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Tejali Ghanekar

2026-05-05T03:42:29Z

KARTIK: creating the biography w/ refs.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tejali Ghanekar
| image =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| other_names = Sulekha
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1993–1999
| known_for =
}}

'''Tejali Ghanekar''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Hindi television serials, and [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] language films in the 1990s. After beginning her career as an actress on [[Doordarshan]] soap operas, Tejali appeared [[Suresh Krissna]]'s ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa]]'' (1997) under the stagename of '''Sulekha'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |title=A-Z (I) |date=31 March 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331005748/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/tejali-ghanekar-sulekha-interview-meenathil-thalikettu-chandamama-movie-actress-1.5255100 |title=പ്ലസ്ടുക്കാരൻ മൂത്താപ്പാന്റെ സ്വന്തം മാലു ഇവിടെ സിംഗപ്പൂരിലുണ്ട്; തേജാലി ഖാനേക്കർ അഭിമുഖം |author=ശ്രീലക്ഷ്മി മേനോൻ‌ |website=Mathrubhumi|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==
Tejali Ghanekar grew up in a family involved in the film industry, with her great-uncle Govind B. Ghanekar, and uncle Girish Ghanekar, being involved in directing Hindi and Marathi language films. Tejal began working in theatre as a teenager and learnt classical dance from Rajkumar Ketkar.<ref name="mixindia">{{cite web |url=https://www.mixindia.com/after-years-of-searching-the-heroine-of-meenathil-taliket-was-found/ |title=After years of searching, the heroine of Meenathil Taliket was found |date=11 November 2020}}</ref> She subsequently enrolled to professionally learn acting at the Madhumati Academy Of Film Dancing & Acting in Mumbai, and was later cast in television serials on [[Doordarshan]] including ''Kucch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai'', Vinod Pande's ''Reporter'' and [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s ''Apne Jaise Types''.<ref name="mixindia"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iwasingapore.org/resources/Pictures/Dhwani_March_17.pdf |title=IWA March 2017 |publisher=iwasingapore.org |accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref>

Tejali's first appearance in a feature film was through [[Suresh Krissna]]'s ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa]]'' (1997). Featuring alongside an ensemble cast including fellow rookie [[Rajiv Krishna]] and veteran actors [[Raghuvaran]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Srividya]] and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], the film opened to positive reviews and performed well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |title=1997-98 Kodambakkam babies Page |date=24 October 2001 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011024171847/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |archive-date=24 October 2001}}</ref> She subsequently went on to shoot for two Malayalam films in quick succession, ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' (1998) with [[Dileep]], and ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' (1999) with [[Kunchako Boban]].

After returning to Mumbai for a break from films, Tejali opted to quit the film industry. She later moved on to work in business development for a [[multinational corporation]], complete a master's degree in commerce, and then move to Singapore post-marriage during January 2004. She later also completed a further master's degree in mass communication from [[Nanyang Technological University]] in Singapore.<ref name="mixindia"/>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
||1997 || ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa]]'' || Janaki || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
||1998 || ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || Malathi || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
||1999 || ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Maya ||
|}

;Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Network
! Language
! Notes
|-
||1993 || ''Kucch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai'' || || [[Doordarshan]] || rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]] ||
|-
||1994-95 || ''Reporter'' || || Doordarshan ||
|-
||1996-97 || ''Apne Jaise Types'' || || [[Sony SAB]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1724831}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanekar, Tejali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Writer Padmabhushan

2026-05-02T03:48:50Z

KARTIK: creating new details with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Writer Padmabhushan
| image = Writer Padmabhushan film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shanmukha Prasanth
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Anurag Reddy Sharath Chandra Chandru Manoharan
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]
*Tina Shilparaj
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Venkat R. Shakamuri
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan Siddharth Thatholu
| music = '''Score:''' Kalyan Nayak '''Songs:''' [[Shekar Chandra]] Kalyan Nayak
| studio = Chai Bisket Films [[Lahari Music|Lahari Films]]
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts|Geetha Film Distributors]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|2|3}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|3-5 crore}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|12.05 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Writer Padmabhushan WW Closing Collections: 'రైటర్ పద్మభూషణ్' వరల్డ్ వైడ్ క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/suhas-writer-padmabhushan-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1651810.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=4 March 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=Telugu|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312071359/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/suhas-writer-padmabhushan-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1651810.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Writer Padmabhushan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by debutant Shanmukha Prasanth. The film features [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] in the titular role, along with Tina Shilparaj, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-01-24 |title=Actor Suhas opens up on life after 'Colour Photo', as his new Telugu film 'Writer Padmabhushan' gears up for release |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-an-unlikely-hero-who-is-breaking-stereotypes-in-telugu-cinema/article66426747.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203153131/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suhas-an-unlikely-hero-who-is-breaking-stereotypes-in-telugu-cinema/article66426747.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 3 February 2023 to positive reviews from critics, and it became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandini |date=2023-01-19 |title=Writer Padmabhushan trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/19/writer-padmabhushantrailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-38949.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207160324/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/19/writer-padmabhushantrailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-38949.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in [[Vijayawada]], the film revolves around Padmabhushan. Padmabhushan, the only child to his parents is an aspiring writer who publishes his first book with hopes of becoming a famous writer. The twists that follow in his life, how he overcomes all the challenges that come along his way and wins the hand of his love Sarika forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as P. Padmabhushan
*Tina Shilparaj as Sarika
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Saraswati, Padmabhushan's mother
*Sri Gouri Priya as Kanna
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Madhusudhan Rao, Padmabhushan's father
*[[Goparaju Ramana]] as Lokendra Kumar, Sarika's father
*Praveen Katari as Saumitri, Padmabhushan’s friend
*[[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Baburao, Padmabhushan’s manager
*Pragna Kiran as Kanna’s mother
}}

== Music ==
The [[film score]] is composed by Kalyan Nayak, whereas the songs were composed by [[Shekar Chandra]] along with the former. The audio rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The first song "Kannullo Nee Roopame" was released on 10 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kannullo Nee Roopame': First lyrical video from Suhas, Tina Shilparaj's 'Writer Padmabhushan' out |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kannullo-nee-roopame-first-lyrical-video-from-suhas-tina-shilparajs-writer-padmabhushan-out/articleshow/92779216.cms |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207162003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kannullo-nee-roopame-first-lyrical-video-from-suhas-tina-shilparajs-writer-padmabhushan-out/articleshow/92779216.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Writer Padmabhushan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shekar Chandra]], Kalyan Malik
| released = {{start date|2023}}
| recorded = 2022
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=01}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| prev_title = [[Sammathame]]
| prev_year = 2022
| chronology = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Kalyan Nayak
| type = film
| prev_title = Jayamundhi Bhayamela Manasaa
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Writer Padmabhushan
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}
{{Tracklist
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannullo Nee Roopame
| length1 = 3:58
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| music1 = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| extra1 = Dhanunjay Seepana
| title2 = Aybaboi Gandaragolam
| length2 = 3:06
| lyrics2 = Koti Mamidala
| music2 = Kalyan Nayak
| extra2 = Lakshmi Meghana, Kavya Chandana, Aparna, Sai Dev Harsha, Sai Charan, Harsha Chavali
| title3 = Bezawada Sandhullo
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| music3 = Shekar Chandra
| extra3 = Lokeshwar Edara
| title4 = Ennallilaa
| length4 = 4:11
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla
| music4 = Shekhar Chandra
| extra4 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title5 = Manninchava Amma
| length5 = 4:05
| lyrics5 = Koti Mamidala
| music5 = Kalyan Nayak
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Kalyan Nayak
| total_length = 19:01
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical Release===
''Writer Padmabhushan ''was released on 3 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2022-12-29 |title=Writer Padmabhushan to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/dec/29/writer-padmabhushan-to-release-on-this-date-38173.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207162003/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/dec/29/writer-padmabhushan-to-release-on-this-date-38173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Geetha Arts]] acquired the theatrical distribution rights of the film.

===Home media===
The satellite and [[digital streaming]] rights were sold to [[Zee Telugu]] and [[ZEE5]] respectively.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} It premiered on Zee5 on 17 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Writer Padmabhushan' heads to Zee5 as an early Ugadi gift |url=https://telanganatoday.com/writer-padmabhushan-heads-to-zee5-as-an-early-ugadi-gift |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=9 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311081814/https://telanganatoday.com/writer-padmabhushan-heads-to-zee5-as-an-early-ugadi-gift |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote that "Writer Padmabhushan is not a flawless film. It has some issues craft-wise and writing-wise too but it is the kind of lovely little film that we often see in Malayalam and wish something like that was made here, in our world".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer Padmabhushan Movie Review: A pleasing coming-of-age drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/feb/03/writer-padmabhushan-movie-review-a-pleasing-coming-of-age-drama-39572.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204213648/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/feb/03/writer-padmabhushan-movie-review-a-pleasing-coming-of-age-drama-39572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Neeshita Nyayapati stated that "''Writer Padmabhushan'' is the kind of film that’s perfect to watch with your family", giving a rating of 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Writer Padmabhushan Movie Review : A feel-good tale with its heart in the right place |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/writer-padmabhushan/movie-review/97560845.cms |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/writer-padmabhushan/movie-review/97560845.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15341106|title=Writer Padmabhushan}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/writer_padmabhushan|Writer Padmabhushan}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/writer-padmabhushan/0-0-1z5323051 ''Writer Padmabhushan''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]

Hill Road, Mumbai

2026-05-01T10:11:30Z

KARTIK: Started first details v1

{{Short description|Road in Bandra (West), Mumbai, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Hill Road''' (officially renamed as '''Ramdas Nayak Road'''<ref name="indiacom_com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacom.com/mumbai-city/hill-road-mumbai.html|title=Hill Road {{!}} Important Streets of Mumbai, Indiacom|website=www.indiacom.com|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>) is an arterial road in [[Bandra]] (West), [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It starts from the intersection of [[Bandra railway station]] road and [[Swami Vivekanand Road (Mumbai)|Swami Vivekanand Road]] (SV Road) and goes west up to [[Mehboob Studio]], leading to the [[Bandstand Promenade]], the [[Bandra Fort]], and [[Mount Mary Church, Bandra]]. Hill Road houses a number of old and new brands.the shops on hill road are closed on Friday.

The 165-year-old [[St. Stanislaus High School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ststan.com/about/history/|title=History|website=Saint Stanislaus|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> and its adjoining St. Peter's church, St. Joseph's girls' school, the Apostolic Carmel convent school and [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)]] all lie on Hill road. Two hospitals, [[Bhabha hospital]] and [[Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai|Holy Family Hospital]] also lie on Hill road. The Tata [[Parsi people|Parsi]] [[agiary]] built in 1873<ref name="indiacom_com" /> is a prominent landmark on Hill road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2014/04/29/bandraroads-secrets-of-the-streets-hill-road-mumbai/|title = @BandraRoad's Secrets of the Streets: Hill Road, Mumbai | MissMalini|date = 29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Metro Palace (Mumbai, India) {{!}} Expedia |url=https://www.expedia.co.uk/Mumbai-Hotels-Hotel-Metro-Palace.h2564478.Hotel-Information?chkin=12%2F3%2F2016&chkout=13%2F3%2F2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727192916/https://www.expedia.co.uk/Mumbai-Hotels-Hotel-Metro-Palace.h2564478.Hotel-Information?chkin=12%2F3%2F2016&chkout=13%2F3%2F2016 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.expedia.co.uk |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bandra]]
* [[Bhabha Hospital]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.0552|72.8302|display=title}}

[[Category:Streets in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bandra]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Sports College (United Kingdom specialist schools programme)

2026-04-30T13:51:48Z

KARTIK: creating first biography first draft.

