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Nandita Haksar

2026-05-07T00:00:24Z

KJIMarquis: Added a post

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian writer and activist (born 1955)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 1955
| citizenship = [[India|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| known_for = Human Rights activism
| notable_works = Framing Geelani, Hanging Afzal: Patriotism in the Time of Terror (2007), and The Judgement That Never Came: Army Rule in North East India (2011).
| spouse = Sebastian Hongray
| mother = Urmila Haksar (nee Sapru)
| father = [[P. N. Haksar]]
}}
'''Nandita Haksar''' is a human rights activist, advocate, and writer from India. She is a prolific writer, notably known for ''Framing Geelani, Hanging Afzal: Patriotism in the Time of Terror'' (2007), and ''The Judgement That Never Came: Army Rule in North East India'' (2011)''.'' She has fought landmark human rights violations cases in the Supreme Court of India, and [[Gauhati High Court]]. She was conferred [[Doctor of Laws|LL. D.]] ([[Honoris Causa]]) in 2015 by [[NALSAR University of Law]].

== Early life ==
Nandita was born in 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nandita Haksar Papers |url=https://archives.ashoka.edu.in/paper_details/99 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Archives of Contemporary India}}</ref> Her parents were [[P. N. Haksar]], an Indian diplomat, and Urmila Haksar (née Sapru).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Presentation Address: LL.D. (Honoris Causa) to Ms. Nandita Haksar |url=https://nalsar.ac.in/sites/default/files/Nandita%20Haksar%20Citation.pdf |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=NALSAR University of Law}}</ref>

Haksar studied B.A. in history at [[Delhi University]] which she intended to pursue further in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. However, in her final exams, she failed. She repeated the exams and failed again. Her teacher [[Uma Chakravarti]] later found that sympathisers of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] had got themselves appointed as examiners for the history papers. They deliberately failed students whose answers did not conform to the right-wing Hindu historiography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahab |first=Ghazala |title=First Person {{!}} Memoirs of Our Times |url=https://forceindia.net/blog/first-person-memoirs-of-our-times |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Force: National Security and Aerospace Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Haksar studied [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] at Delhi University where [[Upendra Baxi]] taught her [[jurisprudence]] and [[Constitutional law]]. While still studying law, she interned with [[Indira Jaising]]. Together, they worked on a case concerning pavement dwellers in Delhi which deeply influenced Haksar's ideas of advocacy and practicing law. Thereafter, she further ventured into human rights and feminist movements in the country.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sailish |first=Trishala |date=2020-09-11 |title=Interview with Nandita Haksar is an eminent Supreme Court lawyer, human rights activist and writer |url=https://libertatem.in/parley-with-the-pirates/interview-with-nandita-haksar-is-an-eminent-supreme-court-lawyer-human-rights-activist-and-writer/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Libertatem Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Activism ==
While studying at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], she began her activism with people from Northeast India in the 1970s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Author Profile: Nandita Haksar |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/authors-name/nandita-haksar/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Speaking Tiger |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her first case ''Sebastian M Hongray v. Union of India'', led to the landmark judgement in the country's [[Habeas corpus]] jurisprudence and [[law of tort]].<ref name=":4" /> In its judgement, the [[Supreme Court of India]] awarded compensation of custodial death even when the victim's bodies were not found.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=D. A. |last2=Reddy |first2=O. Chinnappa |author-link2=O. Chinnappa Reddy |date=23 April 1984 |title=Sebastian M. Hongray vs Union Of India & Ors |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1046642/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240314190347/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1046642/ |archive-date=2024-03-14 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaswal |first=Paramjit S. |date=2002 |title=Public Accountability for Violation of Human Rights and Judicial Activism in India: Some Observations |url=https://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2002v3a2.htm |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=www.ebc-india.com}}</ref>

In 1983 Haksar was one of the first advocates to file a case in the [[Supreme Court of India]] challenging the constitutionality of the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Author Profile: Nandita Haksar |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/profile/author/nandita-haksar-13326/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy |language=en}}</ref> She then took the issue to the [[United Nations]] in 1991.<ref name=":2" /> She worked as secretary of the People's Union for Democratic Rights in 1987.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita Haksar (India) – WikiPeaceWomen – English |url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=2521 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=wikipeacewomen.org}}</ref>

== Books ==
Haskar is a prolific writer. She considers writing as her first love. Further, her experiences as activist and advocate have enriched her writings.<ref name=":4" /> Her books have been translated into several languages including, [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Profile: Nandita Haksar |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/author-detail/nandita-haksar |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Rupa Publications}}</ref>

* 1984. (co-edited with Luingam Luithui). ''Nagaland File: A Question of Human Rights.'' Lancer International.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luithui |first=Luingam |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Nagaland_File.html?id=ZlNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Nagaland File: A Question of Human Rights |last2=Haksar |first2=Nandita |date=1984 |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-0-8364-1358-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1986. ''Demystification of Law for Women.'' New Delhi: Lancer Press.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Demystification_of_Law_for_Women.html?id=wIhPmgEACAAJ |title=Demystification of Law for Women |date=1986 |publisher=Lancer Press |isbn=978-81-85096-04-9 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/women-law-cartoons.pdf |title=Demystification of Law for Women |publisher=Lancer Press |year=1986 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>
* 1987. (co-authored with [[Uma Chakravarti]]) ''The Delhi Riots: Three Days in the Life of a Nation.'' New Delhi: Lancer International.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Uma |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Delhi_Riots/c4TaAAAAMAAJ |title=The Delhi Riots: Three Days in the Life of a Nation |last2=Haksar |first2=Nandita |date=1987 |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-020-4 |language=en}}</ref>

* 2007. ''Framing Geelani, Hanging Afzal: Patriotism in the Time of Terror.'' New Delhi: Promilla & Co and Bibliophile South Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Framing_Geelani_Hanging_Afzal/2oXaAAAAMAAJ |title=Framing Geelani, Hanging Afzal: Patriotism in the Time of Terror |date=2007 |publisher=Promilla & Company, Publishers |isbn=978-81-85002-80-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kundnani |first=Arun |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reviews: Framing Geelani, Hanging Afzal: patriotism in the time of terror By NANDITA HAKSAR (New Delhi, Promilla & Co. / Bibliophile South Asia, 2007), 348 pp. Rs 450 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/03063968090500030603 |journal=Race & Class |language=EN |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=106–108 |doi=10.1177/03063968090500030603 |issn=0306-3968|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 2009. ''Rogue Agent: How India’s Military Intelligence Betrayed the Burmese Resistance.'' New Delhi: Penguin Books India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rogue_Agent.html?id=vkXJveQavMEC |title=Rogue Agent: How India's Military Intelligence Betrayed the Burmese Resistance |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306489-3 |language=en}}</ref>

* 2011. (co-authored with Sebastian Hongray). ''The Judgement That Never Came: Army Rule in North East India.'' New Delhi: Chicken Neck Publications.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Judgement_that_Never_Came.html?id=dEVAMwEACAAJ |title=The Judgement that Never Came: Army Rule in North East India |last2=Hongray |first2=Sebastian M. |date=2011 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-920722-3-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2011. ''ABC of Naga Culture and Civilization''.
* 2014. ''Across The Chicken Neck: Travels in Northeast India.'' New Delhi: Rupa Publications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Books {{!}} Across The Chicken Neck: Travels in Northeast India. |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/book/across-the-chicken-neck-travels-in-northeast-india |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Rupa Publications}}</ref>
* 2015. ''The Many Faces of Kashmiri Nationalism: From the Cold War to the Present Day.'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Many_Faces_of_Kashmiri_Nationalism/FUC9DAEACAAJ |title=The Many Faces of Kashmiri Nationalism |date=2015-08-20 |publisher=Speaking Tiger Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-93-85288-77-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=The Many Faces Of Kashmiri Nationalism From the Cold War to the Present Day |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/the-many-faces-of-kashmiri-nationalism-from-the-cold-war-to-the-present-day/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Speaking Tiger Books |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2016. (co-authored with Mohammed Aamir Khan). ''Framed as a Terrorist: My 14-year Struggle to Prove My Innocence.'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammed Aamir |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Framed_as_a_Terrorist/wxu7jwEACAAJ |title=Framed as a Terrorist: My 14-year Struggle to Prove My Innocence |last2=Haksar |first2=Nandita |date=2016 |publisher=Speaking Tiger |isbn=978-93-85755-22-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019. (co-authored with Sebastian Hongray). ''Kuknalim: Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies of Leaders, Pastors, Healers and Soldiers.'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/gjJexwEACAAJ |title=Kuknalim, Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies of Leaders, Pastors, Healers and Soldiers |last2=Hongray |first2=Sebastian M. |date=2019 |publisher=Speaking Tiger |isbn=978-93-88874-93-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022. ''[[Forgotten Refugees (book)|Forgotten Refugees: Two Iraqi Brothers in India.]]'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Books {{!}} Forgotten Refugees |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/forgotten-refugees-two-iraqi-brothers-in-india/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Speaking Tiger Books |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Forgotten_Refugees/zBKV0QEACAAJ |title=Forgotten Refugees: Two Iraqi Brothers in India |date=2022 |publisher=Speaking Tiger Books LLP |isbn=978-93-5447-310-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023. (co-authored with Anjali Deshpande). ''Japanese Management, Indian Resistance: The Struggles of the Maruti Suzuki Workers.'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Anjali |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_Management_Indian_the_Struggles/YELtzwEACAAJ |title=Japanese Management, Indian the Struggles of the Maruti Suzuki Workers |last2=Haksar |first2=Nandita |date=2023 |publisher=Speaking Tiger Books Llp |isbn=978-93-5447-418-7 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023. ''Shooting the Sun Why Manipur Was Engulfed by Violence and the Government Remained Silent.'' New Delhi: Speaking Tiger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Book {{!}} Shooting the Sun: Why Manipur Was Engulfed by Violence and the Government Remained Silent |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/shooting-the-sun/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Speaking Tiger |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shooting_the_Sun_Why_Manipur_Was_Engulfe/AKuW0AEACAAJ |title=Shooting the Sun Why Manipur Was Engulfed by Violence and the Government Remained Silent |date=2023-12-20 |publisher=Speaking Tiger Books Llp |isbn=978-93-5447-703-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Haksar was conferred [[Doctor of Laws|LL. D.]] ([[Honoris Causa]]) in 2015 by [[NALSAR University of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Leading human rights lawyer, Ms Nandita Haksar, conferred LL.D. (Honoris Causa) |url=https://nalsar.ac.in/leading-human-rights-lawyer-ms-nandita-haksar-conferred-lld-honoris-causa |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=NALSAR University of Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-17 |title=‘Legal education always got a raw deal’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/legal-education-always-got-a-raw-deal/article7550047.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her citation noted,<blockquote>Ms. Nandita has shown us that advocacy is not about taking on cases, but causes. It is about speaking with those whose voices have been muffled, gagged or silenced. That advocacy is not limited to courts and litigation but extends to grass-root mobilization, opinion-making, and education.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Other awards include,

* 2022. ''Rotary Writing For Peace Award.''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 November 2022 |title=Tata Lit Fest: 'Peace Award' for Nandita Haksar! |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2022/11/04/tata-lit-fest-peace-award-for-nandita-haksar/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Ashlin |date=2022-11-11 |title=Peace cannot be achieved by simple writing, one needs to listen to others: Nandita Haksar |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/interview/peace-cannot-be-achieved-by-simple-writing-one-needs-to-listen-to-others-nandita-haksar |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Archives ==
Haksar's collection of transcripts, documents, press clippings, and letters are archives at the 'Archives of Contemporary India' hosted at the [[Ashoka University]]. They provide insights into her work on human rights with India's tribal population, migrant workers, and activists, especially from [[Northeast India]] and [[Kashmir]]. They also feature work with refugees and Burmese activists.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Haksar lives in Delhi, [[Goa]], and [[Ukhrul]] with her husband Sebastian Hongray.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scroll.in/author/10417 Haksar's writings for Scroll.in]
* [https://thewire.in/author/nandita-haksar Haksar's writings for The Wire]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haksar, Nandita}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
}}

INS Ajay (2025)

2026-05-05T17:29:14Z

KJIMarquis: New a stub

{{Short description|Last ship of Arnala class corvettes of ASW-SWC project of the Indian Navy}}{{italic title|string=Ajay}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{other ships|INS Ajay}}
{{Infobox ship
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|section2={{Infobox ship/career
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|name = INS ''Ajay''
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|ordered = 29 April 2019<ref name=":8" />
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|builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE)
|original_cost = {{INRConvert|789|c|0}} (FY2020)
|yard_number = 3034
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|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type = [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
|displacement = {{cvt|900|t|LT}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885185 | title=LAUNCH OF 'ARNALA', FIRST SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT ON 20 DEC 22 AT M/S L&T, KATTUPALLI }}</ref>
|length = {{cvt|77.6|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro|title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro|website=Janes.com}}</ref>
|beam = {{cvt|10.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|draft = {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|propulsion = [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date=December 27, 2021|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref>
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|speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
|range = {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
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|boats = 1 × [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=2025-06-25 |title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|capacity =
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|crew = 57
(7 officers + 50 sailors)
|time_to_activate =
|sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
** ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
** [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
** Fire Control System (FCS)
** Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
|armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
**1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref name=":0" />
**2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])<ref name="eurasiantimes.com"/>
**[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
** 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
** 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
|armour =
|armor =
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|notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].
}}
}}
'''INS ''Ajay''''' is the second ship of the ''Arnala'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]] (ASW SWC). The ship was ordered by the [[Indian Navy]].

== History ==

=== Background ===
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2013-12-24 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2017-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=2013-12-25 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth US$2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-16 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Purchase ===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
GRSE formed a [[Public Private Partnership]] alliance with [[Larsen & Toubro]] involving its [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] to undertake the entire ASW SWC project along with the [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Survey Vessel (Large) Project]].

The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ship was conducted on 10 May 2024 at GRSE Main Works Unit in Kolkata.<ref name="keel-laying">{{Cite web |title=KEEL LAYING OF 8th ASW SWC (ex-GRSE) ON 10 MAY 24 AT M/S GRSE KOLKATA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020235 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>[[Ceremonial ship launching|Christened]] ''Ajay'', the ship was launched into the water of the [[Hooghly River]] on 21 July 2025.<ref name=":6" />

=== Namesake ===
The ship, ''Ajay'', was named after [[INS Ajay (1990)|INS Ajay]], a retired [[Abhay-class corvette]], .

== Design ==
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Design}}

=== Weapons ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Weapons}}

=== Sensors ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Sensors}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay}}
[[Category:Arnala-class corvettes]]
[[Category:2025 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Priyanka Mohan

2026-04-25T08:50:03Z

KJIMarquis: Starting The Stub And Citations

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Priyanka|Arul Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Mohan
| image = Priyanka Arul Mohan in Saree 27 February 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Priyanka in 2024
| birth_name = Priyanka Arul Mohan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| education = B.E, [[PES University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019{{endash}}present
}}

'''Priyanka Arul Mohan''' (born 20 November 1994) is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She made her acting debut with the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Ondh Kathe Hella]]'' (2019), and appeared in the Telugu films ''[[Nani's Gang Leader|Gang Leader]]'' (2019), ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]'' (2024) and the Tamil films ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021), ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' (2022) and ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' (2022).

==Early life==
Priyanka Arul Mohan was born on 20 November 1994.<ref name="The Hans India-2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/priyanka-arul-mohan-biography-age-personal-life-career-height-weight-net-worth-movies-photos-793769 |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan Biography: Age, Personal Life, Career, Height, Weight, Net Worth, Movies, Photos |work=The Hans India |date=20 April 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815114522/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/priyanka-arul-mohan-biography-age-personal-life-career-height-weight-net-worth-movies-photos-793769 |url-status=live}}</ref> She did her schooling from Alvas PU College, [[Moodabidri]].<ref name="The Hans India-2023"/><ref name="Chowdhary-2019">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=27 August 2019 |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan on her debut in Nani's 'Gang Leader' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-arul-mohan-had-fun-on-the-sets-of-gang-leader/article29269704.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418183818/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-arul-mohan-had-fun-on-the-sets-of-gang-leader/article29269704.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She studied [[Biological engineering]] from [[PES University]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday Priyanka Arul Mohan: Exquisitely beautiful photos of the actress that will make you go crazy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-priyanka-arul-mohan-exquisitely-beautiful-photos-of-the-actress-that-will-make-you-go-crazy/articleshow/72140042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-priyanka-arul-mohan-exquisitely-beautiful-photos-of-the-actress-that-will-make-you-go-crazy/articleshow/72140042.cms |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> She lives in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRIa3Erhg4Y |title=#PriyankaMohan Reveals Her Husband Name, salary |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Career==
Priyanka made her debut in the Kannada film ''[[Ondh Kathe Hella]]'', directed by Girish G in 2019.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan in talks for Sharwanand's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130619/priyanka-arul-mohan-in-talks-for-sharwanands-film.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012841/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130619/priyanka-arul-mohan-in-talks-for-sharwanands-film.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, she starred in the Telugu film ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' directed by [[Vikram Kumar]].<ref name="Chowdhary-2019" /> Krishna Sripada of ''[[The News Minute]]'' on her performance wrote "Priyanka has all the makings of a female protagonist directors will seek, doe-eyed innocence and a natural feel for the camera, as she subtly does exactly what is expected and not more or less".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gang-leader-review-nani-s-heist-comedy-wacky-and-entertaining-108846 |title='Gang Leader' review: Nani's heist comedy is wacky and entertaining |date=13 September 2019 |website=The News Minute |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420031024/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gang-leader-review-nani-s-heist-comedy-wacky-and-entertaining-108846 |url-status=live}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' commented "Newcomer Priyanka Arul Mohan makes a confident debut and she's a terrific find".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/gang-leader-review-slightly-bloated-fun-revenge-comedy-473740 |title=Gang Leader review: A slightly bloated but fun revenge comedy |date=15 September 2019 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515065603/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/gang-leader-review-slightly-bloated-fun-revenge-comedy-473740 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also shot for the English version of the bilingual film ''Mayan'' and ''Tik Tok''; however, both films were delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/dec/25/mayan-is-the-first-proper-commercial-tamil-english-bilingual-16217.html |title=Mayan is the first proper commercial Tamil-English bilingual |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=25 December 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207031437/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/dec/25/mayan-is-the-first-proper-commercial-tamil-english-bilingual-16217.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tik-tok-movie-producer-files-police-complaint-priyanka-mohans-deleted-portions/articleshow/107397430.cms |title='Tik Tok' movie producer files a police complaint after Priyanka Mohan's portions deleted from the film |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2021, she made her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut with [[Sivakarthikeyan]]'s ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]],'' directed by [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]''.''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-arul-mohan-to-make-her-kollywood-debut/articleshow/71391860.cms?from=mdr |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan to make her Kollywood debut |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417062855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-arul-mohan-to-make-her-kollywood-debut/articleshow/71391860.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Both the film and her performance received positive response. The film grossed {{INR}}100 crores in worldwide box office and became a major critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/doctor-turns-as-the-best-grossing-film-of-sivakarthikeyans-career/articleshow/87272155.cms |title='Doctor' turns as the best grossing film of Sivakarthikeyan's career |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/doctor-turns-as-the-best-grossing-film-of-sivakarthikeyans-career/articleshow/87272155.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She won [[SIIMA Award]] for Best Debutant Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-awards-2022-winners-list-allu-arjun-pushpa-team-win-puneeth-rajkumar-honoured-posthumously-and-more-1189707 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022 Winners List: Allu Arjun, Pushpa team win, Puneeth Rajkumar honoured posthumously and more |date=12 September 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420033217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-awards-2022-winners-list-allu-arjun-pushpa-team-win-puneeth-rajkumar-honoured-posthumously-and-more-1189707 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, she played the lead female role in her second Tamil film ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' with director [[Pandiraj]], starring [[Suriya]].<ref name="India Today">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-priyanka-mohan-to-star-in-suriya-and-pandiraj-s-film-1761205-2021-01-21 |title=Priyanka Mohan to star in Suriya and Pandiraj film |website=India Today |access-date=8 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417062855/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-priyanka-mohan-to-star-in-suriya-and-pandiraj-s-film-1761205-2021-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' wrote "Priyanka doesn't have much to do in the plot but adds a dose of glamour to the film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/etharkkum-thunindhavan-movie-review-surya-elevates-entertainer-which-lacks-proper-story-1042903 |title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan Movie Review: Suriya elevates this entertainer which lacks a proper story |date=10 March 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310113415/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/etharkkum-thunindhavan-movie-review-surya-elevates-entertainer-which-lacks-proper-story-1042903 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also played the lead in the Tamil film ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'', with Sivakarthikeyan after ''Doctor''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/doctor-duo-sivakarthikeyan-and-priyanka-arul-mohan-to-reunite-for-don/articleshow/80570675.cms |title='Doctor' duo Sivakarthikeyan and Priyanka Arul Mohan to reunite for 'Don' |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129092650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/doctor-duo-sivakarthikeyan-and-priyanka-arul-mohan-to-reunite-for-don/articleshow/80570675.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-focus-was-on-sivakarthikeyan-on-priyanka-mohans-role-in-don-5160577.html |title='The Focus Was On... ': Sivakarthikeyan on Priyanka Mohan's Role in Don |date=12 May 2022 |website=News18 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420042444/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-focus-was-on-sivakarthikeyan-on-priyanka-mohans-role-in-don-5160577.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mostly positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/don-movie-review-netizens-declare-sivakarthikeyan-s-college-entertainer-superhit-1531500 |title=Don Movie Review: Netizens Declare Sivakarthikeyan's College Entertainer Superhit |date=16 May 2022 |website=ABP Live |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516165853/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/don-movie-review-netizens-declare-sivakarthikeyan-s-college-entertainer-superhit-1531500 |url-status=live}}</ref> S Subhakeerthana of ''[[OTT Play]]'' wrote "Priyanka Mohan makes her presence felt with whatever she was offered."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/don-movie-review-an-engaging-entertainer-elevated-by-performances-of-sivakarthikeyan-samuthirakani-and-sj-suryah/ee3bf44a95345 |title=Don movie review: An engaging entertainer, elevated by performances of Sivakarthikeyan, Samuthirakani and SJ Suryah |website=OTTPlay |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423134455/https://www.ottplay.com/review/don-movie-review-an-engaging-entertainer-elevated-by-performances-of-sivakarthikeyan-samuthirakani-and-sj-suryah/ee3bf44a95345 |url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' starring [[Dhanush]] and ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]'' with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Mohan to act alongside Dhanush in Captain Miller. First look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-mohan-to-act-alongside-dhanush-in-captain-miller-first-look-out-2002089-2022-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919130807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-mohan-to-act-alongside-dhanush-in-captain-miller-first-look-out-2002089-2022-09-19 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her last release for the year was ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'', directed by [[M. Rajesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-11-27 |title=Jayam Ravi starrer Brother gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/27/jayam-ravi-starrer-brother-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> where she stars alongside [[Jayam Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=JR30: M Rajesh's project starring Jayam Ravi, Priyanka Mohan officially launched; details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jr30-m-rajeshs-project-starring-jayam-ravi-priyanka-mohan-officially-launched-details-inside/40fecd74af141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810214152/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jr30-m-rajeshs-project-starring-jayam-ravi-priyanka-mohan-officially-launched-details-inside/40fecd74af141 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Praveen Sudaven from [[The Hindu]] wrote "Priyanka Mohan’s character is underwritten, mostly limited to “love interest” status, and her underwhelming performance doesn’t help." The film was met with negative reviews and was a [[Box-office bomb]].

In 2025, she made a cameo appearance in the song "Golden Sparrow" in the film [[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]] directed by [[Dhanush]]. She revealed that the team shot the song in one day without any rehearsal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2024-10-26 |title=Priyanka Mohan reveals how she landed the role in Dhanush's NEEK |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/priyanka-mohan-reveals-how-she-landed-the-role-in-dhanushs-neek.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her next film ''[[They Call Him OG]]'', starring [[Pawan Kalyan]] released on 25 September 2025 which received mixed-to-positive reviews. The Times of India reviewed her performance stating "Priyanka Arul Mohan’s Kanmani feels underwritten." while The Hindu stated " Priyanka Arul Mohan does what she can within a limited scope.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-09-25 |title='They Call Him OG' movie review: Pawan Kalyan, Sujeeth's saga is over-reliant on style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/og-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-sujeeths-telugu-action-entertainer-is-over-reliant-on-style/article70092480.ece |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=They Call Him OG Movie Review: Action-packed yet narratively uneven gangster drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/they-call-him-og/movie-review/124119218.cms |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Mohan reveals major update on Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' as shooting nears completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priyanka-mohan-reveals-major-update-on-pawan-kalyans-og-as-shooting-nears-completion/articleshow/112666681.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-16 |title=Priyanka Mohan plays a demure Kanmani in Pawan Kalyan's OG; makers unveil new posters |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/16/priyanka-mohan-plays-a-demure-kanmani-in-pawan-kalyans-og-makers-unveil-new-posters |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> She will next star alongside [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] in an untitled fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Ken Royson.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-16 |title=Kavin's next, a fantasy rom-com co-starring Priyanka Mohan, launched |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-priyanka-mohan-ken-royson-ofro-think-studios/article69818476.ece |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Language(s) !! class="unsortable" |Notes !! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Ondh Kathe Hella]]''
| Adhiti
|[[Kannada]]
|
|<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/>
|-
| ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]''
|Priya
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gang-leader/movie-review/71108833.cms |title=Gang Leader Movie Review : Gang Leader shines in parts but is let down by a haphazard screenplay |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Sreekaram]]''
|Chaitra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan in Sharwanand's Sreekaram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/24/priyanka-arul-mohan-in-sharwanands-sreekaram-13194.html |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121214746/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/24/priyanka-arul-mohan-in-sharwanands-sreekaram-13194.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
| Padmini "Mini"
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Doctor Movie Review : Doctor is a deliciously dark comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/doctor/movie-review/86887365.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207074311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/doctor/movie-review/86887365.cms |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''
| Aadhini Kannabiran
|
|<ref name="India Today"/>
|-
|''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]''
| Angaiyarkanni
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=It's Official: Priyanka Mohan, Samuthirakani and SJ Suryah in Sivakarthikeyan's DON |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-priyanka-mohan-samuthirakani-and-sj-suryah-in-sivakarthikeyans-don/articleshow/80671647.cms |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523164432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-priyanka-mohan-samuthirakani-and-sj-suryah-in-sivakarthikeyans-don/articleshow/80671647.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Tik Tok (2023 film)|''Tik Tok'']]
|Keerthana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tik-tok-movie-producer-files-police-complaint-priyanka-mohans-deleted-portions/articleshow/107397430.cms |title='Tik Tok' movie producer files a police complaint after Priyanka Mohan's portions deleted from the film |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || Velmathi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Mohan joins the cast of Dhanush's Captain Miller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/19/priyanka-mohan-joins-the-cast-of-dhanushs-captain-miller-34822.html |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=CinemaExpress |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919120300/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/19/priyanka-mohan-joins-the-cast-of-dhanushs-captain-miller-34822.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
|Charulatha "Charu" / Kalyani "Kallu"
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=Official: 'Nani 31' directed by Vivek Athreya to go on floors from October 24! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/official-nani-31-directed-by-vivek-athreya-to-go-on-floors-from-october-24/articleshow/104600603.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027160238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/official-nani-31-directed-by-vivek-athreya-to-go-on-floors-from-october-24/articleshow/104600603.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]''
|Archana Sivagurunathan
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-film-with-m-rajesh-titled-brother-first-look-revealed/articleshow/103751075.cms |title=Jayam Ravi's film with M Rajesh titled 'Brother'; first look revealed |date=18 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027180019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-film-with-m-rajesh-titled-brother-first-look-revealed/articleshow/103751075.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Golden Sparrow"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Priyanka Mohan to play a cameo in Dhanush's next directorial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-mohan-to-play-a-cameo-in-dhanushs-next/article68568639.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826130826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-mohan-to-play-a-cameo-in-dhanushs-next/article68568639.ece |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
|Dr. Kanmani
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-mohan-joins-the-cast-of-pawan-kalyans-og/article66754982.ece |title=Priyanka Mohan joins the cast of Pawan Kalyan's 'OG' |date=19 April 2023 |website=The Hindu |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130146/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyanka-mohan-joins-the-cast-of-pawan-kalyans-og/article66754982.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2026
|''[[Made in Korea (film)|Made in Korea]]''
|Shenbagam
|Tamil [[Korean language|Korean]] [[English language|English]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-13 |title=Made in Korea OTT release confirmed: Where to watch Priyanka Mohan's upcoming Indo-Korean cross-cultural tale |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/made-in-korea-ott-release-confirmed-where-to-watch-priyanka-mohans-upcoming-indo-korean-cross-cultural-tale/articleshow/124533205.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|TBA
|{{Pending film|Kavin #9}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Tamil
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Arul Mohan to play female lead in actor Kavin's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-arul-mohan-to-play-female-lead-in-actor-kavins-next/articleshow/122581186.cms}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|TBA
|''666 Operation Dream Theater''
|TBA
|Kannada
|Announced
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]''
| {{Nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]
| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTxH49qk9bQ |title=Gorgeous Priyanka Mohan Impressed Everyone With Her Adorable Winning Speech At SIIMA |date=14 October 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10484501}}
* {{Instagram|priyankaamohanofficial}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Priyanka Arul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]

Paras Ram

2026-04-24T13:14:26Z

KJIMarquis: Starting Basic Page First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paras Ram
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jaswan Assembly constituency|Jaswan]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor = B. Ram
| successor =
| party = Communist Party of India
}}

'''Paras Ram''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]] from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He represented [[Jaswan-Pragpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|
Jaswan constituency]] from 1967 to 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3801-himachal-pradesh-1967/ |title=Himachal Pradesh 1967 - Himachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019231419/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3801-himachal-pradesh-1967/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jaswan-pragpur.html|title=Jaswan Pragpur Assembly constituency 2017 Election, Date, Results & Candidate lists|website=Elections.in|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaswan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1977}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaswan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1972}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaswan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1967}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{HimachalPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Puran Kumar Gurung

