh Deo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,677
| 80.88
| Samir Kumar Routray
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 8,599
| 12.96
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 45,078
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 67.92
|-
|rowspan="16"|[[Puri district|Puri]]
! 49
| Balipatna (SC)
| 60.89
| Hrusikesh Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 42,279
| 59.54
| Sura Sethi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,768
| 27.84
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,511
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 31.70
|-
! 50
| Bhubaneswar
| 43.10
| Biju Patnaik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 76,022
| 80.16
| Prasad Kumar Harichandan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,186
| 14.96
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 61,836
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 65.20
|-
! 51
| Jatni
| 64.13
| Sarat Chandra Paikray
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 45,560
| 53.49
| Suresh Kumar Routray
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 35,790
| 42.02
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9,770
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11.47
|-
! 52
| Pipli
| 64.73
| Pradip Kumar Maharathy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 54,397
| 66.35
| Purna Chandra Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,046
| 29.33
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 30,351
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 37.02
|-
! 53
| Nimapara (SC)
| 61.23
| Benudhara Sethy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 58,540
| 69.13
| Sudam Bhoi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,174
| 28.55
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 34,366
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 40.58
|-
! 54
| Kakatpur
| 73.89
| Surendra Nath Naik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 58,344
| 56.21
| Baikuntha Nath Swain
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 41,106
| 39.60
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,238
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16.61
|-
! 55
| Satyabadi
| 60.78
| Chandramadhab Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 39,023
| 50.51
| Rabindra Kumar Das
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 27,154
| 35.15
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,869
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15.36
|-
! 56
| Puri
| 54.91
| Braja Kishore Tripathy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 64,777
| 73.20
| Belarani Dutta
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,954
| 16.90
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 49,823
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 56.30
|-
! 57
| Brahmagiri
| 64.47
| Ajay Kumar Jena
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,917
| 54.15
| Gangadhar Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,235
| 31.91
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,682
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22.24
|-
! 58
| Chilka
| 63.42
| Biswabhusan Harichandan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 63,606
| 68.72
| Raghunath Ray
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,120
| 26.06
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 39,486
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 42.66
|-
! 59
| Khurda
| 57.08
| Prasan Kumar Patsani
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,030
| 65.37
| Rama Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 16,897
| 20.83
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36,133
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 44.54
|-
! 60
| Begunia
| 62.36
| Surendranath Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,607
| 58.80
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 31,889
| 36.33
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,718
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22.47
|-
! 61
| Ranpur
| 63.46
| Sarat Chandra Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,291
| 54.93
| Ramakanta Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 35,424
| 41.15
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,867
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13.78
|-
! 62
| Nayagarh
| 61.93
| Bhagabat Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 58,434
| 74.12
| Bansidhar Sahoo
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,215
| 24.37
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 39,219
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 49.75
|-
! 63
| Khandapara
| 63.11
| Arun Kumar Pattnaik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,904
| 64.77
| Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 23,551
| 31.84
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 24,353
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 32.93
|-
! 64
| Daspalla
| 67.36
| Rudramadhab Ray
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 50,165
| 62.79
| Harihar Karan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 27,283
| 34.15
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,882
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.64
|-
| rowspan="15"|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
! 65
| Jaganathprasad (SC)
| 53.51
| Madhabananda Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,118
| 64.44
| Simanchal Behera
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,664
| 33.73
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,454
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 30.71
|-
! 66
| Bhanjanagar
| 56.62
| Rama Krushna Gauda
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,644
| 63.86
| Uma Kanta Misra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,817
| 34.61
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,827
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29.25
|-
! 67
| Suruda
| 56.14
| Shanti Devi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 45,201
| 57.41
| Usha Rani Panda
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 30,395
| 38.61
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,806
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.80
|-
! 68
| Aska
| 55.40
| Duti Krushna Panda
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 43,816
| 63.06
| Raghaba Parida
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 22,831
| 32.86
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 20,985
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 30.20
|-
! 69
| Kavisuryanagar
| 52.21
| Nityananda Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 42,142
| 55.02
| Harihar Swain
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,518
| 37.23
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 13,624
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 17.79
|-
! 70
| Kodala
| 55.28
| Ramakrushna Pattanayak
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 75,957
| 92.53
| Deenabandhu Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 6,132
| 7.47
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 69,825
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 85.06
|-
! 71
| Khallikote
| 60.70
| V. Sugnana Kumari Deo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,293
| 59.68
| Narayan Sahu
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33,699
| 39.21
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,594
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20.47
|-
! 72
| Chatrapur
| 55.17
| Parsuram Panda
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 47,321
| 62.56
| Prafulla Chandra Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,298
| 33.44
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 22,023
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 29.12
|-
! 73
| Hinjili
| 50.59
| Harihar Sahu
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 32,881
| 48.22
| Udayanath Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 27,741
| 40.68
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5,140
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7.54
|-
! 74
| Gopalpur (SC)
| 52.36
| Rama Chandra Sethy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 39,941
| 62.83
| Ghanasyam Behera
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 21,133
| 33.24
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18,808
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29.59
|-
! 75
| Berhampur
| 48.13
| Binayak Mahapatra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 48,576
| 64.83
| Rama Chandra Rath
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 21,221
| 28.32
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,355
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36.51
|-
! 76
| Chikati
| 66.03
| Usha Devi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,229
| 59.93
| Chintamani Dyan Samatara
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,651
| 36.76
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20,578
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23.17
|-
! 77
| Mohana
| 46.18
| Suriya Narayan Patra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 37,334
| 62.12
| Sarat Kumar Jena
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 9,968
| 16.59
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,366
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 45.53
|-
! 78
| Ramagiri (ST)
| 44.72
| Haladhara Karji
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 21,940
| 44.21
| Ram Chandra Ransingh Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 17,772
| 35.81
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 4,168
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 8.40
|-
! 79
| Parlakhemundi
| 65.24
| Darapu Lachana Naidu
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,992
| 63.21
| Basanta Kumar Das
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18,647
| 22.67
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33,345
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 40.54
|-
| rowspan="14"|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
! 80
| Gunupur (ST)
| 50.27
| Ram Murty Gomango
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 36,203
| 56.04
| Bhagirathi Gomango
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 26,050
| 40.32
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10,153
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15.72
|-
! 81
| Bissam-Cuttack (ST)
| 55.97
| Sarangdhar Kadraka
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 35,419
| 52.74
| Dambarudhar Ulaka
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,621
| 42.62
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,798
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10.12
|-
! 82
| Rayaapag (ST)
| 49.64
| Ulaka Ramachandra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 37,273
| 58.30
| Lal Bihari Himirika
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 24,262
| 37.95
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 13,011
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 20.35
|-
! 83
| Lakshmipur (ST)
| 38.67
| Akhilla Saunta
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 21,227
| 49.91
| Ananto Ram Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,357
| 45.51
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,870
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4.40
|-
! 84
| Pottangi (ST)
| 41.29
| Jayaram Pangi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 36,831
| 70.68
| Chandrama Santa
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 10,165
| 19.51
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26,666
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 51.17
|-
! 85
| Koraput
| 45.48
| Harish Chandra Buxi Patra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 31,827
| 55.74
| Gupta Prasad Das
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,810
| 27.69
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,017
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.05
|-
! 86
| Malkangiri (SC)
| 49.94
| Naka Kanaya
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 28,820
| 45.15
| Arabinda Dhali
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 25,711
| 40.28
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3,109
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4.87
|-
! 87
| Chitrakonda (ST)
| 33.36
| Prahallad Dora
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 22,600
| 59.18
| Gangadhar Madi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 11,568
| 30.29
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,032
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.89
|-
! 88
| Kotpad (ST)
| 45.17
| Sadan Naik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 24,949
| 45.41
| Basudev Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 23,068
| 41.99
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,881
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3.42
|-
! 89
| Jeypore
| 55.34
| Raghunath Patnaik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,947
| 47.69
| Kella Perayya
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,416
| 44.03
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2,531
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 3.66
|-
! 90
| Nowrangpur
| 61.88
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 34,790
| 48.54
| Jayadev Kumar Parida
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 28,984
| 40.44
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 5,806
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 8.10
|-
! 91
| Kodinga (ST)
| 54.54
| Shyamaghan Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 34,404
| 58.58
| Dambaru Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 12,606
| 21.46
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,798
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 37.12
|-
! 92
| Dabugam (ST)
| 48.07
| Jadav Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 46,083
| 72.29
| Phulamani Santa
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 16,154
| 25.34
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29,929
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 46.95
|-
! 93
| Umarkote (ST)
| 48.55
| Gurubaru Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 33,826
| 56.24
| Parama Pujari
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,532
| 34.14
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,294
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22.10
|-
| rowspan="8"|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
! 94
| Nawapara
| 53.85
| Ghasiram Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 40,997
| 64.83
| Bhanu Prakash Joshi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,428
| 22.81
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26,569
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 42.02
|-
! 95
| Khariar
| 54.59
| Duryodhan Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 31,812
| 49.05
| Sushanta Pattanaik
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 13,495
| 20.81
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18,317
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.24
|-
! 96
| Dharamgarh (SC)
| 47.60
| Bharat Bhusan Bemal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,753
| 54.66
| Bhisma Sunani
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18,456
| 32.80
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 12,297
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21.86
|-
! 97
| Koksara
| 55.32
| Surendra Pattjoshi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 26,548
| 42.17
| Ras Behari Behar
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,096
| 20.80
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,452
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21.37
|-
! 98
| Junagarh
| 51.20
| Bikram Keshari Deo
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 25,394
| 43.02
| Ayub Alli Khan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 16,126
| 27.32
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 9,268
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 15.70
|-
! 99
| Bhawanipatna (SC)
| 44.19
| Ajit Das
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 28,044
| 49.33
| Chandra Naik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 23,919
| 42.08
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,125
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7.25
|-
! 100
| Narla (ST)
| 42.92
| Balabhadra Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,176
| 63.91
| Kumarmani Sabar
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,142
| 29.95
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,034
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33.96
|-
! 101
| Kesinga
| 61.95
| Kiran Chandra Singh Deo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 38,418
| 52.91
| Bhupindar Singh
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,680
| 39.50
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9,738
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13.41
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[Kandhamal district|Phulabani]]
! 102
| Balliguda (ST)
| 48.72
| Bhagaban Konhar
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 33,686
| 53.46
| Raj Kishore Mallik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 22,193
| 35.22
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,493
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.24
|-
! 103
| Udayagiri (ST)
| 58.05
| Nagarjun Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 38,937
| 49.78
| Rajit Kumar Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 25,972
| 33.20
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 12,965
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 16.58
|-
! 104
| Phulbani (SC)
| 49.40
| Padmanava Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 42,115
| 64.00
| Abhimanyu Behera
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 21,990
| 33.42
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20,125
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 30.58
|-
! 105
| Boudh
| 61.04
| Satchida Nanda Dalal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 39,815
| 51.01
| Sujit Kumar Dadhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,143
| 30.93
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,672
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20.08
|-
| rowspan="9"|[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
! 106
| Titilagarh (SC)
| 46.90
| Jogendra Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 29,774
| 54.55
| Pankajini Mahanand
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,607
| 28.59
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,167
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 25.96
|-
! 107
| Kantabanji
| 49.42
| Prasanna Pal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 24,857
| 46.25
| Chaitanya Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 11,221
| 20.88
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,636
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 25.37
|-
! 108
| Patnagarh
| 55.47
| Bibekananda Meher
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 27,973
| 43.67
| Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 26,048
| 40.66
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,925
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3.01
|-
! 109
| Saintala
| 49.77
| Jangyeswar Babu
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,669
| 55.90
| Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 17,555
| 32.00
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,114
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23.90
|-
! 110
| Loisingha
| 59.95
| Narasingha Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 53,417
| 74.55
| Baishakhu Patel
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,091
| 21.06
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 38,326
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 53.49
|-
! 111
| Bolangir
| 53.85
| Ananga Uday Singh Deo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 41,406
| 54.51
| Mahammed Muzafar Hussain Khan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 22,314
| 29.37
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,092
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 25.14
|-
! 112
| Sonepur (SC)
| 46.97
| Kunduru Kushal
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,112
| 49.61
| Kartika Taria
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,256
| 23.49
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,856
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26.12
|-
! 113
| Binka
| 61.16
| Panchanan Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 35,862
| 41.15
| Chandramani Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 25,460
| 29.22
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 10,402
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 11.93
|-
! 114
| Birmaharajpur
| 57.73
| Rabirarayan Panigrahi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 47,645
| 68.55
| Pratyusha Ranjan Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 12,573
| 18.09
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 35,072
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 50.46
|-
| rowspan="8"|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
! 115
| Athmallik
| 53.75
| Nagendra Kumar Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 34,347
| 53.84
| Amara Nath Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 22,675
| 35.55
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,672
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.29
|-
! 116
| Angul
| 52.61
| Adwait Prasad Singh
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 52,749
| 68.09
| Debaraj Sahu
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,407
| 25.05
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33,342
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 43.04
|-
! 117
| Hindol (SC)
| 50.89
| Trinath Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 49,712
| 78.31
| Maheswar Naik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,306
| 20.96
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36,406
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 57.35
|-
! 118
| Dhenkanal
| 45.01
| Tathagata Satpathy
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 26,214
| 47.49
| Nabin Chandra Narayan Das
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 13,214
| 23.94
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,000
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23.55
|-
! 119
| Gondia
| 62.61
| Nandini Satpathy
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 37,633
| 49.37
| Haladhar Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 32,493
| 42.63
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 5,140
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6.74
|-
! 120
| Kamakhyanagar
| 60.95
| Prasanna Pattnaik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 42,703
| 51.79
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 37,096
| 44.99
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5,607
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6.80
|-
! 121
| Pallahara
| 52.36
| Nrusingha Charan Sahoo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 55,016
| 74.94
| Narayan Sahu
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 9,102
| 12.40
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 45,914
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 62.54
|-
! 122
| Talcher (SC)
| 52.26
| Brundaban Behera
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 37,136
| 44.47
| Gopabandhy Naik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,659
| 24.74
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 16,477
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | 19.73
|-
| rowspan="12"|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
! 123
| Padampur
| 56.53
| Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 48,217
| 65.71
| Satya Bhusan Sahu
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 17,807
| 24.27
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 30,410
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 41.44
|-
! 124
| Melchhamunda
| 62.12
| Murari Prasad Mishra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 46,810
| 62.33
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 24,933
| 33.20
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,877
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29.13
|-
! 125
| Bijepur
| 57.72
| Nikunja Bihari Sing
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 48,934
| 63.54
| Ripunath Seth
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 22,049
| 28.63
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26,885
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 34.91
|-
! 126
| Bhatli (SC)
| 62.17
| Kumar Behera
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 35,616
| 45.44
| Mohan Nag
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 26,436
| 33.73
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9,180
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11.71
|-
! 127
| Bargarh
| 61.78
| Prasanna Acharya
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 63,990
| 64.85
| Jadumani Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,955
| 33.40
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 31,035
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 31.45
|-
! 128
| Sambalpur
| 49.15
| Durga Shankar Patanaik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 40,112
| 45.30
| Pramila Bohidar
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 34,279
| 38.71
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 5,833
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6.59
|-
! 129
| Brajarajnagar
| 55.23
| Prasanna Kumar Panda
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 44,101
| 60.76
| Sanat Kumar Patjoshi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,006
| 26.19
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 25,095
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 34.57
|-
! 130
| Jharsuguda
| 55.94
| Kishore Kumar Mohanty
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 29,202
| 38.16
| Birendra Pandey
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 26,907
| 35.16
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 2,295
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3.00
|-
! 131
| Laikera (ST)
| 55.99
| Hemananda Biswal
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 31,177
| 47.64
| Bhabani Shankar Naik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 29,540
| 45.14
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1,637
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2.50
|-
! 132
| Kuchinda (ST)
| 49.75
| Brundaban Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 36,045
| 62.05
| Jagateswar Mirdha
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 19,733
| 33.97
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,312
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28.08
|-
! 133
| Rairakhol (SC)
| 47.60
| Basanta Kumar Mahanada
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 35,721
| 60.80
| Ashok Kumar Beriha
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 20,101
| 34.21
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,620
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26.59
|-
! 134
| Deogarh
| 42.97
| Pradipta Ganga Deb
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 42,047
| 72.38
| Baba Kishor Patel
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 9,401
| 16.18
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 32,646
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 56.20
|-
| rowspan="7"|[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
! 135
| Sundargarh
| 61.01
| Bharatendra Shekhar Deo
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 51,098
| 67.04
| Kishore Chandra Patel
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 23,518
| 30.86
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,580
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 36.18
|-
! 136
| Talsara (ST)
| 48.25
| Ranjeet Bhitria
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 29,925
| 57.18
| Gajadhar Majhi
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,457
| 29.54
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,468
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27.64
|-
! 137
| Rajgangpur (ST)
| 48.37
| Mangala Kisan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 40,674
| 64.26
| Christopher Ekka
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,850
| 23.46
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 25,824
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 40.80
|-
! 138
| Biramitrapur (ST)
| 47.66
| Satya Narayan Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 21,901
| 42.61
| Remish Kerketta
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,447
| 26.16
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 8,454
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16.45
|-
! 139
| Rourkela
| 45.69
| Dilip Kumar Ray
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 76,520
| 77.22
| Pramod Pradhan
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18,507
| 18.68
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 58,013
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 58.54
|-
! 140
| Raghunathapali (ST)
| 51.82
| Rabidehury
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 35,611
| 51.34
| Frida Tonpo
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 25,432
| 36.67
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10,179
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14.67
|-
! 141
| Bonai (ST)
| 51.64
| Jual Oram
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 25,921
| 44.96
| Babinarayan Naik
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 23,989
| 41.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 1,932
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 3.35
|-
| rowspan="6"|[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
! 142
| Champua (ST)
| 43.89
| Saharai Oram
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 41,315
| 73.30
| Dhanurjaya Laguri
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,082
| 23.21
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28,233
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 50.09
|-
! 143
| Patna (ST)
| 39.24
| Kanhu Charan Naik
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 32,906
| 69.41
| Hemlata Badanaik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 9,009
| 19.00
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,897
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 50.41
|-
! 144
| Keonjhar (ST)
| 39.99
| C. Mahji
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 30,059
| 55.20
| H. H. Soren
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 11,762
| 21.60
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18,297
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33.60
|-
! 145
| Telkoi (ST)
| 40.29
| N. Nayak
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 40,528
| 72.06
| S. Naik
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 10,573
| 18.80
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29,955
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 53.26
|-
! 146
| Ramchandrapur
| 61.69
| Badrinarayan Patra
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 49,507
| 60.15
| Himadri Nath Jena
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,949
| 18.16
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 34,558
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 41.99
|-
! 147
| Anandapur (SC)
| 65.59
| Dasarathi Jena
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" | [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 48,947
| 59.18
| Jaydev Jena
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33,314
| 40.28
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,633
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18.90
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1990 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:1990 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]

Chetan Pandit

2026-05-02T14:47:43Z

KK JANGIR: made a article added tags

{{Short description|Indian film and television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chetan Pandit

| birth_name =
| alma mater = [[Holkar Science College]], [[National School of Drama]]
| birth_place = [[Dewas]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
}}

'''Chetan Pandit''' is an Indian film<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/chetan-pandit/filmography.html |title=Chetan Pandit - Filmography |access-date=14 October 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016060906/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/chetan-pandit/filmography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[television]] [[actor]].<ref>[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1241985/filmotype/actor Chetan Pandit - Filmography - IMDb]</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/chetan-pandit/biography.html Chetan Pandit - Biography]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140712093219/http://www.in.com/chetan-pandit/biography-492580.html Chetan Pandit | Bio]</ref> He played the role of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] in the [[Prakash Jha]]-directed film ''[[Loknayak (film)|Loknayak]]'' in 2004.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/i-am-fully-indebted-to-theatre/article776650.ece "I am fully indebted to theatre"]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140208185955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/patna/27151362_1_film-prakash-jha-prasar-bharati Uncensored 'Loknayak' to be screened soon]</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2003
|''[[Gangaajal]]''
|Bholanath Pandey
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Kis Kis Ki Kismat]]''
|Fatman
|-
|''[[Loknayak]]''
|Jayaprakash Narayan
|-
|2005
|''[[Apaharan]]''
|Home Minister Dinkar Pandey
|-
|2008
|''[[A Wednesday!]]''
|Chief Minister Sunil Nigvekar
|-
|2009
|''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]''
|Jail Warden
|-
|2010
|''[[Raajneeti]]''
|Chandra Pratap
|-
|2011
|''[[Aarakshan]]''
|Professor Dinkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[[Agneepath (2012 film)|''Agneepath'']]
|Master Deenanath Chauhan
|-
|[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|''Chakravyuh'']]
|Inspector Madhav Rao
|-
|2013
|[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|''Zanjeer'']]
|Police Commissioner
|-
|2018
|''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyamev Jayate]]''
|Shiv Rathod
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Kanchana 3]]''
|Abhisekh
|-
|''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|Sukesh Randhawa
|-
|2020
|''[[Laxmii]]''
|Abhishek
|}

== Television ==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''
| Surajpratap Sindhia
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
|}

* ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''
* ''[[Ardhangini (2007 TV series)|Ardhangini]]''
* ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
* ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Star Plus)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''
* ''[[Kalash (TV series)|Kalash]]''
* ''[[Badii Devrani]]''
* ''Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' as [[Jai Singh Kanheya]]
*Barrister babu as barrister subodh chatterzee
* ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' as [[Chanakya|Vishnugupta Chanakya]]
* [[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]

=== Web series ===

* ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz]]'' (2019) as Home Minister Ahlawat

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Chetan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]

Gangaram (Mahabubabad District)

2026-05-02T09:16:39Z

KK JANGIR: made new place initial version.

{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|45|36|N|80|03|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mahabubabad district
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Koyapatanam
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Narsampet
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
ZPTC = Eesam Rama [[Indian National Congress|INC]]

MPTC = Vajja Sammakka [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy|CPI-ML]]

Sarpanch = Bejjare.Ramu
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 225
| population_total = 12,000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 506135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08718/ +918712656967
| registration_plate = TG 26
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Pagidadda Raju temple.jpg|thumb|]]
'''Gangaram '''is an agency mandal (fifth scheduled area) in Mulugu Constituency of [[Mahabubabad district]] of the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mulugu.telangana.gov.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies - 109, Mulugu LAC|website=mulugu.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> Least populated mandal in Telangana state.
[[File:Devotees of Pagidadda Raju God.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Pagidadda raju temple.jpg|thumb|]]

==Transport==
* [[Narsampet]] to [[Ponugundla]] TGRTC Bus (3 times per day) vai Ashoknagar, [[kothaguda]], Polaram, krishtapuram, Puttalabupathi, Tirmalagandi, Madagudem, Gangaram, Bhavurugonda, Katinagaram, Marrigudem, Andugulagudem, Mahadevagudem,..... Kamaram and [[Ponugundla]]
* [[Narsampet]] to Jangalapally Bus vai Ashoknagar, [[Kothaguda]], Polaram, krishtapuram, Puttalabupathi, Tirmalagandi, Madagudem, Gangaram, katinagaram, Komatlagudem, chintaguda, Narsigudem, Thalla Gumpu, koya Gumpu and Jangalapally.
* [[Narsampet]] to Dubbagudem bus vai Ashoknagar, kothaguda, Polaram, puttalabupathi, Tirmalagandi, [[Gangaram]], Bhavurugonda, Pedda yellapur, kamaram, Punugondla, Ramavaram, Lingala, Mamidigudem, Devalagudem, Dubbagudem. (People are made great efforts to extend bus service to Gundala but unfortunately Narsampet depot behavior recklessly)
* Narsampet to Yellandu via Ashoknagar, Kothaguda, Polaram, puttalabupathi, Gangaram, pandem, Yellandu.

== Agriculture ==

'''PODU LANDS:-''' Most cultivation is done using ponds and small streams in this area. Major crops are paddy, cotton, maize, grams and some seasonal crops. Due to the fertile lands the people grow 2 crops/year.
Gangaram mandal was full of podu agriculture based lands which are acquired by deforestation and cutting down large forest by stakeholders with help of left wing terrorist CPI-ML New Democracy party, which land are belong to state was indiscriminately destroyed by non-adivasi also it affect the eco-culture and wildlife. The agriculture depends on small streams and bore wells in rabi season. Karif depends on monsoon rainfall. The major crops are Paddy, Maize, Cotton and mirchi.

'''Paddy:-''' The major and monsoon rainfall depends crop near to lakes, streams and bore wells. The rabi crops depends Lake water facilities.
'''Maize:-'''This crop is major and in long ranging fields across forest areas. The people have land up to 25 acres of maize land in forest and near to forest areas. This crop depends on bore wells, rain and streams. But many people convert maize to Paddy fields.
'''Issues in Agriculture:-'''Deforestation is the main issue to forest department officials, many irrationally and unethical converted forest lands to agriculture lands, So forest department trying it best to convert back by tenching illegal agriculture of forest lands.
Rice and maize are dominated crops. Maize was main in podu lands near forest. Rice near villages. Electricity to farmland available. Rice procurement done by government.

==Politics==
It is effected from radical left wing extremist [CPI-ML] party for decades. Rural base communism has strong hold . Cpi ml party main supported podu lands deforestation in 2009,2011 vast forest was disappeared. [[CPI-ML New Democracy]] party as dominant hold in these region before 2014, but after Telangana formation BRS party gained power in mandal has prominent figure [[Seethakka]] join congress party in 2017, the congress party gained much more power in these region. In 2018 and 2024 she had been MLA OF this region. ZPTC and MPTC are congress leaders. Seethakka being Koya adivasi, were majority voters are adivasies.
You can't rule out BRS, it as strong cader base in very village of this mandal.

== Villages ==
* [[Ponugundla]].(Sarpanch Erpa.Sudhakar BRS)
* Adavi Ramavaram.
* Dubbagudem.(Sarpanch Punem. Sudharani INC)
* Mamidigudem.
* Marrigudem.(Sarpanch Meda.swarupa INC)
* Mahadevanigudem.
* Jangalapally. (Banoth Tara)
* Chintaguda.( Sarpanch Erpa. Swarupa BRS)
* Katinagaram.
* Komatlagudem.( Sarpanch Gunta.Ramarao INC)
* Puttalabupathy.
* Tirmalagandi.(Sarpanch Thati.Krishana Rao)
* Krishnagar.
* Bhavurugonda.(Sarpanch Mudiga.Verabhadram congress)
* Madagudem. (Eesam Suresh)
* Kodishalamitta. (Bachala. Laxmanrao)
* Pandem.
* Andugulagudem.
* Thalla Gumpu.
* Kamaram.(Sarpanch Eeka.Parvatamma INC)
* Dora vari vempally.
* Gangaram (Sarpanch Bejjare.Ramu)

== Economy ==
Indian bank in Gangaram mandal. Agriculture mainly practice rice, Maize. Forest [[Abnus/Beedi leaves]] cut provide summer revenue to local adivasi. There is no major irrigation projects, majority population depends on agriculture cultivation and forest products. Roads are inappropriate and they go [[Narsampet]] and [[Yellandu]] for education, domestic and agriculture products. Many adivasi people are in debt cycle, in hands of fertilizer shopkeepers and losing there farmlands to repay debt.
Gangaram as Petroleum station and few shop.

== Demographics ==
It is a Tribal inhabited mandal as schedule tribe agency mandal. Indigenous people koya's with distinct culture , food habits.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Mahabubabad |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/12-Mahabubabad.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Demographics of Gangaram mandal (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Koya (tribe)]] |value1 = 94.00 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Lambadi]] |value2 = 3.25 |color2 = yellow
|label3 = others |value3 = 2.75 |color3 = red

}}

== Tragedies Stories ==
* On 04/5/2025, at Pegadapally village a army officer '''MADDELA PRAKASH'''(30 age) of Andugulagudem village met with accident, he collide to tree at crossing curve of road at nursing plants. He had rush to hospital in Warangal but he has been died due to Severe injuries. He had wife. In 2014 Prakash had been recruited to army job.
* '''On 16/08/2023, Eesala Rakesh(25 age) had died from electric shock at paddy field he suppose to turn off motor unfortunately died by electric circuit at kodishalamitta. He had a child and wife. '''
* '''Kalthi Govind(50 age)''' hails from Karlai village, had demise from gruesome assault by Indian bison, bison calf near bushes, were Govind try to embrace calf, provoked bison to unfortunate attack in deep unforgiving forest.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=August 2024}}

[[Category:Mandals in Mahabubabad district]]

Joemon Joshy

2026-04-30T13:08:06Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joemon Joshy
| image = Joemon Joshy.jpg
| caption = Joemon in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|9|2}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam, Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| spouse =
| website = {{url|actorjoemonjoshy.page.tl}}
| occupation = Film actor
}}

'''Joemon Joshy''' (born 2 September 1988) is a [[Malayalam]] film and television actor. He started his film career as a child artist. Joemon made his acting debut in ''Puraskaram'' a 1999 Malayalam language children's film. Joemon has played a variety of roles.

==Early Life and Career==
Joemon Joshy finished his schooling from C.M.E Public School at [[Ochanthuruth]] and Little Flower High School at [[Narakkal]]. Joemon graduated in Journalism from [[Bharata Mata College]], [[Thrikkakara]] in [[Ernakulam]].

He began his acting profession as a child artist.

He debuted with the role of Vinu with the movie ''Puraskaram'' directed by K.P Venu in 1999.

He acted in ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]'', ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]'', ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]'' and ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]''.

In 2010, he worked movies in adult roles such as ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'', ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'', ''Pusthakam'', ''Omega.exe'', ''Thilothamma'', ''[[Bhaskar The Rascal]]'', ''[[Kamuki]]''

Aside from films, he also acted in the serials ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' in 2004 and ''Velakkani Mathavu'' in 2007.

He acted as Nandhu in the serial ''4 the People'' broadcast in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Note
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" | ''Puraskaram''
| Venu || Child artist (Debut Movie)|| rowspan="15" | [[Malayalam]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
! scope="row" | ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]''
| [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]'s Son || rowspan="14" | Child artist
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]''
| [[Nedumudi Venu]]'s Grand Son
|-
! scope="row" | ''Neelathadaakatthile Nizhalppakshikal''
| Johny
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001
! scope="row" | ''[[Karumadikkuttan (2001 film)|Karumadikkuttan]]''
| Village Boy
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unnathangalil]]''
| Young Michael
|-
! scope="row" | ''Fort Kochi''
| Uncredited appearance in the song
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]''
| Thommi Kunju
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2002
! scope="row" | ''www. anukudumbam. com''
| Thoma
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]''
| Kennadi
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kakke Kakke Koodevide''
| Damban Ponnus
|-
! scope="row" | ''Aabharanacharthu''
| Venu
|-
! scope="row" | ''Bhavam''
| Village Boy
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]''
| Joemon
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]''
| Vimal Kumar
|-
! scope="row" | ''Snehadoothu''
| Unni || rowspan="8" | Child artist|| rowspan="15" | Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" | ''Bheri''
| Village Boy
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
! scope="row" | ''Govindankutty Thirakkilanu''
| Prem
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nerkku Nere''
|
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" | ''Krithyam''
|
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | ''Jayam''
| Vishnu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''Speed Track''
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Changathipoocha]]''
|Mahesh
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
| Gopi ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]''
| Major Kishore ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Pusthakam''
| Anoop ||
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''Omega.exe''
| Vishal ||
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Medulla Oblongata (film)|Medulla Oblangata]]''
| Imri (Heroine's Brother) ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]''
| Arun ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thilothamma''
| Saleem ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nizhal''
|Anonymous ||(Debut Tamil Movie) || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thaayillamal Naan Illai''
| Santhanam||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sadhurangam''
| Mani||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''Onnam Varavu''
| Monichan || || rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kamuki]]''
| J.J ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Neeyum Naanum Anbe''
| Jagan || || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
! scope="row" | ''Fortkochile Njanga Mattacherile Ninga''
| Suku ||(Post-Production)|| rowspan="8" | Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" | ''Maffi Dona''
| Sameer ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vakathirivu''
| Arun ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Michaelinte Santhathikal''
| Vivek ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row" | ''Varky''
| Michael ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Iruttu''
| Dasan ||(Post-Production)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
! scope="row" | ''Swapnangalkk Appuram''
| Abdhu ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thel''
| Alex||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kalyaana Vayasu''
| Pandiyan || || Tamil
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''Apposthalanmarude Pravarthikal''
| Tojo||(Post-Production) || rowspan="4" | Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vasudha''
| Aravindan ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kalpanika''
| Nandhu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
! scope="row" | ''Chola Whiskey''
|Bibin ||(Post-Production)
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sada Nannu''
|Vikas Varma||(Debut Telugu Movie) || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
! scope="row" | ''Prema Pooja''
| Vinay || || rowspan="12" | Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" | ''Adhiyude Adhyathey Christmas ''
| Nandhan ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Muttayi''
| Asokan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]''
| Ad. Bineesh ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Change''
| Joby || rowspan="2" |(Post-Production)
|-
! scope="row" | ''PC 35''
| PC Prasanth
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2026
! scope="row" | ''Juniors Journey''
| Karthi ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Veri]]''
| Sharan ||
|-
! scope="row" | ''Bellari Raja''
| TBA|| rowspan="4" | Filming
|-
! scope="row" | ''B Nilavarayum SharjahPalliyum''
| Manikuttan
|-
! scope="row" | ''99 Street''
| Abi
|-
! scope="row" | ''Family Circus''
| Prince
|-
|}

===As a dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Character!! Dubbed for
|-
|2018 || ''WWW.Anukudumbam.Com''|| Anand || Anil Kapoor
|-
|2015 || ''Poovalliyum Kunjadum'' ||Avinash || Villain Character
|-
|}

==Television Serials==
*''All TV series are in Malayalam language''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2004|| ''Mangalyam'' ||Janko Varghese||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004|| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' ||Ramankutty || rowspan="5" |[[Surya TV]]||
|-

|2007||''Velankkani Mathavu''||Chako Antony||
|-
|rowspan=3|2010||''Butterflies''||Sudeep||
|-
| ''Chakravakam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Guruvayur Keshavan|Gajarajan Guruvayur Keshavan]]''|| Appu ||
|-
|2015–2016 ||''4 the People''|| Nandhu || rowspan="2" | Asianet ||
|-
|2016–2017|| ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]] ''|| Shyju ||
|-
|2020||''[[Chackoyum Maryyum]]''|| Alen || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Ammayariyathe]]''|| Ramakanthan || rowspan="2" | Asianet ||
|-
|2024-2025||''[[Etho Janma Kalpanayil]]''|| Nandha Kishore ||
|}

==Shot Movies==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2014|| ''Kozhikoden Halwa'' ||Rahul||Jamnas Muhammed||
|-
|2015|| ''The Pulsate'' || ||Aneesh Babu||
|-

|2018||''Nithya Haritha Kamukan''|| ||Jamnas Muhammed||
|-
|2021||''Line Of Murder''|| ||Dinu Sathyan ||
|-
|}

==References==

*https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/entertainment/ormayundo-ee-mukham/2023/12/08/chronic-bachelor-child-artist-joemon-joshy.html
*https://m.imdb.com/name/nm6446990/
*http://www.actiononframes.com/artist/joemon-joshy/
*https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/12/05/jomon-joshy-turn-to-hero-99-street.html
*https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/jomon-joshy-turn-to-hero-057704.html
*https://www.expresskerala.com/jomon-joshyturn-to-herosandeep-movie99-streetfacebook-post.html
*https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/joemon-joshy-who-acted-as-gopi-in-pokkiriraja-speaks-about-madhuraraja/articleshow/68864589.cms
* http://www.doolnews.com/chronic-bachelor-boy-grown-up-845.html
*https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/movie-actor/joemon-joshy
*https://m3db.com/joemon-joshy
*https://watch.plex.tv/zh/person/joemon-joshy-4
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mangalyam-team-reunites-after-22-years-fans-excited-to-find-malu/articleshow/104911823.cms
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rani-mol-to-malu-how-the-mangalyam-stars-have-grown-over-the-years/photostory/104913338.cms
*

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshy, Joemon}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]

Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T00:36:57Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Rajasthan|Gangapur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gangapur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 111-Gangapur, Maharashtra.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]
| division = [[Aurangabad division|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]
| loksabha_cons =[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| established = 1962
| constituency_no = 111
| reservation = 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Prashant Bamb|Prashant Bansilal Bamb]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 365,051
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Gangapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the six constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], that are located in the [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>



==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangapur Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/gangapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Yamajirao Satpute
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Babasaheb Pawar
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Laxman Manal
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ashok Rajaram Dongaonkar Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kisanrao Kasane
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kailash Bhairunath Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Ashok Rajaram Dongaonkar Patil
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |Annasaheb Mane Patil
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Prashant Bamb]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Bamb|Prashant Bansilal Bamb]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 125,555 |percentage = 46.83% |change={{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Satish Chavan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 120,540 |percentage = 44.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Ashok Chandaliya |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,839 |percentage = 3.30% |change={{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Sahebrao Sonwane |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,658 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anita Ganesh Vaidya |party=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party |votes = 3,467 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Bapurao Thube |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,769 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,466 |percentage = 0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,015 |percentage = 1.87% |change= {{decrease}}15.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 269,581 |percentage = 73.85% |change= {{increase}}9.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 268,115}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 365,051|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Bamb|Prashant Bansilal Bamb]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 107,193 |percentage = 53.07% |change={{increase}}22.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Santosh Annasaheb Mane Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 72,222 |percentage = 35.75% |change={{increase}}17.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankush Baburao Kalwane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 15,951 |percentage = 7.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Acchelal Ramnaresh Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Gulam Ali Mohmmad Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,971 |percentage = 17.31% |change= {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,547 |percentage = 64.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,992}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 313,553|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}22.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Bamb|Prashant Bansilal Bamb]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,483 |percentage = 30.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ambadas Danve]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 38,205 |percentage = 20.90% |change={{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Sahebrao Pa. Dongaokar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 33,216 |percentage = 18.17% |change={{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khosre Shobhabai Jagannath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,826 |percentage = 9.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Sarjerao Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,238 |percentage = 7.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Gorakhnath Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,404 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patel Badsha Abdul |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,302 |percentage = 2.90% |change={{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,278 |percentage = 9.45% |change= {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,262 |percentage = 67.87% |change= {{increase}}5.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,793}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,496|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Bamb|Prashant Bansilal Bamb]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 53,067 |percentage = 35.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Mane Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,568 |percentage = 19.90% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Sahebrao Patil Dongaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,786 |percentage = 16.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kundlik Pandurang Mane|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,327 |percentage = 11.66% |change={{decrease}}17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Bhausaheb Bankar|party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,012 |percentage = 4.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kailas Bhairunath Patil |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 4,426 |percentage = 2.98% |change={{decrease}}24.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akbar Baig Hasan Baig |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,482 |percentage = 1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,499 |percentage = 15.82% |change= {{increase}}12.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,682 |percentage = 61.66% |change= {{decrease}}1.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,146|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Mane Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,985 |percentage = 32.11% |change={{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Dadarao Chavan|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,342 |percentage = 29.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Patil Dongaonkar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 43,243 |percentage = 27.24% |change={{increase}}16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valibhai Shaikh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,596 |percentage = 2.89% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Kacharu Ture |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,306 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Budhinath |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,612 |percentage = 1.65% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shirale Mane Ramnath Laxman |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,690 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,643 |percentage = 2.92% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,795 |percentage = 62.89% |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,495|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Mane Patil|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,211 |percentage = 33.76% |change={{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Krishna Sahebrao Patil Dongaokar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,849 |percentage = 31.87% |change={{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Patil Dongaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,803 |percentage = 18.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Dadarao Chavan|party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 13,073 |percentage = 10.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampat Shejul |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,221 |percentage = 1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jorawarkha Alias Jillu Mamu |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,001 |percentage = 1.60% |change={{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Walimeeya Pirsab |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 938 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,362 |percentage = 1.89% |change= {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,142 |percentage = 66.93% |change= {{decrease}}8.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,031}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,408|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 35,544 |percentage = 25.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashatai Shrimantrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,037 |percentage = 20.65% |change={{decrease}}19.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kailas Bahirunath Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,256 |percentage = 15.12% |change={{decrease}}15.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Patil Dongaonker |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,952 |percentage = 14.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas T. Nage |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,070 |percentage = 5.74% |change={{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Taksal Manohar Pandharinath |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,017 |percentage = 4.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiwale Kaduba Punjaba |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,805 |percentage = 3.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,507 |percentage = 4.63% |change= {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,468 |percentage = 71.94% |change= {{increase}}11.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,986|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}15.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kailas Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,233 |percentage = 40.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Patil Dongaonker |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,024 |percentage = 30.99% |change={{decrease}}7.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,620 |percentage = 21.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Suryabhan Tambe Patil |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,213 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,209 |percentage = 9.58% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,524 |percentage = 58.19% |change= {{increase}}9.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,549}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,217|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kisanrao Kasane |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 32,435 |percentage = 46.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxmanrao Munal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,757 |percentage = 38.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jorawarkha Mahelbubkha Alias Jillu Mamu |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,510 |percentage = 6.51% |change={{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Lammanrao Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,727 |percentage = 3.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnath Laxman Shirale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,150 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raosaheb Laxman Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 728 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,678 |percentage = 8.19% |change= {{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,426 |percentage = 48.20% |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,328}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,184|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,126 |percentage = 40.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxmanrao Eknatharao Manal |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 16,041 |percentage = 28.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paraskumar Balchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,383 |percentage = 13.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jorawarkhan Alias Jillu Mamu Maheboobkhan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,644 |percentage = 11.77% |change={{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asaram Sakharam Bankar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,092 |percentage = 3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harichand Motising |party=Independent politician |votes = 769 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maksudhkhan Chandkhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 389 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,085 |percentage = 12.55% |change= {{decrease}}11.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,927 |percentage = 42.31% |change= {{decrease}}6.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,444}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,268|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Eknath Manal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,128 |percentage = 44.88% |change={{decrease}}23.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asaram Sakharam |party=Janata Party |votes = 12,251 |percentage = 21.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Dattatraya Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,431 |percentage = 14.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Pandhrinath Taksal |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,593 |percentage = 9.61% |change={{decrease}}10.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Chimaji Pakhre |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,065 |percentage = 3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kapse Gambhirrao Bala Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Ramchandra Garibrao ( Guruji ) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,694 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,877 |percentage = 23.84% |change= {{decrease}}24.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,126 |percentage = 49.01% |change= {{increase}}0.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,710|ref = |change= {{increase}}36.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Ramrao Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,812 |percentage = 68.39% |change={{increase}}3.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Bandu Bhosale |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,525 |percentage = 20.23% |change={{decrease}}12.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khajekar Sakharam Genji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,440 |percentage = 5.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Haribhau Gaik Jad |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,354 |percentage = 5.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,287 |percentage = 48.15% |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,856 |percentage = 49.07% |change= {{decrease}}7.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,131}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,407|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Ramrao Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,829 |percentage = 64.99% |change={{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. Digamberdas |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 14,019 |percentage = 32.74% |change={{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. Bhika |party=Independent politician |votes = 972 |percentage = 2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,810 |percentage = 32.25% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,341 |percentage = 56.83% |change= {{increase}}4.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,820}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,783|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Yamajirao Mhatarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,600 |percentage = 60.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Dattatraya Pawar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 10,590 |percentage = 30.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maruti Nana |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,639 |percentage = 4.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhanudas Eknath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,392 |percentage = 4.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,010 |percentage = 29.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,990 |percentage = 53.26% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,221}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,446|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.70|75.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district (Maharashtra)|Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Swathi Deekshith

2026-04-26T09:54:19Z

KK JANGIR: added

{{short description|Indian actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swathi Deekshith
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Swati Dixit
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Swathi Deekshith''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She starred in films such as ''Tor Naam'' (2012), ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]'' (2015) and ''[[Simba (2017 film)|Simba]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/working-with-rgv-a-great-experience/article19388044.ece |title=Working with RGV a great experience |first=Rani |last=Devalla |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> In 2020, she entered the Telugu [[reality TV]] show [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|''Bigg Boss 4'']] as a wild card contestant and is evicted on day 28.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=25 September 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 4 Telugu: Swathi Deekshith enters the house today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-4-telugu-wild-card-entry-swathi-deekshith-enters-the-house-today-647793 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Deekshith began her career in entertainment through the television show ''Andamaina Bhamalu'' in 2009, where she won the title. The success led her to appear in ad films and appear in two films as a child artiste. Her first major acting role was in the Bengali film ''Tor Naam'' (2012), before she worked on the Telugu drama film ''Break Up'' (2012).

In 2014, Deekshith received a breakthrough after being cast in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s Telugu horror film ''[[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]''. She was cast after the film's cinematographer Satish Muthyala had shown a trailer of ''Break Up'' to Varma. Despite almost completing shoot, the film was later shelved and remains unreleased. During the period, she also moved on to work in two Telugu films, ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' (2014), where she played a village girl opposite [[Allari Naresh]] and ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140428/entertainment-tollywood/article/nightmares-real-life |title=Nightmares in real life |date=28 April 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Swathi-Deekshith-is-happy-to-experiment/articleshow/34727661.cms |title=Swathi Deekshith is happy to experiment |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2017, Deekshith appeared in three films, her first release being the horror film ''Chitrangada'' co-starring [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]. She later made her debut in Tamil films and featured in the low budget horror film ''[[Sathura Adi 3500]]'' and the fantasy film ''[[Simba (2017 film)|Simba]]'' alongside [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040417/a-strong-role-for-swati-dixit.html |title=A strong role for Swati Dixit |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=4 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-03-20/Ashok-Selvan-to-do-a-Telugu-film/287903 |title=Ashok Selvan to do a Telugu film |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |date=20 March 2017 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes/Ref.
|-
|2010
|''Em Pillo Em Pillado''
|Hero & Heroine's friend role
|Telugu
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012 || ''Tor Naam'' || Swapna Mollik || Bengali ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2013 || ''Break Up'' || Nisha || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2014 || ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' || Ganga || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2015 || ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies & Gentlemen]]'' || Deepa || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=31 January 2015 |title=Movie review 'Ladies and Gentlemen': Love in times of social media |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150131/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-ladies-and-gentlemen-love-times-social-media |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sathura Adi 3500]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Simba (2017 film)|Simba]]'' || Diana || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]'' || |Vijji|| Telugu ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]''
| Contestant
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 4: Swathi Deekshith Next Wild Card Contestant to Enter the House? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-4-swathi-deekshith-to-be-next-wild-card-contestant-to-enter-the-house-2899183.html |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=News18 |date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deekshith, Swathi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Vivek Kumar Sahu

2026-04-22T02:36:53Z

KK JANGIR: added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vivek Kumar Sahu
| image = Vivek Bunty Sahu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|04|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chhindwara]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| birth_name =
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = Narendra Kumar Sahu (Father), Shashi Sahu (Mother)
| children = 1 Son
| education =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nakul Nath]]
| successor =
| spouse = Shalini Sahu
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Vivek ‘Bunty’ Sahu''' ({{IPA|hi|ʋɪʋeːk kʊmaːɾ saːɦuː}}) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Chhindwara|Chindwara]], Madhya Pradesh. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP उम्मीदवार Bunty Vivek Sahu बने विजेता, मिले 643115 वोट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/chhindwara-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-chunav-parinam-news-in-hindi-1957602-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Kamal Nath should retire from politics: 'Giant killer' Vivek Sahu on breaching Nath family bastion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kamal-nath-vivek-sahu-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-polls-9373756/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhindwara Election Result: विवेक ने ढहाया 'कमलनाथ' का अभेद्य किला, बेटे को नहीं दिला पाए जीत, बुरी तरह हारे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-bjp-vivek-bunty-sahu-won-against-nakul-nath-vote-counts-details-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-08-01 | date=4 June 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|newspaper=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>
In [[2024 Lok Sabha election]] Sahu won with the margin of 113618 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhindwara Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/chhindwara-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 16 - CHHINDWARA |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1216.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements2">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Vivek Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:People from Chhindwara]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jayasree Kalathil

2026-04-21T06:18:09Z

KK JANGIR: stub

{{Short description|Indian writer, translator, mental health researcher and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jayasree Kalathil
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Dr._Jayasree_Kalathil.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Dr. Jayasree Kalathil
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottakkal]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Farook College]]|[[English and Foreign Languages University]]}}
| occupation = Writer, translator, researcher, activist
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Moustache''|''Diary of a Malayali Madman''|''The Sackclothman''|''Values and Ethics in Mental Health''|''Adam''|''Valli, A Novel''}}
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| awards = {{ubl|2011 [[Mental Health Foundation|MHF]] Janice Sinson Research Prize|2020 [[Crossword Book Award]]|2020 [[JCB Prize for Literature]]}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jayasree Kalathil''' is an Indian writer, translator, mental health researcher and activist. She is known for her work in the area of mental health activism as well as for her translations of Malayalam works, ''The Diary of a Malayali Madman'' and ''Moustache'', the former winning [[Crossword Book Award]] and the latter, the [[JCB Prize for Literature]], both in 2020. Her latest work, ''Valli, A Novel'' was among the works shortlisted for the JCB Prize for Literature in 2022.

== Biography ==
Jayasree Kalathil was born in Kottakkal, a town in Malappuram district of the south Indian state of Kerala.<ref name="എന്‍റെ പൊളിറ്റിക്സുമായി ഒത്തുപോകണം, എങ്കിലേ വിവർത്തനം സാധ്യമാകൂ- ജയശ്രീ കളത്തിൽ - Madhyamam">{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2020-11-17 |title=എന്‍റെ പൊളിറ്റിക്സുമായി ഒത്തുപോകണം, എങ്കിലേ വിവർത്തനം സാധ്യമാകൂ- ജയശ്രീ കളത്തിൽ - Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/talks/translator-jayasree-kalathil-602213 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref> After completing college education at [[Farook College]], [[Kozhikode]], and the Department of English, [[University of Calicut]], she pursued her research at the [[English and Foreign Languages University]], Hyderabad under the guidance of the noted activist and writer, [[Susie Tharu]], which earned her a doctoral degree.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research">{{Cite web |title=Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research |url=https://survivor-research.com/team/jayasree-kalathil-phd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122160506/http://survivor-research.com/team/jayasree-kalathil-phd/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=2020-12-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Before moving to the UK, she worked as a researcher at Bapu Trust for Research on Mind & Discourse, Pune, Infochange India, Pune, and as a research fellow on mental health at Anveshi Research Centre for Women's Studies, Hyderabad.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research" />

Jayasree Kalathil lives in London.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research" />

== Work in mental health and anti-racism ==
Kalathil has been involved with the international [[psychiatric survivors movement]] since the 1990s and her initial work in this area was around women's mental distress and its representation in literature and cinema.<ref name="Mental Health From A Gender Perspective">{{Cite web |title=Mental Health From A Gender Perspective |url=https://www.anveshi.org.in/mental-health-from-a-gender-perspective/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Anveshi |language=en-US}}</ref> At 'Bapu Trust', Pune, she served as the founding editor of Aaina, the first Indian newsletter dedicated to mental health advocacy.<ref name="Aaina - mental health advocacy newsletter">{{Cite web |title=Aaina - mental health advocacy newsletter |url=https://www.baputrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/aaina_march01.pdf}}</ref> After moving to the UK, she worked as a researcher at the Mental Health Media, London, and the [[Centre for Mental Health]], London. In 2007, she set up the virtual collective, Survivor Research, a platform for research, activism and advocacy to highlight and challenge the [[institutional racism]] embedded in psychiatric practice and knowledge.<ref name="About Us – Survivor Research">{{Cite web |title=About Us – Survivor Research |url=https://survivor-research.com/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201074840/http://www.survivor-research.com/about-us |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> She has worked as a consultant policy advisor at the Afiya Trust, London, an organization combatting racial inequalities in health, simultaneously managing 'Catch-a-Fiya', a national network of mental health service users and survivors from racially minoritised communities in the UK, and the National BME Mental Health Advocacy Project. She also co-chaired the Social Perspectives Network from 2009 to 2012, and served as the editor of 'Open Mind', a mental health magazine during 2010–2012.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research" />

In 2012, Kalathil was one of the four coordinators of 'The Inquiry into the ‘Schizophrenia’ Label',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Inquiry into the 'Schizophrenia' Label (ISL) |url=https://www.schizophreniainquiry.org/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.schizophreniainquiry.org}}</ref> a campaign which aimed to question the usefulness of ‘schizophrenia’ as a diagnosis and medical condition, and investigated the impact this diagnosis on people's lives.<ref name="Personal consequences of the diagnosis of schizophrenia: a preliminary report from the inquiry into the schizophrenia label">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Philip |last2=Seebohm |first2=Patience |last3=Wallcraft |first3=Jan |last4=Kalathil |first4=Jayasree |last5=Fernando |first5=Suman |date=2013-01-01 |title=Personal consequences of the diagnosis of schizophrenia: a preliminary report from the inquiry into the schizophrenia label |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-05-2013-0013 |access-date=2021-01-13 |journal=Mental Health and Social Inclusion |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=135–139 |doi=10.1108/MHSI-05-2013-0013|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She was one of the founding editors, with Jhilmil Breckenridge, of 'Mad in Asia Pacific', an online platform, founded in 2018, for voices from the Asia-Pacific region that offer a critical examination and rethinking of mental health, madness and disability.<ref name="Our Team">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Our Team |url=https://madinasia.org/our-team/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Mad in Asia Pacific |language=en-GB}}</ref> She is also involved with a project mapping the knowledge produced by psychiatric survivors and persons with psychosocial disabilities.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research" />

As a survivor researcher, Kalathil has written about the experiences of people at the intersection of madness and racism.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil - Survivor Research - Academia.edu">{{Cite web |title=Jayasree Kalathil - Survivor Research - Academia.edu |url=https://survivor-research.academia.edu/JayasreeKalathil |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=survivor-research.academia.edu}}</ref> Her study, ''Recovery and Resilience'', explored the personal experiences of mental distress and recovery of Black and Asian women in the UK, narrated through life story narrative interviews,<ref name="Recovery and Resilience">{{Cite web |date=2011-03-01 |title=Recovery and Resilience |url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/recovery-and-resilience |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Mental Health Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and ''Dancing to Our Own Tunes'',<ref name="Dancing to our own tunes: Reassessing black and minority ethnic mental health service user involvement">{{Cite journal |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Dancing to our own tunes: Reassessing black and minority ethnic mental health service user involvement |url=https://www.academia.edu/3297509 |access-date=2020-12-18 |journal=National Survivor User Network |date=January 2013 |language=en}}</ref> a review done by her, deals with the experiences of Black and Asian mental health service users within the survivor movement and its user involvement spaces;<ref name="Dancing to our own tunes">{{Cite web |title=Dancing to our own tunes |url=https://www.nsun.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=625098b1-0ce6-4b33-9ebd-63301e408b21 |access-date=2021-01-13 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114150851/https://www.nsun.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=625098b1-0ce6-4b33-9ebd-63301e408b21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the report subsequently came up for discussion in the [[UK Parliament]].<ref name="Written questions and answers - Written questions, answers and statements - UK Parliament">{{Cite web |title=Written questions and answers - Written questions, answers and statements - UK Parliament |url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2016-04-28/HL8066 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=questions-statements.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref> She has also co-authored a textbook, ''Values and Ethics in Mental Health: An Exploration for Practice''.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil and Roohi Kapur, Author at Himal Southasian">{{Cite web |title=Jayasree Kalathil and Roohi Kapur, Author at Himal Southasian |url=https://www.himalmag.com/author/jayasree-kalathil-and-roohi-kapur/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Values and ethics in mental health : an exploration for practice">{{Cite book |last=Morgan|first= Alastair |title=Values and ethics in mental health : an exploration for practice |author2=Felton, Anne |author3=Fulford, Bill |author4=Kalathil, Jayasree |author5=Stacey, Gemma |date=3 November 2015 |isbn=978-1-137-38258-0 |location=London |oclc=909321183}}</ref>

==Literary career ==
Kalathil is the author of ''The Sackclothman'',<ref name="The Sackclothman">{{Cite book |last=Kalathil|first=Jayasree |title=The Sackclothman |date=2008 |publisher=D.C. Books |isbn=978-81-264-2032-2 |location=Kottayam |page=48 |oclc=838341206}}</ref> a book for children<ref name="10 controversial books Indian children must read">{{Cite web |title=10 controversial books Indian children must read |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/childrens-books-controversial-books-same-sex-untouchability-war/story/1/3544.html |first=Samina |last=Mishra|date=6 May 2015 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref> under the 'Different Tales' project,<ref name="Different Tales: About The Project">{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Different Tales: About The Project |url=https://www.anveshi.org.in/research-initiatives/different-tales-about-the-project/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Anveshi |language=en-US}}</ref> which has since been translated into Indian languages such as [[Hindi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Borewala |publisher=Eklavya |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-85236-44-0 |publication-place=Bhopal |translator-last=Sablok, Shashi}}</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Gonnesanchi Abbayi |publisher=Anveshi Research Centre for Women’s Studies |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-907042-3-6 |publication-place=Hyderabad |translator-last=Singaraju, Ramadevi}}</ref> and [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Chakkupranthan |publisher=DC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-264-2023-0 |publication-place=Kottayam}}</ref><ref name="Jayasree Kalathil - Words are Bridges">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Jayasree Kalathil - Words are Bridges |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/wab-speaker/jayasree-kalathil |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=jaipurliteraturefestival.org/ |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, [[HarperCollins]] published her work, ''Diary of a Malayali Madman'', the translation of five novellas, written by Malayalam writer, [[N. Prabhakaran]].<ref name="Diary of a Malayali Madman">{{Cite book |last=Pr̲abhākaran|first=N. |title=Diary of a Malayali Madman |last2=Kalathil, Jayasree |publisher=Harper Perennial India |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5302-675-2 |location=Uttar Pradesh |page=260 |oclc=1103920622}}</ref> The publishing company contracted her again for the translation of ''Meesha'', a controversial novel written by [[S. Hareesh]] which was subsequently published under the title, ''Moustache'' in 2020.<ref name="Moustache">{{Cite book |last1=Hareesh, S. |title=Moustache |last2=Kalathil Jayasree |date=2019 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-93-5357-602-8 |location=India |page=360 |oclc=1134444334}}</ref><ref name="Jayasree Kalathil - author profile">{{Cite web |title=Jayasree Kalathil - author profile |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/jayasree-kalathil/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
In 2011, the [[Mental Health Foundation]] selected Kalathil's work on the Recovery and Resilience project for the Janice Sinson Research Prize.<ref name="Jayasree Kalathil, PhD – Survivor Research" /> She received the [[Crossword Book Award]] in 2020, for ''Diary of a Malayali Madman'', the translation of [[N. Prabhakaran]]'s novellas.<ref name="Twinkle Khanna">{{Cite web |title=Twinkle Khanna's book wins at 17th Crossword awards |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/twinkle-khannas-book-wins-at-17th-crossword-awards/1708804 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name="17th edition of Crossword Books Awards held in Mumbai, Maharashtra">{{Cite web |title=17th edition of Crossword Books Awards held in Mumbai, Maharashtra |url=https://affairscloud.com/17th-edition-of-crossword-books-awards-held-in-mumbai-on-january-142020/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=affairscloud.com |date=17 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Twinkle Khanna's 'Pyjamas Are Forgiving' Bags Top Prize at Crossword Book Awards">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=Twinkle Khanna's 'Pyjamas Are Forgiving' Bags Top Prize at Crossword Book Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/twinkle-khannas-pyjamas-are-forgiving-bags-top-prize-at-crossword-book-awards-2458971.html |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, ''Moustache'', her translation of ''Meesha'', by [[S. Hareesh]],<ref name="An act of love">{{Cite web |first=Supriya |last=Nair|date=Feb 20, 2020 |title=An act of love |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/supriya-nair/an-act-of-love/articleshow/74214760.cms |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> fetched her the [[JCB Prize for Literature]],<ref name="JCB Prize for Literature 2020: Malayalam author S Hareesh's Moustache, translated by Jayasree Kalathil, wins the award">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=JCB Prize for Literature 2020: Malayalam author S Hareesh's Moustache, translated by Jayasree Kalathil, wins the award |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/jcb-prize-for-literature-2020-malayalam-author-s-hareeshs-moustache-translated-by-jayasree-kalathil-wins-the-award-8990611.html |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="Moustache book">{{Cite web |title=Moustache book |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/moustache/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref> arguably the literary award in India with the largest winner's purse.<ref name="India's most valuable literature prize announces its first winner">{{Cite web |first=Mary |last=McDougall |title=India's most valuable literature prize announces its first winner |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/asia/india-literary-prize-benyamin-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=CNN|date=25 October 2018 }}</ref> ''Valli, A Novel'' also featured in the shortlist for JCB Prize for Literature in 2022.<ref name="Sheela Tomy's 'Valli’ among shortlist for JCB Prize for Literature">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Sheela Tomy's 'Valli' among shortlist for JCB Prize for Literature |language=en |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/sheela-tomy-s-valli-among-shortlist-for-jcb-prize-for-literature-1.7978217 |website=mathrubhumi.com |access-date=2023-05-16}}</ref> She has also been included in the initial shortlist for the 2026 [[PEN award|PEN Presents award]] for her current translation work, ''Silk Worm'', Malayalam original written by [[S. Hareesh]].<ref name="Shortlist announced for PEN Presents x SALT - News & Events">{{Cite web |title=Shortlist announced for PEN Presents x SALT - News & Events |url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-presents-x-salt-shortlist/ |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=English PEN |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
=== Original works ===
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=The Sackclothman |date=2008 |publisher=D.C. Books |isbn=978-81-264-2032-2 |location=Kottayam |oclc=838341206}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |url= |title=Chakkupranthan |date=2008 |publisher=D.C. Books |isbn=978-81-264-2023-0 |location=Kottayam |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Gonnesanchi Abbayi |date=2008 |publisher=Anveshi Research Centre for Women’s Studies |isbn=978-81-907042-3-6 |location=Hyderabad |translator-last=Singaraju |translator-first=Ramadevi}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Dancing to our own tunes: Reassessing black and minority ethnic mental health service user involvement |url=https://www.academia.edu/3297509 |date=2011 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=National Survivor User Network |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |url= |title=Recovery and resilience: African, African-Caribbean and South Asian women's narratives of recovering from mental distress |date=2011 |publisher=Mental Health Foundation |isbn= |location= |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Morgan|first1= Alastair |title=Values and ethics in mental health : an exploration for practice |author2=Felton, Anne |author3=Fulford, Bill |author4=Kalathil, Jayasree |author5=Stacey, Gemma |date=3 November 2015 |isbn=978-1-137-38258-0 |location=London |oclc=909321183}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |url= |title=Borewala |date=2008 |publisher=Eklavya |isbn=978-93-85236-44-0 |location=Bhopal |oclc=|translator-last=Sablok |translator-first=Shashi}}