{{Short description|Specialized secondary schools}}
[[File:SportsCollegeLogo.svg|thumb|upright|Sports Colleges logo used in the UK until 2011]]
'''Sports Colleges''' were introduced in 1997 as part of the [[Specialist schools programme|Specialist Schools Programme]] in the United Kingdom. The programme enabled [[Secondary education#England, Wales and Northern Ireland|secondary schools]] to [[Specialist school|specialise]] in certain fields, in this case, [[Physical education|PE]], [[sports]] and [[dance]]. Schools that successfully applied to the [[Specialist Schools Trust]] and became Sports Colleges received extra funding from this joint private sector and government scheme. Sports Colleges act as a local point of reference for other schools and businesses in the area, with an emphasis on promoting sports within the community.<ref>{{cite web|title=What are Specialist Schools: Sports|publisher=Department for children, schools and families|url=http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/what_are/sports/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105210758/http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/what_are/sports/|archive-date=5 January 2010}}</ref>

The Specialist Schools Programme ended in 2011 after the change of government. Despite this, schools can still become Sports Colleges through the [[Local government in England#Funding|Dedicated Schools Grant]] or [[Academy (English school)|academisation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Specialist Schools|url=https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/specialist-schools/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=Politics.co.uk|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Specialist schools programme: Michael Gove announces changes|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes|access-date=2021-12-25|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Specialist schools}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Education in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Physical education in India]]
[[Category:1997 introductions]]
[[Category:Specialist schools programme]]
[[Category:Sports development]]

{{UK-edu-stub}}

India's Sons

2026-04-21T15:16:27Z

KARTIK: Started initial pg basic info

{{Distinguish|Son of India (2022 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = India's Sons - Tale of False Rape Case Survivors
| image = Poster of India's Sons.jpg
| caption = Official Release Poster
| director = [[Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj]]
| writer = [[Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj]] Neeraj Kumar
| producer = Shonee Kapoor
| starring = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]]
| narrator = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]]
| cinematography = Vikas SIngh
| editing = Neeraj Kumar
| music = Rohit Pradhan
| released = {{Film date|2022}}
| studio = True Filter Films
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''India's Sons''' is a 2022 documentary film that delves into the plight of Indian men when dealing with false accusations, and the difficulties that occur in getting justice. Directed by journalist [[Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj]] and Neeraj Kumar, the film is narrated by actor [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]].

== Background ==
The documentary addresses the aftermath of legal amendments made in response to the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang rape controversy]], which inadvertently created certain alleged loopholes in India's rape laws. While the legislation was reinforced to protect women's rights, it inadvertently undermined certain [[human rights]] for men.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2021-12-06 |title=Screening of "India's Sons: Tale of False Rape Case Survivors" |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/indias-sons-a-story-of-false-rape-case-survivors |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Gender Injustice and Eternal Shame: False Rape Case Survivors Narrate Their Ordeal in Docu Film India's Sons |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gender-injustice-and-eternal-shame-false-rape-case-survivors-narrate-their-ordeal-in-docu-film-indias-sons-6424933.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Sons: बलात्कार के झूठे मामलों में फंसे पुरुषों की झकझोर देने वाली कहानी, दीपिका की डॉक्यूमेंट्री में निशाने पर कानून |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/gurugram-based-journalist-deepika-narayan-bhardwaj-chronicles-false-rape-cases-in-india-to-release-digitally-soon |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

''India's Sons'' aims to shed light on the unintended consequences of these changes, particularly the shift in the [[Burden of proof (law)|burden of proof]] onto the accused, and advocates for a more balanced approach in legal proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotlight on struggles: Documentary on men falsely accused of rape |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/may/17/spotlighton-strugglesdocumentary-on-men-falsely-accused-of-rape-2454313.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Synopsis ==
The film follows the lives of several of those falsely accused, featuring cases such as Prince Garg, who was [[False accusation of rape|falsely accused of rape]] and endured five years in jail, despite [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] evidence proving he was miles away from the incident, thwarting his dream of becoming a [[Chartered accountant|Chartered Accountant]] at the age of 18. Despite acquittal, [[Social rejection|societal rejection]] lingers, hindering his ability to restart his career.

Featuring testimonies from former [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]] Amitabh Thakur, Jagmohan, Late Arvind Bharti, and others, the documentary presents numerous accounts

''India's Sons'' also documents a full-fledged racket in Rajasthan, where an organized group, comprising High Court lawyers, women, and police, exploited false rape accusations to extort money from affluent individuals. The film delves into various instances that raise questions about the functioning of the legal system and presents data from the National Crime Records Bureau, highlighting the abuse of rape laws.

== Reception ==

{{Empty section|date=December 2023}}

== See also ==

* [[Deepika Narayan Bhardwaj]]
* [[The Red Pill]]
* [[False accusation of rape]]
* [[498a|Section 498a]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:False allegations of sex crimes]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Tendukheda Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:40Z

KARTIK: creating new details basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tendukheda
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
| map_image = 120-Tendukheda.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Narmadapuram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vishwanath Singh Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sanjay Sharma
}}
'''Tendukheda''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It comprises [[Tendukheda|Tendukheda tehsil]], and parts of [[Gadarwara|Gadarwara tehsil]], both in [[Narsinghpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Vishwanath Singh Patel]] of the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Raghuvir Gorelal Modi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |''1952-2008: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2009^
|[[Bhaiya Ram Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhaiya Ram Patel]]<ref name=election2008 name="election2008-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Sanjay Sharma
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vishwanath Singh (politician)|Vishwanath Singh Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tendukheda<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S12120.htm |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 - Assembly Constituency 120 - Tendukheda (Madhya Pradesh) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=4 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vishwanath Singh | Vishwanath Singh Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83916}}
|percentage = 51.61
|change = +7.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:71569}}
|percentage = 44.02
|change = -6.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rama Ashok Bhai Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1543}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pramod Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:1486}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1389}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12347}}
|percentage = 7.59
|change = +1.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162596}}
|percentage = 86.29
|change = +4.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tendukheda<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70127}}
|percentage = 50.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vishwanath Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:61484}}
|percentage = 44.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naresh Jatav
|votes = {{formatnum:2007}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:1634}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kundanlal Suryavanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:1344}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9}}
|percentage = 0.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8643}}
|percentage = 6.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:139452}}
|percentage = 82.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.39|79.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narsinghpur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Budhana Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:53Z

KARTIK: adding first data v1!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Budhana
| map_image = 11-Budhana.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Muzaffarnagar]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 11
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| mla = [[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
| incumbent_image = File:Rajpal Baliyan 1.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Umesh Malik]]
}}
'''Budhana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] and one of the six assembly constituencies in the [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. First elections in this assembly constituency were held in 1957 after the "Final Order DC (1953-1955)" was passed. The constituency ceased to exist in 1967 post "Delimitation Orders (1967)" was passed. In 2008, the assembly constituency was again created during the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Final Order DC (1953-1955)">{{cite news|title=Final Order DC (1953-1955)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=26 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation Orders (1967)">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Orders (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=26 June 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=26 June 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf#|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=26 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=26 June 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/budhana.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==

Extent of Budhana Assembly constituency is Budhana Tehsil (except PCs Nala, Taharpur Bhabisa, Kaniyan, Salfa and Sunna of Budhana KC).<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency" />
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Kunwar Asghar Ali
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|1958^
|Kamru
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Vijaypal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1962-2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Nawazish Alam Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Umesh Malik]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Budhana<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:131093}}
|percentage = 51.28
|change = {{increase}}41.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Umesh Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102783}}
|percentage = 40.21
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anees Alvi
|votes = {{formatnum:10397}}
|percentage = 4.07
|change = {{decrease}}8.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Bhim Singh Baliyan
|votes = {{formatnum:2633}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devendra Kashyap
|votes = {{formatnum:2452}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1070}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28310}}
|percentage = 11.07
|change = {{increase}}5.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:255624}}
|percentage = 67.68
|change = {{increase}}0.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Budhana<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Umesh Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97781}}
|percentage = 40.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pramod Tyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:84580}}
|percentage = 35.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saeeda Begam
|votes = {{formatnum:30034}}
|percentage = 12.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Yograj Singh (politician)|Yograj Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:23732}}
|percentage = 9.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1286}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13201}}
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241116}}
|percentage = 67.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Budhana<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=26 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nawazish Alam Khan]]
|votes = 68,210
|percentage = 35.45
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|votes = 57,622
|percentage = 29.95
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Yograj Singh (politician)|Yograj Singh]]
|votes = 41,233
|percentage = 21.43
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Umesh Malik]]
|votes = 15,948
|percentage = 8.29
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,588
|percentage = 5.50
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 192,413
|percentage = 58.30
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1958===
{{Election box begin | title=1958 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by election: Budhana<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamru Deen
|votes = 11,902
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Vijai Pal Singh]]
|votes = 10,332
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Shafquat Jung]]
|votes = 9532
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1570
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin | title=1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Budhana<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kunwar Asghar Ali
|votes = 32,755
|percentage = 53.32
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shri Chand Panwar
|votes = 28,425
|percentage = 46.48
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4300
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Muzaffarnagar district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Paniyara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:31Z

KARTIK: added a pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paniyara
| map_image = 319-Paniyara.svg
| mla = [[Gyanendra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,98,745 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 319
}}
'''Paniyara''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Paniyara in the [[Maharajganj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Paniyara is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 319 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Paniyara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/paniyara.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vir Bahadur Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gunjeshwar Tripathi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vir Bahadur Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Ganpat Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ganpat Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Deo Narayan Singh
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gyanendra Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paniyara<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gyanendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:135463}}
|percentage = 52.11
|change = {{increase}}3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Krishnabhan
|votes = {{formatnum:74035}}
|percentage = 28.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Omprakash Chaurasia
|votes = {{formatnum:34829}}
|percentage = 13.4
|change = {{decrease}}7.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Shamshad Aalam
|votes = {{formatnum:3457}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shardendu Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2992}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{decrease}}18.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1558}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{decrease}}0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:61428}}
|percentage = 23.63
|change = {{decrease}}4.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:259931}}
|percentage = 61.36
|change = {{increase}}0.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Paniyara<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gyanendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:119308}}
|percentage = 48.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ganesh Shankar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:51817}}
|percentage = 21.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Talat Aziz
|votes = {{formatnum:48004}}
|percentage = 19.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Suman
|votes = {{formatnum:10762}}
|percentage = 4.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ganpat Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3561}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2124}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:67491}}
|percentage = 27.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243886}}
|percentage = 61.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}22.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Paniyara<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Deo Narayan Singh
|votes = 56,114
|percentage = 26.56
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gyanendra Singh]]
|votes = 52,031
|percentage = 24.63
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Janardan Prasad Ojha
|votes = 39,264
|percentage = 18.59
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Talat Aziz
|votes = 35,451
|percentage = 16.78
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Diwakar
|votes = 4,314
|percentage = 2.04
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 17 Candidates
|votes = 24,051
|percentage = 11.40
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,083
|percentage = 1.93
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,11,265
|percentage = 58.33
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.00|83.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Suman Bala (field hockey)

2026-04-13T02:47:52Z

KARTIK: creating first page and citations.