2026-04-16T06:23:49Z

KJIMarquis: Starting The Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Puran Kumar Gurung
| image = File:The Chief Guest MLA, Chujachen, Shri Puran Kumar Gurung addressing the valedictory function of the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, at Rongli, East Sikkim on December 06, 2013.jpg
| caption = Public Information Campaign on [[Bharat Nirman]] at [[Rongli]] on December 2013.
| office1 = [[Second Tamang ministry|Minister of Agriculture & Horticulture of Sikkim]]
| term_start1 = 11 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| governor1 = [[Lakshman Acharya]] [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| predecessor1 = [[Lok Nath Sharma]]
| successor1 =
| office3 = [[Second Tamang ministry|Minister of Fisheries of Sikkim]]
| term_start3 = 11 June 2024
| term_end3 =
| governor3 = [[Lakshman Acharya]] [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Second Tamang ministry|Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services of Sikkim]]
| term_start4 = 11 June 2024
| term_end4 =
| governor4 = [[Lakshman Acharya]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| predecessor4 = [[Lok Nath Sharma]]
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Member of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 1 June 2024
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = [[Krishna Bahadur Rai (Indian politician)|Krishna Bahadur Rai]]
| successor5 =
| constituency5 = [[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
| term_start6 = 2009
| term_end6 = 2014
| predecessor6 = ''Constituency established''
| successor6 = Bikram Pradhan
| constituency6 = [[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place = [[Aritar, Sikkim]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| other_party = [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Sikkim Government College]]
}}
'''Puran Kumar Gurung''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]]. He is an MLA of [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] from [[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]] Assembly Constituency in Pakyong district. He won the [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puran Kr Gurung, SKM Candidate from Chujachen Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sikkim/puran-kr.-gurung-assembly-candidate-s21aed2008a020e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=HIGHLIGHTS - Assembly poll results: SKM sweeps Sikkim, BJP set for a third term in Arunachal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/live/2024/Jun/02/ls-polls-live-updates-counting-of-votes-in-arunachal-sikkim-assembly-polls-underway |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gurung is a resident of Aritar Basty post, [[Aritar, Sikkim|Aritar]], [[East Sikkim]]. He was born to Dilli Samsher Gurung. He passed the Senior Secondary School Examination, equivalent to Class 12, at Chujachen Senior Secondary School in 1985. Later, he completed Bachelor of Arts from [[Sikkim Government College]], affiliated to [[University of North Bengal]] in 1987. He married Asha Gurung and has two sons, Kenny Gurung and Shawan Gurung.<ref name="myneta">{{cite web|url=https://docs.myneta.info/affidavits/2009sikkim/7553/Puran%20Kr%20Gurung.pdf|date=2015-08-13|title= Annexure XIII C – Form 26 |access-date=2024-06-03}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gurung started his political career with [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] and was first elected as an MLA from Chujachen Assembly Constituency in 2009. He won the [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Harka Raj Gurung of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 5,963 votes. He again won from Chujachen Assembly Constituency in the [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He defeated Mani Kumar Gurung of Sikkim Democratic Front by a maring of 3,334 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Sikkim Elections Winners Losers List: SKM secures 2nd consecutive win. Here is the full list of winners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/sikkim/sikkim-assembly-elections-2024-results-constituencies-wise-winners-and-losers-list/articleshow/110631220.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHUJACHEN Assembly Constituency, Sikkim- 020 |url=https://proneta.in/chujachen_assembly_constituency_sikkim-020/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=proneta.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puran Kumar, Gurung}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]

Keeripulla

2026-04-06T01:48:40Z

KJIMarquis: New pg

{{Infobox film
| name = Keeripulla
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Firose Khan]]
| writer = Firose Khan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Manisha Khan
| starring = [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] [[Disha Pandey]] Firose Khan
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mohanaraman
| editing = S. P. Ahamed
| music = Jeffrey
| studio = Angel Film International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|3|29|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="Sify">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – March 29 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-29-kbkr-vs-con-news-tamil-nd3kWUjifff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330122913/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-29-kbkr-vs-con-news-tamil-nd3kWUjifff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 March 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 29 March 2013 |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Keeripulla''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Firose Khan]], who co-stars in the film alongside [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] and [[Disha Pandey]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] as Keeri
*[[Disha Pandey]] as Sandhya
*[[Firose Khan]] as Dorai
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Naaga
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as the bus conductor
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as a police officer
*[[Nellai Siva]] as a police officer
*[[Vengal Rao]] as a police officer
*Usha Elizabeth as Sandhya's mother
}}

== Production ==
As of early 2012, [[Disha Pandey]] had shot for fifteen days for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dhisha-is-waiting/articleshow/11776450.cms|title=Dhisha is waiting|date=14 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-all-in-the-game/article4732909.ece|title=Getting busy|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|date=20 May 2013|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808130029/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-all-in-the-game/article4732909.ece#google_vignette|archive-date=8 August 2013|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> A small sequence was shot at the [[VGP Universal Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5znNJuc9g5E|title=Kollywood Actor Feroz Khan | Chennai Pattinam|date=19 December 2013|language=ta|via=[[YouTube]]|work=[[Peppers TV]]|access-date=5 April 2026|time=12:04-12:09}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Jeffrey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/keeripulla-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/686037916|title=Keeripulla (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Jeffrey on Apple Music|date=5 February 2013|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>
| title1 = Kanavukul
| extra1 = Piyush
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Poar Vaal
| extra2 = Bala Bharathy, Anandhu
| length2 = 3:26
| title3 = Thalaivan
| extra3 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| length3 = 4:09
| title4 = Un Eera Kaanaal
| extra4 = [[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]]
| length4 = 5:34
| title5 = Vazhvu Ethu
| extra5 = Priyanka
| length5 = 4:13
| total_length = 21:35
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 29 March 2013 alongside ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'', ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' and ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]''.<ref name="Sify"/>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote, "‘''Keeripulla''’ is an unpretentious movie and from the word go we get a clear picture of what is in store".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/keeripulla/movie-review/19288343.cms|title=Keeripulla Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Keeripulla by Times of India|date=10 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With chases and stunts and twists and turns weaved in for good measure, the director has attempted to keep the momentum going for the most part. But the excess of ‘shock’ elements, act as stumbling blocks through the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Mar/30/keeripulla-tamil-463353.html|title=Keeripulla (Tamil)|first=Malini|last=Mannath|date=30 March 2013|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13358560}}

[[Category:2010s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Margao

2026-03-28T10:54:20Z

KJIMarquis: rework content as per guidelines and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Margao
| native_name = {{nativename|gom|Modgaum}} {{native name |pt|Margão}}
| settlement_type = [[Municipal council|City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 320
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Front Elevation of Margao Municipal Council (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Margao cityscape from Gogol (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Holy Spirit Church, Margao.jpg
| image4 = Costa Residence Margao.jpg
| image5 = Fatorda Stadium, Goa.jpg
| image6 = Madgaon Railway station Entrance.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top to bottom (left to right): Margao municipal council, Holy Spirit Church, [[Fatorda Stadium]], Margao cityscape, House of Seven Gables, [[Konkan Railway|Railway station]]
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1171|frame-width=270|frame-height=340|frame-lat=15.34|frame-long=74.06|stroke-width=3|zoom=9|type2=point|coord2={{coord|15|16|25|N|73|57|29|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
| map_caption = Location of Margao in [[Goa]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|16|25|N|73|57|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Sub-district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salcete]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name = [[Viriato Fernandes]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| leader_title2 = Chairperson
| leader_name2 = Pooja Naik<ref name="election">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/goa-forward-grabs-%E2%80%98margao-municipality%E2%80%99-again-.html |title=Goa Forward Grabs 'Margao Municipality' Again |work=[[Prudent Media]] |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Vice-chairperson
| leader_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 16.10
| area_metro_km2 = 24.1
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 87,650<ref name="census2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 106,484<ref name="census2011">
{{Citation
| last = Chandramouli
| first = C.
| author-mask = C. Chandramouli
| date = 2015
| orig-year = 2010–11
| title = Margao Urban Region
| work = Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| agency = Census Organization of India
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/415-margao.html
}}
</ref>
| population_demonym = ''Madgaonkar''
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 403601/2
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0832
| registration_plate = GA-02, GA-08
| website = {{URL|http://www.mmcmargao.gov.in/|mmcmargao.gov.in}}
| area_metro_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6809/1/official_language_act.pdf |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=indiacode.nic.in }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Goa |url=https://dip.goa.gov.in/languages-of-goa/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231202646/https://dip.goa.gov.in/languages-of-goa/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |website=Department of Information and Publicity}}</ref> and [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 (Act No. 5 of 1987) [14-4-1987] |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/7081/1/ocrol.pdf |website=Secretary to the Government of Goa, Daman and Diu |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Cultural
| demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Portuguese language in Goa|Portuguese]]<ref>Portuguese is culturally present as various creoles, and in places like churches.</ref>}}
| official_name = Margao
}}

'''Margao''' ({{langx|gom|Modgaum}}, {{ipa|kok|mɵɖɡãʋ|ipa}}; {{langx|pt|Margão}}, {{ipa|pt|mɐɾɡɐ̃ũ|ipa}}) is the commercial capital of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]]. It stands on the banks of the river [[Sal River (India)|Sal]]. It is the district headquarters of [[South Goa district|South Goa]], and administrative headquarters of [[Salcete]] [[Tehsils of India|sub-district]]. It is Goa's second largest city by population after [[Mormugao]].

== Etymology ==
Margão is the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] spelling. The etymology of the name has been debated, with theories ranging from the name having evolved from the pre-colonial Mahargao (village of [[Mahar]]s, a community of weavers)<ref>{{cite news|last= Gracias|first= Radharao F.|date= 23 February 2021|title= Mahargao or Mathagram?|work= [[OHeraldo]]|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Opinions/Mahargao-or-Mathagram/171344|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> to being derived from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|मठग्राम}} (Maṭhagrāma, a village of monasteries) owing to the shrines of [[Matsyendranath]] and [[Gorakhnath]]<ref name="satos">{{cite book|last= Satoskar|first= B.D.|title= Gomantak: Prakṛitī āṇi Saṃskṛitī|date= 1979
|publisher= Śubhdā-Sārasvat|page= 113}}</ref> in Ravanphond, now a suburb of Margao.<ref name="nath">{{cite book|last= Mitragotri
|first= Vithal Raghavendra|title= A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|date= 1999|publisher= Institute Menezes Braganza|pages= 151–152}}</ref>

Alternatively, Margão may be derived from Mharuganv (village of demons), or Maravile{{Clarify|reason="maravile" is not a Portuguese word, it probably should be "maravilha" (which indeed means "marvellous")|date=September 2024}}, Portuguese for "marvellous village."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mymargao.barretomiranda.com/margao-cycle-tour/|title=Margao Cycle Tour – My Margao }}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Battle of Margão (1659)}}
Prior to Portuguese rule, Margao was an important settlement and known as Maṭhagrāma (the village of monasteries) as it enshrined nine mathas in temple schools. Its replacement in 1579 was destroyed by raiders. The present church was built in 1675.<ref>"Hindu temples and deities" by Rui Gomes Pereira</ref><ref>"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B.D.Satoskar</ref>

While the western side of the Holy Spirit Church developed as a market place, the settlement grew on the eastern side, that is, the Borda region.

===Câmara Municipal de Salcete===
The [[Municipality]] during the erstwhile Portuguese regime was known as "[[Câmara Municipal]] de Salcete",<ref name=" Camara Municipal de Salcete">{{cite web |title=NIC |url=https://goaulbservice.gov.in/margao.aspx |website=goaulbservice.gov.in |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> catering to all the villages in Salcete Taluka for over 300 years until the Goa Municipalities Act of 1968 came into force. The Câmara Municipal de Salcete is now reconstituted into Margao Municipal Council. The Members of the Câmara Municipal de Salcete were then nominated by the Government, but after the reconstitution of the Municipal Council, the Members to all the 25 wards (13 in Margao & 12 in Fatorda) are elected by the Members of the council.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Margao's importance as an administrative and commercial area grew with the increasing dependence of the surrounding towns and villages; leading to the administrative center with the town hall at its center being built in the south.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

In 1961, [[Annexation of Goa]] led to its incorporation into the [[India|Republic of India]], and Margao was declared as the administrative center of the district of [[South Goa]].

==Geography==
===Topography===
Margao is located at {{Coord|15|16|25|N|73|57|29|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation
| url = https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Madgaon.html
| title = Madgaon, India Page
| website = Falling Rain Genomics, Inc
| access-date = 28 June 2017
}}
</ref>

Nestled on the banks of the [[Sal River (India)|Sal River]], Portuguese style mansions dot its landscape. One of the fastest growing cities in Goa, its fast growing suburbs include [[Aquem]], [[Fatorda]], [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]], [[Borda, Goa|Borda]], [[Comba, Goa|Comba]], [[Navelim]] and [[Davorlim]].

===Climate===
Margao features a typical [[Konkan]] [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Am''). The "hot" season lasts from March until May when the temperature reaches up to {{Convert|36|C|F|1|disp=or}} and the "cool" from December to February when it is usually ranges from {{Convert|15|to|28|C|F|1}}. From June to September [[monsoon of South Asia|the monsoon]] brings extremely heavy rainfall, oppressive humidity and gusty winds. The annual average rainfall is {{Convert|2,881|mm|in|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box
| location = Margao
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 30.9
| Feb high C = 33.7
| Mar high C = 36.1
| Apr high C = 37.0
| May high C = 38.3
| Jun high C = 30.4
| Jul high C = 29.0
| Aug high C = 28.8
| Sep high C = 29.7
| Oct high C = 35.7
| Nov high C = 32.9
| Dec high C = 29.6
| Jan low C = 21
| Feb low C = 22
| Mar low C = 23
| Apr low C = 25.5
| May low C = 26.4
| Jun low C = 24.7
| Jul low C = 24.3
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 23.9
| Oct low C = 23.8
| Nov low C = 22.2
| Dec low C = 20
|rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0
| Feb rain mm = 0.1
| Mar rain mm = 0.6
| Apr rain mm = 7.2
| May rain mm = 97.1
| Jun rain mm = 861.5
| Jul rain mm = 899.8
| Aug rain mm = 591.6
| Sep rain mm = 256.3
| Oct rain mm = 116.5
| Nov rain mm = 33.9
| Dec rain mm = 16.2
| source = [http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/goa2.htm IMD]
| date = May 2012
}}

==Demographics==
{{pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Margao (2011)<ref name="INcen11">{{cite report
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803249-margao-goa.html
| title = Margao Population Census 2011 #Margao Religion Data 2011
| work = [[2011 Census of India]]
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| access-date = 6 September 2017
}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = DarkOrange
| value1 = 53.61
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| value2 = 28.22
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| color3 = DarkGreen
| value3 = 17.65
| label4 = [[Jainism]]
| color4 = Pink
| value4 = 0.32
| label5 = [[Sikhism]]
| color5 = DarkKhaki
| value5 = 0.07
| label6 = [[Buddhism]]
| color6 = Yellow
| value6 = 0.06
| label7 = Other or not religious
| color7 = Black
| value7 = 0.08
}}

As of the [[2011 census of India]],<ref name="2011census">
{{Citation
| last = Chandramouli
| first = C.
| author-mask = C. Chandramouli
| date = 2015
| orig-year = 2010–11
| title = Goa State Tables
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/goa/Tables.pdf
| work = Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| agency = Census Organization of India
}}
</ref> Margao had a population of 87,650.<ref name="census2011"/> Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. It had an average literacy rate of 90%; male literacy was 93%, and female literacy 86.8%. In Margao, 9.8% of the population was under 7 years of age. With a population of 106,484 in the metropolitan area, Margao is second largest [[Urban agglomeration]] in Goa.<ref name="census2011"/>

===Languages===
[[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the most widely spoken language in Margao, followed closely by English. [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is still spoken and understood by a small number of people. [[Hindi]] is also spoken and understood by a majority of the city's population as a language to converse with non-konkani, non-English speaking people. The dialect of Konkani in South Goa differs notably from that spoken in North Goa. Marathi is also understood to a significant level. A sizeable fraction of the flower and vegetable merchants converse in [[Kannada]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==Government and politics==
Margao is part of [[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Culture/Cityscape==
The city is also claimed as the cultural capital of [[Goa]]. A cultural center named [[Ravindra Bhavan, Margao|Ravindra Bhavan]] was inaugurated by the then [[Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Digambar Kamat]] in July 2008 at [[Fatorda]] which is also one of the official venues for the [[International Film Festival of India]].

Margao also has Goa's biggest sports stadium, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Nehru Stadium]] at [[Fatorda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58301.html |title=Nehru Stadium |work=Cricinfo |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref>

The [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] was held in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rediff On The NeT: Kusumagraj dies at 87 |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/10kusum.htm |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Rediff |date=10 March 1999}}</ref>

Some of the theatres in Margao include the [[Gomant Vidya Niketan]], OSIA Multiplex, Vishant and Lata; in addition to Goa's biggest theatre, the Metropole. Inox has recently launched a multiplex with a capacity of 904 seats. The Gomat Vidya Niketan is a premier centre for arts in the town.

People from all over Goa congregate at the special market to buy spices and dried fish to be used during the monsoons.

The usual specialities that are found in the cuisine of Goa are also to be found in Margao. The curry of Margao is a praised local speciality. Cans of [[curry]] of Margao are currently exported to Portugal and elsewhere.

Margao is also the name of a brand of spices sold in Portugal.

===Tourism===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Margao city hall.jpg|thumb|250px|'Camara Municipal de Salcete' Margao city hall - by night]]
[[File:Margao muncipal garden.jpg|thumb|Margao Municipal Garden, located in the heart of the city.]]
[[File:Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium from Gogol.jpg|thumb|[[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], captured from Gogol Hill]]
The town has many sights and destinations. These include the ''Mercado de Afonso de Albuquerque'' which roughly translates to closed market and colloquially known as "Pimplapedd" or "Pimpalakatta", the municipal building (''[[Câmara Municipal]]''), the municipal garden named after benefactor Prince Aga Khan, Anna Fonte (natural springs), Old Market or ''Mercado Velho'', Holy Spirit Church, grand colonial mansions such as the Seven Gables House, the chapel at Monte Hill.

Some of the town suburbs include Pajifond, Aquem, [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]], [[Borda, Goa|Borda]], Malbhat, Madel, Kharebandh, Old Market, [[Navelim]] and Comba, the last two being the oldest parts of the town.

Pandava Caves Located in Aquem Behind St. Sebestian Church.

There are a number of temples and churches in Margao city The famous churches in Margao are the Holy Spirit Church, the Grace Church, The St Sebastian Church in Aquem (The Old St. Sebastian Chapel, popularly known as the Pandava Copel still stands next to the modern St. Sebastian Church) and the Monte Hill Chapel. The famous temples are the 'Damodar Temple' (Saal), the 'Hari Mandir', the 'Maruti Mandir' at Davorlim the 'Saibaba Temple' at Davorlim, the 'Shiv Temple' (Ling) at Fatorda near Nehru Stadium (which is the original Temple of Damodara). There are two mosques in Margao, one in the Malbhat area and one on the Monte hill. There is also a [[Jain]] temple and a Jama'at Khana for the Khoja faith in Pajifond. There is also a Muslim community of [[Nizaris]] living in Margao.

===Landmarks===


==== Municipal Garden ====
In the centre of the town is the Municipal Garden, known as Praça Jorge Barreto, around which most restaurants and office buildings are located. On the park's south side are the colonial style red-washed Municipal building, known as Margao Town Hall which was built in 1905, and the Library. The northern segment of the Municipal garden was developed by the Mavany family and is named after His Highness Prince Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV/Imam of Nizari Ismaili Muslims who visited Goa just before its liberation. The entire garden is now municipal property and is maintained by the Margao Municipal Council.

==== The Holy Spirit Church ====
The Largo de Igreja, or the Church of the Holy Spirit, was built by the Portuguese in 1675 and boasts a pristine white façade and an interior dripping with gilt crystal and stucco. The Municipal Garden square is defined on one side by the church with its baroque architecture and the parochial house, and on the other side by the palatial mansions of affluent elite Catholics, positioned in a row. The ''Associação das Communidades'' (Communities Association) building and the school being the odd exceptions which add to its character and sense of scale. They have a maximum height of two stories, and ''balcões'' [[Balcony|balconies]] and ''varandas'' ([[veranda]]s) facing the square. Parallel to the church square is the commercial street (old market). There is also a landscaped area next to the church called ''Praça da Alegria'' (Joy Square). The church feast is celebrated before the monsoons, it is a time when many residents make pre-monsoon purchases to stock up for a prolonged rainy season.

==== House of Seven Gables ====
Just within walking distance of the Holy Spirit Church, is the famous "House of Seven Gables" or "Sat Burzam Ghor". This magnificent mansion was built by Inacio Sebastiao da Silva, emissary and private secretary of the Portuguese Viceroy, in 1790. Today, only three of the seven gables remain. The family church with its Baroque and Rococo workmanship, exhibits the loftiness of the Portuguese time.

==== Narcinva D. Naik residence and Damodar Sal ====
The Narcinva D. Naik residence houses Margao's well-known temple-hall known as Damodar Sal or Dambaba Saal. The house played host to [[Swami Vivekananda]] during his visit to Goa in October 1892 before proceeding to Chicago to address the Parliament of Religions<ref>[http://www.goacom.com/joel/news/2006apr/18apr06.htm News article from] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029200714/http://www.goacom.com/joel/news/2006apr/18apr06.htm|date=29 October 2006}}. goacom.com. Retrieved on 27 April 2012.</ref>

==Transport==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}

===By Air===
The nearest international airport is the [[Dabolim Airport]] which is 23 km away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/goa_generalinfo.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=Aai.aero |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421123224/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/goa_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref> Goa's new international airport at [[Manohar International Airport|Mopa]], inaugurated in 2022, is 64 km away.

===By Rail===
[[Madgaon railway station]] is a railway junction positioned at the intersection of the [[Konkan Railway]] and the [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]] ([[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]]) and is Goa's busiest. Due to its location and connectivity, the station is often used as a transit stop by many people who either head off down south to popular tourist destinations such as [[Palolem]] (38 km) or to [[Benaulim]] and [[Colva]].

Margao hosted the test track for the [[Skybus Metro]] project,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sky Bus (The Urban Transport Technology For The New Millenium) |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/sky_bus.htm |website=konkanrailway.com |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060531160141/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/sky_bus.htm |archive-date=31 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an elevated rail system patented by the [[Konkan Railway Corporation]],<ref name="patent">{{cite web |title=Intellectual Property Of Konkan Railway |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/krcl_patent.htm |website=konkanrailway.com |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060312010512/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/krcl_patent.htm |archive-date=12 March 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This project was allegedly scrapped due to an accident which occurred during the test drive killing one engineer and seriously injuring three crew members.<ref name="accident">{{cite news |last1=Sastry |first1=Anil |title=Sky Bus Metro resumes after 3 months |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114221729/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122304661200.htm |archive-date=14 January 2005}}</ref> B Rajaram who had invented the rail system has stated that in his opinion the accident was avoidable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajaram |first1=B |title=Anti-collision Device network( Raksha Kavach) for rail guided systems |date=20 July 2010 |url=https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1yYQcyramb5wecESziWdwWZtxdXkZpUQ897COcdE8H1I}}</ref>

===By Road===
Margao is on the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] (erstwhile, NH 17; also formerly part of NH 47). Thereby, it is connected to other cities such as [[Panvel]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Sawantwadi]], and [[Panaji]] to its north, and [[Karwar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Shiroor]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Kanyakumari]] to its south. At Panvel, at the junction with [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]], it connects to [[Mumbai]].

Also, there is road which connects Margao to [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[São José de Areal]], [[Sanvordem]], Chandor, and other towns of Goa state.

Margao is located approximately {{Convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the capital [[Panjim]], and {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Dabolim Airport]], {{convert|560|km}} south of Mumbai.

Margao is well connected by [[Kadamba Transport Corporation]] buses, private taxis, Goa Miles, interstate bus corporations, and private luxury coaches.

==Education==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
Margao is home to many schools and colleges, the alumni of which have made significant contributions to Goa's cultural and scientific landscape. Most schools function in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by the Directorate of Education and the [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. The oldest, the [[Loyola High School (Goa)]] near the Old Bus Stand, is a [[Jesuit]]-run school. Other schools include Bhatikar Model English High School (established in 1935) named after its founder Late Pandurang Raya Bhatikar<ref>[http://www.bhatikarmodel.org/inspiration.php Bhatikar Model High School. Margao, Goa, India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503203249/http://www.bhatikarmodel.org/inspiration.php |date=3 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bhatikarmodel.org/aboutus.php Bhatikar Model High School. Margao, Goa, India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830140745/http://www.bhatikarmodel.org/aboutus.php |date=30 August 2014 }}</ref> and Mahila & Nutan High School which was established as Samaj Seva Sangh's Mahila Vidyalay for girls in 1933 and started co-ed intake in June 1972.<ref>[https://www.mahilanutan.org/about-us/index.html About Us | Mahila & Nutan English High School]</ref> Manovikas English Medium School and Vidya Vikas Academy affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] are highly sought after.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://manovikas.in/manovikas/cms/ |title=Welcome to iSchool |access-date=3 May 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927114807/http://manovikas.in/manovikas/cms/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The other educational institutes in Margao include St.Joseph High School<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stjosephschoolaquem.net/ |title=St Joseph High School, Margao (GOA) |access-date=3 May 2014 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122190656/http://www.stjosephschoolaquem.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> at Aquem, Govt. High School Vidyanagar,<ref name="List"/> Holy Spirit Institute,<ref name="navhindtimes.in">[http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/schools-margao-show-good-results-ssc-examination Schools in Margao show good results at SSC examination | iGoa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503210252/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/schools-margao-show-good-results-ssc-examination |date=3 May 2014 }}</ref> Presentation Convent High School,<ref name="List">{{cite news |title=SSC seating arrangements |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/SSC-seating-arrangements/160813 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Herald Goa |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Fatima Convent High School,<ref name="navhindtimes.in" /> Perpetual Convent High School located in Navelim,<ref name="List"/> and Popular High School in Comba near police station.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Monteiro |first1=Lisa |title=Margao's constructive filmmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/margaos-constructive-filmmaker/articleshow/49121139.cms |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

The colleges in Margao include [[The Parvatibai Chowgule College]] which was housed in Portuguese Military Barracks opposite Multipurpose High School in Vidyanagar. The college moved to its present location in 1972 under the direction of then principal P. S. Rege. Shree Damodar College of Commerce and Economics and Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law provide post secondary education in Commerce and Law respectively. Schools such as Shree Damodar Higher Secondary School Of Science and R.M.S Higher Secondary School focus exclusively on higher secondary education. There is also a government-run ITI (Industrial Training Institute) in Borda which imparts technical education. Don Bosco College of Engineering located at Fatorda is a technical degree granting institute in the town.

==Notable people==
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
*[[Anthony Mendes]] (1920–1964), Indian actor and comedian
*[[Brandon Fernandes]] (born 1994), Indian professional footballer
*[[Dilip Sardesai]] (1940–2007), Indian international cricketer
*[[Floriano Vaz]] (1963–1986), Indian writer and activist
*[[Pai Tiatrist]] (1871–1947), Portuguese playwright and theatre actor
*[[Percival Noronha]] (1923–2019), Indian historian and heritage conservationist
*[[Roy de Chinchinim]] (born 1984), Indian playwright and director

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="150" perrow="4" caption="Life in Margao">
File:IN-Goa-margao-strasse.jpg|Margao, India
File:Crossing Guard in Margao .jpg|Margao Crossing Guard
File:Rishshaw stand .jpg|Rickshaw Stand
File:Madgao Municipal Council Bldg.JPG|Margao Municipal Council Building
File:Vendor at Margao Fish Market.jpg|Vendor at Margao Fish Market
File:St. Sebastian Church Aquem.JPG|Old and new ''Igreja de São Sebastião'' - St. Sebastian Church in Aquem
File:Margao Fish Market.jpg|Fish Market
File:IN-Goa-margao-kirchplatz.jpg|''Casa de Saúde'', Margao
File:Margao Municipal Park.jpg|Margao Municipal Park
File:Margao. Goa. India. Маргао. Гоа. Индия - panoramio (1).jpg|Margao, India
File:Madgaon Station Main Platform - panoramio.jpg|Margao Station Main Platform
File:Holy Spirit Church. Margao. Goa. India. Церковь Святого Духа. Маргао. Гоа. Индия - panoramio.jpg|''Igreja do Espírito Santo'', Holy Spirit Church, Margão
File:Confidant House, Margao, west elevation.jpg|Confidant House, Margao, west elevation. The building contains a library and bookshops.
File:Madgao Panorama 24012016.jpg|Margao, India
File:Lohia Maidan.jpg|Statue of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] in Lohia Maidan
File:Margao Post Office, December 2018.jpg|Margao Post Office
File:Pipal katta.jpg|Damodar Temple near Pipal Katta
</gallery>

==See also==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Madgaon (MAO)'''
|-
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Small' station towards Mumbai: '''[[Majorda]]'''
|style="width:40%;" colspan="2" |'''[[Konkan Railway]] : Railway (India)'''
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Small' station from Mangalore: '''Balli'''
|-
|'''Distance from Mumbai(CST) = 765 km'''
|-
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Main' station towards Mumbai: '''[[Kudal]]'''
|style="width:40%;" colspan="2" |'''[[Konkan Railway]] : Railway (India)'''
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Main' station from Mangalore '''[[Karwar]]'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Margao}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Margao}}

{{Localities in and around Margao}}
{{Goa topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Margao| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]

Neerparavai

2026-03-27T08:03:21Z

KJIMarquis: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neerparavai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Seenu Ramasamy [[B. Jeyamohan]]
| screenplay = Seenu Ramasamy
| story = Seenu Ramasamy
| producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnu Vishal]]
*[[Sunaina]]
*[[Nandita Das]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Balasubramaniem]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| distributor = Red Giant Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|30}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Neerparavai''''' ({{translation|Seabird}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=17 January 2015 |title=Going wild over titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412163731/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Seenu Ramasamy]], and produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]. It stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Sunaina]], while [[Nandita Das]] plays the older version of the latter's character. [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Varsha Ashwathi]], and [[Anupama Kumar]] play supporting roles. The music is composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] with cinematography by [[Balasubramaniem]] and editing by [[Kasi Viswanathan]]. The film was released on 30 November 2012. Saranya won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] for her performance

== Plot ==
The film is introduced when an old lady's son and daughter-in-law come to stay in her house in a coastal village, where she lives by herself. The son asks his mother to sell off the house, so that he can build a house in the city with help from his father in law, but the old lady refuses to sell the house. The son and daughter-in-law notice that the lady often goes to the beach, and prays in the garden every night. When they ask her why she goes to the beach, she says that she is waiting for her husband to come. The son gets angry and reminds her that she has been waiting for 25 years, and he is not going to come. Whilst the mother goes to the beach, the couple digs the spot in the garden where she prays and find a skeleton. They report this to the police, and the case is handled by Inspector Agnes, who begins interrogating the old lady. The old lady tells her past.