=== Translated works ===
* {{Cite book |first=Sheela |last=Tomy |title=Valli A Novel |author2=Kalathil Jayasree |date=2022 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-9356290150 |location=India |page=420 |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hareesh|first1=S. |title=Adam |author2=Kalathil Jayasree |date=2021 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0670094608 |location=India |page=192 |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hareesh|first1=S. |title=Moustache |author2=Kalathil Jayasree |date=2019 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-93-5357-602-8 |location=India |page=360 |oclc=1134444334}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pr̲abhākaran|first1=N. |title=Diary of a Malayali Madman |author2=Kalathil, Jayasree |publisher=Harper Perennial India |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5302-675-2 |location=Uttar Pradesh |page=260 |oclc=1103920622}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mary|first1=Sandhya |title=Maria Just Maria |author2=Kalathil, Jayasree |publisher=Harper Perennial India |year=2024 |isbn=978-9356993907 |location=Uttar Pradesh |page=247}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jose|first1=Jisa |title=Mudritha - A Novel |author2=Kalathil, Jayasree |publisher=Harper Perennial India |year=2025 |asin=B0DQR1TFVQ |location=Uttar Pradesh |page=305}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hareesh|first1=S. |title=August 17 |author2=Kalathil Jayasree |date=2026 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-9369897162 |location=India |page=446}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Lisa |last2=Mills |first2=China |last3=Karter |first3=Justin M. |last4=Mehta |first4=Akriti |last5=Kalathil |first5=Jayasree |date=2020-10-19 |title=A critical review of the Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development: Time for a paradigm change |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09581596.2019.1667488 |journal=Critical Public Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=624–631 |doi=10.1080/09581596.2019.1667488 |s2cid=204383658 |issn=0958-1596|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=Diana |last2=Kalathil |first2=Jayasree |date=2019-07-16 |title=Power, Privilege and Knowledge: the Untenable Promise of Co-production in Mental "Health" |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=4 |article-number=57 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2019.00057 |pmid=33869380 |pmc=8022626 |issn=2297-7775|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Side effects of living : an anthology of voices on mental health |publisher=Speaking Tiger Publishing Pvt Ltd & Women Unlimited |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-85606-20-5 |editor-last=Breckenridge |editor-first=J |location=New Delhi |oclc=1135384224 |editor-last2=Kathait |editor-first2=N}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |url= |title=Ideological reproduction of gender and normality in psychiatric drug advertisements |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780199453535 |editor-last=Davar |editor-first=B |location=New Delhi |oclc= |editor-last2=Ravindran |editor-first2=S}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kalathil |first1=Jayasree |last2=Jones |first2=Nev |date=2016 |title=Unsettling Disciplines: Madness, Identity, Research, Knowledge |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648225 |journal=Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |pages=183–188 |doi=10.1353/ppp.2016.0016 |s2cid=151677845 |issn=1086-3303|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |date=2015 |title=Unmodified ECT: Challenging the call to continue an inhumane practice |url=http://www.mfcindia.org/mfcpdfs/MFC363-364.pdf |journal=Medico Friend Circle Bulletin |volume= |pages=33–35 |doi= |issn=|doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Faulkner |first1=Alison C. |last2=Kalathil |first2=Jayasree |title=Racialisation and knowledge production: A critique of the report 'Understanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia' |url=https://www.academia.edu/11196191 |journal=Mental Health Today, Jan-Feb, 22-23 |date=January 2015 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |date=2014 |title=An exploratory note on discrimination and 'race' in relation to mental health in the west |url=http://www.mfcindia.org/mfcpdfs/MFC357-360.pdf |journal=Medico Friend Circle Bulletin |volume= |pages=357–360/75–78 |doi= |issn=|doi-access= }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |date=2013 |title='Hard to reach'? User involvement and racialised groups |publisher=Bristol University Press, Policy Press |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qgmxw.13 |issn=|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Philip |last2=Seebohm |first2=Patience |last3=Wallcraft |first3=Jan |last4=Kalathil |first4=Jayasree |last5=Fernando |first5=Suman |date=2013-08-16 |title=Personal consequences of the diagnosis of schizophrenia: a preliminary report from the inquiry into the schizophrenia label |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/MHSI-05-2013-0013/full/html |journal=Mental Health and Social Inclusion |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=135–139 |doi=10.1108/MHSI-05-2013-0013 |issn=2042-8308|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Fernando |first1=Suman |last2=Kalathil |first2=Jayasree |title=Questioning 'schizophrenia' |url=https://www.academia.edu/9297061 |journal=Open Mind, 172 |date=January 2012 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |date=2010 |title=After Ervadi: Healing and human rights in the context of mental health. In S Tharu, R Srivatsan and A Zachariah (eds.) Towards a critical medical practice: Reflections on the dilemmas of medical culture today |url= |journal=Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad |volume= |pages= |doi= |isbn=978-8125040910}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bennet |first1=Joanna |last2=Kalathil |first2=Jayasree |last3=Keating |first3=Frank |date=2008 |title=Race equality training in the UK: A historical overview. In S Fernando and F Keating (eds.) Mental health in a multi-ethnic society: A multi-disciplinary handbook |url= |journal=Hove: Routledge |volume= |pages= |doi= |isbn=9780415414876 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |date=2001 |chapter=Inscribing madness: Another reading of The Yellow Wallpaper and The Bell Jar |editor=B Davar |title=Mental health from a gender perspective |url= |publisher=Sage |location=New Delhi |volume= |pages= |doi= |isbn=978-0761994770|doi-access= }}

== See also ==
{{portal|Literature}}
* [[S. Hareesh]]
* [[N. Prabhakaran]]
* [[Susie Tharu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=Diary of a Malayali Madman.pdf |journal=Harpercollins India |date=January 2019 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38491403 |access-date=2020-12-18 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |title=The Sackclothman |url=https://www.academia.edu/3297631 |access-date=2020-12-18 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kalathil |first1=Jayasree |author2=Fulford, Bill |author3=Morgan, Alastair |title=Values and Ethics in Mental Health: An Exploration for Practice |date=January 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19276948 |access-date=2020-12-18 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kalathil, Jayasree |title=Black women, recovery and resilience |url=https://www.scottishrecovery.net/resource/black-women-recovery-and-resilience/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=scottishrecovery.net }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=In conversation with S. Hareesh and Jayasree Kalathil. |url=https://insider.in/in-conversation-with-s-hareesh-and-jayasree-kalathil--oct6-2020/event |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=insider.in |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=The best books of 2020 based on your mood |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/the-best-books-of-2020-based-on-your-mood |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Vogue India |date=15 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}
* {{Cite web |title=Interview: S Hareesh, author, Moustache, winner of the JCB prize 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-s-hareesh-author-moustache-winner-of-the-jcb-prize-2020/story-Rsj8T9VxLkuEPMZmLaaRdM.html |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=hindustantimes.com |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Meesha : S Hareesh & Jayashree Kalathil in conversation with Benyamin - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6e_Tw_opUs |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.youtube.com| date=7 November 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=Jayasree Kalathil - ResearchGate 1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Jayasree-Kalathil-2158843295 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=Jayasree Kalathil - ResearchGate 2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayasree_Kalathil2 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}
* {{Cite interview |last=Kalathil |first=Jayasree |interviewer=O. P. Suresh |title=Jayasree Kalathil Talks about Translation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCZgUKcS62U |date=2023-09-14}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalathil, Jayasree}}
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Mental health activists]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:British social scientists]]
[[Category:British social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Farook College alumni]]
[[Category:British people of Malayali descent]]

Namana Rambabu

2026-04-20T05:31:20Z

KK JANGIR: Put up a info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Hatnote|This is a [[Telugu language|Telugu name]]; the family name is ''Namana''.}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Namana Rambabu
| honorific_prefix = 
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = నామన రాంబాబు
| image = Cmgr.jpg
| caption = N.Rambabu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|12|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Magatapalli]], [[east Godavari District]]
| occupation = Politician
| constituency = [[Razole (SC) (Assembly constituency)]], [[Mamidikuduru]], [[Magatapalli]]
| office = Telugudesam Party state organizing secretary
| term_start = 6 November 2020
| office2 = President for Telugudesam Party, East Godavari District
| term_start2 = 18 June 2017
| term_end2 = 5 November 2020
| preceded2 = Parvatha Satyanarayana Murthy (Chittibabu) ex-MLA
| succeeded2 = None (TDP Party abolished District presidents committee)
| office3 = Chairman, Andhra Pradesh State Irrigation Development Corporation
| term_start3 = 2 May 2018
| term_end3 = 6 June 2019
| preceded3 = K.E Prabhakar
(MLC & Ex Minister Govt of A.P)
| succeeded3 = Aditya Nath Das, IAS
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| office4 = Zilla Parshad(ZP) chairman, East Godavari District, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
| term_start4 = 5 July 2014
| term_end4 = 9 July 2017
| preceded4 = Neetu Kumari Prasad
(District Collector & Magistrate, ZP Addl. charge)
| succeeded4 = Jyothula Naveen Kumar
| constituency4 = [[Gannavaram (SC) (Assembly constituency)]], [[P.Gannavaram]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Namana Rambabu''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the [[Telugu Desam Party]] state organizing secretary. He is worked as 21st ZP chairman for East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-06-19/Namana-Rambabu-appointed-TDP-East-Godavari-chief/307297|title=Namana Rambabu appointed TDP East Godavari chief|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=19 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Political profile==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
Namana Rambabu was born on 5 December 1957 in common agricultural family at Magatapalli(v) of Mamidkuduru Mandal of East Godavari District. His father Namana Venkata Rao is an agriculture farmer and mother Smt Appalanarasamamba is a house wife. He had elementary education in local MPP School and had High School education in ZPHS, Mamidikuduru mandal Later, he completed college education and acquired graduation in BA from Andhra University, being best friends with Dr Muhammed Patel. He is married to Krishna Veni and they have two children.

At the beginning days of TDP, he entered in the politics in the TDP as a follower and served as village level committee President in TDP at Mamidikuduru mandal and later he was as Mandal level president in TDP at same mandal for a long time from 1985. As a result of sudden and premature death of Nagaram MLA, Sri Undru Krishna Rao, The Telugu Desam Party President Sri N.T.Rama Rao, the then Chief Minister of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh has got appointed him as Nagaram constituency TDP Incharge and thus he rendered the meritorious and outstanding services to the Party from 20 September 1986 to 19 September 1999 and 12 October 2001 to 14 May 2004. Later, he worked as Nagaram Agriculture Market Committee Chairman (AMC Chairman) twice apart from that served as Vice-President of Rice Millors Association in East Godavari District. In addition to that he is rendering State Secretary in the Telugu Desam Party for the last 10 years. Likewise he gradually grownup in the politics and ascended the highest positions in the Telugu Desam Party.

==Development works==
Namana Rambabu able to implement several developmental works including laying of CC roads to all the remote area villages in East Godavari District. The drinking water problem during summer also could be solved effectively enlisting the support of the DWMA in getting repairs to 42 drinking water projects in East Godavari District as Zilla Parshad(ZP) Chairman.

==Awards==
* Zilla Parishad(ZP) Chairman Namana Rambabu Received This Award Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Swashaktikaran Abhiyan(RGPSA) For The Year 2014–2015.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite news|title=Zilla Parishad chairman Namana Rambabu has said|work=newindianexpress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/dec/20/rs-5.6-cr-for-panchayat-raj-offices-696210.html}}
*{{Cite news|title=TD men to ignore threats by Kapu leader Mudragada|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110316/td-men-to-ignore-threats-by-kapu-leader-mudragada.html}}
*{{Cite news|title=Namana Rambabu who sacrificed ZP Chairman Post for Jyothula Nehru's Son is being chosen as Housing President|work=Tupaki.com|url=https://menglish.tupaki.com/article/Chandrababu-Naidu-Filled-Nominated-Posts-In-AP/69303/amp}}
*{{Cite news|title=GST impact: Common man will not be burdened under GST, says Andhra Pradesh finance minister|work=indianexpress|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-impact-common-man-will-not-be-burdened-under-gst-says-andhra-pradesh-finance-minister-yanamala-ramakrishnudu-4709073/}}
*{{Cite news|title=Namana Rambabu appointed AP State Housing Corporation Chairman|work=New indian express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/11/kirans-brother-chairman-of-andhra-pradesh-irrigation-corporation-1799915.html}}
*{{Cite news|title=Telugu Desam bags 10 Zilla Parishad posts, YSR Congress 1|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140706/nation-politics/article/telugu-desam-bags-10-zilla-parishad-posts-ysr-congress-1}}
*{{Cite news|title=Resignation of Namana Rambabu after Jyothula Naveen takes over as in-charge ZP chief|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jyothula-naveen-takes-over-as-in-charge-zp-chief/article19286880.ece}}
*{{Cite news|title=Zilla Parshad Chairman Namana Rambabu|work=Sakshi news|url=https://m.sakshi.com/tags/namana-rambabu}}
*{{Cite news|title=Telugu Desam Party (TDP) are vying for the party district president post.|work=newindianexpress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/jul/14/settibalijas-seek-td-dist-president-post-635491.html}}
*{{Cite news|title=Race for East Godavari TDP district President Post|work=Thehansindia|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-27/Race-for-East-Godavari-TD-district-chief-post-Varupula-Raja-or-Bandaru-Satyanandam-Rao/302649}}
*{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Kapu youth tried to attack TDP district president Namana Rambabu's residence at Magatapalli in Mamidikuduru mandal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tension-in-east-godavari/article19366628.ece}}
*{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Namana Rambabu elected as ZP Chairman|work=Webindia123|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20140705/2419404.html}}
*{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Namana Rambabu elected as East Godavari TDP President|work=ap7am.com|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-255462/}}
*{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=ZP Chairman Namana Rambabu Profile|url=http://egzpp.com/czp.htm|website=}}
*{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=East Godavari ZP Chairman Namana Rambabu Resign|work=United News of India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/east-godavari-zp-chairman-vice-chairman-resigns/states/news/925147.html}}
*{{Cite news|title=East Godavari Collector targeted over protocol violation|work=Thehansindia|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-06-10/Collector-targeted-over-protocol-violation/234031}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rambabu, Namana}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Brahmamudi (TV series)

2026-04-18T13:09:06Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu language TV series}}
{{Sources exist|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Brahmamudi.jpg
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romance film|Romance]]|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]|[[Family drama]]}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| based_on = ''[[Gaatchora]]''
| director = Kumar Pantham
| starring = Deepika Rangaraju Manas Nagulapalli Hamida Khatoon Srikar Krishna
| music = Sai Madhukar Sai Sailaja
| producer = Anil Rao Yadagiri
| creator = Bhoomi Creative Works Private Limited
| screenplay = Giridhar Poola
| editor = Sharukh M.D Nageshwara Rao
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|01|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| end_theme =
| open_theme =
}}

'''''Brahmamudi''''' is an Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[romance drama]] television series airing on [[Star Maa]]. It is an official remake of the Bengali television series ''[[Gaatchora]]''. It premiered on 24 January 2023 ended on 9 May 2026 Later, a serial named [[Nindu Manasulu]] , replacing ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanki Roy-Gourab Chatterjee starrer 'Gaatchora' gets a Telugu remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/solanki-roy-gourab-chatterjee-starrer-gaatchora-gets-a-telugu-remake/articleshow/97498078.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

==Premise==
When the mother of three beautiful and talented daughters plans their weddings with suitors from affluent families, situations take an unusual turn.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Deepika Rangaraju as
**Duggirala Kavya: Raj's wife; Indu's mother; Kanakam and Krishnamurthy's second daughter; Swapna and Appu's sister (2023-2026)
**Duggirala Indira "Indu" Devi Jr: Kavya and Raj's daughter (2026-present)
*Manas Nagulapalli as
**Duggirala Swaraj "Raj": Kavya's husband; Indu's father; Aparna and Subash's son; Revati's brother (2023-2026)
**Swaraj "Raju" Jr: Raj's nephew; Revati and Jagadeesh's son (2026-present)

===Recurring===
*Sripriya Shreekar as Aparna Duggirala: Raj's mother and Subash's wife. (2023-present)
*Vijay as Subash Duggirala: Raj's father; Aparna's husband; Seetaramayya and Indira Devi's eldest son; Prakash's elder brother; Rudrani's foster brother. (2023–present)
*Praneetha Sekhar as Rekha: Rudrani's daughter; Rahul's younger sister. (2023–2026)
*Prashanthi as Rekha: (2026-present)
*Hamid Khatoon / Rupa muggalla as Swapna: Kavya and Appu's elder sister; Kanakam and Krishna Murthy's eldest daughter; Rahul's wife; Ishwarya's mother. (2023–present)
*Srikar Krishna as Rahul: Rudrani's son; Rekha's elder brother; Raj, Kalyan, and Pinky's foster cousin; Swapna's husband, Ishwarya's father. (2023–present)
*Nainisha Rai as Apoorva Duggirala a.k.a. Appu: Swapna and Kavya's younger sister; Kanakam and Krishna Murthy's youngest daughter; Kalyan's 2nd wife. (2023–present)
*Kiran Kanth as Kalyan Duggirala: Raj's cousin; Prakash and Dhanyalakshmi's son; Pinky's elder brother; Rahul and Rekha's foster cousin; Anamika's Ex Husband; Apporva's (Appu) husband. (2023–present)
*Neepa Siva as Kanakam a.k.a. Kanakeshwari: Kavya, Swapna and Appu's mother; Krishna Murthy's wife; Meenakshi's younger sister. (2023–present)
*[[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Meenakshi: Kanakam's elder sister; Kavya, Swapna and Appu's maternal aunt. (2023–present)
*Sharmitha Gowda as Rudrani: Rahul and Rekha's mother; Seetaramayya and Indira Devi's foster daughter; Subash and Prakash's foster sister. (2023–2026)
*Indira Anand as Indira Devi Duggirala, a.k.a. Chitti: Raj, Kalyan, and Pinky's paternal grandmother; Rahul and Rekha's foster maternal grandmother; Seetaramayya's wife; Subash and Prakash's mother; Rudrani's foster mother. (2023–present)
*Krishna Murthy Vanjari as Krishna Murthy: Swapna, Kavya and Appu's father; Kanakam's husband. (2023–present)
*Madhuri as Dhanyalakshmi Duggirala: Kalyan and Pinky's mother; Prakash's wife. (2023–present)
*Gopi Naidu as Duggirala Seetaramayya: Raj, Kalyan and Pinky's paternal grandfather; Rahul and Rekha's foster maternal grandfather; Indira Devi's husband; Subash and Prakash's father; Rudrani's foster father. (2023–present)
*Giri Shankar Rayapureddy as Prakash Duggirala: Kalyan and Pinky's father; Seetaramayya and Indira Devi's youngest son; Subash's younger brother; Rudrani's foster brother. (2023–present)
*Sujatha Reddy as Annapoorna: Kavya, Swapna, and Appu's widowed paternal aunt; Krishna Murthy's sister-in-law. (2023–present)
*Nikitha Chowdary as Anamika Duggirala: Kalyan's Ex wife. (2023–present) (Divorced)
*Shabeena as Vennela: Rahul's ex-fiancée; Arundhati's daughter. (2023)
*Bhargavi as Arundhati: Aparna's best friend; Vennela's mother. (2023)
* Siri Vennela as fake Maaya
* Juhi Vadla as Seetha
* Anooramesh as Subramanyam : Anamika's father
* as Sailaja : Anamika's mother
* Jabardast Jeevan as Micheal
* Chandu as Swapna's Friend

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:20%;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:24%;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:13%;"| Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:16%;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Gaatchora]]'' গাটছড়া
|20 December 2021
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|14 December 2023
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Katheyondu Shuruvagide'' ಕಥೆಯೊಂದು ಶುರುವಾಗಿದೆ<ref>{{Cite web|title=বাংলা জয়ের পর এবার পারি কন্নড়ে! অনেক বড় প্রাপ্তি গাঁটছড়া নির্মাতাদের, সঙ্গে খুশি ঋদ্ধি-খড়ি ভক্তরা|url=https://banglaserials.com/news/star-jalsha-serial-gatchora-is-going-remake-in-kannada/|website=Bangla Serials|date=20 October 2022|language=bn|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518035511/https://banglaserials.com/news/star-jalsha-serial-gatchora-is-going-remake-in-kannada/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|28 November 2022
|[[Star Suvarna]]
| 3 March 2024
|rowspan="6"|Remake
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]'' तेरी मेरी डोरियाँ
|4 January 2023
|[[StarPlus]]
| 14 July 2024
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Brahmamudi'' బ్రహ్మముడి
|24 January 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]]'' ஆஹா கல்யாணம்
|20 March 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
|3 October 2025
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Patharamattu]]'' പത്തരമാറ്റ്
|15 May 2023
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Laxmichya Paulanni]]'' लक्ष्मीच्या पाऊलांनी
|20 November 2023
|[[Star Pravah]]
|12 December 2025
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/brahma-mudi/1260129377 ''Brahmamudi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Umaid Bhawan Palace

2026-04-15T09:11:01Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Palace in Jodhpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur
| native_name = उम्मैद भवन पैलेस
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = 1996 -218-20A Jodhpur Hotel Umaid Bhawan Palace (2233393509).jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Umaid Bhawan Palace
| location_town = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| location_country = India
| completion_date = 1943
| architect = Henry Lanchester and [[Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob]]
| owner = [[Gaj Singh]]
| cost =
| structural_system = Golden yellow or dun-coloured sandstone
| client =
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| latitude =
| longitude =
| engineer = [[Henry Vaughan Lanchester]]
| construction_start_date = 1928
| demolished_date =
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic Architecture]]
| size =
}}
'''Umaid Bhawan Palace''' ({{langx|hi|उम्मैद भवन पैलेस}}), located in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], is one of the world's largest private residences. A part of the palace is managed by [[Taj Hotels]]. It is named after [[Umaid Singh|Maharaja Umaid Singh]], grandfather of the present owner, [[Gaj Singh]]. The palace has 347 rooms and is the principal residence of the former Jodhpur royal family. A part of the palace is a museum.

The groundbreaking for the foundations of the building was carried out on 18 November 1929 by Maharaja Umaid Singh and the construction work was completed in 1943.

==History==
[[File:HAL Tejas (LA-5022) of Squadron No. 18 being flown by Vice chief AP Singh during Ex Tarangshakti24.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] flying above Ummaid Bhawan Palace]]
[[File:"The Making of Umaid Bhawan Palace".jpg|thumb|"The Making of Umaid Bhawan Palace"]]
The history of building the Umaid Bhawan Palace is linked to a curse by a saint who had said that a period of drought would follow the good rule of the [[Jodhpur State|Rathore Dynasty]]. Thus, after the end of the about 50-year reign of Pratap Singh, Jodhpur faced severe drought and famine in the 1920s for a period of three consecutive years. The farmers of the area, faced with this hardship, sought the help of the then [[Maharaja]], Umaid Singh,{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}} who was the 37th Rathore ruler of [[Marwar]] at Jodhpur,{{Sfn|Katritzki|2005|p=107}} to provide them with some employment so that they could survive the harsh conditions. The Maharaja, in order to help the farmers, decided to build a lavish palace. He commissioned [[Henry Vaughan Lanchester]] as the architect to prepare the plans for the palace; Lanchester was a contemporary of [[Edwin Lutyens]], who had planned [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|the buildings of the New Delhi government complex]]. Lanchester patterned the Umaid Palace on the lines of the New Delhi building complex by adopting the theme of domes and columns.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}} The palace was designed as a blend of western technology and Indian architectural features.{{Sfn|Katritzki|2005|p=107}}

The palace was built at a slow pace as its initial objective was to provide employment to the famine-stricken farmers in the area. The foundation stone was laid in 1929. About 2,000 to 3,000 people were employed in its construction.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123-24}} Occupation of the palace by the Maharaja came after its completion in 1943, and close to the period of [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]]. There was some criticism for embarking on an expensive project but it had served the main purpose of helping the citizens of Jodhpur to face the famine situation.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}} The estimated cost of building the palace was [[Indian Rupee|Rs]] 11 million.{{Sfn|Brown|Thomas|2008|p=306}} When it opened in 1943 it was considered one of the largest royal residences in the world.{{Sfn|Katritzki|2005|p=107}}

[[File:Umaid bhavan Palace, Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|Umaid Bhawan Palace as seen from [[Mehrangarh Fort]]]]
The site chosen for the palace was on a hill known as Chittar hill in the outer limits of Jodhpur,{{Sfn|Vinnels|Skelly|2002|p=245}} after which the palace is also known,{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=233}} where no water supply was available nearby and hardly any vegetation grew as hill slopes were rocky. The building material required was not close by as sandstone quarries were at quite a distance. Since the Maharaja had the foresight to bring his project to fruition, he built a railway line to the quarry site to transport the building material. Donkeys were inducted to haul soil to the site. The sandstone transported by rail was dressed at the site into large blocks with interlocking joints so that they could be laid without the use of mortar.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}}

The palace was built with "dun-coloured" (golden – yellow) sandstone with two wings. [[Makrana]] marble has also been used, and Burmese teak wood has been used for the interior woodwork.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}}{{Sfn|Brown|Thomas|2008|p=306}} When completed the palace had 347 rooms, several courtyards, and a large banquet hall which could accommodate 300 people. The architectural style is considered representing the then in vogue [[Beaux Arts style]], also known as Indo-Deco style. However, for many years the palace did not fully function following tragic events in the royal family. Umaid Singh who stayed in the place for only four years died in 1947. [[Hanwant Singh]] who succeeded him also died at a young age; he had just won in the [[Elections in India|1952 General Elections]] and was returning home after this win when his plane crashed and he died. [[Gaj Singh|Gaj Singh II]] who succeeded his father then decided in 1971 to convert a part of the palace into a hotel.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}}

==Features==
The Palace is divided into three functional parts – the residence of the royal family, a luxury [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Palace Hotel]], and a Museum focusing on the 20th-century history of the Jodhpur Royal Family.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}}

===Palace===
[[File:Umaid Bhawan Palace.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A panoramic view of the Palace.}}]]
[[File:Mural Inside Umaid Bhava Palace.png|thumb|Painting (''[[Fresco]]'') inside Umaid Bhavan Palace, depicting the war between Mughals and [[Durgadas Rathore]] with the [[Mehrangarh|Mehrangarh fort]] in the backdrop.]]
The palace complex is set in an area of {{Convert|26|acre}} of land including {{Convert|15|acre}} of gardens. The palace consists of a throne chamber, a private meeting hall, a [[Durbar Hall]] to meet the public, a vaulted [[banquet hall]], private dining halls, a ballroom, a library, an indoor swimming pool and spa, a billiards room, four tennis courts, two marble squash courts,{{Sfn|Katritzki|2005|p=107}} and long passages.{{Sfn|Nath|Holmes|Holmes|Paschira|2008|loc=review}}

The interior central dome sits above the sky blue inner dome. The inner vaulted dome is a major attraction in the palace which rises to {{Convert|103|ft}} in the interior part which is capped by an outer dome of {{Convert|43|ft}} height. The entry to the palace has decorations of the [[Coat of arms]] of the Rathore Royal family. The entry leads to the lobby which has polished [[black granite]] flooring. The lounge area has pink sandstone and marble floors.{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}} Maharaja Gaj Singh, known as "bapji", stays in a part of the palace. The principal architecture of the palace is an amalgam of [[Indo-Saracenic|Rajput-Saracenic]], [[Classical Revival]] and [[Art Deco|Western Art Deco]] styles. It is also said{{by whom|date=July 2018}} the Maharaja and his architect Lanchester had considered the features of [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] edifices such as the Temple Mountain-Palaces of [[Burma]] and [[Cambodia]], and in particular the [[Angkor Wat]] in preparing the layout and design of the palace.{{Sfn|Vinnels|Skelly|2002|p=245}} The interior of the palace is in art deco design.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=233}} The interior decoration is credited to [[Stefan Norblin de la Gourdaine|J.S. Norblin]], a refugee from [[Poland]], who created the [[frescoes]] in the throne room on the east wing. An architectural historian commented that "it is the finest example of Indo-deco. The forms are crisp and precise".{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=130}}

===Hotel===
The hotel wing of the palace is run by the Taj Group of Hotels and is called the 'Taj Umaid Bhawan Palace Jodhpur. {{Sfn|Katritzki|2005|p=107}}{{Sfn|Bentley|2011|p=123}} [[Bollywood]] actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] married [[Nick Jonas]] here in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46412696|title=Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas marry in India|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

===Museum===
[[File:Umaid Bhawan Palace-Museum.JPG|thumb|Inside the museum of Umaid Bhawan Palace]]
The museum has exhibits of stuffed leopards, a very large symbolic flag given to [[Jaswant Singh II|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1877, lighthouse shapes.{{Sfn|Brown|Thomas|2008|p=306}} The classic cars of the Maharajas are also on display in the garden in front of the museum.

==See also==
* [[Rajput architecture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Bentley |first=Cheryl |title=A Guide to the Palace Hotels of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U66zJaDjumwC&pg=PT123 |date=2011 |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=978-1-58843-970-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2=McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=India – The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-pUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |date=2013 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-907263-74-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Lindsay |last2=Thomas |first2=Amelia |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra. Ediz. Inglese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&pg=PA306 |year=2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-690-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Katritzki |first=Freda |title=The World of Private Castles, Palaces and Estates |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5If8DYt6-8C&pg=PA107 |publisher=Chateaux Prives |isbn=978-2-9524142-1-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Aman |last2=Holmes |first2=Fred R. |last3=Holmes |first3=Anna Newton |last4=Paschira |first4=Amit |title=Jodhpur's Umaid Bhawan: The Maharaja of Palaces: a Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_FcPgAACAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=India Book House |isbn=978-81-7508-511-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarina |title=Lonely Planet India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA233 |date=2010 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74220-347-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Vinnels |first1=David |last2=Skelly |first2=Brent |title=Bollywood showplaces: cinema theatres in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TexkAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=E & E Plumridge in collaboration with Decorum Books |isbn=9780951656358 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{The Leading Hotels of the World|Asia}}
{{Jodhpur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|16|51|N|73|02|49|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hotels in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Museums in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]
[[Category:History museums in India]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]

Dausa Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:25Z

KK JANGIR: made the details w/ refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dausa
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-88-Dausa.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 88
| mla = [[Deen Dayal Bairwa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| loksabha_cons= [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:225285}}{{update after|2029|2}}
|latest_election_year = 2024
|preceded_by = [[Murari Lal Meena]]
}}
'''Dausa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Dausa district|Dausa]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Dhan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mool Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Doongaram
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan=2|Mool Chand Samaria
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sohan Lal Bansiwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhudar Mal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Jia Lal Banshiwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Jeeyalal Bansiwal
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Nand Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Nand Lal Banshiwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Murari Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Shankar Lal Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Murari Lal Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024]]
|[[Deen Dayal Bairwa]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|2024 by-election]]: Dausa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deen Dayal Bairwa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =75,536
|percentage = 49.15
|change = {{decrease}}8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagmohan Meena
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 73,236
|percentage = 47.65
|change = {{increase}}19.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 908
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,300
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dausa<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Murari Lal Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:98238}}
|percentage = 53.81
|change = -3.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shankar Lal Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:67034}}
|percentage = 36.72
|change = +8.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Radhe Shyam Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:11751}}
|percentage = 6.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:1742}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1350}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31204}}
|percentage = 17.09
|change = -12.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182550}}
|percentage = 74.97
|change = -4.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dausa<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 6 July 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Murari Lal Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:99004}}
|percentage = 57.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shankar Lal Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48056}}
|percentage = 27.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nand Lal Bansiwal
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:18847}}
|percentage = 10.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1529}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50948}}
|percentage = 29.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172247}}
|percentage = 79.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +11.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dausa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.9|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Dausa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:22Z

KK JANGIR: stub

{{Short description|Legislative assembly constituency}}
{{For|constituency in other states|Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 117
| map_image = 117-Sagar, Karnataka constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
| established = 1956
| electors = {{formatnum:205262}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = Belur Gopalkrishna
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Hartalu Halappa]]
}}
'''Sagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || D. Mookappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || V. S. Laxmikanthappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. H. Sreenivasa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | L. T. Toimmappa Hegde || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. Dharmappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Hartalu Halappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sagar">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411142530/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 88,988 |percentage = 53.46% |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Halappa Harathalu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,966 |percentage = 43.83% |change = {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Diwakara |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,022 |percentage = 9.62% |change = {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,739 |percentage = 81.23% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,465}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,262 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hartalu Halappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,475 |percentage = 50.65% |change = {{increase}}47.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,436 |percentage = 45.46% |change = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Girishgowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}14.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,511 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,039 |percentage = 5.19% |change = {{decrease}}22.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,955 |percentage = 79.92% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,944}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,960 |percentage = 48.59% |change = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Jayanth |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 30,712 |percentage = 20.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,217 |percentage = 15.68% |change = {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharavathi. C. Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,355 |percentage = 3.62% |change = {{decrease}}42.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Krishnappa |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 2,302 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresha. C |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,248 |percentage = 27.85% |change = {{increase}}25.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,477 |percentage = 76.46% |change = {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,090}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,794 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,706 |percentage = 46.61% |change = {{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,861 |percentage = 44.32% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,204 |percentage = 4.20% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. H. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,596 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Manjunatha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 990 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,845 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,909 |percentage = 70.40% |change = {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,794}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,006 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Belur Gopalkrishna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,455 |percentage = 54.14% |change = {{increase}}19.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,448 |percentage = 40.00% |change = {{decrease}}13.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Arun Prasad |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,401 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Rao. H |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indira Mohan Heggde |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,242 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,007 |percentage = 14.14% |change = {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,245 |percentage = 72.64% |change = {{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,127}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,264 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,797 |percentage = 53.07% |change = {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Toimmappa Hegde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,730 |percentage = 34.20% |change = {{increase}}19.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Arun Prasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,263 |percentage = 9.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Jayanth |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,704 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,067 |percentage = 18.88% |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,638 |percentage = 75.64% |change = {{increase}}1.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,715}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,881 |percentage = 2.92% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,403 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,271 |percentage = 35.19% |change = {{decrease}}20.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Chandrashekar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,059 |percentage = 25.15% |change = {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Bangarappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 21,161 |percentage = 23.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. H. Ramappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,374 |percentage = 14.58% |change = {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Raju |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,212 |percentage = 10.05% |change = {{decrease}}15.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,265 |percentage = 73.89% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,699}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,225 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,234 |percentage = 55.57% |change = {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Jayanth |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,876 |percentage = 29.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shreedhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,327 |percentage = 7.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemaneri Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,203 |percentage = 5.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudheendra Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 881 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Devappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 684 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,358 |percentage = 25.67% |change = {{increase}}23.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,135 |percentage = 73.47% |change = {{increase}}6.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,205}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,930 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,593 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Dharmappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,558 |percentage = 49.73% |change = {{increase}}15.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Thimmappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,008 |percentage = 47.20% |change = {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ganapathiyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 634 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,550 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,365 |percentage = 67.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,452}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 913 |percentage = 1.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,942 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Toimmappa Hegde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,895 |percentage = 37.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,229 |percentage = 34.17% |change = {{decrease}}13.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. L. Subashchandra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,478 |percentage = 13.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Jayanth |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,356 |percentage = 13.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ganapathiyappa |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,322 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,666 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,462 |percentage = 67.98% |change = {{decrease}}12.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,280}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,182 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,531 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}15.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Toimmappa Hegde |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,903 |percentage = 52.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,220 |percentage = 47.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,683 |percentage = 4.54% |change = {{decrease}}13.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,492 |percentage = 80.33% |change = {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,123}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,308 |ref = |change = {{increase}}78.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Samyukta Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 16,694 |percentage = 57.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Toimmappa Hegde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,477 |percentage = 39.70% |change = {{decrease}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ganapathiyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 472 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Venkappa Kashhaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 267 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,217 |percentage = 18.05% |change = {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,660 |percentage = 70.15% |change = {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,279 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Samyukta Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Sreenivasa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,860 |percentage = 47.88% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 11,111 |percentage = 44.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ganapathi |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,797 |percentage = 7.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 749 |percentage = 3.02% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,990 |percentage = 65.55% |change = {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,768}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,647 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}49.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Laxmikanthappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,854 |percentage = 51.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kagodu Thimmappa]] |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 17,555 |percentage = 43.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Hasan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,824 |percentage = 4.53% |change = {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,299 |percentage = 8.20% |change = {{decrease}}10.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,699 |percentage = 55.18% |change = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,233}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,194 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mookappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,473 |percentage = 54.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,911 |percentage = 36.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. P. Wodayar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,858 |percentage = 9.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,562 |percentage = 18.39% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,242 |percentage = 54.09% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,909 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hosanagar Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|14.16|75.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Lenaa

2026-04-12T20:30:39Z

KK JANGIR:

{{short description|Indian actress, author, scriptwriter (born 1981)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lenaa
| image = Lenaa_photographed_in_Kochi_on_May_2022.jpg
| caption = Lenaa in 2022
| birth_name = Lena Mohan Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|author|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1998–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Abhilash Kumar|2004|2013|end=div}} {{Marriage|[[Prasanth Nair (astronaut)|Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair]]|2024}}
| parents = 
| website = {{URL|lenaalife.com}}
}}

'''Lena Mohan Kumar''' (born 1981),<ref>{{Cite interview |author=Lena |interviewer-first1=Siraj |interviewer-last1=Qasim |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/actress-lena-interview-1.4065298 |script-title=ml:ലേഡി മമ്മൂട്ടി എന്ന വിളി ഇന്റര്‍നെറ്റ് തെറ്റിദ്ധാരണ മൂലം സംഭവിച്ചതാണെന്നാണ് ഞാന്‍ വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നത് |trans-title="I believe the name 'Lady Mammootty' was due to an internet misunderstanding |language=ml |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930121511/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/actress-lena-interview-1.4065298 |url-status=live}}</ref> known by her stage name '''Lenaa,''' is an Indian actress, author,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saigal |first1=Geetika |title=Filmfare Awardee Lenaa Kumar releases her debut book on self-realisation, published by Geetika Saigal's Beeja House |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/filmfare-awardee-lenaa-kumar-releases-her-debut-book-on-self-realisation-published-by-geetika-saigal-s-beeja-house-123091301067_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> and screenwriter<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-turns-scriptwriter-with-arjun-ashokan-starrer-olam/articleshow/84474338.cms |title=Lena turns scriptwriter with Arjun Ashokan-starrer Olam – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717024022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-turns-scriptwriter-with-arjun-ashokan-starrer-olam/articleshow/84474338.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]] apart from a few Tamil films.<ref name="OM">{{cite web |last1=Joy |first1=Jerin |title=Can't believe it's been 25 years in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2023/01/22/lena-25-years-malayalam-cinema-vanitha-interview.html |website=OnManorama |publisher=Manorama |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="T"/>

==Early life==

Lena was born to Mohan Kumar and Tina in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ലെനയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/06/29/lena-home-family.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> Her mother Tina is a [[Catholic]]. Her father, who hails from [[Thrissur]], was an officer in the State Bank of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=ലെനയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/06/29/lena-home-family.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='അച്ഛനുദ്ദേശിച്ചത് ലീനയെന്നായിരുന്നു, അമ്മ ലെനയെന്നാക്കി'; പേരിന് പിന്നിലെ കഥ പറഞ്ഞ് ലെന |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/how-leena-became-lena-actress-lenaa-opens-up-about-her-name/articleshow/91659759.cms?story=4 |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She has a sister named Tasha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dream run |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-run/article3816275.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Lena had her primary schooling at [[Shillong]].<ref>{{cite news |title='അച്ഛനുദ്ദേശിച്ചത് ലീനയെന്നായിരുന്നു, അമ്മ ലെനയെന്നാക്കി'; പേരിന് പിന്നിലെ കഥ പറഞ്ഞ് ലെന |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/how-leena-became-lena-actress-lenaa-opens-up-about-her-name/articleshow/91659759.cms?story=4 |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She then attended Seventh Day Adventist School<ref name=gorgeous>{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Shevlin |title=Lena is a Gorgeous Woman |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article385835.ece |access-date=27 July 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 April 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227080415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article385835.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Hari Sri Vidya Nidhi School]] in Thrissur. Later she studied at Prajyoti Niketan College in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Welcome instead of thank you! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2012/Mar/19/welcome-instead-of-thank-you-350353.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

After securing a first rank in [[B.Sc.]] from the [[Calicut University]], she did her post-graduation in [[Clinical Psychology]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / TV Serials : She is no cry baby |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201140859/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/20/stories/2006012000570400.htm |work=www.hindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dream run |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-run/article3816275.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She later worked as a clinical psychology intern in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=I think I am a very lucky actor: Lenaa |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/29/actor-lenaa-interview-kgf2-olam-scriptwriter-director.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=I think I am a very lucky actor: Lenaa |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Lena made her debut in [[Jayaraj]]'s ''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]'', which was followed by critically acclaimed ''[[Karunam]]'' She had already established as a lead actress in the Malayalam television industry with serials like ''[[Omanathinkal Pakshi]]'', ''Ohari'', ''Malayogam'' and ''Thadankalpalayam'' before focusing on her film career. She is also a television host and manages the [[YouTube]] [[Vlog|Vlogging channel]] – ''Lena's Magazine''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/lena-nepal-journey-viral-video.html |title=അടിപൊളി ലുക്കിൽ ലെനയുടെ നേപ്പാൾ യാത്ര; വൈറലായി വിഡിയോ {{pipe}} lenas magazine {{pipe}} lena nepal journey {{pipe}} lena baldy look |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105013404/https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/lena-nepal-journey-viral-video.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of her noted performances were in the critically acclaimed ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011) after which she acted in films such in ''[[Snehaveedu]]'', ''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]'', ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'', ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' and ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' in supporting roles.<ref name="HND">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071201140859/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/20/stories/2006012000570400.htm She is no cry baby] The Hindu Entertainment, Thiruvananthapuram</ref> Lenaa will star alongside Adil Hussain (Parched, Hotel Salvation) in a British-Indian feature titled ''Footprints On Water'', to be directed by Nathalia Syam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/30/nimisha-sajayan-lena-kumar-join-adil-hussain-in-footprints-on-water-2216831.html |title=Nimisha Sajayan, Lena Kumar join Adil Hussain in 'Footprints on Water' |date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005645/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/30/nimisha-sajayan-lena-kumar-join-adil-hussain-in-footprints-on-water-2216831.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, she said she had plans for a directorial debut as she confirmed the completion of the first draft of a new project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-in-the-lockdown-i-finished-scripting-the-first-draft-for-my-directorial-debut/articleshow/79717374.cms |title=Lena: In the lockdown, I finished scripting the first draft for my directorial debut – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214090928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-in-the-lockdown-i-finished-scripting-the-first-draft-for-my-directorial-debut/articleshow/79717374.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, she published ''The Autobiography of God'', a book about her life and views on mental health.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nabiyar |first1=Mahima |title=I was a Buddhist monk in my previous birth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenaa-on-her-past-life-i-was-a-buddhist-monk-in-my-previous-birth/articleshow/104881842.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 2023 |publisher=Times Entertainment |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lena married Abhilash Kumar in 2004, whom she divorced in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-reveals-that-she-parted-ways-with-her-ex-husband-in-a-friendly-manner-shared-a-gulab-jamun-on-the-day-of-their-divorce/articleshow/96735098.cms |title=Lena: Lena says she parted ways with her ex-husband in a friendly – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> On 27 February 2024, she announced that she had married Group Captain [[Prasanth Nair (astronaut)|Prasanth Nair]], an [[astronaut]] designated for the [[Gaganyaan]] mission to space.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/actor-lena-reveals-her-marriage-to-gaganyaan-pilot-prasanth-nair|title=Actor Lena reveals her marriage to Gaganyaan pilot Prasanth Nair|author=Staff|work=The News Minute|date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Lena film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]'' || Ammu ||Debut Malayalam film<ref name="OM"/>
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Karunam]]'' || Nun ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2000||''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]'' ||Beena||
|-
| ''[[Devadoothan]]'' ||Annie Kurian||
|-
| ''[[Indriyam]]'' ||Sreedevi || <ref name="T"/>
|-
| ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' ||Deepa||
|-
| ''[[Shantham]]'' || Raghavan's wife ||
|-
| ''Varnakkazchchakal'' ||Renuka ||
|-
| ''Manassu Muthal Manassu Vare'' || ||
|-
| 2001|| ''[[Randam Bhavam (2001 film)|Randam Bhavam]]'' ||Manikkutty ||
|-
| 2004|| ''[[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]'' ||Parvathi ||
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || Selina ||
|-
| 2008|| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' ||Julia ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009||''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' ||Parvathi||
|-
| ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]'' ||Maria ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' ||Adi's teacher|| Cameo
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]'' ||Meera||
|-
| ''Thirunakkara Perumal'' ||Gracy ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010||''[[April Fool (2010 film)|April Fool]]'' ||Letha|| Cameo
|-
| ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]'' ||Dr.Susan|| Cameo
|-
| ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' ||Parvathi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' ||Saraswathi ||
|-
| ''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' ||Sneha Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Raama Raavanan]]'' ||Muthulakshmi/Malli ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011||''[[Athe Mazha Athe Veyil]]'' ||Sreelakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Khaddama]]'' ||Zarina||
|-
| ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' ||Seethalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Snehaveedu]]'' ||Lilly ||
|-
| ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' ||Shruthi|| {{Won}}{{br list | —SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role | Won—[[Filmfare Award]] for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam | Won—Amrita Film Award for Best Supporting Actor (Female)}}
|-
| ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |2012|| ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' ||Angel ||
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' ||Sheela Mathews Kattuparambil||
|-
| ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'' ||Sethu's friend ||Cameo
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocent Aanu]]'' || Adabia ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]'' ||Roopa Vasudevan||
|-
| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' ||Gayathri teacher ||
|-
| ''[[MLA Mani: Patham Classum Gusthiyum]]'' ||MLA Lakshmi Priya||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' || Tessa ||
|-
| ''[[Orange (2012 film)|Orange]]'' ||Saritha||
|-
| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' ||ASP Supriya Raghavan || {{Won}}—[[Asianet Film Awards#Best Supporting Actress|Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''Red Alert'' ||Anu ||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' ||Fathima Abdul Razaq||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2013|| ''[[101 Chodyangal]]'' || Sathi ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]'' || Cyns Ria ||
|-
| ''[[Arikil Oraal]]'' || Aarathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ayaal]]''||Devaki Antharjanam ||
|-
| ''[[Careebeyans]]'' || Ganga||
|-
| ''[[Cowboy (2013 film)|Cowboy]]'' ||Veena ||
|-
| ''[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|David and Goliath]]'' || Jainamma ||
|-
| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || Anitha ||
|-
| ''[[Kanyaka Talkies]]'' || Ancy || {{Won}}—[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress ]]
|-
| ''[[Tourist Home (film)|Tourist Home]]'' || Patient's wife ||
|-
| ''White Paper'' ||Asha ||
|-
| ''Weeping Boy'' || Sreedevi Sahadevan||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2014|| ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]'' || Sereena ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Hi I'm Tony]]'' || Elizabeth Tony ||
|-
| ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]'' ||Kazhali ||
|-
| ''[[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]'' || Gracy ||
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal]]'' ||Maya ||
|-
| ''[[RajadhiRaja]]'' ||Vidyalakshmi ||
|-
| ''Thomson Villa''|| Sheela Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' ||Molly ||
|-
| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]'' || Lakshmi Nair ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2015 || ''[[Alif (2015 film)|Alif]]'' ||Fathima ||
|-
| ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' ||Vinitha teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]'' ||Farah ||
|-
| ''[[Nee-Na]]'' ||Counselor Pearl||
|-
| ''[[Nirnnayakam]]'' ||Government Pleader Nirmala ||
|-
| ''[[Love 24x7]]''||Jayashree ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''||Pathumma ||<ref>Baradwaj Rangan (31 October 2015). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7823114.ece "In love with love stories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218063633/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7823114.ece |date=18 February 2018 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[My God (film)|My God]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Two Countries]]''||Susan ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2016
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Dr. Deepa Menon||
|-
| ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]'' ||IG Haritha Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gada]]''||Jean ||
|-
| ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' || Gladys||
|-
|rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations ]]'' || Ruby||
|-
| ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' ||Deepa Manoj ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''||Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Visheshapetta BiriyaniKissa (film)|Oru Visheshapetta BiriyaniKissa]]''||Thaara ||
|-
| ''Thank You Very Much'' ||Achyuth's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Adam John (film)|Adam John]]'' ||Daisy ||
|-
| ''[[Ramaleela (film)|Ramaleela]]''||Olga John||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Meera |title='Dileep and his character Ramanunni MLA share a lot of similarities' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Apr/20/dileep-and-his-character-ramanunni-mla-share-a-lot-of-similarities-1595532.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vimaanam]]'' ||Mable||
|-
| ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' ||Minister Sethulakshmi Krishnadas||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018 ||''[[Aadhi]]''||Rosy||
|-
|| [[Ira (2018 film)|''Ira'']] ||Adv. Daisy||
|-
| ''[[Bonsai (2018 film)|Bonsai]]''||Mom ||
|-
| ''[[Suvarna Purushan]]''||Mary||
|-
| ''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]''||S. Sujatha ||
|-
| ''Paviyettante Madhurachooral''||Annie ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 ||''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam|Varikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]''|| Annie ||
|-
| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]''|| ADGP Indulekha||
|-
| ''[[Athiran]]''|| Renuka ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''|| Diya's mother ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anveshanam]]''|| Sony ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
||''[[Sajan Bakery Since 1962]]''||Betsy ||
|-
| ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]''|| Ann || Sequel of the 2011 film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022 ||''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''|| Susan Anjoottikkaran ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty One Gms]]''|| SP Rachel ||
|-
| ''Two Men'' || Ameena||
|-
| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Mariyam George ||
|-
| ''Louis'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2023 || ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' || Sulu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ennalum Ente Aliya censoring completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/20/ennalum-ente-aliya-censoring-completed-37929.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310201314/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/20/ennalum-ente-aliya-censoring-completed-37929.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oh My Darling (film)|Oh My Darling]]'' || Jenny's and Jasmine's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anikha Surendran's Oh My Darling trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/12/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-trailer-out-39895.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405094009/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/12/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-trailer-out-39895.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]'' || Devika ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's Malayalam Film Anuragam To Be Released On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-malayalam-film-anuragam-to-be-released-on-this-date-7646269.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174458/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-malayalam-film-anuragam-to-be-released-on-this-date-7646269.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=ആസിഫ് അലി നായകനാകുന്ന റസൂൽ പൂക്കുട്ടി ചിത്രം; 'ഒറ്റ'യുടെ ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-in-rasool-pookkutty-movie-otta-trailer-released-1.9006004 |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' || Hemaji ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dileep's 'Bandra' teaser leaves fans excited for action-packed drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/23/dileep-bandra-teaser-tamannaah-bhatia-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dance Party'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhama Dhama song from Dance Party ft Shine Tom Chacko, Prayaga Martin is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/dhama-dhama-song-from-dance-party-ft-shine-tom-chacko-prayaga-martin-is-out-49350.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khali Purse of Billionaires]]'' || Sakthi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-aju-to-play-it-entrepreneurs-in-khali-purse-of-the-billionaires/articleshow/79490507.cms?from=mdr|title=Dhyan, Aju to play IT entrepreneurs in Khali Purse of the Billionaires|date=1 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Achanoru Vazha Vechu'' ||Shalini Mithra ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/achanoru-vazha-vechu-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-niranjs-family-entertainer/articleshow/105923166.cms?from=mdr|title='Achanoru Vazha Vechu' OTT release: When and where to watch Niranj's family entertainer|date=12 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Olam'' ||Huda Fukrudeen ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/02/arjun-ashokan-lenaas-olam-trailer-is-here-45181.html|title=Arjun Ashokan, Lenaa's Olam trailer is here|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2 July 2023 }}</ref> Story, script and dialogues also by Lenaa
|-
| ''Vanitha'' || Vanitha||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/vanitha/movieshow/97025470.cms|title=VanithaU|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Article 21 (film)|Article 21]]'' || Thamarai ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-of-malayalam-movie-article-21-lenin-balakrishnan-all-praise-for-actor-lena-for-her-work-in-the-film/article67126920.ece|title=Debutant director Lenin Balakrishnan all praise for actor Lena for her work in his Malayalam movie 'Article 21'|first=Shilpa Nair|last=Anand|date=27 July 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Hope'' || Sara John||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2024 || ''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]'' || Sauda||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Sajid Yahiya's Big-budget Malayalam Film Qalb Set To Release In Theatres On January 12 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sajid-yahiyas-big-budget-malayalam-film-qalb-set-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-12-8736106.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]'' || Indu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-17 |title=Chandhune Tholpikkan Aavoollada song from Idiyan Chandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/17/chandhune-tholpikkan-aavoollada-song-from-idiyan-chandhu-out |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nunakkuzhi]]'' || Nancy||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-07 |title=Basil Joseph-Jeethu Joseph film Nunakuzhi confirms OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Sep/07/basil-joseph-jeethu-joseph-film-nunakuzhi-confirms-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Siju Wilson and Balu Varghese's Pushpaka Vimanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/06/siju-wilson-and-balu-vargheses-pushpaka-vimanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '' Kummatikali'' || Indira|| <ref>{{cite web | title=Dulquer Salmaan launches the trailer of Madhav Suresh-Lena starrer 'Kummatikali' | work=The Times of India | date=8 March 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-launches-the-trailer-of-madhav-suresh-lena-starrer-kummatikali/articleshow/108327900.cms }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Ouseppinte Osyath]]'' || Annie ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-13 |title=Vijayaraghavan-starrer Ouseppinte Osiyathu gets a release date, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/vijayaraghavan-starrer-ouseppinte-osiyathu-gets-a-release-date-first-look-out |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]''|| Lakshmi||<ref>{{cite web | title=Dominic and the Ladies' Purse | Film Critics Guild | url=https://filmcriticsguild.com/mreviews/dominic-and-the-ladies-purse/ }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nancy Rani]]'' ||Sister Clare||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Ahaana Krishna to play a die-hard Mammootty fan in Nancy Rani, second poster out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ahaana-krishna-to-play-a-die-hard-mammootty-fan-in-nancy-rani-second-poster-out/d5bcf518bf788 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 ||''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]''|| Theresa Samuel ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-26 |title=Jeethu Joseph-Biju Menon-Joju George's Valathu Vashathe Kallan launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/26/jeethu-joseph-biju-menon-joju-georges-valathu-vashathe-kallan-launched |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Lena other language film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role !! Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Anegan]]'' || Dr. Radhika || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <ref name="T">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/acting-in-tamil-is-a-win-win-situation-for-malayali-actors-lena/articleshow/67601897.cms |title=Acting in Tamil is a win-win situation for Malayali actors: Lena – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123141140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/acting-in-tamil-is-a-win-win-situation-for-malayali-actors-lena/articleshow/67601897.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' || Deepti Jayarajan ||[[Hindi]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lena-heads-to-Rajasthan-for-Akshay-Kumar-film/articleshow/49527177.cms |title=Lena heads to Rajasthan for Akshay Kumar film |work=Sanjit Sidhardhan |date=26 October 2015 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029050002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lena-heads-to-Rajasthan-for-Akshay-Kumar-film/articleshow/49527177.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Dr. Chakravarthy'' || Vandana Chakravarthy || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''|| Kalpana || rowspan="3"|Tamil || <ref name="T"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Draupadi (2020 film)|Draupadi]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[O2 (2022 film)|O2]]'' || Manorama || <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lena-to-play-a-cop-in-nayanthara-starrer-o2/articleshow/92105077.cms</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Lena television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''Sneha'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || || rowspan="13" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''[[Omanathinkal Pakshi]]'' || Asianet || Jancy ||<ref name="TheHindu2006">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/she-is-no-cry-baby/article3216829.ece |title=She is no cry baby |first=Shilpa Nair |last=Anand |date=20 January 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301021904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/she-is-no-cry-baby/article3216829.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''Ohari'' || [[Amrita TV]] || ||<ref name="TheHindu2006" />
|-
| 2006 || ''Thadangal Palayam'' || Asianet || ||
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''Malayogam'' || Asianet || Revathi ||
|-
| 2007–2008 || ''Chilluvilakku'' || [[Surya TV]] || Dr. Lekha ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Aranazhika Neram'' || Amrita TV || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Kanal Kireedam'' || Surya TV || Nandhini ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Thulabharam'' || Surya TV || Shalini ||
|-
| 2010–2011 || ''Alavudeente Albuthavilakku'' || Asianet || Mumthaz ||
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''Pattukalude Pattu'' || Surya TV || Swapna ||
|-
| 2013–2014 || ''Satyameva Jayate'' || Surya TV || Sherya Saran IPS ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Manjuthirum Mumpe'' || DD Malayalam || Seetha Nandan ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Shaitan (TV series)|Shaitan]]'' || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] || Mary Joseph || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|}

==Independent projects and endorsements==
===As dubbing artist===
*2022 – ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' – [[voiceover]] for [[Raveena Tandon]] ([[Malayalam]] dubbed version)
*2024 - ''[[Barroz]]'' – [[voiceover]] for [[Suneeta Rao]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I was a buddhist monk in my past life: Actor Lenaa|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Oct/28/i-was-a-buddhist-monk-in-my-past-lifeactor-lenaa-2627611.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2023-10-28|access-date=2025-01-23}}</ref>
*2025 - ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' – [[voiceover]] for [[Mandira Bedi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2025-01-06 |title=Identity review: This Trisha-Tovino thriller with clever ideation is pulled down by the layering |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/identity-review-this-trisha-tovino-thriller-with-clever-ideation-is-pulled-down-by-the-layering |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

===As host===
* ''Your Choice'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* ''Amul Sangeetha Mahayudham'' ([[Surya TV]])
* ''Vivel Big Break'' (Surya TV)
* ''Lena's Magazine'' ([[YouTube]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-lenas-solo-travel-experiences-to-be-featured-in-her-youtube-channel-n-119865.html |title=ഒറ്റക്കൊരു സ്ത്രീ യാത്ര ചെയ്താൽ; കാണാക്കാഴ്ചകളും കേൾക്കാ കഥകളുമായി ലെന |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182443/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-lenas-solo-travel-experiences-to-be-featured-in-her-youtube-channel-n-119865.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Album===
* ''Pranayam''
* ''Pranayathin Ormakkayi''
* ''Amma Manasam''

===Endorsements===
* Grandma's
* MJ Foods
* Indulekha Bringa Hair Oil
* Maruthua Panja Jeerakam

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" width="5%"| Year
! scope="col" width="30%" | Award
! scope="col" width="40%" | Category
! scope="col" width="40%" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|Kerala State TV Awards
|Best Actress
|''Aranazhika Neram''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=State television awards announced |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012856280400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129010747/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012856280400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Atlas Film Critics TV Award
|Best Second Actress
|''Chilluvillakku''
|{{won}}

|<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas TV awards announced |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article43911.ece |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220043128/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article43911.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="ffs2012">{{cite web |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506172745/https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=6 May 2020 |date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Amrita Film Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita TV |url=http://www.amritatv.com/afa/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014060735/http://www.amritatv.com/afa/winners.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
|Second Best Actor (Female)
|''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'', ''[[Athe Mazha Athe Veyil]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2012
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2015
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
|Second Best Actor (Female)
|''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]]
| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' and ''[[Kanyaka Talkies]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2014 |title=Kerala state film award: Unexpected honour for Lena |newspaper=City Times |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/bollywood/2014/April/bollywood_April34.xml&section=citytimes |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424195838/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/bollywood/2014/April/bollywood_April34.xml&section=citytimes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left RIght Left]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Character Actress
| rowspan="5" |[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[1st IIFA Utsavam]]
|Performance In A Supporting Role – Female
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2018
|Master Vision International
|Excellency Award
|Many movies
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Toronto International South Asian Film Awards (TISFA)
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress
|[[Adam Joan]] & [[Vimaanam]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="tisfa">{{cite web |title=Winners TISFA 2019 |url=http://tisfa.ca/winners-2019/ |website=Toronto International South Asian Film Awards |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526185120/http://tisfa.ca/winners-2019/ |archive-date=26 May 2020 |location=Toronto |year=2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Janmabhoomi Legends of Kerala
|
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|[[Aadhi]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2022
|Ramu Kariat Awards
|Best Character Actress
|Various films
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|2445419}}
* {{Facebook|lenaasmagazine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Lena Mohan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Hari Sri Vidya Nidhi School alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Anjali Roy

2026-04-12T16:52:06Z

KK JANGIR: Adding First Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian mycologist, professor and author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| name = Anjali Roy
| image = Prof_Dr_Anjali_Roy.jpeg
| birth_date = April 1930
| birth_place = [[Rajshahi]]
| death_date = 22 January 2017
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| fields = [[Mycology]]
| workplaces = School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta University of Burdwan Visva-Bharati University
| education = [[University of Calcutta]]
| doctoral_advisor = S. N. Banerjee
| academic_advisors = [[Mildred Katherine Nobles]]
| known_for = [[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]] of [[polypore]]s
}}
'''Anjali Roy''' (April 1930 – 22 January 2017) was an eminent Indian [[mycologist]] and academic. The [[fungus]] genus ''[[Royoporus]]'' is named in her honour.