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Women's [[Field Hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2002_Commonwealth_Games_results#Field_Hockey|2002 Manchester]] | [[India_at_the_2002_Commonwealth_Games#India_women.27s_national_field_hockey_team|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004 New Delhi]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]] | [[Hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002 Johannesburg]]|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#Squads|Team]]}}
}}

'''Suman Bala''' (born 15 December 1981) is an Indian former [[field hockey]] player, who represented the [[India women's national field hockey team]]. She hails from [[Shahabad Markanda]], [[Haryana]], and played with the team when it won the Gold at the [[Manchester]] [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bala SAINI |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/stree/sumanbala.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=bharatiyahockey.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Support for Indian Women's Team makes me very proud to be part of the family, says Suman Bala |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/support-for-indian-womens-team-makes-me-very-proud-to-be-part-of-the-family-says-suman-bala |website=hockeyindia.org |date=28 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.fih.hockey/events/world-cup/men/2006-womens-world-cup-108/player/bala-suman-110738 Suman Bala] at FIH

{{India FHW Squad 2002 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Champions Challenge}}
{{India FHW Squad 2004 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2006 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bala, Suman}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Sampatiya Uikey

2026-04-12T00:18:18Z

KARTIK: creating basic entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sampatiya Uikey
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Shurkhi, [[Mandla]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_end = 29 June 2022
| predecessor = [[Anil Madhav Dave]]
| successor =
| spouse = Late Sanjay Uikey
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = Intermediate, M. P. Board, Mandla
| profession = Agriculturist/Farmer, Social Worker, Politician
| children = 4{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
| footnotes = Source [https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx] [https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/smt-sampatiya-uikey]
}}
'''Sampatiya Uikey''' (born 4 September 1967) is an Indian politician who is a tribal leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Public health engineering minister On 31 July 2017, she was elected unopposed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the bypoll necessitated by the demise of Union Minister Shri [[Anil Madhav Dave]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/electoral-candidate-for-bjp-candidate-samitiya-uike-rajya-sabha-elected/articleshow/59848080.cms|title=भाजपा उम्मीदवार सम्पतिया उइके राज्यसभा के लिए निर्वरिोध चुनी गई|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref> Her term will end as per the original term on 29 June 2022.

She was president of district Panchayat in [[Mandla district]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjps-sampatiya-uike-elected-unopposed-in-rajya-sabha-bypoll-from-madhya-pradesh-4776171/|title=BJP's Sampatiya Uike elected unopposed in Rajya Sabha bypoll from Madhya Pradesh|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> In 2023 She was elected as a member of legislative assembly from Mandla assembly of Madhya Pradesh. She is the cabinet minister in Mohan Yadav Cabinet.

Her party, [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] has become the largest party in the Rajya Sabha with 58 members, overtaking [[Indian National Congress]] by one seat with Sampathiya Uikey being sworn in as member of the House of Elders on 4 August 2017.<ref name="toi5aug17">{{cite web|title=BJP becomes largest party in Rajya Sabha, surpasses Congress|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-becomes-largest-party-in-rajya-sabha-surpasses-cong/articleshow/59923412.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>

In 2023, she was elected as a Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Mandla constituency. After the formation of the Mohan Yadav government, she was appointed as a Cabinet Minister in the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampatiya Uikey Biography |url=https://www.apnakal.com/sampatiya-uikey-biography-story/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Apna Kal |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uikey, Sampatiya}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh district councillors]]
[[Category:People from Mandla district]]
[[Category:People from Mandla]]
[[Category:Women in Madhya Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

2022 West Bengal local elections

2026-04-02T18:11:53Z

KARTIK: started the info and citations - done

{{Short description|Election to West Bengal municipalities in 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| type = Parliamentary
| country = India
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2015 West Bengal Municipal election
| previous_year = 2015
| election_date = 27 February and 26 June 2022 (for remaining 5 wards)
| next_election = 2027 West Bengal local elections
| next_year = 2027
| seats_for_election = All 108 municipalities in West Bengal
| turnout = 76.5%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| party1 = Trinamool Congress
| alliance1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| seats1 = 1,977{{efn|AITC won 105 wards uncontested}}
| percentage1 = 63%
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mohammed Salim in 2023.jpg|bSize=350|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=120|oTop=35}}
| leader5 = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| seats5 = 56
| percentage5 = 14%
| alliance5 = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| image2 ={{CSS image crop|Image=Sukanta Majumdar - Kolkata 2022-08-04 0400.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader2 = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats2 = 63
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| percentage2 = 13%
| image4 ={{CSS image crop|Image=The Minister of State for Railways, Shri Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury addressing at the presentation of the National Awards for Outstanding Service in Railways, in Mumbai on April 16, 2013 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| seats4 = 59
| alliance4 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| percentage4 = 5%
| before_party = Trinamool Congress
| after_election =
| after_party =
| election_name = 2022 West Bengal municipal elections
| image_upright =
| leader_since5 = 16 March 2022
| leader_since1 = 1 January 1998
| leader_since2 = 20 September 2021
| leader_since4 = 9 September 2020
}}

'''Municipal elections''' was held in [[West Bengal]] on 27 February 2022 to elect members of all 108 municipalities in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal: Elections to 108 municipalities on February 27; counting date to be announced later|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/west-bengal-elections-to-108-municipalities-on-february-27-counting-date-to-be-announced-later/855482|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 4, 2022|first=Debashis|last=Konar|title=West Bengal Election 2022: Polls to 108 West Bengal civic bodies on February 27|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/polls-to-108-west-bengal-civic-bodies-on-february-27/articleshow/89315703.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2022-02-03|title=Election to 108 municipalities in West Bengal on Feb. 27|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/polls-to-108-municipalities-in-west-bengal-on-february-27/article38369587.ece|access-date=2022-02-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-03|title=Elections for 108 municipal bodies in West Bengal on February 27|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/elections-for-108-municipal-bodies-in-west-bengal-on-february-27-1077643.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The election to four remaining wards were held in 26 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ritam.talukder |title=রাজ্যে ফের উপনির্বাচন, ঝালদা-পানিহাটি-সহ ৬ ওয়ার্ডে ভোট ২৬ জুন |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal/wb-by-election-to-be-held-on-june-26-in-6-wards-rtb-rcfu6x |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=bn}}</ref>

The [[Trinamool Congress]] had won overwhelming majority of 103 municipalities out of 108. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] had won 1 municipal body. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] which was the largest opposition party in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] failed to win a single municipality but came second.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Bengal municipality election results highlights {{!}} TMC decimates Oppn, wins 102 of 108 civic bodies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west-bengal/story/contai-civic-poll-results-live-updates-bjp-tmc-cpm-congress-bengal-municipal-election-1919549-2022-03-02 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
!Poll event
!Schedule
|-
|Notification date
|'''3 February 2022'''
|-
|Last Date for filing nomination
|'''9 February 2022'''
|-
|Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|'''12 February 2022'''
|-
|Date of poll
|'''27 February 2022'''
|-
|Date of counting of votes
|'''2 March 2022'''
|}

==Parties and alliances==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]'''
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|rowspan="4" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.png|50px]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Ears of Corn and Sickle.png|50px]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|rowspan="2"|'''Others '''
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hamro Party}}" |
|[[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]] (HP)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independents}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|}

==Results==
===Partywise result===
{{Piechart|thumb=right|value1=63|value2=14|value3=13|value4=5|value5=5|color1=#20C646|color2=red|color3=#FF9933|color4=#00BBFF|color5=grey|caption='''Vote share by Party'''|label1=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|label2=[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]|label4=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|label5=Others}}
The ruling party in the state, [[Trinamool Congress]], had a landslide victory by winning 102 out of 108 municipalities. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and newly formed [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]] were successful to win Taherpur and [[Darjeeling Municipality]] respectively. The results of the remaining four bodies were found hung which were later won by AITC with the support of [[Independent politician|independent]] candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=সবুজ ঝড়েও ত্রিশঙ্কু চার পুরসভা, ফল বেরোতেই তিনটি দখলের ঘোষণা তৃণমূলের |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/tmc-to-form-board-in-three-hung-municipalities-with-support-of-congress-and-independent-candidates-dmg-751905.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>

Following is a list of performances of the contested political parties and alliances:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Municipalities won
!colspan="2" |Wards won
!% of votes
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]'''
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
|102
|1977{{efn|AITC won 105 wards uncontested}}
| rowspan="2" |1980
| rowspan="2" |63
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| 0
| 3
|-
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|0
|colspan=2|63
||13
|-
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|0
|colspan=2|59
|5
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|rowspan="4" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| rowspan="4" |1{{efn|The CPI(M) won the Taherpur Notified Area Authority under Nadia district with a simple majority.}}
|48
| rowspan="4" |56
| rowspan="4" |14
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.png|50px]]
|4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Ears of Corn and Sickle.png|50px]]
|3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
|1
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|rowspan="2"|'''Others '''
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hamro Party}}" |
|[[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]] (HP)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|1{{efn|The Hamro Party won the Darjeeling Municipality under Darjeeling district with a simple majority.}}
|colspan=2|18
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independents}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|0
| colspan="2" |100
|4
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
!108 (4 Hung)
!colspan="2" |2,276
!100
|}

===Corporation wise result===
Municipal Corporation election data published by State [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] of [[West Bengal]]<ref name="2022 WB local election results">{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbme.org/|title=2022 West Bengal local election results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=16 July 2025}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|No.
!rowspan="2"|District
!rowspan="2"|Municipal Corporation
!rowspan="2"|Total Wards
|style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
!rowspan="2"|Winner
|-
![[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Others
|-
!1
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|[[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
|'''106'''
|91
|7
|2
|3
|3
|rowspan=4 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!2
|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''41'''
|39
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
!3
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|[[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation|Chandannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''33'''
|31
|0
|2
|0
|0
|-
!4
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]
|'''47'''
|37
|5
|4
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=3 align="Centre" |Total
! align="Centre" |227
! align="Centre" |198
! align="Centre" |12
! align="Centre" |8
! align="Centre" |5
! align="Centre" |4
|}