Arulappasamy is a young man who is an alcoholic and wastrel and also a constant embarrassment to his hardworking adopted parents. Esther is an orphan girl who is adopted by a nun named Sister Benita, and she stays in the church. Arulappan slowly gets attracted to Esther, and his love for her changes him. He gives up drinking and wants to work so that he can marry Esther. However, the local fishermen do not allow him to go into the sea. The young man, due to his determination, buys a boat, marries his love, and life is all rosy until fate intervenes.

The married couple has a son. One day, Arulappan goes to fish, but after several days, he does not return. Esther is really worried about him. They find his body in a boat shot and bring him home. Esther says to keep him in the house, and it was all her fault because she is the one who sent him to work.
Now at present in the court when the judge asks her why she accepted the blame of killing her husband for which Esther says she was the one who urged him to go for work, leading to his death. The son later asks for forgiveness and tells that he will not ask for that house, for which Esther says she doesn't want the house as her husband isn't there any more. The police releases the old lady and the inspector asks why she waits for her husband to come if she knows that he is dead. She says that only his body returned to shore, but his soul is still in the sea and believes that it will come to see her one day, after saying so she rushes to the beach. The movie ends with her waiting at the beach day and night for her husband's soul.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Arulappasamy (credited as Vishnu)
* [[Sunaina]] as Esther
** [[Nandita Das]] as older Esther
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Mary
* [[P. Samuthirakani]] as Attha Uduman Gani
* [[Varsha Ashwathi]] as Inspector Agnes
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Sister Benita: Esther's adoptive mother
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Church Father
* [[Poo Ram]] as Lourdhusamy
* Yogi Devaraj as Abraham
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Ebenezer
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Joseph Bharathi
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Annachi
* [[Manochitra]] as Annachi's sister
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Anthony
* [[Aruldoss]] as Fisherman
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Radhakrishnan
* [[Theepetti Ganesan]]
* [[Seenu Ramasamy]] as doctor (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
[[Seenu Ramasamy]] chose [[B. Jeyamohan]] to pen the dialogues for his film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2011 |title=Seenuramasamy ropes in Jeyamohan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/news-interviews/30297308_1_film-mani-ratnam-thenmerku-paruvakkaatru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714092405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/news-interviews/30297308_1_film-mani-ratnam-thenmerku-paruvakkaatru |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=19 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The lead male role was initially supposed to be enacted by [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Vimal and Seenu Ramasamy teams up |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vimal-and-seenu-ramasamy-teams-up-news-tamil-lktmJtebfib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021114740/http://www.sify.com/movies/vimal-and-seenu-ramasamy-teams-up-news-tamil-lktmJtebfib.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=19 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Later, [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]] took over as Vimal was unable to allot dates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitra |date=31 July 2021 |title=நீர்ப்பறவை படத்தில் முதலில் நடிக்க இருந்த பிரபல நடிகர்.. மிகப்பெரிய வாய்ப்பை தவற விட்டதால் புலம்பல் |trans-title=The famous actor who was originally supposed to star in the film ''Neerparavai''... is mourning the loss of a big opportunity |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/vishnu-vishal-neerparavai-movie-1st-choice-vimal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201075810/https://www.cinemapettai.com/vishnu-vishal-neerparavai-movie-1st-choice-vimal/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref> It was produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under the [[Red Giant Movies]] banner.<ref name="Warrier">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=27 November 2012 |title='Neer Paravi is about the struggles of fishermen' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-neer-paravi-is-about-the-struggles-of-fishermen/20121127.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201070520/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-neer-paravi-is-about-the-struggles-of-fishermen/20121127.htm |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Bindu Madhavi]] was signed up to portray the lead female role in January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bindu Madhavi in Neer Paravai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bindu-madhavi-in-neer-paravai/articleshow/11336840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830054904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bindu-Madhavi-in-Neer-Paravai/articleshow/11336840.cms |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, she was subsequently replaced by [[Sunaina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2012 |title=Sunaina in Neerparavai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunaina-in-neerparavai/articleshow/12424946.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201071442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunaina-in-neerparavai/articleshow/12424946.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Nandita Das]], who previously appeared in critically acclaimed Tamil films including ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' and ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', was announced to be joining the team in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2012 |title=Nandita Das back in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-das-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/12731361.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327090300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-das-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/12731361.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Saranya Ponvannan]], who previously worked with the director in ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' which fetched her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|National Film Award for Best Actress]], was signed for a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=19 May 2012 |title=Award-winning mom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3436334.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727013155/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3436334.ece? |archive-date=27 July 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Major portions of the film were shot in [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Manapad]].<ref name="Warrier" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=6 November 2011 |title=Seenu Ramasamy is in Kanyakumari! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366474_1_new-film-kanyakumari-seenu-ramasamy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701183425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366474_1_new-film-kanyakumari-seenu-ramasamy |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=6 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Production was briefly delayed after Vishnu injured his arm while playing in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Director hits out at cricket league! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-hits-out-at-cricket-league/articleshow/11923854.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201075510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-hits-out-at-cricket-league/articleshow/11923854.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2012 |title=Vishnu keen to wrap up Neerparavai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/vishnu-keen-to-wrap-up-neerparavai-365749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201064618/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/vishnu-keen-to-wrap-up-neerparavai-365749.html |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[N. R. Raghunanthan]] composed the soundtrack. The lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neerparavai Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/neerparavai-tamil-film-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218024845/https://mossymart.com/shop/neerparavai-tamil-film-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> Raghunathan revealed that the song would have [[Classical music|western classical]], [[Latin music|Latin]], [[Music of France|French]] [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] and [[Carnatic music]] influences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 July 2012 |title=Raghunanthan's hands are full now |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news-interviews/32765473_1_sasikumar-second-film-national-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101172023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news-interviews/32765473_1_sasikumar-second-film-national-award |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio was launched at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] on 10 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title='Neer Paravai' audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neer-paravai-audio-launched-news-tamil-mklj3bedidb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011635/http://www.sify.com/movies/neer-paravai-audio-launched-news-tamil-mklj3bedidb.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A few lines in "Para Para" created controversy among [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Christians]], which led them to protest against the song; thus, the objected lyrics were changed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Vairamuthu changes the lyrics after protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vairamuthu-changes-the-lyrics-after-protests/articleshow/16863960.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201080045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vairamuthu-changes-the-lyrics-after-protests/articleshow/16863960.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2022 |title=Tamil songs with the most controversial lyrics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928184632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:34
| title1 = Meenuku
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length1 = 05:19
| title2 = Para Para
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length2 = 05:19
| title3 = Devan Magale
| extra3 = V. V. Prasanna, [[Saindhavi]]
| length3 = 04:44
| title4 = Raththa Kanneer
| extra4 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length4 = 04:06
| title5 = Para Para
| note5 = Sad
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| length5 = 05:19
| title6 = Yaar Vettu
| extra6 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| length6 = 03:28
| title7 = Para Para
| note7 = New
| extra7 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 05:19
}}

== Release ==
''Neerparavai'' was initially scheduled to release on 23 November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2012 |title='Neerparavai' on November 23 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-on-november-23-news-tamil-mk5oj4idjac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920153334/http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-on-november-23-news-tamil-mk5oj4idjac.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=31 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but was pushed by a week to 30 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2013 |title=Neerparavai from 30th Nov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-from-30th-nov/articleshow/17399390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201072105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-from-30th-nov/articleshow/17399390.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ahead of release, the film was denied entertainment tax exemption despite meeting the eligibility requirements, prompting the director to go on fast and he even approached the commissioner of Chennai Police for help.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2012 |title=Neerparavai director to go on fast! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-director-to-go-on-fast/articleshow/17140581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327110957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-director-to-go-on-fast/articleshow/17140581.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After Udhayanidhi approached the [[Madras High Court]], tax exemption was granted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2012 |title=Tax respite for Neerparavai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tax-respite-for-neerparavai/articleshow/17156517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327111536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tax-respite-for-neerparavai/articleshow/17156517.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Sify]]'' gave 4 stars with a "good" verdict and said the film was "a moving drama that will undoubtedly leave you with a lump in your throat. And films like this are hard to find."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neerparavai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-review-tamil-15014166.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322013107/http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-review-tamil-15014166.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film as "soaring high" and said, "If meaningful cinema matters to you, go for it," by adding, "as a producer, Udhayanidhi Stalin can be proud of having backed a purposeful film, and as a creator, Seenu Ramasamy makes the water bird preen, and soar with confidence."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 December 2012 |title=Neerparavai: Soaring high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/neerparavai-soaring-high/article4153629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054627/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Neerparavai-Soaring-high/article12373974.ece |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 out of 5 with a "go watch" tag and said "[It] is a beautiful record of the lives of a community, their hopes and dreams, and the harsh reality of their lives."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=30 November 2012 |title=Review: Go watch ''Neer Paravai''! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-neer-paravai/20121130.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203033054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-neer-paravai/20121130.htm |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote, "Although the film is backed by deft screenplay, one would still find it hard to sit through the first half because the film meanders at snail's pace" but concluded that the film "is a fitting and beautiful saga of sea-folks, whose lives most often get sabotaged by reality".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title='Neerparavai' - for the sea-folks (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Dec/02/neerparavai---for-the-sea-folks-tamil-430164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218030719/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Dec/02/neerparavai---for-the-sea-folks-tamil-430164.html |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "There is a lot to like in ''Neerparavai'' which seeks to highlight the issue of fishermen killings in the [[Palk Strait]]. But where the movie actually scores is not in the message it conveys, but in its handling of human relationships within an under-represented (on film and otherwise) community".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=30 November 2012 |title=Neerparavai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neerparavai/movie-review/17427272.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203143754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neerparavai/movie-review/17427272.cms |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Category
! Recipient
! Verdict
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620221418/http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Balasubramaniem]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|Poo Ramu
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|[[Nandita Das]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Vairamuthu]] (for "Para Para")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] for "Para Para"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Male Character Artist
| Poo Ramu
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140123/https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Neerparavai''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615085439/https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615085637/https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Sunaina]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| Nandita Das
| {{nom}}
|-
|Saranya Ponvannan
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Seenu Ramasamy}}

[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films directed by Seenu Ramasamy]]
[[Category:Films produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Nafrat Ki Aandhi

2026-03-25T19:52:05Z

KJIMarquis: fix formatting per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1989 film directed by Mehul Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nafrat Ki Aandhi
| image = Nafrat Ki Aandhi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mehul Kumar]]
| producer = Ratan Irani
| writer = Anwar Khan {{small|(dialogues)}} Indeevar & Anjaan {{small|(lyrics)}}
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Sushil Chopra
| editing = Yusuf Shaikh
| studio = Shree Jagdamba Movies Combines
| released = {{Film date|1989|03|17|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nafrat Ki Aandhi ''''' ({{translation}} ''Storm Of Hatred'') is a 1989 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], Produced by Ratan Irani on Shree Jagdamba Movies Combines banner and directed by [[Mehul Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nafrat Ki Aandhi - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nafrat_ki_aandhi_2 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] in lead roles and music composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nafrat Ki AandhiA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/nafrat-ki-aandhi/movieshow/61329902.cms |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Inspector Ravi Kapoor (Jeetendra) is an honest Police Officer, transferred back to the city after 5 years, Chandi Das Khurana (Amrish Puri) a smuggler & gangster, his younger brother Chotu (Shakti Kapoor) and his gang have old enmity with Ravi. Sonu Dada (Dharmendra) who is in line of crime runs a club which is closed by Ravi & arrests him, Sonu gets angry on Ravi for always quarreling with him, Chandi Das want to take advantage of it, one day when they are fighting with each other he plans to kill Ravi and trap Sonu in the case, but Ravi saves Sonu in the fight from then onwards they become good friends, Sonu changes his lifestyle & way of living and starts a mechanic shop. Ravi arrests Chandi Das and his gang red-handed with the help of Sonu and sends them to 6 years of imprisonment. Sonu loves Radha (Anita Raj) & Ravi's loves Geeta (Madhavi) they marry them on the same day, both of them blessed with a male child on the same day and they all live very happily for 6 years. After 6 years, Chandi Das & his gang is released from jail and they want to take revenge against Ravi & Sonu. One day Ravi is appointed on a special duty to safeguard valuable antic jewelers, Chandi Das want to acquire those jewelers so he kidnaps Ravi & Sonu's children and asks Ravi to get that Jewelers but Ravi doesn't surrender to them so they will kill Sonu's child as warning, Radha also dies to see the death of her child. Sonu becomes a fire and wants to take revenge against Chandi Das & his gang even though Ravi tries to stop him but Sonu doesn't listen to him because he lost everything in the life, he starts killing Chandi Das gang members one by one. There Ravi makes a plan to catch them he agrees to give the jewelers to Chandi Das but they keep him in their custody at the same time Sonu saves him, Ravi and Sonu both joins sees the end of Chandi Das but Sonu sacrifices his life to protect Ravi's child.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Sonu
*[[Jeetendra]] as Inspector Ravi Kapoor
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Commissioner Nath
*[[Anita Raj]] as Radha
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Geeta
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shaktidas Khurana "Chhotu"
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Chandidas Khurana
*[[Firoz Irani]] as Dhanpat
*[[Adi Irani]] as Vikrant
*[[Asrani]] as Constable Naamdar
*[[Neeta Puri]] as Dancer in He-Man song

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chahiye He Man"
| [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
| "Aaj Bawariya Hui"
| [[Anupama Deshpande]]
|-
| "Sapna Sapna Apna Hai"
| [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]
|-
| "Kal Dekhe The (Sad)"
| Shabbir Kumar
|-
| "Kaise Tum Thanedar"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0234309 |title=Nafrat Ki Aandhi}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mehul Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Madan Kaushik

2026-03-22T13:32:43Z

KJIMarquis:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Government of Uttarakhand|Cabinet Minister to the Government of Uttarakhand]]
| term_start = 20 March 2026
| office1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand|State President, BJP Uttarakhand]]
| predecessor1 = [[Banshidhar Bhagat]]
| successor1 = [[Mahendra Bhatt]]
| term_start1 = 12 March 2021
| term_end1 = 30 July 2022
| office2 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|1|11|df=y}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Madan Kaushik''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is currently serving as a cabinet minister of Panchayati Raj, Disaster Management and Rehabilitation and Census in the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] under [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/who-is-madan-kaushik-taken-oath-as-cabinet-minister-in-dhami-government-201773984345669.html |title=लगतार 5 बार जीता हरिद्वार, अब मिली धामी कैबिनेट में जगह; कौन है मदन कौशिक |website=Hindustan |date= |accessdate=2026-03-20}}</ref> He was the immediate past BJP's state president in [[Uttarakhand]] and serving his fifth term as MLA from [[Haridwar]] constituency. He is the former spokesperson for the [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. He is a member of the [[Legislative Assembly]] from [[Haridwar]] [[uttarakhand]]. He also served previously as the cabinet minister from 2017 to 2021 and also, from 2007 to 2012 in Bhartiya Janta Party government under the chief minister [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]], [[Bhuvan Chandra Khanduri]] and [[Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank|Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank]]. He was first elected as a member of the Legislative assembly in the year 2002 and subsequently in the year 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2022. In 2017, he won the elections with a margin of more than 37,000 votes, thereby getting the 68% of the total polled votes. He further won 2022 elections to serve his fifth term by winning with a margin of more than 15,000 votes. <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Row-over-BJP-legislator-Madan-Kaushik-s-WhatsApp-audio/articleshow/32933568.cms |title=Row over BJP legislator Madan Kaushik 's WhatsApp audio |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-03-30 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=65 |title=MADAN KAUSHIK (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Hardwar (Hardwar ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |website=Myneta.info |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/pro-bjp-wave-in-uttarakhand-says-haridwar-mla-kaushik/350464.html |title=Pro-BJP wave in Uttarakhand, says Haridwar MLA Kaushik |website=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 55.45% || Satpal Brahamchari || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 39.56%
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 65.91% || Brahmswroop Brahmchari || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 27.56%
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 51.26% || Satpal Brahamchari || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 40.81%
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 49.85% || [[Ambrish Kumar]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 18.17%
|-
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Haridwar Assembly constituency|Haridwar]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 31.26% || Paras Kumar Jain || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 26.33%
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/madan-kaushik-new-uttarakhand-bjp-chief-690490 Madan Kaushik appointed new Uttarakhand BJP chief, replaces Banshidhar Bhagat]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, Madan}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Battle of Kaiser-e-Hind Fortress

2026-03-19T06:49:52Z

KJIMarquis: started basic details basic info

{{Short description|Battle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Other uses|Kaiser-i-Hind (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Qaisar-i-Hind
| width =
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| image ] =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Pakistani [[Type 59 tank|T-59 tank column]] during the Western front of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
| date = 3–4 December 1971
| place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Pakistani victory<ref name=siddiqi/>
*Capture of Qaser-i-Hind citadel<ref name=siddiqi/><ref name=babarkhan/>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Lt. Col. Habib Ahmed, Baloch {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Lt. Col. Asif khursheed, Artillery<ref name=siddiqi>Muhammad Ali Siddiqi. [https://www.dawn.com/news/1161922 REVIEW: The Battle of Hussainiwala]. Dawn News. 8 February 2015.</ref> {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Maj. Gen. [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]<ref name=babarkhan>Babar Khan. [https://tribune.com.pk/story/2316000/commander-general-akhtar-abdul-rahman-khan Second-in-command: General Akhtar Abdul Rahman Khan]. Express Tribune. 17 August 2021.</ref>
| commander2 = {{flagicon|India|army}} Unknown
| units1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Baloch Regiment|41 Baloch]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|45 Field Artillery]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Punjab Regiment (India)#15 Punjab|15 Punjab]] and other units {{flagicon|India|air force}} [[Indian Air Force]]<ref name=siddiqi/>
| strength1 = 1,400
| strength2 = 2,300
| casualties1 = 67 killed 120 wounded
| casualties2 = 125 killed 238 wounded Dozens of weapons captured
| notes =
| campaignbox =
| image = Type-59 Tanks, 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.jpg
}}

'''Kaser-e-Hind''' or '''Qaser-i-Hind''' is a [[citadel]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. The fortress was briefly occupied by Pakistani military and was later returned to India after the end of [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 India-Pakistan War]]. 41 Baloch Regiment and 45 Field Regiment Pakistan Artillery were awarded battle honours for their tremendous and bold victory over the citadel.

==The battle==
On 3 December 1971, a unit of [[Baloch Regiment#Post-amalgamation history|41st Baloch]] under the command of Lt. Colonel Habib Ahmed launched an attack to capture the Qaiser-i-Hind fortress and the perimeter in the [[Hussainiwala|Hussainiwala sector]].<ref name=siddiqi/> The unit of 41st Baloch was supported by 45 Field Regiment commanded by Lt. Colonel Asif under the control of Major General [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]].<ref name=babarkhan/> The fierce battle involved usage of heavy artillery and tanks by both sides. After initial resistance faced by Pakistani troops, Gunners of 45 Field Regiment Artillery from Pakistan side wreaked havoc on the citadel through direct shootings by bringing the guns forward. The Indian Air Force was also used to attack the advancing Pakistani troops. However, due to resolve of Pakistani forces, by the night of 4 December 1971, the Indian troops eventually withdrew from the area.<ref name=siddiqi/> Qaiser-i-Hind citadel and Hussainiwala remained under the control Pakistani troops throughout the war. Following the end of 1971 war, the occupied territory was returned to India.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Casualties and losses==
67 Pakistanis were killed (including 1 officer) and 120 were wounded in the battle for the fortress, while Indian losses were around 125 killed, 238 wounded, as well as a large cache of weaponry captured by Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Gallantry==
Many officers and soldiers of 41st Baloch and 45 Field were awarded medals for displaying act of bravery and courage throughout the conflict.<ref name=siddiqi/> 41 Baloch regiment and 45 Field Artillery Regiment both earned the title of "Fateh Qasar-e-Hind" for their performance during the capture of Qaiser-i-Hind. Lieutenant Afzal Nawaz from 45 Field Regiment Artillery was posthumously awarded [[Sitara-e-Jurat]], Pakistan's third-highest gallantry award, for exhibiting exceptional bravery during his role as observer.

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Chumb (1971)]]
* [[Battle of Hussainiwala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser-e-Hind 1971}}
[[Category:1970s in Punjab, India|Battle of Kaiser-e-Hind Fortress]]
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving India]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving Pakistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1971]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]

{{battle-stub}}
{{India-struct-stub}}

Avantivarman of Kashmir

2026-03-11T17:14:05Z

KJIMarquis: improve layout for clarity and added references

{{Short description|King of Kashmir from 855 to 883}}{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| name = Avantivarman
| image = King Avantivarman and his Queen.png
| caption = King Avantivarman and his Queen
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|King of Kashmir]]
| reign = 855 – 11 June 883<ref name="ASI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_jk_avantipur.asp|title=Avantiswami Temple, Avantipur|work=[[Archeological Survey of India]]|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref>
| predecessor = Utpalapida
| successor = [[Sankaravarman]]
| house = [[Utpala dynasty|Utpala]]
| birth_date =
| father = Sukhavarman
| mother =
| issue = [[Sankaravarman]]
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox person
| child=yes
| relatives = Utpala (paternal grandfather)
}}
| death_date = 11 June 883<ref name="n439">{{cite web | title=The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab | last = Mishra | first = Yogendra | url=https://ia800604.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.99741/2015.99741.The-Hindu-Sahis-Of-Afghanistan-And-The-Punjab_text.pdf | access-date=23 October 2025 | page = 30}}</ref>
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| regnal name =
}}

'''Avantivarman''' (died 11 June 883) was the founder of the [[Utpala dynasty]] and [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|King of Kashmir]] from 855 to 883. He built the [[Avantiswami Temple]] in [[Awantipora]], [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]].

==Reign==
Avantivarman was the grandson of Utpala, one of the five brothers who had taken control of the [[Karkota dynasty|Karkota]] throne. Raised by Utpala's minister Sura, Anantivarman ascended the throne of [[Kashmir]] in 855, establishing the [[Utpala dynasty]] and ending the rule of the Karkotas. Avantivarman appointed Suyya, an engineer and architect as his prime minister.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|page=295|isbn=978-8122-411-98-0}}</ref> The country had been badly affected due to civil wars over the prior forty years. Avantivarman's reign restored the economy. Suyya carried out desilting of the [[Jhelum River]] and diverted its course.<ref name="Suyya">{{cite book|title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective|first=Mohini Qasba|last=Raina|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|year=2013|isbn=978-1482-899-47-4|page=9}}</ref>

During his reign, in 880, the town of Suyyapur (modern-day [[Sopore]]) in [[Baramulla district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was founded by Suyya.<ref name=":0" />

Notable poets, Ranakar and Ananvardhana, were part of his court. During this time, the price of paddy declined from 36 to 20 dinars. Suyya is said to have drained a large chunk of wasteland as prime minister. [[Sopore|Suyyapur]] or Sopore township in Baramulla district was named for him.

While Suyya was working in Sopore, no one came to bathe in the water. The king ordered that a part of his treasury be thrown into the water, leading a large number of people into the river to get as many coins as they could. Suyya continued and cleared the river of silt.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Marc Aurel Stein |url=http://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1 |date=1900}}</ref>

==Art and architecture==
Avantivarman was a patron of the arts. The most notable scholar of his time was Anandhavardana, the author of ''Dhvanyaloka''. He founded the cities of [[Awantipora|Avantipur]] and [[Sopore|Suyapur]].<ref name="Suyya" /> He built many [[Hindu temples]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] as well as [[Buddhist monastery|Buddhist monasteries]].<ref name="Culture">{{cite book|title=Cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir|page=88|first=K|last=Warikoo|publisher=Pentagon Press|year=2009|isbn=978-8182-743-76-2}}</ref> Notable among the temples were the temples of [[Awanti Swami temple|Avantiswara and Avantiswami]] dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu respectively in Avantipur.<ref name="Culture" />

==Death and succession==
Avantivarman died in 883 and his death was followed by another civil war among his descendants. The throne was finally captured by [[Sankaravarman]] in 885, who ruled until 902.<ref name="Sen"/>

== Coinage ==
{{gallery
|Avantivarmans_coin_1.png
|Avantivarman_coin_2.png
|title=Coinage of king Avantivarman}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avantivarman}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Utpala dynasty]]
[[Category:Kings of Kashmir]]

Fazl-e-Haque Deobandi

2026-03-07T10:31:23Z

KJIMarquis: adding a post!

{{Short description|3rd rector of Darul Uloom Deoband (d. 1898)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Haji
| name = Fazl-e-Haq Deobandi
| native_name = فضلِ حق دیوبندی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_name = Sayyid Fazl-e-Haque
| death_date = {{death date text|1898}} (1315 AH)
| death_place = [[Jhalawar]], [[Rajputana Agency]], British India (now [[Rajasthan]], India)
| occupation = Sufi, administrator
| known_for = Third Rector of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| notable_works = Biography of [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] (unpublished)

| movement = [[Deobandi]]
}}

'''Fazl-e-Haq Deobandi''' (died 1898) was an Indian administrator associated with [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He was involved in the seminary's early administration and briefly served as its third rector (''Muhtamim'') from 1893 to 1894. He later moved to [[Jhalawar]], where he lived until his death in 1898.