==Early life==
Roy was born in April 1930 in [[Rajshahi]], then in [[British Raj|pre-Independence India]] and now in [[Bangladesh]]. She passed her [[matriculation]] examination from the girls' school there in 1945. She graduated with honors in [[botany]] from [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], and her post-graduation from Ballygunge Science College in 1952. She obtained a [[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]] from the [[Calcutta University]] under the guidance of S. N. Banerjee.<ref name="obit1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fungiindia.co.in/images/kavaka/48/Obituary.pdf |title=Obituary: Prof. Anjali Roy |last1=De |first1=Dr. Asit Baran |last2=Ranadive |first2=Dr. Kiran Ramchandra |date=30 June 2017 |editor-last=Atri |editor-first=N S |series=Kavaka (Transactions), Vol. 48 (1) |publisher=Mycological Society of India |page=68 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607014002/http://www.fungiindia.co.in/images/kavaka/48/Obituary.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early research and academics==
Roy's initial post-doctoral research, on the ''Coriolellus'', was conducted in Canada where she was mentored by [[Mildred K. Nobles]]. Returning to India, she began work as a [[medical mycology|medical mycologist]] in the [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]]. In 1974, she joined the [[University of Burdwan]] as a [[lecturer]]. Five years later, she moved to the [[Visva-Bharati University]], where she remained until she retired in 1995. Roy as professor mentored 10 [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] students.<ref name="obit2">{{cite journal |title=Anjali Roy (1930–2017) |last1=De |first1= Asit Baran |last2=Ranadive |first2=Kiran Ramchandra |date=1 June 2017 |journal=IMA Fungus |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/BF03449430 |page=A23|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Specialization in polypores==
[[File:Elmerina holophaea.jpg|thumb|180px|right|upright=2.0|''Elmerina holophaea'', a polypore with gills]]
Roy developed a lasting interest in wood-rotting [[polypore]]s, and devoted herself to the [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the group of fungi, characterizing them based on [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[anatomy]], characteristics in [[Microbiological culture|cultures]], chemical responses, the type of rot they induced and their [[Mating in fungi|sexuality]]. She authored around 150 papers on the subject, and was published in authoritative journals in her field. She also served on the advisory committee of the ''Journal of Mycopathological Research'', the official journal of the Indian Mycological Society.<ref name="obit2" />

Roy's research culminated in a [[monograph]] titled ''Polyporaceae of India'' in 1996, a collaboration with her student Asit Baran De.<ref name="obit1" /> The monograph summarized 114 [[Polyporaceae]] species, based mainly on the authors' own material collected over a forty-year period from across India. Besides, they also studied the collections at many botanical institutions, especially in the Presidency College and the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] in [[Dehradun]].<ref name="nhbs">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhbs.com/polyporaceae-of-india-book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012124324/https://www.nhbs.com/polyporaceae-of-india-book |archive-date=12 October 2022 |website=Natural History Book Service |access-date=12 October 2022 |title= Polyporaceae of India |url-status=live}}</ref>

De went on to [[eponym|name]] a genus of Polyporaceae, ''[[Royoporus]]'', in her honour.<ref name="obit2" />

Roy died on 22 January 2017.<ref name="obit1" />

==Bibliography==
'''Books:'''<ref name="biblio">{{cite web |url=https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-2-12/Kiran%20Ramchandra%20Ranadive.pdf |title=An overview of Aphyllophorales (wood rotting fungi) from India |last=Ranadive |first=Kiran Ramchandra |date=1 December 2013 |series=IJCMAS Vol 2, No. 12 (2013) ISSN: 2319-7706 |publisher=International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences|page=137 |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
*Roy, Anjali and De, Asit Baran (1996). ''Polyporaceae of India''. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India. pp. 309. {{ISBN|978-8170892137}}

'''Journal Articles:'''<ref name="biblio" />
*Studies on hyperpigmented form of ''Trichophyton rubrum''. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02132423 Mycopathol. 27:1–8] (1965).
*Anatomy of Indian Polyporaceae. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 22, (1968).
*A significant variation of ''Microsporum gypseum''. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02051329 Mycopathol. 37:45–48], (1969).
*Anatomy of India Polyporaceae V: ''Polyporus anthelminticus'' Berk. Visva Bharati Annals (Sc.) Part II. 14, 20–29, (1971).
*Some micro-structures in relation to Polyporaceae. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02063052 Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 48, 111–119], (1972).
*Record of ''Poria xylostromatoides'' from India. Sci. and Cult., 39,179–398, (1973).
*Anatomy of India Polyporaceae VI: ''Hexagonia discopoda'' and ''H. sulcata''. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 29, 57–64, (1975).
*Structures of zones in fruiting bodies of Polyporaceae. Nova Hedwigia 27, 801-804, (1976).
*Taxonomy of ''Fomes durissimus''. Mycologia 71, 1005–1009, (1979).
*Studies on Indian Polypores IV, Morphological and cultural characters of ''Polyporus grammocephalus''. Mycologia 73 (1), 150–156, (1981).
*Studies on Indian Polypores.VI. Morphological and cultural characters of ''Irpex flavus'' Klotzch. Nova Hedwigia. 34, 259–263, (1981).
*Studies on Indian Polypores-VIII. Morphological and Cultural characters of ''Ganoderma colossum'' (Fr.) Torrend. Ibid. 35, 749–754, (1981).
*Studies on Indian Polypores.V. Morphological and cultural characters of ''Trametes cubensis''. Can. J. Bot. 60, 192–1015, (1982).
*Hyphal system in [[Aphyllophorales]] and their respective evolution. Science and Culture 48, 372–376, (1982).
*Wood-rotting fungi and their role in tree ecosystem. Science and Culture 48, 246–268, (1983).
*New records of two wood rotting fungi from India. Indian Forester 11(2), With Mitra, A and Dutta, S (1985).
*Lignin Biodegradation - Present status and future. ''Current Science'' 56, 350-353, (1987).
*Cultural characters and mating system of ''Trametes lactinea''. Nova Hedwigia 44, 121–124, (1987).
*Beta-glucosidase of a white-rot fungus ''Trametes gibbosa''. Biochem. Internat. 28(5), With Bhattacharjee, B and Majumder, A L (1992).
*Taxonomy of ''Hexagonia scutellata'' comb. nov. J. Mycopath., With De, Asit Baran (1998).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Anjali}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian mycologists]]
[[Category:Women mycologists]]

Dawood Ghaznavi

2026-04-12T02:58:23Z

KK JANGIR: made the post first draft.

{{Short description|British Indian Islamic Scholar (1895–1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dawood Ghaznavi
| office1 = Member of [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab provincial Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1946
| term_end1 = 1947
| office2 = Member of [[1951 Punjab provincial election|Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start2 = 7 May 1951
| term_end2 = 14 October 1955
| office = 1st [[Emir]] of [[Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith]]
| term_start = 24 July 1948
| term_end = 16 December 1963
| preceded = ''position established''
| succeeded = [[Muhammad Ismail Salafi]]
}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix = [[Mawlana]], [[Shaykh]]
| name = Dawood Ghaznavi داؤد غزنوی
| title =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Non-denominational Muslim|Ghayr muqallid]]
| movement = [[Ahl-i Hadith]]
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1895}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|1895}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]], Lahore
| education =
| main_interests = [[Ilm al-Hadith]], [[Aqeeda]], [[Fiqh]]
| notable_ideas =
}}

'''Muhammad Daud Ghaznavi''' (better known as '''Dawood Ghaznavi''' or '''Daud Ghaznavi'''; 1895 – 16 December 1963), was an Islamic scholar, journalist, teacher, writer and politician in [[British Raj|British India]] and a leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]. He served as the president of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Punjab Provincial Congress Committee]], and co-founded [[Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]], the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith]]. He was member of [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Provincial Assembly]].

In 1946, as a politician of [[Indian National Congress|Indian national congress]], Ghaznavi had participated in [[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election]] and was member of [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Provincial Assembly]] from 1946 to 1947. After four years of service in [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], he joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in August 1946. After [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]], he participated in [[1951 Punjab provincial election]] and became a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]].

== Early life ==
Dawood Ghaznavi was born in 1895 in [[Amritsar]]. He received Islamic education from his father Syed Abdul Jabbar Ghaznavi and his cousin Syed Abdul Awal Ghaznavi.{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=98}}<ref name="jang">{{Cite web |title=مولانا سید محمد داؤد غزنویؒ [Maulana Syed Muhammad Daud Ghaznavi] |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/1048762 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Daily Jang]] |language=ur}}</ref> He moved to [[Delhi]] for higher education, where he studied hadith under the tutelage of Abdullah Ghazipuri, who was one of the students of [[Syed Nazeer Husain]].{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=98}}

Ghaznavi's full name is '''Dawood Ghaznavi ibn [[Abdul Jabbar Ghaznavi]] ibn [[Abdullah Ghaznavi]] ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad Sharif Ghaznavi'''.{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=31}}{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=98}}

== Career ==
Ghaznavi started his political career by joining the congress party in 1942 and participated in [[Quit India Movement]].{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=103}} He actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Ghaznavi was elected the president of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Punjab Provincial Congress Committee]] in 1946.{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=132}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmacandran |title=Red jihad: Islamic communism in India 1920-1950 |publisher=Indus Scrolls Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-90981-28-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=281}}</ref> He was jailed for 3 years for participating in a campaign against the British and was released in 1924.{{Sfn|Iraqi|2004|p=139}} Ghaznavi was one of the co-founders of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=44}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbasi |first=Qazi Mohammad Adeel |title=Tareekh-e-Khilafat |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9798888693322 |location=Chennai |pages=39–40 |language=Urdu |translator-last=Ansari |translator-first=Arif |trans-title=The Khilafat Movement}}</ref> and [[Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]].{{Sfn|Iraqi|2004|p=139}} In 1946, being the politician of [[Indian National Congress|Indian national congress]], he participated in [[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|assembly elections]] and became a member of the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Provincial Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Neeti |title=Changing homelands: Hindu politics and the partition of India |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-674-05779-1 |location=Cambridge, Mass |pages=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harkirat Singh |title=The INA trial and the Raj |date=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0316-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=91}}</ref> Due to indifferences with [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], he joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] on 2nd August 1946.{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=103}}{{Sfn|Ghaznavi|1974|p=247}}

After [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]], as a member of Muslim League, he participated in [[1951 Punjab provincial election]] and became a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Assembly {{!}} Members - Legislative Assembly Second (Post) |url=https://www.pap.gov.pk/en/members/past-members/punjab-legislative-assembly-1947-to-1955/legislative-assembly-second-post |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Provincial Assembly]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=105}}

The [[Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith|Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith Maghribi Pakistan]] was founded in a historic meeting on 24 July 1948 at the Darul Uloom Taqwiyatul Islam in [[Lahore]] by a number of [[Salafi]] Islamic scholars, including [[Ibrahim Mir]], [[Abdullah Ropari]], [[Muhammad Ishaq Bhatti]], Dawood Ghaznavi and others. Ghaznavi was elected as the first [[emir]] of the Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith. He served [[emir]] from 1948 until his death in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ghaznawi family {{!}} Umm-Ul-Qura Publications |url=https://umm-ul-qura.org/2015/08/18/hafiz-abdullah-ghaznawi/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ghaznavi died on 16 December 1963, and was buried in the [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan.<ref name="jang"/>

== Works ==
Dawood Ghaznavi has written more than 20 books including;<ref>{{Cite web |title= Syed Dawood Ghaznavi |url=https://kitabosunnat.com/musannifeen/syed-daoud-ghaznavi |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=kitabosunnat.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Iraqi|2003|p=126}}
* ''Eid-e-Meelad''<ref>{{Cite web |title=eid-e-meelad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/eid-e-meelad-maulana-mohammad-daud-ghaznavi-ebooks |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Qurbani ki rooh''
* ''Uswa-e-Hussain''
* ''Islami riasat ke asasi usool-w-tasawrat''
* ''Masla-e-touheed''

== References ==
===Citations===

{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book|last=Iraqi|first=Abdul Rasheed|url=https://kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/ghaznawi-khandan|title=غزنوی خاندان|publisher=Imam Shamsul Haque Dianwi Publishers|year=2003|edition=1st|location=Karachi|pages=98–147|language=Urdu|trans-title=The Ghaznavi family|access-date=18 January 2025}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |trans-title= A Historical Review the Jamiat Ulama|date=1970 |language=ur|oclc=16907808}}
* {{Cite book|last=Iraqi|first=Abdul Rasheed|url=https://kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/tazkara-tu-al-nubala-fi-trajim-al-ulama|title=تذکرۃ النبلاء فی تراجم العلماء|publisher=Baitul Hikmat|year=2004|edition=1st|location=Lahore, Pakistan|pages=137–140|language=Urdu|trans-title=Tazkirat al-Nabula; translations of scholars|access-date=18 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ghaznavi|first=Abu Bakr|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-daud-ghaznvi-ebooks?lang=ur|title=مولانا داؤد غزنوی|publisher=Maktab Ghaznaviya|year=1974|edition=1st|location=Lahore, Pakistan|language=Urdu|trans-title=Maulana Dawood Ghaznavi|access-date=18 January 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaznavi, Dawood}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]
[[Category:Burials at Miani Sahib Graveyard]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male writers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Founders of Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]

Mahua Sarkar

2026-04-02T05:35:16Z

KK JANGIR: Put up new article

{{Short description|Indian historical sociologist}}
{{notability|Academics|date=July 2017}}
'''Mahua Sarkar''' is an Indian [[Historical sociology|historical sociologist]]. She is a professor of sociology at [[University of Toronto Scarborough]] and previously served as the Professor of Sociology, and Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at [[Binghamton University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahua Sarkar |url=https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/sociology/mahua-sarkar |website=Department of Sociology, University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/sociology/faculty/profile.html?id=msarkar|title=Mahua Sarkar|work=Our faculty|publisher=Binghamton University Sociology|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref> During the 2016–17 academic year, she was France-ILO chair at the [[Institut des Etudes Avancées in Nantes]], France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea-nantes.fr/fr/chercheurs/sarkar-mahua_373|title=Mahua SARKAR - Résidents - Fondation Institut d'Études Avancées de Nantes|website=www.iea-nantes.fr}}</ref> In 2011–12, she was a fellow at Re:Work, the Work and Human Life Cycle in Global History institute at [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt University]], Berlin, and in 2013–14 she was EURIAS fellow at the [[Berlin Institute for Advanced Study|Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/en/fellows/academic-year|title=Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin: Mahua Sarkar, Ph.D.|website=Mahua Sarkar, Ph.D.}}</ref>

== Books ==
Sarkar is the author or editor of:
*Mahua Sarkar (ed.) ''Work Out of Place'' (2017)<ref>''Work Out of Place''. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2017.</ref>
*Mahua Sarkar, ''Visible Histories, Disappearing Women: Producing Muslim Womanhood in Late Colonial Bengal'' (2008).<ref>''Visible Histories, Disappearing Women: Producing Muslim Womanhood in Late Colonial Bengal''. Duke University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-4215-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8223-4234-2}}. Simultaneous South Asian edition: Zubaan Books, 2008. {{ISBN|978 81 89884 43 7}}. Reviews:
*{{citation|last=Ghosh|first=Durba|date=February 2009|issue=1|journal=Social History|jstor=25594329|pages=82–83|title=none|volume=34|doi=10.1080/03071020902778543}}
*{{citation|last=Majumdar|first=Rochona|date=July 2009|issue=28|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|jstor=40279257|pages=30–32|title=Processes that rendered Muslim women invisible|volume=44}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Indian women sociologists]]
[[Category:State University of New York faculty]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of Islam]]
[[Category:Feminist historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto Scarborough]]

{{Sociologist-stub}}

P. I. Rajeev

2026-03-25T10:14:25Z

KK JANGIR: Made pg!

{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}{{Orphan|date=February 2017}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=April 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:P I Rajeev.jpg|alt=P I Rajeev|thumb|upright|P. I. Rajeev]]
'''P. I. Rajeev''' is an Indian investigative journalist and columnist. He has written extensively for the ''[[Indian Express]]'' and ''[[India Today]]''. former Resident Editor of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in Kerala. Now working as Executive Editor of ''Mathrubhumi Daily'', Kerala.

Rajeev has also covered the communal riots in different parts of the country.

==Career==
Rajeev from Kozhikode (Calicut) began his journalism career at the ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' in Mumbai in 1987 and later joined in Indore. He then moved to the ''Madhya Pradesh Chronicle'' as its Features Editor.

He shifted to the ''Indian Express'' in New Delhi in 1990. He was transferred to [[Kozhikode]] in 1993, but later took over as chief reporter in 1994. He was promoted as Associate Editor of ''[[The New Indian Express|New Indian Express]]'' Kochi in 2003.

Rajeev quit the ''New Indian Express'' and joined the ''Indian Express'' to improve its reportage in South India. He was Senior Editor of South India during 2005–2008. Later was made Resident Editor of Gujarat where he served till 2011.

He was the Resident Editor of ''[[The Times of India]]'' at Central India for a brief period in 2011–12. Afterwards he joined as Managing Editor (South India) of ''India Today'' in 2012 and is now with ''The Hindu'' from June 2015.

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141004075439/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/author/Rajeev-P.I./1.html indiatoday.intoday.in]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeev, P. I.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]

Heroine (2012 film)

2026-03-21T19:38:11Z

KK JANGIR: small changes

{{Short description|2012 film by Madhur Bhandarkar}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Heroine (2012 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] Madhur Bhandarkar
| story = Madhur Bhandarkar
| writer = [[Anuraadha Tewari]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Heroine-cannot-be-pulled-off-by-a-pregnant-actor/articleshow/9123458.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706213804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news-interviews/29742432_1_jaya-gender-discrimination-heroine |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Heroine cannot be pulled off by a pregnant actor }}</ref>
 Madhur Bhandarkar [[Niranjan Iyengar]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Kareena Kapoor]] [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Randeep Hooda]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Limaye]]
| editing = Devendra Murudeshwar
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] Bhandarkar Entertainment
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|21|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-to-release-on-Kareena-s-birthday/Article1-867496.aspx |title=Heroine to release on Kareena's birthday |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609021342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-to-release-on-Kareena-s-birthday/Article1-867496.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web |title=HEROINE (12A) – British Board of Film Classification |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/heroine-2012-2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419193528/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/heroine-2012-2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=8 October 2012 |date=18 September 2012}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Heroine''''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈɦiːɾoːɪn}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological drama]] film written, directed, and co-produced by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]. The film stars [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Mahi Arora, a once-successful film actress whose career is on the decline, alongside [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Randeep Hooda]] in supporting roles.

''Heroine'' was released on 21 September 2012 across 2000 screens, coinciding with Kapoor's 32nd birthday. Despite mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, Kapoor's performance received widespread critical acclaim, and is considered to be one of her best performances. Kapoor received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination at the [[58th Filmfare Awards]] for her performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfare.com/features/kareena-kapoor-khans-best-roles-till-date-22021.amp |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan's best roles till date |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125133250/https://m.filmfare.com/features/kareena-kapoor-khans-best-roles-till-date-22021.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
A journalist reports on the life of Mahi Arora, a [[Movie star|renowned film actress]], describing her as unstable and problematic, but damaged and lonely due to [[childhood trauma]], and [[bipolar disorder]]. Through a flashback, we are shown Mahi's relationship with leading film actor, Aryan Khanna. Aryan is going through a [[Divorce in India|divorce]] whilst dating Mahi. The couple make a [[sex tape]] of themselves. When Mahi learns of an intimate scene Aryan is shooting for a film, she causes a scene on the set, which upsets Aryan. The couple reconciles but Mahi is repeatedly insulted by Aryan's wife. While driving back from a party with Aryan, she raises the topic of his wife, which results in her being thrown out of the car.

Realising her place in Aryan's life, Mahi goes into [[Depression (mood)|depression]], putting her career in decline. A friend convinces Mahi to leave the past behind her and re-enter the industry so Mahi decides to rejuvenate her career. She employs a [[public relations]] manager, Pallavi, who uses sensationalist tactics to reinvent Mahi's image. Mahi starts a relationship with the [[Vice-captain (cricket)|Vice Captain]] of the [[India national cricket team]], Angad Paul. Soon, her personal and professional life are stable once again. On the advice of Pallavi, she uses Angad's connections to get a role in a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|big budget film]]. The lead actor of the film, Abbas Khan, a married playboy, attempts to initiate an [[affair]] with her. She rejects him, which causes him to seek revenge. He demands that the director re-edit the movie so that the story becomes about him and an [[Item number|item girl]]. Mahi is dissatisfied despite the film being a success, and in a desperate attempt to prove her acting skills, works in a low-budget [[art film]] for months. Angad proposes to her but she feels that they should concentrate on their careers. This causes their relationship to end. The art film never completes, and Mahi goes into depression again. She is also denied the opportunity to [[Adoption in India|adopt a child]], due to her history of alcoholism and psychiatric problems. Since she cannot get a role in big budget productions, she decides to work on a low-budget film with newcomers.

Mahi meets Aryan at a [[Weddings in India|wedding]], and he apologises. The two rekindle their relationship. Aryan says that he wants her to do a big budget film with him but the director is reluctant to cast her as she has lost her appeal. Mahi becomes obsessed with the thought of losing the role to another heroine. At a poorly-attended [[press conference]] for an upcoming film, Mahi is mocked by journalists who inform her that the director has cast another actress opposite Aryan. Distraught, Mahi and Pallavi decide to [[Manufactured controversy|create controversy]] by leaking the sex tape of her and Aryan. The video becomes a viral sensation and as a result, the [[low-budget film]] becomes an instant hit.

After the success of her new film, she gets many new offers and her career reaches new heights. But she is left distraught after her agent Rashid Bhai, a father figure to her, quits, and Shagufta Rizvi, a veteran actress she respected and admired, dies. At the funeral of Shagufta, she is mauled by the media due to her sex-tape scandal. This leaves her overwhelmed and makes her question her life choices. At the end, Mahi is shown walking alone in Europe, and on being asked if she is Mahi Arora, she replies she is not.

==Cast ==

* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Mahi Arora, an actress and the main protagonist; she struggles between her life and career choices, ultimately leading to tragic consequences
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Aryan Khanna, a superstar who is in love with Mahi, but does not publicly accept his relationship with her; his wife taunts him about his relationship leading to his breakup with Mahi. However, he later patches up with the latter only to break up with her permanently due to a misunderstanding
* [[Randeep Hooda]] as Angad Paul, a cricketer who was in a relationship with Mahi. He proposes to her but ends their relationship after the latter refuses.
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Pallavi Narayan, a publicist who is an expert in [[public relations]]. She helps Mahi revive her career when it was declining.
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Rashid Bhai, Mahi's secretary who is like a father figure to her. After Mahi's newfound success and deteriorating mental state, he leaves her for his own good.
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Shafguta Rizvi, a veteran actress whom Mahi respected and admired
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Abbas Khan, an egotistic superstar who repeatedly flirts with his co-stars despite being warned by his wife. When Mahi refuses to give into him, he gets her role cut from his film and hires another heroine Gayatri to do an item number and steal the spotlight from her
* [[Mugdha Godse]] as Rhea Mehra, Mahi's rival who is jealous of her success
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Promotia Roy, an [[art-house]] Bengali actress
* [[Raqesh Bapat]] as Sameer Khan
* [[Pallavi Sharda]] as Gayatri Sachdeva, Mahi's rival (Originally played by [[Tara Sharma]] in [[Page 3]])
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Tapan Guha, an art-house film director
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Mrs. Arora, Mahi's mother
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Alex, Aryan's secretary
* [[Shilpi Sharma (actress)|Shilpi Sharma]] as Isha Khanna, Aryan's wife who taunts him about his relationship with Mahi
* [[Rashmi Nigam]] as Zara
* [[Dilnaz Irani]] as Tamanna, a journalist
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Mahi's therapist
* [[Pooja Chopra]] as Shaheen Khan (cameo appearance)

==Production==

===Development===
Following the completion of ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' (2009), Bhandarkar began toying with the idea of making a project based on the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]]. Along with screenwriter [[Niranjan Iyengar]], Bhandarkar began developing the story about the life of an actress and later approached [[UTV Motion Pictures]] with whom he had worked on several occasions. Bhandarkar, who was keen on using the title ''Heroine'' for his film, donated {{INRConvert|100000}} to [[Guddu Dhanoa]]'s charity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bhandarkar-does-charity-of-rs.-1-lakh-to-get-film-title-heroine/613019/ |title=Bhandarkar does charity of Rs. 1 lakh to get film title 'Heroine' |author=BollywoodHungamaNewsNetwork |date=29 April 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430174017/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bhandarkar-does-charity-of-rs.-1-lakh-to-get-film-title-heroine/613019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He later explained that he had been subconsciously preparing for the film ever since he joined the industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/may/140511-Aishwarya-Rai-Madhur-Bhandarkar-Cannes-film-festival-Mumbai.htm |title=Ash's 'Heroine' announced at Cannes festival |author=The Hitlist Team |date=14 May 2011 |work=Mid Day |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108070515/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/may/140511-Aishwarya-Rai-Madhur-Bhandarkar-Cannes-film-festival-Mumbai.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[First look deal|first look]] of ''Heroine'' was released as part of the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival|64th Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=[VIDEO] Cannes Spotlight: Bollywood megastar Aishwarya |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=13 May 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At_QmfJ0WDo |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411080025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At_QmfJ0WDo |url-status=live }}</ref> A promotional poster was released during a press conference in which [[Ronnie Screwvala]] of [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], who was initially chosen as the film's lead, officially announced the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Twitter Release of Poster |work=UTV Motion Pictures |date=13 November 2011 |url=https://twitter.com/utvmp/status/68958698986414081 |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012602/https://twitter.com/utvmp/status/68958698986414081 |url-status=live }}</ref> The director said, "The film is a glamorous yet bold story of the internal journey of a superstar. I am certain it will appeal to audiences across the globe and Rai was a perfect choice for the role. In fact, no one could've played it better." Screwvala stated "With ''Heroine'', we plan to take things to the next level. When you watch the film, you will feel that the role was written with someone as talented and stunning as Aishwarya in mind."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ash, Bhandarkar launch 'Heroine' in Cannes |work=Mangalorean |date=13 November 2011 |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=238356 |access-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011175842/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=238356 |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> The actress too admitted that she was "looking forward to this new journey in the film." It was also announced that Rai will have a wardrobe of more than 40 outfits designed by [[Manish Malhotra]] in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ash unveils new movie at Cannes |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 November 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ash-unveils-new-movie-at-Cannes/Article1-696965.aspx |access-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516081814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ash-unveils-new-movie-at-Cannes/Article1-696965.aspx |archive-date=16 May 2011}}</ref>

Explaining why he was launching the project in [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], Screwvala alluded to Rai's star power saying, "She is the [[brand ambassador]] for India, and for Indian cinema, when it comes to the [[French Riviera]]." The actress was quick to deny any reference to her personal life being portrayed in the movie and said that the entire idea was a result of Bhandarkar's conceptualisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm not the heroine in 'Heroine': Aishwarya Rai |work=Asia One |date=13 November 2011 |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20110513-278780.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528135558/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20110513-278780.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> The official [[press release]] distributed as a part of the announcement stated that "The film is based on the life and times of a [[Movie star|superstar heroine]], Mahi from the dream factory we call '[[Bollywood]]'. The film is a daring, shocking, glamorous, scandalous [[behind-the-scenes]] account of the reality behind the world of glitz and glamour that our film stars inhabit. For a country obsessed with films and film stars, ''Heroine'' will take audiences on a voyeuristic journey to see what really goes on in the lives of India's sweethearts."<ref>{{cite news |title=Official Press Release by UTV Motion Pictures |work=UTV Motion Pictures |date=13 November 2011 |url=http://www.utvgroup.com/media-hub/press-releases/pdf/heroine-unveiled-at-cannes.pdf |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516072248/http://www.utvgroup.com/media-hub/press-releases/pdf/heroine-unveiled-at-cannes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pre-production]] was expected to commence during the summer of 2010 but was put on hold due to [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], who had replaced Rai, having other commitments.<ref name="Hold">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1257984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104604/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1257984 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title="All concentration on DTBHJ; Heroine is on hold" – Madhur Bhandarkar |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=12 November 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> During this period, Bhandarkar announced that he would be making [[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji|another project]] while putting ''Heroine'' on hold.<ref name="Hold"/> Though speculated to be based on the lives of yesteryear divas like [[Madhubala]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]], Bhandarkar denied the reports saying that the film is a "contemporary take which reveals the underbelly of the movie industry and its well-kept secrets". In an attempt to prepare his protagonist for the film, the director prepared a three-hour documentary on Hollywood actresses [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Ava Gardner]] and [[Vivien Leigh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2010051720100517020545412de117a5f |title=Marilyn over Madhubala |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=17 May 2010 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222607/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date=2 July 2010}}</ref> [[Manish Malhotra]] was signed as the costume designer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-Kareena-s-costumes-worth-Rs-1-2cr/Article1-750771.aspx |title='Heroine' Kareena's costumes worth Rs 1.2cr |author=Agencies |date=27 September 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930123434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Heroine-Kareena-s-costumes-worth-Rs-1-2cr/Article1-750771.aspx |archive-date=30 September 2011}}</ref> The choreography was handled by [[Remo D'Souza]], [[Ganesh Acharya]] and Jasmin Oza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221915/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Heroine (2012) | Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], who had initially been cast as the film's lead, was replaced by [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=When Amitabh Bachchan defended Aishwarya Rai's pregnancy as she opted out of 'Heroine': Actors can't have children?' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-amitabh-bachchan-defended-aishwarya-rais-pregnancy-as-she-opted-out-of-heroine-actors-cant-have-children/articleshow/114539400.cms |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Arjun Rampal]] was cast opposite Kapoor as the male lead in November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2011 |title=Arjun Rampal is the lead actor in Heroine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-rampal-is-the-lead-actor-in-heroine/story-O6tdkfr2DgYeV4PNiGK2jJ.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Randeep Hooda]] was cast to play the role of a cricket player. Initially, [[Arunoday Singh]] was chosen to play the role but opted out for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=BollywoodHungamaNewsNetwork |date=25 November 2011 |title=Randeep Hooda replaces Arunoday Singh in 'Heroine' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/randeep-hooda-replaces-arunoday-singh-in-heroine/880393/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192829/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/randeep-hooda-replaces-arunoday-singh-in-heroine/880393 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], and [[Prateik Smita Patil|Prateik Babbar]] were speculated to have replaced Singh, however, Bhandarkar confirmed that Hooda has been selected.<ref>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |date=31 May 2011 |title=Ranbir, Imran or Prateik? |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1344484 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1344484 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=20 May 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Hooda took lessons from cricketer [[Virender Sehwag]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=25 November 2011 |title=Randeep Hooda to take tips from Virender Sehwag for Heroine role? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_randeep-hooda-to-take-tips-from-virender-sehwag-for-heroine-role_1617254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229001609/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_randeep-hooda-to-take-tips-from-virender-sehwag-for-heroine-role_1617254 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Raqesh Bapat]] was cast in November 2011 to play one of Kapoor's love interests.<ref name="Rakesh">{{cite news |author=Maheshwari, Neha |date=30 November 2011 |title=RaQesh Vashishth is Heroine's new hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/RaQesh-Vashishth-is-Heroines-new-hero/articleshow/10917725.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/news-interviews/30454940_1_kareena-kapoor-character-box-office |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Divya Dutta]], [[Shahana Goswami]], and [[Shilpi Sharma (actress)|Shilpi Sharma]] were cast to play pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Misra, Iti Shree |date=22 June 2011 |title=Shahana Goswami becomes a heroine! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-22/news-interviews/29689232_1_film-shahana-goswami-madhur-bhandarkar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107095533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-22/news-interviews/29689232_1_film-shahana-goswami-madhur-bhandarkar |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2012 |title=Working with Bhandarkar was great: Divya Dutta |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/news-interviews/31201008_1_actress-divya-dutta-madhur-bhandarkar-heroine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707051128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/news-interviews/31201008_1_actress-divya-dutta-madhur-bhandarkar-heroine |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref name="Shilpi">{{cite news |author=Bhatia, Richa |date=12 March 2012 |title=Shilpi Sharma signed for 'Heroine' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/mar/120312-Shilpi-Sharma-signed-for-Heroine.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414231757/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/mar/120312-Shilpi-Sharma-signed-for-Heroine.htm |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=Mid Day}}</ref> [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] was cast by Bhandarkar to play a veteran actress.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Helen joins the cast of Heroine |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1431574 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233240/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1431574 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=20 May 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Lillete Dubey]] was cast to play the role of Kapoor's mother.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bhatia, Richa |date=15 July 2011 |title=Cinema hasn't given me great roles: Lillete Dubey |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-15/news-interviews/29773786_1_lillete-dubey-roles-pinjar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709235525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-15/news-interviews/29773786_1_lillete-dubey-roles-pinjar |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ranvir Shorey]] was confirmed to make a cameo appearance.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2012 |title=Ranvir Shorey to do cameo in Heroine |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1429229 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720191730/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1429229 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Mugdha Godse]] was signed to play one of Kapoor's rivals, marking her third collaboration with Bhandarkar following [[Fashion (2008 film)|''Fashion'']] (2008), and [[Jail (2009 film)|''Jail'']] (2009).<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=Mugdha Godse teams up with Madhur Bhandarkar again! – Entertainment – DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mugdha-godse-teams-up-with-madhur-bhandarkar-again_1719350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728035737/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mugdha-godse-teams-up-with-madhur-bhandarkar-again_1719350 |archive-date=28 July 2012 |access-date=27 February 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

===Kidnapping and murder of Meenakshi Thappar===
The production for the film was marred by the kidnapping and brutal murder of [[Meenakshi Thapar]] by a co-star, Amit Jaiswal, who like Thapar, only had a minor role in the film.<ref name="IB">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/330537/20120419/bollywood-actress-meenakshi-thapar-beheaded-ransom-404.htm |title=Bollywood Actress Meenakshi Thapar Beheaded By Costars After Denying $28,655 Ransom, 'Her Body Was Hacked into Pieces' |work=Ib Times |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926011715/http://www.ibtimes.com/bollywood-actress-meenakshi-thapar-beheaded-costars-after-denying-28655-ransom-%E2%80%98her-body-was-hacked |url-status=live }}</ref> Thapar was strangled in her hotel room in [[Gorakhpur]] and had her body dumped into a water tank, with her severed head thrown out of the window of a moving bus.<ref name="IB"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/9209133/Bollywood-actress-kidnapped-and-beheaded-by-actors.html |title=Bollywood actress kidnapped and beheaded by actors |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=19 April 2012 |location=London |first=Dean |last=Nelson |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419205647/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/bollywood/9209133/Bollywood-actress-kidnapped-and-beheaded-by-actors.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The director initially planned to attach the theatrical trailer to the release of ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' on 1 June 2012. However, there were several matured content featuring [[Kareena Kapoor]], which were essential and must be not be edited out in order to retain the motive of the title of the film, as per the director, Bhandarkar. The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] awarded an 'A' certificate to the trailer, but chopped off Kapoor's smoking scenes and lovemaking scenes from the trailer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/69208.aspx |title=Kareena Kapoor's 'Heroine' Trailer Gets 'A' Certificate; Poster, Promo Releasing Soon |publisher=Sawfnews |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120717020915/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/69208.aspx | archive-date= 17 July 2012 | url-status= usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1499375/Censors-chop-off-Kareena%27s-smoking-shot-in-Heroine-trailer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722230037/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1499375/Censors-chop-off-Kareena%27s-smoking-shot-in-Heroine-trailer |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |title=Censors chop off Kareena's smoking shot in Heroine trailer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> The trailer was then scheduled for a 6 July 2012 release, as it would be releasing alongside ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'', although it was then postponed to 20 July 2012. It was once again delayed so it did not clash with the late [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s ''chautha''. On 22 July 2012, 2 of the first look posters were revealed on the micro blogging site, Twitter, and received an overwhelming response in just 8 hours of their release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://independentbollywood.com/news/heroine-poster-rocks-on-social-networking-sites/123.html |title=Heroine Poster Rocks on Social Networking Sites |publisher=Independent Bollywood |date=22 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113115705/http://independentbollywood.com/news/heroine-poster-rocks-on-social-networking-sites/123.html |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>

The trailer of the film was released on 25 July 2012 online and with ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]'' on 27 July 2012 in theatres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-trailer-with-Kyaa-Super-Kool-Hain/Article1-894923.aspx |title=Heroine trailer with Kyaa Super Kool Hain... |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726074127/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-trailer-with-Kyaa-Super-Kool-Hain/Article1-894923.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> The trailer crossed over 1 million hits on YouTube within 2 days. After the release of the trailer, a controversy arose. In the film's promo, a dialogue of Kareena Kapoor: "If a heroine buys a car, it's gifted to her by a businessman. If she goes to LA ([[Los Angeles]]), she's getting plastic surgery done and, god forbid, if she goes to [[Dubai]], you people make a rate-card for her," was not appreciated by the people of [[Dubai]]. To avoid hurting sentiments, director Bhandarkar has had the offending statement censored in the Dubai version. He clarified, "We have censored it. There are some people who have raised objections. But we did not mean to demean anyone, Dubai is my personal favourite city."<ref>{{cite news |title=We Have Censored Dialogue in 'Heroine' On Dubai: Madhur Bhandarkar |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/censored-dialogue-heroine-dubai-madhur-bhandarkar/ |access-date=7 August 2012 |newspaper=businessofcinema.com |date=6 August 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808022052/http://businessofcinema.com/news/censored-dialogue-heroine-dubai-madhur-bhandarkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Game===
''Heroine: The Official Movie Game'' was released as promotional [[tie-in]] [[mobile video game]] by [[Indiagames]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroine: The Official Movie Game |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j155094 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004044939/https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j155094 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Heroine
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Heroine
| artist = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Original CD Cover
| released = 28 August 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| producer = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| prev_title = [[Jodi Breakers]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
It was announced that music director duo [[Salim–Sulaiman]], who had earlier worked with Madhur Bhandarkar in ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' (2008), would be composing the soundtrack for ''Heroine''.

During the shooting of the film, Bhandarkar revealed that there would be 2 big item numbers in the film, both to be picturized on the leading lady. One of them, "Halkat Jawani", sung by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<ref>http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120713203156/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?id=ENTEN20090119610&keyword=regional&section=Movies&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|date=13 July 2012}}? the promo was released on 17 August 2012. The song garnered positive reviews whereas the video, which has been choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]], has received mixed reactions. With a section of the media accusing the song to be mirroring [[Katrina Kaif]]'s hit item number [[Chinki Chameli]]. ID=ENTEN20120194932&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=178325</ref> was released as a single track on 17 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/HeroineTheMovie/status/232081183046004736 |title=Heroine (2012 Movie) on Twitter |publisher=HeroineTheMovie Twitter |date=5 August 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921183006/https://twitter.com/HeroineTheMovie/status/232081183046004736 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Halkat Jawani
| lyrics1 = [[Niranjan Iyengar]]
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Indeep Bakshi
| length1 = 04:00
| title2 = Tujhpe Fida
| lyrics2 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Shradha Pandit]]
| length2 = 05:00
| title3 = Khwahishein
| lyrics3 = Irfan Siddiqui
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 03:59
| title4 = Saiyaan
| lyrics4 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra4 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| length4 = 03:32
| title5 = Main Heroine Hoon
| lyrics5 = [[Sanjay Chhel]]
| extra5 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Raftaar]]
| length5 = 03:30
}}

==Reception==
===Box office===
Domestically the film grossed {{INRConvert|6.82|c}} on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heroine First Day Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4914&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227121338/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4914&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Heroine'' had an average weekend of {{INRConvert|21.26|c}} nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4920&nCat= |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227111656/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4920&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref> The film had collected a fair {{INRConvert|30.09|c}} in its first week.<ref name="1st week">{{cite web |title=Heroine Week One Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4938&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003231756/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4938&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately the film grossed {{INRConvert|46.15|c}} in India and $2,050,000 for a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|57.11|c}} on a budget of {{INRConvert|35|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroine |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1141 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''Heroine'' received mixed-to-positive reviews upon release, with most critics praising the story, music and the cast performances, while the screenplay garnered predominantly negative reviews.

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported an approval rating of 30% with an average score of 5.0/10, based on 6 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "A brief snapshot of a much bigger picture, this is an interesting film as far as it goes but, like its subject, not all that unusual."

Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 while saying "Watch ''HEROINE'' for Bhandarkar's imposing direction, for Kapoor's superlative performance, watch it also for its fearless, inspiring and enlightening storyline divulging the scandalous realities of the movie industry. Try not to miss it!".<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Taran Adarsh review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/537929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422175341/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/537929 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[Zee News]]'' gave it a score of 3 out of 5 and said "Does ''Heroine'' work? Yes, but only because of Kareena Kapoor. From doing the raunchy act in 'Halkat Jawani' to the scenes where she is battling depression and popping pills, Kapoor makes Mahi memorable and lovable. ''Heroine'' is absolutely Kapoor's film, not Bhandarkar's. 2 for the film and 1 extra for Bebo! 3 cheers for the film!".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Shomini |title=Shomini Sen review |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/review-heroine-is-absolutely-kareena-s-film-not-madhur-s_119482.htm |publisher=zeenews |access-date=21 September 2012 |date=December 2012}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' gave ''Heroine'' 2 out 5 stars while commenting, "The characters are all caricatured and the screenplay meanders along aimlessly, it being nothing more than an [[Collage film|assemblage of scenes]] – each disjointed from the other – strung together in a long, sleep-inducing and pointless narrative".<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |title=Aniruddha Guha review |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_aniruddha-guha-reviews-heroine-bhandarkar-s-cosmetic-boring-take-on-the-hindi-film-industry_1743360 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=21 September 2012 |date=21 September 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923002614/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_aniruddha-guha-reviews-heroine-bhandarkar-s-cosmetic-boring-take-on-the-hindi-film-industry_1743360 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 stars, noting "The film that Bhandarkar has made is indeed disappointingly mechanical. Mercifully, Kapoor does demonstrate that she has a feel for the character. But, then, why wouldn't she? After all she plays herself in ''Heroine''".<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Saibal Chatterjee |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=744 |publisher=ndtv |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924010548/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=744 |archive-date=24 September 2012}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and said "Despite an entertaining first-half, thanks to all the unintentional laughs, ''Heroine'' slips into a slush of [[melodrama]] post-interval. By this point, it feels interminably long and boring".<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Rajeev Masand review |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-heroine-is-melodramatic-boring-and-sloppy/293933-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923150903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-heroine-is-melodramatic-boring-and-sloppy/293933-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2012 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars, remarking "There's nothing innovative about Bhandarkar's ''Heroine''. I am not sure if this is Bhandarkar's idea of [[comic relief]] but the hall roared with laughter. What's not funny is just how stunning Kapoor looks or gives to her role as Mahi Arora".<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Sukanya Verma review |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-heroine-never-rises-above-the-superficial/20120921.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923225842/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-heroine-never-rises-above-the-superficial/20120921.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Nominations ==

; [[58th Filmfare Awards]]:
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Kareena Kapoor]]

; [[14th IIFA Awards]]:
* [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – Kareena Kapoor
* [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Divya Dutta]]

;[[19th Screen Awards]]:
* [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Kareena Kapoor]]

;'''2013''' '''[[Stardust Awards]]:'''
* [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Actor of the Year – Female]] – Kareena Kapoor
* [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]] – Kareena Kapoor

;8th [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]:
* [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]] – Kareena Kapoor

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|heroine}}

{{UTV Movies}}
{{Madhur Bhandarkar}}

[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 controversies]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s melodrama films]]
[[Category:Casting controversies in film]]
[[Category:Fiction about publicity stunts]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about bipolar disorder]]
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[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Rome, Open City

2026-03-16T04:22:05Z

KK JANGIR: formatting fix

{{Short description|1945 Italian war drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rome, Open City
| image = Open City DVD.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|it|Roma città aperta}}
| director = [[Roberto Rossellini]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Giuseppe Amato]]
* Ferruccio De Martino
* Roberto Rossellini
* [[Rod E. Geiger]]
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sergio Amidei]]
* [[Federico Fellini]]
}}
| story = Sergio Amidei
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aldo Fabrizi]]
}}
| music = [[Renzo Rossellini (composer)|Renzo Rossellini]]
| cinematography = [[Ubaldo Arata]]
| editing = [[Eraldo Da Roma]]
| distributor = [[Minerva Film]] (Italy) [[Joseph Burstyn|Joseph Burstyn & Arthur Mayer]] (U.S.)
| released = {{film date|1945|9|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]
| language = Italian German
| budget =
| gross = $1 million(US Rentals)<ref>{{cite news|title=Influx of British Stars Continuing|author=Schallert, Edwin|work=Los Angeles Times|date=Mar 11, 1951|page=D3}}</ref>
$3 million(US）<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Kristin |date=May 21, 2018 |title="Hollywood Codebreakers: 'Rome Open City' Ignites a Foreign Film Craze" |url=https://medium.com/@kristinhunt/hollywood-codebreakers-rome-open-city-ignites-a-foreign-film-craze-467d152b3c39 |website=Medium}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rome, Open City''''' ({{langx|it|'''Roma città aperta'''}}), also released as '''''Open City''''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1947|title=The 19th Academy Awards – 1947|date=4 October 2014 }}</ref> is a 1945 Italian [[Italian neorealism|neorealist]] [[war film|war]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Roberto Rossellini]] and co-written by [[Sergio Amidei]], [[Celeste Negarville]] and [[Federico Fellini]]. Set in [[Rome]] in 1944, the film follows a diverse group of characters coping under the [[Operation Achse|Nazi occupation]], and centers on a [[Italian resistance movement|Resistance]] fighter trying to escape the city with the help of a Catholic priest. The title refers to the status of Rome as an [[open city]] following its declaration as such on 14 August 1943. The film is the first in Rosselini's "Neorealist Trilogy", followed by ''[[Paisan]]'' (1946) and ''[[Germany, Year Zero]]'' (1948).

''Open City'' is considered one of the most important and representative works of Italian neorealism, and an important stepping stone for Italian filmmaking as a whole. It was one of the first post-war Italian pictures to gain major acclaim and accolades internationally, winning the prestigious [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1946 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-04|title=Awards 1946 : All Awards - Festival de Cannes 2016 (International Film Festival)|work=Festival de Cannes |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1946/allAward.html|access-date=2021-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115245/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1946/allAward.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> and being nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar]] at the [[19th Academy Awards]]. It launched director Rosselini, screenwriter Fellini, and actress [[Anna Magnani]] into the international spotlight.

In 2008, the film was included on the [[Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism|Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage]]’s [[100 film italiani da salvare|100 Italian films to be saved]], a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/08_febbraio_28/elenco_cento_film_d83cacd8-e5ce-11dc-ab61-0003ba99c667.shtml|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.corriere.it}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1944, on the eve of Rome's liberation by the Allies, communist and local leader of the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian Resistance]] Luigi Ferraris (hiding under the alias of engineer Giorgio Manfredi) eludes capture by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]. He takes refuge at the home of Francesco, another resistance fighter. With the help of Francesco's pregnant fiancée Pina, Luigi contacts Don Pietro, a Catholic priest, who helps deliver money and messages to a group of partisans outside the city.

[[File:Screenshot, di Roma città aperta.jpg|thumb|left|[[Anna Magnani]] as Pina in a famous scene from the film]]

Nazi commander Major Bergmann organises a raid of Francesco's apartment building. While Luigi again escapes, Francesco is arrested and thrown in a truck to be hauled off. Seeing him, Pina breaks through a cordon screaming his name, but is shot dead by the soldiers in front of her young son. Don Pietro, who was in the building to erase any trace of the Resistance weapons under the guise of administering last rites for a dying man, holds her in his arms and prays.

The German convoy carrying Francesco and other Italian prisoners is attacked by the partisans. Most of the prisoners manage to escape, and Francesco reconnects with Luigi. The two then hide at the home of Luigi's girlfriend, nightclub performer Marina. Luigi rebukes Marina over her lifestyle and Marina, having become addicted to painkillers by Gestapo agent Ingrid, betrays both him and Francesco to the Nazis. Luigi and Don Pietro are arrested the next morning, while Francesco narrowly eludes capture. Ingrid rewards Marina with a fur coat and more painkillers.

Bergmann, seeking to extract everything from his captives before dawn in order to take the partisans by surprise, orders Luigi to be tortured and forces Don Pietro to watch. In an attempt to sway Don Pietro, he describes Luigi as an atheist, a communist and an enemy of the Church, while Don Pietro placidly responds that anyone who strives to live a righteous life is doing God's work. Luigi eventually dies without revealing anything. Marina, who was in the adjacent officers' club, faints after witnessing the aftermath. Ingrid declares that she is now useless and retrieves her fur coat.

Don Pietro is executed the following morning, though a German officer has to intervene when the Italian firing squad appears reluctant in carrying out the order. The parish altar boys look on and whistles a Resistance tune to Don Pietro, which heartens him. The boys then bow their heads in grief and slowly depart, the city of Rome and the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] looming in the background.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aldo Fabrizi]] as Don Pietro Pellegrini
* [[Anna Magnani]] as Pina
* [[Marcello Pagliero]] (dubbed by [[Lauro Gazzolo]]) as Giorgio Manfredi
* Vito Annicchiarico (dubbed by [[Ferruccio Amendola]]) as Marcello
* [[Nando Bruno]] as Agostino
* Harry Feist (dubbed by [[Giulio Panicali]]) as Major Bergmann
* [[Giovanna Galletti]] (dubbed by {{ill|Roswita Schmidt|it|Roswita Schmidt}}) as Ingrid
* Francesco Grandjacquet (dubbed by [[Gualtiero De Angelis]]) as Francesco
* [[Eduardo Passarelli]] as Police Sergeant
* [[Maria Michi]] as Marina Mari
* Carla Rovere (dubbed by [[Rosetta Calavetta]]) as Lauretta
* Carlo Sindici as Police Commissioner
* Joop van Hulzen as Captain Hartmann
* [[Ákos Tolnay]] as Austrian deserter
* [[Alberto Tavazzi]] as Priest
}}

==Development==
By the end of World War II, Rossellini had abandoned the film ''[[Desire (1946 Italian film)|Desiderio]]'', as conditions made it impossible to complete (though it was later finished by [[Marcello Pagliero]] in 1946 and disowned by Rossellini{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}). By 1944, there was virtually no film industry in Italy, and the origins of the film's initial funding are unclear. Rossellini had initially planned a documentary titled ''Storie di ieri'' on the subject of [[Giuseppe Morosini|Don Pietro Morosini]], a Catholic priest who had been shot by the Nazis for helping the [[Partisan (military)#Italian|partisan movement in Italy]], and began meeting with a number of screenwriters in Rome shortly after Germany abandoned the city. [[Federico Fellini]] was initially uninterested in joining, as he had disapproved of partisan action during the occupation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottlieb|first=Sidney|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvLdtAEACAAJ&q=Rome,+Open+City+Rossellini|title=Roberto Rossellini's Rome Open City|date=2004-06-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83664-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[File:Trevi - targa di Roma città aperta a via degli Avignonesi 1230598.JPG|thumb|A plaque in Rome commemorating the film's production]]

The Nazis abandoned Rome on June 4, 1944; the Allies occupied the undefended city the next day. Shooting for the film began in January 1945 under precarious conditions, with its style developing from circumstance. The facilities at [[Cinecittà Studios]] were unavailable at the time, as they had been damaged in the war and were then currently requisitioned by Allied forces to [[Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe|house displaced persons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=029__ Documenti - il Cinema Sonoro |url=https://sites.google.com/site/ilcinemasonoro/home/029__ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017174225/https://sites.google.com/site/ilcinemasonoro/home/029__ |archive-date=2013-10-17 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=sites.google.com |quote=Dimissioni del presidente di Cinecitta' Luigi Freddi, dopo che lo stabilimento fu requisito dalle forze armate alleate, 3/7/1944 |trans-quote=Resignation of the president of Cinecitta 'Luigi Freddi, after the plant was requisitioned by the allied armed forces, 3/7/1944}}</ref>

Aldo Venturini, a wool merchant with some capital to invest, was involved in financing the film. After a few days of shooting production had stopped due to lack of cash, and Rossellini convinced Venturini to complete the film as a producer, arguing that it was the only way to safeguard his investment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roncoroni|first=Stefano|date=2006|title=La storia di Roma città aperta|trans-title=The Story of Rome, Open City|language=Italian|publisher=le mani cineteca di bologna|isbn=88-8012-324-6}}</ref>

New Yorker [[Rod E. Geiger]], a soldier in the [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Signal Corps]] who eventually became instrumental in the movie's global success,{{How|What else did he do besides provide film stock, if anything? If not, the statement as made overreaches.|date=October 2021}} met Rosselini at a point when the production was out of film. Geiger had access to film - short-ends and complete rolls that might have become fogged, scratched, or otherwise deemed unfit for use - that the Signal Corps regularly threw away. He provided enough of this stock for the picture to be completed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dmytryk |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/oddmanoutmemoiro0000dmyt_j8j0 |title=Odd Man Out: A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten |date=1996 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-1999-2 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref>

In order to authentically portray the hardships and poverty of life in Rome under the occupation Rossellini hired mostly non-professional actors; a few exceptions included established stars Fabrizi and [[Anna Magnani]]. According to Rossellini, "the situation of the moment guided by my own and the actors' moods and perspectives" dictated what was shot, and he relied more on improvisation than on a script. He also stated that the work was "a film about fear, the fear felt by all of us but by me in particular. I too had to go into hiding. I too was on the run. I had friends who were captured and killed."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wakeman |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/World_Film_Directors.html?id=Fujp0AEACAAJ |title=World Film Directors: Volume II 1945-1985 |date=1988 |publisher=H. W. Wilson Company |isbn=978-0-8242-0763-2 |page=961 |language=en}}</ref> Rossellini relied on traditional devices of melodrama, such as identification of the film's central characters{{citation needed|reason=What does this phrase "identification of the film's central characters" mean?|date=October 2021}} and a clear distinction between the primary good and evil ones. Only four interior sets were constructed for the more important locations of the film. Production ended in June 1945.

The film's documentary or newsreel style reflects in part different film stocks used in its production. When the [[Cineteca Nazionale]] restored the print in 1995 it stated that the original negative consisted of just three different types: Ferrania C6 for outdoor scenes, and the more sensitive [[Agfa]] Super Pan and Agfa Ultra Rapid for interiors.{{citation needed|reason=Neither of these are American film stock; one is Italian, the other two German-made. Where is the Signal Corps' stock credited with having recorded the bulk of the movie?|date=October 2021}} The previously unexplained changes in image brightness and consistency are now attributed to inadequate processing, including variable development times, insufficient agitation in the developing bath, and insufficient fixing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forgacs |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rome_Open_City_Roma_Citt%C3%A0_Aperta.html?id=Y5FZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rome Open City (Roma Città Aperta) |date=2000-12-27 |publisher=British Film Institute, Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-85170-804-1 |location=London |language=en}}</ref>

Unlike films made in the early years of the war (when Italy was Germany's ally under [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]) that depicted the British, Americans, Greeks, Russians and other allied countries, as well as Ethiopians, communists, and partisans, as antagonists, ''Rome, Open City'' was one of the early Italian films of the war to depict the struggle as being against the Germans and Italian fascists. Even though the [[Allied Invasion of Italy]] took place in 1943, there is no trace of any Allied presence or imminent arrival in the movie; instead, references are made to it being only "the beginning" of what was characterized as a long struggle ahead, not a Nazi evacuation of Rome that had already occurred.