===Municipality wise result===
Municipality election data published by State [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] of [[West Bengal]]<ref name="2022 WB local election results">{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbme.org/|title=2022 West Bengal local election results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=16 July 2025}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Division
!rowspan="2"|No.
!rowspan="2"|District
!rowspan="2"|Municipality
!rowspan="2"|Total Wards
|style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
!rowspan="2"|Winner
|-
![[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Others
|-
|rowspan=26|North Bengal
!1
|rowspan=2|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|[[Alipurduar Municipality]]
|'''20'''
|16
|0
|0
|1
|3
|rowspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!2
|[[Falakata Municipality]]
|'''18'''
|18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Alipurduar district
!38
!34
!0
!0
!1
!3
|-
!3
|rowspan=6|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|Cooch Behar Municipality
|'''20'''
|15
|0
|3
|0
|2
|rowspan=6 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!4
|Dinhata Municipality
|'''16'''
|16{{efn|AITC won all wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!5
|Haldibari Municipality
|'''11'''
|11{{efn|AITC won two wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!6
|Mekliganj Municipality
|'''9'''
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!7
|Mathabhanga Municipality
|'''12'''
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!8
|Tufanganj Municipality
|'''12'''
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Cooch Behar district
!80
!75
!0
!3
!0
!2
|-
!9
|rowspan=3|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Jalpaiguri Municipality]]
|'''25'''
|22
|0
|1
|2
|0
|rowspan=3 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!10
|Mal Municipality
|'''15'''
|14
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
!11
|[[Maynaguri Municipality]]
|'''17'''
|16
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Jalpaiguri district
!57
!52
!1
!1
!2
!1
|-
!12
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|[[Darjeeling Municipality]]
|'''32'''
|2
|0
|0
|0
|30{{efn|This figure includes 27 Independents & 3 Others}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/with-18-of-32-seats-fledgling-hamro-party-wins-darjeeling-7798215/|title=With 18 of 32 seats, fledgling Hamro Party wins Darjeeling|work=Indian Express|accessdate=3 March 2022}}</ref>
|align=center style="background-color:#152644; color:white"|'''HP'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Darjeeling district
!32
!2
!0
!0
!0
!30
|-
!13
|rowspan=3|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|Islampur Municipality
|'''17'''
|11{{efn|AITC won one ward uncontested}}
|2
|1
|0
|3
|rowspan=3 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!14
|[[Dalkhola Municipality]]
|'''16'''
|12
|0
|0
|0
|4
|-
!15
|Kaliaganj Municipality
|'''17'''
|10
|6
|0
|0
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Uttar Dinajpur district
!50
!33
!8
!1
!0
!8
|-
!16
|rowspan=2|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|Gangarampur Municipality
|'''18'''
|18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!17
|[[Balurghat Municipality]]
|'''25'''
|23
|0
|2{{efn|CPI(M) and RSP won one ward each}}
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Dakshin Dinajpur district
!43
!41
!0
!2
!0
!0
|-
!18
|rowspan=2|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[English Bazar Municipality]]
|'''29'''
|25
|3
|0
|0
|1
|rowspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!19
|[[Old Malda Municipality]]
|'''20'''
|17
|2
|0
|0
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Malda district
!49
!42
!5
!0
!0
!2
|-
! colspan=4 align="Centre" |Total of North Bengal division
! align="Centre" |349
! align="Centre" |279
! align="Centre" |14
! align="Centre" |7
! align="Centre" |3
! align="Centre" |46
!
|-
|rowspan=54|Presidency
!20
|rowspan=7|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|Jangipur Municipality
|'''21'''
|15
|1
|3
|2
|0
|rowspan=6 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!21
|Dhulian Municipality
|'''21'''
|11
|0
|0
|7
|3
|-
!22
|Kandi Municipality
|'''18'''
|16
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
!23
|Murshidbad Sadar Municipality
|'''16'''
|9
|6
|0
|0
|1
|-
!24
|Jiaganj–Azimganj Municipality
|'''17'''
|15
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
!25
|[[Berhampore Municipality|Baharampur Municipality]]
|'''28'''
|22
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
!26
|[[Beldanga Municipality]]
|'''14'''
|7
|3
|0
|0
|4
|align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|'''HUNG'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Murshidabad district
!135
!95
!10
!3
!15
!12
|-
!27
|rowspan=10|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|[[Nabadwip Municipality]]
|'''24'''
|24
|0
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=3 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!28
|Krishnanagar Municipality
|'''25'''
|16
|1
|0
|4
|4
|-
!29
|Ranaghat Municipality
|'''20'''
|19
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
!30
|Taherpur Notified Area Authority
|'''13'''
|5
|0
|8
|0
|0
|align=center style="background-color:#CC0D0D; color:white"|'''CPI(M)'''
|-
!31
|Santipur Municipality
|'''24'''
|22
|2
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=6 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!32
|Birnagar Municipality
|'''14'''
|11
|1
|0
|0
|2
|-
!33
|Kalyani Municipality
|'''21'''
|21
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!34
|Haringhata Municipality
|'''17'''
|17
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!35
|Chakdaha Municipality
|'''21'''
|21
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!36
|Gayespur Municipality
|'''18'''
|18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Nadia district
!197
!174
!5
!8
!4
!6
|-
!37
|rowspan=25|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|Barasat Municipality
|'''35'''
|30
|0
|3{{efn|2 wards were won by CPI(M) and one was won by CPI}}
|0
|2
|rowspan=25 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!38
|Ashoknagar–Kalyangarh Municipality
|'''23'''
|20
|0
|2
|1
|0
|-
!39
|Gobardanga Municipality
|'''17'''
|15
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
!40
|Habra Municipality
|'''24'''
|24
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!41
|Madhyamgram Municipality
|'''28'''
|24
|0
|4{{efn|2 wards each were won by AIFB & CPI(M)}}
|0
|0
|-
!42
|Barrackpore Municipality
|'''24'''
|24
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!43
|Bhatpara Municipality
|'''35'''
|35{{efn|AITC won 3 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!44
|[[North Dum Dum Municipality]]
|'''34'''
|33
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!45
|[[South Dum Dum Municipality]]
|'''34'''
|32
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
!46
|Khardaha Municipality
|'''22'''
|21
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|-
!47
|New Barrackpore Municipality
|'''20'''
|19
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!48
|Titagarh Municipality
|'''23'''
|23{{efn|AITC won 1 ward uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!49
|Halisahar Municipality
|'''23'''
|23{{efn|AITC won 1 ward uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!50
|Garulia Municipality
|'''21'''
|19
|0
|1{{efn|AIFB won 1 ward}}
|0
|1
|-
!51
|Dum Dum Municipality
|'''22'''
|22{{efn|AITC won 1 ward uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!52
|Kanchrapara Municipality
|'''24'''
|24
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!53
|[[Baranagar Municipality]]
|'''34'''
|32{{efn|AITC won 1 ward uncontested}}
|0
|2
|0
|0
|-
!54
|Kamarhati Municipality
|'''35'''
|31
|0
|1
|0
|3
|-
!55
|Naihati Municipality
|'''31'''
|31
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!56
|Panihati Municipality
|'''35'''
|33
|0
|1
|1
|0
|-
!57
|North Barrackpore Municipality
|'''23'''
|23
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!58
|Baduria Municipality
|'''17'''
|15{{efn|AITC won 1 ward uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
!59
|Taki Municipality
|'''16'''
|14{{efn|AITC won 6 wards uncontested}}
|2
|0
|0
|4
|-
!60
|Basirhat Municipality
|'''23'''
|21
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
!61
|Bongaon Municipality
|'''22'''
|19
|1
|0
|1
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total of North 24 Parganas district
!645
!607
!4
!17
!4
!13
|-
!62
|rowspan=6|[[South 24 Parganas]]
|Baruipur Municipality
|'''17'''
|17
|0
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=6 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!63
|Rajpur–Sonarpur Municipality
|'''35'''
|33
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
!64
|[[Jaynagar Majilpur Municipality|Joynagar–Majilpur Municipality]]
|'''14'''
|12
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
!65
|Diamond Harbour Municipality
|'''16'''
|16
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!66
|Maheshtala Municipality
|'''35'''
|34
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
!67
|Budge Budge Municipality
|'''20'''
|20{{efn|AITC won 18 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of South 24 Parganas district
!137
!132
!0
!1
!2
!2
|-
!68
|[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|Uluberia Municipality
|'''32'''
|28
|1
|1
|1
|1
|align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Howrah district
!32
!28
!1
!1
!1
!1
|-
! colspan=4 align="Centre" |Total of Presidency division
! align="Centre" |1,146
! align="Centre" |1,036
! align="Centre" |20
! align="Centre" |30
! align="Centre" |26
! align="Centre" |34
!
|-
|rowspan=26|Bardhaman
!69
|rowspan=12|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|[[Arambagh Municipality]]
|'''19'''
|18
|1
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=11 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!70
|[[Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality|Hooghly–Chunchura Municipality]]
|'''30'''
|29
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!71
|[[Bansberia Municipality]]
|'''22'''
|21
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!72
|[[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality|Uttarpara Municipality]]
|'''24'''
|19
|0
|3
|1
|1
|-
!73
|[[Konnagar Municipality]]
|'''20'''
|17
|0
|1
|1
|1
|-
!74
|[[Serampore Municipality|Sreerampur Municipality]]
|'''29'''
|25
|0
|1
|1
|2
|-
!75
|[[Baidyabati Municipality]]
|'''23'''
|16
|0
|2{{efn|One ward each won by AIFB and CPI(M)}}
|2
|3
|-
!76
|[[Rishra Municipality]]
|'''23'''
|19
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
!77
|[[Dankuni Municipality]]
|'''21'''
|19
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
!78
|[[Tarakeswar Municipality]]
|'''15'''
|15
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!79
|[[Bhadreswar Municipality]]
|'''22'''
|20
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
!80
|[[Champdany Municipality|Champdani Municipality]]
|'''22'''
|11
|0
|0
|1
|10
|align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|'''HUNG'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Hooghly district
!270
!229
!4
!9
!8
!20
|-
!81
|rowspan=6|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|Memari Municipality
|'''16'''
|15
|0
|0
|1
|0
|rowspan=6 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!82
|Katwa Municipality
|'''20'''
|15
|0
|0
|4
|1
|-
!83
|Dainhat Municipality
|'''14'''
|14
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!84
|Bardhaman Municipality
|'''35'''
|35
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!85
|Guskhara Municipality
|'''16'''
|16
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!86
|Kalna Municipality
|'''18'''
|17
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Purba Bardhaman district
!119
!112
!0
!1
!5
!1
|-
!87
|rowspan=5|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|[[Bolpur Municipality]]
|'''22'''
|22{{efn|AITC won 10 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=5 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!88
|Suri Municipality
|'''21'''
|21{{efn|AITC won 16 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!89
|Sainthia Municipality
|'''16'''
|16{{efn|AITC won 14 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!90
|Dubrajpur Municipality
|'''16'''
|16{{efn|AITC won 5 wards uncontested}}
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!91
|Rampurhat Municipality
|'''18'''
|17{{efn|AITC won 5 wards uncontested}}
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Birbhum district
!93
!92
!0
!1
!0
!0
|-
! colspan=4 align="Centre" |Total of Bardhaman division
! align="Centre" |482
! align="Centre" |433
! align="Centre" |4
! align="Centre" |11
! align="Centre" |13
! align="Centre" |21
!
|-
|rowspan=22|Junglemahal
!92
|rowspan=3|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|Purulia Municipality
|'''23'''
|17
|3
|0
|1
|2
|rowspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!93
|Raghunathpur Municipality
|'''13'''
|9
|2
|0
|2
|0
|-
!94
|Jhalda Municipality
|'''12'''
|5
|0
|0
|5
|2
|align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|'''HUNG'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Purulia district
!48
!31
!5
!0
!8
!4
|-
!95
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram Municipality]]
|'''18'''
|16
|0
|1{{efn|One ward won by CPI}}
|0
|1
|align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Jhargram district
!18
!16
!0
!1
!0
!1
|-
!96
|rowspan=3|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|[[Bankura Municipality]]
|'''24'''
|21
|0
|0
|0
|3
|rowspan=3 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!97
|[[Bishnupur Municipality]]
|'''19'''
|13
|2
|0
|1
|3
|-
!98
|[[Sonamukhi Municipality]]
|'''15'''
|9
|0
|2
|0
|4
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Bankura district
!58
!43
!2
!2
!1
!10
|-
!99
|rowspan=7|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|Medinipur Municipality
|'''25'''
|20
|0
|3
|1
|1
|rowspan=7 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!100
|Ramjibanpur Municipality
|'''11'''
|11
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!101
|Chandrakona Municipality
|'''12'''
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!102
|Khirpai Municipality
|'''10'''
|9
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!103
|Ghatal Municipality
|'''17'''
|17
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!104
|Kharar Municipality
|'''10'''
|8
|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
!105
|Kharagpur Municipality
|'''35'''
|20
|6
|2{{efn|One ward won each by CPI & CPI(M)}}
|6
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Paschim Medinipur district
!120
!97
!8
!5
!7
!3
|-
!106
|rowspan=3|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|Tamralipta Municipality
|'''20'''
|18
|2
|0
|0
|0
|rowspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:white"|'''AITC'''
|-
!107
|Kanthi Municipality
|'''21'''
|17
|3
|0
|0
|1
|-
!108
|Egra Municipality
|'''14'''
|7
|5
|0
|1
|1
|align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|'''HUNG'''
|-
!colspan=3|Total of Purba Medinipur district
!55
!42
!10
!0
!1
!2
|-
! colspan=4 align="Centre" |Total of Junglemahal division
! align="Centre" |299
! align="Centre" |229
! align="Centre" |25
! align="Centre" |8
! align="Centre" |17
! align="Centre" |20
!
|-
! colspan=4 align="Centre" |Grand Total
! align="Centre" |2,276
! align="Centre" |1,977{{efn|This includes 105 wards AITC won uncontested}}
! align="Centre" |63
! align="Centre" |56
! align="Centre" |59
! align="Centre" |121{{efn|This includes 3 wards won by AITC ally GJM and 18 wards won by the Hamro Party.}}
!
|-
|}