== Early life and background ==
Fazl-e-Haq Deobandi was born into a [[Sayyid]] family of the [[Rizvi]] lineage in [[Deoband]]. He was a disciple of [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], the co-founder of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |volume= 2 |title=History of Dar al Ulum Deoband |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981/page/n180/mode/1up |year=1981 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |edition=1st|page=168|chapter=Haji Sayyid Fazl Haque Deobandi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2/page/n501/mode/1up |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013|page=501}}</ref> Before joining the seminary, he worked for a long period in the [[Saharanpur]] government education department. His administrative skills played a crucial role in the early functioning of Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=501}}{{Sfn|Asim|2019|p=212}}

== Role at Darul Uloom Deoband ==
Fazl-e-Haq Deobandi was among the founding members of the advisory council (''Majlis-e-Shura'') of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and remained a member from 1283 AH to 1311 AH (1866–1893).{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|pp=73, 501, 746, 753}} He was responsible for administrative tasks and played an important role in the seminary's early operations.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=501}} After the establishment of the seminary, the first public donation appeal was issued on 19 Muharram 1283 AH under his supervision as the head administrator (''Sarbarāh-e-Kār'') of the institution. This was before he was appointed as the rector (''Muhtamim'') of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=501}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=501}}

=== Appointment as rector ===
In 1893 (Sha'ban 1310 AH), following the resignation of [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]] as the rector (''Muhtamim'') of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], Deobandi was appointed as his successor. He served in this capacity for approximately one year before resigning in Dhu al-Qa'dah 1311 AH (1894 AD). Prior to this appointment, he had served the institution for many years as the head administrator under the leadership of Abid.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=168}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|pp=501, 747}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Sagar|first=Ali Hasan|title=Tareekh-e-Deoband: Ek Tehqeeq|trans-title=History of Deoband: A Study|date=11 May 2016|publisher=Sagar Prakashan|location=Mori Teliyan, Deoband|page=219|language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary contributions ==
Deobandi wrote a detailed biography of his teacher, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], which was never published. However, excerpts from this manuscript were frequently cited in ''Sawanih-e-Qasimi'', a biography of Nanautavi authored by [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]]. The manuscript was systematically arranged, covering Nanautavi's life from birth to death, including details about his illness, funeral, and condolences received.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asim |first=Obaid Iqbal |author-link=Ubaid Iqbal Asim |title=Deoband Tarikh-o-Tehdheeb Ke Aayine Mein |publisher=Naeemia Book Depot |year=2019 |edition=1st |location=Deoband |page=212 |language=ur |trans-title=Deoband in the mirror of history and civilization}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=501}}

== Later life and death ==
After resigning from Darul Uloom Deoband, Fazl-e-Haq Deobandi moved to the princely state of [[Jhalawar]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]], where he lived until his death in 1898 (1315 AH).<ref name="Mausoo'ah">{{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=Deoband|page=279|language=ar}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=502}}

== Family ==
His son, Zahoor-ul-Haq Deobandi, became a senior teacher at [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]]. Other family members settled in [[Jaipur]] and [[Bhopal]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=502}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deobandi, Fazl-e-Haque}}
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]
[[Category:Muhtamims of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:People from Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)

2026-03-06T06:10:27Z

KJIMarquis: Added article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love in Singapore
| image = Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = OSR Anjaneyulu
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Modukuri Johnson Chittibabu
}}
| producer = M. Venkata Ramana Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
*[[Chiranjeevi]]
*[[Jose Prakash]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Swamy Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|9|27|ref1=<ref name="D" />}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Love in Singapore''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by OSR Anjaneyulu and starring [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Chiranjeevi]], and [[Jose Prakash]] (in his Telugu debut).<ref name="N" /> The film was simultaneously shot in [[Malayalam]] with [[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|the same name]] with a different director starring [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Jayan]].<ref name="I" /> Some footage from the Malayalam version was reused in Telugu.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2024}}
In a village in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], rebels steal the diamond from a [https://www.runjeetsingh.com/inventory/245/kali_sword Kali Sword] and take it to Singapore. The central government hands over the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], who appoints officer Prem to bring the stolen jewel back to India. Prem leaves for Singapore and meets his younger brother Suresh, who ran away from home as a child. How Prem and Suresh together return the jewel back to India forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Prem<ref name="M">{{Cite web |title=చిరంజీవి 'లవ్ ఇన్ సింగపూర్' సినిమాకి 40 ఏళ్ళు |url=https://movievolume.com/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319192256/https://movievolume.com/%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%9c%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%b5%e0%b0%bf-%e0%b0%b2%e0%b0%b5%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%87%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%97%e0%b0%aa%e0%b1%82/ |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Movie Volume |language=te}}</ref>
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Sudha
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Suresh
*[[Jose Prakash]]
The uncredited cast includes:
*Madeline Teo<ref name="N" /> as Madeline
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]<ref name="M" />
*[[Hema Sundar]]<ref name="M" />
*[[P. J. Sarma]]<ref name="M" />
* Attili Lakshmi<ref name="M" />
The rest of the cast consists of junior artistes from Singapore.<ref name="N" />

== Production ==
This was the first film that [[Chiranjeevi]] had clapped for the [[muhurat shot]].<ref name="N" /> This film was shot in [[Bangkok]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] for about twenty days.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Love In Singapore : మెగాస్టార్ నటించిన ఫారిన్ లవ్ స్టోరీ – Nostalgia |url=https://idreampost.com/love-in-singapore-movie-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319192245/https://idreampost.com/love-in-singapore-movie-analysis/ |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=iDreamPost |language=te}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2020 |title=Chiranjeevi : నలబై ఏళ్ల లవ్ ఇన్ సింగపూర్.. ఆసక్తికర విషయాలతో ప్రత్యేక కథనం.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chiranjeevi-love-in-singapore-celebrates-40-years-a-special-story-sr-615880.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811085205/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chiranjeevi-love-in-singapore-celebrates-40-years-a-special-story-sr-615880.html |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name="I" /> This film marked [[Chiranjeevi]]'s first film shot outside of India.<ref name="D" /> Although both [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] and Chiranjeevi's roles were given equal importance to the media during shooting,<ref name="D" /> the film was promoted as a Chiranjeevi film prior to release due to his craze at the time post the success of ''[[Punnami Naagu (1980 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' (1980).<ref name="N" /><ref name="D" />

== Release and reception ==
The film had a preview at Meena Theatre in [[Chennai]] (then Madras), which was attended by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="I" /> The film was released a week after ''[[Kaali (1980 film)|Kaali]]'' and ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'', both starring Chiranjeevi.<ref name="N" /> The film was dubbed and released in Tamil with the same title.<ref name=kalki />

''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' reviewed the Tamil version praising the acting of Chiranjeevi, cinematography and music but found OSR's direction as okay.<ref name=kalki>{{Cite magazine |date=19 October 1980 |title=லவ் இன் சிங்கப்பூர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-10-19/page/n47/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415142147/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-10-19/page/n47/mode/2up |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=20 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=46 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A writer from ''Movie Volume'' wrote that the film's fights are the main attraction while also praising Chiranjeevi's dance and Shankar–Ganesh's music.<ref name="M" /> A writer from ''iDreamPost'' felt that Chiranjeevi had become a better actor through this film.<ref name="D" /> The film was a box office success.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |last=Kallamadi |first=Suma |date=29 September 2020 |title=లవ్ ఇన్ సింగపూర్ సినిమాలో ఆసక్తికరమైన విశేషాలు ఇవే.... |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/575905/interesting-things-about-love-in-Singapore-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319193719/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/575905/interesting-things-about-love-in-Singapore-movie |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=India Herald |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7855902}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Cue sports

2026-03-04T23:50:26Z

KJIMarquis: updated references and added references

{{Short description|Table games using cues and billiard balls}}
{{Redirect|Billiards|text=This article covers the word as an umbrella term for cue sports in general. For specific games known as "billiards" and all other uses of the term, see [[Billiard (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox sport
|name = Cue sports
|image = 1674 illustration-The Billiard Table.png
|imagesize = 277px
|caption = Engraving of an early billiards game with obstacles, targets, and pockets, from [[Charles Cotton]]'s 1674 book ''[[The Compleat Gamester]]''
|union = [[World Confederation of Billiards Sports]]
|first = 15th-century Europe, with roots in [[ground billiards]]
|contact = No
|team = Single opponents, doubles or teams
|mgender = Yes, sometimes in separate leagues/divisions
|category = [[Billiard hall|Indoor]], table
|equipment = [[Billiard ball]]s, [[billiard table]], [[cue stick]]s
|venue = [[Billiard hall]] or home [[billiard room]]
|olympic = No
|IWGA = [[2001 World Games|2001]]{{snds}}present
}}

'''Cue sports''' are a wide variety of [[Game of skill|games of skill]] played with a [[cue stick]], which is used to strike [[billiard ball]]s and thereby cause them to move around a [[Baize|cloth]]-covered [[billiards table|table]] bounded by elastic bumpers known as {{Cuegloss|Cushion|cushions}}. Cue sports, a category of [[List of stick sports|stick sports]], may collectively be referred to as '''billiards''', though this term has more specific connotations in some [[List of dialects of English|English dialects]].

[[File:Interior view of billiard hall, Toledo, Ohio - DPLA - a73691f270e9b6838ef717918804f9bd.jpg|thumb|right|Interior view of a billiard hall in Toledo, Ohio, {{Circa|1900}}]]

There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports:
*[[Carom billiards]], played on tables without {{Cuegloss|Pocket|pockets}}, typically ten feet in length, including [[straight rail]], [[balkline]], [[one-cushion carom]], [[three-cushion billiards]], [[artistic billiards]], and [[Four-ball billiards|four-ball]]
*[[Pool (cue sports)|Pool]], played on six-pocket tables of seven, eight, or nine-foot length, including among others [[eight-ball]] (the world's most widely played cue sport<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Pocket Billiards |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/billiards-pocket.htm |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref>), [[nine-ball]] (the dominant professional game), [[ten-ball]], [[straight pool]] (the formerly dominant pro game), [[one-pocket]], and [[bank pool]]
*[[Snooker]], [[English billiards]], and [[Russian pyramid]], played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture, rules, and terminology.

==History==
[[Image:A Game of Billiards by Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne.jpg|thumb|Billiards in the 1620s was played with a port, a king pin, pockets, and maces.]]
All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball [[lawn game]]s,<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Billiards |volume=3 |page=394}}</ref> specifically those retroactively termed [[ground billiards]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Victor |last1=Stein |first2=Paul |last2=Rubino |year=1996 |title=The Billiard Encyclopedia: An Illustrated History of the Sport |edition=2nd |publisher = Blue Book Publications |isbn=1-886768-06-4}}{{Page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref> and as such to be related to the historical games [[jeu de mail]] and [[palle-malle]], and modern [[trucco]], [[croquet]], and [[golf]], and more distantly to the stickless [[bocce]] and [[Bowls (sport)|bowls]].

The word ''billiard'' may have evolved from the French word {{lang|frm|billart}} or {{lang|frm|billette}}, meaning 'stick', in reference to the {{Cuegloss|Mace|mace}}, an implement similar to a [[golf putter]], and which was the forerunner to the modern [[Cue stick|cue]]; however, the term's origin could have been from French {{lang|frm|bille}}, meaning 'ball'.<ref name="Everton 1986">{{Cite book |title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |last=Everton |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Everton |location=Haywards Heath |publisher=[[Transworld (company)|Partridge Press]] |pages=8–11 |date=1986 |isbn=1-85225-013-5}} This is a revised version of ''The Story of Billiards and Snooker'' (1979).</ref> The modern term ''cue sports'' can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants, such as finger billiards, for historical reasons. ''Cue'' itself came from {{lang|frm|queue}}, the French word for '[[tail]]'. This refers to the early practice of using the tail or butt of the mace, instead of its club foot, to strike the ball when it lay against a {{Cuegloss|Cushion|rail cushion}}.<ref name="Everton 1986" />
[[File:Cabanès, Éducation de Princes031 Les trois fils du Grand Dauphin, jouant au Jeu des Fortifications.jpg|thumb|left|The sons of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin]], playing the 'royal game of fortifications', an early form of obstacle billiards with similarities to modern [[miniature golf]]]]

A recognizable form of billiards was played outdoors in the 1340s, and was reminiscent of croquet. King [[Louis XI]] of France (1461–1483) had the first known indoor billiard table.<ref name="Everton 1986" /> [[Louis XIV]] further refined and popularized the game, and it swiftly spread among the French nobility.<ref name="Everton 1986" /> While the game had long been played on the ground, this version appears to have died out (aside from trucco) in the 17th century, in favor of croquet, golf and bowling games, even as table billiards had grown in popularity as an indoor activity.<ref name="Everton 1986" />

In 1535, [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)]] played at a billiard table covered with green cloth in a gallery.<ref>Jules Finart, ''Archives Départementales du Nord: inventaire sommaire'', 7 (Lille, 1892), p. 313.</ref> [[James VI and I]] had a "bilzeart burde" covered with green cloth at [[Holyrood Palace]] in 1581.<ref>Steven J. Reid, ''The Early Life of James VI, A Long Apprenticeship'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2023), p. 173.</ref> The imprisoned [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], had a billiard table at [[Tutbury Castle]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Arthur |last=Clifford |title=Sadler State Papers |volume=2 |location=Edinburgh |date=1809 |pages=505–7, 511}}</ref> She complained when her {{lang|fr|table de billiard}} was taken away (by those who eventually became her executioners, who were to cover her body with the table's cloth).<ref name="Everton 1986" /> A 1588 inventory of the [[Duke of Norfolk]]'s estate included a "billyard bord coered with a greene cloth ... three billyard sticks and 11 balls of yvery".<ref name="Everton 1986" /> Billiards grew to the extent that by 1727, it was being played in almost every Paris café.<ref name="Everton 1986" /> In England, the game was developing into a very popular activity for members of the gentry.<ref name="Everton 1986" />

By 1670, the thin butt end of the mace began to be used not only for shots under the cushion (which itself was originally only there as a preventative method to stop balls from rolling off), but players increasingly preferred it for other shots as well. The footless, straight cue as it is known today was finally developed by about 1800.<ref name="Everton 1986" />

Initially, the mace was used to push the balls, rather than strike them. The newly developed striking cue provided a new challenge. Cushions began to be stuffed with substances to allow the balls to rebound, in order to enhance the appeal of the game. After a transitional period where only the better players would use cues, the cue came to be the first choice of equipment.<ref name="Everton 1986" />

The demand for tables and other equipment was initially met in Europe by [[John Thurston (inventor)|John Thurston]] and other furniture makers of the era. The early balls were made from wood and [[clay]], but the rich preferred to use [[ivory]].<ref name="Everton 1986" />

Early billiard games involved various pieces of additional equipment, including the "arch" (related to the croquet hoop), "port" (a different hoop, often rectangular), and "king" (a pin or skittle near the arch) in the early 17th to late 18th century,<ref name="Cotton">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Cotton |author-link=Charles Cotton |date=1674 |title=[[The Compleat Gamester]]}}</ref><ref name="Everton 1986" /> but other game variants, relying on the cushions (and pockets cut into them), were being formed that would go on to play fundamental roles in the development of modern billiards.<ref name="Everton 1986" />

[[Image:Studenten Billard.JPG|thumb|Illustration of a three-ball [[pocket billiards]] game in early 19th century [[Tübingen]], Germany, using a table much longer than the modern type]]
The early croquet-like games eventually led to the development of the [[carom billiards]] category. These games are played with three or sometimes four balls on a table without holes in which the goal is generally to strike one {{Cuegloss|Object ball|object ball}} with a {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue ball}}, then have the cue ball rebound off of one or more of the cushions and strike a second object ball. Variations include [[straight rail]], [[balkline]], [[one-cushion billiards|one-cushion]], [[three-cushion billiards|three-cushion]], [[five-pins]], and [[Four-ball billiards|four-ball]], among others.

One type of obstacle remained a feature of many tables, originally as a hazard and later as a target, in the form of [[Billiards table#Pocket billiards tables|pockets]], or holes partly cut into the table bed and partly into the cushions, leading to the rise of [[pocket billiards]], including "pool" games such as eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool, and [[one-pocket]]; [[Russian pyramid]]; [[snooker]]; [[English billiards]]; and others.

In the United States, pool and billiards had died out for a bit, but between 1878 and 1956 the games became very popular. Players in annual championships began to receive their own [[cigarette card]]s. This was mainly due to the fact that it was a popular pastime for troops to take their minds off battle. However, by the end of World War II, pool and billiards began to die down once again. It was not until 1961 when the film ''The Hustler'' came out that sparked a new interest in the game. Now the game is generally well-known and has many players of all different skill levels.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thebilliardshop.com/poolhistory.php |title=Pool History |publisher=The Pool Shop |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111119012508/http://www.thebilliardshop.com/poolhistory.php |archive-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref>

==As a sport==
The games with regulated international professional competition, if not others, have been referred to as "sports" or "sporting" events, not simply "games", since 1893 at the latest.<ref name="NYTBig">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1893/12/10/archives/meeting-of-the-champions-the-big-billiard-tournament-to-begin.html |title=Meeting of the Champions; The Big Billiard Tournament to Begin To-morrow – What Ives, Schaefer, and Slosson Have Been Doing in Practice – The Older Players Not Afraid of the Big Runs Made by Ives – Something About the Rise and Progress of the Young 'Napoleon' of the Billiard World |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316051135/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40613FF3A5F1A738DDDA90994DA415B8385F0D3 |archive-date=2014-03-16 |author= |date=10 December 1893 |page=10 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Quite a variety of particular games (i.e., sets of rules and equipment) are the subject of present-day competition, including many of those already mentioned, with competition being especially broad in nine-ball, snooker, three-cushion, and eight-ball.

Snooker, though a pocket billiards variant and closely related in its equipment and origin to the game of English billiards, is a professional sport organized at an international level, and its rules bear little resemblance to those of modern pool, pyramid, and other such games.

A "Billiards" category encompassing pool, snooker, and carom has been part of the [[World Games]] since [[Cue sports at the 2001 World Games|2001]].

==Equipment==
{{Main category|Cue sports equipment}}


===Billiard balls===
{{Main|Billiard ball}}
[[File:Billiard ball comparison.jpg|thumb|{{Cuegloss|Cue ball|Cue balls}} from left to right: {{unordered list
| [[Russian pyramid|Russian pool]] and [[Kaisa (billiards)|kaisa]]—68 mm ({{frac|2|11|16}} in)
| [[Carom billiards|Carom]]—61.5 mm ({{frac|2|7|16}} in)
| American-style [[Pool (cue sports)|pool]]—57.15 mm ({{frac|2|1|4}} in)
| [[Snooker]]—52.5 mm ({{frac|2|1|16}} in)
| [[Blackball (pool)|Blackball]] pool—51 mm (2 in)
}}]] 
Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size, design and quantity.

[[Russian pyramid]] and [[Kaisa (billiards)|kaisa]] have a size of 68 mm ({{frac|2|11|16}} in). In Russian pyramid there are 16 balls, as in pool, but 15 are white and numbered, and the {{cuegloss|cue ball|cue ball}} is usually maroon or yellow.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.billiardsvillage.com/russian-pyramid.html |title=Russian Billiards |publisher=BilliardsVillage.com |access-date=August 14, 2008 |date=2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080613002125/http://www.billiardsvillage.com/russian-pyramid.html |archive-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> In kaisa, five balls are used: the yellow {{Cuegloss|object ball|object ball}} (called the ''kaisa'' in Finnish), two red object balls, and the two white cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it and each of which serves as an object ball for the opponent).

Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.5 mm ({{frac|2|7|16}} in), and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in the case of the game [[Four-ball billiards|four-ball]]).

Standard pool balls are 57.15 mm ({{frac|2|1|4}} in), are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two {{Cuegloss|Suit|suits}} of object balls, seven {{Cuegloss|Solids|solids}} and seven {{Cuegloss|Stripes|stripes}}, an {{Cuegloss|8 ball|8 ball}} and a {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue ball}}; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked {{Cuegloss|Group|groups}} of {{Cuegloss|Red ball|red}} and {{Cuegloss|Yellow ball|yellow}} balls instead of solids and stripes, known as "casino" style. They are used principally in Britain, Ireland, and some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for playing nine-ball. The diameter varies but is typically slightly smaller than that of standard solids-and-stripes sets.

Snooker balls are smaller than American-style pool balls with a diameter of 52.5 mm ({{frac|2|1|16}} in), and come in sets of 22 (15 reds, 6 "{{Cuegloss|Color balls|colours}}", and a cue ball). English billiard balls are the same size as snooker balls and come in sets of three balls (two cue balls and a red object ball). Other games, such as [[bumper pool]], have custom ball sets.

Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game, including clay, [[bakelite]], [[celluloid]], [[crystallite]], [[ivory]], plastic, steel and wood. The dominant material from 1627 until the early 20th century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns, but based on economic motivation and fear of danger for elephant hunters. It was in part spurred on by a New York billiard table manufacturer who announced a prize of $10,000 for a substitute material. The first viable substitute was celluloid, invented by [[John Wesley Hyatt]] in 1868, but the material was volatile, sometimes exploding during manufacture, and was highly flammable.<ref name="IEOB">{{cite book |last=Shamos |first=Michael Ian |author-link=Michael Ian Shamos |date=1993 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards |publisher=Lyons & Burford |location=New York City |isbn=1-55821-219-1 |url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000sham }}</ref><ref>The New York Times Company (September 16, 1875). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1EFD345D1A7493C4A81782D85F418784F9 Explosive Teeth.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316033727/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1EFD345D1A7493C4A81782D85F418784F9 |date=2014-03-16 }}. Retrieved January 2, 2007.</ref>

===Tables===
{{main|Billiard table}}
[[Image:PoolTablewithEquipment-non.jpg|left|thumb|Pool table with equipment]]
There are many sizes and styles of [[billiard table]]s. Generally, tables are [[rectangle]]s twice as long as they are wide. Table sizes are typically referred to by the nominal length of their longer dimension. Full-size snooker tables are {{convert|12|ft|m|1}} long. Carom billiards tables are typically {{convert|10|ft|m|1}}. Regulation pool tables are {{convert|9|ft|m|1|adj=on}}, though [[Public house|pubs]] and other establishments catering to casual play will typically use {{convert|7|ft|m|1|adj=on}} tables which are often coin-operated, nicknamed {{cuegloss|bar box|bar boxes}}. Formerly, ten-foot pool tables were common, but such tables are now considered antiques.

High-quality tables have a {{cuegloss|bed}} made of thick slate, in three pieces to prevent warping and changes due to temperature and humidity. The slates on modern carom tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface. Smaller bar tables are most commonly made with a single piece of slate. Pocket billiards tables of all types normally have six pockets, three on each side (four corner pockets, and two side or middle pockets).{{clear}}

===Cloth===
{{Main|Baize}}
[[Image:Early-1880s-billiards-ladies-JMBB.jpg|thumb|Women playing on an elaborately decorated green-covered table in an early 1880s advertising poster]]
All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called "felt", but actually a woven wool or wool/nylon blend called [[baize]]). Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century.

Bar or tavern tables, which get a lot of play, use "slower", more durable cloth. The cloth used in upscale [[pool halls|pool (and snooker) halls]] and home [[billiard room]]s is "faster" (i.e., provides less friction, allowing the balls to roll farther across the table {{Cuegloss|Bed|bed}}), and competition-quality pool cloth is made from 100% [[worsted|worsted wool]]. Snooker cloth traditionally has a nap (consistent fiber directionality) and balls behave differently when rolling against versus along with the nap.

The cloth of the billiard table has traditionally been green, reflecting its origin (originally the grass of ancestral lawn games), and has been so colored since at least the 16th century, but it is also produced in other colors such as red and blue.<ref name="Shamos 1991">{{cite book |last=Shamos |first=Michael Ian |author-link=Michael Ian Shamos |date=1991 |title=Pool |publisher=Hotho & Co. |isbn=99938-704-3-9}}{{Page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref> Television broadcasting of pool as well as 3 Cushion billiards prefers a blue colored cloth which was chosen for better visibility and contrast against colored balls.

===Rack===
{{main|Rack (billiards)}}
[[Image:Billiard Rack.jpg|left|thumb|Aluminium billiard rack that is used for 8-ball, 9-ball, and straight pool]]

A [[Rack (billiards)|rack]] is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminium) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond-shaped rack used for nine-ball.

There are several other types of less common rack types that are also used, based on a "template" to hold the billiard balls tightly together. Most commonly it is a thin plastic sheet with diamond-shaped cut-outs that hold the balls that is placed on the table with the balls set on top of the rack. The rack is used to set up the "break" and removed once the break has been completed and no balls are obstructing the template.

===Cues===
{{main|Cue stick}}
Billiards games are mostly played with a stick known as a cue. A cue is usually either a one-piece tapered stick or a two-piece stick divided in the middle by a joint of metal or phenolic resin. High-quality cues are generally two pieces and are made of a hardwood, generally maple for billiards and ash for snooker.

The {{Cuegloss|Butt|butt}} end of the cue is of larger circumference and is intended to be gripped by a player's hand. The {{Cuegloss|Shaft|shaft}} of the cue is of smaller circumference, usually tapering to an {{convert|0.4|to|0.55|in|mm}} terminus called a {{Cuegloss|Ferrule|ferrule}} (usually made of fiberglass or brass in better cues), where a rounded leather {{Cuegloss|Tip|tip}} is affixed, flush with the ferrule, to make final contact with balls. The tip, in conjunction with chalk, can be used to impart [[Cue sports techniques#Sidespin (english)|spin]] to the cue ball when it is not hit in its center.

Cheap cues are generally made of pine, low-grade maple (and formerly often of [[Gonystylus|ramin]], which is now endangered), or other low-quality wood, with inferior plastic ferrules. A quality cue can be expensive and may be made of exotic woods and other expensive materials which are artfully inlaid in decorative patterns. Many modern cues are also made, like [[golf club]]s, with high-tech materials such as woven graphite. Recently, [[Carbon fibers|carbon fiber]] woven composites have been developed and utilized by top professional players and amateurs. Advantages include less flexibility and no worry of nicks, scratches, or damages to the cue. Skilled players may use more than one cue during a game, including a separate cue with a hard phenolic resin tip for the opening break shot, and another, shorter cue with a special tip for {{Cuegloss|Jump shot|jump shots}}.

===Mechanical bridge===
The mechanical bridge, sometimes called a "rake", "crutch", "bridge stick" or simply "bridge", and in the UK a "rest", is used to extend a player's reach on a shot where the cue ball is too far away for normal hand bridging. It consists of a stick with a grooved metal or plastic head which the cue slides on.

Some players, especially current or former snooker players, use a screw-on cue butt extension instead of or in addition to the mechanical bridge.

Bridge head design is varied, and not all designs (especially those with cue shaft-enclosing rings, or wheels on the bottom of the head), are broadly tournament-approved.

In Italy, a longer, thicker cue is typically available for this kind of tricky shot.

For snooker, bridges are normally available in three forms, their use depending on how the player is hampered; the standard rest is a simple cross, the 'spider' has a raised arch around 12 cm with three grooves to rest the cue in and for the most awkward of shots, the 'giraffe' (or 'swan' in England) which has a raised arch much like the 'spider' but with a slender arm reaching out around 15 cm with the groove.

===Chalk===
[[Image:Billiard Chalk and Cue.jpg|thumb|Billiard chalk is applied to the tip of the cue.]]Chalk is applied to the tip of the cue stick, ideally before every shot, to increase the tip's friction coefficient so that when it impacts the cue ball on a non-center hit, no {{Cuegloss|Miscue|miscue}} (unintentional slippage between the cue tip and the struck ball) occurs. Chalk is an important element to make good shots in pool or [[snooker]]. Cue tip chalk is not actually the substance typically referred to as "[[chalk]]" (generally [[calcium carbonate]]), but any of several proprietary compounds, with a [[silicate]] base. Around the time of the [[Industrial Revolution]] newer compounds started to be used that provided better grip for the ball. This is when the English began to experiment with side spin or applying curl to the ball. This was shortly introduced to the American players and is how the term "putting English on the ball" came to be. "Chalk" may also refer to a cone of fine, white {{Cuegloss|Hand chalk|hand chalk}}; like [[talc]] (talcum powder) it can be used to reduce friction between the cue and bridge hand during shooting, for a smoother stroke. Some brands of hand chalk are made of compressed talc. (Tip chalk is not used for this purpose because it is abrasive, hand-staining and difficult to apply.) Many players prefer a slick pool glove over hand chalk or talc because of the messiness of these powders; buildup of particles on the cloth will affect ball behavior and necessitate more-frequent cloth cleaning.

Cue tip chalk (invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro [[William A. Spinks]] and chemist [[William Hoskins (inventor)|William Hoskins]] in 1897)<ref name="Clark1">[http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html "The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825063214/http://www.toaster.org/hoskins_tragic.html |date=August 25, 2006 }}, Clark, Neil M.; originally published in ''The American'' magazine, May 1927; republished in ''hotwire: The Newsletter of the Toaster Museum Foundation'', vol. 3, no. 3, online edition. Retrieved February 24, 2007. The piece is largely an interview of Hoskins.</ref><ref name="Patent578514">{{US patent|0578514}}, 9 March 1897</ref> is made by crushing [[silica]] and the abrasive substance [[corundum]] or aloxite<ref name="Patent578514"/> (aluminium [[oxide]]),<ref name="Chem1">[http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/14835.html "Aloxite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625100844/http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/14835.html |date=2007-06-25 }}, ChemIndustry.com database. Retrieved February 24, 2007.</ref><ref name="PubChem">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=158,243 "Substance Summary: Aluminum Oxide"]{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''PubChem Database'', [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health|US National Institutes of Health]]. Retrieved February 24, 2007. {{Cite web |url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=158,243 |title=PubChem |access-date=February 25, 2007 |archive-date=April 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406175207/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=158,243 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> into a powder.<ref name="Patent578514"/> It is combined with dye (originally and most commonly green or blue-green, like traditional [[Baize|billiard cloth]], but available today, like the cloth, in many colours) and a binder (glue).<ref name="Patent578514"/> Each manufacturer's brand has different qualities, which can significantly affect play. High humidity can also impair the effectiveness of chalk. Harder, drier compounds are generally considered superior by most players.

==Major games==
There are two main varieties of billiard games: '''carom''' and '''pocket'''.

The main carom billiards games are [[straight rail]], [[balkline]] and [[three cushion]] billiards. All are played on a pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one object ball. In all, players shoot a cue ball so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well as the object ball. Others of multinational interest are [[Four-ball billiards|four-ball]] and [[five-pins]].

The most globally popular of the large variety of pocket games are [[pool (cue sports)|pool]] and [[snooker]]. A third, [[English billiards]], has some features of carom billiards. English billiards used to be one of the two most-competitive cue sports along with the carom game balkline, at the turn of the 20th century and is still enjoyed today in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries. Another pocket game, [[Russian pyramid]] and its variants like [[kaisa (billiards)|kaisa]] are popular in the former [[Eastern bloc]].

===Games played on a carom billiards table===
{{Main|Carom billiards}}

====Straight rail====
{{Main|straight rail}}
In straight rail, a player scores a point and may continue shooting each time his cue ball makes contact with both other balls. Some of the best players of straight billiards developed the skill to {{Cuegloss|Gather shot|gather}} the balls in a corner or along the same rail for the purpose of playing a series of {{Cuegloss|Nurse|nurse shots}} to score a seemingly limitless number of points.

The first straight rail professional tournament was held in 1879 where [[Jacob Schaefer Sr.]] scored 690 points in a single turn<ref name="Shamos 1991" />{{Page needed|date=September 2011}} (that is, 690 separate strokes without a miss). With the balls repetitively hit and barely moving in endless "nursing", there was little for the fans to watch.

====Balkline====
{{Main|Balkline}}
In light of these skill developments in straight rail, the game of balkline soon developed to make it impossible for a player to keep the balls gathered in one part of the table for long, greatly limiting the effectiveness of nurse shots. A {{Cuegloss|Balkline|balkline}} is a line parallel to one end of a billiards table. In the game of balkline, the players have to drive at least one object ball past a balkline parallel to each rail after a specified number of points have been scored.

====Cushion billiards====
{{main|one-cushion caroms|three-cushion billiards}}
Another solution was to require a player's cue ball to make contact with the rail cushions in the process of contacting the other balls. This in turn saw the three-cushion version emerge, where the cue ball must make three separate cushion contacts during a shot. This is difficult enough that even the best players can only manage to average one to two points per turn. This is sometimes described as "hardest to learn" and "require most skill" of all billiards.
[[Image:Cue and mace.jpg|thumb|Man playing billiards with a cue and a woman with mace, from an illustration appearing in [[Michael Phelan (billiards)|Michael Phelan]]'s 1859 book, ''The Game of Billiards'']]

===Games played on a pool table===
{{Main|Pool (cue sports)}}

There are many variations of games played on a standard pool table. Popular pool games include [[eight-ball]], [[nine-ball]], [[straight pool]] and [[one-pocket]]. Even within games types (e.g. [[eight-ball]]), there may be variations, and people may play recreationally using relaxed or local rules. A few of the more popular examples of pool games are given below.

In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls until one can legally pocket the winning [[:wikt:eponym|eponym]]ous "{{Cuegloss|Money ball|money ball}}". Well-known but waning in popularity is straight pool, in which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-determined winning score (typically 150). Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is [[Rotation (pool)|rotation]], where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first, although any object ball may be pocketed (i.e., combination shot). Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and the player with the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner. Since there are only 120 points available (1 + 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves no opportunity for the opponent to catch up. In both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of balls; respectively, all in a particular {{Cuegloss|Pocket|pocket}}, or all by {{Cuegloss|Bank shot|bank shots}}. In snooker, players score points by alternately potting {{Cuegloss|Red ball|red balls}} and various special "{{Cuegloss|Colour ball|colour balls}}".