== Distribution ==
The film opened in Italy on 27 September 1945, with the war damage to Rome not yet repaired. The United States premiere followed on 25 February 1946 in New York, released by [[Joseph Burstyn]] and [[Arthur Mayer]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1946-02-08 |title=MYSTERY FILM ROLE TO RANDOLPH SCOTT; He Will Co-Star in 'Home Sweet Homicide'--Joan Fontaine's Mother in Picture |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/08/archives/mystery-film-role-to-randolph-scott-he-will-costar-in-home-sweet.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The American release was censored, resulting in a cut of about 15 minutes. The story of the film's journey from Italy to the United States is recounted in [[Federico Fellini]]'s autobiographical essay "Sweet Beginnings" published in 1996. [[Rod E. Geiger]], a U.S. Army private stationed in Rome, met Rossellini and Fellini after catching them tapping into the power supply used to illuminate the G.I. dancehall.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gottlieb |first=Sidney |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Roberto_Rossellini_s_Rome_Open_City.html?id=iHqUsrLiPm4C |title=Roberto Rossellini's Rome Open City |date=2004-06-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54519-8 |pages=60, 67 |language=en}}</ref> In the book ''The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini'', author Tag Gallagher credits Geiger at age 29 as the "man who more than any single individual was to make him and the new Italian cinema famous around the world."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gallagher |first=Tag |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Adventures_Of_Roberto_Rossellini.html?id=_HpZAAAAMAAJ |title=The Adventures Of Roberto Rossellini: His Life And Films |date=1998-10-22 |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-0-306-80873-9 |page=159 |language=en}}</ref> Before the war, Geiger had worked for an American distributor and exhibitor of foreign films which helped facilitate the film's release in the United States. In gratitude, Rossellini gave Geiger a co-producer credit.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

However, according to Fellini's essay Geiger was "a 'half-drunk' soldier who stumbled (literally as well as figuratively) onto the set of ''Open City''. [He] misrepresented himself as an American producer when actually he 'was a nobody and didn't have a dime.'"<ref name="justia.com">{{cite web|title=Rod Geiger, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Dell Publishing Company, Inc. et al., Defendants, Appellees, 719 F.2d 515 (1st Cir. 1983)|url=http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/719/515/148907/}}</ref> Fellini's account of Geiger's involvement in the film was the subject of an unsuccessful 1983 defamation lawsuit Geiger brought against Fellini.<ref name="justia.com" />

The film was banned in several countries. West Germany banned it from 1951 to 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-02-21 |title=Offene Stadt |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/offene-stadt-a-8ad9aaee-0002-0001-0000-000043160098 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kniep |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Keine_Jugendfreigabe.html?id=miHdQgAACAAJ |title="Keine Jugendfreigabe!": Filmzensur in Westdeutschland 1949-1990 |date=2010 |publisher=Wallstein |isbn=978-3-8353-0638-7 |pages=164–165 |language=de}}</ref> In [[Argentina]], it was inexplicably withdrawn in 1947 following an anonymous government order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Virginia Lee |date=1947-12-07 |title=Delayed Censorship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/12/07/archives/delayed-censorship.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Thanks to heavy marketing by Arthur Mayer and his partner Joseph Burstyn in Life magazine. ''Rome Open City'' grossed an astonishing $3 million at the U.S. box office, an unprecedented number for an Italian movie playing mainly in small, independent theaters. ''Rome Open City'' created a new appetite for foreign films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Kristin |date=May 21, 2018 |title="Hollywood Codebreakers: 'Rome Open City' Ignites a Foreign Film Craze" |url=https://medium.com/@kristinhunt/hollywood-codebreakers-rome-open-city-ignites-a-foreign-film-craze-467d152b3c39 |website=Medium}}</ref>

==Critical response==
''Rome, Open City'' received a mediocre reception from Italian audiences when it was first released when Italian people were said to want escapism after the war. However, it became more popular as the film's reputation grew in other countries.<ref>Wakeman. pp. 961–962.</ref> The film brought international attention to Italian cinema and is considered a quintessential example of [[neorealism (art)|neorealism]] in film, so much so that together with ''[[Paisà]]'' and ''[[Germania anno zero]]'' it is called Rossellini's "Neorealist Trilogy". Robert Burgoyne called it "the perfect exemplar of this mode of cinematic creation [neorealism] whose established critical definition was given by [[André Bazin]]".<ref>Burgoyne, Robert. "The Imaginary And The Neo-Real", ''Enclitic'', '''3''': 1 (Spring, 1979) Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.</ref> Rossellini himself traced what was called neorealism back to one of his earlier films ''[[The White Ship (1941 film)|The White Ship]]'', which he claimed had the same style. Some Italian critics also maintained that neorealism was simply a continuation of earlier Italian films from the 1930s, such as those directed by filmmakers [[Francesco De Robertis]] and [[Alessandro Blasetti]].<ref>Wakeman. p. 962.</ref> More recent scholarship points out that this film is actually less neo-realist and rather melodramatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Roger |last=Hillman |date=2002-04-01 |title=The Penumbra of Neorealism |url=https://academic.oup.com/fmls/article-abstract/38/2/221/549718 |url-status=live |journal=Forum for Modern Language Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/fmls/38.2.221 |issn=0015-8518 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180119052430/https://academic.oup.com/fmls/article-abstract/38/2/221/549718 |archive-date=2018-01-19|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Critics debate whether the pending marriage of the Catholic Pina and the communist Francesco really "acknowledges the working partnership of communists and Catholics in the actual historical resistance".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shiel |first=Mark |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/shie476448 |title=Italian Neorealism: Rebuilding the Cinematic City |date=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=51 |doi=10.7312/shie476448}}</ref>

[[Bosley Crowther]], film critic for ''The New York Times'', gave the film a highly positive review, and wrote "Yet the total effect of the picture is a sense of real experience, achieved as much by the performance as by the writing and direction. The outstanding performance is that of Aldo Fabrizi as the priest, who embraces with dignity and humanity a most demanding part. Marcello Pagliero is excellent too, as the resistance leader, and Anna Magnani brings humility and sincerity to the role of the woman who is killed. The remaining cast is unqualifiedly fine, with the exception of Harry Feist in the role of the German commander. His elegant arrogance is a bit too vicious – but that may be easily understood."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |date=1946-02-26 |title=THE SCREEN; How Italy Resisted (Published 1946) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/26/archives/the-screen-how-italy-resisted.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240324032556/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/26/archives/the-screen-how-italy-resisted.html |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Film critic William Wolf especially praised the scene where Pina is shot, stating that "few scenes in cinema have the force of that in which Magnani, arms outstretched, races towards the camera to her death."<ref>Wakeman. p. 961.</ref>

In''[[The Nation (magazine)| The Nation]]'' in 1946, critic [[James Agee]] stated, "''Open City'' lacks the depth of characterization, thought, and feeling which might have made it a definitively great film. From there on out I have nothing but admiration for it. Even these failures in depth and complexity are sacrifices to virtues just as great: you seldom see as pure freshness and vitality in a film, or as little unreality and affectation among the players; one feels that everything was done too fast and with too fierce a sincerity to run the risk of bogging down in mere artistry or meditativeness{{nbsp}}... The film's finest over-all quality, which could rarely be matched so spectacularly, is this immediacy."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agee |first=James |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Agee_on_Film_Reviews_and_comments/cukqAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=bibliogroup:%22Agee%20on%20Film%22 |title=Agee on Film: Reviews and comments |date=1958 |publisher=McDowell, Obolensky |isbn=978-0-399-50870-7 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Pope Francis]] has said that the film is among his favorites.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis/ |work=America Magazine}}</ref> The film was also included by the Vatican in [[Vatican's list of films|a list of important films]] compiled in 1995, under the category of "Values".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.usccb.org/movies/vaticanfilms.shtml |title=Vatican Best Films List |work=Official website of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]] |access-date=2012-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064928/http://old.usccb.org/movies/vaticanfilms.shtml |archive-date=2012-04-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100|9.1|46|Open City fills in the familiar contours of its storyline with three-dimensional characters and a narrative depth that add up to a towering -- and still powerfully resonant -- cinematic achievement.|ref=yes|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}

==Other media==
The difficulties encountered by the director and crew before and during the shooting of "Rome, Open City" are dramatized in the 1996 film ''[[Celluloide]]'' by [[Carlo Lizzani]] and in it [[Massimo Ghini]] plays the role of Rossellini. In 2005, ''The Children of Rome Open City'' was released, a documentary directed by [[Laura Muscardin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children of "Open City"/Open City |url=http://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/512cdcc61c7d76e0460002f4-children-of-open-city-ope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320012343/http://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/512cdcc61c7d76e0460002f4-children-of-open-city-ope |archive-date=2014-03-20 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Tribeca Film Festival}}</ref>

==Accolades==
=== [[Academy Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 95%"
! width="10%"|Year
! width="35%"|Category
! width="35%"|Nominee
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[19th Academy Awards|1947]]
|[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Writing, Screenplay]]
|[[Sergio Amidei]], [[Federico Fellini]]
|{{nom}}
|}

=== [[National Board of Review Awards|National Board of Review Award]] ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 95%"
! width="10%"|Year
! width="35%"|Category
! width="35%"|Nominee
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |[[National Board of Review Awards 1946|1946]]
|[[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Anna Magnani]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Board of Review: Top Ten Films|Top Ten Films]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{partial|No. 2}}
|}

=== [[New York Film Critics Circle|New York Film Critics Circle Award]] ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 95%"
! width="10%"|Year
! width="35%"|Category
! width="35%"|Nominee
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[1946 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|1946]]
|[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|}

=== [[Nastro d'Argento|Nastros d'Argento]] ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 95%"
! width="10%"|Year
! width="35%"|Category
! width="35%"|Nominee
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |1946
|Best Film
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Anna Magnani]]
|{{won}}
|}

=== Film festivals ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 95%"
! width="10%"|Year
! width="17%"|Festival
! width="17%"|Category
! width="17%"|Nominee
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[1946 Cannes Film Festival|1946]]
|[[Cannes Film Festival]]
|[[Palme d'Or]]
|[[Roberto Rossellini]]
|{{won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes]], a review aggregator website

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* David Forgacs. ''Roma città aperta''. London: [[British Film Institute]], 2000.
* Stefano Roncoroni, ''La storia di Roma città aperta,'' Bologna-Recco, Cineteca di Bologna-Le Mani, 2006, {{ISBN|88-8012-324-6}}.

==External links==
{{commons category|Roma, città aperta}}
* {{IMDb title|0038890}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=85803}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|open_city}}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1356-rome-open-city-a-star-is-born ''Rome Open City: A Star Is Born''] an essay by Irene Bignardi at the [[Criterion Collection]]

{{Roberto Rossellini}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Rome, Open City''
|list1 =
{{Palme d'Or}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}
}}
{{Italian resistance movement}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 war films]]
[[Category:Italian war films]]
[[Category:1945 Italian-language films|Roma, Citta Aperta]]
[[Category:1945 German-language films]]
[[Category:Films about anti-fascism]]
[[Category:Films about deserters]]
[[Category:Italian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about Catholicism]]
[[Category:Films about Italian resistance movement]]
[[Category:Films directed by Roberto Rossellini]]
[[Category:Films set in Rome]]
[[Category:1940s independent films]]
[[Category:Films about the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Italian neorealist films]]
[[Category:Films about Nazis]]
[[Category:Palme d'Or winners]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Federico Fellini]]
[[Category:1940s political films]]
[[Category:Minerva Film films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Renzo Rossellini]]
[[Category:Italian docudrama films]]
[[Category:Italian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Italian World War II films]]
[[Category:1940s multilingual films]]
[[Category:1945 Italian films]]
[[Category:Rome in World War II]]
[[Category:Films about Fascist Italy]]

Sabina Fernandes

2026-03-15T23:45:21Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1946)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sabina Fernandes
| image = Sabina Fernandes during the tiatr Novo Dis Udetanam (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes in ''Novo Dis Udetanam [[tiatr]]'', 2014
| birth_name = Eusebia Feleciana Pereira
| birth_place = [[Cortalim, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|13|df=y}}
| other_names = Saibin
| years_active = 1960–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|producer|director}}
| spouse = {{marriage |Gregorio Fernandes ||1999|end=died}}
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2011)
}}

'''Eusebia Feliciana''' "'''Sabina'''" '''Fernandes''' (born '''Eusebia Feleciana Pereira'''; born 13 August 1946) is an Indian actress, singer, [[theatrical producer]], and theatre director known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
In her youth, she was commonly referred to as "Saibin" ({{translation|Lady}}), a term of endearment that evolved into the nickname "Sabina." Despite being born in Goa, she received her education in [[Bombay]], which was part of [[Bombay State]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India).<ref name=":1">Goa State Cultural Award: Smt. Eusebia Feliciana Fernandes, alias Sabina Fernandes (Tiatr) via [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] publication (18 June 2009)</ref> During her early years of education, she enjoyed engaging in activities such as music, dance, and drama as her preferred hobbies.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In 1960, Fernandes seized a significant opportunity in the theatrical realm when she secured a prominent role in the [[English drama|English play]] ''Scattered Feathers''. Her acting abilities elicited acclaim and admiration from several individuals. During this theater performance, [[Master Vaz]], a then-well-known personality in the ''[[tiatr]]'' industry, discovered Fernandes and offered her a significant role in his ''tiatr'' play called ''Bapui'' (Father). Residing in [[Juhu]], [[Bombay]], at the time, Fernandes eagerly embraced this initial opportunity within the ''tiatr'' domain. Her performance in ''Bapui'' proved transformative, propelling her to attain eminence as one of the most sought-after actresses on the ''tiatr'' stage. While Fernandes has graced the ''tiatr'' scene with her acting prowess in various productions, she remains etched in the memories of ''tiatr'' aficionados for her unforgettable portrayals in [[John Claro]]'s ''Portuguez Kolvont'' (Portuguese Artist) and [[Aristides Dias]]' ''Divors'' (Divorce). In ''Portuguez Kolvont'', Fernandes delivered a performance that significantly contributed to the success of the ''tiatr''. This particular performance made history by running for more than 100 shows, establishing a record during that period. Similarly, Fernandes captivated audiences with her acting abilities in the ''tiatr Divors'', which also enjoyed a successful streak of over 100 shows. Her contributions to these two ''tiatrs'' left an impression on the discerning ''tiatr''-goers, firmly establishing Fernandes as an actress in high demand on the ''tiatr'' stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=de Sa |first=Victor |date=21 December 2010 |title=Meet the Artiste -- Sabina Fernandes |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref>

Fernandes is also a vocalist known for her singing abilities and extensive [[repertoire]] of [[duet]]s performed on the ''tiatr'' stage. Collaborating with a diverse range of singers throughout her career, Fernandes garnered acclaim for her musical prowess. However, it was her duets alongside her husband, Greg de Candolim, that truly captivated the ''tiatr'' audience, earning popularity and high demand. These duets were distinguished by their clever wit, comedic flair, and have become cherished within the ''tiatr'' fraternity, leaving a mark on its history. In addition to her musical achievements, Fernandes has also made contributions to the world of acting. Her portrayal in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''Mhoji Ghorcarn'' (1969) garnered praise and showcased her talent. In her heyday, Fernandes was in high demand and had the honor of collaborating with popular directors of that era. She appeared in ''tiatrs'' written and directed by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] figures such as [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Kid Boxer]], [[Saib Rocha]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Master Vaz]], [[Nelson Afonso]], [[Aristides Dias]], [[Mike Mehta]], [[John Claro]], Roam Tony, Tony Sax, [[Wilson Mazarello]], Mendes Brothers, [[Valente Mascarenhas]], and others. Her versatility and skill as an actress were acknowledged and appreciated. Fernandes's contributions extended beyond the stage and screen. She and her husband, Greg, were instrumental in producing and directing seven ''tiatrs''. Among them, works such as ''Ximiritint Sacrament'' (The Sacrament in Cemetery), ''Mhozo Titi'' (My Uncle), ''Gõycho Sadu'' (Goa's [[Sadhu]]), and ''Avoichim Dukam'' (Mother's Tears) showcased their creative vision and artistic finesse. Additionally, Fernandes ventured into the realm of [[audio production]], lending her voice to various [[audio album|audio]] and [[video album]]s. Her commitment and talent propelled her to perform in over three thousand ''tiatrs'', captivating, audiences not only in [[Goa]] but also across regions such as [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], and even [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|the Persian Gulf region]], including the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0" />

Author [[Wilson Mazarello]] acknowledges Fernandes as a talent who has held a leading position in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater for several years. Her performances have garnered acclaim, both locally and internationally, as she has traveled extensively as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', captivating audiences in diverse locations including the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[London]]. Throughout her career, Fernandes has displayed versatility and skill, embodying a wide [[character actor|range of characters]]. She excels in both serious and comedic roles, delivering performances that captivate audiences. Even as of 1995, Fernandes remains an active presence on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], captivating audiences with her character portrayals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=193–194 |language=en}}</ref> Fernandes was one of the pioneering female actors who contributed to the Konkani stage alongside Josephine, Isalita, and Anita during the early years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertaining with her melody |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Entertaining-with-her-melody/90900 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Fernandes has also made appearances in [[Kala Academy]] (KA)'s annual ''[[tiatr]]'' competitions. She featured in Reggie Fernandes's ''tiatr Rater'', where she was joined by cast members such as [[C. D'Silva]] and Inas de Canacona. This production secured the first prize in the competition. The prize-winning ''tiatr'' subsequently toured various locations in [[Sikkim]], expanding Fernandes' reach and reputation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortalim's star balances acting and singing with equal elan |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Cortalims-star-balances-acting-and-singing-with-equal-elan/161517 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> Additionally, in 1992, Femandes and her husband Greg were cast in Avers Pereira's ''tiatr Ixttagot'' (Friendship), produced under the banner of Antvers Production. This production brought together some of the popular artists from the Konkani stage, underscoring Fernandes' standing as a sought-after performer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming home to familiar haunts |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Coming-home-to-familiar-haunts-/167790 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

In November 2011, Fernandes secured the role of Maria in Derrick D'Mello's theatrical production titled ''Teag'' (Sacrifice). The play was featured at the 37th Tiatr Competition held at the [[Kala Academy]] in [[Panjim]]. ''Teag'' explored the emotional topic of children dealing with the death of their father in a tragic accident, while also navigating the impending separation from their mother, who was fighting [[cancer]] and leading a [[Precarity|precarious]] existence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-11-10 |title='Teag' – The inevitable of life – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/11/10/magazines/buzz/iwatch-teag-inevitable-life/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2013, Fernandes had the distinction of inaugurating the fourth edition of the Tiatr Festival, which was organized by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]. The festival commenced at the Pai Tiatrist Auditorium, situated within the Ravindra Bhavan complex in [[Margao]]. Notable attendees included [[Prince Jacob]], then-president of the Tiatr Academy of Goa, Joe Rose, then-vice president, and Victor de Sa, the member secretary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2013 |title=Popular Tiatr Fest opens |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Panjim/19th-feb-2013/47825 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

In May 2018, Fernandes was chosen for the role of Margarida in [[Sharon Mazarello]]'s ''[[tiatr]]'' production, ''Tukai Tench Assa'' (You share the same fate too). The play revolved around the lives of diverse families, shedding light on the challenges faced by parents left behind as their children migrated abroad in pursuit of better opportunities. These parents found themselves navigating the complexities of life during their twilight years, requiring self-reliance and resilience. Fernandes's co-actors included [[C. D'Silva]], [[Jessie Dias]], Josephine, [[Platilda Dias]], [[Wilson Mazarello]], [[Hortencio Pereira]], Anthony San, and Marcelin de Betim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior tiatrists shine bright in this familial drama |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Senior-tiatrists-shine-bright-in-this-familial-drama/130434 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 17 December 2020, Fernandes was bestowed with the honor of being the guest of honor at the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) Awards ceremony. The event commemorated the birth anniversary of [[Pai Tiatrist]] and featured the bestowal of "Lifetime Contribution Awards" in recognition of outstanding contributions to non-commercial ''khell'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]ists''. The awards ceremony unfolded in the grandeur of the main hall at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]], followed by a captivating cultural program presented by Tony de Ribandar and his troupe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAG Awards ceremony today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/TAG-Awards-ceremony-today/168759 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes married fellow [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and singer Gregorio Francisco Fernandes, known professionally by his [[stage name]] Greg de Candolim. She resided in the [[suburb]] of [[Juhu]], [[Bombay]] during the early 1960s, and her residence in Bombay helped her initially to be discovered by [[Master Vaz]].<ref name=":0" /> On 30 March 1999, Fernandes's husband died in [[Chicalim]], [[Goa]], at the age of 64.<ref>{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=89}}</ref> As of 2012, she resides in the [[census town]] of Chicalim.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
Throughout her career, Fernandes has been honored with several awards that recognize her talent and performances. In 2004, she received the Gulab Award for Best Actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2004 |title=Mathew Araujo gets Gulab Award 2003: Archbishop Gets Gulab Award |work=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref> and the Coca-Cola Award for her portrayal in the ''[[tiatr]] Tiatr Somplo Cholat Ghara'' (Tiatr is Ended, Go Home), written by the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Mario Menezes]]. Her acting skills were further acknowledged with a special award presented to her in [[London, UK]] for her performance in the ''tiatr Sounsar Sudorlo'' (The World Has Improved). Fernandes has been recognized and felicitated by various organizations for her significant contributions to the field of ''tiatr''. Among them are the Kala Mogi, [[Candolim]], Kuwait Goa Tiatristanchi Sounstha, Goa Konkani Academy, and [[Kala Academy]] Goa.<ref name=":1" /> In 2007–2008, she was honored with the Goa State Cultural Award in the field of ''tiatr'', a testament to her impact on the art form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Goa State Cultural Award |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030337/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2011, Fernandes was bestowed with the Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) during the 140th [[birth anniversary]] of the Father of ''tiatr'', [[Pai Tiatrist]], held at Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]]. This recognition was shared with nine other veteran ''tiatr'' artists, highlighting her long-standing career and dedication to the art form.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-12-20 |title=TAG remembers and honours veteran tiatrists – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/20/magazines/buzz/iwatch-tag-remembers-and-honours-veteran-tiatrists/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Further adding to her list of accolades, Fernandes was honored with the TAG Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Female) in April 2014 for her performance in the ''tiatr Omtea Kollxear Udok'' (Pouring Water on an Upside-Down Pot) by Mario Menezes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-01 |title='Xik'ko' wins big at TAG's tiatr festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/xikko-wins-big-at-tags-tiatr-festival/articleshow/31195448.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, at the 27th Tiatr Competition 2001–2002, she received the Best Quartet Singer award alongside Dominic, Seby, and Joao for their contribution in the ''tiatr Duens'' (Sickness) by Domingos Cardoz. In the 37th Tiatr Competition 2011–2012, Fernandes was awarded a merit certificate for her acting in the role of Maria in the ''tiatr Teag'' (Sacrifice) by Derrick D'Mello.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Sabina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

History of Pune

2026-03-12T18:07:32Z

KK JANGIR: done

{{Short description|none}}

{{Verification|date=March 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

[[Pune]] is the 9th most populous city in India and is the second largest in terms of population in the state of [[Maharashtra]].

Although the area around Pune has history going back millennia, the more recent history of the city is closely related to the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] from the 17th–18th century. Pune first came under Maratha control in the early 1600s when [[Maloji Bhosale]] was granted [[Fief|fiefdom]] of Pune by the [[Nizam Shahi]] of Ahmednagar. When Maloji's son, [[Shahaji]] had to join campaigns in distant southern India for the [[Adil Shahi]] sultanate, he selected Pune for the residence of his wife, [[Jijabai]] and younger son, [[Shivaji]] (1630-1680), the future founder of the Maratha Empire.<ref>Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind. "The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona." Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, no. 4 (1985): 719-24. Accessed July 30, 2021. doi:10.2307/602730.|page=719|quote=Shivaji spent his childhood in pune with his mother jijabai and mentor Dadoji Kondeo where the family was housed in an unpretentious house.</ref> Although Shivaji spent part of his childhood and teenage years in Pune, the actual control of the Pune region shifted between the Bhosale family of Shivaji, the Adil Shahi dynasty, and the [[Mughals]].

In the early 1700s, Pune and its surrounding areas were granted to the newly appointed Maratha Peshwa, [[Balaji Vishwanath]] by Chhatrapati [[Shahu I|Shahu]], grandson of Shivaji. Balaji Vishwanath's son, and successor as the Peshwa, [[Bajirao I]] made Pune as his seat of administration. This spurred growth in the city during Bajirao's rule which was continued by his descendants for the best part of 18th century. The city was a political and commercial center of the Indian subcontinent during that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126173557/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |url-status=live }}</ref> This period came to an end with the Marathas losing to the British [[East India Company]] during the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818.

After the fall of Peshwa rule in 1818, the British East India Company made the city one of its major military bases. They established military cantonments in the eastern part of the city, and another one at nearby [[Khadki]]. The city was known by the name of Poona during British rule and for a few decades after Indian independence. The company rule came to an end when in 1858, under the terms of the proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the [[Bombay Presidency]], along with Pune and the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown. British rule in the city for more than a century saw huge changes in the social, political, economic, and cultural life of the city. These included the introduction of railways, [[Telegraphy|telegraph]], roads, modern education, hospitals and social changes. Prior to the British takeover, the city was confined to the eastern bank of the [[Mutha River|Mutha river]]. Since then, the city has grown on both sides of the river. During British rule, Pune was made into the monsoon capital of the Bombay presidency. Palaces, parks, a golf course, a racecourse, and a boating lake were some of the facilities that were constructed to accommodate the leisurely pursuits of the ruling British elites of the Bombay presidency that stayed in the city during the monsoon season, and the military personnel. In the 19th and early 20th century, Pune was the center of social reform, and at the turn of the 20th century, the center of [[Indian independence movement|nationalism]]. For the latter, it was considered by the British as the center of political unrest against their rule. The social reform movement by [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Phule]] in the latter half of 1800s saw establishment of schools for girls as well as for the [[Dalit|Dalits]]. In 1890s, nationalist leader [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] promoted public celebration of the [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh festival]] as a hidden means for political activism, intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.

The post-independence era after 1947 saw Pune turning from a mid-size city to a large metropolis. Industrial development started in the outlining areas of the city such as [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]], and [[Pimpri]] in the 1950s. The first big operation to be set up was the government run [[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited|Hindustan Antibiotics]] in Pimpri in 1954.The area around Bhosari was set aside for industrial development, by the newly created [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) in the early 1960s. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations. The status of Pune was elevated from town to city, when the Municipality was converted into Pune Mahanagar Palika or the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) in the year 1950.This period saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the boom in the manufacturing industry, and lately in the software field. The influx has been from other areas of Maharashtra as well as from outside the state. The post-independence period has also seen further growth in the higher education sector in the city. This included the establishment of the University of Pune (now, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]) in 1949, the National Chemical Laboratory in 1950 and the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] in 1955.The [[Panshet]] flood of 1961 resulted in a huge loss of housing on the riverbank and spurred the growth of new suburbs. In the 1990s, the city emerged as a major information technology hub.

== Early and medieval ==
[[File:Pataleshwar cave temple.JPG|right|thumb| The circular Nandi Mandapa at the [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple, built during the [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasty is the oldest man-made structure in Pune]]

The first reference to Pune region is found in two copper plates dated to 758 and 768 AD, issued by [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler [[Krishna I]]. The plates are called "Puny [[Vishaya]]" and "Punaka Vishaya" respectively. The plates mention areas around Pune such as [[Theur]], [[Uruli Kanchan|Uruli]], Chorachi Alandi, Kalas, Khed, [[Dapodi]], Bopkhel and [[Bhosari]]. The [[Pataleshwar]] rock-cut temple complex was built during this time.<ref name="Kantak 489-495">{{cite journal|last1=Kantak|first1=M. R.|title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1991–1992|volume=51/52|pages=489–495|jstor=42930432}}</ref> Pune later became part of the [[Yadava Dynasty|Yadava Empire]] of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Deogiri]] from the 9th century. During this time, it was called as "Punekavadi" and "Punevadi". In 2003, an accidental discovery of artefacts from the [[Satvahana]] period in the Kasba peth area of the city has put the origin of settled life in the area to the early part of the first millennium.<ref name="ConinghamYoung2015">{{cite book|author1= Gautam Sengupta |author2=Sharmi Chakraborty |author3=B.C. Deotare, Sushma Deo, P.P. Joglekar, Savita Joglekar, S.N. Rajguru|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia|year=2008|publisher=Pragati Publications in association with Centre for Archaeological Studies and Training |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-1-316-41898-7|page=87|chapter= 3, Early historic sites in Western India }}</ref><ref>JOGLEKAR, P. P., et al. “A NEW LOOK AT ANCIENT PUNE THROUGH SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY (2004-2006).” Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, vol. 66/67, 2006, pp. 211–25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42931448 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606211851/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931448 |date=6 June 2022 }}. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.</ref>

The [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] dynasty overthrew the Yadavas in 1317. This started hundred years of [[Delhi Sultanate]] control of Pune. The Khalji dynasty was succeeded by another Delhi sultanate dynasty, the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]]s. A governor of the Tughlaq for the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] revolted and created the independent [[Bahamani]] sultanate. Traditional accounts state that the temples of [[Puneshwar]] and [[Narayaneshwar]] were turned into the Sufi shrines of Younger Sallah and Elder Sallah respectively. The Bahamanis, and their successor states, collectively called the [[Deccan sultanates]], ruled Pune region between 1400 and early 1600s. During this period, it was a village and was called "Kasabe Pune". A defensive wall around was built by Barya Arab, a commander of either the Khaljis or the Tughlaqs, in the early 1300s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035234/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During the period of Muslim Sultans, a fort of constructed in the village on the eastern bank of the [[Mutha River]]. The [[Brahmin]]s, traders, and cultivators were scattered around the village before and were situated around the fort wall after its construction.<ref name="Kantak 489-495" /><ref name="Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona - Google Books">{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=of Bombay Presidency|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona, Volume XVIII part III|date=1885|publisher=Government central press|location=Bombay|page=403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILYBAAAAYAAJ&q=barya+arab+poona&pg=PA402|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035146/https://books.google.com/books?id=ILYBAAAAYAAJ&q=barya+arab+poona&pg=PA402#v=snippet&q=barya%20arab%20poona&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gadgil and the Gazetteer of Bombay state that Baria Arab was from the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]] whereas Kantak says he was with the successor rulers, the Tughlaqs||group=note}} The Hindu saint, [[Namdev]] (1270–1350) is believed to have visited the Kedareshwar temple. The Bengali saint, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] visited the place during the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshahi]] rule.<ref name="Kantak 489-495" /> Under the Bahamani and early Nizamshahi, towards the end of 15th century, Pune became a center for learning of Sanskrit scriptures.<ref name="Kantak 489-495" />

== Maratha rule ==
Pune first came under Maratha control in the early 1600s. However, control shifted between the [[Bhosale|Bhonsle]] family, the [[Adilshahi|Adil Shahi dynasty]], and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, for most of the century. In the early 1700s, Pune and its surrounding areas were granted to the newly appointed Maratha [[Peshwa]], Balaji Vishwanath. It remained with his family until his great-grandson [[Bajirao II]] was defeated by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1818.

=== Bhosale family fiefdom (1599–1714) ===
In 1595 or 1599, [[Maloji Bhosle]], the grandfather of Maratha Empire founder, [[Shivaji]], was given the title of "[[raja]]" by Bahadur Nizam Shah II, the ruler of the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]].<ref name="Joseph1900">{{cite book |author=Joseph G. Da Cunha |title=Origin of Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/originbombay00cunhgoog |year=1900|publisher=Bombay, Society's library; [etc., etc.] }}</ref> On the recommendation of Nizam's [[Vizier|Vazir]], [[Malik Ambar]], Maloji was granted the [[jagir]] (fiefdom) of the Pune and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] [[pargana]]s, along with the control over the [[Shivneri]] and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] forts.

In 1630–31, Murar Jagdeo Pandit, a general of [[Adil Shahi]] of Bijapur attacked Pune and razed it to the ground by using ass-drawn ploughs, as a symbol of total dominance.<ref name="Kantak 489-495"/>{{#tag:ref|Per, M.R. Kantak, ass-drawn plough was used by a victor as symbolic gesture of destruction and also to curse the place<ref name="Kantak 489-495"/>|group=note}} Soon afterwards, [[Shahaji]], the son of Maloji, joined the service of Adil Shahi, and got his family's jagir of Pune back in 1637. He appointed [[Dadoji Konddeo]] as the administrator of the area. Dadoji slowly rebuilt the town and brought back the prominent families who had left it during the destruction by Murar Jagdeo.<ref name="A">Gadgil, D.R., 1945. Poona a socio-economic survey part I. Economics.</ref> Shahaji also selected Pune for the residence of his wife, [[Jijabai]] and son, Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha Empire. The construction of a palace, called [[Lal Mahal]], was completed in 1640. Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple herself. The [[Ganesh]] idol consecrated at this temple is regarded as the presiding deity ([[gramadevata]]) of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monuments in Pune|publisher = Pune district administration|url=http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm| access-date = 4 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325021426/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm |archive-date = 25 March 2008}}</ref>

Pune changed hands between the Mughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the century. It remained under Shivaji's control for the most part of his career, however, he operated from mountain forts like [[Rajgad]] and [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]]. Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general [[Shaista Khan]] and later, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] further developed the areas around the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punediary|url=http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html|publisher=Punediary|access-date=15 January 2011|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140007/http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Peshwa rule (1714–1818) ===
[[File:Gate of shaniwar wada.jpg|thumb|[[Shaniwar Wada]], the palace and administrative headquarters built by [[Baji Rao I]] in 1730]]
[[File:Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg|thumb|right|A watercolor painting of Pune from the late Peshwa era as seen from the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers, by British artist [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]]. The picture clearly shows the permanent features of the place, namely, the Mula-mutha River, [[Parvati Hill]] and the towering [[Sinhagad]] in the background]]
[[File:Vishrambag Wada Pune.JPG|thumb|right|Vishrambag Wada was built for his residence by Bajirao II in 1811. The building is still in use]]
In 1714, the Maratha ruler [[Shahu I|Shahu]] appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]], a [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]], as his Peshwa. Around the same period, Balaji was gifted the area around Pune by the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers, the [[Bhor State|Pantsachiv]], for saving the latter's life.<ref>Duff, J.G., 1990. History of the Marathas, Vol. I. Cf. MSG, p. 437.</ref> In 1720, [[Baji Rao I]], was appointed Peshwa, as a successor to his father, by Shahu.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=89|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724091042/https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|url-status=live}}</ref> Bajirao moved his administration from [[Saswad]] to Pune in 1728, and in the process, laid the foundation for turning what was a [[kasbah]] into a large city.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1989|volume=24|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=Balkrishna Govind|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1985|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|jstor=602730|doi=10.2307/602730}}</ref> Before Bajirao I made Pune his headquarters, the town already had six "[[Peths in Pune|Peths]]" or wards, namely, Kasba, Shaniwar, Raviwar, Somwar, Mangalwar, and Budhwar.<ref>Gadgil, D.R., 1945. Poona a socio-economic survey part I. Economics. page 14.</ref> Bajirao also started construction of a palace called [[Shaniwar Wada]] on the eastern bank of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control over the city. The city grew in size and influence as the Maratha rule extended in the subsequent decades. During this period, in addition to being the administrative capital of the Confederacy, the city also became the financial capital. Most of the 150 bankers or "savakars" in the city belonged to the Chitpavan or [[Deshastha Brahmin]] communities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nilekani|first1=Harish Damodaran|title=India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation|date=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|isbn=978-0230205079|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&q=pantpratinidhi+deshastha&pg=PP1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035147/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&q=pantpratinidhi+deshastha&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=pantpratinidhi%20deshastha&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city gained further importance as the Maratha dominance increased across India under the rule of Bajirao I's son, [[Balaji Baji Rao]], also known as Nanasaheb. After the disastrous [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, Maratha influence was curtailed. At that time, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] looted the city. The city and the empire recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]]. The rest of the Peshwa era was full of family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role in this was played by the ambitious [[Raghunathrao]], the younger brother of Nanasaheb who wanted power at the expense of his nephews, Madhavrao I and [[Narayanrao]]. Following the murder of Narayanrao on the orders of Raghunathrao's wife, in 1775, power was exercised in the name of the son of Narayanrao, [[Madhavrao II]], by a regency council led by [[Nana Fadnavis]] for almost the rest of the century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dikshit|first1=M. G.|title=Early Life of Peshwa Savai Madhavrao (Ii)|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1946|volume=7|issue=1/4|pages=225–248|jstor=42929386}}</ref> For most part, the Peshwa rule saw the city elites coming from the Chitpavan Brahmin community. They were the military commanders, the bureaucrats, and the bankers, and had ties to each other through matrimonial alliances.<ref>Review: Glory of Peshwa Pune
Reviewed Work: Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History by [[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]
Review by: Meera Kosambi
Economic and Political Weekly
Vol. 24, No. 5 (4 February 1989), pp. 247–250</ref>

Pune prospered as a city during the reign of the peshwas. Nanasaheb constructed a lake at [[Katraj]], on the southern outskirts of the city, and an underground aqueduct, which is still operational, to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada.<ref>Khare, K. C., and M. S. Jadhav. "Water Quality Assessment of Katraj Lake, Pune (Maharashtra, India): A Case Study. " Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. Vol. 292. 2008.</ref> Later in the century, the city got an underground sewage system in 1782, that ultimately discharged into the river.<ref name="A" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Peshwas diaries Volume VIII|page=354}}</ref> On the southern fringe of the city, Nanasaheb built a palace on the [[Parvati Hill]]. In the vicinity of the hill, he developed a garden called Heera Baug and dug a lake with a [[Saras Baug|Ganesh temple]] on an island in the middle of the lake. He also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities called [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune|Sadashiv Peth]], [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayan Peth]], [[Rasta Peth, Pune|Rasta Peth]], and [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]]. The city in the 1790s had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, household tax called ''Gharpatti'' was levied on the more affluent, which was one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, culture and society in early modern South Asia, 1740–1849.|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon, UK|isbn=978-0415728362|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PP1|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035238/https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under Peshwa rule, law and order was exercised by the office of the [[Kotwal]]. The Kotwal was both the police chief, magistrate, as well as the municipal commissioner. His duties included investigating, levying, and collecting of fines for various offenses. The Kotwal was assisted by police officers who manned the ''chavdi'' or the police station, and the clerks collected the fines and the paid informants who provided the necessary intelligence for charging people with misdemeanor. The crimes included illicit affairs, violence, and murder. Sometimes, even in case of murder, only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also settled with fines.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Feldhaus|editor-first1=Anne|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian society: [papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Maharashtra: Culture and Society held in April, 1991 at the Arizona State University]|date=1998|publisher=State Univ. of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0791436608|page=15 51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=poona+kotwal+peshwa+-tendulkar&pg=PA15|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035147/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=poona+kotwal+peshwa+-tendulkar&pg=PA15#v=snippet&q=poona%20kotwal%20peshwa%20-tendulkar&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The salary of the Kotwal was as high as 9000 rupees a month, but that included the expense of employing officers, mainly from the [[Ramoshi]] caste.<ref>India. Police Commission and India. Home Dept, 1913. History of Police Organization in India and Indian Village Police: Being Select Chapters of the Report of the Indian Police Commission, 1902–1903. University of Calcutta.</ref> The most famous Kotwal of Pune during Peshwa rule was Ghashiram Kotwal. The police force during this era was admired by European visitors to the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayapalan|first1=N.|title=Social and cultural history of India since 1556|date=2000|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171568260|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084459/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref>

The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in great expansion of Pune with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on [[Parvati Hill]].<ref>Preston, Laurence W. "Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India. " ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 28. 2 (2002): 203–215.</ref> Many of the [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], Krishna, and [[Ganesh]] temples were built during this era. The patronage also extended to 164 schools or "pathshalas" in the city that taught Hindu holy texts or [[Shastra]]s. However, the schools were open to men from the Brahmin castes only.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Ravinder|title=Western India in the Nineteenth century|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0415330480|page=39|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also conducted many public festivals. The main festivals were [[Holi]], the Deccan New year or [[Gudi padwa]], Ganeshotsav, [[Navratri#Maharashtra|Dasara]], and Dakshina. Holi at the court of Peshwa, used to be celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival celebrated in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana]], when millions of rupees were distributed, attracted Brahmins from all over India to Pune.<ref>Adachi, K., 2001. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/2001/13/2001_13_24/_pdf "Dakshina Rules of Bombay Presidency (1836–1851)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321083609/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/2001/13/2001_13_24/_pdf |date=21 March 2017 }}. ''Minamiajiakenkyu'', 2001(13), pp. 24–51.</ref><ref>Kyosuke Adachi, "Dakshina Rules of Bombay Presidency (183(−1851): Its Constitution and Principles", ''Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies'', 13, 2001</ref> The festivals, the building of temples and the rituals conducted at temples, led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1989|volume=248|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126173557/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Peshwa|The Peshwa rulers]] and the knights residing in the city also had their own hobbies and interests. For example, Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals such as lions and rhinoceros, close to where the later [[Saras Baug|Peshwe Park]] zoo was situated.<ref>{{cite book| title = Poona in Bygone Days |author= Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balvanta Parasnis|publisher= Times Press, Bombay |year=1921| url = https://archive.org/stream/poonainbygoneday00pararich#page/n5/mode/2up }}</ref> The last Peshwa, Bajirao II was a physical strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics or [[Malkhamb]] was developed in Pune, under his patronage, by Balambhat Deodhar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maguire|first1=Joseph|title=Sport across Asia: politics, cultures and identities 7|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and UK|isbn=978-0415884389|pages=129|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051623/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Peshwas and the courtiers were patrons of [[Lavani]], a genre of music and folk-dance popular in [[Maharashtra]]. A number of composers of it, such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar, and [[Honaji Bala]], came from this period. Ram Joshi also composed a ''[[powada]]'' praising the wonders of Pune itself.<ref>"2. Representing Maratha Power". Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960, New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. 40-70. https://doi.org/10.7312/desh12486-003The capital, Pune, grew into a prosperous city in this period, and not surprisingly, there are several powadas in celebration of this prosperity. A composition by Ram Joshi is particularly vivid.</ref> The dancers used to come from the castes such as [[Mang (caste)|Mang]] and [[Mahar]].<ref>Rege, S., 1995. The hegemonic appropriation of sexuality: The case of the lavani performers of Maharashtra. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 29(1), pp. 25–37. http://sharmilarege.com/resources/Hegemonic%20Appropriation%20of%20Sexuality_Rege.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054113/http://sharmilarege.com/resources/Hegemonic%20Appropriation%20of%20Sexuality_Rege.pdf |date=23 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520024076|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|quote=peshwa dance.}}</ref> Lavani used to be an essential part of Holi celebrations at the court of Peshwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shirgaonkar|first1=Varsha|last2=Ramakrishnan|first2=K S|title=Lavani Literature As a Source of Socio-Cultural History of Medieval Maharashtra|journal=International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences|date=2015|volume=3|issue=6|pages=41–48|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278967139}}</ref>

The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]], but Pune remained the seat of power. The city's fortunes declined rapidly after the accession of [[Bajirao II]] to power in 1795. In 1802, Pune was captured by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in the [[Battle of Poona]], directly precipitating the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of [[Bajirao II]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], under the leadership of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], in 1818.

== British rule (1818–1947) ==
[[File:Poona Kirkee.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Poona from 1914]]
In 1818, Pune and rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company. The company rule came to an end when in 1858, under the terms of [[Government of India Act 1858|Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria]], the Bombay Presidency, along with Pune and the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown.<ref name="victoriap221">{{cite book|title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History|page=221|first=Christopher|last= Hibbert|author-link=Christopher Hibbert|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-00-638843-2}}</ref>

=== City development ===
British rule, over more than a century, saw huge changes that were seen in all spheres, social, economic, and others as well. The British built a large military [[Pune Cantonment|cantonment]] to the east of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |title=Moledina, M.H., 1953. History of the Poona Cantonment, 1818–1953 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170717/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Building cantonments was a peculiarly British phenomenon in the Indian subcontinent. Whenever the British occupied new territory, they built new garrison towns near the old cities and called them cantonments.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}|group=note}} The settlement of the regiments of the 17 [[Poona Horse]] cavalry, the [[Lancashire Fusiliers]], the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kadekar|first1=LN|title=A Reader in urban sociology|date=1991|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0863111518|pages=154–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&q=poona+british+cantonment++%22race+course%22+&pg=PA49}}</ref> For many decades, Pune was the center of social reform and at the turn of the century, the center of Indian Nationalism. British era also saw development on the western bank of the Mutha river, in the vicinity of the village of [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Bhamburde]].

[[File:FergussonCollegeMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fergusson College]], founded in 1885 during the [[British Raj]], the first privately governed college in India.<ref>[http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx History of Foundation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx |date=12 July 2015}}</ref>|alt=]]
The population of the city was previously decreasing with the declining fortunes of the Peshwa rule. The population at the beginning of British rule was estimated at 100,000, and it declined further as the city lost its stature as the seat of a major power. In the 1851 census, the population of the old city (excluding the cantonment) was down to 70,000. The population increased subsequently, following the introduction of railways, to 80,000 in 1864, 90,000 in 1872, and 100,000 in 1881. The population of greater Poona (including the cantonment, Khadki, and surrounding villages like Ghorpadi) in 1881 was 144,000. By 1931, it had increased to 250,000. In the 1890s, there was a loss of population during the [[bubonic plague]], due to mortality from the disease as well as people leaving the city to escape the disease. The population bounced back in the following decades, due to the introduction and acceptance of vaccination by the Indian population of the city. During the British era, the vast majority of the old city population was Marathi-speaking Hindus. Other significant minorities were Muslims, Christians and Roman Catholics, [[Parsi]]s, [[Indian Jews|Jews]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], and [[Marwari people|Marwadi]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona - Google Books" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ}}</ref> During this period, the city population was heavily segregated by caste and economic status.<ref>Mehta, Surinder K (1968): "Patterns of Residence in Poona (India) by Income, Education, and Occupation (1937–65), " American Journal of Sociology, pp 496–508.</ref>

[[File:Ohel David Synagogue.jpg|thumb|right|Ohel David Synagogue or the Red temple(Lal Deval). A red brick and trap stone building in English-[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] style, The synagogue was built by [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]] in 1867.<ref name="Katz2000">{{cite book|author=Nathan Katz|title=Who Are the Jews of India?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&pg=PA91|date=18 November 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92072-9|page=126}}</ref>]]

The Poona Municipality was established in 1858. The cantonment area had its own separate administration from the beginning and is governed separately even today. Unlike the Bombay Municipal council, the Poona Municipality had two-thirds of its members elected. In case of Bombay, it was only half the members. Due to the colonial government of the Presidency setting up property and educational qualifications to hold office, majority of the seats on the corporation were held by Maharashtrian Brahmins, who accounted for 20% of the city's population in the late 1800s. A significant number of seats were also held by non-Maharashtrian Hindus (Gujarati, south Indian, etc.) and [[Parsis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520024076|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/20 20]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration}}</ref> Social reformer, [[Jyotirao Phule]] was appointed to the council in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keer|first1=Dhananjay|title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: father of the Indian social revolution.|date=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-066-2|pages=143|edition=[New ed.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&pg=PA1|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040207/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The position of [[District Collector]] was created by the East India company at the beginning of its rule and has been retained after Independence. Pune and the Pune district also had a collector, who had broad administrative power of revenue collection and judicial duties. When Pune and the Peshwa territories came under the company rule, Governor of the [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] wanted to retain many practices of the old order, including justice.<ref>Wheeler, M., 1960. The Cambridge History of India. CUP Archive.</ref> He continued the practice of [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] (a jury of local elders) to adjudicate in civil cases, however, the litigants preferred the parallel courts modelled on the English judicial system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chhabra|first1=G. S.|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India|date=2004|publisher=Lotus Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8189093075|pages=24–25|edition=[3rd ed.]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZzFm4pLWQC&q=poona++police+crime+presidency+court+judge+jury+-taylor+-jstor&pg=PA1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040137/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZzFm4pLWQC&q=poona++police+crime+presidency+court+judge+jury+-taylor+-jstor&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=poona%20%20police%20crime%20presidency%20court%20judge%20jury%20-taylor%20-jstor&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaffe|first1=James|title=Ironies of Colonial Governance: Law, Custom and Justice in Colonial India|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-1107087927|pages=68–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfoGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040137/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfoGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Trial by jury was introduced in Pune in 1867.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wadia|first1=Sorab P. N.|title=The institution of trial by jury in India|date=1897|publisher=University of Michigan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/institutiontria00wadigoog/page/n39 29]–30|url=https://archive.org/details/institutiontria00wadigoog|quote=jury poona.}}</ref>

[[File:Aga Khan Palace.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Aga Khan Palace]] was constructed by [[Aga Khan III]] in 1892.]]
For most of the British era, Pune remained a poor cousin of Mumbai when it came to industrialization. There were, however, a few industrial concerns active at the turn of the 20th century, such as a paper mill, metal forge works, and a cotton mill. An ammunition factory was set up in Khadki in 1869.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Ratna N.|title=Social organisation in an Indian slum: study of a caste slum|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788170991861|page=21|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgRUgXjEogC&q=pune+housing+peth&pg=PA1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040157/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgRUgXjEogC&q=pune+housing+peth&pg=PA1#v=snippet&q=pune%20housing%20peth&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Printing contributed significantly to the city's economy, due to the presence of large number of educational establishments in the city. To a major extent, manufacturing was a small-scale business. Cotton and silk weaving were major industries that grew in the 19th century. The same was true of brass and copperware.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGowan|first1=Abigail|title=Crafting the nation in colonial India|date=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-230-62323-1|page=42|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcvIAAAAQBAJ&q=v%26a+museum+poona&pg=PA37|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040137/https://books.google.com/books?id=hcvIAAAAQBAJ&q=v%26a+museum+poona&pg=PA37#v=snippet&q=v%26a%20museum%20poona&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter actually developed after the advent of railways made importation of sheet metal easier.<ref name="Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona - Google Books" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=101–151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035234/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Other small industries included jewelry, [[beedi]]-making, leatherworks, and food processing. Towards the end of the British era, moviemaking had become a significant business, with eminent studios like the [[Prabhat Film Company]] located in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=James|title=Cinemas of the world: film and society from 1895 to the present|date=2003|publisher=Reaktion|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-162-4|page=327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEFw2nnbpGAC&q=Prabhat+Film+Company&pg=PA327|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040138/https://books.google.com/books?id=nEFw2nnbpGAC&q=Prabhat+Film+Company&pg=PA327#v=snippet&q=Prabhat%20Film%20Company&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early years of the British rule, an open-air vegetable market used to be held outside the Shaniwar Wada. This shifted to an indoor place built by the Poona Municipality, which was inaugurated in 1886. The [[Mahatma Phule Mandai|market]] was named after the then Governor of Bombay, [[Lord Reay]], and served as retail and wholesale market in addition to being the municipal office. There was also an older market-district called [[Tulshi Baug]], close to the vegetable market that sold a variety of household items.<ref>Shankar, V.K. and Sahni, R., 2012, November. Chinese Goods for Indian Gods. In Symposium on India-China Studies held at the University of Delhi (New Delhi) during (Vol. 2, p. 3).</ref>

[[File:Mahatma Phule market, Pune.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mahatma Phule Mandai]] – The market was built by the Poona Municipality and opened in 1886. The market at that time was called Reay Market and also served as Municipality office.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dastane|first1=Sarang|title=Mahatma Phule Mandai completes 125 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mahatma-Phule-Mandai-completes-125-years/articleshow/6702457.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 October 2010|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201142630/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mahatma-Phule-Mandai-completes-125-years/articleshow/6702457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

During the first and second [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]], it used to take 4–5 weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. A military road constructed by the [[British East India Company|company]] in 1804 reduced the journey to 4–5 days. The company later built a [[Macadam|Macademized road]] in 1830, that allowed mail-cart service to begin between the two cities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|title=The city in South Asia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415574266|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/125 125]|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.}}</ref> A railway line from Bombay, which was operated by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR), reached the city in 1858.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|pages=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85|year=1885|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040138/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85#v=snippet&q=gazetteer%20famine%20poona&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85|title = Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 PTS.)|year = 1885|access-date = 22 October 2020|archive-date = 10 November 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040138/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85#v=snippet&q=gazetteer%20famine%20poona&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref> In the following decades, the line was extended to places farther east and south of the city. In the east, GIPR extended its line till [[Raichur]] in 1871, where it met a line of [[Madras Railway]] and thereby connected Poona to [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name="IR History: Early Days – II">{{cite web| url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title= IR History: Early Days – II| last= Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher= IFCA| access-date= 20 March 2014| archive-date= 26 July 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| url-status= live}}</ref> The Pune-[[Miraj]] line was completed in 1886. The completion of the [[Metre gauge railway|Metre-gauge]] Miraj line turned the city into an important [[Pune Junction railway station|railway junction]]. The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s. This cut the travel time between the cities to three hours and made it possible to make day-trips between the cities for business or leisure, such as the wealthy people from Bombay visiting the city to see the [[Pune Race Course|Poona races]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Ian J.|title=Engines of change: the railroads that made India|date=2006|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0275985646|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETIxCLujm30C&pg=PP7}}</ref> Although railways came to Pune in the middle of the 19th century, public-bus service took nearly ninety-years to follow suit. Unlike Mumbai, Pune never had a [[tram]] service. The first bus service was introduced in Pune in 1941, by the Silver bus company. This caused huge uproar amongst the [[Tanga (carriage)|Tanga]] carriers (horse-drawn carriage) who went on strike in protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmpml.org/history|title=History of PMPML Undertaking|website=Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd.|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920024653/http://www.pmpml.org/history|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tangas were the common mode of public transport well into the 1950s. Bicycles were choice of vehicle for private use in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=240–244|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.}}</ref>

Given the importance of Pune as a major Military base, the British were quick to install the [[Electrical telegraph|Telegraph]] in the city in 1858.<ref>Gorman, M., 1971. Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India. Technology and Culture, 12(4), pp. 581–601.</ref> ''The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts)'' of 1885 reports that, in 1885, the city had its own telegraph office in addition to the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIPR]] company's telegraph service. The city was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which in addition to mailing services, offered money order and savings bank services. In 1928, a beam relay station was installed in Khadki to beam radiotelegraph signals for [[Imperial Wireless Chain]] system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95o5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA162|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1885|volume=XVIII|location=Bombay|pages=162–163}}</ref>

[[File:Pune university small.jpg|thumb|right|Summer residence of the British Governor of Bombay presidency at Ganesh Khind. The building is now the flagship building of [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]]]
Areas east of Pune receive much less rainfall than the areas in the west of city, adjacent to the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri mountains]]. To minimize the risk of drought in the low rainfall areas, a [[masonry dam]] was built on the Mutha river at [[Khadakwasla]] in 1878. At that time, the dam was considered one of the largest in the world. Two canals were dug on each bank of the river, for irrigating lands to the east of the city. The canals also supplied drinking water to the city and Pune cantonment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|pages=16–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref> In 1890, Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Mark|title=Public health in British India: Anglo-Indian preventive medicine 1859–1914|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0521441278|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PShpbwti_3EC&q=poona+sanitation+colonial+british&pg=PR8}}</ref>

Electricity was first introduced in the city in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sumit Roy|first1=Sumit|title=Investigations into the Process of Innovation in the Indian Automotive Component Manufacturers with Reference to Pune as a Dynamic City-Region|url=https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/asiabus/indiaautopune.pdf|website=myweb. rollins.edu|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920202819/https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/asiabus/indiaautopune.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early part of the 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric supply company, a [[Tata Group|Tata]] concern, received power from [[Khopoli]] on the Mumbai side of the ghats, and [[Bhivpuri]] plants near the [[Mulshi]] dam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narayan|first1=Shiv|title=Hydroelectric Plants India|date=1935|location=Pune, India|pages=64|url=https://archive.org/stream/HydroelectricPlantsIndia/Hydroelectric%20plants%20India_djvu.txt}}</ref> The power was used for the electric trains running between Mumbai and Pune, and for industry and domestic use.
[[File:Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya Pune 20160103 064038.jpg|right|thumb|Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya boys' school founded in 1883]]
To cater for the religious and educational needs of the British-Christian soldiers and officers from the [[Anglo-Indian]], [[Goan]]-[[Luso-Indian]] and Eurasian (mixed ancestry) communities, the early colonial period saw the building of many Protestant and Catholic churches and schools, such as [[The Bishop's School (Pune)]], [[Hutchings High School]], and [[St. Mary's School, Pune]]. [[St. Vincent's High School]], [[St. Anne's School (Pune)]] were other schools founded in the 1800s to cater to the Catholic community.<ref>"Anglican Scholastic Heritage in Poona 1818–1947", Research Article, ''Historicity Research Journal'' Volume 2 | Issue 9 | May 2016 Pramila Dasture</ref>

In the 1820s, the company government set up a Hindu college, to impart education in Sanskrit. In the 1840s, the college started offering a more contemporary curriculum. The college was then renamed as Poona College, and later [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naregal|first1=Veena|title=Language politics, elites, and the public sphere: western India under colonialism|date=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1843310549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm7OD7aSq-4C&q=poona+missionary+schools+colonial+india&pg=PR8}}</ref> The 1800s also witnessed tremendous activity in setting up schools and colleges by early nationalists. For example, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was one of the founders of the [[Deccan Education Society]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520024076|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/49 49]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|quote=fergusson college.}}</ref> The society set up the New English school as well as the renowned [[Fergusson College]]. Another nationalist, [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]] was co-founder of the Maharashtra Education Society. Both the Deccan and Maharashtra education society run numerous schools and colleges till date, in Pune, and in other cities, such as [[Abasaheb Garware College]]. The [[Shikshan Prasarak Mandali]] was responsible for setting up the Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya school for boys in 1883, and the [[Sir Parshurambhau College|SP College]] for higher education in 1916. The colonial era also saw the opening of schools for girls and the [[Untouchable castes]]. The pioneers in this task were the husband and wife duo of [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Savitribai Phule]], who set up the first girls' school in Pune in 1848.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keer|first1=Dhananjay|title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: father of the Indian social revolution.|date=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-066-2|pages=24|edition=[New ed.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&pg=PA1}}</ref> Later in the century in 1885, Justice [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] and [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] founded the first and renowned girls' high school in Pune, called [[Huzurpaga]].<ref>Ghurye, G. S. (1954). Social Change in Maharashtra, II. Sociological Bulletin, page 51.</ref> [[SNDT Women's University]], the first university for women in India, was founded in Pune by [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|title=Women in modern India|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=9780521653770|page=53|edition=1. pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=karve+Thackersey+Women%27s+University&pg=PR10}}</ref> Early during British rule, in the 1830s, the "Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School" was established to train subordinate officers for carrying out public-works like buildings, dams, canals, railways, and bridges.<ref>Henry Herbert Dodwell (1929). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive</ref><ref>A. A. Ghatol, S. S. Kaptan, A. A. Ghatol, K. K. Dhote (1 January 2004). Industry Institute Interaction. Sarup & Sons. pp. 61–. {{ISBN|978-81-7625-486-1}}.</ref><ref name="Andrew Debrat">{{cite book|title=The Asiatic annual register; or, A view of the history of Hindustan,: and of the politics, commerce, and literature of Asia, ...|year=1859|publisher=Printed for J. Debrett, Piccadilly, by Andrew Wilson, the Asiatic Press, Wild Court.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticannualre13unkngoog/page/n99 74]–|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticannualre13unkngoog}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Paulo B. Lourenço|title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Possibilities of numerical and experimental techniques|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-1-4039-3157-3|pages=1811–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xT_79ukGMEsC&pg=PA1811|date=February 2006}}</ref><ref name="Suresh Mittal">{{cite book|last=Suresh Kant Sharma|title=Encyclopaedia of Higher Education: Scientific and technical education|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-017-8|pages=46–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKfjFAdvnBwC&pg=PA46}}</ref><ref name="Debrett Piccadilly">{{cite book|title=The Asiatic annual register; or, A view of the history of Hindustan,: and of the politics, commerce, and literature of Asia, ...|year=1859|publisher=Printed for J. Debrett, Piccadilly, by Andrew Wilson, the Asiatic Press, Wild Court.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticannualre13unkngoog/page/n102 77]–|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticannualre13unkngoog}}</ref> Later on, in the year 1864, the school became the "Poona Civil Engineering College." The number of courses were increased to include forestry and agricultural subjects, which led to its name being changed to Poona College of Science. All non-engineering courses were stopped by 1911, and the college was renamed as [[College of Engineering, Pune|Government College of Engineering, Poona]]. [[Mahatma Phule Museum|Lord Reay Industrial Museum]], which was one of the few industrial museums in colonial times, was established in Pune in 1890.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGowan|first1=Abigail|title=Crafting the nation in colonial India|date=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-230-62323-1|page=37|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcvIAAAAQBAJ&q=v%26a+museum+poona&pg=PA37}}</ref> [[File:B J Medical College, Pune.jpg|right|thumb|BJ Medical school, the oldest medical school in Pune]]Western Medical education started in Pune with the establishment of the BJ Medical school in 1871. The [[Sassoon Hospital]] was also started around the same time, with the help of the philanthropist Sassoon family in 1868.<ref>Mutalik, Maitreyee. "Review of Body Snatching to Body Donation: Past and Present: A Comprehensive Update., Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2015 July; 6(3): (B) 428 – 439"</ref> A regional mental asylum at [[Yerwada Mental Hospital|Yerwada]] was established in the late 1800s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Preeti|title=A joint enterprise: Indian elites and the making of British Bombay|date=2011|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0816670369|pages=150–152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&q=pune+architecture+colonial+british&pg=PP2}}</ref>
[[File:Damodar Hari Chapekar 2018 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|Stamp issued to honor Damodar Chapekar, one of the brothers
who shot British colonial official W.C. Rand for his handling of the bubonic plague outbreak in 1897]]
Poona was a very important military base with a large cantonment during this era. The cantonment had a significant European population of soldiers, officers, and their families. A number of public health initiatives were undertaken during this period ostensibly to protect the Indian population, but mainly to keep Europeans safe from the periodic epidemics of diseases like [[Cholera]], [[bubonic plague]], [[small pox]], etc. The action took form in vaccinating the population and better sanitary arrangements. The Imperial Bacteriological laboratory was first opened in Pune in 1890, but later moved to [[Muktesar]] in the hills of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].<ref name="Pune">{{cite book|last1=Arnold|first1=David|title=Science, technology and medicine in Colonial India|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=9780521563192|pages=142–146|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bAxnPwOMd8C&q=Science,+Technology+and+Medicine+in+Colonial+India+By+David+Arnold&pg=PR6}}</ref> Given the vast cultural differences, and at times the arrogance of colonial officers, the measures led to public anger. The most famous case of the public anger was in 1897, during the bubonic plague epidemic in the city. By the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging with a mortality rate twice the norm and half the city's population had fled. A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W.C. Rand, an [[Indian Civil Services]] officer. He brought European troops to deal with the emergency. The heavy handed measures he employed included forcibly entering peoples' homes, at times in the middle of the night and removing infected people and digging up floors, where it was believed in those days that the plague bacillus bacteria resided.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arnold|first1=David|title=Imperial medicine and indigenous societies|date=1988|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=978-0719024955|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Xi7AAAAIAAJ&q=poona+%22indigenous+civil+society+colonial+&pg=PR6}}</ref> These measures were deeply unpopular. Tilak fulminated against the measures in his newspapers, [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] and Mahratta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|title=Health care in Bombay Presidency, 1896–1930|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9789380607245|pages=19–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm14U_6JVwoC&q=mridula+ramanna&pg=PR7}}</ref> The resentment culminated in Rand and his military escort being shot dead by the [[Chapekar brothers]] on 22 June 1897. A memorial to the Chapekar brothers exists at the spot on Ganesh Khind Road. The assassination led to a re-evaluation of public health policies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Mark|title=Public health in British India: Anglo-Indian preventive medicine 1859–1914|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0521441278|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PShpbwti_3EC&q=poona+sanitation+colonial+british&pg=PR8}}</ref> This led even Tilak to support the vaccination efforts later in 1906. In the early 20th century, the Poona Municipality ran clinics dispensing [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and regular English medicine. Plans to close the former in 1916 led to protest, and the municipality backed down. Later in the century, Ayurvedic medicine was recognized by the government and a training hospital called Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya with 80 beds was established in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|title=Health care in Bombay Presidency, 1896–1930|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9789380607245|pages=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm14U_6JVwoC&q=mridula+ramanna&pg=PR7}}</ref> The Seva sadan institute led by [[Ramabai Ranade]] was instrumental in starting training in nursing and midwifery at the Sassoon Hospital. A maternity ward was established at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM Hospital]] in 1912.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|title=Health care in Bombay Presidency, 1896–1930|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9789380607245|pages=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm14U_6JVwoC&q=mridula+ramanna&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|last2=Feldhaus|first2=Ann |title=Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra|date=2000|publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788125018780|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=%22seva+sadan%22+ranade&pg=PA256}}</ref> Availability of midwives and better medical facilities was not enough for high infant mortality rates. In 1921, the infant mortality rate was at a peak of 876 deaths per 1000 births.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|title=Health care in Bombay Presidency, 1896–1930|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9789380607245|pages=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm14U_6JVwoC&q=mridula+ramanna&pg=PR7}}</ref>

=== Center of social reform and nationalism ===
[[File:Mphule.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jyotirao Phule]], social reformer]]
The city was an important centre of social and religious reform movements, as well as the nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable civil societies founded or active in the city during the 19th century include the [[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]], the [[Prarthana samaj]], the Arya Mahila Samaj, and the [[Satya Shodhak Samaj]]. The Sarvajanik Sabha took an active part in relief efforts during the famine of 1875–76. The Sabha is considered the forerunner of the [[Indian National Congress]], established in 1885.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Gordon|title=Provincial Politics and Indian nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress, 1880 – 1915|date=1973|publisher=Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521202596|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kaZV5CdzsAC&q=poona+brahmin+maratha++congress&pg=PR6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Roy|editor-first1=Ramashray|title=India's 2004 elections: grass-roots and national perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=9780761935162|pages=87|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gS9XKBfi50C&q=poona+sarvajanik+samaj&pg=PA86}}</ref> Two of the most prominent personalities of Indian Nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who were on opposite sides of the political spectrum, called Pune their home. The city was also a centre of social reform led by Jyotirao Phule, [[Justice Ranade]], feminist [[Tarabai Shinde]], Dhondo Keshav Karve, [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]], and [[Pandita Ramabai]].<ref>Ramachandra Guha, "The Other Liberal Light, " [http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/104203/the-other-liberal-light ''New Republic'' 22 June 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130204162051/http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/104203/the-other-liberal-light |date=4 February 2013 }}</ref> Most of the early social reform and nationalist leaders of stature in Pune were from the Brahmin caste, who belonged to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] or its affiliated groups. The non-Brahmins in the city started organizing in the early 1920s, under the leadership of [[Keshavrao Jedhe]] and Baburao Javalkar. Both belonged to the non-Brahmin party. Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Thomas Blom|title=Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0691088402|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084504/https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aim.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayapalan|first1=N.|title=Social and cultural history of India since 1556|date=2000|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171568260|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084459/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party, and transformed the party from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based, but also Maratha-dominated party in Pune and other parts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Omvedt|first1=Gail|title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1974|volume=9|issue=6/8|pages=201–219|jstor=4363419}}</ref>

[[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] was imprisoned several times at [[Yerwada Central Jail]]. The historic [[Poona Pact]], between [[B.R. Ambedkar]] and Gandhi on reserved seats for the untouchable castes, was signed in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poona Pact – 1932|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469892/Poona-Pact|website=Britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073354/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469892/Poona-Pact|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AMBEDKAR VS GANDHI: A Part That Parted|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-part-that-parted/281929|publisher=OUTLOOK|date=20 August 2012|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427033738/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-part-that-parted/281929|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Museum to showcase Poona Pact|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Museum-to-showcase-Poona-Pact/articleshow/2400058.cms|access-date=29 April 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 September 2007|quote=Read 8th Paragraph|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017053453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Museum-to-showcase-Poona-Pact/articleshow/2400058.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi was placed under house arrest at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in 1942–44, where both his wife, and aide [[Mahadev Desai]] died.