==2022–2027 bypolls==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Bengal State Election Commission |url=http://portal.wbme.org/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=portal.wbme.org}}</ref>

The results of the by election six ward is :
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!District
!Body
!Ward
! colspan="2" |Won Party
! colspan="2" |Runner Up Party
!Margin
|-
| rowspan="5" |June 26
| rowspan="4" |North 24 Pargana
|Bhatpara Munucipality
|3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1171
|-
|South Dum Dum Municipality
|29
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9532
|-
|Dumdum municipality
|4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2747
|-
|Panihati Municipality
|8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2273
|-
|Purulia
|Jhalda Municipality
|2
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|778
|-
|Aug 21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Bengal State Election Commission |url=http://portal.wbme.org/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=portal.wbme.org}}</ref>
|North 24 Pargana
|Bongaon Municipality
|14
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2118
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Local elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2022 elections in India|W]]

Slavery in the Madras Presidency

2026-04-01T07:23:45Z

KARTIK: creating first stub basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Colonial India}}
'''Slavery in the Madras Presidency''' during the [[British Raj]] affected close to 20% of the population. [[Madras Presidency]] was an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative subdivision (presidency)]] of [[British India]]. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of [[southern India]]. The landlords were predominantly higher caste individuals. When those from the lower castes borrowed money against their land and defaulted, they entered a life of [[debt bondage]]. The slaves formed 12.2% of the total population in 1930.

The patterns of slavery and slave population varied between districts. Various laws were passed during 1811, 1812 and 1823 to restrict slavery and prevent child labour, though the slave trade was only ended with the [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]], and the sale of slaves became a criminal offence in 1862 under the new [[Indian Penal Code]].

==The presidency==
[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Distribution of famine relief in 1877 in Madras Province]]
[[Madras Presidency]], or the Presidency of Fort St. George, also known as Madras Province, was an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative subdivision (presidency)]] of [[British India]]. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of [[southern India]], including the whole of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Odisha]] and the union territory of [[Lakshadweep]]. In 1639, the English [[East India Company]] purchased the village of Madraspatnam and one year later it established the Agency of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]], precursor of the Madras Presidency, although there had been Company factories at [[Machilipatnam]] and [[Armagon]] since the very early 1600s. The agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655. In 1684, it was re-elevated to a Presidency and [[Elihu Yale]] was appointed as president. In 1785, under the provisions of [[Pitt's India Act]], Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company. Thereafter, the head of the area was styled "Governor" rather than "President" and became subordinate to the Governor-General in [[Calcutta]], a title that would persist until 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/the-etymology-of-madras/|title=The Etymology of Madras|last=Sohail|first=Sara|date=10 May 2019|website=Madras Courier}}</ref><ref name="eliteformation">{{Cite book| title=Elite Formation in Nineteenth Century South India, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tamil Culture and History|publisher=Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia Press|year=1968|first=Robert Eric|last= Frykenberg}}</ref>

==Pattern==
[[File:Fort St George Madras 1858.jpg|250px|thumb|Fort St. George painting from 1858]]
The ''Mirasdars'', or landlords, were usually from the higher castes. Lower caste individuals borrowed money [[Secured loan|against their holdings]] from the ''mirasdars'' for marriage expenses, housing, or farming costs. On defaulting, they would find themselves obliged to repay the debt through labour. Hereditary relationships continued between debtors and their masters, as generations found themselves in debt bondage, [[Debt-slavery|leading to slavery]].<ref>[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society]] 1841, p. 5</ref> The pattern of slavery also varied between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]]. Muslims usually ran a market as in North India. [[Triplicane]] (in modern day Chennai), an area in the Presidency, where Muslim rulers were predominant, had a slave market in the 1790s when women and children were sold.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|year=2012|isbn=9781846317583|last=Major|first=Andrea|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=31}}</ref> Only the [[Vellalar]]s had had Mirasi privileges initially, but the practice was developed under the subsequent Hindu dynasties. By the time the British had formed their dominance, almost every castes, with the exception of the untouchables, had proprietary rights of this kind. Many mirasi rights were also given for free to [[brahmins]] or isolated for the assistance of religious institutions; other shares had simply been sold.{{sfn | Hjejle | 1967 | pp=78}}

[[Francis Whyte Ellis]] observed that all the Paraiyars who resided in the areas where Mirasi rights reigned resided in a form of enslavement which he named 'villeinage'. The Paraiyans were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy, they were untouchables and kept in isolated areas outside the community at the So-called ''paraicheri''. For the labour they completed, they were entitled to a variety of payments in grain and money. They were also compensated for the services they provided the town in a variety of lower positions, such as scavengers, watchmen, and messengers.{{sfn | Hjejle | 1967 | pp=79}}

The pattern of slavery varied between different districts of the presidency, as did the [[Serfdom|sale of workers with land]]<ref name="Kumarp43">[[#Kumar|Kumar]] pp. 43–48</ref> In South [[Arcot]] and [[Coimbatore]], slaves could be sold to anyone. In Coimbatore, slavery during the early 19th century was predominantly debt based. Serfs were sold along with land in [[Trichonopoly]]. The collector of [[Tinnevelly]] reported in 1919 that there was no specific pattern for selling serfs with land or slaves alone. It was later observed that slaves were sold with land, a situation closer to what would be called [[serfdom]]. A similar pattern was observed in [[Tanjore]], where the sale of slaves to other estates was rare. In Madurai, slavery was in gradual decline as early as 1819. Some slaves, after liberation joined the [[Presidency armies|Presidency army]] as [[Sepoy]]s. In the northern parts of the Presidency, like [[Masulipatnam]] and [[Ganjam]], agrarian slavery was minimal. In the Telugu speaking districts, the slaves were of three kinds – servants to ''[[zamindars]]'', servants to Muslims, and [[Serfdom|labourers attached to land]].

==Distribution==

The Law Commission report on slavery in 1841 contained the indicative figures on the number of slaves, based the numbers categorised as [[Pallar]]s and [[Paraiyar]].<ref name="Britishp4">[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society]] 1841, p. 4</ref> In South Arcot , the number of slaves was 17,000 in 1819, comprising less than 4% of the population. In [[Tanjore]], the numbers were reported to be more numerous, while in [[Madurai]] it was less. The [[Tinnevely|Tinnelvely]] collector reported 38% of the whole population as slaves. In [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichonopoly]], the collector estimated 10,000 slaves in wet parts and 600 in dry parts of the district. In [[Nellore district|Nellore]], the slave population was 14.6% of the total population in 1827 and 16% in 1930. Slaves formed 12.2% of the total population in 1930.<ref name="Kumarp52">[[#Kumar|Kumar]] pp. 52–53</ref>

The [[Slave Trade Felony Act 1811]], created a criminal penalty for the importation of slaves into British Territory. There were proposed regulations in 1823 to prevent child labour.<ref>[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society]] 1841, p. 27</ref> In 1833, the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act]] received Royal Assent, though the Act did not "extend to any of the Territories in the Possession of the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]], or to the Island of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], or to the Island of [[Saint Helena]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm|title=3&4 Will. IV, cap. 73|website=www.pdavis.nl|access-date=2017-06-29}}</ref> [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843|Act V of 1843]] finally ended the slave trade in India, and this was incorporated in 1862 under the new [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery & South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&q=madras+presidency+%2B+slavery+law&pg=PA232|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34810-2|year=2006|first1=Indrani|last1=Chatterjee|first2=Richard Maxwell |last2=Eaton|page=231}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Slavery in India]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|title=Slavery and the slave trade in British India: with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents|publisher=T. Ward, and to be had at the office of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery society|year=1841|author=British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|ref=British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society}}
* {{cite book|title=Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labor in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century|first=Kumar|last=Dharma|publisher=CUP Archive|place=|year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psw5AAAAIAAJ&q=madras+presidency+population|ref=Kumar}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Hjejle |first=Benedicte |date=1967-01-01 |title=Slavery and agricultural bondage in South India in the nineteenth century |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=71–126 |doi=10.1080/03585522.1967.10414353 |issn=0358-5522|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/177526 Caste and Landlessness in South India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery in the Madras Presidency}}
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]
[[Category:Slavery in the British Empire]]

LGBTQ rights in Goa

2026-03-30T23:09:37Z

KARTIK:

{{Short description|Overview of LGBTQ rights in the Indian state of Goa}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Goa
| image = File:IN-GA.svg
| caption = [[Goa]]
| legal_status = Legal since 2018
| gender_identity_expression = [[Third gender]] recognised; transgender people may change legal gender (with restrictions)
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex relationships (cohabitation protected)
| recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = Defined as opposite-sex under Goa Civil Code
| adoption = No
| military =
| discrimination_protections = Gender identity protected under federal law (Transgender Persons Act); no state-level protections for sexual orientation
}}