====Two-player or -team games====
*[[Eight-ball]]: The goal is to {{cuegloss|pocket}} ({{cuegloss|pot}}) all of one's designated {{cuegloss|group}} of balls (either {{cuegloss|stripes}} vs. {{cuegloss|solids}}, or {{cuegloss|red ball|reds}} vs. {{cuegloss|yellow ball|yellows}}, depending upon the equipment), and then pocket the {{cuegloss|8 ball}} in a {{cuegloss|call shot|called}} pocket.
*[[Nine-ball]]: The goal is to pocket the 9 ball; the initial contact of the {{cuegloss|cue ball}} each turn must be with the lowest-numbered {{cuegloss|object ball}} remaining on the table; there are numerous variants such as [[seven-ball]], [[six-ball]], and the older forms of three-ball and ten-ball, that simply use a different number of balls and have a different {{cuegloss|money ball}}.
*[[Straight pool]] (a.k.a. 14.1 continuous pool): The goal is to reach a predetermined number of {{cuegloss|point|points}} (e.g. 100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a designated pocket; game play is by {{cuegloss|rack|racks}} of 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not pocketed, but left on the table with the opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game play continues.
*[[Bank pool]]: The goal is to reach a predetermined number of points; a point is earned by pocketing any called ball by {{cuegloss|bank shot|banking}} it into a designated pocket using one or more {{cuegloss|cushion}}.

====Speed pool====
[[Speed pool]] is a standard billiards game where the balls must be pocketed in as little time as possible. Rules vary greatly from tournament to tournament. The [[International Speed Pool Challenge]] has been held annually since 2006.

===Games played on a snooker table ===

====English billiards====
{{Main|English billiards}}
Dating to approximately 1800, English billiards, called simply billiards<ref name="Everton 1986 other">{{cite book |last=Everton |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Everton |title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |date=1986 |location=Haywards Heath, UK |publisher=[[Transworld (company)|Partridge Press]] |isbn=1-85225-013-5 |edition=rev. ver. of ''The Story of Billiards and Snooker'', 1979}}</ref> in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|former British colonies]] and in the UK where it originated, was originally called the ''winning and losing carambole game'', folding in the names of three predecessor games, ''the winning game'', ''the losing game'' and ''the carambole game'' (an early form of [[straight rail]]), that combined to form it.<ref name="Shamos 1999">{{Shamos 1999|46, 61–62, 89, 244}}</ref> The game features both {{Cuegloss|cannon|cannons}} (caroms) and the pocketing of balls as objects of play. English billiards requires two {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue balls}} and a red {{Cuegloss|Object ball|object ball}}. The object of the game is to score either a fixed number of points, or score the most points within a set time frame, determined at the start of the game.

Points are awarded for:
*Two-ball cannons: striking both the object ball and the other (opponent's) cue ball on the same shot (2 points).
*Winning hazards: {{Cuegloss|Pot|potting}} the red ball (3 points); potting the other cue ball (2 points).
*{{Cuegloss|Losing hazard|Losing hazards}} (or "in-offs"): potting one's cue ball by cannoning off another ball (3 points if the red ball was hit first; 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first, or if the red and other cue ball were "{{Cuegloss|Split|split}}", i.e., hit simultaneously).

====Snooker====
{{main|Snooker}}

Snooker is a pocket billiards game originated by [[History of the British Army|British officers]] stationed in [[Colonial India|India]] during the 19th century, based on earlier pool games such as black pool and life pool. The name of the game became generalized to also describe one of its prime strategies: to "{{Cuegloss|Snooker|snooker}}" the opposing player by causing that player to foul or leave an opening to be exploited.

In the United Kingdom, snooker is by far the most popular cue sport at the competitive level, and major national pastime along with association football and [[cricket]]. It is played in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries as well, and in areas of Asia, becoming increasingly popular in China in particular. Snooker is uncommon in North America, where pool games such as eight-ball and nine-ball dominate, and Latin America and [[Continental Europe]], where carom games dominate. The first [[World Snooker Championship]] was held in 1927, and it has been held annually since then with few exceptions. The [[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] (WPBSA) was established in 1968 to regulate the professional game, while the [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] (IBSF) regulates the amateur games.

==List of cue sports and games==
{{Anchor|List of cue sports|List of cue games|List of cue games and sports}}

===Carom games===
{{anchor|Carom billiards games}}
{{Main|Carom billiards}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Artistic billiards]]
*[[Balkline]]
*[[Four-ball billiards]] ({{Transliteration|ja|''yotsudama''}}, {{Transliteration|ko|''sagu''}})
*[[Five-ball billiards|Five-ball]]
*[[Nine-ball billiards|Nine-ball]]
*[[One-cushion billiards]]
*[[Straight rail]]
*[[Three-cushion billiards]]

===Pocket games===
{{anchor|Pocket billiards games}}

====Pool games====
{{anchor|Pool billiards games|Pool pocket billiards games}}
{{Main category|Pool (cue sports)}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Artistic pool]]
*[[Bank pool]]
*[[Baseball pocket billiards]]
*[[Black pool]]
*[[Bowlliards]]
*[[Chicago (pool)|Chicago]]
*[[Cribbage (pool)|Cribbage]]
*[[Cutthroat (pool)|Cutthroat]]
*[[Eight-ball]]
**[[Blackball (pool)|Blackball]] (a.k.a. eightball pool, British-style eight-ball)
**[[Chinese eight-ball]]
*[[Equal offense]]
*[[Fifteen-ball pool|Fifteen-ball]]
*[[Gologan (pool)|Gologan]]
*[[Honolulu (pool)|Honolulu]]
*[[Kelly pool]]
*[[Killer (pool)|Killer]]
*[[Life pool]]
*[[Nine-ball]]
*[[One-pocket]]
*[[Poker billiards]]
*[[Pyramid pool]]
*[[Rotation (pool)|Rotation]] (a.k.a. 61)
*[[Seven-ball]]
*[[Speed pool]]
*[[Starball (pool)|Starball]]
*[[Straight pool]] (a.k.a. 14.1 continuous)
*[[Ten-ball]]
*[[Three-ball]]
}}

====Non-pool pocket games====
{{anchor|Non-pool games|Non-pool pocket billiards games}}
*[[German pyramid]]
*[[Golf (billiards)|Golf billiards]]
*[[Russian pyramid]]

===Snooker games===
{{Anchor|Snooker}}
*[[Snooker]]
**[[Six-red snooker]]
**[[American snooker]]
**[[Brazilian snooker]]
**[[Flying snooker]]
**[[Power Snooker]]
**[[Riyadh Season snooker]]
**[[Snooker plus]]
**[[Snooker Shoot Out]]
**[[SnooPool]]
**[[Tenball]]
**[[Volunteer snooker]]

===Games with pockets and caroms===
{{anchor|Hybrid games|Hybrid billiards games|Hybrid carom and pocket billiards games}}
*[[American four-ball billiards]]
*[[Bottle pool]]
*[[Caroline (billiards)|Caroline]]
*[[Cowboy pool]]
*[[English billiards]]
*[[Kaisa (billiards)|Kaisa]]
*[[Kairun]]
*[[Slosh (cue sport)|Slosh]]

===Obstacle and target games===
{{anchor|Obstacle and target billiards games}}
*[[Bagatelle]]
*[[Bar billiards]]
*[[Bumper pool]]
*[[Danish pin billiards]]
*[[Devil's pool (game)|Devil's pool]]
*[[Five-pin billiards]]
*[[Fortification billiards]]
*[[Port and King billiards]]
*[[Russian pin billiards]]
*[[Trucks (billiards)|Trucks]]

*''{{lang|it|[[Goriziana]]}}'' (or nine-pin billiards)

===Disk games===
*[[Carrom]]
*[[Crokinole]]
*[[Novuss]] (uses full-length cues)

===Cueless games===
{{anchor|Cueless billiards games}}
{{main category|Finger billiards}}
*[[Boccette]]
*[[Crud (game)|Crud]]

====[[Ground billiards]]====
*[[Croquet]]
*[[Jeu de mail]]
*[[Pall-mall]]
*[[Roque]]
*[[Trucco]]

== Main games ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Game
![[Carom billiards|Carom]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLD RULES OF CAROM BILLIARD |url=https://files.umb-carom.org/Public/Rules/CAROM%20BILLIARD%20RULES.pdf}}</ref>
![[Pool (cue sports)|Pool]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS |url=https://wpapool.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RECOMMENDED-EQUIPMENT-SPECIFICATIONS.pdf}}</ref>
![[Snooker]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL RULES OF THE GAMES OF SNOOKER AND ENGLISH BILLIARDS |url=https://wpbsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2198_WPBSA-Rulebook-2024-25.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" |Image
|[[File:Carom Billiards EC Brandenburg Havel-GER 2013-04-20 24-Leppens.JPG|frameless]]
|[[File:Playing Billard. Pyongyang, North Korea. (2603187853).jpg|frameless]]
|[[File:Snooker table selby.JPG|frameless]]
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Billiard table|Table]]
! rowspan="2" |Length
!Total
|3.065-3.115 meters
|
* {{Convert|107.875-115.125|in|m}} (9 feet)
* {{Convert|98.875-107.125|in|m}} (8 feet)
|
|-
!Playing surface
|2.79-2.89 meters
|
* {{Convert|100-100.125|in|m}} (9 feet)
* {{Convert|92-92.125|in|m}} (8 feet)
|{{Convert|140-141|in|m}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Width
!Total
|1.6245-1.695 meters
|
* {{Convert|57.875-65.125|in|m}} (9 feet)
* {{Convert|53.875-61.125|in|m}} (8 feet)
|
|-
!Playing surface
|1.37-1.47 meters
|
* {{Convert|50-50.125|in|m}} (9 feet)
* {{Convert|46-46.125|in|m}} (8 feet)
|{{Convert|69.5-70.5|in|m}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Height
!Total
|0.787-0.837 meters
|
|{{Convert|33.5-34.5|in|m}}
|-
!Playing surface
|0.75-0.80 meters
|{{Convert|29.25-31|in|m}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Pockets
! colspan="2" |Number
| rowspan="3" |None
|6
|6
|-
! colspan="2" |Corner pockets
|{{Convert|4.5-4.625|in|cm}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Side pockets
|{{Convert|5-5.125|in|cm}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Billiard ball|Ball]]
! colspan="2" |Number
|3
|
* 1 (cue ball)
* 15 (object balls)
|
* 1 (white)
* 15 (red)
* 7 (colored)
|-
! colspan="2" |Diameter
|6.1–6.15
centimeters
|{{Convert|2.25-2.3|in|cm}}
|5.2–5.3 centimeters
|-
! colspan="2" |Weight
|205-220 grams
|{{Convert|5.5-6|oz|g}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Material
|
|cast phenolic resin plastic
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Cue stick|Cue]]
! colspan="2" |Length
|
|{{Convert|40|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|3|ft|cm}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Tip
|
|1.4 centimeters (diameter)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Weight
|
|{{Convert|25|oz|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Tournaments
! colspan="2" |World nation championship
|Yes
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Olympic
| colspan="3" |No
|-
! colspan="2" |World Games
| colspan="3" |Yes
|-
! colspan="2" |Professional leagues
|
|
|Yes
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Cue sports}}
* [[Glossary of cue sports terms]]
* [[BCA Hall of Fame]]
* [[Hustling]]
* [[Cue sports techniques]]
* [[Professional pool governance dispute (2022–2025)]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alciatore |first=David G. ("Doctor Dave") |title=The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards |url=http://dr-dave-billiards.com/book/book_description.html |date=August 2004 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1428-9 |archive-date=2014-09-23 |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923110813/http://dr-dave-billiards.com/book/book_description.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Byrne (author) |title=Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards |date=1998 |publisher=[[Harcourt Trade Publishers|Harcourt Brace & Co]] |location=New York |isbn=0-15-100325-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/byrnesnewstandar00byrn }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF21EAAAQBAJ |title=The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards |first1=David G. |last1=Alciatore |isbn=9781454927914 |year=2017 |format=ebook |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Union Square & Company]] |language=English}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLpsCQAAQBAJ&q=pool+billiards |title=The Sport of Pool Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1 |first1=David G. |last1=Alciatore |isbn=9781454927914 |date=May 2017 |format=ebook |publisher=Union Square & Company |language=English}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dG5INsTkJAsC&q=pool+billiards |isbn=9780156005548 |title=Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards |year=1998 |type=Paperback |publisher=[[Harcourt Brace & Company]] |language=English |first1=Robert |last1=Byrne |authorlink1=Robert Byrne (author)}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLpsCQAAQBAJ |isbn=9783941484986 |date=May 8, 2015 |format=ebook |publisher=[[Litho]] |language=English |first1=Ralph |last1= Eckert |title=The Sport of Pool Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-mt6DVhbHkC&q=pool+billiards |title=Pool and Billiards For Dummies
|first1=Nicholas |last1=Leider |isbn=9780470633946 |series=[[For Dummies]] |date=February 12, 2010 |format=ebook |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |language=English}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline|Billiards}}

{{Cue sports nav|state=expanded}}
{{Sports of the World Games program}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cue sports| ]]
[[Category:Sports entertainment]]
[[Category:French inventions]]

Pattipulam (film)

2026-03-03T03:03:09Z

KJIMarquis: minor corrected formatting as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|2019 Tamil comedy-drama film by Suresh}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattipulam
| image = Pattipulam (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = Suresh
| producer = Thirumurugan
| writer = Suresh
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Veerasamar]] Amitha Rao [[Yogi Babu]]
| music = Vallavan
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = chandhraa media vision
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|03|22}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| native_name =
}}

'''''Pattipulam''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy-drama film]] written and directed by Suresh on his directorial debut. The film stars [[Veerasamar]] and Amitha Rao in the lead roles while [[Yogi Babu]] play supportive roles in the film. The film is scheduled to have its theatrical release on 22 March 2019 along with other small budgeted films and received underwhelming responses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மார்ச் 22 அன்று வெளியாகவுள்ள ஏழு தமிழ்ப் படங்கள்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2019/mar/19/tamil-releases-3116926.html |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2019-03-19 |title=சிறிய பட்ஜெட் படங்களுடன் மார்ச் 22 ரிலீஸ் {{!}} Small Budget film releasing on March 22 |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/76696/cinema/Kollywood/Small-Budget-film-releasing-on-March-22.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085847/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/76696/cinema/Kollywood/Small-Budget-film-releasing-on-March-22.htm |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Veerasamar]] as Udhay aka Mokka
*Amitha Rao as Swetha
*Cheranraj
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Shilpa Kumar aka Pei
*Maris Raja as Saaral
*[[Supergood Subramani]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was announced by debut director Suresh who previously worked as an assistant director to [[Sakthi Chidambaram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-03-17 |title=Yogi Babu plays Pei in Pattipulam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170319/yogi-babu-plays-pei-in-pattipulam.html |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The film began production in 2014 under the title ''Mokka Padam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2014 |title=Mokka Padam || Mokka Padam |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Preview/2014/12/23101517/Mokka-padam.vpf}}</ref> The filmmakers hired art director Veerasamar in the male lead role and Amitha Rao was chosen to play the female lead. Yogi Babu was hired to play the role of a ghost in the film in a pivotal role.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=பேயாக களமிறங்கும் யோகி பாபு |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/03/15214956/1232432/pei-role-in-Yogibabu.vpf |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Release ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film one out of five stars and wrote that "The lack of interesting characters or sequences starts testing viewers’ patience just a few minutes into the film".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pattipulam Movie Review {1.0/5}: Critic Review of Pattipulam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pattipulam/movie-review/68556155.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10084394}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]

Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II Playing the Tambur

2026-02-13T11:23:50Z

KJIMarquis: Added New Details.

{{Short description|1590s painting by Farrukh Beg}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = Фаррух Бек. Ибрагим Адилшах музицирует.1610-11 Музей Напрстек, Прага..jpg
| movement = [[Deccan painting| Deccan]]
| museum = [[Náprstek Museum]]
| city = [[Prague]]
| artist = [[Farrukh Beg]]
| completion_date = c. 1595 – 1600
| medium = Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper
}}

'''''Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II Playing the Tambur''''' is a 16th-century [[Deccan painting]] from India. It was painted by the Persian artist [[Farrukh Beg]], during his tenure in the court of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]]. The painting portrays [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]], the sultan of the Bijapur Sultanate, playing the [[Turkish tambur|tambur]]. It is now in the [[Náprstek Museum]] in [[Prague]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ascribed to Farrukh Beg – Sultan Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II Playing the Tambur|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454791|website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=27 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> ([[Czech language|Czech]] title ''Portrét sultána Ibrahíma Ádilšáha II. z Bidžápuru'', catalogue number A12182<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrét sultána Ibrahíma Ádilšáha II. z Bidžápuru |url=https://www.esbirky.cz/predmet/8853687 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.esbirky.cz |language=cs}}</ref>).

== Background ==
[[Farrukh Beg]] was a [[Persian miniature]] painter, who in 1590 migrated to [[Bijapur]]. This painting is one of the several works executed by him in Bijapur, under the patronage of the sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Dated to 1595–1600 CE, it depicts the sultan, and this depiction is influenced by the sultan's account of himself in the 56th song of the [[Kitab-i Nauras|''Kitab-i Nauras'']]. Therein, he describes himself as a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god, clad in [[Saffron (color)|saffron]], with a [[Prayer beads|rosary]] around his neck, holding a musical instrument in one hand and a book in the other.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The song also identifies him as the son of [[Saraswati]] and [[Ganesha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Deborah |url=https://iupress.org/9780253347848/art-of-the-court-of-bijapur/ |title=Art of the Court of Bijapur |publisher=Indiana University Press |pages=101–102}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The work was taken by Farrukh to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court upon his return from Bijapur, where it was mounted onto an album along with European works. A [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription on the border identifies the subject of the painting as "Ibrahim Adil Khan Deccani, governor of Bijapur", and attributes it to Farrukh. This inscription is dated to the fifth regnal year of the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]], which corresponds to 1610–11 CE. The inscription is markedly Mughal, since the Mughals referred to the rulers of the Bijapur Sultanate as governors, rather than monarchs in their own right. Furthermore, Ibrahim is referred to by the lesser title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]], as opposed to the royal title of [[Shah]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://archive.org/details/the-new-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-1-part-7_202105/The%20New%20Cambridge%20History%20of%20India%2C%20Vol.%201%2C%20Part%207/page/n193/mode/2up |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=The New Cambridge History of India I:7 |pages=170–171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haidar |first1=Navina Najat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&dq=%22Sultan+Ibrahim+'Adil+Shah+II+Playing+the+Tambur%22&pg=PA19 |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 |last2=Sardar |first2=Marika |date=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The painting occupies the lower part of the [[folio]] (while the upper part contains two European [[Engraving|engravings]] of saints, [[Francis of Assisi]] and [[Catherine of Siena]]). It portrays Ibrahim, lounging upon a pillow and playing the [[Turkish tambur|tambur]], as three courtiers to his left are listening and clapping along to the music. Ibrahim has a beard and is wearing prayer beads around his neck. He is wearing a thick ''[[Jama (coat)|jama]]'', which might be made for cooler temperatures.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In-Between Textiles, 1400–1800: Weaving Subjectivities and Encounters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGmLEQAAQBAJ&dq=Ibrahim+Adil+Shah+II+tambur+jama&pg=PT135|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=1 October 2025|isbn=978-1-040-78974-2|language=en|first1=Beatriz|last1=Marín-Aguilera|first2=Stefan|last2=Hanß|quote=In others (Fig. 7.1), the ''jama'' is coloured and appears to be made of a thicker material, perhaps made for cooler weather.}}</ref> The instrument rests upon one of his knees, which is raised. Ibrahim is larger than the courtiers, in accordance with [[hierarchical proportion]]. From the way he holds the instrument, it can be inferred that the sultan was left-handed. A bolster separates Ibrahim and his courtiers from the nature in the background. Also in the background are a standing servant, several small elephants, and European-styled white palace buildings atop hilltops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Haidar |first1=Navina Najat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sultan+Ibrahim+'Adil+Shah+II+Playing+the+Tambur%22&pg=PA364 |title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy |last2=Sardar |first2=Marika |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-300-21110-8 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref>

The reduced scale of the trees corresponds to European perspective, and this leads the art historian Mark Zebrowski to posit that the artists of the court of Bijapur may have been influenced by European artworks acquired from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zebrowski |first=Mark |title=Deccani painting |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25577/page/95/mode/2up |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Internet Archive |date=1983 |page=95 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:1590s paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in Prague]]
[[Category:Portraits of monarchs]]
[[Category:Musical instruments in art]]
[[Category:Watercolor paintings]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Ritambhara

2026-02-06T13:03:02Z

KJIMarquis:

{{Short description|Indian fashion carnival}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{Promotional|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Ritambhara
| logo = Ritambhara Logo.png
| location = [[Kanpur, India]]
| years_active = 55
| founded = 1964
| genre = Non-Profit, Student run Organization
| patron = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]
| website = [https://antaragni.in/competitions/ritambhara/disenador www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/]
}}

'''Ritambhara''' ({{langx|hi|ऋतंभरा}}) is the fashion carnival of [[Antaragni]], the annual cultural fest of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] held in the month of October. It is a four-day-long event, attracting participation from more than 100 colleges across the country.<ref name=abra>[http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/iit-kanpur-antaragini-2014/ ''Abraxas'', Fashion and Glamour at IIT Kanpur – Antaragni 2014, 8th Sept, 2015]</ref>

Ritambhara has featured judges including [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]],<ref name="naw" /> [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]],<ref name="abra" /> [[Kanika Kapur]], [[Arnela Zeković|Arnela Zekovic]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], [[Bidita Bag]], [[Noyonita Lodh]], [[Shilpa Singh]]. Established in 1964 by a group of IIT Kanpur students, Ritambhara, now in its 53rd edition, provides a platform for designers and models to showcase their talents through various themed competitive events. It is a non-profit event organized entirely by IIT Kanpur students. Initially, the event was small and funded solely by the Student Gymkhana of IIT Kanpur. Over time, it gained recognition in the fashion world, with its budget now supported through sponsorship. Ritambhara has also garnered significant media attention and numerous well-known sponsors.

== Competitions ==

Ritambhara comprises several competitions:
[[File:Final year Batch Presentation 2010.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Y7 - Hall 1 - Gangster theme | IIT Kanpur's Final Year batch performing at Ritambhara 2010]]
'''Ritambhara Prelims''' - Held on the first day of Antaragni, this event features approximately 20 college teams competing for selection by the jury for the final round.

'''Ritambhara Finale''' - On the day following the Prelims, the selected teams compete further. One team is declared the winner, and another is named the runner-up. The best-performing models receive the titles of Mr. Ritambhara and Ms. Ritambhara.

'''Diseñador''' - On the third day, designers are given the opportunity to create a complete wardrobe, including accessories, to highlight the model and bring their envisioned character to life.

''' Mr. and Ms. Impressionante''' - Also on the third day, this event features individual participants competing for the titles of Mr. Impressionante and Ms. Impressionante.

''' Elegancia''' - This is an online selfie contest that invites participation from across the country, with the winner determined by the number of votes received for their selfie.<ref name=abra/>

== Dream On campaign ==
The Dream On campaign allows participants to be mentored by people working in the industry. Dream On was held for the first time with Antaragni 12. This concept was also introduced in Ritambhara at the same time. In the past, the winners were provided with direct professional portfolio shoots with fashion photographers,<ref>[http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/ritambhara-a-fashion-extravaganza-at-iit-kanpur/ "A fashion extravaganza at Antaragni 2015,9th February, 2016"]</ref> fashion designers, and modelling agencies including Rohit Dhingra,<ref name=xyz/> Faces Model Management, Modelling India, Josh Ghoraya, and Surendri.

== Participating colleges ==
Ritambhara includes participation from several fashion and non-fashion colleges of the country like NIFT Delhi,<ref>[http://www.abraxasnu.com/campus/journey-of-nift-delhis-fashion-team/ ''Abraxas'', Journey of NIFT Delhi’s Fashion Team, 8 September 2015]</ref> NIFT Kolkata, INIFD Ludhiana, St. Xaviers Kolkata, Pearl Delhi, and many more.<ref name=xyz/> University of Delhi (DU) along with colleges from states like U.P., Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana, and colleges from the Kolkata circuit. Altogether, there is participation from more than 50 colleges nationwide.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Judges ==
Ritambhara has seen fashion designers, fashion photographers, models, Bollywood actors and actresses as its judges in the past few years.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Judges
|-
| 2010 || Miss Fernanda,<ref name=xyz>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Blind-Date-Rock-Bands-and-what-not-/articleshow/6800310.cms ''Times of India'', Blind Date, Rock Bands and what not ..., 8 September 2015]</ref> Rinku Sobti, Rohit Dhingra<ref name=xyz/>
|-
| 2011 || Rohit Dhingra,<ref name=rd>[http://www.fashionphotostudio.com/achievements/ ''Fashion Photo Studio'', Achievements, 8 September 2015]</ref> Prateek Kharb, Abdul Haider<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/IIT-K-annual-fest-to-kickstart-from-Oct-21/articleshow/6775879.cms ''Times of India'', IIT-K annual fest to kickstart from 21 Oct, 8 September 2015]</ref>
|-
| 2012 || Pallavi Jaipur, [[Rishita Monga]], Hemant J khendiwal, [[Kartik Tiwari]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]]<ref name=nush>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Antaragni-12-at-IIT-Kanpur-from-Oct-11-to-14/articleshow/16731504.cms ''Times of India'', Antaragni-’12 at IIT-Kanpur from 11 to 14 Oct, 8 September 2015]</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Elena Kazan]], Munish Khanna, Chhaya Mehrotra, Niket and Jaini<ref name=naw>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nawazuddin-at-annual-cultural-fest-of-IIT-Kanpur/articleshow/21707455.cms ''Times of India'', Nawazuddin at annual cultural fest of IIT Kanpur, 8th september, 2015]</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Prachi Mishra]], Hemant Sood, Sujit Meher<ref name=abra/>
|-
| 2015 || [[Noyonita Lodh]], [[Shilpa Singh]], Kanika Kapur, Siddharth Joshi, Josh Goraya<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/50th-Antaragni-awaits-rocking-start/articleshow/49561978.cms''Times of India'',50th ‘Antaragni’ awaits rocking start, 9 February 2016]</ref>
|-
|2017
|'''[[Simran Kaur Mundi]], [[Arnela Zeković|Arnela Zekovic]], [[Bidita Bag]], Nitin Sarna, Meenal Shah, Tanya Virmani'''
|}

== Awards and prizes ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
'''Ritambhara'''

For Models(1 male and 1 female):

* Entry into the final round of Impressionante.
* Title of Mr. and Miss Ritambhara.
* Modelling Assignments or portfolio under renowned people of the industry.

For Teams:

* 1st Team ₹ 35,000'' (COULD BE CHANGED)''
* 2nd Team ₹ 20,000'' (COULD BE CHANGED)''

''A lot of goodies are at stake too. Some special prizes to be unveiled shortly. Stay connected through our Ritambhara website and facebook page.''

For Designer (one):

* Title of best designer.
* Cash prize INR 10k
* Internship under a renowned fashion designer.

'''Diseñador'''

* 1st Prize- INR12000 2nd Prize- INR8000.
* Designers of the winning team would be awarded design internship at a prestigious fashion firm.
* The models will receive UCB and VLCC vouchers.
* The Best three designs along with the photoshoot, will be featured on a renowned media platform.

'''Impressionante'''

* 1st Prize INR 8000 each
* Mr. and Miss Impressionante will be awarded with a cash prize of ₹ 8000/each'' (COULD BE CHANGED)'' and a portfolio to be shot by a renowned photographer.
* Winners will get a mention in popular fashion magazine.

'''Elegancia'''

* Weekly winners will be announced and will get a chance to win exciting goodies.
* One male and one female winner will be declared at the end of the contest.

== Commercial opportunities ==
Ritambhara has attracted sponsorships from brands due to participation of students from all over India. Alumni also visit the institute during this time. Companies associated with Ritambhara in 2014 include [[Monte Carlo]] and Vimal as Title Sponsors; [[Pantaloon Retail India|Pantaloons]], Turtle and [[Woodland]] as Associate Title Sponsors.<ref>[http://www.antaragni.in/2014/ ''Ritambhara 2014'', Sponsors, 8 September 2015]</ref> Ritambhara has also been associated with fashion magazines like [[FHM (India)]], [[Maxim (India)]], Abraxas Lifestyle, and youth magazines like [[Abraxas NU]] as media partners.<ref>[http://www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/ ''Ritambhara 2015'', Sponsors, 8 September 2015]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
File:Pic1ritambhara.jpg
File:pic2rit.jpg
File:Pic3rit.jpg
File:Pic4rit.jpg
File:Pic5rit.jpg
File:Pic6rit.jpg
File:Pic7rit.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.antaragni.in/ritambhara/}}

[[Category:Fashion events in India]]

Dr. K. N. Modi University

2026-01-19T16:29:20Z

KJIMarquis: adding page!