=== Culture ===
[[File:Bal G. Tilak.jpg|thumb|Lokmanya Tilak, a major figure in the [[Indian independence movement]]]]
The social reformers and nationalist leaders in the city were greatly aided by the availability of printing presses. The Chitrashala press and the Aryabhushan press of [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar|Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar]], were the notable printing presses based in Pune in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pinney|first1=Christopher|title=Photos of the gods: the printed image and political struggle in India|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion|location=London|isbn=978-1861891846|pages=47–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&q=chitrashala+aryabhushan&pg=PA7}}</ref> The first Marathi newspapers published from the city were ''Mitrodaya'' in 1844 and ''Dnyanprakash'' in 1849. Christian missionaries based in Bombay and Pune started a journal called ''Dnyanodaya'' in the 1840s, to criticise Hindu social customs as well as to impart knowledge on secular subjects such as science and medicine. In reply to the missionary criticism, Krishna Shastri Chiplunkar and Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale started ''Vicharlahari'' and ''Vartaman Dipika'' respectively in 1852. Later in the 19th century, Tilak and [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar|Agarkar]] started the English newspaper ''Mahratta'' and the Marathi paper, ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'', respectively. These papers were printed at the Aryabhushan press.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Shefali|title=The sexual life of English: caste and desire in modern India|date=2012|publisher=Duke Univ. Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0822352273|pages=59–60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhciewLjbUC&q=chitrashala+aryabhushan&pg=PP8|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041218/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhciewLjbUC&q=chitrashala+aryabhushan&pg=PP8#v=snippet&q=chitrashala%20aryabhushan&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> After ideological differences with Tilak, Agarkar left ''Kesari'' and started his own reformist paper, ''[[Sudharak]]''. Most of the above papers were either run by Brahmins or catered to the upper castes. The Bombay journals, ''[[Deenbandhu]]'' and ''Vitalwidhvansak'', established in 1877 and 1886 respectively, catered to the non-Brahmin castes, and especially propagated the anti-caste philosophy of Phule. In the early 20th century, a number of newspapers were established or had a special Pune edition. ''Prabhat'' in the 1940s, was the first one ''[[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]'' newspaper that catered to the lower income classes. The ''[[Sakal]]'' started by [[Nanasaheb Parulekar]] in 1931 is the most popular Marathi daily in the city to this day.<ref>Prabhu, M.P., History of Press in Maharashtra. SHODH PRERAK, pp. 291–295.</ref>

The public [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav]] festival, popular in many parts of India in modern times was started in Pune in 1892, by a group of young Hindu men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaur |first=R. |year=2003 |title=Performative politics and the cultures of Hinduism: Public uses of religion in western India |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=38–48 |isbn=9781843311386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPMj14o4dgoC&q=pune&pg=PP2 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409221422/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPMj14o4dgoC&q=pune&pg=PP2 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it was Nationalist leader, [[Lokmanya Tilak|Tilak]] who transformed the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organised public event.<ref>{{Cite book |last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara Daly|title=A Concise History of India |date=26 November 2001|page=150|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63027-6|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000metc |url-access=registration}}</ref> Tilak recognized Ganesha's appeal as "the god for everybody",<ref>Momin, A. R., ''The Legacy Of G. S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift'', p. 95.</ref><ref>For Ganesha's appeal as "the god for everyman" as a motivation for Tilak, see: Brown (1991), p. 9.</ref> popularising [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] as a national festival to "bridge the gap between [[Brahmins]] and 'non-Brahmins' and find a context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them", generating nationalistic fervour in the Maharashtrian people to oppose British colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown |first=Robert L. |title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God |year=1991 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-0657-1 }}Brown (1991), p. 9.</ref><ref>For Tilak's role in converting the private family festivals to a public event in support of Indian nationalism, see: Thapan, p. 225. {{Cite book|last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |title=Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-195-2 }}</ref><ref>For Tilak as the first to use large public images in ''{{IAST|maṇḍapas}}'' (pavilions or tents) see: Thapan, p. 225. {{Cite book|last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |title=Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-195-2 }}</ref> Until then, Hindus in Pune participated in the Shia Muslim festival of [[Muharram]], by making donations and making the [[Tazia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MICHAEL|first1=S. M.|s2cid=143986762|title=The politicization of the Ganaati festival|journal=Social Compass |date=1986|volume=33|issue=2–3 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.1177/003776868603300205}}</ref> There were about 100 public Ganpatis installed in the late 1800s. This increased to about 300, at the end of British rule.<ref>Kaur, R. (2003). Performative politics and the cultures of Hinduism: Public uses of religion in western India. Anthem Press, page 60.</ref> Encouraged by Tilak, Ganesh Chaturthi facilitated community participation when the colonial authorities, on the other hand, discouraged social and political gatherings to control unrest by the Indian population. The festival allowed public entertainment in the form of intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/79 79]|quote=ganesh chaturthi.}}</ref> In 1895, Lokmanya Tilak also took a lead in public celebration of the birthday of Shivaji, the founder of Maratha empire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|title=Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=9780195623925|page=79|edition=1. publ. in Oxford India pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&q=tilak+shivaji&pg=PA1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&q=tilak+shivaji&pg=PA1#v=snippet&q=tilak%20shivaji&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Justice Ranade started the spring lecture series called [[Vasant Vyakhyanmala]] in 1875.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vasant Vyakhyanmala to start from April 21|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4714231410731082713&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20110419&NewsTitle=Vasant%20Vyakhyanmala%20to%20start%20from%20April%2021|agency=sakaltimes|issue=19 April 2011|publisher=sakal news papers|date=19 April 2011|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013756/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4714231410731082713&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20110419&NewsTitle=Vasant%20Vyakhyanmala%20to%20start%20from%20April%2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Month-long spring lecture series that has been a tradition for centuries in Pune will be held till May 20.|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-vasant-vyakhyanmala-a-century-old-lecture-series-kicks-off-in-pune-1980780|access-date=9 December 2014|agency=dna|publisher=dna|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214021424/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-vasant-vyakhyanmala-a-century-old-lecture-series-kicks-off-in-pune-1980780|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the lengthy period of British rule, many different forms of entertainment became popular and subsequently faded in Pune. In the 1840s, plays based on stories from the Hindu epics such as [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharat]] were made popular by the traveling troupes of [[Vishnudas Bhave]]. For the next forty years, plays by the traveling troupes and performances in tents or even private dwellings were extremely popular among the Marathi speaking population of the city.<ref>Kulkarni, K.A., 2015. The Popular Itinerant Theatre of Maharashtra, 1843–1880. Asian Theatre Journal, 32(1), pp. 190–227.</ref> The [[Sangeet Natak|Marathi musical theater]] of the later period was built on the foundation of the travelling theatre. Another art form popular in this era was Lavani and [[Tamasha]], danced and performed at the Aryabhushan theater.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alison|first1=Arnold|last2=Booth|first2=Gregory D.|title=The Garland encyclopedia of world music.|date=2000|publisher=Garland|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=9780824049461|page=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was a pioneer in the movie business, with companies like Prabhat studios producing quality movies. The first movie theatre in Pune was called Aryan Theatre. After the advent of [[talkies]] in the 1930s, the word (talkies) was used to denote a cinema hall. Most of the early halls had western names, such as Minerva, Globe, Liberty, etc.[[File:Palwankar Baloo.jpg|right|thumb|Cricketer Palwankar Baloo]]

The British rulers of India loved outdoor sports and built facilities for their leisure.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Winchester|first1=Simon|last2=Morris|first2=Jan|title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0192805966|page=151|edition=New|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC&q=poona+british+golf+boat+racecourse+cantonment&pg=PP12|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051623/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC&q=poona+british+golf+boat+racecourse+cantonment&pg=PP12|url-status=live}}</ref> British rule in Pune saw both the introduction of British sports such as [[cricket]], and the development of the new game of [[Badminton]].<ref>Tennyson, C., 1959. They taught the world to play. Victorian Studies, 2(3), pp. 211–222.</ref> The building of a low dam at [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund gardens]], financed by Parsi businessman, [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] in 1860, allowed boating on the Mula-Mutha river for recreation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kincaid|first1=Charles Augustus|last2=Parasnis|first2=Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balavant|title=History of the Maratha People Volume 1|date=1918|publisher=Oxford University press|location=London|isbn=978-1176681996|page=224|edition=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwNjkn-HPsC&q=rajwade+shivaji+dadaji&pg=PA133|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051623/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwNjkn-HPsC&q=rajwade+shivaji+dadaji&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref> The cantonment area of the city had a racecourse which still hosts horse racing. The British also built a golf course, which is still operational as the Poona Golf club in a presently sub-urban setting. There were exclusively white clubs such as Poona Europeans, and clubs based on religion such as Poona Parsees and Poona Hindu Gymkhana, for Cricket, by the end of the 19th century. The latter club was dominated by the educated Brahmin caste of the city. However, two lower-caste brothers from the city, became stars of Indian cricket in the early 20th century. They were [[Palwankar Baloo]] and his brother, Vithal Palwankar. Vithal was appointed the captain of the Hindus in a quadrilateral cricket tournament between the Hindus, Parsis, Muslims, and Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=Dilip M.|title=Cultural history of modern India|date=2006|publisher=Social Science Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8187358251|pages=1–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxDB5GBCpNEC&q=%22gowd+saraswat+brahmin%22+marathi&pg=PA1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051624/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxDB5GBCpNEC&q=%22gowd+saraswat+brahmin%22+marathi&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=James H.|last2=Sen|first2=Satadru|title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1843310334|pages=129, 141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051623/https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref> British rule also saw a parallel development of indigenous sports at the traditional [[Akhara|akhada]] or talim. However, the 1897 assassination of Rand by the [[Chapekar brothers]], who ran a talim in Pune called Gophan, led to these venues being viewed with suspicion by the colonial authorities, for being potential centers of extremist views.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Maguire|first1=Joseph|title=Sport across asia: politics, cultures and identities 7|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415884389|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630052124/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC|url-status=live}}</ref> The committee to set rules for [[Kho-kho]] was established in the city in 1914.<ref>Mahesh, D., 2015. A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Among Kho-Kho and Kabaddi Male Players. ''International Journal'', ''3''(7), pp. 1594–1597.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=+COMPARATIVE+STUDY+OF+PHYSICAL+FITNESS+AMONG+KHO-KHO+AND+KABADDI+MALE+PLAYERS.+International+Journal%2C&btnG=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052257/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,39&q=+COMPARATIVE+STUDY+OF+PHYSICAL+FITNESS+AMONG+KHO-KHO+AND+KABADDI+MALE+PLAYERS.+International+Journal,&btnG=|date=10 April 2023}}</ref> The Deccan Gymkhana sports club formed in the early 20th century was instrumental in organizing the first Indian delegation to an Olympic meeting at [[Antwerp]] in 1920<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Steven|title=Social and cultural diversity in a sporting world|date=2008|publisher=Emerald|location=Bingley, UK|isbn=9780762314560|pages=172–175|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8BuCcSj8HoC&q=pune++dorabji+tata+deccan&pg=PA167|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630052142/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8BuCcSj8HoC&q=pune++dorabji+tata+deccan&pg=PA167|url-status=live}}</ref> The Maharashtra Mandal club formed in the early 20th century, took the lead in promoting physical culture and education. The club promoted both indigenous as well as western sports.<ref name="Routledge" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=James H.|last2=Sen|first2=Satadru|title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1843310334|pages=128–136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630051623/https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Post-Independence (1947–present) ==
[[File:Mutha river in Pune at Onkareshwar 001.jpg|thumb|right|The Mutha river between Onkareshwar temple and Shivaji bridge in the 1980s]]
The period between 1947 and the present day saw Pune turning from a mid-size city to a large metropolis. This period saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the boom in the manufacturing industry, and lately in the software field. The influx has been from other areas of Maharashtra as well as from outside the state. The [[Government of India|Indian Government]] embarked on a period of [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalization]] in 1991 that had a tremendous influence on the growth of the city, and therefore the post-independence period can be divided into two periods of 1947–1991 and 1991–present.

After gaining independence from British rule in 1947, Pune became part of the [[Bombay state]]. Just after a year of independence, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated in 1948. Gandhi's assassin, [[Nathuram Godse]] and most of his fellow conspirators were from Pune.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=An-Naʻim|editor-first1=Abdullahi A.|date=1995|title=Human rights and religious values: an uneasy relationship?|publisher=Editions Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9789051837773|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&q=godse+murder+pune&pg=PA120|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&q=godse+murder+pune&pg=PA120#v=snippet&q=godse%20murder%20pune&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1950s, Pune came at the forefront of the struggle for a unified state of Maharashtra for the Marathi speakers. Many leaders of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]], such as [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[S.M. Joshi]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], [[Narayan Ganesh Gore|Nanasaheb Gore]] and [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]], were based in Pune. After the spectacular success of the Samiti in Marathi speaking areas, the Congress party government at the center agreed to merge Marathi speaking areas into the newly created state of Maharashtra in 1960, with Pune as one of its leading cities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qmoiCCN2AK0C&dq=Samyukta+Maharashtra+Samiti&pg=PA37 Dialogue with Life – Madhu Dandavate – Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426234212/https://books.google.com/books?id=qmoiCCN2AK0C&dq=Samyukta+Maharashtra+Samiti&pg=PA37 |date=26 April 2023 }}. Books. google.com.ni. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Radheshyam Jadhav|title=Samyukta Maharashtra movement|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=30 April 2010|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113064222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Samyukta Maharashtra movement|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|agency=Diligent Media Corporation|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar Group|date=1 May 2014|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073631/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has been part of the [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune Lok sabha constituency]] since independence. Since independence, the city has more often than not, elected candidates from the Congress party such as [[Vitthalrao Gadgil|Vithalrao Gadgil]], and in recent past, [[Suresh Kalmadi]] who was charged with corruption. The city elected opposition candidates in times of crisis, such as [[Narayan Ganesh Gore|Nanasaheb Gore]] during the struggle for united Maharashtra in 1957, or [[Mohan Dharia]] after the lifting of [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] in 1977. The city and its surrounding areas have six single-member constituencies for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]. The Congress party or its breakaway factions such as [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], have historically dominated elections to this body.

=== City growth and development ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at the Penicillin Factory, Pune, 1956.jpg|thumb|right|Prime minister Nehru visiting the Hindustan anti-biotics operations in Pimpri in 1956]]

The population of the city grew rapidly after independence, from nearly 0.5–0.8 million in 1968 to 1. 5 million in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Ratna N.|title=Social organisation in an Indian slum: study of a caste slum|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788170991861|page=22|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgRUgXjEogC&q=pune+housing+peth&pg=PA1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110040157/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgRUgXjEogC&q=pune+housing+peth&pg=PA1#v=snippet&q=pune%20housing%20peth&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1996, the population had increased to 2.5 million.<ref>ASTROP, A, C PALMER, D MAUNDER AND D M BABU. (1 996). The urban travel behaviour and constraints of low income households and females in Pune, India. National Conference on Women's Travel Issues, Baltimore, Maryland, 23–26 October 1996. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.433.5067&rep=rep1&type=pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102311/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.433.5067&rep=rep1&type=pdf |date=5 February 2017 }}</ref> By 2001, the population had increased to 3.76 million, making Pune one of the twenty most populous cities in India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ponnuswamy|first1=S.|last2=Johnson|first2=D|title=Urban Transportation: Planning, Operation and Management|date=2012|publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited|isbn=978-9351342526|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzZmAgAAQBAJ&q=pune+transport+scooters+autorickshaw+bus+rail&pg=PR1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041214/https://books.google.com/books?id=JzZmAgAAQBAJ&q=pune+transport+scooters+autorickshaw+bus+rail&pg=PR1|url-status=live}}</ref> The city until the 1970s was referred to as "Pensioners' Paradise", since many government officers, civil engineers, and Army personnel preferred to settle down in Pune after their retirement<ref>Burte, H., 1993. Contemporary Architecture. Architecture Plus Design, 10(6), p. 85.</ref> The status of Pune was elevated from town to city, when the Municipality was converted into Pune Mahanagar Palika or the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) in the year 1950.<ref>[http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/ PMC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050207/http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/ |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> In order to integrate planning, the [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] covering the areas under PMC, the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]], the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages was defined in 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422820|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7#v=snippet&q=pune%20wada%20apartment%20bunglow%20housing%20planning&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Industrial development started in the 1950s, in the outlining areas of the city such as [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]], [[Pimpri|and Pimpri]]. The first big operation to be set up was the government run [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] in Pimpri in 1954.<ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |title=Historical Events in Pune |publisher=NIC – District-Pune |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref> The area around Bhosari was set aside for industrial development, by the newly created [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] in the early 1960s. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Sudha|title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=30 March 2002|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Telco (now [[Tata Motors]]) started operations in 1961, which gave a huge boost to the automobile sector. After 1970, Pune emerged as the leading engineering city of the country with Telco, [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]], [[Kinetic Motor Company|Kinetic]], [[Bharat Forge]], [[Alfa Laval]], [[Atlas Copco]], [[Sandvik]], and [[Thermax]] expanding their infrastructure. This allowed the city to compete with [[Chennai]] for the title of "Detroit of India" at that time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|title=The city in South Asia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415574266|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/213 213]|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.}}</ref> The growth in the Pimpri Chinchwad and Bhosari areas allowed these areas to incorporate as the separate city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]. In light of the rapid growth, the Pune metropolitan area was defined in 1967. It includes Pune, the three cantonment areas and numerous surrounding suburbs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422820|pages=73–84}}</ref> After the [[Economic liberalisation in India|1991 economic liberalization]], Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. During the three years before 2000, Pune saw huge development in the Information Technology sector, and IT Parks were set up in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], [[Hinjawadi|Hinjewadi]], and Nagar road<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|title=The city in South Asia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415574266|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/218 218]|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.}}</ref> By 2005, Pune overtook both Mumbai and Chennai to have more than 200,000 [[Information technology|IT]] professionals.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=December 2016}} In the year 2008, many multinational automobile companies like [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Fiat]], set up facilities near Pune in the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] and [[Talegaon]] areas.

[[File:Poona Straßenszene.jpg|right|thumb| A crowded street in Pune in 2004]]
Public transport in form of bus service, was introduced in the city just before independence using a private provider. The city took over the service after independence, as Poona Municipal transport (PMT). In the 1990s the PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport (PCMT), the bus company running the service in Pimpri-Chinchwad, had a combined fleet of over a thousand buses. Several employers from the Industrial belt near Pimpri – Chinchwad and Hadapsar, also offered private bus service to their employees due to patchy municipal transport.<ref name="citeseerx.ist.psu. edu">Maunder, D, C Palmer, a Astrop and M Babu (1997). Attitudes and travel behaviour of residents in Pune, India. Transportation Research Board, 76th Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., 12–17 January 1997http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.572.912&rep=rep1&type=pdf.</ref> The number of buses belonging to these companies was several times more than the number of Municipal buses.<ref name="citeseerx.ist.psu. edu"/> The two bus companies merged in 2007 to form the [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMML]]. In 2006, the city was the first in India to develop the [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System|Bus Rapid Transit System]] (BRT), but due to a number of factors the project ran into delays. In [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|2008]], the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] took place in the city, which encouraged additional development in the north-west region of the city and added a fleet of buses running on [[Compressed Natural Gas]] (CNG). Pune was also connected to other towns and cities in Maharashtra by [[Maharashtra State Transport]] buses that began operating in 1951.

From the 1960s onward, the horse-drawn [[Tanga (carriage)|Tangas]] were gradually replaced by the motorized three-wheeler [[Autorickshaw]], for [[intermediate public transport]]. Their number grew from 200 in 1960, to over 20,000 in 1996. From the 1930s, Pune was known as the cycle city of India. However, the cycle was replaced by motorized two-wheelers from the 1970s onward. For example, the number of two-wheelers increased from 5 per 1000 people, to 118 per 1000, in the period between 1965 and 1995.<ref name="citeseerx.ist.psu. edu" /> In 1989, Dehu Road-Katraj bypass (Western bypass) was completed, reducing traffic congestion in the inner city but also leading to growth in industry as well as housing along the bypass, in the decades following the opening of the road. In 1998, work on the six-lane [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] began, and was completed in 2001. This toll-road significantly reduced the journey time between the two cities. In 1951, a number of Railway companies including [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIPR]], merged to form the [[Central Railway zone]], with Pune as an important railway junction. The pace of laying down new rail tracks had been slow in the initial post-independence era. Nevertheless, one of the major infrastructure projects in this period was conversion of the Pune-Miraj railway from metre gauge to the wider broad-gauge in 1972.

Pune has been an important base for armed forces. The airport established by the British at [[Lohegaon|Lohgaon]] in 1939, was further developed by the [[Indian Air Force]]. The airport was used for domestic short-haul passenger flights until 2005, when the airport was upgraded to international airport with flights to [[Dubai]], [[Singapore]], and [[Frankfurt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Customs website |url=http://www.punecustoms.nic.in/aboutus.htm |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119183536/http://www.punecustoms.nic.in/aboutus.htm |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/12pune.htm|title=Pune airport accorded international status|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218110228/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/12pune.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004–05, [[Pune Airport]] handled about 165 passengers a day. It increased to 250 passengers a day in 2005–06. There was a sharp rise in 2006–07, when daily passengers reached to 4,309. In 2010– 2011, the passenger number hit about 8,000 a day.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Passenger traffic at Pune airport takes a big leap |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/passenger-traffic-at-pune-airport-takes-a-big-leap/859721/0 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041320/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/passenger-traffic-at-pune-airport-takes-a-big-leap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Pune-City.jpg|thumb|right|Expansion of Pune]]
In 1961, the [[Panshet|Panshet Dam]] which was then under construction, failed. The breach released a tremendous volume of water, which also damaged the downstream dam of [[Khadakwasla]]. The resulting flood damaged or destroyed a lot of old housing near the riverbank, in the Narayan, Shaniwar, and Kasba Peth areas of the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brahme|first1=S|last2=GOLE|first2=P.|title=Deluge in Poona.|date=1967|publisher=GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND ECONOMIC Asia Publishing House.|pages=14–47|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145817/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|title=Dam breach modeling technology|date=1996|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-0792339250|pages=89–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqUjCQAAQBAJ&q=poona+flood+1961+dam+resettlement&pg=PP10|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041754/https://books.google.com/books?id=NqUjCQAAQBAJ&q=poona+flood+1961+dam+resettlement&pg=PP10#v=onepage&q=poona%20flood%201961%20dam%20resettlement&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The damaged dams were repaired and continue to provide water to the city. The rapid rise in the city population in the last few decades, meant that treated, untreated, and partially treated water was being discharged in the local Mutha and Mula rivers, that severely polluted these rivers.<ref>More, R., & Shastri, S. (2021). Assessment of Water Quality of River Mutha for Onsite Treatment of Polluted River Water. In Advanced Modelling and Innovations in Water Resources Engineering: Select Proceedings of AMIWRE 2021 (pp. 621-633). Singapore: Springer Singapore.</ref>

The rapid industrialization led to a huge influx of new people to the city, with housing supply not keeping pace with demand, and therefore there was a great increase in slum dwellings in this period.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bapat|first1=Meera|title=Poverty lines and lives of the poor: underestimation of urban poverty – the case of India|date=2009|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development|location=London|isbn=978-1-84369-724-4|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDKU5Jqj-_UC&pg=PA1}}</ref> In the post-Panshet period, new housing was mainly in the form of bungalows and apartment buildings. In the 1980s, however, due to heavy demand for housing, there was a trend towards knocking down bungalows and converting them into apartment buildings, with a consequent increase in population density and increased demand for utilities such as water supply.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marinos|first1=P. G.|last2=Deolankar|first2=S|last3=Kulkarni|first3=H|last4=Lalwani|first4=A|title=Engineering geology and the environment: proceedings International Symposium on Engineering Geology and the Environment, organized by the Greek National Group of IAEG, Athens, Greece, 23–27 June 1997.|date=2001|publisher=Balkema|location=Rotterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-9054108818|pages=1327–1333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vv2-HRTduYQC&q=pune+housing&pg=PA1327|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041717/https://books.google.com/books?id=vv2-HRTduYQC&q=pune+housing&pg=PA1327#v=snippet&q=pune%20housing&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1990s, a number of landmark integrated townships<ref>{{cite news|last1=SINGH|first1=T. LALITH|title=What are integrated townships?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece|work=The Hindu|issue=27 October|date=2012|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628155802/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> have come into being in the city, such as [[Magarpatta]], [[Nanded City, Pune|Nanded]], [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora]], [[Blue Ridge Town Pune|Blue Ridge]], Life Republic, and [[Lavasa]]. Most of these were built by private developers and also managed privately.

In 1949, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Poona]] was established with 18 affiliated colleges in 13 districts of Bombay state surrounding Pune.<ref name="university history">{{cite web|title=Pune University History|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|publisher=Pune University|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225151225/http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The creation of the university was opposed by some groups that had been running the long established colleges in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurtz|first1=Donald V.|title=Contradictions and conflict: a dialectical political anthropology of a University in Western India|date=1994|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden [u.a.]|isbn=978-9004098282|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084456/https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref> The post-independence period also saw the establishment of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] at [[Khadakwasla]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]] at the former Prabhat studios in 1960,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=D. S.|title=Mass communication and journalism in India|date=1992|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170233534|page=62|edition=Rev. and enl.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrEIBAAAQBAJ&q=akashvani+pune&pg=PP1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041712/https://books.google.com/books?id=xrEIBAAAQBAJ&q=akashvani+pune&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=akashvani%20pune&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[National Chemical Laboratory]] at [[Pashan]]. Pune was also made the headquarters of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/southcom.htm|title=Southern Command in India|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124083001/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/southcom.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many private colleges and universities were set up in the city during the years after the State Government under chief minister [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|date=10 November 2007|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|url-status=dead}}</ref> Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>

=== Culture ===
[[File:Balgandharv.jpg|thumb|right|Balgandharv Rangmandir, the premier theatre built in 1960s]]
[[File:Saras Bagh,Pune,India.JPG|right|thumb|Sarasbaug, a park established in the 1960s on the site of the Peshwa era lake]]
A number of newspapers from the British era, continued publishing decades after independence. These included [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|''Kesari'']], ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', ''Prabhat'', and ''[[Sakal]]''. After independence, ''Kesari'' took a more pro-[[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] stance, whereas ''Tarun Bharat'' was sympathetic towards Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and its successor, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Under the leadership of Nanasaheb Parulekar, ''Sakal'' maintained a politically neutral stand.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|title=Marathi: Big newspapers are elephants|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=22 February 1997|volume= 32, No. 8, ...|issue=22–28 February 1997|pages=384–388|jstor=4405111}}</ref> It was the most popular Marathi daily during Parulekar's stewardship, and has maintained that position since the 1980s, under the control of [[Pratap Govindrao Pawar|Pawar family]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050 |title=SMT. CLAUDE-LILA PARULEKAR versus M/S. SAKAL PAPERS PVT. LTD |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093436/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pal|first1=R|title=Smt. Claude-Lila Parulekar vs M/S. Sakal Papers Pvt. Ltd. & Ors on 18 March, 2005|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/|website=/indiankanoon.org|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101154331/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/|url-status=live}}</ref> Presently, ''Kesari'' is only published as an online newspaper. Mumbai-based ''[[Maharashtra times]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'', and ''[[Lokmat]]'', introduced their Pune editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper, ''[[Indian express]]'' has a Pune edition. Its rival, the ''[[Times of India]]'' introduced a tabloid called ''Pune Mirror'' in 2008.

The government-owned [[All India radio]] (AIR) established a station in Pune in October 1953.<ref>Baruah, U.L., 2017. This is All India Radio. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ALA8DwAAQBAJ&q=pune+1953&pg=PT10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409221424/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALA8DwAAQBAJ&q=pune+1953&pg=PT10|date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It's in the AIR |date=6 December 2015 |work=Sakal Times |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4738872096124627297&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsTitle=Its%20in%20the%20AIR |access-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324090440/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4738872096124627297&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsTitle=Its%20in%20the%20AIR}}</ref> One of the early notable programs produced by the station was [[Geet Ramayan]], a series of 55 songs created by the poet [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar|Ga Di Madgulkar]] and composer [[Sudhir phadke|Sudhir Phadke]] in 1955<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Mandakranta|title=The Rāmāyaṇa revisited (Chapter 10, "The Radio-active Gita-Ramayana: Home and Abroad)|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=978-0195168334|pages=259–274|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&q=akashwani+pune+history&pg=PA264|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041802/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&q=akashwani+pune+history&pg=PA264#v=snippet&q=akashwani%20pune%20history&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> AIR [[Doordarshan]] service started relaying [[black and white]] television signals, from Bombay TV-station to Pune in 1973. A relay station was built at the fort of [[Sinhagad]] to receive signals. Color service was introduced to Pune and rest of India during the 1982 [[Asian Games]].

Since the British era, live theater in form of musical drama had been popular in Pune and other Marathi speaking areas. In the post-independence era, theater became a minor pursuit, and the genre of musical-drama declined due to cost. Despite lower attendance, the post-independence era saw the building of many new drama theaters by the Pune Municipal corporation, such as the [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]] in the 1960s, and [[Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Deshpande|first1=Devidas|title=Theatre producers twist plot for drama bookings|newspaper=Times of India|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321085322/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Theater companies such as Theatre academy, flourished in the 1970s with plays such as [[Ghashiram Kotwal]] and Mahanirvan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coxUAAAAMAAJ&q=balgandharva |title=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects, Volume 67 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Architects]] |author=S. Kumar |year=2002 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041724/https://books.google.com/books?id=coxUAAAAMAAJ&q=balgandharva |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kasbekar|first1=Asha|title=Pop culture India! : media, arts, and lifestyle|date=2006|location=Oxford|publisher=ABC-Clio|isbn=9781851096367|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Pop+Culture+India!:+Media,+Arts,+and+Lifestyle+By+Asha+Kasbekar+&pg=PR11|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041713/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Pop+Culture+India!:+Media,+Arts,+and+Lifestyle+By+Asha+Kasbekar+&pg=PR11|url-status=live}}</ref> The popular entertainment for masses in Pune and in urban India, in the post-independence era was cinema. Theaters showing single films were dotted around the old city. The early theaters used to be quite basic with regard to comfort and technology. In the 1970s, new theaters were built that were fully air-conditioned, with some of them such as Rahul Theater, having a wide-format screen for showing [[70 mm film]]s. The theaters used to show mostly Hindi films, and a few Marathi and English ones. The post-1991 liberalization period saw the rise of [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex cinemas]] and decline of the old theaters.

For a city of its size, Pune always had very few public parks. The Bund Garden and the Empress Gardens were developed during the British era, in the Cantonment area. In the post-independence era, the Peshwe Park and Zoo was developed in 1953, by the Municipal corporation, close to Parvati hill, at the same location where [[Madhavrao II|Sawai Madhavrao]] had his own collection of animals.<ref name="zoo_about">{{Cite web
| url=http://www.punezoo.gov.in/about_us.html
| title=About ZOO
| work=punezoo.gov.in
| publisher=Pune Zoo
| access-date=28 April 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106105406/http://www.punezoo.gov.in/about_us.html
| archive-date=6 November 2012
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Peshwa-era lake, next to the park with a Ganesh temple, was drained and turned into a garden in the 1960s and named [[Saras Baug]]. The [[Parvati Hill|Parvati]] and [[Taljai Hills|Taljai]] hills behind it, were turned into a protected nature reserve called Pachgaon hill in the 1980s. The reserve contains area under forest and is a stop for migratory birds.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://rtd7.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2.Full-paper-Nithin-Ghorpade.pdf | title=ワインに合うおつまみをまとめました。―通販も紹介― – wine conferencia | access-date=22 March 2017 | archive-date=17 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417051753/http://rtd7.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2.Full-paper-Nithin-Ghorpade.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Bhaskar, P., 2012. "Urbanization and changing green spaces in Indian cities (Case study–City of Pune)". ''International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences'', 2, pp. 148–156.</ref>

[[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] was formed in the 1930s and has been based in Pune since then. In 1969, the headquarters of the association was moved to 25,000 capacity [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru stadium]]. With the introduction of the [[Limited overs cricket|limited-over]] game and low capacity of the stadium, the association built a new and larger capacity [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|stadium]] on the outer fringes of the city. In the 1970s, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium was built in the [[Mangalwar Peth, Pune|Mangalwar Peth]] area of the city, to host [[Pehlwani|Kusti]] and other traditional Indian sports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Ashish |title=Pune's wrestling stadium that was brought back to life by its citizens |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-wrestling-stadium-that-was-brought-back-to-life-by-its-citizens/story-thWnqsc4zI1SixzrugKcTO.html |work=Hindustan Times, Pune edition |issue=4 August 2017 |publisher=Hindustan times |date=2017 |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219213616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-wrestling-stadium-that-was-brought-back-to-life-by-its-citizens/story-thWnqsc4zI1SixzrugKcTO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1994 [[National Games of India|National games]] were hosted by the city. A new sports venue called [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] was built at [[Balewadi]] for this purpose. The complex was also used for the 2008 Commonwealth Youth games.

Maharashtrian Hindu society until the early 20th century, was fairly conservative with regard to food and there were few conventional restaurants in Pune. The early restaurants in the city, mainly in the cantonment area, were established by Parsis and Iranians. Lucky and [[Cafe Good Luck]] were the first [[Irani café|Irani restaurants]] in the [[Deccan Gymkhana]] area, near the Ferguson College. For many young men from orthodox-Hindu vegetarian families, ordering an [[omelette]] at these restaurants was considered quite daring.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=PLATZ |first=TERESA |title=Café Culture: Socio-Historical Transformations of Space, Personhood and Middle Class in Pune, India |date=2012 |degree=Doctoral |publisher=Durham University |url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4461/ |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213091309/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4461/ |url-status=bot: unknown }} at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghurye |first=G. S. |date=1952-03-01 |title=Social Change in Maharashtra (I) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038022919520107 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |language=EN |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.1177/0038022919520107 |issn=0038-0229|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The first family restaurant in Deccan Gymkhana area, Cafe Unique, was started by a Mr. Bhave in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/001946467000700303|title = Changing Patterns of Occupation Among Chitpavan Brahmans| journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review| volume=7| issue=3| pages=375–396|year = 1970|last1 = Patterson|first1 = Maureen L.P.|s2cid = 143726945}}</ref> In the post-independence era, a number of restaurants were established by immigrants from the coastal [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi district]] in [[Karnataka]]. These establishments offered a simple South Indian meal of [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] and [[idli]]s. The early post-independence era also saw opening of the iconic Chitale Bandhu sweet shops, that offered Maharashtrian sweet and savory snacks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bannerji|first1=Shoumojit|title=Founder of Pune's iconic sweet shop passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/founder-of-punes-iconic-sweet-shop-passes-away/article8379889.ece|work=The Hindu|issue=March|date=2016|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213002743/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/founder-of-punes-iconic-sweet-shop-passes-away/article8379889.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After the 1991 market liberalization, the city became more cosmopolitan, and several American [[Franchising|franchise-restaurants]], such as [[McDonald's]],<ref>Dashi, K., 2005. McDonald's in India. Thunderbird, The Garvin School of International Management.</ref> [[Domino's]], etc. were established.<ref>Platz, T. K. (2012). Café culture: socio-historical transformations of space, personhood and middle class in Pune, India (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=PLATZ |first=TERESA |title=Café Culture: Socio-Historical Transformations of Space, Personhood and Middle Class in Pune, India |date=2012 |degree=Doctoral |publisher=Durham University |url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4461/ |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213091309/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4461/ |url-status=bot: unknown }} at the Wayback Machine</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book| title = Local History Of Poona: And its Battlefields |author=L. W. Shakespear| url = https://archive.org/stream/LocalHistoryOfPoona/Local%20history%20of%20Poona#page/n3/mode/2up |year=1916|publisher=Macmillan, London}}
* {{cite book| title = Poona in Bygone Days |author= Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balvanta Parasnis|publisher= Times Press, Bombay |year=1921| url = https://archive.org/stream/poonainbygoneday00pararich#page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book| title = The Poona guide and directory |publisher=F. S. Jehangir, Poona|year=1922|url = https://archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/n13/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last1=Naregal|first1=Veena|title=Language politics, elites, and the public sphere: western India under colonialism|date=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1843310549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm7OD7aSq-4C&q=poona+missionary+schools+colonial+india&pg=PR8}}
* Maharashtra Government Gazetteer -<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maharashtra |first1=Government of |title=Gazetteer-Poona|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona/PART%20III/Chap%20(3)/Population.htm|website=Pune district|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref>
* Joseph Maguire, Sport across Asia: politics, cultures and identities<ref name="Routledge"/>
* Gadgil, DR, Housing in Poona<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gadgil|first1=D R|title=Housing and Slums in Poona|journal=The Economic Weekly|date=1959|issue=April|pages=486–488|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/14/housing_and_slums_in_poona.pdf|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144307/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/14/housing_and_slums_in_poona.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mridula Ramanna, Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845–1895<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanna|first1=Mridula|title=Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845–1895|date=2002|publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8125023029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110041713/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ashutosh Joshi, Town Planning: Regeneration of Cities (2008) <ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8189422820|pages=73–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7}}</ref>
* Meera Kosambi, Rao, Bhat, Kadekar, Reader In Urban Sociology, 1991<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=M. S. A. |last2=Kadekar|first2=L. |last3=Bhat|first3=Chandrashekhar|last4=Kosambi|first4=Meera |title=A Reader in Urban Sociology, in Chapter: A socio-ecological study of two Indian cities: Bombay and Poona (1650–1900)|date=1991|publisher=Longman India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0863111525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&q=poona+british+cantonment++%22race+course%22+&pg=PA49}}</ref>
* Ratna N. Rao, Social Organization in an Indian Slum (Study of a Caste Slum), 1990<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Ratna N.|title=Social organisation in an Indian slum: study of a caste slum|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-8170991861|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgRUgXjEogC&q=pune+housing+peth&pg=PA1}}</ref>
* Khairkar, V.P. 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India<ref>Khairkar, V.P., 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India. Anthropologist, 10(2), pp. 155–161. [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-10-0-000-08-Web/Anth-10-2-000-08-Abst-PDF/Anth-10-2-155-08-263-Khairkar-V-P/Anth-10-2-155-08-263-Khairkar-V-P-Tt.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812171640/http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-10-0-000-08-Web/Anth-10-2-000-08-Abst-PDF/Anth-10-2-155-08-263-Khairkar-V-P/Anth-10-2-155-08-263-Khairkar-V-P-Tt.pdf|date=12 August 2017}}</ref>
* Sidhwani, Pranav, Spatial inequalities in big Indian Cities <ref>Sidhwani, P., 2015. Spatial inequalities in big Indian Cities. Economic & Political Weekly, 50(22), pp. 55–62 [http://www.cprindia.org/sites/default/files/articles/Spatial_Inequalities_in_Big_Indian_Cities.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114514/http://www.cprindia.org/sites/default/files/articles/Spatial_Inequalities_in_Big_Indian_Cities.pdf|date=15 February 2017}}.</ref>
* Mullen, W.T., 2001. Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries<ref>Mullen, W.T., 2001. Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries [https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/495/2/adt-NU20030623.12193401front.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103020143/https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/495/2/adt-NU20030623.12193401front.pdf|date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
* Munshi, T., Joshi, R. and Adhvaryu, B., 2015, Land Use–transport Integration for Sustainable Urbanism<ref>Munshi, T., Joshi, R. and Adhvaryu, B., 2015. This report was produced as part of a project titled 'Land use-Transport Integration for Sustainable Urbanism' at the Centre for Urban Land Policy (CULP), CEPT University Ahmedabad during the time period September 2014 – July 2015. The project received funding from the Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation (SSEF), New Delhi. The project aims at evolving a methodology for sustainable growth [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yogi_Joseph2/publication/296826774_Land_use-Transport_Integration_for_Sustainable_Urbanism_LUTISU_Inputs_for_the_Development_Planning_Process/links/56dad4c708aee73df6d2ac7a.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080223/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yogi_Joseph2/publication/296826774_Land_use-Transport_Integration_for_Sustainable_Urbanism_LUTISU_Inputs_for_the_Development_Planning_Process/links/56dad4c708aee73df6d2ac7a.pdf|date=28 February 2017}}.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Pune topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune history}}
[[Category:History of Pune| ]]
[[Category:Pune]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Maharashtra]]

Rameshwar Singh

2026-03-11T07:36:48Z

KK JANGIR: updated page

{{Short description|Maharaja of Darbhanga (1898–1929)}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Rameshwar Singh (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rameshwar Singh
| title = [[Honourable|Hon.]] [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Sir]]
|succession = Maharaja of Darbhanga
| image = maharajadbg.jpg
| reign = 1898–1929
| coronation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| predecessor = Maharaja [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]]
| successor = Maharaja [[Kameshwar Singh]] Bahadur
| spouse =
| issue = [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharajadhiraj Kameshwar singh Bahadur]], Maharajkumar Vishveshwar Singh
| royal house = [[Raj Darbhanga]]
| father = [[Raj Darbhanga #Rulers|Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur]]
| birth_date = 16 January 1860
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|7|3|1860|1|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
| place of last rites =
|}}

[[File:Mahrajadhiraj Rameshwar Singh.JPG|thumb|Statue of Rameshwar Singh at Chaurangi Square [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga City]]]]
'''Rameshwar Singh Thakur''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCIE|KCB|KBE}} (16 January 1860 – 3 July 1929) was a [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithali Brahmin]] maharaja of [[Darbhanga Raj|Darbhanga]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region from 1898 to his death. He became maharaja on the death of his elder brother [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]], who died without issue. He was appointed to the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1878, serving as assistant magistrate successively at [[Darbhanga]], [[Chhapra]], and [[Bhagalpur]]. He was exempted from attendance at the Civil Courts and was appointed a Member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] in 1885. He was the first Indian appointed to the lieutenant governor's Executive Council.<ref>{{cite book|title=Popular Translations of Nationalism: Bihar, 1920-1922 |page= 4 |first=Lata |last=Singh |date=2012}}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Council of India]] of the governor general of India in 1899 and on 21 September 1904 was appointed a non-officiating member representing the Bengal Provinces, along with [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] from [[Bombay Province]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= India List and India Office List for 1905 |publisher=Harrison and Sons, London |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ |page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ/page/n243 213] |quote= central provinces and berar. |accessdate=11 February 2010}}</ref>

He was president of the Bihar Landholder's Association, president of the All India Landholder's Association, president of [[Bharat Dharma Mahamandala|Bharat Dharma Mahamandal]], a member of the Council of State, a trustee of the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, president of the Hindu University Society, M.E.C. of Bihar and Orissa and Member of the Indian Police Commission (1902–03).{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He was awarded the [[Kaiser-i-Hind]] medal in 1900. He was the only member of the India Police Commission who dissented with a report on requirements for police service, and suggested that the recruitment to the Indian Police Services should be through a single exam only, to be conducted in India and Britain simultaneously. He also suggested the recruitment should not be based on colour or nationality. This suggestion was rejected by the India Police Commission.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] |language=en |access-date=15 August 2023 |title=Engagement of Retired Government Servants in BPR&D on Contractual Basis |url=http://bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File688.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105141924/http://bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File688.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 }}</ref> Maharaja Rameshwar Singh was a [[tantra|Tantric]] and was known as ''Buddhist Siddha''. He was considered a ''[[Rajarshi]]'' (sage king) by his people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal: 'an Indian Soul in a European Body? |first= Kathleen |last=Taylor |date=2001 |doi=10.4324/9780203037188 |publisher= Curzon Press |page= 212}}</ref>

He was made a knight commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 26 June 1902,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27448/supplements/4197 London Gazette, 26 June 1902]</ref> was promoted to a knight grand commander in the [[1915 Birthday Honours]] List<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29180 |page=5329 |supp=y |date=3 June 1915}}</ref> and was appointed a knight commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]], Civil Division in the [[1918 Birthday Honours]] List.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30730 |supp=y |page=6687 |date= 4 June 1918}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rameshwar}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]

Vishwaguru (2017 film)

2026-03-03T20:35:44Z

KK JANGIR: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Distinguish|text=the Sanskrit phrase [[Vishwa Guru]]}}{{Infobox film
| name = Vishwaguru
| image = Vishwaguru.jpg
| native_name =
| caption =
| director = [[Vijeesh Mani]]
| producer = A. V. Anoop Vijeesh Mani
| writer = [[Pramod Payyannur]]
| story =
| starring = Purushothaman Kainakkari Gandhiyan Chacha Sivarajan Swamy Sachithananda Kaladharan Kalanilayam Ramachandran Harikrishnan K. P. A. C. Leelakrishnan Roji P, Kurian
| music = Kilimanoor Ramavarma (BGM)
| cinematography = [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]
| editing = Vijeesh Mani
| studio = Anashwara Charitable Trust [[AVA Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|12|29|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Vishwaguru''''' ({{lit|Universal [[guru]]}}) is a 2017 [[Malayalam]]-language Indian [[biographical film]] directed by [[Vijeesh Mani]] and co-produced with A. V. Anoop. It is based on the life of [[Narayana Guru]], the film features Purushothaman Kainakkari, Gandhiyan Chacha Sivarajan, Kaladharan and Kalanilayam Ramachandran in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=രചന തുടങ്ങി 50 മണിക്കൂറിൽ'വിശ്വഗുരു|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TlRWTTA1NTIzMjg=&xP=RExZ&xDT=MjAxNy0xMi0zMCAwMDoyMDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=Mw==|accessdate=30 December 2017|publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A film in two days|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/020118/a-film-in-two-days.html|accessdate=2 January 2018|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ഗിന്നസ് ലക്ഷ്യമിട്ട് 'വിശ്വഗുരു'|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.2523491|accessdate=13 January 2018|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi|Chithrabhumi]]|date=12 January 2018|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203052/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.2523491|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ഗിന്നസ് ലക്ഷ്യമിട്ട് 'വിശ്വഗുരു'|url=https://www.nanaonline.in/news-feeds/vishwaguru-malayalam-movie/|accessdate=16 January 2018|publisher=Nana Film Weekly|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193320/https://www.nanaonline.in/news-feeds/vishwaguru-malayalam-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was made and released in 51 hours and 2 minutes following a "script to screen" rule.<ref>{{cite news|title='Vishwaguru'aims to set a Guinness record|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/viswaguru-aims-to-set-a-guinness-record/article22329044.ece|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

==Summary==
Vishwaguru is based on the life of [[Narayana Guru]], a social reformer of India who led a reform movement in Kerala, rejected [[Caste system in India|casteism]], and promoted new values of spiritual freedom and social equality.

==Cast==
*Purushothaman Kainakkari - [[Sree Narayana Guru]]
*Gandhiyan Chacha Sivarajan - [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*K.Kaladharan - [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
*Kalanilayam Ramachandran - [[Kumaran Asan]]
*Swamy Sachithananda - Swamy Sachithananda
*Harikrishnan - Dr.Palpu
*K.P.A.C. Leelakrishnan - Grand father
*Baby Pavithra - Grand daughter Pavithra
*Roji P. Kurian - Foreign Devotee

==Script to screen time==
The film was scripted, created, and released in 51 hours and two minutes, which was recorded in [[Guinness World Records]] as the fastest film produced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fastest film produced (script to screen)|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-film-produced-(script-to-screen)|accessdate=4 February 2018|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7817140}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about religious leaders]]
[[Category:Biographical films about philosophers]]
[[Category:World record holders]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Ettupatti Rasa

2026-03-03T04:47:23Z

KK JANGIR: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ettupatti Rasa
| image = Ettupatti Rasa.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| writer = Kasthuri Raja
| producer = [[Pyramid Natarajan|V. Natarajan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]}}
| cinematography = Kichas
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Pyramid Films International
| released = {{film date|1997|2|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ettupatti Rasa''''' ({{IPA|ta|eʈʈupaʈʈi ɾaːsaː|pron}} {{translation|King of eight villages}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2015 |title=In love with village vistas |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/in-love-with-village-vistas/article7872936.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124124506/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/in-love-with-village-vistas/article7872936.ece |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> and produced by [[Pyramid Natarajan|V. Natarajan]]. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=From 'Sakuntalai' to 'Game Over': Female friendships in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sakuntalai-game-over-female-friendships-tamil-cinema-116987 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200317105553/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prisoners-open-jail-kerala-are-leading-agri-revolution-worth-rs-2-crore-119732 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It was released on 14 February 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ettupatti raasaa ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ettupatti%20raasaa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029125928/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ettupatti%20raasaa |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=19 May 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ettupatti Rasa (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/267-ettupatti-rasa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205153202/http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/267-ettupatti-rasa |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Singarasu ([[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]), a brave and influential man, protects the eight villages living next to the [[canal]]. Palaniyamma ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]) is crazy about Singarasu, but Singarasu prefers her soft and sensitive sister Pandiyamma ([[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]). Singarasu finally marries Pandiyamma.

Marimuthu's ([[Manivannan]]) brother (Sukanraj) and Ponrasu's ([[Ponvannan]]) daughter ([[Abitha]]) are in love. Ponrasu, the village chief, is against their wedding. Singarasu accommodates the lovers in his house and promises to unite them, but the young lovers later commit suicide. So Marimuthu and Ponrasu decide to take revenge on Singarasu. Singarasu, busy in his duty, neglects his wife and is unable to understand her feelings. One day, Marimuthu tells lies about Singarasu to Pandiyamma, and she commits suicide. All the villagers think Singarasu is the killer. Palaniyamma decides to live with Singarasu and he develops a soft corner for her. When Singarasu decides to marry Palaniyamma, a woman explains to him what happened before his late wife's suicide. Pandiyamma was in fact killed by Ponrasu and Marimuthu. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Singarasu
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Pandiyamma
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Palaniyamma
*[[Ponvannan]] as Ponrasu
*[[Manivannan]] as Marimuthu
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Pandiyamma and Palaniyamma's father
*[[Charle]] as Mokkaiyan
*[[Abitha]] as Ponrasu's daughter
*Sukanraj as Marimuthu's brother
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*Sempuli Jagan
*K. Rajeshkumar
*Manangatti Subramaniam
*[[Roopa Sree]] in a guest appearance
*[[Vichithra]] in a guest appearance
*[[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)]] in climax scene
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Kasthuri Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2017 |title=Ettupatti Rasa |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ettupatti-rasa/2xc-tl-oq9I_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018065424/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ettupatti-rasa/2xc-tl-oq9I_ |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> "Panjumittai" was one of the famous songs from this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=Napoleon And Kushboo Take Fans On A Nostalgic Trip, Groove To Their 1997 Song |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/napoleon-and-kushboo-take-fans-on-a-nostalgic-trip-groove-to-their-1997-song-8706157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115042245/https://www.news18.com/movies/napoleon-and-kushboo-take-fans-on-a-nostalgic-trip-groove-to-their-1997-song-8706157.html |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Bemasena" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 0:34
|-
| "Ettupatti Rasa" || [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 3:31
|-
| "Karikalai Puttikittu" || [[Manivannan]], Kalpana || 2:26
|-
| "Kaathu Adikkidhu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]] || 5:06
|-
| "Lovapazham" || Manivannan || 2:38
|-
| "Merku Seemaiyile" || Deva, Swarnalatha || 5:21
|-
| "Panju Mittai" || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki|| 4:56
|}

== Accolades ==
At the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], Napoleon won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 1998 |title=Awards Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards For 1997 Announced: Best Film Award For "Arunachalam", "Surya Vamsam" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Kasthuri Raja}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kasthuri Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Murali Sastry

2026-02-08T17:56:34Z

KK JANGIR: Put up bio

{{Short description|Indian material chemist, nanomaterial scientist and college administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Murali Sastry
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|6|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Nanomaterials]] | [[Hybrid materials]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IITB-Monash Research Academy]] | [[Tata Chemicals]] | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | QAD Global Resource Center | [[University of Maryland]] | CNRS, Orsay | [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] | [[IIT Kanpur]] | [[DSM (company)|DSM]] India Innovation Center }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] | [[ELETTRA|Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on surfaces, films and materials chemistry
| awards = {{ublist | 1993 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award | 2002 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Medal |2002 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 Materials Research Society of India Medal | 2006 [[IIT Madras|IITM]] 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Award}}
}}

'''Murali Sastry''' (born 10 June 1959) is an Indian [[Material chemistry|material chemist]], [[Nanomaterials|nanomaterial]] scientist and the chief executive officer of the [[IITB-Monash Research Academy]].<ref name="People">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitbmonash.org/about-us/ |title=People |date=2016 |publisher=IITB-Monash Research Academy |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908150019/http://www.iitbmonash.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a former chief scientist at [[Tata Chemicals]] and a former senior scientist at the [[National Chemical Laboratory]].<ref name="Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients">{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/citations-2006-distinguished-alumnus-awards-recipients/ |title=Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients |date=2016 |website=IIT Mumbai}}</ref> He is known for his studies on [[Surface chemistry|surfaces]], films and materials chemistry<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=37 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="MAS fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm#s |title=MAS fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Maharashtra Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sastry,_Dr_Murali |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2002, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Ncl-pune.jpg|thumb|235px|left|National Chemical Laboratory]]
Murali Sastry, born on 10 June 1959 in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], completed his master's degree in chemistry in 1982 at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]. He continued at the institute to secure a PhD in [[Thin film|thin film technology]] in 1987 before doing his post-doctoral studies at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (1988–89) and [[ELETTRA|Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste]] (1989–91).<ref name="Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" /> He joined [[QAD Inc.|QAD]] Global Resource Center in 1997 as a software engineer where he served in such positions as Technical Consultant and Project Manager till his move to the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] as a Senior Scientist. In 2005 he shifted to [[Tata Chemicals]] as the Chief Innovation Officer and after 6 years of service, he joined [[DSM (company)|DSM India]] as the director of the Innovation Centre in 2011.<ref name="Executive Profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25004443&privcapId=878472 |title=Executive Profile |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> When the then chief executive officer of [[IITB-Monash Research Academy]] retired in 2015, he was selected for the post and he holds the post till date.<ref name="People" /> He has served as an [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] and [[C V Seshadri|C. V. Seshadri]] chair professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]],<ref name="Nanoscience and Nanotechnology from an Indian Perspective">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Nano/22%20-%20Murali%20Sastry.pdf |title=Nanoscience and Nanotechnology from an Indian Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] professor at the [[University of Hyderabad|Central University, Hyderabad]], and as a visiting scientist at the [[University of Maryland]] (1998–99) and [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|CNRS]], [[Orsay]] (2001–03).<ref name="Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" />

== Legacy ==
Sastry's contributions are based on his researches focused on [[thin films]] and [[nano materials]],<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the commercial applications of the technologies he has developed. As the chief scientific officer of [[Tata Chemicals]], he introduced a low-cost water purifier, ''Swach'', which utilized [[Silver nanoparticle|nano-silvers]] as the filtering agent. He established an innovation centre there which worked on a number of projects based on [[nanotechnology]].<ref name="Nanoscience and Nanotechnology from an Indian Perspective" /> It was during his tenure as the CEO of [[IITB-Monash Research Academy]], the institution set up a new headquarters in Mumbai where he oversees inter-disciplinary scientific research with participation from some of the leading Indian and overseas business houses.<ref name="IITB-Monash building a welcome addition">{{Cite web |url=http://www.monash.edu/news/articles/iitb-monash-research-academy-the-academy-building-a-welcome-addition |title=IITB-Monash building a welcome addition |date=2016 |publisher=IITB-Monash Research Academy}}</ref> He has published his research by way of chapters contributed to books authored by others and over 360 peer-reviewed articles.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Sastry=3AMurali=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Qv0F1zcAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> He holds many US and Indian patents;<ref name="Chief Scientist, Tata Chemicals Innovation Centre">{{Cite web |url=http://nanoequity2009.cns.ucsb.edu/program/8859365936.html?tmpl=component&task=preview |title=Chief Scientist, Tata Chemicals Innovation Centre |date=2016 |publisher=Nano Equity |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130184628/http://nanoequity2009.cns.ucsb.edu/program/8859365936.html?tmpl=component&task=preview |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Justia]] Patents has listed 24 of these.<ref name="Patents">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/murali-sastry |title=Patents |date=2016 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref> He has also been associated with many governmental and semi-governmental science agencies such as [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], Presidential Nanotechnology Committee and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] as well as a number of science journals.<ref name="People" />

== Awards and honors ==
Sastry received the CSIR Young Scientist Award in 1993<ref name="Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" /> and the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] in 2002.<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=CRSI Bronze Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, he was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, also in 2002.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He is also a fellow of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="MAS fellows" /> and a recipient of the Materials Research Society of India Medal, which he received in 2003.<ref name="Awards and honors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=Awards and honors |date=2016 |publisher=Material Research Society of India}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] selected him as a Distinguished Alumnus in 2006.<ref name="Citations: 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" /> He was listed among the world's most cited materials scientists by [[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier Scopus]] in 2016.<ref name="THE 2016 LIST OF MOST CITED RESEARCHERS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING">{{Cite web |url=https://www.msesupplies.com/blogs/news/2016-the-most-cited-researchers-in-materials-science-and-engineering-by-elsevier-scopus-data |title=THE 2016 LIST OF MOST CITED RESEARCHERS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING |date=2017 |publisher=MSES Supplies}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nanotechnology]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Nano/22%20-%20Murali%20Sastry.pdf |title=Nanoscience and Nanotechnology from an Indian Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences, India]] |last=Murali Sastry}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Murali}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian nanotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bhrama (Hinduism)

2026-01-22T07:08:02Z

KK JANGIR: Adding Basic Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Hindu philosophical concept}}
{{about|a Hindu concept|the Hindu god of creation|Brahma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Hinduism}}
'''Bhrama''' ([[Sanskrit]]: भ्रम), in the context of Hindu thought, means – error, mistake, illusion, confusion, perplexity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary|publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE&trans=Translate&direction=AU}}</ref> But, it literally means – that which is not steady; and refers to error etc., caused by defects in the perceptive system. The seeing of snake in a rope in darkness, silver nacre in moonlight, water in a mirage on a hot day and a person in a stump of tree are four classic instances quoted in Vedantic texts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhrama|publisher=Hindupedia|url= http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Bhrama }}</ref> ''Bhrama'' is a mistake, it is a confusion about one object which exists for another object which does not exist, it merely refers to the fallibility of human perception.<ref>{{cite book|title=Embracing Illusion|author=Francisca Cho Bantly|date=January 1996|publisher=SUNY Press|page=103|isbn=9780791429693|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fM-sLgPTopsC&q=bhrama&pg=PA103}}</ref>

Human nature is ordinarily afflicted by - भ्रमप्रमादविप्रलिप्साकरणापाटवदोषाः – i.e. ''bhrama'' (false knowledge or mistakes), ''pramāda'' (inattention or misunderstanding reality), ''vipralipsā'' (cheating propensity) and ''karaṇa-a-pāṭava'' (imperfection of the senses) are four major mind-faults which mislead human beings and do not permit right perception and cognition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Caitaya-caritamrta|publisher=Vaniquotes|url= http://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/CC_Adi-lila_02.086_bhrama,_pramada,_vipralipsa,_karanapatava..._cited }}</ref> Amongst these, the knowledge which is of the nature of ''bhrama'' is the direct thought-wave of ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]]''. And, the texts speak about there being five theories of illusion or erroneous perception – ''Ātmakhyāti'' ([[Yogacara]] theory of subjective apprehension), ''Asatkhyāti'' ([[Madhyamaka]] theory of the nonexistent), ''Akhyāti'' ([[Prabhākara]]’s theory of non-apprehension), ''Anyathākhyati'' ([[Nyaya]] theory of misapprehension) and ''Anirvacanīyakhyāti'' ([[Advaita Vedanta]] theory of apprehension of the indeterminate), developed by five schools of thought.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yogasiddhantacandrika|author=Narayanatirtha|year=2004|publisher=Parimal Publications|pages=187, 189|isbn=9788171102495|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-czWAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Perceiving in Advaita Vedanta|author=Bina Gupta|year=1991|publisher=Bucknell University Press|page=273|isbn=9780838752135|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EE5Y6FY0f54C&q=akhyati+the+five+theories+of+illusion+hindu+philosophy&pg=PA274 }}</ref>

The Vedantic texts reveal the Self as Pure Consciousness; they reveal the Self as the ever blissful witness who is neither the enjoyer nor the enjoyment or the object of enjoyment. The enjoyer is [[Chidabhasa]] or [[Jiva]], the sheath of the intellect, a product or manifestation of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], not transcendentally real and subject to change. [[Vidyaranya]] in his [[Panchadasi]] (VII.9-10) explains:
{{Quote|
<poem>
अधिष्ठानांशसंयुक्तं भ्रमाशमवलम्बते |
यदा तदाऽहं संसारीत्येवं जीवोऽभिमन्यते ||

When Jiva, having the immutable Kutastha as his basis, wrongly identifies himself with the gross and subtle bodies, he comes to think of himself as bound by the pleasures and pains of this world.