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in [[Goa]] are governed primarily by federal Indian law, such as the 2018 decriminalisation of same‑sex activity (''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'') and the 2014 legal recognition of transgender identity (''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|NALSA v. Union of India]]''), while state-level protections remain limited. Despite this, Goa is portrayed in the media as one of India’s more tolerant regions for LGBTQ people.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gama |first=Danuska Da |date=2025-07-03 |title=Goa's queer scene is growing deeper roots |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/lifestyle/goas-queer-scene-is-growing-deeper-roots |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Historical context ==
In 1989, [[Dominic D'Souza|Dominic D’Souza]] was forcibly quarantined under Goa’s Public Health Act after testing HIV-positive. His legal fight became the first documented case of HIV rights activism in Goa. Although D'Souza never claimed to be gay, gay rights activists across India then used his cause to promote queer activism.<ref name="Scroll"> {{cite web| date=27 May 2021| title=40 years after AIDS, remembering Dominic D’Souza, the first Indian diagnosed with HIV infection| url=https://scroll.in/article/995839/40-years-after-aids-remembering-dominic-dsouza-the-first-indian-diagnosed-with-hiv-infection}}</ref>

In January 2015, Sports and Youth Affairs Minister [[Ramesh Tawadkar]] proposed setting up treatment centres to "cure" LGBT youth, drawing severe criticism nationwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Nita |date=2015-01-13 |title=Goa slams plan for centres to make LGBT youths "normal" |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/goa-slams-plan-for-centres-to-make-lgbt-youths-normal-idUSKBN0KM17J/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="TOI2">{{cite web|title=Goa CM calls homosexuality 'natural quality'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-cm-calls-homosexuality-natural-quality/articleshow/45877667.cms|website=Times of India|date=14 January 2015}}</ref> The Chief Minister at the time, [[Laxmikant Parsekar]], later clarified that homosexuality was a "natural quality" and distanced the government from Tawadkar’s comments.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/videos/homosexuality-a-natural-gift-goa-chief-minister-s-counter-to-minister-s-gaffe-352175 |title=Video {{!}} 'Homosexuality a Natural Gift': Goa Chief Minister's Counter to Minister's Gaffe |language=en |access-date=2025-07-16 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

In 2023, following the Supreme Court’s decision not to legalise same-sex marriage, Indian activists based in Goa urged the state government to take legislative steps but no bills have yet been introduced.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Goa trust speaks up for rights of state's 10,000-strong LGBT community |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/goa-trust-speaks-up-for-rights-of-state-s-10-000-strong-lgbt-community-123042300196_1.html |access-date=16 July 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Recognition of relationships ==
{{See Also|Recognition of same-sex unions in Goa}}
Goa applies the [[Goa Civil Code]], which defines marriage as between a man and a woman. There is no legal recognition for same-sex marriages or civil unions. However, in 2023, the Supreme Court noted that same-sex couples have the right to cohabit and enjoy some protections under law.<ref name=Equaldex>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equaldex.com/region/goa|title = LGBT Rights in Goa|access-date =30 July 2024}}</ref>

== Discrimination protections ==
There are currently no state-level anti-discrimination laws protecting sexual orientation or gender identity in Goa. Federal law under the Transgender Persons Act prohibits discrimination based on gender identity, but not sexual orientation.<ref name=Equaldex/>

== Societal attitudes ==
According to a 2018 study by the Goa Livelihoods Forum, 63% of LGBTQ individuals reported workplace verbal abuse, and 87% of transgender respondents dropped out of school due to harassment.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |date=10 November 2018 |title=Not a rainbow story for LGBTQ community in Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/not-a-rainbow-story-for-lgbtq-community-in-goa/article25465029.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

However, Goa is perceived as more tolerant than many other Indian states, especially in tourist areas, with many LGBTQ individuals reporting neutral to positive experiences compared to other states of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |date=2022-08-28 |title=A history of how Goa overcame prejudice to open its arms to the queer community |url=https://scroll.in/article/1031316/a-history-of-how-goa-overcame-prejudice-to-open-its-arms-to-the-queer-community |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> There has also been an increase in the number of gay marriages performed in the State, although these ceremonies have no legal validity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay marriages on the rise in Goa |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gay-marriages-on-the-rise-in-goa-244964.html |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Activism and community ==
* The ''Goa Rainbow Trust'', established in 2018, provides mental health support, advocacy, and community outreach.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-25 |title=Goa's LGBTQ community gets its own trust |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-lgbtq-community-gets-its-own-trust/articleshow/66790315.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Rainbow Pride- [[Pride De Goa]]'' walks have been held in Panaji from 2017 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-29 |title=A walk to remember for the LGBT community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-walk-to-remember-for-the-lgbt-community/articleshow/61313127.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* The ''Humsaath Trust'', as of 2023, supports over 10,000 LGBTQ individuals in the state and has advocated for legal protections and employment rights.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[LGBTQ rights in Tamil Nadu|LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[LGBTQ rights in Karnataka]]
* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]

== References ==
<references />

{{LGBTQ in India}}

[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India by state]]
[[Category:Society of Goa]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in India]]

Orchids The International School, Bengaluru

2026-03-26T12:51:40Z

KARTIK: added first details w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Chain of private schools in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Orchids The International School, Bengaluru
| logo =
| image = File:Orchids The International School, Bannerghatta, Bengaluru.jpg
| caption = A file photo of one of the Orchids School campuses in Bannerghatta in 2023
| motto =
| address =
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| postal_code =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type =
| established = 2013 (Nagarbhavi campus)
| international_students =
| classes = Nursery — Grade 12
| language = English
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| chairman = Jai Decosta
| principal =
| sports =
| campus_type = [[Day school]]
| campus_size =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board]]
| alumni =
| website = {{URL|www.orchidsinternationalschool.com/bangalore-branches}}
}}
'''Orchids The International School, Bengaluru''' (also known as '''ORCHIDS Bengaluru''') is a co-educational chain of private [[K-12 schools]] operating multiple branches in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India.

As of 2025, the chain has around 30-32 branches in the city, with varying affiliations to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] or the [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board]].

== History ==
In the 2010s, the ORCHIDS school chain started expanding in Bengaluru with multiple branches in neighbourhoods like Nagarabhavi, [[Mahalakshmi Layout]], Haralur Road, Magadi Road, [[Mysore Road]], Panathur and Sahakarnagar etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orchids The International School Expands its footprint with 4 new branches in Bengaluru – India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/orchids-the-international-school-expands-its-footprint-with-4-new-branches-in-bengaluru/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240521073033/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/orchids-the-international-school-expands-its-footprint-with-4-new-branches-in-bengaluru/ |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=indiaeducationdiary.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The schools are run under trusts like AVV Educational Trust, Sri Radhakrishna Educational Trust, MB Shivakumar Seva Trust,Spandana Educational Trust, Ramanashree Pratishthana, Bangalore North Education Society, Udaya Education Society, Pragathi Charitable Trust and RT Nagar Educational Trust. After COVID-19, the network expanded to more than 30 branches in the city by the mid-2020s.

== Academics and curriculum ==
ORCHIDS schools follow curricula aligned with CBSE, ICSE, or state board standards, depending on the branch's affiliation. The schools offer STEM-related activities including coding, robotics, astronomy sessions, and project-based work. Students learn programming using Python and tools such as [[Pygame]] and [[OpenCV]] and participate in astronomy events such as “Go Cosmo – Universe Unleashed” and activities linked to [[National Space Day (India)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=G |first=Shubhangi |date=30 November 2025 |title=Skills, STEM, and Being 'Future-Ready': A Study of ORCHIDS The International School in Bengaluru's Regulated Pedagogy |url=https://library.dctabudhabi.ae/eds/detail?db=edsoai&an=edsoai.on1554272736&isbn= |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Maktaba, UAE's National Library via [[Abu Dhabi Department of Culture and Tourism]] |language=en}}</ref>

The schools provide two assessment levels in subjects such as Science, Social Science, and Mathematics in line with CBSE assessment reforms, with diagnostic tests and differentiated assignments. Reading and arithmetic skills are monitored using benchmarks referenced in the Annual Status of Education Report. Some branches include [[Kannada]] instruction alongside English in accordance with state bilingual education policies.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==

=== Affiliation and operations ===
Several branches including Nagarabhavi, Mahalakshmi Layout and Panathur were accused in 2022–2023 of claiming CBSE affiliation without approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=I |first=Anagha |last2=Raj |first2=Sagay |date=2023-01-31 |title=Case against Bengaluru school over fake CBSE affiliation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengaluru-orchids-school-8-months-time-to-change-board-affiliation-2328788-2023-01-31 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title=Protest against another Orchids school in Bengaluru over lack of CBSE affiliation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/protest-against-orchids-school-continues-management-says-it-has-been-transparent/article66451515.ece |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Protests by parents led to FIRs, notably in January 2023, for admitting students and teaching CBSE syllabus beyond permitted levels. The Karnataka education department ordered inspections across branches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Fake CBSE affiliation: Parents continue to protest against B'luru school |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fake-cbse-affiliation-parents-continue-to-protest-against-b-luru-school-101675191944131.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The school stated that all branches had state board permissions; that CBSE affiliation processes take 3–4 years and were delayed by COVID-19; that admissions were transparent;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=After FIR, Bengaluru's Orchids school says Covid delayed CBSE affiliation, admission fully transparent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-orchids-school-covid-cbse-affiliation-admission-8413696/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and that currently all those schools have obtained full affiliations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Takes 3-4 years to get affiliation: Orchids school amid fake CBSE affiliation row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/takes-3-4-years-to-get-affiliation-orchids-school-amid-fake-cbse-affiliation-row-101675278685398.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Student fees ===
In December 2024, the Mysore Road branch was accused of allegedly confining students over unpaid fees, triggering complaints to education and child protection authorities'''.''' The school denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-12-19 |title=Shocking! Private school in Bengaluru locks students in dark room over non-payment of fees {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bengaluru-private-school-locks-students-in-dark-room-over-non-payment-of-fees-11734627934953.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Livemint]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Regulatory action ===
Multiple branches received notices, and some were temporarily shut or faced [[first information report]]s for unauthorized operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Bengaluru's Orchids school booked for flouting Karnataka education norms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/education-department-police-complaint-bengaluru-school-norms-8404445/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Belur |first=Rashmi |title=One more FIR against Orchids school in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/one-more-fir-against-orchids-school-in-bengaluru-1129344.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eva |first=Donna |date=2022-07-23 |title=One more branch of Orchids school shut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Jul/23/one-more-branch-of-orchids-school-shut-2479689.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2022 |title=FIR against Orchids The International School |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/fir-against-orchids-the-international-school/article65636693.ece |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The school stated it re-applied for permissions, relocated students where needed and emphasised transparency in admissions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=School gets notice for shifting students to another branch without parents' consent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/school-gets-notice-for-shifting-students-to-another-branch-without-parents-consent/article66242904.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230719003621/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/school-gets-notice-for-shifting-students-to-another-branch-without-parents-consent/article66242904.ece |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Notes ==
=== Campuses ===
Locations of approximately 26 Orchids The International School campuses in Bengaluru (numbered legend provided)