{{Short description|Private university in Newai, Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|image =
|name = Dr. K. N. Modi University
|motto =
|established = 2010
|type =
|endowment =
|chairman = D. K. Modi
|vice_chancellor =
|president =
|city = [[Newai, Tonk, Rajasthan]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{Coord|26.3888615|N|75.9148568|E|display=inline,title}}
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|website = {{URL|https://www.dknmu.org}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. K. N. Modi University''' is private university enacted by ''The Dr. K.N. Modi University (Tonk) Act, 2010'' (Rajasthan Act No. 8 of 2010) by [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] located in [[Newai, Tonk, Rajasthan]], India. The university has a {{cvt|42|acre|adj=on}} campus. The periphery around the campus has a green buffer of heavy plantation, which filters out dust and noise from the vicinity and helps in maintaining pleasant surroundings. [[Rainwater harvesting]] system has been adopted. Waste water is recycled for horticultural needs. [[Solar energy]] panels supplement power generation; provide hot water in winters and street light at night. An in-house sub-station is operational.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/dr-kn-modi-university/|title=Dr. K. N. Modi University|publisher=www.unirank.org|date=|access-date=22 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3|title=Private University|publisher=University Grants University|date=|access-date=22 March 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.dknmu.org/}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tonk district]]

Vinu Abraham

2026-01-15T06:09:27Z

KJIMarquis: Added New Post.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vinu Abraham
| image =VINU ABRAHAM.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nedungadappally]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Nashtanayika''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = Best Screenplay, [[Mexico City International Film Festival]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}
'''Vinu Abraham''', is an Indian [[short story]] writer, novelist, and [[script writer]], who writes in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]. He is best known for his 2008 novel ''Nashtanayika'', about Malayam actress [[PK Rosy]], later translated as ''The Lost Heroine''.

==Early life==
Vinu Abraham is from [[Nedungadappally]], near [[Thiruvalla]] in [[Pathanamthitta district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Career==
Abraham is based in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of Kerala. His short stories and articles appear regularly in Malayalam periodicals in Kerala. He has published many books as well as writing screenplays for seven films including ''[[Ravu]]''.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

''Nashtanayika'' (2008), his most famous novel, depicts the saga of the tragic life of [[Malayalam cinema]]'s first heroine, [[Dalit]] actress [[P. K. Rosy|P.K.Rosy]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Flashback-in-tinsel-town/article12553583.ece|title=Flashback in tinsel town|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2012-10-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the making of the first Malayalam film, ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'', directed by [[J. C. Daniel|JC Daniel]]. The 2013 Malayalam film ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'', directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and starring [[Pritviraj]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], and Chandni Geetha as Rosy, is a partial adaptation of ''Nashtanaayika''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vindication-of-faith/article4784496.ece|title=Vindication of faith|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2013-06-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/01/22/chandini-geetha-actress-profile-and-biography/ |title=Chandini Geetha - Film Actress, Singer |last=Manalethu |first=Biju Cheriyan |date=22 January 2016 |website=Cinetrooth |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331130323/http://cinetrooth.in/2016/01/22/chandini-geetha-actress-profile-and-biography |url-status=live}}</ref> It was translated into English by film critic and writer [[C. S. Venkiteswaran]] and professor of English and translator Arathy Ashok, and published by [[Speaking Tiger Books]] in 2020 as ''The Lost Heroine''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Abraham | first=Vinu | title=Requiem for a lost heroine | website=Indian Cultural Forum | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2020/09/23/requiem-for-a-lost-heroine/ | access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

Abraham wrote the screenplay for ''[[Parudeesa]]'', which won the Best Dramatic Editing award at Amsterdam International Film Festival, and Best Screenplay at [[Mexico City International Film Festival]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm5530175}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Vinu}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dacalana vui

2026-01-04T22:14:44Z

KJIMarquis: adding entry!

{{orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Species of Butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Dacalana
| species = vui
| authority = Saito and Inayoshi, 2022
}}

'''''Dacalana vui''''', also called the '''narrow-banded royal''', is a species of [[Lycaenidae|lycaenid]] [[butterfly]] first described by Saito & Inayoshi in 2022.<ref name="Gogoi">{{Cite journal |last1=Gogoi |first1=Monsoon Jyoti |last2=Goswami |first2=Rajkamal |last3=Karimbumkara |first3=Seena Narayanan |last4=Litin |first4=Agur |date=2025-09-30 |title=Six new additions to the Indian butterfly (Lepidoptera) fauna from Upper Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.entomon.in/index.php/Entomon/article/view/1520 |journal=Entomon |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=253–260 |doi=10.33307/entomon.v50i3.1520 |issn=0377-9335|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The species is large and features a narrow, pale band on its wings. Its recent sighting in India's Upper Siang Valley marks a significant extension of its known range.<ref name="Gogoi"/><ref name="Arunachal">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=6 new butterfly species reported from U/Siang {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/10/25/6-new-butterfly-species-reported-from-u-siang/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-10-24 |title=Arunachal: Six New Butterfly Species Reported from Simong Forest |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-six-new-butterfly-species-reported-from-simong-forest/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q137299351}}

[[Category:Dacalana]]
[[Category:Insects described in 2022]]

{{Butterfly-stub}}

Anantham (TV series)

2025-12-25T15:10:14Z

KJIMarquis: started new data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Aanandham]], a 2001 Tamil drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = {{plainlist |
* [[Family drama]]
}}
| director = V. Priya
| writer = [[V. Priya]]
| music = A.S.Ram
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| location =
| cinematography = AT Bagath
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| editor = Sathish Suriya
| company = Happy Unicorn
| executive_producer =
| producer = V. Murali Raaman
| image = Anantham_web_series_poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Poster
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Sampath Raj]]
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Vivek Prasanna]]
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]]
* Mathew Varghese
* Indraja
* Dindigul Saravanan
* Savaal Raman
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes = Anantham (web series)#Episodes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Anantham''''' ({{Translation|infinite}}) is an Indian Tamil-language [[family drama]] [[streaming television]] series directed by [[V. Priya]].<ref name="Anantham trailer ToI" /> Produced by Happy Unicorn the series stars [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead role along with [[Sampath Raj]], [[John Vijay]], [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]], Mathew Varghese and Indraja.<ref name="Anantham Review NIE" /> The series comprised eight episodes and was released on [[ZEE5]] on 22 April 2022.

==Synopsis==
Anantham is a home that has sheltered several families and witnessed many life stories. When Ananth returns to Anantham, he learns about the various families who lived there since his parents moved out.

==Cast==
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Venkatesan
** Aravinth Sundar as Young Venkatesan
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Ananth
** Vinoth Kishan as Young Ananth
* [[Indraja]] as Maragatham
** Samyuktha Shan as Young Maragatham
* [[John Vijay]] as Ramu
** [[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Young Ramu
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Ramani
** Sai Raghul as Young Ramani
* Mathew Varghese as Ramasamy
** Anbu Thasan as Young Ramasamy
* Sree Kavi as Sundari
** Namita krishnamurthy as Young Sundari
* [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] as Seetha
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Sandeep Sekaran
* Mekha as Rekha
* Madhuri Watts as Chitra
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Lalitha
* Abishek Joseph George as Balakrishnan
** Param Guganesh as Young Balu
* George Kora as Krishnan Menon.
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Saroja
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]] as Shailaja
* Ananya Ramprasad as Sujatha
* [[Mirnaa Menon|Mirna Menon]] as Parvathy
** Kanishka as Young Paravathy
* Laguparan as Chander
* Anusha Swamy as Kavitha
* Dindigul Saravanan as Maali
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Voice of Anantham

==Reception==
The series opened to positive reviews. Navein Darshan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series with 3.5/5 stars, stating that, "Anantham is an endearing series, despite the blemishes. During a crucial moment in the series, Venkatesan [Prakash Raj] speaks of the importance of dying without regret or guilt; he thinks of it as the perfect ending. Likewise, the climax of a story and the emotion it leaves you with is equally important. Unfortunately, Anantham bypasses its golden moment for conclusion and instead chooses to leave us with an ineffective cliffhanger. Well, at least, Venkatesan gets a satisfying end."<ref name="Anantham Review NIE" /> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' told, "Anantham' is an endearing series about acceptance with gold intentions despite its imperfections. It makes you feel at home with its underlying theme to accept with love despite imperfections. As an audience member, one tends to love Anantham for its gold intentions despite its imperfections."<ref name="Anantham Review Quint" /> S.Subhakeerthana of ''OTTPlay'' said, "There is a lot of heart in Anantham though often it gets stuck in melodrama. Nevertheless I recommend that you watch this thoughtful {{Sic|web series}}."<ref name="Anantham Review ottplay" /> Ashameera Aiyappan of ''Firstpost'' wrote, "Anantham, even in the weaker portions, is thoughtful, inclusive, and shows a lot of heart. It is not perfect. Its murals are often cut into by snakey cracks. It ends on a cliffhanger that feels forced. But even in the weaker portions, the film is thoughtful, inclusive, and shows a lot of heart. For that, my love for Anantham is infinite."<ref name="Anantham Review FP" />

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#295354 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Maragatham
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ananth, a successful writer, unwillingly revisits his family home. Meanwhile, an estranged father dives into the past to learn about the journey of Venkatesan and his wife Maragatham in their home called 'Anantham'.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Seetha
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ananth learns the story of a married couple who lived in the house in 1971- Sundar and his visually impaired wife, Seetha. He witnesses Seetha's plight during the days she spent within the walls of Anantham.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Rekha
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Set in 1975, witness the struggling lives of Sandeep, an IIT graduate, his happy-go-lucky wife, and their two children.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Ananth
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ananth recalls the first time he fell in love in 1985 and how it changed his life forever.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Krishnan Menon
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Three beautiful woman living in 'Anantham' experience laughter and love after Krishnan Menon, a new paying guest, moves into their home.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Lalitha
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tenants Lalitha and Balu return to stay in Anantham. But will they have a peaceful stay at Anantham despite the horrible sins committed during their previous stay?
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Parvathy
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ananth meets a young psychotherapist, Parvathy who tells him about her painful journey and how she broke barriers and embraced her true potential while living at Anantham.
|LineColor = #295354
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Venkatesan
|DirectedBy = V. Priya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Venkatesan returns home to spend his remaining days at Anantham. As he nears his end, will he reconcile with his son and embrace peace?
|LineColor = #295354
}}
}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Anantham trailer ToI">{{Cite web |title=Anantham' Trailer: Prakash Raj, Sampath And Vivek Prasanna starrer 'Anantham' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/tamil/anantham-trailer-prakash-raj-sampath-and-vivek-prasanna-starrer-anantham-official-trailer/videoshow/90816830.cms |access-date=5 July 2022 |date=13 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704231948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/tamil/anantham-trailer-prakash-raj-sampath-and-vivek-prasanna-starrer-anantham-official-trailer/videoshow/90816830.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Anantham Review NIE">{{Cite web |title=Review- Anantham is An endearing series, despite the blemishes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/apr/23/review-anantham-is-an-endearing-series-despitethe-blemishes-2445305.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423035334/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/apr/23/review-anantham-is-an-endearing-series-despitethe-blemishes-2445305.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Anantham Review Quint">{{Cite web |title=Anantham' Review: The Show Makes You Feel At Home Despite Its Imperfections |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/anantham-zee5-tamil-webseries-review-director-priya-v-prakash-raj-sampath-raj |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[The Quint]] |date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424082540/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/anantham-zee5-tamil-webseries-review-director-priya-v-prakash-raj-sampath-raj |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Anantham Review ottplay">{{Cite web |title=Anantham review: Fantastic ensemble cast headlines this binge-worthy web series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/anantham-review-fantastic-ensemble-cast-headlines-this-binge-worthy-web-series/f78e2afcc0180 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=OTTPlay |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422081732/https://www.ottplay.com/review/anantham-review-fantastic-ensemble-cast-headlines-this-binge-worthy-web-series/f78e2afcc0180 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Anantham Review FP">{{Cite web |title=Anantham review: Imperfect but heartfelt stories about acceptance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anantham-review-imperfect-but-heartfelt-stories-about-acceptance-10585841.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Firstpost |date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422032812/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anantham-review-imperfect-but-heartfelt-stories-about-acceptance-10585841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/anantham/0-6-4z5123144 Anantham]'' at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}
{{V. Priya}}
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]

Motilal Sahu

2025-12-05T01:18:28Z

KJIMarquis: Added a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Motilal Sahu''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency]] in [[Raipur district|Raipur District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motilal Sahu, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Motilal Sahu, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/motilal-sahu-50048-1 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahu is from [[Raipur]], Raipur District, Chhattisgarh. His late father, Dauwaram Sahu, was a farmer. He completed his Diploma in Civil Engineering at Kirorimal Government Polytechnic, [[Raigarh]] in 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Motilal Sahu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAIPUR RURAL(RAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=511 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sahu won from Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 113,032 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Pankaj Sharma of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 35,750 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motilal Sahu, BJP Candidate from Raipur Rural Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh/motilal-sahu-assembly-candidate-s26aed2008a048e2023c005/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raipur City Gramin Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Motilal Sahu Wins From Raipur City Gramin |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/raipur-city-gramin-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647383 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-result-2023-whos-winning-it-for-bjp-congress-complete-list-of-leading-candidates/articleshow/105700937.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Motilal}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]

University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University

2025-12-04T10:09:08Z

KJIMarquis: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Engineering college in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University Institute of Technology, The University of Burdwan
| native_name = বর্ধমান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্রতিষ্ঠান
| native_name_lang = bn
| latin_name = University Institutum Technologiae, Universitas Burdwan
| other_name = '''UIT'''
| image = UITBU.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The State of the art building of UIT
| logo = [[File:Logo of UIT.png|Logo of UIT|180 px]] [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of UITBU
| motto = उत्कृष्टतायाः नूतनानां क्षितिजानां द्वारम् ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = ''Gateway to New Horizon of Excellence''
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1999|6|15}}
| parent = [[University of Burdwan]]
| affiliation = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Institute of Technology]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist |[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[AICTE]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] }}
| founder = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee|Shri Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Sankar Kumar Nath|Prof. Sankar Kumar Nath]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/government-appoints-permanent-vcs-in-west-bengal-universities-ending-prolonged-standoff/articleshow/116056328.cms|title=New Vice Chancellor of Burdwan University :: Prof. Sankar Kumar Nath from IIT Kharagpur|website=The Times of India|date=7 December 2024 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in/uploads/webmaster/0b72a6b81244e32570d2b2ac57f31e55.pdf|title=Government of West Bengal Notification of the appointment of the new VC of the Burdwan University|website=Banglar Uchcha Shiksha|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| head_label = Registrar
| head = Dr. Sujit Kumar Chowdhury<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=AboutUs&submenu=Registrar|title=Registrar :: University of Burdwan|publisher=University of Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| principal = {{URL|https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunil-Karforma|Prof. Sunil Karforma}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Professor Sunil Karforma – Curriculum Vitae|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/cv/EMP_2030_SunilKarforma.pdf|website=University Institute of Technology, The University of Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About the Institute|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/about.php|website=University Institute of Technology, The University of Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 80 ({{small|2024}})
| administrative_staff = 40 ({{small|2024}})
| total_staff = 150 ({{small|2024}})
| students = 1656 ({{small|2024}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/course-of-study.pdf|title=Total Number of Students :: UIT Burdwan|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1584 ({{small|2024}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/course-of-study.pdf|title=Number of Students :: Bachelor of Engineering|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| postgrad = 72 ({{small|2024}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/course-of-study.pdf|title=Number of Students :: Master of Engineering|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| city = [[Burdwan, West Bengal|Burdwan]]
| province = [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postalcode = 713104
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] Academic campus at Golapbag
| campus_size = {{cvt|400|acre}}
| language = Official: English Unofficial: [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Hindi
| sporting_affiliations = [[The University of Burdwan|BU]] Inter Collegiate Sports Meet
| sports_nickname = ''UITians''
| free_label1 = Acronym
| free1 = '''UITBU'''
| website = {{URL|http://www.uit.buruniv.ac.in|Official Website of UIT}}
| coor = {{Coord|23.257|N|87.846|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
}}

'''University Institute of Technology, The University of Burdwan '''([[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''UITBU''') is a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] "A"-accredited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=AboutUs&submenu=UnivProfile#:~:text=NAAC%20Ranking%3A%20Assessed%20with%20%27A%20Grade%27%20by%20the%20NAAC%20in%202016%2C%20Valid%20till%2031.12.2022%20%E2%80%93%20IIQA%20has%20been%20submitted%20successfully%20within%20validity%20period%20for%20reaccreditation%20for%20the%20next%20cycle%20in%20compliance.|title=NAAC Accreditation :: University of Burdwan|publisher=University of Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=11 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811090250/https://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=AboutUs&submenu=UnivProfile#:~:text=NAAC%20Ranking%3A%20Assessed%20with%20%27A%20Grade%27%20by%20the%20NAAC%20in%202016%2C%20Valid%20till%2031.12.2022%20%E2%80%93%20IIQA%20has%20been%20submitted%20successfully%20within%20validity%20period%20for%20reaccreditation%20for%20the%20next%20cycle%20in%20compliance.|url-status=dead}}</ref> tier-II institute under the [[Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme|TEQIP]] initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/about.php#:~:text=The%20Institute%20accorded%20the%20approval%20of%20Technical%20Education%20Quality%20Improvement%20Programme%20(TEQIP)%20%E2%80%93%20Phase%2DII%20and%20fund%20was%20received%20from%20MHRD%20and%20State%20Govt.%20on%2019th%20July%2C%202013.|title=About UIT :: University Institute of Technology|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> It represents the Faculty of Engineering & Technology (FET), constituent to the [[University of Burdwan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=AboutUs&submenu=History#:~:text=There%20are%20now,Technical%20Education%20(AICTE).|title=University History :: University of Burdwan|publisher=University of Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125030232/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=AboutUs&submenu=History#:~:text=There%20are%20now,Technical%20Education%20(AICTE).|url-status=dead}}</ref> located in [[Burdwan, West Bengal|Burdwan]]. It is the only [[Government of West Bengal|Government]] [[Institute of Technology|Engineering]] [[Public University|Public Technical Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbjeeb.in/participating-institutions/#:~:text=7,SELF%20FINANCING%20COURSE)|title=Participating Institutions :: WBJEEB|website=WBJEEB|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> located in [[Purba Bardhaman district]].

== History ==
It was established in the year 1999 as a department of The University of Burdwan which represented the former engineering faculty of Regional Engineering College (R.E.C.) Durgapur (now, [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur|NIT Durgapur]]).

The institute has the status of a professional college run and managed by the University of Burdwan. [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee|Shri Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], inaugurated the UIT building on 4 September 2001 under ''The University of Burdwan Act, 1981''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Burdwan Act, 1981 |url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/BurdwanUniversityAct1981.pdf |website=Higher Education Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> With the approval of the [[Government of West Bengal]] and the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/11BibWACWDqNhBb_G5IHNAn9clSeac4gd/view |title=AICTE Approval Document – UIT Burdwan |website=Google Drive |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/AICTE%20Letter%20of%20Approval.pdf |title=AICTE Letter of Approval |website=UIT Burdwan |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> three graduate engineering courses, viz., Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE), and Information Technology (IT) were introduced from the 2000 session. From 2003, Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (AEIE) started. Electrical Engineering (EE) and Civil Engineering (CE) were introduced in 2008.

== Location & Campus ==

The institute is located about 100 km northwest of Kolkata, on the southern side of the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The closest airports are [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in Kolkata and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] in [[Durgapur]]. The [[Grand Trunk Road]] and the [[Barddhaman Junction railway station]] connect the campus with distant parts of [[West Bengal]] and other regions of India, facilitating smooth travel for students between their homes and the institution.

[[File:Main Gate of UIT.jpg|Main Gate of UIT|thumb|left|228x228px]]

The institution is situated in the academic campus of the University at Golapbag. The campus spans over 400 acres. The hostels<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/facilities.php#:~:text=Hostel%20Facility,for%20internet%20access.|title=Hostel Facility :: UIT Burdwan|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> are:
* [[Exile of Rama|Banabas]] Boys' Hostel (for first-year UG boys only)
* [[Satyendra Nath Bose|S.N. Bose]] Boys' Hostel
* [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|J.C. Bose]] Boys' Hostel
* [[Marie Curie|Madame Curie]] Girls' Hostel

== Academics ==

===Admission===
The Annual intake is 360 students for [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] for which the candidate have to clear the [[WBJEE]] and have to carry a mandatory threshold marks in [[Higher Secondary Examination]]. The annual intake is 36 for [[Master of Engineering|M.E.]] courses for which [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score is considered for admission. The institute also accept 36 students in total from ''lateral entry'' (admitted directly into the 2nd year of any [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] discipline) for which a candidate either should have a [[Diploma in Engineering]] or graduated in any science stream with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree with mandatory [[Mathematics]] as a subject in their coursework and the candidate have to pass the [[West Bengal Joint Entrance Examinations Board|WBJEEB]] JELET exam.

===Centre of Excellence===
'''Institute-industry partnership cell (IIPC)''':
The university has opened an IIPC with financial assistance from AICTE. A university MBA Professor looks after the activity of the cell. It is looked after by a committee composed of Placement Officer, Faculty Members and representatives of the Final Year students.

'''Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)''':
The Professional Activity Center of the [[IETE]], a body of the [[Government of India]] for Information Technology, Computer Science & Engineering and Electronics and Communication Engineering was opened in 2002. It was upgraded to the standard of Subcenter in 2004. The purpose of this center is to inject professionalism into the outlook of the students through seminars, invited lectures and workshops.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|colspan="3"| '''Academic Programs'''
|-
! Degree
! Departments
! General Science & Engineering and Humanities Courses<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/Curricula/1st%20Year%20BE%20Curriculum%20for%202018-19%20batch%20onwards.pdf|title=Curriculum of UIT|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> (''{{small|[[Interdisciplinarity|Inter-Disciplinary]]}}'')

|-
| '''[[Bachelor of Engineering| Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/about.php#:~:text=Burdwan%20University%20Executive,graduates/Ph%20D.|title=Faculty of Engineering & Technology :: BU|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

| {{bulleted list | [[Computer Science| Computer Science & Engineering]] | [[Electrical Engineering]] | [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]] | [[Information Technology]] | [[Civil Engineering]] | [[Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering]] |}}

| rowspan=2 |
[[Mathematics]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[Linear Algebra]]
*[[Discrete mathematics]]
*[[Calculus]]
*[[Differential Equations]]
*[[Complex Analysis]]
*[[Probability theory|Probability]] & [[Statistics]]
*[[Computational mathematics|Computational Methods]]}}}}
[[Physics]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[Classical Mechanics]]
*[[Statistical Mechanics]]
*[[Theory of Relativity]]
*[[Quantum Mechanics]]}}}}
[[Chemistry]] [[Biology]] [[Environmental Science]] [[Mechanical Engineering]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[Engineering Mechanics]]
*[[Fluid Mechanics]] & [[Thermodynamics]]
*[[Manufacturing Engineering]]
*[[Engineering Drawing]] & [[Computer-aided design|CAD]]
*[[Power plant engineering|Power Plant Engineering]]}}}}
[[Computer program|Programming for Problem Solving]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[C (programming language)|C]]
*[[Python (programming language)|Python]]
*[[Algorithm]]}}}}
[[Artificial Intelligence]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[Machine Learning]]
*[[Deep Learning]]
*[[Reinforcement Learning]]}}}}
[[Humanities]]{{collapsible list|{{smalldiv|
*[[English literature|English]]
*[[Value (ethics and social sciences)|Values & Ethics]]
*[[Linguistics]]
*[[Business communication]]
*[[Entrepreneurship|Industrial Management & Entrepreneurship]]
*[[Constitution of India]]
*[[Economics]]}}}}
|-
| '''[[Master of Engineering| Master of Engineering (M.E.)]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/about.php#:~:text=Burdwan%20University%20Executive,graduates/Ph%20D.|title=Faculty of Engineering & Technology :: BU|website=UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

| {{bulleted list | [[Computer Science & Engineering]] | [[Instrumentation Engineering|Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering]] |}}
|}

===National rankings===

{{Infobox university rankings
| USNWR_W = 1921 | USNWR_W_year = 2024–25 | USNWR_W_ref =<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings (2025)|work=U.S. News Education|access-date=20 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

| QS_Asia = 621–640 | QS_Asia_ref =<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings?search=burdwan|title=QS Asia University Ranking 2025|work=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited|access-date=15 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| USNWR_Asia = 775 | USNWR_Asia_year = 2024–25 | USNWR_Asia_ref =<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings (2025)|work=U.S. News Education|access-date=20 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

| USNWR_N = 79 | USNWR_N_year = 2024–25 | USNWR_N_ref =<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings (2025)|work=U.S. News Education|access-date=20 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

}}

{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
| NIRF_U_2024 = 101–150
| NIRF_O_2024 = 151–200
}}

The parent institution of UIT, i.e., the University of Burdwan, was ranked '''36th in India''' and '''3rd in West Bengal''' (after [[Jadavpur University]] and [[University of Calcutta]]) in the ''State Public Universities'' category by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 – State Public University Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/STATEPUBLICUNIVERSITYRanking.html#:~:text=IR%2DO%2DU%2D0569,36 |website=NIRF India |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

===Library===
[[File:Library of UIT.jpg|Library room of UIT|thumb|right|228x228px]]
'''Central library'''
The Central library has more than 1,50,000 volumes of books with 5000 titles, 24000 journals, and 1700 reports are subscribed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buruniv.ac.in/Demo/Template.php?menu=Facilities&submenu=CL|title= Central Library :: University of Burdwan}}</ref>

'''UIT library'''
The institute library has more than 30,000 volumes of textbooks with 4,000 titles. The library is computerized. The library receives 20 national and 30 international journals. The library has a reading room. The library subscribes to on-line, digital libraries of academic societies like [[IEEE]], [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]], and [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbjeeb.in/assets/ALPG/SU/UITBURD.pdf|title= Institute Profile :: WBJEEB}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Cultural and technical fests===
[[File:Utkrisht 2018.jpg|Technical Fest Utkrisht 2018|thumb|right|228x228px]]
UIT-BU conducts its cultural fest "WALTZ" and its technical fest "UTKRISHT" every year.

===Extracurricular activities===
[[File:Playground of UIT.jpg|Playground of UIT|thumb|right|228x228px]]

The institute has its [[National Service Scheme|NSS]] unit and the REC Club ([[Renewable Energy]] Club), through which students engage in numerous extracurricular activities. The college also features an E-Cell, with a student panel elected from among the student body. A departmental journal is published every three years. The institute encourages students to participate in various sports activities, including [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[badminton]], [[volleyball]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], and more, to maintain both a healthy body and a strong mind. An annual sports event is organized by the institution, and an inter-collegiate sports meet is hosted by the university, involving other affiliated colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/student-activities.php#:~:text=Students%E2%80%99%20Activities%3A|title=Student Activities :: UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Cherry Blossom Tree of UIT.jpg|Cherry Blossom Tree of UIT|thumb|right|228x228px]]

===Training and Placement===
The Training & Placement Cell consists of the Training & Placement Officer, college authorities, faculty members, and students. The cell collaborates with non-profit organizations for information related to campus recruitment and further study opportunities. Some of the prominent companies hiring UIT students include [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Wipro]], [[Infosys]], [[Larsen & Toubro Limited|L&T]], [[Capgemini]], [[IBM]], [[HCLTech|HCL]], [[Deloitte]], Pinnacle, and [[Byju's]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/notifications_files/OUR%20ACHIEVEMENTS%20PUBLISHED%20BY%20SOME%20LEADING%20NEWSPAPERS%202021.pdf|title=Placement Achievements :: UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D0xPDls99KhCc0myqtOt9f4Nv3fcCEhT/view|title=Placement Achievements :: UIT Burdwan|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Additionally, some students have successfully secured [[Government of India|Government]] jobs, including positions in [[Union Public Service Commission|Civil Services and Engineering Services]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/features/after-failing-in-2-upsc-attempts-she-topped-the-bpsc/|title=Prerna Singh :: BPSC|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> the [[Indian Armed Forces|Defence Services]], [[Public Sector Undertakings]], [[ISRO]], [[DRDO]], and even [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/west-bengal-/north-bengal-news/story/nasa-calls-alipurduar-young-man-research-sun-particles-ssr-313024-2021-11-11|title=Souvik Bose :: NASA|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, many students are encouraged to pursue higher studies, including [[Master of Technology|M.Tech]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], at prestigious institutions such as [[Indian Institute of Technology|IITs]], [[National Institute of Technology|NITs]], and others.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Amalendu Chandra]], {{small|([[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate)}}
* [[Akhil Ranjan Chakravarty]], {{small|([[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate)}}
* [[Saleh Ali Al-Kharabsheh]], {{small|(Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jordan)}}
* [[Kamanio Chattopadhyay]], {{small|(an Indian materials engineer)}}

==See also==
* [[University of Burdwan|Burdwan University]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur|NIT Durgapur]]
* [[List of universities in India#West Bengal|List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category| University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University}}
* {{Official website|https://uit.buruniv.ac.in/index.php}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}


[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in West Bengal]]

Miraj Junction - Castlerock Express

2025-11-11T09:57:03Z

KJIMarquis: Added new info

{{Orphan|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Miraj - Castlerock Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Miraj}} (MRJ)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Castlerock}} (CLR)
| distance = {{convert|137|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 2h 29m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17333/17334
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Miraj - Castlerock Express''' is an important train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone|South western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}} of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Castle Rock railway station, Karnataka|Castlerock]] [[Karnataka]] in India. It is currently being operated with 17333/17334 train numbers on a daily basis.

Castlerock is a beautiful station bordering Karnataka & Goa and falls in the Brigganza Ghatt section.

== Service==
The 22145/Pandharpur–Miraj Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 137 km in 2h 29m. The 22146/Miraj–Pandharpur Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 137 km in 2h 29m.

== Route and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kudachi}}
* {{stnlnk|Raybag}}
* {{stnlnk|chikkodi}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghataprabha}}
* {{stnlnk|Gokak}}
* {{stnlnk|Belgaum}}
* {{stnlnk|Londa Junction}}

==Coach composition==
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 11 coaches:

* 9 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a Pune Loco Shed-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Castlerock to Miraj and vice versa.

==Rake share and direction reversal==
The train shares its rake with 17331/17332 [[Miraj–Hubballi Express]]. Loco reversal is done at Londa Junction in up & down direction.