भ्रमांश्स्य तिरस्कारदधिष्ठानप्रधानता |
यदा तदा चिदात्माहामसङ्गोऽस्मीति बुद्धयते ||

When Jiva gives up his attachment to his illusory portion, the nature of the substratum becomes predominant and he realizes that he is associationless and of the nature of pure consciousness.
</poem>}}
[[Swami Swahananda]] in his commentary tells us that Kutastha, conventionally identified with ego, is not the object of identification for it is incapable of being associated with ego.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pancadasi commented by Swami Swahananda|publisher=Sri Ramakrisna Math|pages=237, 238|url=http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/pancadasi-of-sri-vidyaranya-swami/|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=15 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115184520/http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/pancadasi-of-sri-vidyaranya-swami/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], ''atma-anatma adhyasa'', the so-called locus of superimposition, is a mispresentation or ''proksha-aproksha bhrama''. Panchapadika of Padmapada interprets ''purovasthitava'' (the object in front) as contact with the visual sense, whereas Ratnaprabha of Niścalakara relates it with sense-contact; the former explains that a non-object can become an apparent object and the latter explains that Shankara in no way considers the said locus to be complete and conclusive.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta|author=Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya|year=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|pages=69–70|isbn=9788176252225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPasbJW-1PwC&q=bhrama&pg=PA69 }}</ref>

''Saguna'' (with attributes) worship leads to a typical illusion in as much as the devotee mistakes physical or mental images for the formless God; it is of the nature of the ''Samvadi-bhrama'' that finally leads to the realization of [[Nirguna Brahman]], the endless pursuit after sense-objects is the ''Visamvadi-bhrama''.<ref>{{cite book|title=rambles in Vedanta|author=B.R.Rajam Iyer|date=30 September 1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=126|isbn=9788120809123|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=89doofWiWJIC&q=bhrama&pg=PA126 }}</ref> But, the cumulative subtle awareness of ''bhrama'' need not necessarily result in the awareness of Maya because owing to the latter either one wakes up from a dream or goes on dreaming forever.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dreams, Illusion, and other realities|author=Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty|date=15 February 1986|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=178|isbn=9780226618555|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vhNNrX3bmo4C&q=bhrama&pg=PA178 }}</ref>

''Svarūpa-bhrama'' (illusion about spirituality) is one of the four major ''anarthas'' (useless, meaningless, disastrous, wrongdoings) and is said to be of four kinds – ''sva-tattva'' which is illusion about one’s own spiritual identity, ''[[para-tattva]]'' which is illusion about the spiritual identity of the supreme absolute truth, ''sādhya-sādhana-tattva'' which is illusion about the spiritual means and the object gained, and ''māyā-tattva'' which is illusion about the Lord’s external energy. These ''anarthas'' are required to be uprooted in order to develop ''[[Nishtha|niśṭa]]'' (devotion).<ref>{{cite book|title=Drop of the Nectar Ocean of Devotional mellows|author=Bhaktivedanta Narayana|year=2003|publisher=Bhakti Books|isbn=9788186737163|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p3lpvVLkyKkC&q=bhrama&pg=PA28 }}</ref> But, ''bhrama'' is not an ''āropa'' (imposing of, imputation, figurative substitution) which is an āhārya (wilfully caused in spite of falsity) cognition.<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical Indian Philosophy of Induction|author=Kisor Kumar Chakraborti|date=6 May 2010|publisher=Lexington Books|page=33|isbn=9780739147054|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I2xhSHlppPQC&q=bhrama&pg=PA33 }}</ref>

The [[Yoga]] School of thought adopts the ''Anyathākhyati'' theory of misapprehension of the [[Nyaya]]s for dealing with ''bhrama'', which theory is based on the premise that ''bhrama'' is thinking of something as that which it is not, like attributing the characteristics of [[Prakrti]] to [[Purusha]] and vice versa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yoga as Philosophy and Religion|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|date=6 December 2002|publisher=Courier Corporation|page=173|isbn=9780486425054|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYoAwAAQBAJ&q=bhrama&pg=PA173}}</ref>

In [[Ayurveda]], ''bhrama'' refers to Vertigo, a discreet disease due to Vata prakopa and Pitta prakopa which shows six distinct stages, and is curable.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ayurvedic Approach to Bhrama|publisher=Ayurveda M.D.|url=http://ayurveda.md/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=1|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091200/http://ayurveda.md/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category: Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Adi Shankara]]

Chandabai

2025-12-31T07:37:32Z

KK JANGIR: made a stub w/ refs

{{short description|Indian Jain scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 1880
| death_date = {{death year and age|1977|1880}}
}}
{{Jainism}}
[[Pandit]]a [[Brahmacharya|Brahmacharini]] '''Chandabai''' (1880–1977) was a [[Jain]] scholar and a pioneer of women's education in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2741&cat=62 |title=Pandita Chandabai, JainSamaj.org |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613124327/http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2741&cat=62 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the founder of the oldest women's publication in India that is still published, ''[[Jain Mahiladarsh]]''.<ref>[http://www.jainmahiladarsh.com/ New Page 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325114719/http://www.jainmahiladarsh.com/ |date=25 March 2008 }}</ref>

==Family==
The daughter of Narayandas Agarwal of [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], a prominent citizen and a proponent of Indian's independence, she was married at the age of 11 to Dharmakumar, the 18-year-old grandson of the [[zamindar]] and scholar Prabhudas Jain of [[Arrah]]. Dharmakumar died the next year. His older brother, Devkumar Jain, himself a Jain scholar, encourage Chandabai to study, which was uncommon in that period.<ref>Nemichandra Jyotishacharya, Ma Shri, in ''Jain Jagaran ke Agraduta'', 1952, Bharatiya Jñanapitha</ref>

==Overview==
Chandabai studied the classical subjects including [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[dharmaśāstra]], [[nyaya|nyāya]] (logic), literature and grammar. She earned the title "pandita" from Kashi. She was a good orator, she gave her first speech at [[Panipat]] during a [[Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha]] at the age of 17.

She established a school for girls in 1907, which came to be known as the Jain Balasharm in 1921. Dr. Nemichandra Jyotishacharya, who later emerged as a major Jain scholar, was appointed by her to be the director of the Balasharm in 1939. During the interview, she asked him questions on Sanskrit and Prakrit texts such as ''Devagama Stotra'', ''Atmanushasana'', and ''Gommatsar Jivakanda''.

She often herself served sick students at the Balashrama. She nursed a girl sick with typhoid in 1943, who eventually got better and later earned the ''Nyayatirtha'' degree.

==Magazines==
{{See also|Jain Mahiladarsh}}
She started a magazine, ''Jain Mahiladarsh'', in 1921 and edited it for many years. She wrote several books including ''Updesh Ratna Mala'', ''Saubhagya Ratna Mala'', ''Nibandh Ratna Mala'', ''Adarsh Kahaniyan'', ''Adarsh Nibandh'', and ''Nibandh Darpan''.

==See also==
* [[Jainism]]
*[[Digambar Jain Mahasabha]]
*[[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Modern Jain writers}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars of Jainism]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]

Dangar Khera

2025-12-30T08:30:55Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Indian village in the Fazilka district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Dangar Khera
| image_skyline =
| caption =
| other_name = Bhādargarh
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = no
| established_date = 1783 CE
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_ha = 1614
| area_water_acre = 7.35
| area_rural_acre = 135
| area_rural_footnotes = (Settlement area)
| elevation_m = 188
| postal_code = 152122
| population_demonym = Dangarkhedia
| postal_code_type = PIN
| area_code = 01638
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Panjab, India|Panjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fazilka district]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = Tahsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Abohar]]
| registration_plate = PB22
| founder = Netaram, Sarsaram, Kanaram & Phoolaram Kargwal
| seat_type = Sarpanch
| seat = Mrs. Shefali Tak
| established_title = Founded in
}}

'''Dangar Khera''' or '''Danger Khera''', earlier called '''Bhādargarh''' is a village in India, located in the [[Fazilka district]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Panjab]]. It was founded by '''Kesaram's''' 4 Sons Named '''(Netaram, Sarsaram, Kanaram & Phoolaram Kargwal)''' in the year 1783 CE. It is known as the village of '''<nowiki/>'[[Teacher|Adhyapaks]]'''' in Panjab. Because a total of 450 people got government jobs till year of 2022, 250 of them are teachers. As of 2023, the village has 1171 households with an estimated population of 6,251.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=15 km from Indo-Pak Border, village of ‘Adhiyapaks’ in Punjab: 450 govt job holders, 250 of them teachers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/indo-pak-border-village-adhiyapaks-punjab-govt-job-holders-teachers-8924922/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin of its name ==
Dangar Khera is an area with a naturally high water level where water remains in the village pond throughout the year. In ancient times, animals were naturally drawn to this area to drink water, especially during the summer season. Consequently, the village was named after the herds of animals frequently seen around the pond. '''<nowiki/>'Dangar'''' is a Panjabi term for animal. The pond currently occupies 7-8 acres of land, but in the past, it spanned four times its present size.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=HOW VILLAGES GOT THEIR NAMES (PART 2) – Peeps of Punjab |url=https://peepsofpunjab.in/how-villages-got-their-names-part-2/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously, its name was '''Bhādargarh;''' on the name of Numberdar '''Bhādar Singh'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A2Prime |date=2018-11-09 |title=Earlier name of Dangar Khera |url=https://marurajput.in/2018/11/kargwal-gotra-history/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website= |language=hi-IN |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223162120/https://marurajput.in/2018/11/kargwal-gotra-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Schools ==

=== Govt. Primary Smart School ===
'''G.P.S.S. (DANGAR KHERA)''' was established in the year 1951 CE and is managed by the Department of Education. The school consists of grades from 1 to 5. The school follows a curriculum prescribed by the government, covering a wide range of subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS DANGAR KHERA - Dangar Khera District Fazilka (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/fazilka/03210202901/gps-dangar-khera.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

=== Govt. Senior Secondary Smart School ===
'''G.S.S.S.S. (DANGAR KHERA)''' was established in the year 1956 CE and it is managed by the Department of Education. The school consists of Grades from 6 to 12. Situated in the heart of Dangar Khera, this school serves as a vital educational hub for the local populace. The Government Senior Secondary School in Dangar Khera offers a comprehensive curriculum that encompasses a wide range of subjects, including science, mathematics, humanities, and vocational courses. Students from other villages come here to study.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSSS DANGAR KHERA - Dangar Khera District Fazilka (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/fazilka/03210202902/gsss-dangar-khera.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Language ===
[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the major language spoken by the people followed by [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]].

=== Population ===
According to the 2011 census of India, Dangar Khera has an estimated population of 6251, with 3333 males and 2918 females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dangar Khera Village Population - Fazilka - Firozpur, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35142-dangar-khera-punjab.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

=== Literacy rate ===
In 2011, the literacy rate of Dangar Khera was 71.62%.<ref name=":0" />

== Religious shrines ==

=== Basantī Mātā Mandir ===
[[File:Basanti Mata.jpg|thumb|Idol of "Goddess Basanti"]]
The '''Basantī Mātā''' Mandir is a Hindu Temple located in Dangar Khera. To protect against the [[1918 flu pandemic in India|Spanish Flu pandemic]] on '''27 November 1918 CE''', the Mata Basanti Mandir was established by '''Ch. Bhādar Singh Kāragwāl''' (Numberdār).<ref>{{Cite web |author=((A2Prime)) |date=2018-11-09 |title=Basanti Mata Mandir |url=https://marurajput.in/2018/11/kargwal-gotra-history/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website= |language=hi-IN |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223162120/https://marurajput.in/2018/11/kargwal-gotra-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Previously, there was a farm where this temple now stands. People believe in Basantī Mātā and worship them. Every month, on the day of [[Amavasya]], a fair is held and a [[Bhandara (community kitchen)|Bhandara]] is organized by the Mandir committee. This event is attended by a large number of devotees from nearby areas and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=The 1918 'flu: India's worst pandemic |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/1918-flu-india/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gurdwara Sahib ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 =
| caption1 = Ch. Bahadur Singh Kargwal
| image2 =
| caption2 = Ch. Shodaan Ram Taak
}}There is a [[Gurdwara|Gurdwara Sahib]] in Dangar Khera. People go to the Gurdwara Sahib early morning every day. The Gurdwara has a [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] hall where people can eat free lacto-vegetarian food served by volunteers at the Gurdwara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurudwara Sahib - Gurudwara - Dangar Khera - Punjab {{!}} Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/punjab/dangar-khera/gurudwara-sahib/1005012 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=yappe.in}}</ref>

== Culture ==
People of this village celebrate [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Gurpurb|Gurpurab]], [[Gangaur|Gangaur (Gaur)]], [[Teej]] & [[Lohri]] as their religious festivals.

== Climate ==
Dangar Khera's temperature generally ranges from 4.1 to 41°C (39.4 to 105.8°F) in a typical year. January is the coldest month, and June is the warmest. Precipitation peaks in August, which has an average rainfall of 169.9 mm (6.69 in). December is the driest month, with only 8.9 mm (0.35 in) of rainfall.
Dangar Khera's temperature generally ranges from 4.1 to 41 °C (39.4 to 105.8 °F) in a typical year. January is the coldest month, and June is the warmest. Precipitation peaks in August, which has an average rainfall of 169.9 mm (6.69 in). December is the driest month, with only 8.9 mm (0.35 in) of rainfall.

== Agriculture ==
These are the crops grown in this village's farming land:-

* '''[[Wheat]] (Rabi Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Food crop & Cash crop.
* '''[[Cotton]] (Kharif Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Cash crop.
* '''[[Mustard plant|Mustard]] (Rabi Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Cash crop.
* '''[[Rice]] (Kharif Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Food crop & Cash crop.
* '''[[Kinnow]] (Rabi Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Horticulture crop.
* '''[[Trifolium alexandrinum|Berseem]] (Rabi Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Fodder crop.
* '''[[Sorghum bicolor|Jowar]] (Kharif Crop):-''' It is grown here as a Fodder crop.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Fazilka district}}

[[Category:Villages in Fazilka district]]

Veera Ballala III

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KK JANGIR: expanded content

{{Short description|Hoysala King from 1292 to 1342}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala King]]
| reign = 31 January 1292 – 8 September 1342<ref name="p264">{{cite web | publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad| title=Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Narasimha III]]
| successor = [[Veera Ballala IV]]
| dynasty = [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1262}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1342|09|08|1262|||df=y}}<ref name="u746">{{cite web | title=Vijayanagara Origin Of The City And The Empire : Ramanayya, N. Venkata : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=24 June 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22642/page/n155/ | access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Kannanur]]
}}
{{Hoysala Kings sidebar}}

'''Veera Ballala III''' ({{circa|1262}} – 8 September 1342) was the last great king of the [[Hoysala Empire]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=58–60}}</ref> During his rule, the northern and southern branches of the Hoysala empire (which included much of modern Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu in India) were consolidated and administered from [[Halebidu]] (also known as Dwarasamudra). During his rule, he fought numerous wars with the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]], the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] of [[Madurai]] and other minor dynasties of South India. But it was his conflict with the invading forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]], and later those of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the Sultan of Delhi, that would alter the course of history of South India. For his courage and fortitude, the historians [[Suryanath Kamath]], Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian have called him a "great ruler".<ref name="maker">Kamath (1980), p.129</ref><ref name="great">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.156</ref> With his death in {{circa|1343}}, South India saw the rise of a new Hindu empire, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. In the words of the historian Sen "the Hoysalas were the greatest among those who claim to be the makers of modern Mysore".<ref name="modern">Sen (1999), p.500</ref> [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka Raya I]], the brothers who founded the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] had served the king in a military capacity.

==Pandya and Yadava affairs==

In c. 1303, Veera Ballala III subdued the recalcitrant [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]]. His attempts to reduce the Yadava power did not diminish either. In c. 1305, Veera Ballala III successfully fought the invading Yadavas at Holalkere and pushed them back to [[Lakkundi]]. He dealt swiftly with the rebellious [[Kadambas of Hangal]] and the [[Santara dynasty|Santaras]] of Shimoga (Hosagunda). Around 1310, Ballala III successfully played 'king maker' in the affairs of Tamil country by appointing Sundara Pandya as the Pandya king as opposed to his competitor, Vira Pandya. However his focus the rebellious ruler [[Kampilideva]] of the [[Kampili Chiefdom]] on the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]] and on the affairs in the Tamil country to the south laid open the northern boundaries of his territories to the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|invasion]] of [[Malik Kafur]], the commander of the armies of All-ud-din-Khalji. The Yadavas themselves, according to historian [[John Keay]], provided the necessary help to Mallik Kafur's armies to march south. [[Halebidu]] was attacked and plundered on 26 February 1311, only to be rebuilt in 1316. Veera Ballala III had to accept defeat to the Delhi Sultan, pay a handsome tribute, and send his son Veera Virupaksha to Delhi as an act of submission. His son returned in 1313.<ref name="maker"/> According to historian John Keay, claims by later writers such as Ferishta that Mallik Kafur even built a mosque in Halebidu to establish his supremacy are legends without historical evidence.<ref name="maker"/><ref name="evidence">Keay (2000), p.258</ref>

==Invasion from Delhi==
{{main|Siege of Dwarasamudra}}
By 1318, the Yadava kingdom had been completely destroyed and [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] occupied by the Delhi Sultan. The Delhi Sultanate was now being ruled by [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]. Veera Ballala III refused to pay tribute and withdrew from his earlier pact to support the Delhi Sultanate as a vassal. Tughluq sent an army to the south in {{circa|1327}} and Halebidu was plundered for a second time. Veera Ballala III had to find refuge in [[Tiruvannamalai]] from where he continued his resistance. By c. 1336 all [[Hindu]] kingdoms of south India with the exception of the [[Hoysala Empire]] had been defeated and large areas annexed by the Sultanate of Delhi. The [[Madurai Sultanate]] was also established around c. 1335–6. With an intention of confronting the Muslim invasion, Veera Ballala III founded a second capital called Hosapattna on the banks of Tungabhadra river, which according to historians [[Henry Heras]] and William Coelho, later came to be called [[Vijayanagara]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Vijayanagara">Heras and Coelho in Kamath (1980), p.129</ref> In c. 1342–3, a decisive war that would end the Hoysala fortunes was [[Battle of Kannanur|fought at Kannanur]]. Veera Ballala III fought a pitched battle against Ghiyas-ud-din, the Sultan of Madurai. Just when a Hoysala victory seemed imminent, the Hoysala monarch was captured and, according to historians Chopra et al., was "strangled and flayed". His son, Veera Ballala IV met the same fate in {{circa|1346}}, bringing to an end the rule of the Hoysalas.<ref name="maker"/><ref name="great"/>

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization-Part1 |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta |author-link=K. A. Nilakantha Sastri |title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|author-link = John Keay|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Hoysala]]|before=[[Narasimha III]]|after=[[Veera Ballala IV]] |years=?}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ballala 03}}
[[Category:1343 deaths]]
[[Category:Hoysala kings]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:14th-century Hindus]]

Jalna Municipal Corporation

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KK JANGIR: added redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jalna City Municipal Corporation]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government

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KK JANGIR: fix structure and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Narendra Modi series|state=expanded}}
[[File:Asia map pastel de.png|thumb|right|Asian neighbours possess great deal of importance in Modi's foreign policy]]
The most significant initiative made by the Narendra Modi government is the focus on '''[[South Asia|neighbouring countries]]''' and major Asian powers coupled with emphasizing on the two decades old [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]]. Asia being the major focus area of [[Foreign policy of Narendra Modi|his foreign policy]], Modi and his foreign minister chose several Asian countries for their initial bilateral visits. He has made state visits to Bhutan and Nepal and Japan within the first 100 days of his government and also hosted Asian leaders like former Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] of Australia, Paramount leader [[Xi Jinping]] of China and Prime Minister [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]] of Vietnam, apart from inviting [[SAARC]] leaders in his [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|inauguration]] ceremony. External Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] has also made official visits to several Asian capitals like [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh, [[Kathmandu]], Nepal, [[Naypidaw]], Myanmar, [[Singapore]], [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, [[Manama]], Bahrain, [[Kabul]], Afghanistan, [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan, [[Malé]], Maldives, [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates, [[Seoul]], South Korea and [[Beijing]] China.

==Asian Century==
{{main|Asian Century}}
Time and again Modi emphasized his belief in the 21st century being the [[Asian century]] and also asked whether it would be the [[Indian Century]]. China, Japan, India and South Korea being the first, second, third and fourth largest Asian economy respectively are among the most likely candidate to lead the strategically important Asia in the later part of this century. But China's increasingly assertive postures in the region recent years have raised concerns in the respective quarters.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/watch-out-china-why-the-asian-century-might-just-belong-13025|title=Watch Out, China: Why the 'Asian Century' Might Just Belong to India|magazine=[[The National Interest]]|date= 2 June 2015|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> It seems Modi's foreign policy is focused on improving bilateral relations to higher levels with strategically located Asian countries like Japan, Vietnam, Australia without forging any formal security alliance in the Indo-Pacific region to avoid direct confrontation with China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/abbott-in-india-the-asian-century-wont-be-all-about-china-30657|title=Abbott in India: the Asian Century won't be all about China|work=The Conversation|date=4 September 2014|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpri.org/geopoliticus/2014/09/contested-border-china-india-and-asian-century|title=Contested Border: China, India, and the Asian Century|publisher=Foreign policy Research Institute|date=24 September 2014|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> India, due to its good relation with both Russia and United States, is often considered to be the swing state in the race for strategic dominance in Asia between the democratic alliance of Japan and US and China-Russia club on the other hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42520%26|title=Chinese Analysts Interpret Modi's New India|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|date=19 June 2014|access-date=27 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221238/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42520%26|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Relations with East and Southeast Asia==
{{further|Act East policy}}
From the very beginning the Modi-led government made it amply clear that India would focus more and more on improving relation with [[ASEAN]] and other East Asian countries as per India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] which was formulated during [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]'s govt in 1992 for better economic engagement with its eastern neighbours but successive govt later successfully turned it into a tool for forging strategic partnership and security cooperation with countries in that region in general and Vietnam and Japan in particular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html |title=Vietnam among pillars of India's "Look East" policy |date=18 November 2013 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn |publisher=[[Vietnam News Agency]] |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717194521/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In her recent visit to [[Hanoi]], Vietnam Sushma Swaraj has stressed on the need for an [[Act East policy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html|title=Modi govt to give greater push to India's Look East Policy, says Sushma Swaraj|work=Firstpost|date=2014-08-25|access-date=2014-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195033/http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> that she said should replace India's over two decade-old [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] emphasizing a more proactive role for India in this region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243802_1_india-and-asean-countries-east-asia-strategically-important-region|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829043354/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243802_1_india-and-asean-countries-east-asia-strategically-important-region|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2014|title=Sushma Swaraj tells Indian envoys to Act East and not just Look East|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

===Australia===

Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] of Australia was the first [[head of government]] to make a [[state visit]] to India in Modi government which shows the importance both side attaches to their relations. The most significant event of his tour was the signing of a civil nuclear energy cooperation agreement for supplying uranium (Australia is believed to have one-third of world's total uranium reserve) to India. The nuclear deal is a further step toward India achieving international acceptability for its nuclear programme despite not ratifying the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|nuclear non-proliferation treaty]], and follows similar agreements with the United States and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-australia-nuclear-deal-idINKBN0H00MX20140905|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220103941/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-australia-nuclear-deal-idINKBN0H00MX20140905|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2015|title=India and Australia seal civil nuclear deal for uranium trade|date=2014-09-05|access-date=2014-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-story-beyond-uranium/99/|author=C Raja Mohan|title=The story beyond uranium|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2014-09-05|access-date=2014-09-11}}</ref> The two side also agreed to enhance Maritime security cooperation in the Indo-pacific region and future joint naval exercise in the [[Indian Ocean]]. During the joint statement following the summit Australian PM Abbott referred India as a model citizen in terms of following International guidelines justifying the nuclear deal beyond the scope of NPT and called "''India the emerging democratic superpower''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Australian-PM-in-Mumbai-calls-India-emerging-democratic-superpower/articleshow/41706781.cms|title=Australian PM in Mumbai calls India emerging democratic superpower|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2014|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
;Security cooperation
{{Main|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}
In his address to the Australian parliament Modi made his apprehension public about maritime disputes and freedom of navigation in the oceans with a veiled reference of growing Chinese hegemony in the region. This has led to speculations among policy makers that Australia is re-joining the [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar naval exercise]] amid Beijing's displeasure.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/in-depth/visit-of-india-pm-narendra-modi-puts-asian-nato-on-the-table/story-fnpebfcn-1227119921850 |title=Visit of India PM Narendra Modi puts Asian NATO on the table|publisher=[[The Australians]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.spf.org/media/upload/3_GMF_final.pdf|title= Japan's Democracy Diplomacy|publisher=[[German Marshall Fund]]|date=July 2014}}</ref> Australia could join the India-US-Japan grouping, which is certain to set off alarm bells in Beijing. The issue of Australia joining the quadrilateral security dialogue was believed to be discussed at the highest level during Modi's [[Canberra]] visit on 17 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Australia-joining-trilateral-grouping-to-feature-in-Modi-Abbott-talks/articleshow/45103604.cms|title=Australia joining trilateral grouping to feature in Modi-Abbott talks|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 November 2014|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Earlier the two sides also agreed to enhance Maritime security cooperation in the Indo-pacific region and future joint naval exercise in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/the-emerging-india-australia-maritime-relationship/|title=The Emerging India-Australia Maritime Relationship|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=17 November 2014|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

===China===
[[File:PM Modi and President Xi.jpg|thumb|240px|PM Modi with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, during latter's State Visit to India, September 2014.]]
Prior to election Modi had expressed reservation over alleged Chinese 'expansionism' into India's frontiers as India and China locked into bitter territorial disputes over last fifty years. During his Japan trip, Modi has said eighteenth century mind-set of vistaar-vad or expansionism won’t work and vikaash-vad or peaceful development is needed for sustainable peace and tranquility in the world which was read by a portion of media as a subtle jibe on China. But he is also in favour of enhanced economic partnership with China.

Economic activity defines relation with China as it is India's biggest trading partner in goods. Soon after taking office commerce Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] has already made two visits to China. The two countries have forged a mechanism called 'strategic and economic dialogue' (SED) to discuss the trade and other economic issues. Modi has publicly expressed his willingness to enhance trade and economic cooperation with China. Describing the newly found activism in bilateral relation Modi said India China relation moving "INCH (India-China) towards MILES(Millennium of Enhanced Synergy)".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/chinese-takeaway-bjps-beijing/99/|author= C Raja Mohan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title= Chinese takeaway:BJPs Beijing |date=2014-09-10|access-date=2014-09-11}}</ref>

India sent National Security Adviser [[Ajit Doval]] as a special envoy of Prime Minister Modi to Beijing to negotiate the agenda and the schedule of the presidential visit to India which is appreciated by the top Chinese leadership who are known to be fond of diplomatic decorum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-president-to-arrive-on-sept-17-bullet-train-trade-agreements-on-table/|title= Chinese president to arrive on sept 17 bullet train trade agreements on table |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2014-09-10|access-date=2014-09-11}}</ref> CCP General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]], only third [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] to visit India, arrived in [[Ahmedabad]], Modi's hometown, on 17 September which coincides with Modi's birthday. China is expected to commit investment over US$100 billion in India's infrastructure projects including in [[High-speed rail in India|high speed trains]] and dedicated Chinese industrial parks to balance the huge trade deficit exists in China's favour. The two leaders had earlier met in Brazil this year on the sidelines of [[BRICS]] summit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/mr-xi-and-mr-modi-114091501333_1.html|title=Mr Xi and Mr Modi|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=15 September 2014|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref>

===Japan===
[[File:Narendra Modi and Shinzo Abe, 2014.jpg|thumb|240px|Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Shinzo Abe, during former's bilateral visit to Japan, 2014.]]
Japan occupies a very important place in Modi’s Asian strategy, as India is looking toward Japan, at a time when it is becoming 'normal state' amending decades-old pacifist constitution, to forge a security alliance to balance an increasingly assertive China in the Indo-Pacific region. Maritime cooperation is most likely and bilateral naval exercises are on the cards. Significantly in 2014 Japan participated in the [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar]], a primarily bilateral naval exercise between India and US, held in [[Sea of Japan]]. Negotiations progressed recently for selling of [[US 2]] amphibious aircraft to [[Indian Navy]] and the long-pending civil nuclear agreements which would eventually help strengthen the strategic partnership.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite news|author=Rajeev Sharma |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/modis-equation-with-shinzo-abe-will-make-mission-japan-a-success-1567795.html |title=Modi's equation with Shinzo Abe will make Mission Japan a success |work=Firstpost |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/07/19/commentary/modis-upcoming-japan-visit-signals-closer-ties/#.U99rN_mSzIt |title=Modi's upcoming Japan visit signals closer ties |work=The Japan Times |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043939/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/07/19/commentary/modis-upcoming-japan-visit-signals-closer-ties/#.U99rN_mSzIt |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Modi visited Japan on a five-day official trip from 30 August to 3 September which was labelled as his first bilateral state visit outside the [[South Asia|subcontinent]] also by the media.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/indias-modi-maintains-warm-ties-with-japans-abe/article20336839/|title=India's Modi maintains warm ties with Japan's Abe |author=Iain Marlow |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> His 2014 visit further strengthened the ties between the two countries and resulted in several key agreements, including the elevation of already established strategic partnership to the "Special Strategic Global Partnership".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53479980_1_shinzo-abe-strategic-global-partnership-japan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904032531/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53479980_1_shinzo-abe-strategic-global-partnership-japan |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2014 |title=India, Japan sign key agreements; to share 'Special Strategic Global Partnership' |date=2 September 2014 |newspaper = Economic Times |author=Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury }}</ref> Business ties are stronger than ever with a commitment of US$33.5 billion Japanese investment in India in the next five year. India is in the process of importing [[Shinkansen]] technology from Japan as part of Modi’s [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] project for introducing [[high-speed rail in India]].

His visit to Kyoto supervised the signing of a cooperation agreement between [[Varanasi]] and [[Kyoto]] both regarded as heritage city and cultural centre in their respective country.

===Myanmar===

Despite sharing a long border with India, Myanmar was often left out of India's neighbourhood policy, but Myanmar was identified as India's gateway to the Southeast Asia and therefore the focus is on rebuilding the historic relations between the two countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-in-myanmar-rebuilding-the-historic-connections/99/|title=Modi in Myanmar: Rebuilding the historic connections|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Modi visited the eastern neighbour to attend a couple of multilateral meetings including the East Asia Summit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-on-indiamyanmar-bilateral-ties-and-act-east-policy/article6591696.ece?homepage=true|title=Time to demonstrate an 'Act East' Policy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> He met President [[Thein Sein]] for the first time on 11 November 2014 and they identified three 'C's to strengthen their bilateral relations, those are connectivity, cultural links and people to people contacts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-meets-Myanmar-President-U-Thein-Sein/articleshow/45112747.cms|title=PM Modi meets Myanmar President U Thein Sein|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Among which connectivity is all set to get a big boost with projects like upcoming Imphal-Mandalaya Bus service, [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway]], [[Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project]] and the two sides also focused on the need of direct air links.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-myanmar-narendra-modi-pushes-for-regional-connectivity/|title=PM Narendra Modi pushes for regional connectivity, increased cultural contact in Myanmar|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> The two sides also discussed the possibility of Indian investment in Myanmar's special economic zones and ways to enhance bilateral trade which stands at US$2 billion, well below the potential.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-visit-for-key-summits-in-australia-fiji-myanmar/article6586121.ece|title='Fraternal' Myanmar, India for closer links|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> During a 2017 visit to [[Nay Pyi Taw]], Prime Minister Modi announced that India would offer gratis/no-cost [[Travel visa|visas]] to all Myanma citizens visiting India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-grant-gratis-visa-to-myanmarese-citizens-pm-narendra-modi-1746810 |quote="I am pleased to announce that we have decided to grant gratis (no-cost) visa to all the citizens of Myanmar who want to visit India," Prime Minister Modi said. |publisher=[[NDTV]] |title=India To Grant Gratis Visa To Myanmarese Citizens: PM Narendra Modi |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-to-grant-free-visa-to-myanmar-citizens-modi/article19630531.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=India to grant free visa to Myanmar citizens: Modi |date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

Modi met the Nobel laureate and Myanmar's [[National League for Democracy|opposition]] leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] and referred her as "symbol of democracy" for her untiring efforts for the restoration of democracy in her country and he presented her with a special copy of Mahatma Gandhi's commentary on Bhagwad Gita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-my-second-home-myanmars-aung-san-suu-kyi-tells-prime-minister-narendra-modi/articleshow/45124855.cms|title='India my second home', Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi tells Prime Minister Narendra Modi|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Suu Kyi also reciprocated by calling India, her "second home" recalling her early days spent in India. The two leaders have discussed the importance of democracy for the stability of the region as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-is-my-second-home-pro-democracy-icon-aung-san-suu-kyi-tells-pm-modi-620102?pfrom=home-topstories|title='India is My Second Home': Pro-Democracy Icon Aung San Suu Kyi Tells PM Modi|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

In contrast to much of the international community, Prime Minister Modi declined to criticize Suu Kyi's handling of the [[2016–17 Northern Rakhine State clashes]] or Myanmar's government's treatment of its [[Rohingya people]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170907/jsp/frontpage/story_171295.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020046/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170907/jsp/frontpage/story_171295.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |title=Modi stands by Suu Kyi |first=Charu Sudan |last=Kasturi |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/06/asia/modi-india-myanmar-rohingya/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Indian Prime Minister blames Rohingya violence on extremists |first=Huizhong |last=Wu |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

===Singapore===
[[File:PM Modi in a meeting with Singapore PM Lee Hsien Loong at Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Singapore's Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] with Modi.]]
Singapore is amongst the top source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) coming to India. Economic cooperation dominates the India–Singapore relations given Singapore's strategic importance in India's 'Look East' policy. External Affairs Minister Swaraj visited Singapore on 16 August where she held talks with her counterpart Shanmugam and Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] regarding Singapore's investment in India and their potential role in Modi's pet [[smart city]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-singapore-to-help-india-in-smart-cities-project-after-sushma-swaraj-s-visit-2011250|title=Report: Singapore to Help India in smart city Project After Sushma Swaraj's Visit|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=16 August 2014|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

Earlier Modi played host to Singaporean Minister for Foreign and Law [[K. Shanmugam]] where he recalled his policies as Gujarat chief minister to expand cooperation between the two countries in, amongst others, public housing for the middle and lower classes based on Singapore's expertise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niticentral.com/2014/07/12/narendra-modi-singapore-and-low-cost-housing-233173.html |title=Narendra Modi, Singapore, and low-cost housing |publisher=Niticentral.com |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810034222/http://www.niticentral.com/2014/07/12/narendra-modi-singapore-and-low-cost-housing-233173.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The former Singaporean prime minister, [[Goh Chok Tong]], visited India on 10 September and held several high-level meetings with the Indian prime minister and other ministers; later in conversation with a selected members from the media he referred to the former Indian prime minister, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpeyee]], as a scholar, but Modi is a "Man of Action", while reassuring once again his country's full cooperation on the smart city project.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vajpayee-a-scholar-modi-man-of-action-former-singapore-pm/article6397990.ece?homepage=true|title=Vajpayee a scholar Modi man of action former Singapore PM |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-09-10|access-date=2014-09-11}}</ref>

===Republic of Korea===
[[File:President Park Geun-hye poses for a photo with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi prior to the Korea-India summit in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.jpg|thumb|President Park Geun-hye poses for a photo with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi prior to the Korea-India summit in Naypyidaw, Myanmar]]
According to Modi, South Korea features prominently in India's ''Act East'' policy where it can play an important role both in term of economic and strategic partnership. Modi visited South Korea as part of his East Asia tour on 18–19 May 2015 at the invitation of President [[Park Geun-hye]]. The two leaders previously met in [[Nay Pyi Taw]], Myanmar at the sidelines of [[East Asia Summit]] in November 2014. Modi's visit came after a series of high-profile ministerial visits including Foreign Minister, Defense Minister and Commerce Minister from India to Seoul which demonstrates the depth of India-South Korea strategic relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/to-gain-strategic-benefits-pm-narendra-modi-must-strike-up-friendship-with-president-park-gyeun-hye/|title=To gain strategic benefits, PM Narendra Modi must strike up friendship with President Park Gyeun-hye|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 May 2015|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> During Modi's visit the two sides agreed to upgrade their relation to "special strategic relations" and also re-energized the comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) signed five years ago. Modi also stressed on the need of South Korean defense majors investing in India as per [[Make In India]] initiative where he particularly impressed by Korean shipbuilding capacity.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2015/05/19/great-game-for-asia-indias-modi-looks-to-korea-for-defense-needs-after-visiting-rival-china/|title='Great Game' For Asia: India's Modi Looks To Korea For Defense Needs After Visiting Arch Rival China|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=19 May 2015|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

===Taiwan===
As Modi has identified economic cooperation as a major thrust area in his foreign policy and introduced policies like [[Make in India]] to invite foreign direct investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector, Taiwan was one of the first to respond to his call. India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA) and Taipei Computer Association signed memorandum of understanding for local manufacturing of semiconductors and electronics, even there are plans to set up 'Taiwanese hardware park' in about 200–300 acres of land.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/india-taiwan-sign-agreement-for-manufacturing/articleshow/42248427.cms|title=India, Taiwan sign agreement for manufacturing|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> Although India was among the first few countries to recognize [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] therefore jeopardizing relation with the island but later developed an official relation with [[Republic of China|ROC]] which it maintains through India-Taipei Association [http://www.india.org.tw ITA] a [[De facto embassy]] in Taipei.<ref name="CC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.c3sindia.org/taiwan/98/taiwan-india-new-friends/ |title=Taiwan-India: New Friends? |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730063812/http://www.c3sindia.org/taiwan/98/taiwan-india-new-friends/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Vietnam===

Vietnam, strategically located in the South China Sea, plays a pivotal role in India's Southeast Asian policy and it is often referred as one of the important pillars of its "Look East policy" by the Indian diplomats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html |title=Vietnam among pillars of India's "Look East" policy |date=18 November 2013 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn |publisher=[[Vietnam News Agency]] |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717194521/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Defence and security cooperation in recent years define the strategic partnership along with fast-growing bilateral trade which stood at US$8 billion in FY 2013.

Visiting Indian [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] called Vietnam, "a trusted friend and an important pillar of India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look East Policy]]" which emphasized the depth of their strategic partnership. The leaders reiterated their desire and determination to work together to maintain peace, stability, growth and prosperity in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pranab-mukherjee-in-vietnam-modis-asian-power-play/99/|author=C Raja Mohan|title=Pranab Mukherjee in Vietnam: Modi's Asian Power Play|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 September 2014|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> The two sides vouched for 'freedom of navigation' in the [[South China Sea]], which China claims as its exclusive economic zone, and called upon the parties concerned to exercise restraint, avoid threat or use of force and resolve disputes through peaceful means in accordance with universally recognised principles of international law, including the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]]-1982.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-vietnam-ink-7-pacts-call-for-freedom-of-navigation/articleshow/42524420.cms |title=India, Vietnam ink 7 pacts; call for 'freedom' of navigation|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 September 2014|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

India-Vietnamese defence cooperation has multiplied in recent years with emphasis on maritime security which includes training of Vietnamese naval personnel with [[List of active Indian Navy ships|Indian naval ships]] making frequent port-call in Vietnam in past few years. Recently it extended a US$100 m Line of Credit for purchase of [[Fast attack craft]] for Vietnamese navy from India. Vietnam is also interested in acquiring [[BrahMos]] supersonic missiles, an Indo-Russian joint venture project, Vietnam has friendly relation with both Russia and India a precondition for exporting the missile system and talks regarding the deal is believed to be in the advanced level.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-vietnam-hypersonic-missile-talks-in-advanced-stage/|title=India-Vietnam Hypersonic Missile Talks in 'Advanced Stage'|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=15 September 2014|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

Agreements have been signed in oil exploration cooperation field between the two countries as Vietnam had earlier offered India to explore strategically located oil blocks in [[South China Sea]], which is disputed by Chinese claims. On the following day Chinese Foreign Ministry through an official media statement expressed its objection to India's activity in what it refers its exclusive economic zone. External Affairs Minister earlier during her Hanoi trip said the state-owned [[ONGC Videsh]] will exploit the opportunity provided in Vietnam, a development China sees as an aggression into its backyard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sushma-Swaraj-in-Hanoi-India-examining-Vietnams-South-China-Sea-oil-blocks-offer/articleshow/40870356.cms|title=Sushma Swaraj in Hanoi, India examining Vietnam's South China Sea oil blocks offer|website=[[The Times of India]] |date= 2014-08-25|access-date=2014-09-10}}</ref> Economic ties are fast growing with US$8 billion bilateral trade and the two sides emphasized the need of increasing people to people contact which is set to get a boost with upcoming launch of direct flight between Delhi and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and using [[Bollywood]] to promote Vietnam to Indian audience.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-keen-on-strong-economic-ties-with-vietnam-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/42538290.cms|title=India keen on strong economic ties with Vietnam: Pranab Mukherjee|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 September 2014|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government]]
* [[Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government]]
* [[De-hyphenation]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi]]
* [[Sushma Swaraj as Minister of External Affairs]]

==Notes==
{{note|1|[Note I]}} In 2002, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had visited Nepal but for the [[List of SAARC summits#Eleventh summit|11th SAARC summit]] held at [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="First">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/narendra-modi-first-foreign-leader-to-address-nepal-parliament-39660.html | title=Narendra Modi first foreign leader to address Nepal parliament | publisher=[[India TV]]| date=26 July 2014 | access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Policy Of Narendra Modi}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]

Mohan Babu University

2025-11-25T12:28:42Z

KK JANGIR: Put up new stub

{{Short description|University in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mohan Babu University
| image = Mohan_Babu_University_Logo,_Tirupati,_Andhra_Pradesh,_India.png
| mottoeng = Dream. Believe. Achieve.
| former_name = Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Institutions
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1992}} as Vidyanikethan Educational Institutions and currently as Mohan Babu University since 2022
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private University]]
| accreditation = {{hlist | [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] | [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2023 |title=Another Honor For Mohan Babu University |work=Telugurajyam |url=https://e.telugurajyam.com/entertainment/another-honor-for-mohan-babu-university.html |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE-CII]]
| chancellor = [[Mohan Babu]]
| vice_chancellor = Nagaraj Ramrao<ref name=leadership>{{cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://mbu.asia/|website= mbu.asia |publisher=Mohan Babu University |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>
| address = Sree Sainath Nagar, [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] - 517102. [[India]] [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001:2015]] Campus
| language = English
| website = {{URL|https://mbu.asia/}}
}}

'''Mohan Babu University (MBU)''' is a [[private university]] located in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=Telugu actor Mohan Babu announces university in Tirupati named after him|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/jan/13/telugu-actor-mohan-babu-announces-university-in-tirupati-named-after-him-2406407.html |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Established in 1992, formerly known as Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Institutions<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=Actor Mohan Babu’s Sree Vidyanikethan is Now a University|work=[[Network18 Group]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-mohan-babus-sree-vidyanikethan-is-now-a-university-4653962.html|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> and currently as Mohan Babu University since January 2022,<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=Tollywood actor Mohan Babu announces university named after him|work=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/tollywood-actor-mohan-babu-announces-university-named-after-him-2022-01-13-754226|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> it consists of nine schools, offering academic programs at Undergraduate (UG), Postgraduate (PG), and [[Ph.D]] courses in engineering, [[liberal arts]] and [[basic sciences]], agricultural, paramedical, commerce, media and film-academy based focused courses.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title= Tollywood actor Mohan Babu announces university named after him|work=[[Telangana Today]] |url= https://telanganatoday.com/tollywood-actor-mohan-babu-announces-university-named-after-him|access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>

== History ==

Mohan Babu University (MBU) was established in 1992 with UGC-Colleges with potential for excellence status under the CPE scheme<ref>{{cite web|title=Status of CPE/ CE Colleges selected under the CPE Scheme as on 01.04.2017|url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/colleges/Press_release06CPE.pdf|website=www. ugc.gov.in |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=25 September 2017|date=4 January 2017}}</ref> by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]] and also the institution is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Andhra Pradesh for the academic year: 2022-2023 Article number: 1-10975789324 and 1-10980863446 Website|url= https://facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved |access-date=2023-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Campus==

Mohan Babu University (MBU) campus is situated in a 100-acre<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2023 |title=అత్యాధునిక హంగులతో మోహన్ బాబు యూనివర్సిటీ|work=123Telugu |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/mohan-babu-university-with-state-of-new-art-campus.html|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> (40 ha) site located beside the Tirupati-Madanapalle national highway 71, and is about 19 kilometers (11.8 mi) from Tirupati bus-stand and 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from Tirupati railway station and 32.9 kilometers (20.4 mi) from [[Tirupati Airport]], [[Tirupati district]].

==Administration==

The main officers of the Mohan Babu University (MBU) are Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor (VC), Registrar, Pro-Chancellor.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=V.K. Saraswat urges Indian youth to lead global scientific revolution|work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vk-saraswat-urges-indian-youth-to-lead-global-scientific-revolution/article65793783.ece|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> Dr. M Mohan Babu is the Chancellor of the university, Nagaraj Ramrao is the vice chancellor and K. Saradhi is the Registrar of the university, and [[Vishnu Manchu]] is the Pro-Chancellor of university.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2023 |title=Mohan Babu University : మోహన్ బాబు యూనివర్సిటీకి అంకితమైన నాయకత్వం ఉంది|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://telugudesk.net/mohan-babu-university-has-dedicated-leadership/|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>

==Schools==

Mohan Babu University (MBU) has nine schools on its campus, which includes the following constituent schools:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flickstatus.com/tamil/mohan-babu-university-campus-is-a-premier-institution-of-higher-education.html|title=Mohan Babu University campus is a premier institution of higher education|website=Flickstatus|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref>
*[https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-engineering/ School of Engineering and Technology]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klapboardpost.com/mohan-babu-university-and-its-institutions-or-schools/|title=Mohan Babu University and its Institutions and Schools|website=Klapboardpost|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[School of Computing|https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-computing/]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.campuzine.com/mohan-babu-university-seeks-outstanding-academicians/|title= Mohan Babu University Seeks Outstanding Academicians|website= Campuzine |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
*[https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-commerce-and-management/ School of Commerce and Management]<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Tirupati Mohan Babu University Inaugurated|work=[[The Hans India]] |url= https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/tirupati-mohan-babu-university-inaugurated-734152|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>
*[https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-paramedical-allied-healthcare-sciences/ School of Paramedical and Health Sciences]

* [https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-liberal-arts-and-sciences/ School of Liberal Arts and Sciences]
* [https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-agriculture/ School of Art and Design]
* [https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-agriculture/ School of Agriculture]

*School of Media Studies<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telugubulletin.com/mohan-babu-announces-mbu-university-151622|title= Mohan Babu Announces MBU University|website= Telugubulletin|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
*School of Film Academy<ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=MBU: మోహన్ బాబు యూనివర్సిటీలో ఫిల్మ్ అకాడమి! - NTV Telugu |work=[[NTV (Telugu)]] |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/film-academy-in-mbu-298041.html|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
*[https://www.mbu.asia/school-of-commerce-and-management/ Centre For Distance and Online Education]

==Rankings==
The Mohan Babu University (MBU) Institutions participated in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework| National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] 2022 and secured 165th Rank<ref>{{cite web|title= National Institutional Ranking Framework, Ministry of Education, Government of India as on 15.08.2022|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2022/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-C-26929.pdf|website=www.nirfindia.org|publisher=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]|accessdate=15 October 2022|date=15 August 2022}}</ref> and also placed in the band excellent in ARIIA (Institute id: ARI-C-26929) rankings 2021 under the Private or Self Financing Technical Institutes category.<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title= ARIIA RANKING 2021, Band-Excellent, Institution id: ARI-C-26929 as on 15.08.2021|url=https://www.ariia.gov.in/Ranking/2021/Index.html#divPharmacyRanking|website=www.ariia.gov.in|publisher=ARIIA|accessdate=15 October 2021|date=15 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{coord|13.622|79.290|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]

Karanam

2025-11-19T10:36:47Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|Traditional office and title of village accountants}}
'''Karanam''' or '''Karnam''' was an office and title native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiULAQAAIAAJ&q=karanam |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=185, 186 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Charles Philip |author-link=Charles Philip Brown |date=1903 |title=A Telugu-English Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?qs=%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&searchhws=yes |access-date=9 April 2023 |website= |via=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |edition=2nd}}</ref> Karanam was one of the two village-level administrative posts that existed in Andhra along with 'Munasabu' (Munsiff). The Karanam kept an elaborate system of village accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Karanam, Munisif system to return: CM YS Jagan Mohon Reddy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/karanam-munisif-system-to-return-cm-ys-jagan-mohon-reddy-585892 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The position of Karanam was traditionally held by [[Niyogi Brahmin|Niyogi Brahmins]].<ref name="Chatterjee2011"> {{cite book |author=Partha Chatterjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LH69yzkGZWQC&pg=PA56 |title=Lineages of Political Society: Studies in Postcolonial Democracy |date=29 November 2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52791-0 |pages=56– |quote=Rao and Subrahmanyam also stress that this specific genre of niti texts was composed and read by the group of scholar-bureaucrats whom they refer to broadly as karanam. These were usually Niyogi Brahmins or Kayasthas who worked as ministers or advisers to minor princes or feudatories in Andhra, Karnataka, and Orissa.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Alpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ&dq=karanam+andhra&pg=PT34 |title=Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-5017-8 |language=en}}</ref> In the Godavari districts, [[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]] held the position as well,<ref>Satish Kumar, Ch. (2014), ''Caste Mobilisation Processes and Political Power: A Study of Kapus in Andhra Pradesh'', University of Hyderabad. pp. 10, 14, Chapter 5.</ref> while in other regions, it was sometimes occupied by [[Golconda Vyapari Brahmin|Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins]], [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s, and [[Karan (caste)|Karans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sachchidananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhxpLqX9bsC&pg=PA34 |title=Social Change in Village India |date=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-206-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bhavani Raman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjkeAQAAMAAJ |title=Document Raj: Scribes and Writing Under Early Colonial Rule Madras, 1771-1860 |publisher=University of Michigan |year=2007 |page=85}}</ref> The title "Karanam" is comparable to "[[Kulkarni]]" in [[North Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] and "Shanbhaug" in Karnataka.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |author=Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa Ātre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNnuAAAAIAAJ |title=The Village Cart: Translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav Gada |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=9788171548637 |page=49 |quote=The last word has probably come to the North from South India since, in Kannada (language), a peasant is called kul and kulkarni is called karnam.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |author1=Ruedi Baumgartner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT530 |title=In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems: Managing Resources and Change |author2=Ruedi Hogger |date=10 August 2004 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352802661 |page=530 |quote=The term Reddy, though it has a connotation of caste to it, also meant the headman. The Kannada equivalent is Patel or Gauda. Likewise the traditional village accountant, referred to in Telugu as Karnam or as Shanubhog in Kannada, was responsible for all record keeping.}}</ref>

In 1985, the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], abolished the hereditary Karanam system and replaced it with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO) post.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDN0MinxMigC&dq=karanam+abolished+ntr&pg=PA294 |title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanjay |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51661-0 |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The origin of village officers like Karanam is traceable to the evolution of [[Zamindar|Zamindari]] system.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Eashvaraiah |first=P. |date=1985 |title=Abolition of Village Officers: Revolutionary on the Surface |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4374153 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=393–395 |jstor=4374153 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Zamindars and [[Jagir|Jagirdars]] appointed the village officials who were traditionally known as 'Karanam' and 'Munasubu' (Munsif) in Andhra region. The Munsiff maintained law and order while Karanams maintained land records and collected taxes.<ref name=":7" /> Karanams were skilled in writing administrative documents, accounting and file-keeping.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N046vzK824C&dq=karanam&pg=PA163 |title=India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century |last2=Dalmia |first2=Vasudha |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-056-5 |pages=149, 150 |language=en}}</ref> Many Karanams were reported to be [[Multilingualism|polyglots]]. They possessed knowledge of land use, dispute settlement, and local history. The more successful Karanams became 'Mantris' (ministers).<ref name=":8" /> In late medieval era, Niyogi Brahmins dominated as Karanams in Andhra, while in Telangana areas of Golkonda kingdom, Vyapari Brahmins were Karanams.<ref name=":3" />

In 1985, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR), abolished the hereditary offices of Karanam, Munasubu and instead replaced them with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTIlDwAAQBAJ&dq=karanam+abolished+ntr&pg=PA371 |title=Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-39145-8 |pages=341, 371 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=MROs' power to reduce under new Revenue Act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/aug/17/mros-power-to-reduce-under-new-revenue-act-2020038.html |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |quote=During the then Chief Minister NT Rama Rao’s regime, the nomenclature of ‘Karanam’ was changed to ‘VRO’.}}</ref> The move was initiated in pursuance of the recommendations of the Unnitan Committee of 1964 and Narsimha Rao Committee.<ref name=":7" /> It was noted that NTR’s decision to abolish the Karanam system in revenue administration was one of the reasons for the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] communities to rally behind his party, [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gali Nagaraja |date=2 November 2022 |title=2024 AP polls: Jagan woos OBCs to counter TDP's Kamma-Kapu caste coalition |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/andhra-pradesh/2024-ap-polls-jagan-woos-obcs-to-counter-tdps-kamma-kapu-caste-coalition/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Similar posts ==
The title ''Karanam'' is similar to [[Kulkarni]] in [[North Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] and ''Shanbhaug'' in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Community Development and Panchayati Raj Digest, Volumes 3-5 |publisher=National Institute of Community Development |year=1971 |page=334 |quote=Patwari / Karanam shall be the additional secretary to the gram panchayat for keeping the record concerning lands}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxJWAAAAYAAJ |title=Marathas and the Marathas Country: Medieval Maharashtra |publisher=Books & Books |year=1996 |isbn=9788185016481 |page=28 |quote=On the basis of English records, he gives an elaborate account of the village officials like Karnam (village accountant), the role of the Deshastha brahmans etc . which can be compared with similar officials and castes in Maratha country.}}</ref>

Samprati or Sthala Karanam, who was a counterpart of Karanam at higher level, was usually held by Deshastha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQpDAAAAYAAJ |title=Itihas Volume 5 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1977 |page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Eric Frykenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUs1AQAAIAAJ |title=Guntur District, 1788-1848:A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1965 |page=15}}</ref> The post of Sthala Karanam, who was the district revenue official was sometimes replaced by [[Deshpande]]. Deshpande post was usually held by Deshasthas and also sometimes by [[Velama]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ravula Soma Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_LZAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval Andhra Desa |publisher=Research India Press |year=2007 |page=180}}</ref>

== Karanam Telugu ==
Karanam Telugu was a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language patronized by Karanam writers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCYlDwAAQBAJ&dq=karanam+telugu+pandit&pg=PT33 |title=Minds Without Fear: Philosophy in the Indian Renaissance |last2=Garfield |first2=Jay L. |date=2017-05-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-067299-7 |language=en}}</ref> There was also the [[Pandit|Pandit's]] language which was the language variant used by scholars (Pandits) in literary texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Bhavani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjkeAQAAMAAJ&q=karanam+telugu+pandit |title=Document Raj: Scribes and Writing Under Early Colonial Rule Madras, 1771-1860 |date=2007 |publisher=University of Michigan. |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> Both varieties enjoyed similar social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raveendran |first=P. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcCpEAAAQBAJ&dq=karanam+telugu+pandit&pg=PT68 |title=Under the Bhasha Gaze: Modernity and Indian Literature |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-269944-2 |language=en}}</ref> The language of the Karanams was more suitable for day-to-day affairs. The balance between the two variants was changed when western missionaries started using Pandit's language for printing purposes. Also, instrumental were [[Paravastu Chinnayasuri|Paravastu Chinnaya Suri]]'s disciples who monopolised Telugu instructor posts and editor roles at major publishing houses. They preferred Chinnaya Suri's Pandit style, and Karanam Telugu used for writing prose was rejected by them as non-standard.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N046vzK824C&dq=karanam&pg=PA163 |title=India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century |last2=Dalmia |first2=Vasudha |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-056-5 |pages=153–155 |language=en}}</ref> In opposition to this, [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy|Gidugu Ramamurthi]] fought for a language closer to Karanam Telugu (which he called ''vyavaharika'').<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N046vzK824C&dq=karanam&pg=PA163 |title=India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century |last2=Dalmia |first2=Vasudha |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-056-5 |pages=161, 162 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

List of municipalities in Indiana

2025-11-14T05:06:38Z

KK JANGIR: added bio!

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Indiana in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with Indiana highlighted]]

[[Indiana]] is a [[U.S. state|state]] located in the [[Midwestern United States]]. As of the 2021 census estimate, the state had 6,805,985 residents. There are 569 municipalities.