{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|12.9715990000|77.5945660000}} 
| float = left
| zoom = 9
| width = 800
| height = 250
| caption = Orchids The International School campuses in Bengaluru (precise locations where available; numbered legend in 3 columns below)
| auto-caption = columns=3 



| mark-coord1 = {{coord|13.0823075000|77.6193162000}}
| mark-title1 = OIS Jakkur
| shape1 = n-circle
| shape-color1 = darkred
| shape-outline1 = white
| mark-size1 = 18,10

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|13.0685481000|77.5810048000}}
| mark-title2 = OIS Yelahanka / Sahakar Nagar area
| shape2 = n-circle
| shape-color2 = darkred
| shape-outline2 = white
| mark-size2 = 18,10

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|13.0400000000|77.5800000000}}
| mark-title3 = OIS Sahakar Nagar
| shape3 = n-circle
| shape-color3 = darkred
| shape-outline3 = white
| mark-size3 = 18,10

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|13.0500000000|77.5000000000}}
| mark-title4 = OIS Hesaraghatta Road
| shape4 = n-circle
| shape-color4 = darkred
| shape-outline4 = white
| mark-size4 = 18,10


| mark-coord5 = {{coord|13.0300000000|77.6400000000}}
| mark-title5 = OIS Hennur Road
| shape5 = n-circle
| shape-color5 = darkred
| shape-outline5 = white
| mark-size5 = 18,10

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|13.0388878000|77.6608534000}}
| mark-title6 = OIS Horamavu
| shape6 = n-circle
| shape-color6 = darkred
| shape-outline6 = white
| mark-size6 = 18,10

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|13.0100000000|77.6700000000}}
| mark-title7 = OIS Ramamurthy Nagar
| shape7 = n-circle
| shape-color7 = darkred
| shape-outline7 = white
| mark-size7 = 18,10

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|12.9900000000|77.7000000000}}
| mark-title8 = OIS Mahadevapura / Marathahalli
| shape8 = n-circle
| shape-color8 = darkred
| shape-outline8 = white
| mark-size8 = 18,10

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|12.996950713941837|77.76340223037778}}
| mark-title9 = OIS Whitefield
| shape9 = n-circle
| shape-color9 = darkred
| shape-outline9 = white
| mark-size9 = 18,10

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|13.008650|77.739616}}
| mark-title10 = OIS Kadugodi
| shape10 = n-circle
| shape-color10 = darkred
| shape-outline10 = white
| mark-size10 = 18,10


| mark-coord11 = {{coord|12.9694677000|77.6681406000}}
| mark-title11 = OIS CV Raman Nagar
| shape11 = n-circle
| shape-color11 = darkred
| shape-outline11 = white
| mark-size11 = 18,10

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|12.9381431000|77.7015238000}}
| mark-title12 = OIS Panathur
| shape12 = n-circle
| shape-color12 = darkred
| shape-outline12 = white
| mark-size12 = 18,10

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|12.8999391000|77.6659796000}}
| mark-title13 = OIS Haralur
| shape13 = n-circle
| shape-color13 = darkred
| shape-outline13 = white
| mark-size13 = 18,10

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|12.9000000000|77.6400000000}}
| mark-title14 = OIS HSR Layout / Rayasandra
| shape14 = n-circle
| shape-color14 = darkred
| shape-outline14 = white
| mark-size14 = 18,10

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|12.8803607000|77.5796688000}}
| mark-title15 = OIS Bannerghatta
| shape15 = n-circle
| shape-color15 = darkred
| shape-outline15 = white
| mark-size15 = 18,10



| mark-coord16 = {{coord|12.9046275840|77.6052945751}}
| mark-title16 = OIS BTM Layout
| shape16 = n-circle
| shape-color16 = darkred
| shape-outline16 = white
| mark-size16 = 18,10

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|12.8999878456|77.6653357385}}
| mark-title17 = OIS JP Nagar area
| shape17 = n-circle
| shape-color17 = darkred
| shape-outline17 = white
| mark-size17 = 18,10

| mark-coord18 = {{coord|12.8500000000|77.5500000000}}
| mark-title18 = OIS Kanakapura Road
| shape18 = n-circle
| shape-color18 = darkred
| shape-outline18 = white
| mark-size18 = 18,10



| mark-coord19 = {{coord|12.925362079168806|77.49871136400508}}
| mark-title19 = OIS Mysore Road
| shape19 = n-circle
| shape-color19 = darkred
| shape-outline19 = white
| mark-size19 = 18,10

| mark-coord20 = {{coord|12.919628|77.461847}}
| mark-title20 = OIS Kengeri
| shape20 = n-circle
| shape-color20 = darkred
| shape-outline20 = white
| mark-size20 = 18,10

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|12.992853|77.477354}}
| mark-title21 = OIS Magadi Road
| shape21 = n-circle
| shape-color21 = darkred
| shape-outline21 = white
| mark-size21 = 18,10



| mark-coord22 = {{coord|12.976849678980464|77.50777124212881}}
| mark-title22 = OIS Nagarbhavi
| shape22 = n-circle
| shape-color22 = darkred
| shape-outline22 = white
| mark-size22 = 18,10

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|12.970114|77.536058}}
| mark-title23 = OIS Vijayanagar
| shape23 = n-circle
| shape-color23 = darkred
| shape-outline23 = white
| mark-size23 = 18,10

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|13.0116909000|77.5468543000}}
| mark-title24 = OIS Mahalakshmi Layout
| shape24 = n-circle
| shape-color24 = darkred
| shape-outline24 = white
| mark-size24 = 18,10

| mark-coord25 = {{coord|12.9957899000|77.5554288000}}
| mark-title25 = OIS Jalahalli / Makali area
| shape25 = n-circle
| shape-color25 = darkred
| shape-outline25 = white
| mark-size25 = 18,10



| mark-coord26 = {{coord|12.9700000000|77.5800000000}}
| mark-title26 = OIS Majestic
| shape26 = n-circle
| shape-color26 = darkred
| shape-outline26 = white
| mark-size26 = 18,10
}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Schools in Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Schools in Bengaluru]]

Talaash: The Hunt Begins...

2026-03-25T14:35:29Z

KARTIK:

{{distinguish|Talaash: The Answer Lies Within}}
{{redirect|The Hunt Begins|the first-person shooter|Rise of the Triad}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Talaash: The Hunt Begins...
| image = Talaash The Hunt Begins.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Suneel Darshan]]
| screenplay = [[Robin Bhatia]]
| story = Suneel Darshan
| starring = [[Raakhee]] [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Kareena Kapoor]] [[Pooja Batra]]
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| distributor = Chiragdeep International
| music = [[Sanjeev Darshan]]
| cinematography = W. B. Rao
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2003|01|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Talaash: The Hunt Begins...''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film starring [[Raakhee]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. It is directed by Suneel Darshan and produced by Pahlaj Nihalani. This film released on January 3, 2003, and received negative reviews and was a [[box office flop|disaster at the box office]]. Incidentally, Kapoor would also act in an unrelated film of the [[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|same name]], nine years later, which was successful.

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=April 2019}} 
Babu ([[Suresh Oberoi]]) works for a gang that is led by Chhote Pathan ([[Kabir Bedi]]) and his men Rajjo Singh ([[Raj Babbar]]) and D.K Sharma ([[Dalip Tahil]]). Babu knows many of the gang's secrets, and Chhote promises him that if he keeps his mouth shut, they will look after his family; they betray him. He is rescued by an honest police inspector ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]). Babu returns home to find that his wife Poornima ([[Raakhee]]), Arjun (his son), and Pooja (his daughter) live a destitute life from Chhote's betrayal. He tells Poornima that they betrayed him for his silence and swears vengeance. He then teams up with the inspector and reveals the locations of their deals, and many gang members are arrested. Chhote finds Babu hiding and threatens him. He and his men take him to Babu's home, and punish him in front of Poornima and her children. Arjun is out doing his job to earn money, and only Poornima and Pooja are present at home. Poornima begs Chhote to forgive them and promises to leave the city. Chhote grabs Pooja and then tells Poornima that he will take his daughter with them, raise her for 10–12 years, then sell her. Babu tries to save his daughter and Chhote decapitates him. Pooja screams for help when she sees her brother returning home from work. He fails to follow her, and he runs back home to find his father dead and his mother having a mental breakdown; she considers Pooja's toy doll her daughter and does not recognize Arjun. Arjun goes to the inspector, who cannot find Chhote or Pooja. He tells Arjun that they have completely disappeared and may have fled the city. Arjun promises that he will not give up and promises to search for his sister.

Ten years later, Poornima is housed in a mental hospital, and Arjun Raichand ([[Akshay Kumar]]) has become a high-profile vigilante. He works for the police inspector, now the Commissioner of Police, by exposing illegal firearms transactions. The Commissioner of Police tells Arjun that he finds a clue that may lead him to Pooja. He tells Arjun how after Chhote and his gang murdered his father, fled the city and reached the city of Ghaziabad, Chhote and Rajjo were killed in a police chase. D.K. Sharma took over the gang and disappeared, and there has been no news of him since. He learned about Shetty ([[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]), a famous arms smuggler who was once Chhote's driver. Arjun finds Shetty and asks where his sister is. Shetty tells him that Sharma knows, and tries to shoot Arjun, but is shot by the Commissioner instead. From the police control room, they see Sharma arriving from a flight, and him taking a girl named Tina Saluja ([[Kareena Kapoor]]) on a [[London]] tour.

Arjun catches Sharma and interrogates him. Sharma says that Rajjo is still alive and knows where his sister is, and Tina is his daughter. Arjun drops Sharma to his death.

Back at the police control room, the Commissioner shows camera footage proving Rajjo is alive. Arjun travels to [[Amritsar]] and meets Sardar Vichitra Singh ([[Gulshan Grover]]), and tells him that he has come to find Rajjo.

Arjun reveals to Tina her father's identity. Tina confronts Rajjo, and he realizes his mistakes. Before he can reveal where Chhote has kept Pooja, he is shot and dies in Tina's arms. Tina tells Arjun to follow Rocky. Chhote makes an appearance, and Arjun kills him and Rocky. Arjun comes back to India with Pooja and reunites with Tina and his family.