== See also ==
* [[Pandharpur railway station]]
* [[Miraj Junction railway station]]
* [[Miraj–Hubballi Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/16964 22145/Pandharpur–Miraj SF Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/16965 22146/Miraj–Pandharpur SF Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandharpur-Miraj Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Dullipatti

2025-10-27T00:21:50Z

KJIMarquis: adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dullipatti
| native_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.559|N|86.106|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhubani district]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 847226
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-6246
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-32
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.dullipatti.com}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dullipatti''' is a village, situated in [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] district of [[Bihar]], near the Nepal international border. [[National Highway 105 (India)|National Highway 105]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rcd.bih.nic.in/NH-List.htm |title=List of National Highways |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217001937/http://rcd.bih.nic.in/NH-List.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> passes through this village and is 6 kilometers away from [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]], sub-division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar {{!}} Mithila painting {{!}} India |url=https://madhubani.nic.in/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As part of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithilanchal]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is a primary language of the villagers and [[Hindi]] is an official language.

[[File:National Highway 105.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 105 (India)|National Highway 105]], passing through Dulipatti Village]]

== Culture ==
Villagers belong to different [[caste]]s and [[Community|communities]]. Several types of [[festival]]s are celebrated, including [[Diwali]], [[Chhath]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], and [[Durga Puja]].

== Education ==
This village has two government elementary schools, one government secondary school with a girls hostel facility and one government College D.B. College, LNMU.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lnmu.in | url=http://lnmu.in/index.php?option=colleges }}</ref> Beside government schools, there are also privately operated schools.

[[File:Girls Hostel.jpg|thumb|Girls Hostel for Government Secondary School, Dullipatti]]

== Banks ==
Dullipatti has branches of government banks like [[Grameen Bank]] and [[Indian Overseas Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iobnet.co.in/iobapps/jsp/online.jsp |title=Welcome to Internet Banking |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405164407/https://www.iobnet.co.in/iobapps/jsp/online.jsp |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Energy ==
Electricity supply is good and operated by the Bihar Electricity Board.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bsphcl.bih.nic.in/ |title=BSPHCL |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806075436/http://bsphcl.bih.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In case of non-supply of electricity, people use [[Electric generator|generators]] to produce it.

== Migration ==
Like other villages of Bihar, some of the people of this village have also migrated to other states, like [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] or [[Punjab, India|Panjab]] for earning a livelihood. However, due to better job opportunities at home, people are returning.

== Business ==
Agriculture is the main business of this villagers. All type of foods (wheat, rice, corn, pulse, sugar cane etc.) are being produced without using any dangerous fertilizers due to cultivated land.

== Market ==
There is a small market located in the center of the village. The larger village of [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] is also close to Dullipatti, providing more shopping opportunities.

== Road and transport ==
Highway (NH-105)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rcd.bih.nic.in/Maps/Madhubani.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013223054/http://rcd.bih.nic.in/Maps/Madhubani.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> that connects this village directly to the main city of the state like [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Muzaffarpur]] and [[Patna]]. Buses of Delux and Semi-delux type run through.

== Railway connectivity==
The [[Jaynagar railway station]] is close to this village and can be reached either by personal vehicles or by public transport. There are many JYG trains that depart from this station, to different places of state and country, including Delhi and Calcutta.

== Administration ==
Mrs. Rupam Kumari ([[Village Mukhiya]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sec.bihar.gov.in/wcl.aspx |title=State Election Commission, Bihar |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518223010/http://sec.bihar.gov.in/wcl.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> are [[democratically elected]] representative, takes care of all types of development work in the village.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dullipatti}}
*[https://maps.google.co.in/maps?q=dullipatti&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wl Dullipatti on Google Map]
*[https://archive.today/20130730091308/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=94749&rlbtype=V DULLIPATTI Gram Panchayat] [http://www.biharpanchayat.gov.in/web/97303_dulipatti-village-panchayat dulipatti-village-panchayat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235313/http://www.biharpanchayat.gov.in/web/97303_dulipatti-village-panchayat |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111111033653/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373413_1_chief-minister-sushil-modi-labour-migration labour-migration]
*[https://archive.today/20130730091317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-27/patna/28177416_1_seismic-survey-cairn-energy-petroleum-reserve seismic-survey-cairn-energy-petroleum-reserve]
*[https://archive.today/20130730091339/http://www.petroweekly.com/ongcs-exploration-activities-in-the-state-of-bihar/ ongcs-exploration-activities-in-the-state-of-bihar]
*[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses5/0103129201.htm Question raised on ONGC activity in Bihar in Parliament of India]
*[http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/Website/quest.asp?qref=100029 Petroleum Minister of India on Exploration of Natural Product by ONGC]
*[http://sec.bihar.gov.in/wcl.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518223010/http://sec.bihar.gov.in/wcl.aspx |date=18 May 2017 }} State Election Commission, Bihar
*[http://www.dullipatti.com Dullipatti official website]

{{Darbhanga Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madhubani district]]

Battle of Jhelum (1206)

2025-10-26T10:47:15Z

KJIMarquis: started the article v1

{{Short description|Khokhar rebellion against Muhammad Ghori}}
{{other uses|Battle of Jhelum (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Jhelum
|image=
|caption=
|partof= [[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor]]
|date= February–March 1206
|place=[[Jhelum River]] (present-day [[Pakistan]])
|result= Ghurid victory
|combatant1= [[Ghurid Empire]]
|combatant2= [[Khokhars|Hindu Khokhars]]
|commander1= [[Muhammad of Ghor]] [[Iltutmish]] [[Qutubuddin Aibak]] Bahauddin Muhammad Sulaiman Sirajuddin Abu Bakhar
|commander2= Raisal{{KIA}} Bakhan{{KIA}} Sarkha{{KIA}}
|strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
|casualties1= Unknown
|casualties2= Heavy
}}
The '''Battle of Jhelum (1206)''' was fought in the early 1206 on the bank of the river [[Jhelum]] in present-day [[Pakistan]], between the rebel [[Khokhars|Hindu Khokhars]] led by Sarkha and the [[Ghurid]] forces led by [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. The Ghurids won the battle decisively and thus quelled the Khokhar insurrection in the [[Salt Range]].

After crushing defeat of the [[Ghurids]] in [[Battle of Andkhud]], several rebellions occurred throughout their empire, most menacing was that of the rebellious natives of the [[Pothohar Plateau]], the Khokhars, who endeavoured to seize [[Lahore]] itself. Hence, Muhammad of Ghor himself marched from [[Ghazna]] to deal with Khokhars and his forces were further augmented by the Indian contingents under [[Qutubuddin Aibak]] and [[Iltutmish]]. After a fierce battle, the Ghurids eventually routed the Khokhars who were thereafter massacred and enslaved in large numbers.

The battle was the last involving Muhammad of Ghor, who was assassinated on his way back to his capital on 15 March 1206 at [[Dhamiak]].

==Background==
After the death of [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] in March 1203, his junior partner in the [[dyarchy]], [[Muhammad of Ghor]] mounted an invasion of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]], only to suffer a disastrous defeat near [[Battle of Andkhud|Andhkhud]] to whom they lost any claim to [[Khurasan]].{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=132-133}} The disastrous expedition led to the widespread insurrection in the [[Ghurid Sultanate]] with several uprisings against the authority of Muhammad.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=161}}

The most potent of these insurrections were from the [[Khokhars]] who were influential in the zone between [[Indus Valley]] down to the [[Churia Hills]].{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=134-135}} The Khokhars under their leaders Sarkha and Bakan in coalition with a chief of [[Salt Range]] - Raisal{{efn|Chronicler Ibn al-Athir mentioned him as a Muslim convert{{sfn|Habibullah|1961|page=72}}}}
began raiding the Ghurid domains west of the [[Indus Delta]] around [[Lahore]] and pillaged the whole countryside.{{sfn|Habibullah|1961|page=63,72}} The Khokhars further made a thrust for annexation of Lahore by cutting off the roads between [[Peshawar]] and [[Multan]].{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=178}} Ghurid governors stationed in these domains by Muhammad were Bahauddin Muhammad and Sulaiman who both made an attempt to oust the Khokhars but were made to fled with heavy losses.{{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=47}}

The news of a Khokhar uprising in the [[Punjab|Panjab]] region reached the court of Muhammad of Ghor in [[Ghazna]] through Sirajuddin Abu Bakar, startled by the situation, Muhammad summarily made arrangements to crush the Khokhar uprising and thus, himself advanced with a large army from [[Ghazna]] during the winters of 1205. Furthermore, Muhammad directed his lieutenant [[Qutubuddin Aibak]] who was in charge of Delhi along with Aibak's slave [[Iltutmish]] who was holding the [[Badaun]] region then to join the Ghurid forces with their respective contingents.{{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=48-49}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=134}}

==Battle==
When the forces of Qutubuddin Aibak gathered to join Muhammad, the Khokhar rebels made an attempt to stop him crossing the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river and join his master but were defeated and crushed. {{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=48}} A pitched battle took place between the rivers [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Jhelum]] in course of which the Khokhars offered a stiff resistance from early morning until the sunset and nearly carried the day, although the timely arrival of Aibak and [[Iltutmish]] decided the issue in favour of Muhammad who restored to a mass slaughter of the Khokhars after their victory.{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=135}}

Contemporary chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]] in his florid "Taj-ul-Masir" exemplify the role of Iltutmish during the battle and hailed him as the "[[Sultan of Sultans]]" despite being a slave at the point. Nizami further describes the battle that "at the head of the army of [[Islam]] and the support of warriors of faith was the second [[Alexander]] - Shamsuddin Iltutmish who "kneaded the soil of the battlefield with the blood of Khokhars".{{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=48-49}}

After routing the Khokhars, Muhammad marched further in the [[Salt Range]] on the next day, where son of an eminent Khokhar chief who was in possession of a strong citadel from where they were raiding the Ghurid domains, surrendered it to the Ghurids after a brief siege and accepted Muhammad's suzerainty.{{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=49}} After capitulation of the citadel, several Khokhars who took refuge in it after their defeat a day before in the pitched battle, fled to the nearby forest which was callously burnt down by Muhammad and his army.{{sfn|Habibullah|1961|page=63}}

==Aftermath==
The Khokhars were thus subdued by Muhammad with a great deal of barbarity as a large number of them were massacred and many were taken as prisoners who were subsequently converted to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=73}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=133-134}} According to the chronicler [[Minhaj al-Siraj|Juzjani]] - Muhammad conferred Iltutmish with a robe of honour for his heroic performance in the battle. He also ordered the deed of manumission on him and freed him of his mawālī obligations despite the fact that his master Qutb al-Din Aibak was not manumitted until then.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=213}} The campaign against the Khokhars also yielded Muhammad an enormous amount of slaves and booty.{{sfn|Biran|2005|page=69-70}}

After crushing the Khokhar insurrection in Lahore and granting Qutubuddin Aibak to leave for [[Delhi]], Muhammad started his return to [[Ghazna]]. However, on his way back from the [[Salt Range]], Muhammad was assassinated at [[Dhamiak]] (in present-day [[Pakistan]]) while offering the evening prayers. According to the 17th century chronicler [[Ferishta]], Muhammad was assassinated by the Khokhars who avenged the slaughter of their kinsman in the latestly concluded battle, although this is not attested by the earlier accounts of Juzjani and other Muslim historians who attributed the murder of Muhammad to the [[Isma'ilism|Ismāīlīs]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=72}} Some scholars, on the basis of the writings of [[Ibn al-Athir]], speculated that Muhammad was jointly assassinated by the pact of Khokhars and Ismailis given the life-long persecution they endured from Muhammad of Ghor.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=179}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Biran|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C |title=The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World |date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84226-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Habibullah |first=Abul Barkat Muhammud|author-link=Abu Mohammed Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kQeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206-1290 A.D. |date=1961 |publisher=Central Book Depot |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Mohammad|author-link=Mohammad Habib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami|first=K. A.|author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter= Foundation of the Delhi Sultanate|editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqui|first=Iqtidar Husain|title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&pg=PA40 |year=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:13th-century military history]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1206]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Tajiks]]

1995–96 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2025-09-24T01:04:34Z

KJIMarquis: started first post v1

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1995/96 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1995/96 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=28 - 31 December 1995
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series=
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pravin Amre]]
|runs1= [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] (142)
|runs2= [[Rahul Dravid]] (164)
|runs3= [[Pankaj Dharmani]] (61)
|wickets1= [[Anil Kumble]] (5)
|wickets2= [[Venkatapathy Raju]] (11)
|wickets3= [[Rajesh Chauhan]] (4)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1994-95|1994–95]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1996-97|1996–97]]
}}

The 2nd [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] or Liberty Cup was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Hyderabad]] from 28 December to 31 December 1995. The series involved the domestic and national players from India allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors won the Challenger trophy after defeating India A by 33 runs in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-A_CHLNGR-FINAL_31DEC1995.html|title=India Seniors are the winners of Challenger Trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Squads ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR-SQUADS_DEC1995.html|title=India Seniors Squad - India Seniors Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1995/96 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR-SQUADS_DEC1995.html|title=India A Squad - India A Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1995/96 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR-SQUADS_DEC1995.html|title=India B Squad - India B Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1995/96 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Ajay Jadeja]]
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Utpal Chatterjee]]
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
|
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Vikram Rathour]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Amol Muzumdar]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (Indian cricketer)|Bhupinder Singh Jr.]]
* [[Saba Karim]]
* [[Paras Mhambrey]]
* [[Salil Ankola]]
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
* [[Narendra Hirwani]]
* [[M. Venkataramana|Margashayam Venkataramana]]
|
* [[Pravin Amre]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gagan Khoda]]
* [[Surendra Bhave]]
* [[Pankaj Dharmani]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Sanjay Raul]]
* [[Prashant Vaidya]]
* [[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rajesh Chauhan]]
* [[Feroze Ghayas]]
* [[Bharati Vij]]
|}

== Points Table ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India A|team2=India Seniors
|team3=India B

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India A=2 |loss_India A=0 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=+0.576
|win_India Seniors=1 |loss_India Seniors=1 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=-0.106
|win_India B=0 |loss_India B=2 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=-0.364

|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''
|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

== Matches ==
=== Group stage ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 28 December 1995
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 183/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 166 (49.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 52 (85)
| wickets1 = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] 2/25 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nayan Mongia]] 45 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 6/39 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 17 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-A_IND_CHLNGR_28DEC1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A 1995/96 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|VK Ramaswamy]] (IND) and [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 2, India Seniors 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 29 December 1995
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 178 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 174/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 48 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Bharati Vij]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pankaj Dharmani]] 53 (97)
| wickets2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 2/29 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 4 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-B_CHLNGR_29DEC1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India B 1995/96 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND) and [[S. K. Bansal|SK Bansal]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 30 December 1995
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 190/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 110 (38 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 78* (120)
| wickets1 = [[Prashant Vaidya]] 3/44 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bharati Vij]] 19*
| wickets2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 2/7 (6 overs)
| result = India A won by 80 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND-A_IND-B_CHLNGR_30DEC1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B 1995/96 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad]]
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (IND) and [[S. K. Bansal|SK Bansal]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 2, India B 0
}}

== Final ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 December 1995
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 213/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 180/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 81 (117)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 56 (85)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 33 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995-96/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/IND_IND-A_CHLNGR-FINAL_31DEC1995.html|title=Full Scorecard of Final India Seniors vs India A 1995/96 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|VK Ramaswamy]] (IND) and [[S. K. Bansal|SK Bansal]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = India Seniors became the winners of NKP Salve Challenger Trophy (Liberty Cup) 1995/96.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1995-96}}
[[Category:1995 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1995–96]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Standing Baba

2025-09-16T07:23:51Z

KJIMarquis: refine references for consistency as per guidelines

{{Short description|Hindu who has vowed to remain standing}}{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}

A '''Standing Baba''', or '''Khareshwari''', is a [[Hindu]] who has vowed to stand, not sitting or lying down even to sleep.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Laura |url=https://archive.org/details/planestrainsauto0000pede/page/82/mode/2up?q=%22standing+baba%22 |title=Planes, trains, and auto-rickshaws: A journey through modern India |date=2012 |publisher=Fulcrum Pub |isbn=9781555916183 |location=Golden, Colorado |pages=83}}</ref> The vow is a form of Hindu [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapa (or Tapasas)]], a self-inflicted corporal punishment intended to help bring spiritual enlightenment. Khareshwari are primarily found in [[India]], but are not limited to that country.

The length of the vow is unclear from available references. One source says that the vow lasts for twelve years. Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.

Khareshwari traditionally stood under a tree. This may be connected to the Yoga position known as Vrikasana, the Tree Position. A seventeenth-century engraving shows some images of what may be Standing Baba.

More recently Khareshwari seem to stand inside. Author [[Gregory David Roberts]] places Babas inside in his description of Khareshwari in the novel ''[[Shantaram_(novel)|Shantaram]]''. Additionally, two online photos of Khareshwari both show men inside, not under a tree.

The Standing Baba have a swing-like device that allows them to rest their arms during the day. During the night, a Khareshwari will support his torso on the swing as he sleeps. The swing usually has a sling beneath it. The sling can hold one of the Khareshwari's legs at a time. It is unclear if this is intended to rest one leg or to increase the pressure on the other leg. While Khareshwaris may walk about, they usually just stand/hang in their swing.

Standing for years at a time causes swollen legs and ulcerated feet. Roberts and others describe the Khareshwari tapa as extremely painful and even permanently disabling.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]

Ravi Behl

2025-08-18T01:12:52Z

KJIMarquis: Starting The Page Basic Info

{{short description|Indian actor and television producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Behl
| image =
| caption = Ravi Behl
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|5|10}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Television producer|Producer]], [[Talk show host|Host]]
| years_active = 1980–2007; 2023–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Ramesh Behl]] (uncle) [[Goldie Behl]] (first-cousin)
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|Behl family]]
}}

'''Ravi Behl''' (born 10 May 1966)<ref name="This day in history">{{cite news|title=This day in history|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/this-day-in-history-10-may-2009_100190491.html|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> is an Indian [[actor]] and [[television]] [[Television producer|producer]] belonging to [[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|Behl family of Hindi films]]. He is better known for the 1991 film ''[[Narsimha (1991 film)|Narsimha]]'' and as co-host of dance show ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'', that he co-produced with Naved Jaffery for Sony television.<ref name="Interview with actor Ravi Behl">{{cite news|title=Interview with actor Ravi Behl|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/ravibehl.htm|access-date=15 November 2013|newspaper=IBNLive}}</ref> He debuted in movies in 1980 with film ''[[Morchha]]'', followed by ''Inteha'' in 1984.<ref name=sis2/>

==Early and personal life ==
{{anchor | Personal }}
{{see also | List_of_Hindi_film_families#Behl_family | l1 = Behl family }}

He is a son of film producer Shyam Behl.<ref name=sis1/><ref name=sis2>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywoods-forgotten-stars-8-interesting-facts-about-boogie-woogies-judge-ravi-behl Bollywood’s Forgotten Stars: 8 Interesting facts about Boogie Woogie’s judge – Ravi Behl], [[The Free Press Journal]], 17 June 2018.</ref> His sister Geeta Behl is an actress who did roles in movies such as ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1968),<ref name=sis1/><ref name=sis2/> ''[[Meraa Dost Meraa Dushman]]'' (1984), ''[[Do Premee]]'' (1980) and ''[[Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' (1981). Ravi's father produced movies, such as ''[[Duniya (1968 film)|Duniya]]'' (1968) starring Dev Anand and Vyjayanthimala, and ''[[The Gold Medal (film)|The Gold Medal]]'' (1969) starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], and [[Shatrughan Sinha]].

Behl, who remains unmarried, had said in an interview, "A lot of people are surprised that I'm still unmarried. It's not that I haven't tried. I was [[Ayesha Julka|seeing a girl]] for a long time but unfortunately, our relationship didn't blossom into marriage. We had our differences."<ref name=sis2/>

==Career==
Ravi made his acting debut with [[Raj Babbar]] in film ''[[Inteha (1984 film)|Inteha]]'' in 1984. He worked in popular films, such as ''[[Narsimha (1991 film)|Narsimha]]'' (1991) with [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]], ''[[Dalaal]]'' (1993) with [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Ayesha Jhulka]]; ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' (1996) with [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Manisha Koirala]]; and ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'' (1997) with Nana Patekar and [[Raveena Tandon]].<ref name=sis2/><ref name="Television brought me financial stability">{{cite news|title=Television brought me financial stability|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/television-brought-me-financial-stability-ravi-behl|access-date=15 November 2013|newspaper=Tellychakkar}}</ref> He also acted in a British TV mini series based on the novel ''[[The Far Pavilions]]''.<ref name=sis1>{{cite news|title=The Lost Hero : Ravi Behl|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fdois69-r1A}}</ref>

After his career in movies fade he became the co-producer<ref name="I was on a holiday, now I’m back: Ravi Behl">{{cite news|title=I was on a holiday, now I'm back: Ravi Behl|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/interviews/I-was-on-a-holiday-now-Im-back-Ravi-Behl/articleshow/24822259.cms|access-date=15 November 2013|newspaper=TOI}}</ref> and host of ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'' (1996–2014)<ref name=sis2/><ref name="'Boogie Woogie' back on small screen in December">{{cite news|title='Boogie Woogie' back on small screen in December|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-23/news/43289456_1_jaaved-jaaferi-small-screen-boogie-woogie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-23/news/43289456_1_jaaved-jaaferi-small-screen-boogie-woogie|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> an Indian television dance show. Ravi, who was once in financial trouble, Tellychakkar, found financial security through his work in television.<ref name=sis2/>

== Professional works ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Morchha]]'' || Chhotu || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984 || ''[[Inteha (1984 film)|Inteha]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[The Far Pavilions#Film.2C TV and theatrical adaptations|The Far Pavilions]]'' || Prince Nandu || English || British TV mini series
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]'' || Sumit || Hindi ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Narsimha (1991 film)|Narsimha]]'' || Ravi Rastogi || Hindi || first break as a lead pair
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''[[Boy Friend (1993 film)|Boy Friend]]'' || Raja || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Dalaal]]'' || Inder Jhunjhunwala || Hindi ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Pyar Ka Rog]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Meri Mohabbat Mera Naseeba]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' || Ravi Kapoor || Hindi ||
|-
| 1996–2014 || ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'' || Himself || Hindi || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'' || Arun || Hindi ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sarfarosh-E-Hind]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Salaam Bacche'' || Coach || Hindi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]'' || Jaiveer "Jayu" Singh || Hindi || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|List of Hindi film families]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0066919|name=Ravi Behl}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behl, Ravi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Ranjit Roy Chaudhury

2025-08-07T03:22:05Z

KJIMarquis: Starting First Article With Sources

{{Short description|Indian pharmacologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjit Roy Chaudhury
| image = Ranjit Roy Chaudhury 2012 conference interview.jpg
| caption = Chaudhury in a 2012 [[NDTV Profit]] interview
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|11|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|10|27|1930|11|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Clinical pharmacologist Medical academic Health planner
| yearsactive =
| parents = P. C. Roy Chaudhury Indu Roy Chaudhury
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] [[Unichem Laboratories|Unichem Award]] [[Chulalongkorn University]] Award Amrut Modi Award Vishisht Bihari Samman
}}

'''Ranjit Roy Chaudhury''', {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|FRCPE]]}} (4 November 1930 – 27 October 2015) was an Indian clinical [[pharmacologist]], medical academic and health planner,<ref name="Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury">{{cite web|url=http://nhsrcindia.org/biodata/Biodata-Prof-Ranjit-Roy-Chaudhury.pdf|title=Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury|publisher=National Health Systems Resource Centre|date=2015|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807055227/http://nhsrcindia.org/biodata/Biodata-Prof-Ranjit-Roy-Chaudhury.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> who headed the National Committee for formulating the policy and guidelines on drugs and clinical trials in India.<ref name="CHAUDHURY EXPERT COMMITTEE">{{cite web|url=https://www.healthlawyers.org/Events/Programs/Materials/Documents/AM14/bbb_wilenzick_report_prof_ranjit_roy_chaundry_expert_cmte.pdf|title=CHAUDHURY EXPERT COMMITTEE|publisher=Health Lawyers|date=2015|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090843/https://www.healthlawyers.org/Events/Programs/Materials/Documents/AM14/bbb_wilenzick_report_prof_ranjit_roy_chaundry_expert_cmte.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the chairman of the joint programme of [[World Health Organization]] and Government of India on ''Rational Use of Drugs in India''.<ref name="ND TV Expert profile">{{cite web|url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/193/Prof_Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury.html|title=ND TV Expert profile|publisher=ND TV|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> He was the founder president of the [http://delhimedicalcouncil.org Delhi Medical Council] and the president of the Delhi Society for Promotion of Rational Use of Drugs.<ref name="Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury"/>

A recipient of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] and the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], Chaudhury was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India, in 1998.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=2015|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
Chaudhury was born in 1930 in [[Patna]], in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], to Indu and P.C. Roy Chaudhury.<ref name="Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958-91">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9srAQAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Roy+Chaudhury+1930|title=Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958–91|publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research|date=1992|access-date=31 October 2015|pages=492}}</ref> His graduate studies in medicine were at the [[Prince of Wales Medical College]],(present [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]) Patna.<ref name="Bloomberg profile">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=83585719&privcapId=61111973 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151126174255/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=83585719&privcapId=61111973 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-11-26 |title=Bloomberg profile |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 }}</ref> Later, he secured the doctoral degree of DPhil from [[Lincoln College, Oxford]]<ref name="Experts' Talk">{{cite web|url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/49/expertid/193/Prof_Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury.html|title=Experts' Talk|publisher=ND TV|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126050951/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/49/expertid/193/Prof_Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury.html|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and joined the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] in 1958 and served as an assistant professor till 1960, when he moved to [[Ciba-Geigy]] Research Center, Bombay as a professor of pharmacology.<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/>

In 1964, he was appointed as the Head of the Department of Pharmacology at the [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER), [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="ND TV Expert profile"/> He served the institution as its dean and superannuated in 1980 as its director, during which time he started a DM course in clinical pharmacology, a first time for India.<ref name="Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury"/> When the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] set up the ''Toxicology Review Panel'', he was appointed as its founder chairman.<ref name="NAMS profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf|title=NAMS profile|publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

His next posting was at the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), with his base in Geneva. His service with WHO lasted till 1991 and he worked at the Regional Offices at [[Alexandria]] and [[Yangon]] and at the [[Chulalongkorn University]], [[Bangkok]].<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> Returning to India in 1991, he was involved in various medical organization activities. He was one of the co-founders of Delhi Medical Council, working as its founder president and served PGIMER as the chairman of its selection committee, while retaining his position as a WHO consultant.<ref name="Experts' Talk"/> He was also involved with the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]], New Delhi as the Emeritus Scientist, holding the post till 2005.<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/>

During this period, Chaudhury chaired the Board of Trustees of the [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2037863 International Clinical Epidemiological Network] (INCLEN) for two terms till 2006 and held its membership.<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> He has also been a member of the ''Sub-Commission in Macroeconomics and Health'' set up by the Government of India in 2005.<ref name="Sub-Commission in Macroeconomics and Health">{{cite book|url=https://www.who.int/macrohealth/action/Report%20of%20the%20National%20Commission.pdf|title=Sub-Commission in Macroeconomics and Health|publisher=World Health Organization|work=Commission Report|date=2005|access-date=26 October 2015|isbn=978-81-7525-633-0}}</ref> He became a non-executive independent director of the Indraprastha Medical Corporation in 2008 but relinquished the post in 2014 when he was appointed as the Advisor to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name="Indraprastha Medical's director Ranjit Roy Chaudhury resigns">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/indraprastha-medicals-director-ranjit-roy-chaudhury-resigns_1180358.html|title=Indraprastha Medical's director Ranjit Roy Chaudhury resigns|publisher=Money Control|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> He has also been a Non-Executive Director of Super Religare Laboratories<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> and is a member of the Task Force for Research of the Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation.<ref name="Doctors">{{cite web|url=https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/awards-accolades/doctors|title=Doctors|publisher=Apollo Hospitals|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> He sat in the governing bodies of several medical and health institutions and organizations such as PGIMER, ''Population Foundation of India'', [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]], and the ''Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions'' and the Advisory Council of the [[India International Centre]].<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/>

In February 2013, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] constituted a committee, ''National Committee for formulating the policy and guidelines on drugs and clinical trials in India'' under the chairmanship of Chaudhury<ref name="India must become an active centre for ethical clinical research: Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/India-must-become-an-active-centre-for-ethical-clinical-research-Professor-Ranjit-Roy-Chaudhury/articleshow/28737797.cms|title=India must become an active centre for ethical clinical research: Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury|publisher=Times of India|date=13 January 2014|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> and the committee submitted a report. ''Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury Expert Committee to Formulate Policy and Guidelines for Approval of New Drugs, Clinical Trials and Banning of Drugs'', recommending significant changes in the system.<ref name="Panel recommends sweeping changes in clinical trials">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/panel-recommends-sweeping-changes-in-clinical-trials/article5141590.ece|title=Panel recommends sweeping changes in clinical trials | work=The Hindu|date=18 September 2013|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> Researchers acknowledged the usefulness of his proposals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=YK |last2=Kumar |first2=BD |title=Clinical trials and evolving regulatory science in India. |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2014 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=575–8 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.144887 |pmid=25538325|pmc=4264069 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Ministry subsequently accepted the proposals.<ref name="Govt accepts Ranjit Roy panel report on approval of new drugs, clinical trials & banning of drugs">{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=78617&sid=1|title=Govt accepts Ranjit Roy panel report on approval of new drugs, clinical trials & banning of drugs|publisher=Pharma Biz|date=8 November 2013|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513155947/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=78617&sid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Besides 275 articles<ref name="Essential drugs and lower costs">{{cite journal|url=https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/55235|title=Essential drugs and lower costs|author1=Ranjit Roy Chaudhury|author2=J. S. Bapna|journal=Who-Iris|year=1997|volume=18|issue=34|pages=345–47|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513155947/https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/55235|url-status=dead}}</ref> in national and international journals, he has written 25 textbooks of medical education<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> and a book on Ayurveda, titled ''The Healing Powers of Herbs''.<ref name="The Healing Powers of Herbs">{{cite book|title=The Healing Powers of Herbs|publisher=Sterling Publishers|author=Ranjit Roy Chaudhury|year=1960|asin=B00ZLVDZSM}}</ref>