Under Indiana law, a municipality must have a minimum of 2,000 people to incorporate as a city. Except as noted, all cities are "third-class" cities with a five or seven-member city council and an elected clerk-treasurer. "Second-class" cities had a population of at least 34,000 and up to 600,000 at time of designation, and have a nine-member city council and an elected clerk. [[Indianapolis]] is the only "first-class" city in Indiana under state law, making it subject to a [[consolidated city-county]] government known as [[Unigov]]. A town is differentiated from a city in that a town can not become a city until it has a population of at least 2,000. The form of government is also different from that of a city in that the council is both the legislative and executive branches of government. The mayor is selected by the council from within its ranks and operates as a [[first among equals]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Town vs. City|url=http://www.townofclarksville.com/town_vs_city.php|website=Townofclarksville.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908020047/http://www.townofclarksville.com/town_vs_city.php|archive-date=8 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Most populous cities==
{{Gallery
|File:Downtown Indianapolis.jpg
|1. [[Indianapolis]], capital
|File:Reservoir Park Skyline.JPG
|2. [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]
|File:Evilleriverfront.jpg
|3. [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]
|File:Downtown_South_Bend_from_South_East.jpg
|4. [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]
|File:Carmel Indiana - Carmelfest (4772788604).jpg
|5. [[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]]
|File:FishersIN TownHall 2012 cropped.jpg
|6. [[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]]
|File:Bloomington IN Kirkwood.jpg
|7. [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|File:Hammond indiana22AUG2005.jpg
|8. [[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]]
|File:Lafayette Indiana.jpg
|9. [[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]]
|File:Noblesville-indiana-downtown.jpg
|10. [[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]]
|File:Downtown Gary.jpg
|11. [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]]
|File:Downtown Muncie.jpg
|12. [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]]
}}

==Municipalities==
{{legend2|#b4ddb4|[[County seat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{dagger|alt=County seat}}

{{legend2|#CCF|[[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] and [[county seat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{double-dagger|alt=State capital}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Type
!2020 Census<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates/2020-evaluation-estimates/2010s-cities-and-towns-total.html |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2010-2020 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/POP010220 |title=US Census Quickfacts|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>

!2010 Census<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table|work=American FactFinder2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]]|access-date=16 February 2014}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
!Change
!County
!Land area
!Density
|-
|[[Advance, Indiana|Advance]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|503|477}}
|[[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2)
|853.99/sq mi (326.66/km2)
|-
|[[Akron, Indiana|Akron]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1125|1167}}
|[[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
|0.46 sq mi (1.19 km2)
|2,450.98/sq mi (946.69/km2)
|-
|[[Alamo, Indiana|Alamo]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|66|66}}
|[[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2)
|1,064.52/sq mi (409.27/km2)
|-
|[[Albany, Indiana|Albany]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2295|2165}}
|[[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]], [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|1.99 sq mi (5.15 km2)
|1,158.51/sq mi (447.29/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Albion, Indiana|Albion]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2222|2349}}
|[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|1.91 sq mi (4.94 km2)
|1,164.57/sq mi (449.63/km2)
|-
|[[Alexandria, Indiana|Alexandria]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5149|5145}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|3.02 sq mi (7.83 km2)
|1,702.15/sq mi (657.25/km2)
|-
|[[Alfordsville, Indiana|Alfordsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|65|101}}
|[[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|0.07 sq mi (0.17 km2)
|984.85/sq mi (382.29/km2)
|-
|[[Alton, Indiana|Alton]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|29|55}}
|[[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]]
|0.20 sq mi (0.51 km2)
|168.60/sq mi (65.11/km2)
|-
|[[Altona, Indiana|Altona]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|213|197}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|0.20 sq mi (0.53 km2)
|1,049.26/sq mi (405.67/km2)
|-
|[[Ambia, Indiana|Ambia]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|227|239}}
|[[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|0.15 sq mi (0.39 km2)
|1,503.31/sq mi (580.60/km2)
|-
|[[Amboy, Indiana|Amboy]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|317|384}}
|[[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
|0.34 sq mi (0.87 km2)
|943.45/sq mi (364.23/km2)
|-
|[[Amo, Indiana|Amo]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|408|401}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|0.61 sq mi (1.58 km2)
|666.67/sq mi (257.45/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|54788|56129}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|42.77 sq mi (110.77 km2)
|1,292.28/sq mi (498.96/km2)
|-
|[[Andrews, Indiana|Andrews]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1048|1149}}
|[[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
|0.64 sq mi (1.66 km2)
|1,653.00/sq mi (637.86/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Angola, Indiana|Angola]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|9340|8612}}
|[[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|6.54 sq mi (16.94 km2)
|1,428.69/sq mi (555.45/km2)
|-
|[[Arcadia, Indiana|Arcadia]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1515|1666}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|0.55 sq mi (1.43 km2)
|2,749.55/sq mi (1,061.70/km2)
|-
|[[Argos, Indiana|Argos]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1777|1691}}
|[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|1.30 sq mi (3.36 km2)
|1,381.80/sq mi (533.68/km2)
|-
|[[Ashley, Indiana|Ashley]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1026|983}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]], [[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|1.90 sq mi (4.93 km2)
|538.87/sq mi (208.05/km2)
|-
|[[Atlanta, Indiana|Atlanta]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|712|725}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|
|
|-
|[[Attica, Indiana|Attica]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|3324|3245}}
|[[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|1.80 sq mi (4.67 km2)
|1,682.93/sq mi (649.85/km2)
|-
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Auburn, Indiana|Auburn]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|13412|12731}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|8.08 sq mi (20.94 km2)
|1,659.08/sq mi (640.54/km2)
|-
|[[Aurora, Indiana|Aurora]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|3698|3750}}
|[[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|3.54 sq mi (9.16 km2)
|1,056.80/sq mi (408.05/km2)
|-
|[[Austin, Indiana|Austin]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4094|4295}}
|[[Scott County, Indiana|Scott]]
|2.66 sq mi (6.90 km2)
|1,525.53/sq mi (589.09/km2)
|-
|[[Avilla, Indiana|Avilla]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2438|2401}}
|[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|1.71 sq mi (4.42 km2)
|1,427.40/sq mi (551.00/km2)
|-
|[[Avon, Indiana|Avon]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|21474|12446}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|19.41 sq mi (50.26 km2)
|1,115.24/sq mi (430.59/km2)
|-
|[[Bainbridge, Indiana|Bainbridge]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|684|746}}
|[[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|0.40 sq mi (1.04 km2)
|1,705.74/sq mi (659.31/km2)
|-
|[[Bargersville, Indiana|Bargersville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|9560|4013}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|18.73 sq mi (48.50 km2)
|510.98/sq mi (197.29/km2)
|-
|[[Batesville, Indiana|Batesville]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|7202|6520}}
|[[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]], [[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|6.17 sq mi (15.98 km2)
|1,178.88/sq mi (455.52/km2)
|-
|[[Battle Ground, Indiana|Battle Ground]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1838|1334}}
|[[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|1.02 sq mi (2.64 km2)
|1,801.96/sq mi (695.82/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|13792|13413}}
|[[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence]]
|12.21 sq mi (31.62 km2)
|1,129.57/sq mi (436.13/km2)
|-
|[[Beech Grove, Indiana|Beech Grove]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|14717|14192}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|4.47 sq mi (11.57 km2)
|3,293.13/sq mi (1,271.46/km2)
|-
|[[Berne, Indiana|Berne]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4262|3999}}
|[[Adams County, Indiana|Adams]]
|2.33 sq mi (6.03 km2)
|1,804.15/sq mi (696.69/km2)
|-
|[[Bethany, Indiana|Bethany]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|95|81}}
|[[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|0.10 sq mi (0.25 km2)
|1,000.00/sq mi (387.69/km2)
|-
|[[Beverly Shores, Indiana|Beverly Shores]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|599|613}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|5.83 sq mi (15.09 km2)
|167.18/sq mi (64.54/km2)
|-
|[[Bicknell, Indiana|Bicknell]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2832|2915}}
|[[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|1.35 sq mi (3.50 km2)
|2,238.73/sq mi (864.38/km2)
|-
|[[Birdseye, Indiana|Birdseye]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|417|416}}
|[[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
|0.64 sq mi (1.65 km2)
|655.66/sq mi (253.14/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Bloomfield, Indiana|Bloomfield]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2289|2405}}
|[[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|1.41 sq mi (3.65 km2)
|1,625.71/sq mi (627.68/km2)
|-
|[[Bloomingdale, Indiana|Bloomingdale]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|269|335}}
|[[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|0.58 sq mi (1.51 km2)
|462.20/sq mi (178.59/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|79168|80405}}
|[[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
|{{convert|23.16|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|79168|23.16|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Blountsville, Indiana|Blountsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|98|134}}
|[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|0.11 sq mi (0.30 km2)
|890.91/sq mi (344.00/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Bluffton, Indiana|Bluffton]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|10308|9897}}
|[[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|8.52 sq mi (22.06 km2)
|1,229.19/sq mi (474.57/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Boonville, Indiana|Boonville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6712|6246}}
|[[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|5.77 sq mi (14.94 km2)
|1,171.17/sq mi (452.22/km2)
|-
|[[Borden, Indiana|Borden]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|786|808}}
|[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|1.39 sq mi (3.61 km2)
|564.66/sq mi (218.06/km2)
|-
|[[Boston, Indiana|Boston]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|150|138}}
|[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|0.22 sq mi (0.58 km2)
|672.65/sq mi (259.65/km2)
|-
|[[Boswell, Indiana|Boswell]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|800|778}}
|[[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|0.88 sq mi (2.29 km2)
|904.98/sq mi (349.41/km2)
|-
|[[Bourbon, Indiana|Bourbon]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1698|1810}}
|[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|1.16 sq mi (2.99 km2)
|1,475.24/sq mi (569.51/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Brazil, Indiana|Brazil]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|8181|7912}}
|[[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|3.72 sq mi (9.63 km2)
|2,218.88/sq mi (856.72/km2)
|-
|[[Bremen, Indiana|Bremen]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4696|4588}}
|[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|2.84 sq mi (7.35 km2)
|1,657.02/sq mi (639.83/km2)
|-
|[[Bristol, Indiana|Bristol]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1789|1602}}
|[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|4.16 sq mi (10.78 km2)
|445.14/sq mi (171.85/km2)
|-
|[[Brook, Indiana|Brook]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|939|997}}
|[[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
|0.69 sq mi (1.78 km2)
|1,387.00/sq mi (535.24/km2)
|-
|[[Brooklyn, Indiana|Brooklyn]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2511|1598}}
|[[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|1.00 sq mi (2.60 km2)
|2,536.36/sq mi (979.67/km2)
|-
|[[Brooksburg, Indiana|Brooksburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|72|81}}
|[[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
|0.11 sq mi (0.29 km2)
|705.88/sq mi (273.59/km2)
|-
|[[Brookston, Indiana|Brookston]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1631|1554}}
|[[White County, Indiana|White]]
|0.66 sq mi (1.71 km2)
|2,471.21/sq mi (953.87/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2622|2596}}
|[[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|1.45 sq mi (3.75 km2)
|1,876.88/sq mi (724.62/km2)
|-
|[[Brownsburg, Indiana|Brownsburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|28973|21285}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|16.35 sq mi (42.36 km2)
|1,780.98/sq mi (687.63/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Brownstown, Indiana|Brownstown]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3025|2947}}
|[[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
|1.62 sq mi (4.21 km2)
|1,868.44/sq mi (721.59/km2)
|-
|[[Bruceville, Indiana|Bruceville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|450|478}}
|[[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|0.34 sq mi (0.89 km2)
|1,311.95/sq mi (506.74/km2)
|-
|[[Bryant, Indiana|Bryant]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|239|252}}
|[[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|0.32 sq mi (0.83 km2)
|749.22/sq mi (289.60/km2)
|-
|[[Bunker Hill, Indiana|Bunker Hill]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|814|888}}
|[[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
|0.39 sq mi (1.01 km2)
|2,092.54/sq mi (808.46/km2)
|-
|[[Burket, Indiana|Burket]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|123|195}}
|[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2)
|1,732.39/sq mi (665.82/km2)
|-
|[[Burlington, Indiana|Burlington]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|517|603}}
|[[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
|0.61 sq mi (1.58 km2)
|844.77/sq mi (326.26/km2)
|-
|[[Burnettsville, Indiana|Burnettsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|390|346}}
|[[White County, Indiana|White]]
|0.75 sq mi (1.93 km2)
|522.79/sq mi (201.96/km2)
|-
|[[Burns Harbor, Indiana|Burns Harbor]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2055|1156}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|6.44 sq mi (16.67 km2)
|319.25/sq mi (123.27/km2)
|-
|[[Butler, Indiana|Butler]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2719|2684}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|1.97 sq mi (5.11 km2)
|1,334.85/sq mi (515.28/km2)
|-
|[[Cadiz, Indiana|Cadiz]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|163|150}}
|[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|0.14 sq mi (0.37 km2)
|1,131.94/sq mi (435.88/km2)
|-
|[[Cambridge City, Indiana|Cambridge City]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1751|1870}}
|[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|1.02 sq mi (2.63 km2)
|1,735.38/sq mi (669.92/km2)
|-
|[[Camden, Indiana|Camden]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|593|611}}
|[[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
|0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2)
|2,289.58/sq mi (884.65/km2)
|-
|[[Campbellsburg, Indiana|Campbellsburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|529|585}}
|[[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|0.99 sq mi (2.57 km2)
|533.27/sq mi (205.92/km2)
|-
|[[Cannelburg, Indiana|Cannelburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|176|135}}
|[[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|0.21 sq mi (0.54 km2)
|850.24/sq mi (328.19/km2)
|-
|[[Cannelton, Indiana|Cannelton]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|1473|1563}}
|[[Perry County, Indiana|Perry]]
|1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2)
|1,028.34/sq mi (397.11/km2)
|-
|[[Carbon, Indiana|Carbon]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|263|397}}
|[[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|0.15 sq mi (0.39 km2)
|1,765.10/sq mi (682.31/km2)
|-
|[[Carlisle, Indiana|Carlisle]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|625|692}}
|[[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|0.52 sq mi (1.34 km2)
|1,206.56/sq mi (465.62/km2)
|-
|[[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|99757|79191}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|{{convert|47.46|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|99757|47.46|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Carthage, Indiana|Carthage]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|918|927}}
|[[Rush County, Indiana|Rush]]
|0.56 sq mi (1.46 km2)
|1,624.78/sq mi (627.10/km2)
|-
|[[Cayuga, Indiana|Cayuga]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|952|1162}}
|[[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|1.01 sq mi (2.62 km2)
|939.78/sq mi (362.69/km2)
|-
|[[Cedar Grove, Indiana|Cedar Grove]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|150|156}}
|[[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|0.16 sq mi (0.41 km2)
|993.38/sq mi (383.83/km2)
|-
|[[Cedar Lake, Indiana|Cedar Lake]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|14106|11560}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|10.17 sq mi (26.34 km2)
|1,612.48/sq mi (622.56/km2)
|-
|[[Center Point, Indiana|Center Point]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|213|242}}
|[[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|0.76 sq mi (1.97 km2)
|287.84/sq mi (111.10/km2)
|-
|[[Centerville, Indiana|Centerville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2748|2552}}
|[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|3.52 sq mi (9.11 km2)
|781.13/sq mi (301.60/km2)
|-
|[[Chalmers, Indiana|Chalmers]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|523|508}}
|[[White County, Indiana|White]]
|0.30 sq mi (0.78 km2)
|1,731.79/sq mi (668.77/km2)
|-
|[[Chandler, Indiana|Chandler]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3693|2887}}
|[[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|2.91 sq mi (7.55 km2)
|1,267.33/sq mi (489.29/km2)
|-
|[[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|7775|7585}}
|[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|11.49 sq mi (29.75 km2)
|679.16/sq mi (262.24/km2)
|-
|[[Chesterfield, Indiana|Chesterfield]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2490|2547}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]], [[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|1.37 sq mi (3.54 km2)
|1,818.85/sq mi (702.51/km2)
|-
|[[Chesterton, Indiana|Chesterton]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|14241|13068}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|9.49 sq mi (24.59 km2)
|1,517.91/sq mi (586.09/km2)
|-
|[[Chrisney, Indiana|Chrisney]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|465|481}}
|[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|0.73 sq mi (1.90 km2)
|658.64/sq mi (254.33/km2)
|-
|[[Churubusco, Indiana|Churubusco]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1870|1796}}
|[[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]]
|1.05 sq mi (2.71 km2)
|1,784.35/sq mi (689.18/km2)
|-
|[[Cicero, Indiana|Cicero]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5301|4812}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|2.04 sq mi (5.29 km2)
|3,254.14/sq mi (1256.60/km2)
|-
|[[Clarks Hill, Indiana|Clarks Hill]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|600|611}}
|[[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|0.27 sq mi (0.71 km2)
|2,205.88/sq mi (850.28/km2)
|-
|[[Clarksville, Indiana|Clarksville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|22333|21724}}
|[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|10.23 sq mi (26.51 km2)
|2,224.62/sq mi (858.90/km2)
|-
|[[Clay City, Indiana|Clay City]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|878|861}}
|[[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|0.54 sq mi (1.40 km2)
|1,628.94/sq mi (629.03/km2)
|-
|[[Claypool, Indiana|Claypool]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|396|431}}
|[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|0.25 sq mi (0.65 km2)
|1,622.95/sq mi (626.32/km2)
|-
|[[Clayton, Indiana|Clayton]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|908|972}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|
|
|-
|[[Clear Lake, Indiana|Clear Lake]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|354|339}}
|[[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|2.46 sq mi (6.38 km2)
|318.06/sq mi (122.84/km2)
|-
|[[Clermont, Indiana|Clermont]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1384|1356}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|0.67 sq mi (1.73 km2)
|2,071.86/sq mi (800.30/km2)
|-
|[[Clifford, Indiana|Clifford]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|205|233}}
|[[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2)
|2,329.55/sq mi (895.29/km2)
|-
|[[Clinton, Indiana|Clinton]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4618|4893}}
|[[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|2.28 sq mi (5.90 km2)
|2,145.20/sq mi (828.41/km2)
|-
|[[Cloverdale, Indiana|Cloverdale]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2060|2172}}
|[[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|3.49 sq mi (9.03 km2)
|590.60/sq mi (228.03/km2)
|-
|[[Coatesville, Indiana|Coatesville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|555|523}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|0.67 sq mi (1.72 km2)
|849.92/sq mi (327.96/km2)
|-
|[[Colfax, Indiana|Colfax]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|702|691}}
|[[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)
|1,897.30/sq mi (733.11/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Columbia City, Indiana|Columbia City]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|9892|8750}}
|[[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]]
|5.47 sq mi (14.17 km2)
|1,813.71/sq mi (700.34/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|50474|44061}}
|[[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|28.41 sq mi (73.58 km2)
|1,682.06/sq mi (649.44/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Connersville, Indiana|Connersville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|13324|13481}}
|[[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette]]
|7.70 sq mi (19.94 km2)
|1,734.44/sq mi (669.67/km2)
|-
|[[Converse, Indiana|Converse]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1161|1265}}
|[[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]], [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|0.99 sq mi (2.57 km2)
|1,173.91/sq mi (453.30/km2)
|-
|[[Corunna, Indiana|Corunna]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|236|254}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|0.18 sq mi (0.46 km2)
|1,318.44/sq mi (509.97/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3153|3122}}
|[[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|1.64 sq mi (4.24 km2)
|1,927.26/sq mi (743.92/km2)
|-
|[[Country Club Heights, Indiana|Country Club Heights]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|98|79}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|0.29 sq mi (0.76 km2)
|334.47/sq mi (128.98/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Covington, Indiana|Covington]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2540|2645}}
|[[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|1.29 sq mi (3.34 km2)
|2,068.22/sq mi (789.26/km2)
|-
|[[Crandall, Indiana|Crandall]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|134|152}}
|[[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|0.10 sq mi (0.27 km2)
|1,288.46/sq mi (497.33/km2)
|-
|[[Crane, Indiana|Crane]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|166|184}}
|[[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]]
|0.12 sq mi (0.31 km2)
|1,383.33/sq mi (532.46/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Crawfordsville, Indiana|Crawfordsville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|16306|15915}}
|[[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|9.70 sq mi (25.11 km2)
|1,681.72/sq mi (649.30/km2)
|-
|[[Cromwell, Indiana|Cromwell]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|487|512}}
|[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|0.29 sq mi (0.74 km2)
|1,696.86/sq mi (655.55/km2)
|-
|[[Crothersville, Indiana|Crothersville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1509|1591}}
|[[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
|1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2)
|1,300.86/sq mi (502.40/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Crown Point, Indiana|Crown Point]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|33899|27317}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|17.84 sq mi (46.20 km2)
|1,660.59/sq mi (641.17/km2)
|-
|[[Crows Nest, Indiana|Crows Nest]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|67|73}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|0.43 sq mi (1.11 km2)
|156.18/sq mi (60.26/km2)
|-
|[[Culver, Indiana|Culver]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1129|1353}}
|[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2)
|974.96/sq mi (376.44/km2)
|-
|[[Cumberland, Indiana|Cumberland]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5954|5169}}
|[[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]], [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|2.82 sq mi (7.30 km2)
|2,118.11/sq mi (817.93/km2)
|-
|[[Cynthiana, Indiana|Cynthiana]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|552|545}}
|[[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
|0.40 sq mi (1.03 km2)
|1,383.46/sq mi (534.42/km2)
|-
|[[Dale, Indiana|Dale]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1544|1593}}
|[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|2.43 sq mi (6.29 km2)
|638.81/sq mi (246.67/km2)
|-
|[[Daleville, Indiana|Daleville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1651|1647}}
|[[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|2.15 sq mi (5.57 km2)
|775.85/sq mi (299.51/km2)
|-
|[[Dana, Indiana|Dana]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|555|608}}
|[[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|0.29 sq mi (0.76 km2)
|1,900.68/sq mi (733.89/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Danville, Indiana|Danville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|10559|9001}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|8.80 sq mi (22.80 km2)
|1,206.47/sq mi (463.83/km2)
|-
|[[Darlington, Indiana|Darlington]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|711|843}}
|[[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|0.34 sq mi (0.87 km2)
|2,122.39/sq mi (820.09/km2)
|-
|[[Darmstadt, Indiana|Darmstadt]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|1373|1407}}
|[[Vanderburgh County, Indiana|Vanderburgh]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dayton, Indiana|Dayton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,330|1,420}}
| [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Decatur, Indiana|Decatur]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|9913|9405}}
|[[Adams County, Indiana|Adams]]
|6.11 sq mi (15.81 km2)
|1,625.08/sq mi (627.50/km2)
|-
| [[Decker, Indiana|Decker]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|199|249}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Delphi, Indiana|Delphi]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2909|2893}}
|[[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
|2.71 sq mi (7.03 km2)
|1,090.61/sq mi (421.10/km2)
|-
|[[DeMotte, Indiana|DeMotte]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4168|3814}}
|[[Jasper County, Indiana|Jasper]]
|3.59 sq mi (9.29 km2)
|1,162.30/sq mi (448.78/km2)
|-
| [[Denver, Indiana|Denver]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|478|482}}
| [[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dillsboro, Indiana|Dillsboro]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,360|1,327}}
| [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dublin, Indiana|Dublin]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|679|790}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dugger, Indiana|Dugger]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|797|920}}
| [[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dune Acres, Indiana|Dune Acres]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|234|182}}
| [[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|
|
|-
|[[Dunkirk, Indiana|Dunkirk]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2249|2362}}
|[[Blackford County, Indiana|Blackford]], [[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|1.19 sq mi (3.07 km2)
|1,841.70/sq mi (711.12/km2)
|-
| [[Dunreith, Indiana|Dunreith]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|171|177}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dupont, Indiana|Dupont]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|343|339}}
| [[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
|
|
|-
|[[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|16517|16390}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|6.18 sq mi (16.00 km2)
|2,673.09/sq mi (1,032.10/km2)
|-
| [[Earl Park, Indiana|Earl Park]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|370|348}}
| [[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|
|
|-
|[[East Chicago, Indiana|East Chicago]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|26370|29698}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|14.09 sq mi (36.49 km2)
|2,016.89/sq mi (778.75/km2)
|-
| [[East Germantown, Indiana|East Germantown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|261|410}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Eaton, Indiana|Eaton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,595|1,805}}
| [[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|
|
|-
| [[Economy, Indiana|Economy]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|145|187}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Edgewood, Indiana|Edgewood]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,053|1,913}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
|[[Edinburgh, Indiana|Edinburgh]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4435|4480}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]], [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]], [[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
|3.11 sq mi (8.04 km2)
|1,427.88/sq mi (551.37/km2)
|-
| [[Edwardsport, Indiana|Edwardsport]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|286|303}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-
| [[Elberfeld, Indiana|Elberfeld]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|644|625}}
| [[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|
|
|-
| [[Elizabeth, Indiana|Elizabeth]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|199|162}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Elizabethtown, Bartholomew County, Indiana|Elizabethtown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|406|504}}
| [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|
|
|-
|[[Elkhart, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|53923|50949}}
|[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|27.26 sq mi (70.61 km2)
|1,986.34/sq mi (766.92/km2)
|-
|[[Ellettsville, Indiana|Ellettsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|6712|6246}}
|[[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
|5.17 sq mi (13.40 km2)
|1,286.24/sq mi (496.61/km2)
|-
| [[Elnora, Indiana|Elnora]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|631|640}}
| [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|
|
|-
|[[Elwood, Indiana|Elwood]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|8410|8614}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]], [[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
|3.97 sq mi (10.28 km2)
|2,119.46/sq mi (818.35/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[English, Indiana|English]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|685|645}}
| [[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]]
|
|
|-
| [[Etna Green, Indiana|Etna Green]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|570|586}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|117298|117429}}
|[[Vanderburgh County, Indiana|Vanderburgh]]
|{{convert|44.15|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|117298|44.15|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
| [[Fairland, Indiana|Fairland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|542|315}}
| [[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fairmount, Indiana|Fairmount]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2682|2954}}
|[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|1.59 sq mi (4.11 km2)
|1,691.05/sq mi (652.80/km2)
|-
| [[Fairview Park, Indiana|Fairview Park]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,409|1,386}}
| [[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Farmersburg, Indiana|Farmersburg]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,069|1,118}}
| [[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Farmland, Indiana|Farmland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,270|1,333}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ferdinand, Indiana|Ferdinand]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2157|2157}}
|[[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
|2.30 sq mi (5.95 km2)
|939.05/sq mi (362.64/km2)
|-
| [[Fillmore, Indiana|Fillmore]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|532|533}}
| [[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|98977|76794}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|{{convert|33.59|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|98977|33.59|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
| [[Flora, Indiana|Flora]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,094|2,036}}
| [[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fort Branch, Indiana|Fort Branch]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2965|2771}}
|[[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|1.09 sq mi (2.82 km2)
|2,725.18/sq mi (1,052.14/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|263886|253691}}
|[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|{{convert|110.62|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|263886|110.62|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Fortville, Indiana|Fortville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4784|3929}}
|[[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|3.45 sq mi (8.94 km2)
|1,386.67/sq mi (535.39/km2)
|-
| [[Fountain City, Indiana|Fountain City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|714|796}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Fowler, Indiana|Fowler]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2337|2317}}
|[[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|1.41 sq mi (3.66 km2)
|1,655/sq mi (638.92/km2)
|-
| [[Fowlerton, Indiana|Fowlerton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|268|261}}
| [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|
|
|-
| [[Francesville, Indiana|Francesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|852|879}}
| [[Pulaski County, Indiana|Pulaski]]
|
|
|-
| [[Francisco, Indiana|Francisco]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|545|469}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Frankfort, Indiana|Frankfort]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|16715|16422}}
|[[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|8.05 sq mi (20.86 km2)
|2,075.11/sq mi (801.21/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Franklin, Indiana|Franklin]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|25313|23712}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|14.76 sq mi (40.35 km2)
|1,714.62/sq mi (662.04/km2)
|-
| [[Frankton, Indiana|Frankton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,775|1,862}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fremont, Indiana|Fremont]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2034|2138}}
|[[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|1.29 sq mi (3.35 km2)
|1,831.53/sq mi (706.90/km2)
|-
| [[French Lick, Indiana|French Lick]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,722|1,807}}
| [[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]]
|
|
|-
| [[Fulton, Indiana|Fulton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|303|333}}
| [[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Galveston, Indiana|Galveston]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,288|1,311}}
| [[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
|
|
|-
|[[Garrett, Indiana|Garrett]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6542|6286}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|4.17 sq mi (10.79 km2)
|1,570.33/sq mi (606.37/km2)
|-
|[[Gary, Indiana|Gary]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|69093|80294}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|{{convert|49.87|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|69093|49.87|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Gas City, Indiana|Gas City]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6157|5965}}
|[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|5.03 sq mi (13.02 km2)
|1,224.79/sq mi (472.88/km2)
|-
| [[Gaston, Indiana|Gaston]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|796|871}}
| [[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|
|
|-
| [[Geneva, Indiana|Geneva]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,257|1,293}}
| [[Adams County, Indiana|Adams]]
|
|
|-
| [[Gentryville, Indiana|Gentryville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|243|268}}
| [[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|
|
|-
|[[Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana|Georgetown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3805|2876}}
|[[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]]
|2.18 sq mi (5.64 km2)
|1,748.62/sq mi (675.15/km2)
|-
| [[Glenwood, Indiana|Glenwood]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|245|250}}
| [[Rush County, Indiana|Rush]], [[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette]]
|
|
|-
| [[Goodland, Indiana|Goodland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|980|1,043}}
| [[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Goshen, Indiana|Goshen]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|34517|31719}}
|[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|17.03 sq mi (44.10 km2)
|1,983.31/sq mi (765.76/km2)
|-
| [[Gosport, Indiana|Gosport]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|842|826}}
| [[Owen County, Indiana|Owen]]
|
|
|-
| [[Grabill, Indiana|Grabill]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,112|1,053}}
| [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|
|
|-
| [[Grandview, Indiana|Grandview]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|698|749}}
| [[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Greencastle, Indiana|Greencastle]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|9820|10326}}
|[[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|5.26 sq mi (13.63 km2)
|1,884.11/sq mi (727.40/km2)
|-
|[[Greendale, Indiana|Greendale]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4339|4520}}
|[[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|5.73 sq mi (14.84 km2)
|812.64/sq mi (313.78/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Greenfield, Indiana|Greenfield]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|23488|20602}}
|[[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|13.71 sq mi (35.50 km2)
|1,713.20/sq mi (661.47/km2)
|-
| [[Greens Fork, Indiana|Greens Fork]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|335|423}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Greensboro, Indiana|Greensboro]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|123|143}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Greensburg, Indiana|Greensburg]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|12312|11492}}
|[[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
|9.41 sq mi (24.37 km2)
|1,315.10/sq mi (507.76/km2)
|-
|[[Greentown, Indiana|Greentown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2370|2415}}
|[[Howard County, Indiana|Howard]]
|1.29 sq mi (3.35 km2)
|1,831.53/sq mi (706.90/km2)
|-
| [[Greenville, Indiana|Greenville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,365|595}}
| [[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]]
|
|
|-
|[[Greenwood, Indiana|Greenwood]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|63830|49791}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|27.91 sq mi (72.28 km2)
|2,026.27/sq mi (782.34/km2)
|-
| [[Griffin, Indiana|Griffin]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|143|172}}
| [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
|
|
|-
|[[Griffith, Indiana|Griffith]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|16528|16893}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|7.77 sq mi (20.12 km2)
|2,125.20/sq mi (5,504.24/km2)
|-
| [[Hagerstown, Indiana|Hagerstown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,681|1,787}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hamilton, Indiana|Hamilton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,529|1,532}}
| [[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]], [[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hamlet, Indiana|Hamlet]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|773|800}}
| [[Starke County, Indiana|Starke]]
|
|
|-
|[[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|77879|80830}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|{{convert|22.78|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|77879|22.78|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Hanover, Indiana|Hanover]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3743|3546}}
|[[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
|2.22 sq mi (5.75 km2)
|1,685.28/sq mi (650.55/km2)
|-
| [[Harmony, Indiana|Harmony]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|677|656}}
| [[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Hartford City, Indiana|Hartford City]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6086|6220}}
|[[Blackford County, Indiana|Blackford]]
|3.90 sq mi (10.10 km2)
|1,567.75/sq mi (605.34/km2)
|-
| [[Hartsville, Indiana|Hartsville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|317|362}}
| [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|
|
|-
| [[Haubstadt, Indiana|Haubstadt]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,638|1,577}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hazleton, Indiana|Hazleton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|194|263}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-
|[[Hebron, Indiana|Hebron]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3755|3724}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|1.93 sq mi (4.98 km2)
|1,950.65/sq mi (753.35/km2)
|-
|[[Highland, Lake County, Indiana|Highland]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|23984|23727}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|6.97 sq mi (18.06 km2)
|3,456.90/sq mi (1,334.78/km2)
|-
| [[Hillsboro, Indiana|Hillsboro]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|508|538}}
| [[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|
|
|-
|[[Hobart, Indiana|Hobart]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|29752|29059}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|26.22 sq mi (67.92 km2)
|1,077.22/sq mi (415.92/km2)
|-
| [[Holland, Indiana|Holland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|619|626}}
| [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
|
|
|-
| [[Holton, Indiana|Holton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|417|480}}
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|
|
|-
| [[Homecroft, Indiana|Homecroft]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|752|722}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hope, Indiana|Hope]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,099|2,102}}
| [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hudson, Indiana|Hudson]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|585|518}}
| [[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|
|
|-
|[[Huntertown, Indiana|Huntertown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|9141|4810}}
|[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|5.34 sq mi (13.83 km2)
|1,723.09/sq mi (665.34/km2)
|-
|[[Huntingburg, Indiana|Huntingburg]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6362|6057}}
|[[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
|5.27 sq mi (13.64 km2)
|1,258.80/sq mi (486.05/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Huntington, Indiana|Huntington]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|17022|17391}}
|[[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
|9.45 sq mi (24.47 km2)
|1,827/sq mi (705.81/km2)
|-
| [[Hymera, Indiana|Hymera]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|653|801}}
| [[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Indian Village, Indiana|Indian Village]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|118|133}}
| data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#CCF;"
|[[Indianapolis]] {{double-dagger|alt=State capital}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|887642|820445}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|361.51 sq mi (936.30 km2)
|{{Pop density|887642|361.43|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
|[[Ingalls, Indiana|Ingalls]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2223|2394}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|3.01 sq mi (7.79 km2)
|739.52/sq mi (285.49/km2)
|-
| [[Jamestown, Indiana|Jamestown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|942|958}}
| [[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]], [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|
|
|-
|[[Jasonville, Indiana|Jasonville]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2141|2222}}
|[[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|1.27 sq mi (3.30 km2)
|1,563.88/sq mi (603.89/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Jasper, Indiana|Jasper]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|16703|15038}}
|[[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
|13.34 sq mi (34.55 km2)
|1,260.51/sq mi (486.68/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|49447|44953}}
|[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|34.38 sq mi (89.06 km2)
|1,381.98/sq mi (533.59/km2)
|-
|[[Jonesboro, Indiana|Jonesboro]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|1629|1756}}
|[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|0.89 sq mi (2.31 km2)
|1,697.65/sq mi (655.57/km2)
|-
| [[Jonesville, Indiana|Jonesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|178|177}}
| [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kempton, Indiana|Kempton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|288|335}}
| [[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
|
|
|-
|[[Kendallville, Indiana|Kendallville]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|10271|9862}}
|[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|6.34 sq mi (16.42 km2)
|1,689.64/sq mi (648.47/km2)
|-
| [[Kennard, Indiana|Kennard]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|451|471}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Kentland, Indiana|Kentland]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,641|1,748}}
| [[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kewanna, Indiana|Kewanna]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|576|613}}
| [[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kingman, Indiana|Kingman]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|559|511}}
| [[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kingsbury, Indiana|Kingsbury]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|190|242}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kingsford Heights, Indiana|Kingsford Heights]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,335|1,435}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kirklin, Indiana|Kirklin]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|710|788}}
| [[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|
|
|-
|[[Knightstown, Indiana|Knightstown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2140|2182}}
|[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|1.03 sq mi (2.67 km2)
|2,077.67/sq mi (802.52/km2)
|-
| [[Knightsville, Indiana|Knightsville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|702|872}}
| [[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Knox, Indiana|Knox]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|3552|3704}}
|[[Starke County, Indiana|Starke]]
|3.96 sq mi (10.25 km2)
|925.68/sq mi (357.38/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|59604|45468}}
|[[Howard County, Indiana|Howard]]
|36.76 sq mi (95.20 km2)
|1,580.33/sq mi (610.18/km2)
|-
| [[Kouts, Indiana|Kouts]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,028|1,879}}
| [[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|
|
|-
| [[La Crosse, Indiana|La Crosse]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|555|551}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[La Fontaine, Indiana|La Fontaine]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|798|875}}
| [[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
|
|
|-
| [[La Paz, Indiana|La Paz]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|475|561}}
| [[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[La Porte, Indiana|La Porte]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|22471|22053}}
|[[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|12.68 sq mi (32.84 km2)
|1,884.83/sq mi (727.77/km2)
|-
| [[Laconia, Indiana|Laconia]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|73|50}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Ladoga, Indiana|Ladoga]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,081|985}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|70783|67140}}
|[[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|{{convert|27.74|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|70783|27.74|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[LaGrange, Indiana|LaGrange]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2715|2625}}
|[[LaGrange County, Indiana|LaGrange]]
|1.79 sq mi (4.62 km2)
|1,520.16/sq mi (587.08/km2)
|-
| [[Lagro, Indiana|Lagro]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|349|415}}
| [[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lake Station, Indiana|Lake Station]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|13235|12572}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|8.42 sq mi (21.82 km2)
|1,596.50/sq mi (616.44/km2)
|-
| [[Lakeville, Indiana|Lakeville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|879|786}}
| data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lanesville, Indiana|Lanesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|935|564}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lapel, Indiana|Lapel]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,325|2,068}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Larwill, Indiana|Larwill]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|273|283}}
| [[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]]
|
|
|-
| [[Laurel, Indiana|Laurel]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|406|512}}
| [[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|49370|46001}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|20.25 sq mi (52.45 km2)
|2,376.19/sq mi (917.47/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5129|5042}}
|[[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|5.55 sq mi (14.37 km2)
|970.30/sq mi (374.67/km2)
|-
| [[Leavenworth, Indiana|Leavenworth]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|289|238}}
| [[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Lebanon, Indiana|Lebanon]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|16662|15792}}
|[[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|17.32 sq mi (44.87 km2)
|962.73/sq mi (371.71/km2)
|-
| [[Leesburg, Indiana|Leesburg]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|555|555}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
|[[Leo-Cedarville, Indiana|Leo-Cedarville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3624|3603}}
|[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|3.72 sq mi (10.25 km2)
|973.15/sq mi (375.70/km2)
|-
| [[Lewisville, Indiana|Lewisville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|337|366}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Liberty, Indiana|Liberty]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2000|2133}}
|[[Union County, Indiana|Union]]
|0.86 sq mi (2.22 km2)
|2,331.00/sq mi (900.34/km2)
|-
|[[Ligonier, Indiana|Ligonier]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4411|4405}}
|[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|2.80 sq mi (7.26 km2)
|1,630.85/sq mi (629.65/km2)
|-
| [[Linden, Indiana|Linden]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|711|759}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
|[[Linton, Indiana|Linton]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5133|5413}}
|[[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|3.20 sq mi (8.29 km2)
|1,603.56/sq mi (619.17/km2)
|-
| [[Little York, Indiana|Little York]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|189|192}}
| [[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|
|
|-
| [[Livonia, Indiana|Livonia]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|99|128}}
| [[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lizton, Indiana|Lizton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|511|488}}
| [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Logansport, Indiana|Logansport]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|18366|18396}}
|[[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
|10.72 sq mi (27.77 km2)
|1,750.14/sq mi (675.73/km2)
|-
| [[Long Beach, Indiana|Long Beach]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,189|1,179}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
|[[Loogootee, Indiana|Loogootee]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2661|2751}}
|[[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]]
|1.57 sq mi (4.06 km2)
|1,661.98/sq mi (641.74/km2)
|-
| [[Losantville, Indiana|Losantville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|221|237}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lowell, Indiana|Lowell]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|10680|9276}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|6.58 sq mi (17.04 km2)
|1,643.84/sq mi (634.65/km2)
|-
| [[Lynn, Indiana|Lynn]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|954|1,097}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lynnville, Indiana|Lynnville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|830|888}}
| [[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lyons, Indiana|Lyons]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|625|742}}
| [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mackey, Indiana|Mackey]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|131|106}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Macy, Indiana|Macy]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|199|209}}
| [[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Madison, Indiana|Madison]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|12357|11967}}
|[[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
|8.92 sq mi (23.09 km2)
|1,430.21/sq mi (552.23/km2)
|-
| [[Marengo, Indiana|Marengo]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|829|828}}
| [[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Marion, Indiana|Marion]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|28310|29948}}
|[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|15.58 sq mi (40.35 km2)
|1,835.41/sq mi (708.67/km2)
|-
| [[Markle, Indiana|Markle]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,071|1,095}}
| [[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]], [[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|
|
|-
| [[Markleville, Indiana|Markleville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|484|528}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Marshall, Indiana|Marshall]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|274|324}}
| [[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Martinsville, Indiana|Martinsville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|11932|11828}}
|[[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|9.27 sq mi (24.00 km2)
|1,303.05/sq mi (503.09/km2)
|-
| [[Matthews, Indiana|Matthews]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|494|596}}
| [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mauckport, Indiana|Mauckport]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|46|81}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
|[[McCordsville, Indiana|McCordsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|8503|4797}}
|[[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|7.20 sq mi (18.65 km2)
|1,190.40/sq mi (459.62/km2)
|-
| [[Mecca, Indiana|Mecca]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|263|335}}
| [[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|
|
|-
| [[Medaryville, Indiana|Medaryville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|559|614}}
| [[Pulaski County, Indiana|Pulaski]]
|
|
|-
| [[Medora, Indiana|Medora]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|635|693}}
| [[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mellott, Indiana|Mellott]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|174|197}}
| [[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mentone, Indiana|Mentone]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|943|1,001}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
| [[Meridian Hills, Indiana|Meridian Hills]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,774|1,616}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Merom, Indiana|Merom]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|208|228}}
| [[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|
|
|-
|[[Merrillville, Indiana|Merrillville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|36444|35246}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|33.29 sq mi (86.21 km2)
|1,096.49/sq mi (423.36/km2)
|-
| [[Michiana Shores, Indiana|Michiana Shores]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|306|313}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
|[[Michigan City, Indiana|Michigan City]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|32075|31479}}
|[[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|22.93 sq mi (59.38 km2)
|1,584.55/sq mi (611.81/km2)
|-
| [[Michigantown, Indiana|Michigantown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|441|467}}
| [[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|
|
|-
|[[Middlebury, Indiana|Middlebury]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3466|3420}}
|[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|4.33 sq mi (11.22 km2)
|799.91/sq mi (308.87/km2)
|-
|[[Middletown, Indiana|Middletown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2253|2322}}
|[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2)
|1,943.92/sq mi (750.86/km2)
|-
| [[Milan, Indiana|Milan]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,823|1,899}}
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|
|
|-
| [[Milford, Kosciusko County, Indiana|Milford]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,614|1,562}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
| [[Millersburg, Indiana|Millersburg]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|957|903}}
| [[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|
|
|-
| [[Millhousen, Indiana|Millhousen]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|149|127}}
| [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
|
|
|-
| [[Milltown, Indiana|Milltown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|790|818}}
| [[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]], [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Milton, Indiana|Milton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|455|490}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
|[[Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|51063|48252}}
|data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|17.93 sq mi (46.44 km2)
|2,765.22/sq mi (1,067.68/km2)
|-
|[[Mitchell, Indiana|Mitchell]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4269|4350}}
|[[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence]]
|3.60 sq mi (9.32 km2)
|1,094.32/sq mi (422.57/km2)
|-
| [[Modoc, Indiana|Modoc]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|157|196}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monon, Indiana|Monon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,919|1,777}}
| [[White County, Indiana|White]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monroe, Adams County, Indiana|Monroe]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|885|842}}
| [[Adams County, Indiana|Adams]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monroe City, Indiana|Monroe City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|502|545}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monroeville, Indiana|Monroeville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,294|1,235}}
| [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monrovia, Indiana|Monrovia]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,643|1,063}}
| [[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Monterey, Indiana|Monterey]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|182|218}}
| [[Pulaski County, Indiana|Pulaski]]
|
|
|-
| [[Montezuma, Indiana|Montezuma]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|921|1,022}}
| [[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|
|
|-
| [[Montgomery, Indiana|Montgomery]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|792|343}}
| [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Monticello, Indiana|Monticello]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5508|5378}}
|[[White County, Indiana|White]]
|3.68 sq mi (9.53 km2)
|1,589.15/sq mi (613.61/km2)
|-
|[[Montpelier, Indiana|Montpelier]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|1666|1805}}
|[[Blackford County, Indiana|Blackford]]
|1.50 sq mi (3.87 km2)
|1,029.41/sq mi (397.57/km2)
|-
| [[Mooreland, Indiana|Mooreland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|335|375}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Moores Hill, Indiana|Moores Hill]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|675|597}}
| [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|
|
|-
|[[Mooresville, Indiana|Mooresville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|9411|9326}}
|[[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|6.76 sq mi (17.52 km2)
|1,403.37/sq mi (541.88/km2)
|-
| [[Morgantown, Indiana|Morgantown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,014|986}}
| [[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Morocco, Indiana|Morocco]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,081|1,129}}
| [[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Morristown, Indiana|Morristown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,205|1,218}}
| [[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mount Auburn, Indiana|Mount Auburn]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|129|117}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mount Ayr, Indiana|Mount Ayr]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|117|122}}
| [[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mount Carmel, Indiana|Mount Carmel]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|76|86}}
| [[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mount Etna, Indiana|Mount Etna]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|111|94}}
| [[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mount Summit, Indiana|Mount Summit]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|342|352}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6493|6687}}
|[[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
|2.92 sq mi (7.56 km2)
|2,256.08/sq mi (871.13/km2)
|-
| [[Mulberry, Indiana|Mulberry]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,231|1,254}}
| [[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|65194|70085}}
|[[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|27.60 sq mi (71.49 km2)
|2,518.06/sq mi (972.23/km2)
|-
|[[Munster, Indiana|Munster]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|23894|23603}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|7.63 sq mi (19.75 km2)
|3,172.33/sq mi (1,224.83/km2)
|-
| [[Napoleon, Indiana|Napoleon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|236|234}}
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|
|
|-
|[[Nappanee, Indiana|Nappanee]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6949|6648}}
|[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]], [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|4.78 sq mi (12.37 km2)
|1,455.29/sq mi (561.91/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Nashville, Indiana|Nashville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,256|803}}
| [[Brown County, Indiana|Brown]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|37841|36372}}
|[[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]]
|15.11 sq mi (39.13 km2)
|2,454.81/sq mi (947.79/km2)
|-
| [[New Amsterdam, Indiana|New Amsterdam]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|12|27}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Carlisle, Indiana|New Carlisle]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,891|1,861}}
| data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[New Castle, Indiana|New Castle]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|17396|18114}}
|[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|7.34 sq mi (19.02 km2)
|2,375/sq mi (917.03/km2)
|-
| [[New Chicago, Indiana|New Chicago]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,999|2,035}}
| [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Harmony, Indiana|New Harmony]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|690|789}}
| [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
|
|
|-
|[[New Haven, Indiana|New Haven]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|15583|14794}}
|[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|11.83 sq mi (30.64 km2)
|1,317.69/sq mi (508.77/km2)
|-
| [[New Market, Indiana|New Market]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|559|636}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Middletown, Indiana|New Middletown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|90|93}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Palestine, Indiana|New Palestine]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,744|2,055}}
| [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Pekin, Indiana|New Pekin]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,323|1,401}}
| [[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Point, Indiana|New Point]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|319|331}}
| [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Richmond, Indiana|New Richmond]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|309|333}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Ross, Indiana|New Ross]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|309|347}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
|[[New Whiteland, Indiana|New Whiteland]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5550|5472}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|1.45 sq mi (3.76 km2)
|3,819.68/sq mi (1474.81/km2)
|-
| [[Newberry, Indiana|Newberry]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|159|193}}
| [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|
|
|-
|[[Newburgh, Indiana|Newburgh]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3344|3325}}
|[[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|1.49 sq mi (3.86 km2)
|2,241.29/sq mi (865.31/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Newport, Indiana|Newport]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|416|515}}
| [[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Newtown, Indiana|Newtown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|217|256}}
| [[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|69604|51969}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|33.56 sq mi (86.93 km2)
|1,871.36/sq mi (722.53/km2)
|-
| [[North Crows Nest, Indiana|North Crows Nest]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|44|45}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[North Judson, Indiana|North Judson]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,857|1,772}}
| [[Starke County, Indiana|Starke]]
|
|
|-
| [[North Liberty, Indiana|North Liberty]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,623|1,896}}
| data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|
|
|-
|[[North Manchester, Indiana|North Manchester]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5227|6112}}
|[[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
|3.63 sq mi (9.39 km2)
|1,488.16/sq mi (574.63/km2)
|-
| [[North Salem, Indiana|North Salem]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|464|518}}
| [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|
|
|-
|[[North Vernon, Indiana|North Vernon]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6608|6728}}
|[[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings]]
|7.68 sq mi (19.90 km2)
|861.09/sq mi (332.46/km2)
|-
| [[North Webster, Indiana|North Webster]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|998|1,146}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
|[[Oakland City, Indiana|Oakland City]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2407|2429}}
|[[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|1.02 sq mi (2.64 km2)
|2,232.13/sq mi (861.94/km2)
|-
| [[Oaktown, Indiana|Oaktown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|581|608}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-
| [[Odon, Indiana|Odon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,397|1,354}}
| [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|
|
|-
| [[Ogden Dunes, Indiana|Ogden Dunes]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,168|1,110}}
| [[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|
|
|-
| [[Oldenburg, Indiana|Oldenburg]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|647|674}}
| [[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
|
|
|-
| [[Onward, Indiana|Onward]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|76|100}}
| [[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
|
|
|-
| [[Oolitic, Indiana|Oolitic]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,137|1,184}}
| [[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence]]
|
|
|-
| [[Orestes, Indiana|Orestes]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|329|414}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Orland, Indiana|Orland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|389|434}}
| [[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
|
|
|-
|[[Orleans, Indiana|Orleans]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2108|2142}}
|[[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]]
|1.71 sq mi (4.43 km2)
|1,233.47/sq mi (476.13/km2)
|-
|[[Osceola, Indiana|Osceola]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2590|2463}}
|data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|1.36 sq mi (3.52 km2)
|1,905.81/sq mi (735.87/km2)
|-
| [[Osgood, Indiana|Osgood]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,587|1,624}}
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ossian, Indiana|Ossian]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3266|3289}}
|[[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|1.67 sq mi (4.31 km2)
|1,960.38/sq mi (757.05/km2)
|-
| [[Otterbein, Indiana|Otterbein]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,144|1,262}}
| [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]], [[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Owensville, Indiana|Owensville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,338|1,284}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Oxford, Indiana|Oxford]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,165|1,162}}
| [[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Palmyra, Indiana|Palmyra]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|898|930}}
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Paoli, Indiana|Paoli]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3666|3677}}
|[[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]]
|3.74 sq mi (9.68 km2)
|980.48/sq mi (378.54/km2)
|-
| [[Paragon, Indiana|Paragon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|556|659}}
| [[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
|
|
|-
| [[Parker City, Indiana|Parker City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,278|1,419}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Patoka, Indiana|Patoka]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|706|735}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Patriot, Indiana|Patriot]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|201|209}}
| [[Switzerland County, Indiana|Switzerland]]
|
|
|-
|[[Pendleton, Indiana|Pendleton]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4717|4253}}
|[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|13.43 sq mi (34.79 km2)
|352.99/sq mi (136.29/km2)
|-
| [[Pennville, Indiana|Pennville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|621|701}}
| [[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|
|
|-
| [[Perrysville, Indiana|Perrysville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|456|456}}
| [[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Peru, Indiana|Peru]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|11073|11417}}
|[[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
|5.65 sq mi (14.64 km2)
|2,009.25/sq mi (775.83/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Petersburg, Indiana|Petersburg]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2299|2383}}
|[[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]]
|1.47 sq mi (3.81 km2)
|1,569.48/sq mi (605.91/km2)
|-
| [[Pierceton, Indiana|Pierceton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|928|1,015}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
| [[Pine Village, Indiana|Pine Village]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|212|217}}
| [[Warren County, Indiana|Warren]]
|
|
|-
|[[Pittsboro, Indiana|Pittsboro]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3682|2928}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|3.78 sq mi (9.80 km2)
|973.56/sq mi (375.88/km2)
|-
|[[Plainfield, Indiana|Plainfield]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|34625|27631}}
|[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|26.12 sq mi (67.66 km2)
|1,331.99/sq mi (514.28/km2)
|-
| [[Plainville, Indiana|Plainville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|499|476}}
| [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Plymouth, Indiana|Plymouth]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|10214|10033}}
|[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
|7.62 sq mi (19.74 km2)
|1,349.10/sq mi (520.88/km2)
|-
| [[Poneto, Indiana|Poneto]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|173|166}}
| [[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|
|
|-
|[[Portage, Indiana|Portage]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|37926|36828}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|27.61 sq mi (71.51 km2)
|1,430.67/sq mi (552.39/km2)
|-
|[[Porter, Indiana|Porter]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5210|4858}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|6.44 sq mi (16.69 km2)
|845.64/sq mi (326.50/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Portland, Indiana|Portland]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6320|6223}}
|[[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|4.88 sq mi (12.63 km2)
|1,296.94/sq mi (500.79/km2)
|-
| [[Poseyville, Indiana|Poseyville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|966|1,045}}
| [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
|
|
|-
| [[Pottawattamie Park, Indiana|Pottawattamie Park]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|242|235}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[Prince's Lakes, Indiana|Prince's Lakes]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,372|1,312}}
| [[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Princeton, Indiana|Princeton]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|8301|8644}}
|[[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|5.48 sq mi (14.19 km2)
|1,516.16/sq mi (585.39/km2)
|-
| [[Redkey, Indiana|Redkey]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,100|1,353}}
| [[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|
|
|-
| [[Remington, Indiana|Remington]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,356|1,185}}
| [[Jasper County, Indiana|Jasper]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rensselaer, Indiana|Rensselaer]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5733|5859}}
|[[Jasper County, Indiana|Jasper]]
|6.73 sq mi (17.44 km2)
|852.11/sq mi (328.99/km2)
|-
| [[Reynolds, Indiana|Reynolds]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|531|533}}
| [[White County, Indiana|White]]
|
|
|-
| [[Richland, Spencer County, Indiana|Richland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|403|425}}
| [[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|35720|36812}}
|[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|24.16 sq mi (62.57 km2)
|1,486.19/sq mi (573.82/km2)
|-
| [[Ridgeville, Indiana|Ridgeville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|688|803}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Riley, Indiana|Riley]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|238|221}}
| [[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rising Sun, Indiana|Rising Sun]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2131|2304}}
|[[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]]
|1.63 sq mi (4.23 km2)
|1,496.67/sq mi (577.81/km2)
|-
| [[River Forest, Indiana|River Forest]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|26|22}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Roachdale, Indiana|Roachdale]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|840|926}}
| [[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|
|
|-
| [[Roann, Indiana|Roann]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|441|479}}
| [[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
|
|
|-
| [[Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,762|1,722}}
| [[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rochester, Indiana|Rochester]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6270|6218}}
|[[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
|5.68 sq mi (14.71 km2)
|1,311.02/sq mi (506.19/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rockport, Indiana|Rockport]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|2136|2270}}
|[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|1.69 sq mi (4.37 km2)
|1,196.62/sq mi (462.07/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rockville, Indiana|Rockville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2510|2607}}
|[[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|1.49 sq mi (3.87 km2)
|1,682.31/sq mi (649.35/km2)
|-
| [[Rocky Ripple, Indiana|Rocky Ripple]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|655|606}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Rome City, Indiana|Rome City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,322|1,361}}
| [[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
|
|
|-
| [[Rosedale, Indiana|Rosedale]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|636|725}}
| [[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
|
|
|-
| [[Roseland, Indiana|Roseland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|854|630}}
| data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|
|
|-
| [[Rossville, Indiana|Rossville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,508|1,653}}
| [[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Royal Center, Indiana|Royal Center]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|802|861}}
| [[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Rushville, Indiana|Rushville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6208|6341}}
|[[Rush County, Indiana|Rush]]
|3.31 sq mi (8.56 km2)
|1,877.80/sq mi (725.04/km2)
|-
| [[Russellville, Indiana|Russellville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|306|358}}
| [[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
|
|
|-
| [[Russiaville, Indiana|Russiaville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,319|1,094}}
| [[Howard County, Indiana|Howard]]
|
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Saint Joe"|[[St. Joe, Indiana|St. Joe]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|418|460}}
| [[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|
|
|-
|data-sort-value="Saint John"|[[St. John, Indiana|St. John]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|20303|14850}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|12.75 sq mi (33.02 km2)
|1,603.33/sq mi (619.06/km2)
|-
| data-sort-value="Saint Leon"|[[St. Leon, Indiana|St. Leon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|660|678}}
| [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|
|
|-
| data-sort-value="Saint Paul"|[[St. Paul, Indiana|St. Paul]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|960|1,031}}
| [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]], [[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
|
|
|-
| [[Salamonia, Indiana|Salamonia]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|151|157}}
| [[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Salem, Indiana|Salem]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|6371|6319}}
|[[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|4.02 sq mi (10.40 km2)
|1,593.75/sq mi (615.02/km2)
|-
| [[Saltillo, Indiana|Saltillo]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|94|92}}
| [[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
|
|
|-
| [[Sandborn, Indiana|Sandborn]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|359|415}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-
|[[Santa Claus, Indiana|Santa Claus]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2586|2481}}
|[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
|6.44 sq mi (16.67 km2)
|401.68/sq mi (155.09/km2)
|-
| [[Saratoga, Indiana|Saratoga]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|231|254}}
| [[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|
|
|-
|[[Schererville, Indiana|Schererville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|29646|29243}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|15.15 sq mi (39.23 km2)
|1,961.23/sq mi (757.26/km2)
|-
| [[Schneider, Indiana|Schneider]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|269|277}}
| [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Scottsburg, Indiana|Scottsburg]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|7345|6747}}
|[[Scott County, Indiana|Scott]]
|5.56 sq mi (14.41 km2)
|1,325.81/sq mi (511.93/km2)
|-
| [[Seelyville, Indiana|Seelyville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,012|1,029}}
| [[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo]]
|
|
|-
|[[Sellersburg, Indiana|Sellersburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|9310|6128}}
|[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|7.47 sq mi (19.35 km2)
|1,256.24/sq mi (485.01/km2)
|-
| [[Selma, Indiana|Selma]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|747|866}}
| [[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|
|
|-
|[[Seymour, Indiana|Seymour]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|21569|17503}}
|[[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
|11.425 sq mi (29.59 km2)
|1,777.86/sq mi (686.41/km2)
|-
| [[Shadeland, Indiana|Shadeland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,757|1,610}}
| [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|
|
|-
| [[Shamrock Lakes, Indiana|Shamrock Lakes]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|222|231}}
| [[Blackford County, Indiana|Blackford]]
|
|
|-
| [[Sharpsville, Indiana|Sharpsville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|553|607}}
| [[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
|
|
|-
| [[Shelburn, Indiana|Shelburn]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,107|1,252}}
| [[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Shelbyville, Indiana|Shelbyville]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|20067|19191}}
|[[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
|12.81 sq mi (33.19 km2)
|1,599.22/sq mi (617.48/km2)
|-
|[[Sheridan, Indiana|Sheridan]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3106|2665}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2)
|1,499.76/sq mi (579.09/km2)
|-
| [[Shipshewana, Indiana|Shipshewana]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|839|658}}
| [[LaGrange County, Indiana|LaGrange]]
|
|
|-
| [[Shirley, Indiana|Shirley]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|819|830}}
| [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]], [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Shoals, Indiana|Shoals]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|677|756}}
| [[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]]
|
|
|-
| [[Sidney, Indiana|Sidney]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|131|83}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
| [[Silver Lake, Indiana|Silver Lake]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|875|915}}
| [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|
|
|-
| [[Somerville, Indiana|Somerville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|253|293}}
| [[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|103453|101168}}
|data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|{{convert|41.46|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{Pop density|103453|41.46|sqmi|km2|prec=0}}
|-
| [[South Whitley, Indiana|South Whitley]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,818|1,751}}
| [[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]]
|
|
|-
|[[Southport, Indiana|Southport]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|1760|1712}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|0.63 sq mi (1.63 km2)
|3,380.57/sq mi (1,306.09/km2)
|-
|[[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|13952|11812}}
|[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|4.79 sq mi (12.40 km2)
|2,915.17/sq mi (1,125.55/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Spencer, Indiana|Spencer]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2454|2217}}
|[[Owen County, Indiana|Owen]]
|1.59 sq mi (4.13 km2)
|1,539.52/sq mi (594.30/km2)
|-
| [[Spiceland, Indiana|Spiceland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|958|890}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Spring Grove, Indiana|Spring Grove]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|332|344}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
| [[Spring Hill, Indiana|Spring Hill]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|95|98}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Spring Lake, Indiana|Spring Lake]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|210|218}}
| [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|
|
|-
| [[Springport, Indiana|Springport]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|131|149}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Spurgeon, Indiana|Spurgeon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|172|207}}
| [[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]]
|
|
|-
| [[State Line City, Indiana|State Line City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|120|143}}
| [[Warren County, Indiana|Warren]]
|
|
|-
| [[Staunton, Indiana|Staunton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|472|534}}
| [[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
|
|
|-
| [[Stilesville, Indiana|Stilesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|269|316}}
| [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
|
|
|-
| [[Stinesville, Indiana|Stinesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|203|198}}
| [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
|
|
|-
| [[Straughn, Indiana|Straughn]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|259|222}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Sullivan, Indiana|Sullivan]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4089|4249}}
|[[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
|1.88 sq mi (4.86 km2)
|2,274.13/sq mi (878.13/km2)
|-
| [[Sulphur Springs, Indiana|Sulphur Springs]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|331|399}}
| [[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Summitville, Indiana|Summitville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|989|967}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Sunman, Indiana|Sunman]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|914|1,049}}
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|
|
|-
| [[Swayzee, Indiana|Swayzee]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|918|981}}
| [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|
|
|-
| [[Sweetser, Indiana|Sweetser]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,075|1,229}}
| [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|
|
|-
| [[Switz City, Indiana|Switz City]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|268|293}}
| [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|
|
|-
|[[Syracuse, Indiana|Syracuse]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3079|2810}}
|[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|1.97 sq mi (5.10 km2)
|1,562.15/sq mi (603.17/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Tell City, Indiana|Tell City]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|7506|7272}}
|[[Perry County, Indiana|Perry]]
|4.65 sq mi (12.04 km2)
|1,655.49/sq mi (639.22/km2)
|-
| [[Tennyson, Indiana|Tennyson]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|213|279}}
| [[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|58389|60785}}
|[[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo]]
|35.27 sq mi (91.35 km2)
|1,761.32/sq mi (680.05/km2)
|-
| [[Thorntown, Indiana|Thorntown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,432|1,520}}
| [[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Tipton, Indiana|Tipton]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|5275|5106}}
|[[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
|2.63 sq mi (6.80 km2)
|2,009.52/sq mi (775.79/km2)
|-
| [[Topeka, Indiana|Topeka]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,206|1,153}}
| [[LaGrange County, Indiana|LaGrange]]
|
|
|-
| [[Town of Pines, Indiana|Town of Pines]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|594|708}}
| [[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|
|
|-
| [[Trafalgar, Indiana|Trafalgar]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,422|1,101}}
| [[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|
|
|-
| [[Trail Creek, Indiana|Trail Creek]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|2,060|2,052}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[Troy, Indiana|Troy]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|347|385}}
| [[Perry County, Indiana|Perry]]
|
|
|-
| [[Ulen, Indiana|Ulen]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|114|117}}
| [[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|
|
|-
|[[Union City, Indiana|Union City]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|3385|3584}}
|[[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|2.27 sq mi (5.87 km2)
|1,530.35/sq mi (590.88/km2)
|-
| [[Uniondale, Indiana|Uniondale]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|271|310}}
| [[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|
|
|-
| [[Universal, Indiana|Universal]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|283|362}}
| [[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
|
|
|-
|[[Upland, Indiana|Upland]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|3821|3845}}
|[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|6.44 sq mi (16.69 km2)
|845.64/sq mi (326.50/km2)
|-
| [[Utica, Indiana|Utica]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|860|776}}
| [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|34151|31730}}
|[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
|16.31 sq mi (42.25 km2)
|2,035.42/sq mi (785.88/km2)
|-
| [[Van Buren, Indiana|Van Buren]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|790|864}}
| [[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
|
|
|-
|[[Veedersburg, Indiana|Veedersburg]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2098|2180}}
|[[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|3.00 sq mi (7.76 km2)
|700.50/sq mi (270.43/km2)
|-
| [[Vera Cruz, Indiana|Vera Cruz]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|72|80}}
| [[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Vernon, Indiana|Vernon]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|236|318}}
| [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Versailles, Indiana|Versailles]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2184|2113}}
|[[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
|1.57 sq mi (4.06 km2)
|1,391.97/sq mi (537.44/km2)
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,741|1,683}}
| [[Switzerland County, Indiana|Switzerland]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|16759|18423}}
|[[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|7.48 sq mi (19.37 km2)
|2,261.67/sq mi (873.19/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Wabash, Indiana|Wabash]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|10440|10666}}
|[[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
|9.87 sq mi (25.57 km2)
|1,083.44/sq mi (418.33/km2)
|-
| [[Wakarusa, Indiana|Wakarusa]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,998|1,758}}
| [[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
|
|
|-
|[[Walkerton, Indiana|Walkerton]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2096|2144}}
|data-sort-value="Saint Joseph"|[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
|1.90 sq mi (4.93 km2)
|1,100.83/sq mi (425.05/km2)
|-
| [[Wallace, Indiana|Wallace]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|79|105}}
| [[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
|
|
|-
| [[Walton, Indiana|Walton]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|962|1,049}}
| [[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
|
|
|-
| [[Wanatah, Indiana|Wanatah]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,009|1,048}}
| [[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|
|
|-
| [[Warren, Indiana|Warren]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,182|1,239}}
| [[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
|
|
|-
| [[Warren Park, Indiana|Warren Park]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,490|1,480}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Warsaw, Indiana|Warsaw]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|15804|13559}}
|[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|14.75 sq mi (38.22 km2)
|1,179.58/sq mi (455/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Washington, Indiana|Washington]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|12017|11509}}
|[[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
|6.67 sq mi (17.27 km2)
|1,890.16/sq mi (729.79/km2)
|-
|[[Waterloo, Indiana|Waterloo]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2116|2242}}
|[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
|2.11 sq mi (5.47 km2)
|1,002.84/sq mi (387.16/km2)
|-
| [[Waveland, Indiana|Waveland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|427|420}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
| [[Waynetown, Indiana|Waynetown]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|960|958}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
| [[West Baden Springs, Indiana|West Baden Springs]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|541|574}}
| [[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]]
|
|
|-
| [[West College Corner, Indiana|West College Corner]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|545|676}}
| [[Union County, Indiana|Union]]
|
|
|-
| [[West Harrison, Indiana|West Harrison]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|325|289}}
| [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
|
|
|-
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|44595|29596}}
|[[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
|13.81 sq mi (35.77 km2)
|3,323.58/sq mi (1,283.22/km2)
|-
| [[West Lebanon, Indiana|West Lebanon]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|678|723}}
| [[Warren County, Indiana|Warren]]
|
|
|-
|[[West Terre Haute, Indiana|West Terre Haute]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2157|2236}}
|[[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo]]
|0.75 sq mi (1.95 km2)
|2,864.54/sq mi (1,106.35/km2)
|-
|[[Westfield, Indiana|Westfield]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|46410|30068}}
|[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
|29.92 sq mi (77.48 km2)
|1,253.27/sq mi (483.89/km2)
|-
| [[Westport, Indiana|Westport]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,393|1,379}}
| [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
|
|
|-
|[[Westville, Indiana|Westville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5257|5853}}
|[[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
|3.25 sq mi (8.42 km2)
|1,617.04/sq mi (624.34/km2)
|-
| [[Wheatfield, Indiana|Wheatfield]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|904|853}}
| [[Jasper County, Indiana|Jasper]]
|
|
|-
| [[Wheatland, Indiana|Wheatland]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|390|480}}
| [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|
|
|-
|[[Whiteland, Indiana|Whiteland]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|4599|4169}}
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|5.49 sq mi (14.21 km2)
|840.46/sq mi (324.53/km2)
|-
|[[Whitestown, Indiana|Whitestown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|10178|2867}}
|[[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|14.02 sq mi (36.32 km2)
|725.81/sq mi (280.23/km2)
|-
| [[Whitewater, Indiana|Whitewater]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|71|83}}
| [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|
|
|-
|[[Whiting, Indiana|Whiting]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4814|4997}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|1.80 sq mi (4.67 km2)
|2,528.56/sq mi (976.18/km2)
|-
| [[Wilkinson, Indiana|Wilkinson]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|414|449}}
| [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
|
|
|-
| [[Williams Creek, Indiana|Williams Creek]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|430|407}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
| [[Williamsport, Indiana|Williamsport]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,950|1,898}}
| [[Warren County, Indiana|Warren]]
|
|
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Winamac, Indiana|Winamac]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|2318|2490}}
|[[Pulaski County, Indiana|Pulaski]]
|1.36 sq mi (3.53 km2)
|1,703.16/sq mi (657.42/km2)
|-style="background-color:#b4ddb4;"
|[[Winchester, Indiana|Winchester]] {{dagger|alt=County seat}}
|City
| {{change|invert=on|4566|4935}}
|[[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
|3.47 sq mi (8.99 km2)
|1,400.12/sq mi (540.66/km2)
|-
| [[Windfall, Indiana|Windfall]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|696|708}}
| [[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
|
|
|-
|[[Winfield, Indiana|Winfield]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|7181|4383}}
|[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
|12.46 sq mi (32.28 km2)
|579.16/sq mi (223.62/km2)
|-
| [[Wingate, Indiana|Wingate]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|237|263}}
| [[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
|
|
|-
|[[Winona Lake, Indiana|Winona Lake]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|5053|4908}}
|[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
|3.43 sq mi (8.89 km2)
|1,720.46/sq mi (664.29/km2)
|-
| [[Winslow, Indiana|Winslow]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|764|864}}
| [[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]]
|
|
|-
| [[Wolcott, Indiana|Wolcott]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|950|1,001}}
| [[White County, Indiana|White]]
|
|
|-
| [[Wolcottville, Indiana|Wolcottville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,004|998}}
| [[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]], [[LaGrange County, Indiana|LaGrange]]
|
|
|-
|[[Woodburn, Indiana|Woodburn]]
|City
| {{change|invert=on|1655|1520}}
|[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|0.96 sq mi (2.48 km2)
|1,620.69/sq mi (626.03/km2)
|-
| [[Woodlawn Heights, Indiana|Woodlawn Heights]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|91|79}}
| [[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|
|-
| [[Worthington, Indiana|Worthington]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|1,393|1,463}}
| [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
|
|
|-
| [[Wynnedale, Indiana|Wynnedale]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|215|231}}
| [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|
|
|-
| [[Yeoman, Indiana|Yeoman]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|116|139}}
| [[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
|
|
|-
|[[Yorktown, Indiana|Yorktown]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|11548|9405}}
|[[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
|32.17 sq mi (83.32 km2)
|361.67/sq mi (139.64/km2)
|-
| [[Zanesville, Indiana|Zanesville]]
| Town
| {{change|invert=on|580|600}}
| [[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]], [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
|
|
|-
|[[Zionsville, Indiana|Zionsville]]
|Town
| {{change|invert=on|30903|14160}}
|[[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
|67.34 sq mi (174.41 km2)
|455.29/sq mi (175.79/km2)
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Indiana]]
* [[List of Micropolitan Statistical Areas of Indiana]]
* [[List of census-designated places in Indiana]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040203083805/http://www.citiesandtowns.org/default.htm Indiana Association of Cities & Towns]

{{Lists of cities by U.S. state}}
{{Indiana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Cities In Indiana}}

[[Category:Cities in Indiana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in the United States by state|Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana geography-related lists|Cities]]

Miss Teen International (India) 2019

2025-10-24T04:10:02Z

KK JANGIR:

{{short description|27th Miss Teen International pageant, beauty pageant edition}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image =
| caption =
| venue = Kingdom of Dreams, [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| date = December 19, 2019
| broadcaster =
| presenters =
| acts =
| entrants = 13
| withdrawals = {{Hlist|[[Belgium]]|[[Canada]]|[[Gibraltar]]|[[Malaysia]]|[[Mexico]]|[[United States]]}}
| placements = 7
| debuts =
| returns =
| best national costume = [[Aayushi Dholakia]] {{flag|India}} Francesca Beatriz Abalajon {{flag|Philippines}}
| winner = '''[[Aayushi Dholakia]] {{flag|India}}'''
| before = 2018
| next = [[Miss Teen International 2022|2022]]
}}

'''Miss Teen International 2019''', the 2nd edition of the [[Miss Teen International (India)|Miss Teen International]] pageant, was held on December 19, 2019, at the Kingdom of Dreams in [[Jaipur|Gurugram]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/aayushi-dholakia-crowned-miss-teen-international-2019-first-indian-in-27-years-to-win-the-prestigious-title-view-pics-1420119.html|title=Aayushi Dholakia Crowned Miss Teen International 2019, First Indian in 27 Years to Win the Prestigious Title|publisher=latestly.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/dec/24/aayushi-crowned-miss-teen-international-2019-2080269.html|title=Aayushi crowned Miss Teen International 2019|publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Odalys Duarte of [[Mexico]] crowned her successor [[Aayushi Dholakia]] of [[India]] at the end of the event. This is India's first [[Miss Teen International (India)|Miss Teen International title]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/india-wins-the-first-miss-teen-international-crown-in-27-years/1691767|title=India wins the first Miss Teen International crown in 27 years|publisher=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dbpost.com/aayushi-dholakia-of-vadodara-crowned-miss-teen-international-2019/|title=Aayushi Dholakia of Vadodara crowned Miss Teen International 2019|publisher=dbpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/india-wins-the-first-miss-teen-international-crown-in-27-years-1.1577016419518|title=India wins the first Miss Teen International crown in 27 years|publisher=gulfnews.com}}</ref>

==Result==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Final result
! Contestant
|-
|'''Miss Teen International 2019'''
|
* '''{{flag|India}}''' – '''[[Aayushi Dholakia]]'''
|-
|'''1st Runner-Up'''
|
* '''{{flag|Paraguay}}''' - Yessenia Garcia
|-
|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|
* '''{{flag|Botswana}}''' - Anicia Gaothusi
|-
|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''' - Francesca Beatriz Abalajon
|-
|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}''' - Kayla Wright
|-
|'''Top 7'''
|
* '''{{flag|Laos}}''' - Soraya's Conde
* '''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' - Phan Anh Thư
|}

===Continental Queens of Beauty===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Continent
! Contestant
|-
|'''Africa'''
|
*'''{{flag|Botswana}}''' - Anicia Gaothusi
|-
|'''Americas'''
|
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''' - Alessandra Santos
|-
|'''Asia'''
|
*'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' - Phan Anh Thư
|-
|'''Europe'''
|
*'''{{flag|France}}''' - Tanya Pozzo
|-
|'''Intercontinental'''
|
*'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' - Francesca Beatriz Abalajon
|}

==Contestants==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|Botswana}}''' - Anicia Gaothusi
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''' - Alessandra Santos
* '''{{flag|Egypt}}''' - Sama Fouad
* '''{{flag|France}}''' - Tanya Pozzo
* '''{{flag|India}}''' - [[Aayushi Dholakia]]
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''' - Maria Luisa Piras
* '''{{flag|Laos}}''' - Soraya's Conde
* '''{{flag|Nepal}}''' - Edera Shrestha
* '''{{flag|Paraguay}}''' - Yessenia Garcia
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''' - Francesca Beatriz Abalajon
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}''' - Kayla Wright
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''' - Tania Rupasinghe
* '''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' - Phan Anh Thư
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://missteen.international/}}

[[Category:2019 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2019 in India]]

N. V. Madhusudana

2025-09-27T20:17:48Z

KK JANGIR: Put up a details

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1944)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = N. V. Madhusudana
| image = N.V.Madhusudana.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|5|9}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore, Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Sarada Vilas College]] | [[University of Mysore]] | [[Raman Research Institute]] | [[University of Paris-Saclay]] | [[University of Bordeaux]] | [[University of Hyderabad]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Mysore]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[liquid crystals]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1989 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2000 MRSI Superconductivity and Materials Science Prize }}
}}
'''Nelamangala Vedavyasachar Madhusudana''' (born 9 May 1944) is an Indian physicist and an emeritus scientist at [[Raman Research Institute]]. Known for his research on [[liquid crystals]], Madhusudhana is an elected fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1989.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Crawford Hall, University of Mysore.jpg|thumb|235px|left|University of Mysore]]
Nelamangala Madhusudana was born on 9 May 1944 at [[Mysore]], in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], to N. Vedavyasachar and Indira Bai.<ref name="Imprints Collection">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rri.res.in/htmls/library/imprints_collection/bios/madhusudana.html |title=Imprints Collection |date=2017 |publisher=Raman Research Institute}}</ref> After early schooling in Mysore, he earned a graduate degree in science in 1962, which he followed up with a master's degree in physics in 1964, both degrees from the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name="Imprints Collection" />

He started his career by joining [[Sarada Vilas College]], Mysore, as a demonstrator and became a lecturer in 1965. The same year, he moved to the University of Mysore as a research fellow. While on service, in 1969, he enrolled for his doctoral studies at the university under the guidance of [[Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar]] and earned a PhD in 1971 for his thesis ''Structure of nematic liquid crystals''.<ref name="Doctoral students">{{Cite web |url=http://uomphysics.net/research/phd/ |title=Doctoral students |date=2017 |publisher=Physics dept, University of Mysore}}</ref>

Subsequently, he joined [[Raman Research Institute]] as a scientist and served the institution for two and a half decades. During this period, he became an associate professor in 1977, a professor in 1986, and headed the Liquid Crystals Laboratory of the institute during 1999–2000. After serving as a dean of research from 2001, he superannuated from regular service in 2006, holding the position. Post-retirement, he continued his association with the institute as a senior scientist of the Indian National Science Academy until 2011, and has been serving as an emeritus scientist since that time.<ref name="Imprints Collection" />

During his service at RRI, he had two sabbaticals abroad – first as a visiting scientist at [[:fr:Laboratoire de physique des solides|Laboratoire de physique des solides]] of the [[University of Paris-Saclay]] during 1983–84, and then as a visiting associate professor at Pascal Research Centre of the [[University of Bordeaux]] during 1984–85.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P00-1279 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He also served as a Jawaharlal Nehru chair professor at the School of Physics of the [[University of Hyderabad]] on a month-long assignment in December 2009.<ref name="Imprints Collection" />

Madhusudana is married to Kausalya Rao and the couple has one son, Pramod. The family lives in [[Bengaluru]] in Karnataka.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Madhusudana,_Prof._Nelamangala_Vedavyasachar |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:LiquidCrystal-MesogenOrder-SmecticPhases.jpg|thumb|Schematic of alignment in the smectic phases. The smectic A phase (left) has molecules organized into layers. In the smectic C phase (right), the molecules are tilted inside the layers.]]
Mudhusudana's research has been focusing on the physical studies of liquid crystals.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=173 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He demonstrated for the first time the [[electromechanical]] [[Coupling (physics)|coupling effects]] of [[cholesteric liquid crystal]]s and the suppression induced by curvature in the ''[[Liquid crystal#Smectic phases|Smectic-A phase]]'' of the crystals.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=17 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> He suggested an explanation for the anti-parallel correlations of near-neighbor molecules and ''apolar director'' of highly polar compounds as well as for the [[Nematic phase|nematic]] to nematic and smectic-A to smectic-A reentrant [[phase transitions]].<ref name="Imprints Collection" /> He elucidated the phenomenon of smectic-A phase with tilted molecules caused by off-axis molecular dipoles and demonstrated the impact of [[flexoelectricity]] in nematic phase transitions. He validated the intermediate phases of anti-ferroelectric liquid crystals and the ''B6-B1-B2 sequence'' of homologous bent-core molecules by developing models of ''chiral axial next nearest neighbor xy'' and a frustrated packing model. He also developed a methodology for measuring twist elastic constant of nematics.<ref name="Imprints Collection" /> These investigations assisted in a wider understanding of antiferroelectric correlations, electro hydrodynamical instabilities and molecular mechanism of liquid crystals.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nelamangala_Madhusudana |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> and the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 160 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Madhusudana=3ANelamangala_Vedavyasachar=3A=3A.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114112615/http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Madhusudana=3ANelamangala_Vedavyasachar=3A=3A.html |archive-date=2019-11-14 |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences }}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="Mitra2009">{{cite book|author=Asoke Nath Mitra|title=India in the World of Physics: Then and Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRLPM6s7hWAC&pg=PA199|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1579-6|pages=199–}}</ref><ref name="Buka1993">{{cite book|author=Agnes Buka|title=Modern Topics in Liquid Crystals: From Neutron Scattering to Ferroelectricity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilGEljTDU6QC&pg=PA195|year=1993|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1539-2|pages=195–}}</ref> and his work has drawn citations from other scientists.<ref name="Bahadur1990">{{cite book|author=Birendra Bahadur|title=Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wCs6E40ckC&pg=PA88|date=1 September 1990|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-2975-7|pages=88–}}</ref><ref name="BukaÉber2012">{{cite book|author1=Agnes Buka|author2=Nándor Éber|title=Flexoelectricity in Liquid Crystals: Theory, Experiments and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0Pu9CzC6aMC&pg=PA97|year=2012|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-84816-799-5|pages=97–}}</ref><ref name="BukaKramer2012">{{cite book|author1=Agnes Buka|author2=Lorenz Kramer|title=Pattern Formation in Liquid Crystals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdPTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-3994-9|pages=220–}}</ref>

Mudhusudana assisted his mentor, S. Chandrasekhar, in founding the Liquid Crystal Laboratory at Raman Research Institute.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His contributions were reported in the development of indigenous know-how for [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] for the manufacture of liquid crystal display panels.<ref name="Mitra2009" /> He is a former associate editor of [[Pramana (journal)|Pramana, Journal of Physics]] and is associated with science journals such as ''Liquid Crystal Communications'' journal of [[International Liquid Crystal Society]],<ref name="Liquid Crystal Communications journal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-lc.org/editorialb.html |title=Liquid Crystal Communications journal |date=2017 |publisher=International Liquid Crystal Society}}</ref> [[Indian Journal of Physics]] of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]<ref name="Indian Journal of Physics">{{Cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/physics/journal/12648/PSE?detailsPage=editorialBoard |title=Indian Journal of Physics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> and the ''Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics'' of the [[National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources]] as a member of their editorial boards.<ref name="Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/ijpap/ijpap0_march07.asp |title=Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics |date=2017 |publisher=National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources}}</ref> He is also a former editorial board member of "International Journal of Engineering Science" and "Liquid Crystals" journal. He served as the co-director of one of the seminars on soft condensed matter organized by [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] and chaired a session of the "Indian Statistical Physics Community Meeting" of 2014 where he delivered a keynote address.<ref name="Indian Statistical Physics Community Meeting">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icts.res.in/discussion-meeting/ISPC2014/talks |title=Indian Statistical Physics Community Meeting |date=2017 |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences}}</ref> He also served as a member of the international scientific committee of the first ''Asian Conference on Liquid Crystals'' (ACLC2012) held in [[Yamanashi, Yamanashi|Yamanashi]], Japan in 2012.<ref name="International Scientific Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aclc2012.org/committees.html |title=International Scientific Committee |date=2017 |publisher=Asian Conference on Liquid Crystals}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The Indian Academy of Sciences elected Madhusudana as their fellow in 1974.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1989.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He received the Superconductivity and Materials Science Prize of the Materials Research Society of India in 2000,<ref name="Superconductivity and Materials Science Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=Superconductivity and Materials Science Prize |date=2017 |publisher=Materials Research Society of India}}</ref> the same year as he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include Savadatti Endowment lecture of [[Karnataka University]] Teachers Forum and Annual Lecture of the Bangalore chapter of Royal Chemical Society, both in 1999, Professor Kishore Memorial lecture of [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 2003,<ref name="Indian fellow" /> [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]]-Raja Ramanna lecture of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] in 2005<ref name="Raja Ramanna lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/blank_page.php/DAE--Raja-Ramanna-Lecture-in-Physics/68/1/ |title=Raja Ramanna lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research}}</ref> and Prof. Prakash P. Karat Endowment lecture of 2012.<ref name="N V Madhusudana, scientist emeritus from Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru will deliver the Prof Prakash P Karat Endowment Lecture on Elastic Properties of Liquid Crystals at Eric Mathias hall, St Aloysius College, Mangaluru on February 21">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/N-V-Madhusudana-scientist-emeritus-from-Raman-Research-Institute-Bengaluru-will-deliver-the-Prof-Prakash-P-Karat-Endowment-Lecture-on-Elastic-Properties-of-Liquid-Crystals-at-Eric-Mathias-hall-St-Aloysius-College-Mangaluru-on-February-21-/articleshow/46296497.cms |title=N V Madhusudana, scientist emeritus from Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru will deliver the Prof Prakash P Karat Endowment Lecture on Elastic Properties of Liquid Crystals at Eric Mathias hall, St Aloysius College, Mangaluru on February 21 |date=19 February 2015 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author=Agnes Buka|title=Modern Topics in Liquid Crystals: From Neutron Scattering to Ferroelectricity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilGEljTDU6QC&pg=PA195|year=1993|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1539-2|pages=195–}}
* {{cite book|author=Asoke Nath Mitra|title=India in the World of Physics: Then and Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRLPM6s7hWAC&pg=PA199|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1579-6|pages=199–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=N. V. Madhusudana |title=Role of Molecular Dipoles in Liquid Crystals |journal=Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals |date=2004 |volume=409 |issue=1 |pages=371–387 |doi=10.1080/15421400490433721|bibcode=2004MCLC..409..371M |s2cid=95815426 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=A. Roy, N. V. Madhusudana |title=A frustrated packing model for the B6 -B1 -SmAPA sequence of phases in banana shaped molecules |journal=European Physical Journal E |date=2005 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.1140/epje/e2005-00033-x|pmid=16231073 |bibcode=2005EPJE...18..253R |s2cid=30360403 }}
* {{Cite journal |last= V. Manjuladevi, R. Pratibha, N.V. Madhusudana |title=Phase transitions in liquid crystals under negative pressures |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2002 |volume=88 |issue=5 |article-number=055701 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.055701|pmid=11863748 |bibcode=2002PhRvL..88e5701M }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. Dhara, N. V. Madhusudana |title=Effect of high electric fields on the nematic to isotropic transition in a material exhibiting large negative dielectric anisotropy |journal=European Physical Journal E |date=2007 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1140/epje/e2007-00020-3|pmid=17356801 |bibcode=2007EPJE...22..139D |s2cid=34985945 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=A. Roy, N. V. Madhusudana |title=Influence of smectic liquid crystals on the Poisson-Boltzmann distribution of ions near charged surfaces |journal= Europhysics Letters |date=2008 |volume=84 |issue=3 |article-number=36006 |doi=10.1209/0295-5075/84/36006|bibcode=2008EL.....8436006R |s2cid=121151573 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=B. Kundu, R. Pratibha, N. V. Madhusudana |title=Orientational order in liquid crystals exhibited by some binary mixtures of rod-like and bent-core molecules |journal=European Physical Journal E |date=2010 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1140/epje/i2010-10556-8|pmid=20195691 |s2cid=33775465 }}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Physics}}
* [[Geometrical frustration]]
* [[Hydrodynamic stability]]
* [[Anisotropy]]
* [[Poisson–Boltzmann equation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |title=Liquid crystals made of highly polar compounds |last=N.V. Madhusudana |date=1998 |publisher=Brazilian Journal of Physics |journal=Full Article|volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=301–303 |doi=10.1590/S0103-97331998000400006 |doi-access=free |s2cid=2265830 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/df57/8afe488724ffc1dda06ed0f9f790d0afb89c.pdf }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_08_1018_1025_0.pdf |title=Recent advances in thermotropic liquid crystals |last=N. V. Madhusudana |date=April 2001 |publisher=Current Science |work=Full article}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rri.res.in/htmls/library/imprints_collection/album/Prof%20N%20V%20Madhusudana/index.html |title=N. V. Madhusudana |date=2017 |publisher=Raman Research Institute |work=Image gallery}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhusudana, N. V.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Paris-Saclay University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mauranipur

2025-09-20T20:44:39Z

KK JANGIR: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Biggest Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mauranipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Dam and nature.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Saprar dam
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.239722|N|79.196389|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = AD(BJP)
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Rashmi Arya
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 61,449
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bundelkhandi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 284204
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-5178
| registration_plate = UP-93
| website = http://www.npp-maujhs.in/mauranipur.html
| footnotes =
| official_name = Mauranipur
}}

'''Mauranipur''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Jhansi district]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is located in the Jhansi District. This town was known for textile production, known in ancient times as '''Madhupuri'''. Because of its high density of temples, it is known by some locals as ''Mini-[[Ayodhya|Ayoddhya]]''. Jalvihar Mela and Viman Yatra are the most famous events in Mauranipur. The Kedareshwar temple and the [[Saprar Dam]] are located near Mauranipur.

== Geography ==
Mauranipur is located at {25°14′23″N 79°11′47″E}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|192|m|ft}}. The [[Sukhnai]], a tributary of the [[Dhasan River]] which itself is a tributary of the [[Betwa River|Vetravati]], flows from west to east around the city.<ref name="NWP1874">Edwin Felix T. Atkinson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=j50IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA241 Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India]'', Vol. 1 - Bundelkhand (1874), p. 241. Accessed 15 January 2016.</ref>

Mauranipur is 60.43 km from the city of [[Jhansi]], and 252 km from Uttar Pradesh's capital city [[Lucknow]].

== Dam and lakes ==
* Saprar Dam is approximately 7 km from Mauranipur, on the Sukhnai River.
* [[Siaori Lake]] is situated approximately 8 km northwest of Mauranipur, near the village of Siaori on the Lakheri River. This lake was renovated in 1906 and opened for irrigation. It receives water from the Kamla Sagar, which has increased irrigation capacity.
* Pahari Dam is approximately 18 km east of Mauranipur on the [[Dhasan River]], it was built between the years 1909–1912. This serves the purpose of irrigation through the [[Lachura Dam]], mainly in the [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]. The 16.46-metre Pahari weir provides irrigation to Jhansi district. The gross capacity of the reservoir is 47,800,000 cubic metres and the live storage capacity is 46,000,000 cubic metres.
* Lakheri Dam is situated upstream of the junction of the Chiraya and Tola Nalas, near the village of Mahewa, approximately 16 km from Mauranipur. The maximum flood discharge of the dam is 1,744.07 m3/s. Dam construction started in 1981. The Lakheri Dam irrigates 1,980 hectares of land in doab of Lakheri and Pathari river spread in 13 villages of Tehsil Garautha, through a main canal of 9.20 km and a distribution system of 21 km.<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Lakheri-Dam-58871.htm Lakheri Dam], 8 March 2015, Online Highways LLC. Accessed 15 Jan. 2015.</ref> The length and the height of the dam are 4,880 m and 10.6 m respectively. The dead storage capacity of the dam is 1.7 million cubic metres and live storage capacity is 13.9 million cubic metres.<ref>Records of the Geological Survey of India: Volume 139, Part 8, Geological Survey of India</ref>
* [[Lahchura Dam]] is located on Dhasan river, a tributary of river Betwa in Mauranipur Tehsil. It was renovated in 1910.<ref>Eastern economist: Volume 75</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=09&district_code=36 |title=Census of India: Sub-District Details |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155032/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=09&district_code=36 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Mauranipur had a population of 61,449. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Mauranipur has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 74%; male literacy is 79% and female literacy is 59%. In Mauranipur, 25% of the population is under 6 years of age. Mauranipur has 147 inhabited villages, 108 of which each have a population between 1,000 and 10,000 and 39 of which each have fewer than 1,000 residents. According to the 2011 census, Mauranipur's rural population is about 301,100 (158,300 males and 142,800 females).<ref name="census2011pop">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html A-3 Villages By Population], 2011 Census of India, Accessed 15 January 2016.</ref> The great majority consider themselves Hindu; there are also about 18,000 Muslims, 1,400 Jains, 300 Christians, 70 Buddhists and 50 Sikhs.<ref name="census2011rel">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html C-1 Population By Religious Community (Uttar Pradesh)], 2011 Census of India, Accessed 15 January 2016.</ref>

== Culture ==
[[Music of Madhya Pradesh|Faag songs]] and their rhythmic music can be heard in the whole [[Bundelkhand]] region during the [[Falgun|spring season]] when the crops are ready for harvesting. Faag was enriched in the early twentieth century by folk poet Isuri (born 1881 in Mauranipur), who is credited with having composed over a thousand faags.

An annual festival is celebrated by a procession throughout the town of a deity of [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] or [[Ganesh]] on a sedan cart, which is carried on people's shoulders. Before moving into the city the cart is first carried to the river Sukhnai for a deity-bathing ceremony. In this celebration a fair is arranged, called Jal Vihar, in which different types of devotional programs are celebrated for one month. Jal Vihar's celebration history dates back over 100 years ago; British government used to sanction funds for this celebration.

A statue of [[Tadka (monster)|Tadka]] (an evil monster) is used to break an elephant in village [[Bhadanwara]] every year as ritual of native people first day of [[Navadurga]] of Winter, and a fair is also held as a ritual too.

Lathator Maharaj and Gudar badshah are two temples situated in Mauranipur. There are many story behind them. The Jal Vihar Mela is known for their Vihar. Lathator maharraj looks exactly same as sculpture in mathura.

== Tourist attractions ==
*Kedareshwar is situated on a hillock. There are 600 stone steps leading to the temple. It is a unique [[Shiva linga]] placed on the back of ''Vrashab'' —the [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] of Lord Shivaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/ebook/bundelkhand_low.pdf|title=Official Website Of Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation Ltd}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Gairba village lies in Mauranipur Tehsil at a distance of around 19 km.north east. It has a small but fine temple apparently of great antiquity. The temple is situated at a small hill and is made of grey granite, the stones cut to required size but no mortar was used in construction. The architectural plan is simple but logically projected. It has three sections, each having its own roof rising in regular gradation. There is a badly mutilated basalt image said to be that of the Buddha in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] which bears an inscription on its base the date Samvat 1234 (1177 AD).<ref>Encyclopaedia of tourism resources in India, Volume 1 By Manohar Sajnani</ref>
* [[Veera (village)|Veera]] village in Mauranipur Tehsil, situated 13 km from Mauranipur, has a temple of [[Harsidhhi|Harsiddh Ma]] situated at the center of the village. This village holds a seven-day holy (Faag) celebration in which both Hindu and Muslims participate. The temple of goddess Harsiddh Ma is believed to fulfil devotees' wishes.
* Shri Digambar Jain Atishaya Chamatkari Kshetra is situated in [[Tondi Fatehpur|Todi Fatehpur]] about 30 km from Mauranipur. This place is a vast temple in village - Todi Fatehpur; the temple has pinnacles attracting the pilgrims from a far distance. This Kshetra is about 600–700 years old. The principal deity Bhagwan Parshvanath's idol is installed in this temple. This temple is known as Bada (Big) Mandir (Temple).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jainteerth.com/teerth/Todi%20Fatehpur.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120904081429/http://www.jainteerth.com/teerth/Todi%20Fatehpur.asp |archivedate=2012-09-04 }}</ref>
* Kamla Sagar dam is about 6 km south-west of Mauranipur. The river Saprar has been dammed to form the Kamla Sagar reservoir, which covers an area about 10 km2. There is an inspection house and a hill and a ruined fort which is said to have been the residence of the legendary thief Bona, a character of Alha.<ref name="ReferenceA">Tourism In India By Vijay Kumar Gupta</ref>
* Basneh is on the Mauranipur-Gursarai Road. This place is associated with [[Bhasmasura|Bhasmasur]], a demon king. Situated at the foot of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya hill range]], there is a lake and an artificial waterfall. An inspection house is also available here.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Gurha]] is a small village on the left bank of the [[Dhasau]] about 15 km south-east of Garantha, 88 km east of Jhansi and 8 km east of Markuan which lies on the road from Garantha to Mauranipur and from here one has to walk to reach the place. The Nagonath hill, a conspicuous landmark, lies a mile north-east of the village and on its crown, there are two old temples and a shrine of Mahadeo in a cave and at the foot of the hill on eastern side there is Chandella baithak. There is also an image of sage [[Vishvamitra]], which lies submerged in the [[Dhasan River|Dhasan]]. A fair is held here in the honour of the saint on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]]. Temple Maa bhadrakali shakti peeth is also situated in the village Bhadanwara and a fair is also held here every year in the Navadurga of winter.

== History ==
It is said that thousands of year ago, Mauranipur was under the kingdom of [[Bhoja]]. During 12th century, Mauranipur was under [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela]] ruler [[Madanavarman]] (1129–1163).<ref>A military history of medieval India by Gurcharn Singh Sandhu</ref> The credit for the development of Mauranipur goes to the [[Bundela]] kings.<ref>Population and housing problems in India, Volume 2 by Sahab Deen Maurya</ref> Mauranipur was a [[pargana]] under [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Laxmi Bai]] rule. On 10 August 1857 Rani of Tehree occupied Mauranipur. Laxmi Bai suffered reverses in the beginning, but on 23 October, in battle with Tehree's forces, she emerged victorious.<ref>Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: Period of freedom struggle By Simmi Jain</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 revolt against the British]], Rani Laxmi Bai inflicted defeats on the British at Mauranipur and became the most powerful rebel leader of the 1857 revolution. Her army was further strengthened when the rulers of Banpur and Shahgarh in [[Bundelkhand]] became her allies. She fought valiantly against the attacks by British forces under Sir [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Sir Hugh Rose]].<ref>Imperialism & orientalism: a documentary sourcebook By Barbara Harlow, Mia Carter</ref>

On December 30, 1951, [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] delivered a speech about the [[Zamindar|Zamindari Abolition Acts]] and the establishment of the five-year plan for agriculture in Mauranipur.<ref>Selected works of Govind Ballabh Pant, Volume 14 by Govind Ballabh Pant, [[Bal Ram Nanda]]</ref>

The town of Mauranipur has long been known for the manufacture of a red cloth called kharud, which is dyed from a root of the same name. The colour, once fixed by alum, is permanent.

== Politics ==
Mauranipur is a Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituency. This seat is reserved for members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 31</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner Name !! Vote% !! Party !! Runner-up Candidate !! Vote% !! Party
|-
| 2022 || [[Rashmi Arya]]|| 51.83 || [[Apna dal]] (in collaboration with BJP)|| tilak chandra ahirwar || 30.68 || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 2017 || Bhihari Lal Arya || 98905 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Rashmi Arya || 81934 || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 2012 || Rashmi Arya || 29.1 || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Rajendra Rahul || 26.25 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 2007 || [[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]] || 31.67 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Bihari Lal Arya || 24.32 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2002 || Pragi Lal Ahirwar || 24.47 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Bihari Lal Arya || 22.9 ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1996 || Bihari Lal Arya || 37.69 || [[Indian National Congress]] || Pragi Lal Ahirwar || 36.98 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1993 || Bihari Lal Arya || 40.3 || [[Indian National Congress]] || Pragi Lal Ahirwar || 35.39 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1991 || Pragi Lal Ahirwar || 39.93 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Bihari Lal Arya || 39.81 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1989 || Pragi Lal Ahirwar || 46.55 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Bhagirath Choudhari || 32.72 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1985 || Bhagirath Choudhari || 51.35 || [[Indian National Congress]] || Prem Narain Ahirwar || 33.11 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1980 || Bhagirath Choudhari || 59.17 || [[Congress (I)]] || Har Das || 22.79 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1977 || Prem Narain Ahirwar || 45.09 || [[Janata Party]] || Bhagirath Choudhari || 43.88 ||
|}

== Archaeological sites nearby ==
The following archaeological sites are near Mauranipur:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archaeology.up.nic.in/projection_conservation_3.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175033/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/projection_conservation_3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Kedareswer temple : A divine place, situated on a hill in Roni, Mauranipur having [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] statue and few other statues also. Pt. Narendra Kumar Surothiya is the main priest of the temple.{{fact|date=March 2022}}
* Shikhara-roofed temple called Marhia and dedicated to Gond baba - Khojra, Tehsil-Mauranipur
* Remains of a Chandella temple - Kisni Khurd, Tehsil-Mauranipur
* Chandel Temple - Pachwara (Gahras), Tehsil-Mauranipur
* Chandel Temple - Sakarar, Tehsil-Mauranipur
* Old Temple - Rora, Tehsil - Mauranipur
* Kusumadiya, Tehsil-Mauranipur<ref name=HDAU>Hindi Daily Amar Ujala {{specify|date=January 2019}}</ref>
* Old Fort Bongada, Tehsil-Mauranipur<ref name=HDAU />
* Banjaron Ka Mandir, Syavari, Tehsil-Mauranipur<ref name=HDAU />
* Shivalaya, Basariya, 15 km from Mauranipur. It was built in the last days of Chandel rule.<ref name=HDAU />
* Champat Rai ka Mahal, Kachnev, Near Bangara, Tehsil-Mauranipur<ref name=HDAU />
* Maun Sadhana Kendra, Mauranipur
* It the most ancient temple of Mauranipur it is believed that it was founded by [[Raja bhoj]]. The temple of Lord Shiva with some small temples of other gods, known as Shri bade Mahadev mandir established at Shivganj in Mauranipur.
There is also another temple of [[lord Shiva]] at Shivganj known as Ramghat.

== Transport ==
[[File:India-jhansi-masihaganj-rd-rajdhaniexpress.jpg|thumb|Mauranipur Railway station]]
Mauranipur is connected with three metro cities, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai, via [[Indian Railways]] network. Mauranipur is 466 km from Delhi via Rail and 485 km via Road. The Jhansi to Mauranipur and Mauranipur to Banda railway lines were built in 1889. Mauranipur is connected with other parts of India through National Highway 76. It is 65 km from Jhansi on the way to [[Khajuraho]] and 297 km from [[Lucknow]].

=== Airports ===
* Jhansi Airport (Army aviation)
* Khajurho (Medium Type)
* Gwalior (Medium Type)

== Notable people ==
[[File:Virndavanlal-1.jpg|Virndavanlal-1]]
[[Vrindavan Lal Verma]] (1889–1969), an eminent Hindi novelist and playwright, was born at Mauranipur.He was honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works; Agra University presented him with honorary D. Lit. He received Soviet Land Nehru Award and the government India also awarded him for his novel, Jhansi Ki Rani.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Mau Ranipur}}

{{Jhansi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]

Kharigerya

2025-06-07T13:49:01Z

KK JANGIR: adjusted layout after review and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kharigerya
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right E
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|45|28.8|N|86|53|02.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,701
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kharigerya''' is a village in the [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Khatra subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|28|N|86|53|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kharigerya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= Kharigerya (R)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mukutmanipur]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|6|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Taldangra| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Taldangra]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|46|28|N|86|54|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Matgoda| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Matgoda]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|51|0|E}}| label-pos15=right |label15=Khatra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15 =[[Khatra]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|48|0|N|86|57|0|E}}| label-pos16=right |label16=Raipur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16 =[[Raipur, Bankura]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|21|N|87|4|24|E}}| label-pos17=right |label17=Simlapal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17 =[[Simlapal]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|59|20|N|86|51|48|E}}| label-pos18=right |label18=Ledisol| numbered18=CT| mark-title18 =[[Ledisol]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|10|0|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Panchmura| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Panchmura]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|30|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color121=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|15|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Pareshnath]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Kharigerya is located at {{coord|22|45|28.8|N|86|53|02.4|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | accessdate = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is an almost fully rural area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kharigerya had a total population of 1,701 of which 879 (52%) were males and 822 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 159. The total number of literates in Kharigerya was 1,047 (67.90% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 15 December 2016 }}</ref>

.*For language details see [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)#Language and religion]]

==Transport==
[[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)|State Highway 9]] from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) passes near Kharigerya.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 15 December 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2010. It is affiliated to the [[Bankura University]] and offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali and history.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/raipur-block-mahavidyalaya/34658/2 |title = Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya | publisher=ICBSE | accessdate = 15 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.buruniv.ac.in/colleges/raipur-block-mahavidyalaya | title = Raipur Block Mahavidyalay | publisher = University of Burdwan | accessdate = 15 December 2016 | archive-date = 20 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220150144/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/colleges/raipur-block-mahavidyalaya | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Matgoda High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1957. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 4 computers, a library with 1,050 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19131608001/matgoda-h-s.html |title = Matgoda HS |publisher= Schools.org.in| accessdate = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

{{Bankura-geo-stub}}

National Highway 122B (India)

2025-04-16T10:17:45Z

KK JANGIR:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND

|map =
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=
|ahn=
| length_km = 54.96
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Hajipur]] (Vaishali)
| terminus_b = [[Bachwara]] (Begusarai)
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route =
| next_route =
| states = [[Bihar]]
| destinations =
|image_notes=
}}

'''National Highway 122B''', commonly called '''NH 122B''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/198081.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - GOI|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520130035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/198081.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=New National highways notification by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194639/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The NH-122B connects NH-22 at Jadhua near [[Hajipur]] in Vaishali district to NH-122 at [[Bachwara]] in Begusarai district. NH-122B is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 22 (India)|National Highway 22]].

==Route==
NH-122B passes through following towns from west to east direction:
* Jadhua ([[Hajipur]])
* [[Bidupur]]
* Gandhi Chowk ([[Desari]])
* [[Mahnar]]
* Mohanpur Block
* [[Mohiuddinagar]]
* [[Vidyapati Nagar|Vidyapatidham railway]] station
* [[Bachwara]] ([[Begusarai]])

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9344270 NH 122B on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH22 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Gopal Bose

2025-04-04T00:50:34Z

KK JANGIR: improved page also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1947–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gopal Bose
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Gopal Krishna Bose
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|5|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|8|26|1947|5|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Birmingham]], England
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm off-break

| international = true
| oneodi = true
| odidebutdate = 15 July
| odidebutyear = 1974
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 12

| date = 8 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26966.html
}}

'''Gopal Bose''' (20 May 1947 – 26 August 2018) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He played domestic cricket for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and played one [[One Day International]] for [[India national cricket team|India]] against [[England cricket team|England]] in 1974.

Bose was born in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. He was a relatively successful [[first-class cricket|first-class]] player with an ability to play long [[innings]]. He was selected in the national team for the tour of [[Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) where he impressed with a 194-run partnership with [[Sunil Gavaskar]]. He was again selected in the 14-member squad for the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] tour of 1974–75 but was surprisingly left out of the playing eleven and was never considered thereafter. He represented Bengal for the rest of his career with much success. In his career Bose had scored 3757 runs in 78 first-class games with eight hundreds and 17 fifties. He also took 72 wickets.<ref name=":0" />

Bose was the head coach of Kolkata's Cricket Club of Dhakuria(CCD). He died in [[Birmingham]] on 26 August 2018, following a heart attack.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/former-bengal-captain-gopal-bose-passes-away/articleshow/65550605.cms|title=Former Bengal captain Gopal Bose passes away|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=26966}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Gopal}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}

Christ Church College, Kanpur

2025-03-31T05:41:56Z

KK JANGIR: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Christ Church College
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1866}}
| location = [[The Mall, Kanpur|The Mall]], Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| principal = Dr. Joseph Daniel
| city =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.472542|N|80.352352|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
| website = {{URL|www.cccknp.ac.in}}
}}
'''Christ Church College, Kanpur''' is a college established in 1866, affiliated with [[Kanpur University]],<ref name="ka"/> in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Earlier in 1840, SPG Mission School was established to educated Christian students. Later its name turned to present one.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/kanpur/28160695_1_research-lab-christ-church-college-physics-lab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104134712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/kanpur/28160695_1_research-lab-christ-church-college-physics-lab|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=The Times of India|title=Christ Church College launches website, physics lab|date=7 August 2009}}</ref> It is managed by [[Church of North India]] (C.N.I). Agra Diocese, managed by the Christ Church College Society, Kanpur.<ref name="of">{{cite web|url=http://www.christchurchcollegekanpur.com/about.htm|title=About us|website=Christ Church College, Kanpur|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203011341/http://christchurchcollegekanpur.com/about.htm|archive-date=3 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Christ Church College, Kanpur, the oldest college of the city (1866), carries a historic heritage of supreme educational service and standards. The college began as an S.P.G. Mission school in the 1840s to educate children and those who chose it. First called Mission School, then Christ Church School, it grew into a college affiliated first to the Calcutta University in 1866, then to the Allahabad University in 1892, later to the Agra University in 1927, and last, to the Kanpur University (now the C.S.J.M. University) in 1966.

== Courses ==
The undergraduate and graduate programs offered are:

*Bachelor of Arts
*Master of Arts
*Bachelor of Commerce
*Master of Commerce
*Master of Science
*Bachelor of Science

==Affiliations==
*1866 – [[University of Calcutta]]
*1898 – [[Allahabad University]]
*1927 – [[Agra University]]
*1966 – [[Kanpur University]] (CSJM)<ref name="ka">{{cite web|url=http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/affiliated_colleges_kanpur.htm|title=Affiliated colleges: Kanpur District|publisher=[[Kanpur University]]|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901181051/http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/affiliated_colleges_kanpur.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://cccknp.ac.in Official Website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/16485552/christ-church-college-kanpur Christ Church College, Kanpur] at ''[[wikimapia]]''

{{Kanpur}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Anglican universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of North India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]

INS Sindhurakshak (S63)

2025-03-05T14:47:32Z

KK JANGIR: enhance details additionally and updated info

#REDIRECT [[INS Sindhurakshak]]
{{R from alternative name}}

National Highway 227J (India)

2025-02-28T19:28:16Z

KK JANGIR: added info

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 227J
| length_km = 40
| marker_image =
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 227J|zoom=10|text=Map of National Highway '''227J''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Saharghat
| terminus_b = [[Rahika]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 27
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 227 
| next_route = 527B 
| states = [[Bihar]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 227J''', commonly referred to as '''NH 227J''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/189061.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> NH-227J runs in the state of [[Bihar]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH227J connects Saharghat, Uchhait, Benipatti and [[Rahika]] in the state of Bihar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|227|country=IND}} Terminal near Saharghat.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|527B|country=IND}} Terminal near Rahika.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/8782162 NH 227J on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH27 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Vanchippattu

2025-02-15T16:48:18Z

KK JANGIR:

{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|Poetic form in Malayalam}}
'''''Vanchippattu''''' is a poetic form in [[Malayalam]] composed entirely in the Dravidian metre ''Nathonnata''. It is originated from [[Kerala]], a state in [[India]].

== History ==

This poetic form was created by [[Ramapurathu Warrier]], a poet in Malayalam lived in [[Travancore]] (later became a part of Kerala) during the reign of the king [[Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]]. It is believed that it was created during a boat travel of Ramapurathu Warrier along with the King Marthanda Varma. Warrier recited his poem to the king. This poem later became the famous poetic collection ''[[Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu]].'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130717/alappuzha-schools-switch-to-vanchipattu.html|title=Vanchippattu|date=July 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The word Vanchippattu is a combination of two words ''vanchi'' means [[Boat]] and ''pattu'' means song. This poetic form has a rhythm similar to that of rowing the boat. Hence it got this name, according to historians.

== List of some famous Vanchippattu ==

* [[Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu|Kuchelavritham]]
* Lakshmanopadesham
* Parthasarathi Varnana
* Bheeshmaparvam
* Santhanagopalam
* Banayudham

== Famous Vanchippattu poets ==

* Vaaladisseri Sankaranarayanan Achari
* Champakulam Puthenpurayil Joseph
* [[I. C. Chacko]]
* Chirayinkeezhu Govindan Pillai
* Nedumprayar Gopalapilla Vaidyan

==See also==

*[[Ramapurathu Warrier]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Malayalam Literature}}
{{Poetic forms}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]

{{Poetry-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}
{{india-lit-stub}}

Bhoja tribe

2024-11-07T12:53:53Z

KK JANGIR: Adding Some Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Ancient Indian tribe}}
{{Infobox noble house
|surname=Bhoja tribe
|type=
|native_name=
|native_name_lang=
|other_name=
|coat of arms=
|parent house = [[Yadava#The Andhakas|Andhaka]]<ref name="india"/>
|country=[[Vidarbha Kingdom]], [[Kunti Kingdom]], [[Surasena|Surasena Kingdom]]
|styles=''[[Raja]]''
|founded=
|founder=
|final ruler=
|current head=
|dissolution=
|deposition=
|cadet branches=*Bhojas of Mrittikavati
*[[Vidarbha Kingdom|Bhojas of Vidarbha]]
*[[Kunti Kingdom|Bhojas of Kunti]]
*[[Bhojas of Goa]]
*[[Surasena|Bhojas of Mathura]]
*[[Kritavarma|Bhoja-Andhakas]]}}
[[File:East-Hem 600bc.jpg|thumb|300px|The Bhojas are shown in the south of the Indian subcontinent]]
The '''Bhoja tribes''' were a collection of semi-[[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] ancient tribes, located in [[India]] during the [[Vedic Period|Late Vedic Period]]. They are described as being an offshoot of the [[Yadava]] tribe in the Indian epic of ''[[Mahabharata]]''. They were a branch of the Andhaka clan, who were in turn descendants of the Satvata clan descended from [[Yadu (legendary king)|King Yadu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |title=The Brahma Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 33 |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3900-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POftDwAAQBAJ&dq=svayambhoja&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref> The Bhojas were sub-divided into eighteen branches and ruled from their capital at Mrittikavati, on the banks of the [[Banas River|Parnasa river]] in [[Central India]].<ref name="vishnu">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Horace Hayman |title=The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson |date=1840 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp106.htm |language=en |chapter=Book IV: Chapter XIII}}</ref><ref name="sanskrit">{{cite book |title=Subjects of Examination in Sanskrit Appointedby the Senate of the Calcutta University for the First Examination in Arts Being the First Eight Cantos of the Raghievansa and the First Five Cantos of the Bhatlikavya Ed. with ... English and Bengali Translations ... by Nihmani Mickhyopadhyaya Nyayalankara |date=1880 |publisher=Cakravarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g40cK7Cy2akC&dq=Mrittikavati&pg=RA1-PA215 |language=sa}}</ref>

==Origin==
The origin of the Bhojas differs from source to source. Most sources such as the famous Indian epic of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mention the Bhojas as an offshoot of the [[Yadava]] tribe.

The [[Vishnu Purana]] says that the Bhojas of Mrittikavati were descendants of Mahabhoja, son of Satvata, and that they were a kindred tribe of the Andhakas and [[Vrishni|Vrishnis]].<ref name="vishnu2">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Fitzedward |title=The Vishńu Puráńa: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition |date=1865 |publisher=Trübner |page=158-159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNFfAAAAMAAJ&dq=Bhoja+tribe&pg=PA159 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vishnu"/>

The [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] theorizes that the Bhojas came to [[India]] from [[Iran]], intermixing with the existing tribes wherever they settled.<ref name="vidarbha bhoja">{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1889 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfHHiAqBvQkC&dq=Bhoja+tribe&pg=PA273 |language=en}}</ref> The groups which settled in [[Rajasthan]], [[Malwa]] and [[Kathiawar]], became closely related to the [[Yona|Yavanas]]. They are probably the ones called ''[[Mleccha|mlechhas]]'' (foreigners) in a passage of the [[Matsya Purana]]. The group that settled in the [[Mathura]] region allied with the [[Surasena]] and [[Vrishni]] tribes to establish the [[Surasena|Kingdom of Surasena]]. The group which settled in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and the [[Indus River delta]] became associated with the [[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauviras]].<ref name="vidarbha bhoja"/>

In the [[Adi Parva]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (85.3533) and in a passage of the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (34.30) the Bhojas are mentioned as the ''[[mleccha]]''s (foreigners). But another passage of the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (44.69) describes them as pious and the performers of the religious rites.<ref name="india"/>

==In literature==
===Vidarbha===
{{Main|Vidarbha Kingdom}}
The largest and most prosperous kingdom of the Bhoja tribe was the [[Vidarbha Kingdom]]. In the ''[[Ramayana]]'' epic, the Bhoja princess of Vidarbha was married to [[Aja of Kosala|Prince Aja]] of the [[Kosala Kingdom]] in a ''[[Swayamvara]]'' ceremony.<ref name="sanskrit"/> Aja was the son of the powerful [[Solar dynasty|Ikshavku]] king [[Raghu]], and the father of King [[Dasharatha]], in turn father of [[Lord Rama]]. King [[Bhishmaka]] of Vidarbha, the father of [[Rukmini]] and his son King [[Rukmi]] are called "Bhoja-Yadavas" in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{citation required|date=April 2024}}

===Mathura===
{{Main|Surasena{{!}}Surasena kingdom}}
The [[Surasena|Bhojas of Mathura]] allied with the other [[Yadava]] tribes were expelled from their kingdom by [[Kamsa]], son of King [[Ugrasena]]. However, the hero-deity [[Krishna]] helped them reconquer [[Mathura]] from [[Kamsa]] and re-establish their rule.<ref name="vyasa"/> The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas fled their kingdom due to fear of the powerful king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Jarasandha]].<ref name="vyasa">{{cite book |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa | date=24 August 2021 | publisher=Enigma Edizioni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egw_EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+18+tribes+which+fled+Jarsandha&pg=PT744}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sandhya |title=Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface |date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88530-378-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDBlEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhoja+tribe&pg=PT80 |language=en}}</ref>

===Kunti===
{{Main|Kunti Kingdom}}
Another prominent Bhoja kingdom was the [[Kunti Kingdom]]. It was ruled by King [[Kunti-Bhoja]]. [[Kunti]], the mother of [[Pandavas]] and the first wife of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king [[Pandu]], was the adopted daughter of [[Kuntibhoja]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01112.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

===Mrittikavati===
The Bhojas of Mrittikavati ruled somewhere around the [[Malwa Plateau]], on the banks of the Parnasha ({{Langx|sa|पर्णाशा|translit=Parṇāśā}}) river in [[Central India]].<ref name="india">{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Omesh K. |title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA, From the Last Ice Age to The Mahabharata War (≈9000–1400 BCE) |date=12 January 2023 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOmmEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhoja+tribe&pg=PA139 |language=en}}</ref> These Bhojas held the Satvata tribe in subjection.<ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Law |first1=Bimala Churn |title=Tribes in Ancient India |date=1973 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |page=366-73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YApuAAAAMAAJ&q=tribes%20in%20ancient%20india |language=en}}</ref> A Bhoja king took part in the great [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref name="vishnu2"/>

According to the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]], they were allied with [[Parshurama]] in defeating the powerful [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]] king [[Kartavirya Arjuna]]. As a result of their success, they achieved supremacy over the [[Narmada]] and [[Tapti]] River valleys for a time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1889 |publisher=University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIMlttRq_P4C&dq=Bhoja+tribe&pg=PA273 |language=en}}</ref>

===Bhoja-Andhakas===
{{see also|Kritavarma}}
[[Kritavarma]], a [[Yadava]] hero, is sometimes described as belonging to and ruling over the Andhaka and Bhoja clan as their king.<ref name="kritvarma"/> In the [[Mausala Parva]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic, the clans of the Andhakas and Bhojas began to fight each other in drunken duels during a feast, leading to the death of almost all the [[Yadava]] royals.<ref name="kritvarma">{{Cite book |last1=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&dq=satyaki+kritavarma&pg=PT8826 |title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated) |last2=Vyasa |date=2018-05-19 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-128-2 |pages=8826 |language=en}}</ref>

==Descendants==
{{Main|Bhojas of Goa}}
Bhojas of Goa were a dynasty that ruled [[Goa]], parts of [[Konkan]], and some parts of [[Karnataka]] from at least the 3rd century AD to the 6th century. Goa came under the political sway of the Bhojas who ruled this territory in feudal allegiance to the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan emperor of Pataliputra]] or perhaps under [[Satavahana Dynasty|Satavahanas]]. Their capital was located at Chandrapura or Chandraura (modern day [[Chandor]]) in [[Goa]].<ref name=bhoja>{{cite book|last=Shyam Singh|first=Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Ancient Goa|year=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=8170418593 |page=657}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhojas of Goa]]
*[[Vidarbha Kingdom]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Yadavas]]

Adampur, Varanasi

2024-11-01T18:27:24Z

KK JANGIR: Adding The Info W/ Refs

{{other uses|Adampur (disambiguation){{!}}Adampur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adampur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Adampur
| pushpin_map_caption = Village location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.326248|83.020585|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 83.95
| population_total = 2897 <ref name="Demography">{{cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|access-date=14 October 2016 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=209848 }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221003
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Village code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209207
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite web|title=Delimitation 2008|publisher=mapsofindia.com |access-date=14 October 2016|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/uttarpradesh/varanasi.html}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Adampur''' is a village in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Village details">{{cite web|title=Village details|publisher=Village Info|access-date=14 October 2016|url=https://villageinfo.in/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/varanasi/adampur.html }}</ref> The village falls under the Adampur [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Village details"/> Adampur Village is about {{convert|1|km}} southeast of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], {{convert|267|km}} southeast of [[Lucknow]] and {{convert|214|km}} west of [[Patna]].<ref name="Distances">{{cite web|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=14 October 2016|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@25.3145536,83.0196303,14.79z?hl=en-US}}</ref>

==Demography==
Adampur has 363 families with a total population of 2,897. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the village is 907 and [[child sex ratio]] is 944. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 363 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || 1,305 || 1,174 || 2,479
|-
| Children || 215 || 203 || 418
|-
| Total population || 1,520 || 1,377 || 2,897
|-
| Literacy || 82.7% || 56.3% || 70.2%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Adampur is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Varanasi City railway station]]) and by road. Nearest operational airport is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Varanasi City railway station]] (25 and 1.5 kilometers respectively from Adampur).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==
* [[Varanasi tehsil]]
* [[Varanasi district]]
* [[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==

* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Villages in Varanasi district}}
{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Adampur'''
|North = [[Varuna River]] (1.5 km)
|Northeast =
|East = [[Vasanta College for Women]] (2 km)
|Southeast =
|South = [[Ganges]] (1 km)
|Southwest = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] (2.2 km)
|West = [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]] (1 km)
|Northwest = [[Lucknow]] (267 km)
}}

[[Category:Villages in Varanasi district]]

{{Varanasi-geo-stub}}