Chaudhury died on 27 October 2015, eight days before his 85th birthday, during a visit to [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], where he was attending a conference on Pharmacovigilance.<ref name="Medical researcher Ranjit Roy Chaudhury passes away">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/medical-researcher-ranjit-roy-chaudhury-passes-away-115102700687_1.html|title=Medical researcher Ranjit Roy Chaudhury passes away|publisher=Business Standard|date=28 October 2015|access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Chaudhury, the first Indian doctor<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> to receive a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] in 1955,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lifescienceworld.in/dr-ranjit-roy-chaudhuryon-current-ethics-and-norms-of-medical-practising/ | title=Dr. Ranjit Roy Chaudhury on current ethics and norms of medical practising | publisher=Life Science World | date=2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/page/rhodes-scholars-from-india|title=Rhodes Scholars from India|publisher=The Rhodes Trust|website=The Rhodes Scholarships|year=2015|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501193554/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/page/rhodes-scholars-from-india|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> was a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] and a recipient of the degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) from the [[Chulalongkorn University]].<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> He was the Patron of the India chapter of the International Society For Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR)<ref name="ISPOR Patron">{{cite web|url=http://www.ispor.org/RegionalChapters/GetLeadershipFile/16|title=ISPOR Patron|publisher=International Society For Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042426/http://www.ispor.org/RegionalChapters/GetLeadershipFile/16|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an Emeritus Professor and an elected Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="Emeritus Professor">{{cite web|url=http://www.nams-india.in/webpages/directory.html|title=Emeritus Professor|publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]], the highest Indian award in the science and technology category, in 1969,<ref name="SS Bhatnagar Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=../../../Heads/career/awards.htm|title=SS Bhatnagar Award|publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|date=2015|access-date=26 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210163924/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=..%2F..%2F..%2FHeads%2Fcareer%2Fawards.htm|archive-date=10 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Medical Council of India]] honoured him with the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian medical award.<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/>

The Government of India included him in the 1998 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]]. The [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) awarded him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.<ref name="Dr Ranjit Roy Chaudhury honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/09/05/dr-ranjit-roy-chaudhury-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award|title=Dr Ranjit Roy Chaudhury honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award|publisher=India Medical Times|date=5 September 2013|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> He was also a recipient of awards such as ''Vishisht Bihari Samman'',<ref name="Doctors"/> [[Unichem]] Award, [[Chulalongkorn University]] Award,<ref name="Bloomberg profile"/> and the Amrut Modi Award of the UNITRUST.<ref name="NAMS profile"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}
* [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]
* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=The Healing Powers of Herbs | publisher=Sterling Publishers | author=Ranjit Roy Chaudhury | year=1960 | asin=B00ZLVDZSM}}
* {{cite journal | title=Essential drugs and lower costs |author1=Ranjit Roy Chaudhury |author2=J. S. Bapna | journal=Who – Iris | year=1997 | volume=18 | issue=34 | pages=345–347}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/49/Prof_Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury.html | title=Expert's Talk – Ranjit Roy Chaudhury | publisher=ND TV | work=Q&A Colum | date=2015 | access-date=26 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064324/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/49/Prof_Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.healthlawyers.org/Events/Programs/Materials/Documents/AM14/bbb_wilenzick_report_prof_ranjit_roy_chaundry_expert_cmte.pdf | title=Chaudhury Expert Committee Report – Full text | publisher=Health Lawyers | date=2015 | access-date=25 October 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090843/https://www.healthlawyers.org/Events/Programs/Materials/Documents/AM14/bbb_wilenzick_report_prof_ranjit_roy_chaundry_expert_cmte.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzCsFzEdAB4 | title=Integrating Ayurveda with Modern Medicine | publisher=AYUSH | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 May 2013 | access-date=26 October 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhury, Ranjit Roy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian pharmacologists]]
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[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
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[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
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Atmavrittanta

2025-06-26T17:47:28Z

KJIMarquis:

{{for|Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala's autobiography|Atmabrittanta}}
{{short description|Autobiography of Manilal Dwivedi (1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Atmavrittanta
| image = Atmavritanta first edition cover page.jpeg
| image_size = 200px
| border =
| caption = First edition cover page (ed. [[Dhirubhai Thaker]])
| author = [[Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi]]
| title_orig = આત્મવૃત્તાન્ત
| orig_lang_code = gu
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Autobiography]]
| publisher = Navbharat Sahitya Mandir
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = July 1979
| published =
| pages =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 6148165
| dewey =
| congress = PK1859.D88
| native_wikisource = આત્મવૃત્તાંત
| wikisource =
| notes =
}}

'''''Atmavrittanta'''''{{efn|The original manuscript does not have any title. Its custodian Anandshankar Dhruv wrote the title ''Manilal Nabhubhaino Atmavrittanta'' (English: Manilal Nabhubhai's Autobiography) on the opening page of the ledger in which the pages the original manuscript was pasted for preservation. When Dhirubhai Thaker edited and published the first edition, it was published with the title ''Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedinu Atmavrittanta'' (English: Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi's Autobiography). It is commonly referred as ''Atmavrittanta'' (English: Autobiography, lit. 'Story of Life').<ref name="Thaker1999"/>}} ({{IPA|gu|atməvruttantə|pron|Gu-Atmavrittanta.ogg}}), formally published as '''''Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedinu Atmavrittanta''''', is an autobiography written by [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer [[Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi]] (1858–1898). Its publication was prevented for many years by Manilal's family and friends because it contains explicit details of his extramarital relations and controversial views on morality.

Being an honest confession of author's personal life and his limitations, ''Atmavrittanta'' has been compared to the [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s ''[[Confessions (Rousseau)|Confessions]]'' and [[Havelock Ellis]]'s ''My Life''. It has also been criticised for the use of crude and offensive language.

==Overview==
[[File:Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi.jpg|thumb|Manilal Dwivedi (1858–1898)|upright=0.9]]
At the age of 28, Manilal decided to write his autobiography and to maintain a diary of important events until the end of his life. Explaining this decision, he wrote: "At this time, if not enemies, I had many opponents among those who held different views and they subjected me to countless unfounded criticisms and were spreading misinformation."<ref name="TridipSuhrud">{{cite book |last=Suhrud|first=Tridip|author-link=Tridip Suhrud|title=Narrations of a Nation: Explorations Through Intellectual Biographies|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/46631|chapter=Love, Desire and Moksha: Manibhai Nabhubhai and the Loss of Svadharma|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46631/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|publisher=School of Social Sciences, [[Gujarat University]]|location=Ahmedabad|type=Ph.D|pages=103, 109, 188–189|hdl=10603/46631}}</ref> Thus, the idea of writing an autobiography emerged in his mind from a sense of victimhood and from a desire to give a true picture of his life.<ref name="TridipSuhrud"/>

Manilal started writing an account of his life on 9{{nbs}}February 1887 (at [[Mumbai]]), and by 1{{nbs}}May (at [[Nadiad]]) completed the story of his life from birth to that date in 95 pages. Then he maintained a diary in which he noted the important events of his life. Up to 22{{nbs}}August 1895, he wrote 27 such notes (20 in Nadiad, 4 in Mumbai, 1 in [[Vadodara]], 1 in [[Bhavnagar]], and 1 in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]). His account of the last three years of his life is not recorded, or, if recorded, cannot be traced.<ref name="Thaker1983">{{cite book|first=Dhirubhai|last=Thaker|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|title=Manilal Dwivedi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wg4AAAAMAAJ|series=Makers of Indian Literature|year=1983|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=70–71|oclc=10532609}}</ref><ref name="Thaker1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|title=મણિલાલ નભુભાઈ દ્વિવેદીનું આત્મવૃતાન્ત|trans-title=Autobiography of Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher=Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalay|location=Ahmedabad|pages=10 – 12|oclc=51822205}}</ref>

==Publication==
The publication of ''Atmavrittanta'' was prevented for many years by Manilal's family and friends because it contains explicit details of his extramarital relations and controversial views on morality.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Deepak B.|chapter=Modern Gujarati Literature|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA127|volume=1|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=127}}</ref>

Manilal handed over the manuscript of his autobiography to his trusted friend [[Anandshankar Dhruv]] (1869–1942) before his death in 1898. Dhruv preserved the manuscript throughout his life. During 1929–1931, some young writers, including [[Ambalal Purani]] and [[Vijayray Vaidya]], raised a public controversy about the need to publish it and pressed Dhruv to release it. Some debates regarding this issue were also published in ''[[Kaumudi (magazine)|Kaumudi]]'', a magazine edited by Vaidya.<ref name="Thaker1983"/><ref name=Thaker2011>{{cite book |last=Thaker |first=Dhirubhai |title=કેટલાક સાહિત્યિક વિવાદો |trans-title=A Few Literary Controversies |year=2011 |publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]] |location=Ahmedabad |pages=134–138|oclc=741752210}}</ref> In the July 1930 issue of ''Kaumudi'', Dhruv published a letter addressed to Vaidya, in which he wrote:<ref name=Thaker2011/>

{{quote|Many people believe that the autobiography of the late Manilal is like [[De Quincy]]'s ''[[Confessions of an English Opium-Eater|Confessions]]'' or like the [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|autobiography]] of [[Gandhiji]]. But it not like that. It has some writing about living or recently deceased men and women which will be naturally accepted as not suitable for publication, and the publication of the rest is not beneficial to anyone. Even from a literary perspective there is nothing to read there. (except unique style of Late). Apart from me, this writing was read by the late Madhavlal (younger brother of the late Manilal) who clearly said that it is not suitable for publication...|Anandshankar Dhruv, 1930{{efn|English translation. Original statement in Gujarati: 
"આપણા ઘણા ભાઈઓનું માનવું છે કે સ્વ. મણિલાલનું લખેલું આત્મજીવન De Quincy નાં 'Confessions' જેવું, કે ગાંધીજીની આત્મકથા જેવું હશે. એ પ્રકારનું એ બિલકુલ નથી. એમાં હયાત કે થોડા સમય ઉપર ગત થયેલ સ્ત્રી-પુરુષો સંબંધી જે કથન છે એ અત્યારે પ્રસિદ્ધ થાય એ ઈષ્ટ નથી એમ તો સહજ સ્વીકારાશે, અને એ સિવાયનો જે ભાગ છે તે સર્વ પ્રસિદ્ધ કરવાથી કોઈને કશો લાભ થાય એમ નથી બલકે સાહિત્યર્દષ્ટિએ પણ એમાં (સ્વ. ની અનુપમ શૈલી સિવાય) કાંઈ વાંચવા જેવું નથી. આ લેખ મારા ઉપરાંત હજુ સુધી માત્ર સ્વ. માધવલાલે (સ્વ. મણિલાલના નાના ભાઈએ) જ વાંચ્યો છે અને એમણે પણ એ વાંચીને મને સ્પષ્ટ કહેલું કે એ પ્રસિદ્ધ કરવા જેવો નથી..."}}}}

Dhruv published some edited extracts from the manuscript in his journal ''[[Vasant (magazine)|Vasant]]'' during 1929 to 1931 in six installments,<ref>{{cite book |last=Purani |first=Ambalal |author-link=Ambalal Purani |title=મણિલાલ નભુભાઈ દ્વિવેદીનું જીવનચરિત્ર |trans-title=Biography of Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.305093/2015.305093.Manilal-Nabhubhai#page/n185/mode/2up |language=gu |year=1951 |publisher=[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] |location=Ahmedabad |pages=184 |oclc=35740385}}</ref> totaling about 81 pages, but he stopped publishing as soon as the agitation subsided, and then it remained unpublished. Ambalal Purani tried at least fifteen times to obtain a copy of the manuscript from Madhavlal, but was unable to. The manuscript was inherited by Dhruv's son, Dhruvbhai Dhruv after his death. [[Dhirubhai Thaker]], who had written scholarly works on the life and works of Manilal, secured the manuscript from Dhruvbhai Dhruv for his PhD thesis. He copied it, prepared a print copy, and published it in 1979 along with the love letters of Diwalibai written to Manilal.<ref name="Thaker1983"/><ref name=Thaker2011/> The book was published under the title ''Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedinu Atmavrittanta''.<ref name="Topiwala1980"/> It was reprinted in 1999.<ref name="Thaker1999"/>

==Physical description of manuscript==
The original manuscript is written on the one side of [[Paper_size#F4|F4]] [[foolscap folio|foolscap]] pages. As the pages are worn out, they are stick to thick and large ledger size pages of ledger book. Some plain and torn pages are stick in it too. Some pages show [[watermark]] of year 1885. On the opening page of the ledger, a piece of paper from an envelope of [[Banaras Hindu University]] is stick with a title ''Manilal Nabhubhaino Atmavrutant'' in Gujarati written by Anandshankar Dhruv. Behind this first page, a plain paper is stick in two parts. On the second page, Dhruv has written an index mentioning seven sections and its corresponding page numbers. One every page written by Dhruv, there is a short English signature by him.<ref name="Thaker1999" /> The index is as following:<ref name="Thaker1999" />
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Pages
|-
|Section 1
|1 to 19
|-
|Section 2
|20 to 37
|-
|Section 3
|38 to 74
|-
|Section 4
|75 to 128
|-
|Section 5
|129 to 170
|-
|Section 6
|171 to 192
|-
|Section 7
|193 to 198
|}
Only one manuscript page is stick to each page of the ledge except page numbers 144 and 169 which have two pages of manuscript; 146-147 and 172-173. Manilal had missed number 71 and 131 during marking the page number in manuscript so the manuscript page numbering ends at 198 but it has only 196 pages. Due to sticking two manuscript pages on single ledge page, the page numbering in ledger ends at 194.<ref name="Thaker1999" />

==Contents==
The work is in two parts; the preamble and the diary. The first gives an account of Manilal's life from his birth to his career as a professor, including detailed information on his schooling, on his surroundings and on his companions. The second part is in twenty-seven sections, written on different dates. It contains a day-to-day factual record of events that took place at different places such as Nadiad, Bombay, Baroda, Bhavnagar and Patan.<ref name="Topiwala1980">{{cite journal|last=Topiwala|first=Chandrakant|author-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|title=Gujarati : The Dominance of Poetry|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=23|issue=6|year=1980|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|publication-place=New Delhi|pages=13–14|jstor=23330254}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

The autobiography gives an account of Manilal's failed marriage, powerful sexual drives and the degenerate street world in his environments.<ref name="Topiwala1980"/> The autobiography reveals Manilal's constant and obsessive extramarital sexual relations including his disciples' wife, and his complete disregard for his own contradictions.<ref name="Patel1995">{{cite book|editor-last=Patel|editor-first=Sujata|editor-link=Sujata Patel|title=Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJPAAAAMAAJ|last=Shukla|first=Sonal|chapter=Gujarati Cultural Revivalism|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563689-5|page=91}}</ref> It narrates an account of Manilal's illegal and immoral sexual relations with women and his platonic love for some of them. The book also includes the love-letters addressed to the writer by a lady named Diwali in an appendix.<ref>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Ramanlal|author-link=Ramanlal Joshi|title=Variations on a Theme: Essays on Gujarati Literature|year=1993|publisher=Shri Ramanlal Joshi Felicitations Committee|location=Ahmedabad|pages=167–170}}</ref>

The autobiography contains open confessions and impulsive statements by the author. Manilal writes about his achievements very briefly but describes in detail his weaknesses and shortcomings including his numerous moral lapses. As he was sure that the manuscript of his autobiography would not be read by anyone during his lifetime, he accurately described his contradictory life. Sometimes his language became crude and offensive.<ref name=Thaker2011/> Furthermore, author haven't recorded any memories of joy or details of domestic pleasure.<ref name="TridipSuhrud"/>
{{wikisource|gu:દિવાળીબાઈના પત્રો|Diwalibai's letters}}

==Reception and criticism==
The book has significant historical value as it reflects contemporary life in Gujarat, and provides details of the religious, social, economic, ethical and educational life of 19th-century Gujarat. It also gives valuable details about the origin of Manilal's few poems.<ref name=Kadiya1980>{{cite thesis |last=Kadiya |first=Rasila Chandrakant |title=આત્મકથા: સ્વરૂપ અને વિકાસ |trans-title=Autobiography: Form and Development |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/191857 |chapter=Chapter 4 |year=1980 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] |location=Ahmedabad |type=PhD thesis |page=250|hdl=10603/191857 }}</ref> Dhirubhai Thaker wrote that the book reminds the reader of the ''[[Confessions (Rousseau)|Confessions]]'' by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and ''My Life'' by [[Havelock Ellis]].<ref name="Thaker1983"/> Anandshankar Dhruv appreciated the autobiography for its unique style of prose writing.<ref name="Thaker1999"/> [[Chandrakant Topiwala]] acclaimed the truthfulness of autobiography.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Topiwala|editor-first=Chandrakant|title=ગુજરાતી આત્મકથાલેખન|trans-title=Autobiography Writings in Gujarati|language=gu|year=1998|edition=1st|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|page=11|isbn=978-81-260-0371-6}}</ref> For Topiwala, the value of this autobiography possibly lay in the material it furnishes not only for future sociologists and psychologists, but also for ecologists who might find in the book's invaluable material shedding light on the organic realities of the Gujarati environment in Manilal's heyday.<ref name="Topiwala1980"/>

Writer [[Tridip Suhrud]] criticised its language and wrote: <blockquote>One of the most striking feature of the autobiography is the layering of languages that a reader encounters. In his [Manilal's] philosophical writings, the prose is chiselled, highly [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]]. The local expression has no place in his public writings. Such is the prose of the autobiography in most parts. Only when talking about matters of desire and lust that his language undergoes a complete transformation. The local idioms become available to him. The autobiography is replete with words like ''Randi'' (prostitute). The act of intercourse is described by a whole range of colloquial terms — ''vapari'' (used her) ''lidhi'' (took her) ''ghasi'' (rubbed her), ''maza kari'' (enjoyed).<ref name="TridipSuhrud"/></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|gu|આત્મવૃત્તાંત}}
{{Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Manilal Dwivedi]]
[[Category:1979 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Books published posthumously]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:Literary autobiographies]]

Nalbariya dialect

2025-05-20T02:18:18Z

KJIMarquis: Added a details

{{Short description|Dialect of Assamese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Nalbariya dialect''' is a dialect of [[Assamese language]] spoken primarily in and around the [[Nalbari district]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1990|p=63}}</ref> It is one of three of the [[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]] group of dialects—the others being [[Barpetia dialect]] and [[Palasbariya dialect]].

== Phonology ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+Vowels<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1990|p=63}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=3|[[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=3|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|i
|{{lang|as|ই/ঈ}}
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|u
|{{lang|as|উ/ঊ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|colspan=3|
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|ú
|{{lang|as|ও}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|é
|{{lang|as|এ’}}
|colspan=3|
|colspan=3|
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|e
|{{lang|as|এ}}
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|o
|{{lang|as|অ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|a
|{{lang|as|আ}}
|colspan=3|
|}
Nalbariya has seven vowels, identical to [[Barpetia dialect]], and almost identical to [[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]],<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1990|p=63}}</ref> which has an additional vowel.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Dhirendra Nath |last=Das |title=The Dialects of Goalpara and Kamrup: A Comparative Study |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1990|hdl=10603/67916 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Assamese language]]

Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge

2025-04-28T07:41:09Z

KJIMarquis: Starting The Post With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox bridge
|mapframe=
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|aqueduct_name=
|image= File:13 kannara bridge near shencottah.jpeg
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|caption= View of the bridge after renovation
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|coordinates= {{coord|8.96738|77.09084|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_reference=
|carries= [[Indian Railways]]
|crosses= valley in Kazhuthurutty
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|location= Kazhuthurutty
|official_name=
|other_name= 13 Arch Bridge
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|design= [[Arch bridge]]
|material= rocks, limestone, and jaggery (Surki method)
|length= 102.72 meters (337.0 ft)
|width=
|height= 5.18 meters (17.0 ft)
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The '''Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge''', also called the "'''13 Arch Bridge'''", is a historic British-era structure on the [[Kollam-Sengottai railway line]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/must-see-indias-oldest-railway-bridges/20170306.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thenmala, India's First Planned Eco-Tourism Destination Is Full of Scenic Surprises |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/62546/thenmala-kerala-planned-ecotourism-destination/ |website=The better India|date=23 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meter Gauge viaduct on the Quilon-Tenkasi line |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/meter-gauge-viaduct-on-the-quilon-tenkasi-line/UgHpXLOTZHE84g?hl=en |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> It is situated at Kazhuthurutty in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesser Known Kerala Mountain Railways: Treat for Nature Lovers! |url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2019/01/lesser-known-kerala-mountain-railways.html# |website=Be on the road}}</ref> The bridge is a part of one of India's oldest mountain rail lines and was constructed by the [[British Raj|British]] in 1904 to transport goods from [[Kollam]] to [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vestibule between ages going out of view |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vestibule-between-ages-going-out-of-view/article4947948.ece |website=The Hindu|date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> The bridge was constructed with just rocks, [[limestone]], and [[jaggery]] (Surki method), and it has 13 arches. The bridge, which connects two hillocks, is supported by thirteen granite pillars that are about 100 feet tall.<ref>{{cite web |title=New train to Chennai to cut travel by 3 hours |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040418/new-train-to-chennai-to-cut-travel-by-3-hours.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 April 2018 }}</ref> The bridge is sandwiched by the River Kazhuthurutti on one side and the [[National Highway 744 (India)|Kollam Thirumangalam National Highway]] (NH 744) on the other.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
13 Arch bridge Kazhuthurutty Kerala.jpg|View of the bridge during monsoon (before renovation).
13Arch Bridge View 1.jpg|View of the bridge during summer (before renovation).
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Stone arch bridges]]
[[Category:Stone bridges]]
[[Category:Viaducts]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1904]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1904]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]

Jesus in Kashmir

2025-02-14T06:17:06Z

KJIMarquis: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam

2024-12-29T05:46:52Z

KJIMarquis: rework structure additionally

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''K.V. Thiruvengadam''' [[FRCPE]] is an Indian [[physician]] and medical teacher, and the son of Krishna Varadachari.

He graduated from the [[Stanley Medical College]] in [[Chennai]] (Madras) in 1950. He was the recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award (1981) for his contributions in the medical field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?&award_year=1981&state=&field=&p_name=Thiruvengadam&award=PS |title=Search Awardees |work=My India, My Pride |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thiruvengadam health care award for D.K. Srinivasan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thiruvengadam-health-care-award-for-dk-srinivasan/article3033527.ece|access-date=13 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 December 2006|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> During his academic career, Thiruvengadam was declared the best outgoing medical student of the Stanley Medical College and the [[University of Madras]] in 1950. He was awarded a number of prizes and medals including the Government Gold Medal of the Stanley Medical College, and the [[Raja of Panagal]] Medal for the best outgoing medical student of the University of Madras.

Thiruvengadam served for 31 years in the Madras Medical Service as a medical teacher. He has undergone training in [[chest disease]]s under The [[Colombo Plan]] in [[Brompton Hospital]], [[London]] and the MRC Unit at [[Cardiff]], from 1958 to 1959. He has been recognized as a medical teacher by the [[Medical Council of India]], with the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] for eminent medical teacher, and he has been regent for the International College of Chest Physicians for India. His services as a medical teacher have been recognized with distinguished service awards by the [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Ramachandra Medical College]], and by the Diabetic Association of India. The National Board of Examination honoured him for his services as a medical teacher in 2000. The Indian Chest Society awarded Thiruvengadam the "Distinguished Chest Physician" award. He is also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of Madras Neuro Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |title=MADRAS NEURO TRUST |website=www.madrasneurotrust.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013643/http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |archive-date=2017-02-20}} </ref>

He has been on the Scientific Advisory Committee of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], the Indian Pharmacopoeia Committee, the Board of Studies of the [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]], and other institutions. As the chief of the Medicinal Chemistry Research unit of the [[Madras Medical College]], he and his colleagues have conducted studies on indigenous medicines, especially [[Ayurvedic]] preparations. He has given a number of endowment orations, and has a large number of publications to his credit, particularly in chest diseases. He has been Chairman of a session on Antibiotics at [[Geneva]] in 1970 under the auspices of the International College of Chest Physicians.

DThiruvengadam has been a physician, in consultation practice in internal medicine, chest diseases, [[asthma]] and [[allergy|allergies]] for nearly 45 years. He is the recipient of the "For the sake of Honour" award of the [[Rotary Club]] of Madras, the "Vocational Excellence Award" of the Rotary Club of Madras Marina <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2983249.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Physician honoured | date=11 March 2012}}</ref> and "The cathedral Excellence" award of the [[Lions Club]], for his academic work. He was elected Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] in 1982, and Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] in 1972.<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> He received the Star of Stanley Award as a distinguished alumnus and teacher of Stanley Medical College in 2001. The [[MGR Medical University]] awarded him the [[honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate of Sciences]] in 1996. Dr. K.V. Thiruvengadam was also a student of K.S. Sanjivi, founder of the Voluntary Health Services (VHS).{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvengadam, K. Vardachari}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Āndhra (tribe)

2024-08-12T04:28:36Z

KJIMarquis: created redirect

#redirect [[Andhras]]

Pingara

2024-08-07T14:46:31Z

KJIMarquis: Starting The Article And Citations

{{Short description|2020 Tulu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pingara
| image = Pingara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Preetham Shetty
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Avinash U Shetty
| starring = Neema Ray Sharan Shetty
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|||[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tulu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pingara''''' ({{translation|[[Areca]] flowers}})<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-award-for-pingara-a-boost-for-coastal-cinema-967024.html|title=National Award for 'Pingara' a boost for coastal cinema|date=27 March 2021|newspaper=Deccan Herald|first=Nalme|last=Nachiyar|accessdate=28 May 2023|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085634/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-award-for-pingara-a-boost-for-coastal-cinema-967024.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2020 Indian [[Tulu language]] film directed by Preetham Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=883385|title=Tulu movie 'Pingara' to be conferred National Film Award on October 25|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085648/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=883385|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-national-award-is-dedicated-to-tulu-land-says-pingara-director-preetham-shetty/articleshow/81634780.cms|title=The national award is dedicated to Tulu land, says Pingara director Preetham Shetty|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|date=22 March 2021|accessdate=28 May 2023|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119090441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-national-award-is-dedicated-to-tulu-land-says-pingara-director-preetham-shetty/articleshow/81634780.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Neema Ray as Malli
*Sharan Shetty
*Usha Bandari as Dodda
*Guruprasad Hegde as Mahabala
*Chaitanya Chandramohan as Sinchana

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' opined that "Overall, ''Pingara'' is a good attempt at making a socially conscious film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pingara-review-tulu-film-convincing-portrayal-caste-entrenched-society-119462|title='Pingara' review: This Tulu film is a convincing portrayal of a caste entrenched society|date=4 March 2020|website=The News Minute|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085632/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pingara-review-tulu-film-convincing-portrayal-caste-entrenched-society-119462|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Discontinued_and_intermittent_National_Film_Awards#Best_Feature_Film_in_Tulu|67th National Film Awards — Best Feature Film in Tulu]]<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-cinema-at-the-67th-national-film-awards/photostory/81636336.cms|title=Kannada Cinema at the 67th National Film Awards|date=22 March 2021|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115020536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-cinema-at-the-67th-national-film-awards/photostory/81636336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] - International Jury Award<ref name="t"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/290220/tulu-film-catches-the-eye-at-bengaluru-international-film-fest.html|title=Tulu film catches the eye at Bengaluru International Film Fest|first=Nischith|last=N|date=29 February 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085631/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/290220/tulu-film-catches-the-eye-at-bengaluru-international-film-fest.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/biffes-2020-pingara-producer-avinash-shetty-feels-the-film-offers-something-fresh-809032.html|title=BIFFES 2020: 'Pingara' producer Avinash Shetty feels the film offers 'something fresh'|date=28 February 2020|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085631/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/biffes-2020-pingara-producer-avinash-shetty-feels-the-film-offers-something-fresh-809032.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema]] - International Judges Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=816157|title=Mangaluru: 'Pingara' Tulu movie wins national award, makes Tulunadu proud|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085650/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=816157|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11841020}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]

{{Tulu-film-stub}}

Next Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh

2024-06-08T16:48:43Z

KJIMarquis: general expand details based on references and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Next Indian general election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Aima Hasannagar

2024-02-21T17:08:20Z

KJIMarquis: started some info first draft

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aima Hasannagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0771|N|78.81444|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.574
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1323
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aima Hasannagar''' ({{IAST|Aimā Hasannagar}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,323, in 223 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Aima Hasannagar had a population of 1,323, in 223 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 52.2% male (691) and 47.8% female (632). The 0-6 age group numbered 176 (87 male and 89 female), or 13.3% of the total population. 290 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 21.9% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Aima Hasannagar (spelled "Aima Aasannagar") as having a population of 777 people, in 110 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Aima Hasannagar as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 466 people (243 male and 223 female), in 77 households and 56 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 170 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Aima Hasannagar had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Elamballoor

2024-02-19T12:27:42Z

KJIMarquis: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Elampalloor]]

Sangmeshwar taluka

2024-01-04T23:46:24Z

KJIMarquis: Added A Post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
'''Sangmeshwar taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Ratnagiri district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|language=Marathi|accessdate=2015-08-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="RatnagiriDistrictCourt-20150817">{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/ratnagiri|title=History - Ratnagiri District Court|publisher=Ratnagiri District Court|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>

==Ratnagiri district==
There are nine talukas in Ratnagiri district, they are [[Ratnagiri taluka|Ratnagiri]], [[Rajapur taluka|Rajapur]], [[Lanja taluka|Lanja]], Sangmeshwar, [[Chiplun taluka|Chiplun]], [[Guhagar taluka|Guhagar]], [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed]], [[Dapoli taluka|Dapoli]] and [[Mandangad taluka|Mandangad]].<ref name="RatnagiriDistrictCourt-20150817" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Ratnagiri district]]

{{Ratnagiri-geo-stub}}

ભારત

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Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)

2022-07-29T16:01:50Z

KJIMarquis: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency]]

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