== Cast ==
* [[Raakhee]] as Purnima Raichand
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Arjun Raichand
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Tina Saluja
* [[Pooja Batra]] as Kamini Arora
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Babu Raichand
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Chhote Pathan
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Shetty
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Sardarji, Vichitra Singh
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Upadhyay
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as D.K. Sharma
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Black John, Mafia Don
* [[Jeetu Verma]] as Junior, Black John Brother
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Rajjo Singh
* Arbaaz Ali Khan as Rocky (Chhote Pathan's henchman)
* [[Anirudh Agarwal]]
* [[Razak Khan]] as Razak Khan, a TT
* [[Upasana Singh]]
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Pepsi
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Astrologer in Train
* [[Viju Khote]] as Popatbhai
* [[Supriya Karnik]] as Kokila (Coca Cola) Shah
* [[Kunika]]
* [[Veeru Krishnan]] as Mummy
* [[Dolly Bindra]]
* [[Rakesh Bedi]]

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sanjeev–Darshan|Sanjeev-Darshan]]. [[PlanetBollywood.com]] wrote "Talaash is a good example of a bad soundtrack. The over-worked [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] seriously needs to put more effort into his writing instead of just recycling his previous songs. As for Sanjeev-Darshan, this film is just another addition to their continuing list of pathetic scores".
*Dil Le Gaya Pardesi - [[Alka Yagnik]]
*Bhangra Paa Le - [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*Tune Kaha Jab Se Haan - Shaan, Alka Yagnik
*Masoom Chehra (Male) - [[Kumar Sanu]]
*Baaga Ma Jab Mor Bole - Alka Yagnik
*Yaar Badal Na Jaana - Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
*Masoom Chehra (Female) - Alka Yagnik
*Zindagi Se Jung - Alka Yagnik
*Rabba Pyaar Se Mila De - [[Vasundhara Das]]
*
*

==Reception==
''Rediff'' wrote "Talaash has no story. Darshan seems undecided whether to focus on the main plot (Akshay Kumar's search for his sister) or the love angle (between Akshay and Kareena Kapoor). The result is that he goofs up on both fronts and you have one confused film".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/03talaash.htm | title=The Rediff Review: Talaash }}</ref> ''Bollywood Hungama'' wrote "TALAASH follows the oft-repeated track all through, from start to finish. And that's where the fault lies. Although the basic storyline is interesting, the way the drama unfolds gives you a feeling of 'been there, done that'".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/talaash-the-hunt-begins/critic-review/talaash-the-hunt-begins-movie-review/ | title=Talaash… the Hunt Begins Review 1.5/5 | Talaash… the Hunt Begins Movie Review | Talaash… the Hunt Begins 2003 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=3 January 2003 }}</ref> ''Planet Bollywood'' wrote "Don't expect perfect-ness or glory but entertainment that is tolerable at best".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041806053449 | title=Talaash - movie review by Abid - Planet Bollywood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220012347/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Talaash/|archive-date=20 February 2003|work=planet bollywood}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|talaash-the-hunt-begins}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjeev Darshan]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suneel Darshan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]

Nagar Brahmin

2026-03-21T21:48:03Z

KARTIK: adjust information after review as per guidelines

{{short description|Gujarati Brahmin subcaste}}
{{About|the social caste|similarly spelled words|Nagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Nagar Brahmins
| image = Nagar Brahmins (9969683734).jpg
| caption = Nagar Brahmins in Western India (c. 1855-1862)
| veda =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| country = [[India]]
| state =
| populated_states = [[Gujarat]]
| region = [[Western India]]
| ethnicity = [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| color =
| throne =
| victory weapon =
| endogamous =
| notable_members =
| subdivisions =
| related =
| historical_grouping =
| disputed_grouping =
| status =
| education_reservation =
| employment_reservation =
| other_reservation =
| original_kingdom =
| other_kingdom =
| official_website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nagar Brahmin''' is a [[Brahmin]] [[subcaste]] from the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Family in India Critical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8s0aBdDxEQC|page=136|publisher=Orient Longman|author=A. M. Shah|year=1998| isbn=9788125013068 }}</ref>

Author T. Sasaki writes, amongst [[Brahmin]]s of [[Gujarat]], Nagar Brahmins were the most prominent subdivision in the [[political]], [[economic]] and [[social relation|social]] activities of this region both before and during the [[British Raj]]. They occupied important administrative posts in the courts during the time of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Nature and Human Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_HwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|author=T.Sasaki|date=28 June 2011|publisher=Springer|page=29| isbn=9784431539674 }}</ref>

== History ==
The Nagar Brahmins originate in [[Vadnagar]],<ref name = 'DNarain1989'>{{cite book |last=Narain |first=Dhirendra |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yED5k62TsC&dq=nagar+brahmin+origin&pg=PA100 |title=Research in Sociology |page=100 |language=en-IN |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170222354 }}</ref> in northern [[Gujarat]], but are now mostly concentrated in [[Kathiawar]].<ref name = 'DNarain1989' /> The name 'Nagar' is also believed to have come from their geographic origin, Vadnagar.<ref name = 'DNarain1989' />

While a few scholars have explored potential connections between Nagar Brahmins and [[Bengali Kayastha]]s, this remains a subject of debate. [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], as cited by Tej Ram Sharma, notes the presence of identical surnames in both communities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |year=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC|page=115}}</ref> Separately, Rabindra Nath Chakraborty proposes a theory of common ancestry, suggesting a settlement of Nagar Brahmins in Bengal in the eighth century CE from whom the Kayasthas descended;<ref>{{cite book|first=Rabindra Nath |last=Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=124}}</ref> however, this view and its historical basis have not been widely supported by other scholars. Historians such as H. K. Barpujari and R. C. Majumdar have contested a shared origin based on surnames, with Majumdar also questioning the evidence for significant Nagar Brahmin migration into Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barpujari |first=H. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NZHAAAAMAAJ |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: From the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |page=104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/mode/1up |title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL |date=1971 |publisher=G. BHARADWAJ, CALCUTTA |page=435}}</ref> [[Harald Tambs-Lyche]], in his analysis on [[Kathiawar|Saurashtra]], observes that the majority of Nagars are engaged in non-priestly roles as bureaucrats, ministers, and urban landowners, quite similar to [[Kayastha]]s. He suggests that Bengali Kayasthas represent a "parallel case" in terms of societal function, even without accepting the hypothesis on shared origin.<ref>{{cite book |first=Harald| last=Tambs-Lyche |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996|publisher=University of Michigan|pages=217, 219|isbn=9788173041761}}</ref>

Among Nāgara Brahmins all four Vedas are found: ''[[Rigveda|R̥gveda]]'' (mainly ''Śāṅkhāyana Sūtra''), ''[[Yajurveda|Śukla Yajurveda]]'' ([[Madhyandina Shakha|Mādhyandina]]), ''[[Samaveda|Sāmaveda]]'' (Kauthuma Śākhā), and ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (Śaunaka Śākhā).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-4xEQAAQBAJ&dq=n%C4%81gara+gujarat+%C5%9B%C4%81kh%C4%81&pg=PT382 |title=Studies in the Atharvaveda: Proceedings of the 3rd Zurich International Conference on Indian Literature and Philosophy |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2025 |isbn=978-3-11-124475-4 |editor-last=Leach |editor-first=Robert |editor-last2=Hellwig |editor-first2=Oliver |editor-last3=Zehnder |editor-first3=Thomas}}</ref>

During the rule of the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Caulukya]] and [[Vaghela dynasty|Vāghela]] dynasties, the Nāgars held prestigious positions in royal courts along with [[Jainism|Jains]] and other Brahmins. Their occupations included writing Sanskrit literature, performing Vedic rituals, and conducting royal funerals; they were also famed throughout India as pilgrimage officiants at ''tīrtha'' (holy water) sites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sathaye |first=Adheesh A. |title=Crossing the Lines of Caste: Viśvāmitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |pages=154–155}}</ref>
[[File:Nagar.jpg|thumb|"A Nagar beauty," a watercolor by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]], 1928]]
The ''Nāgara Khaṇḍa'' is a quasi-caste purana for the Vadnagar Nāgars. It was partly composed before the late 13th century up to circa 17th century and was added to the existing ''[[Skanda Purana|Skanda Purāṇa]]'', as part of a wider trend of adding mainly unrelated khaṇḍas to the text. The text extols the holy sites around [[Vadnagar|Vaḍanagara]] (historically known as Ānarta, Ānandapura, and Camatkārapura).{{Sfn|Sathaye|2015|p=154-155}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |date=1968 |editor-last=Misra |editor-first=S. C. |title=Nāgarakhaṇḍa - A study |department=Humanities |journal=Journal of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |publication-place=Baroda |volume=XVII |issue=1 |pages=113}}</ref>

The Nāgars are divided into two sections: Gr̥hasthas who had received land grants from kings and did not have to work as priests, and Bhikṣus who earn money through alms from priesthood. In the ''Nāgarakhaṇḍa'' the Nāgars are divided into Nāgars who live in the city, and Bāhyas who had to live outside (often due to excommunication).{{Sfn|Sathaye|2015|p=179}}

The ''Vaḍanagara Praśasti'' states that in the time of King [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumārapāla]], a wall was built around the town for the protection of the "viprapura" ("Brāḥmaṇa town").{{Sfn|Sathaye|2015|p=178}}{{Sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=387}}

According to the ''Vastupāla Carita'' of Jinaharṣa Gaṇi, the Vāghela king Vīsaladeva formed the branches of the Nāgars at a [[Yajna|yajña]] (sacrifice) at Darbhavatīpura (modern [[Dabhoi]]), the branches being the Vīsalanagara, Ṣaṭpadra, Kr̥ṣṇapura, Citrapura, and Praśnika branches. The subcastes of the Nagars are also known as Visnagarā, Sāṭhodarā, Kr̥ṣṇorā or Krasnora, Citroḍā, Praśnora.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Jyotindra |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of THE SHREYAS FOLK MUSEUM of Gujarat |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |year=1980 |pages=164}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=નાગર |url=http://www.bhagavadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0&type=1&key=false&page=0 |website=Bhagwadgomandal |publisher=Gujarati Lexicon}}</ref>

In the later periods many Nāgars also became financiers and moneychangers, with Vadnagar as their center.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=24}}</ref>

During the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], the Nāgars learned Persian and held important posts in royal courts. Similarly under [[British rule of India|British rule]], the Nāgars learned English and held administrative posts.{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=19-20}}

In the late 19th century, many leaders of the [[Gujarat Vernacular Society]] were Nāgars, along with [[Vania (caste)|Vaniyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Nature and Human Communities |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |editor-last=Sasaki |editor-first=Takeshi |edition= |pages=29 |chapter=Language and Education in Colonial and Post-Colonial India}}</ref> By the 19th century, the dialect of Gujarati as spoken by Nagar Brahmins in Ahmedabad had become the prestige dialect of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Daniel J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2015 |pages=553 |chapter=Primary Sources: Gujarati}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Narsinh Mehta]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shukla-Bhatt |first=Neelima |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199976416.001.0001/acprof-9780199976416 |title=Narasinha Mehta of Gujarat : A Legacy of Bhakti in Songs and Stories |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199976416 |location=New York |pages=105–109, 213, 220 |oclc=872139390 |via=Oxford Scholarship}}</ref>
* [[Padmanābha]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |title=In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans, and Poets in Fifteenth Century Gujarat |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |pages=51}}</ref>
* [[Ranchhodji Diwan|Ranchhodji Amarji Diwan]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=92}}
* [[Dayaram]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=98}}
* [[Gaurishankar Oza]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective. with Special Reference to the Schroffs of Gujarat: 17th to 19th centuries |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=1991 |pages=186}}</ref>
* [[Durgaram Mehta]]<ref name="Raval1986">{{cite journal |last=Raval |first=R. L. |year=1986 |title=Social Environs and Refom Movement in 19th Century Gujarat : The Case of Durgaram Mehtaji |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 (VOLUME I) |pages=591–598 |jstor=44141608}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Bholanath Divetia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850-1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |pages=57}}</ref>{{refn|Bholanath was expelled for eating with Mahipatram Rupram, who had himself been expelled for travelling to a foreign country.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ācārya|first=Navīnacaṁdra Ā.|chapter=Hiṁdu Samāja |title=Gujarātano rājakīya ane sāṁskr̥tika itihāsa |publisher=Śeṭha Bhoḷābhāī Jeśiṁgabhāī Adhyayana-Saṁśodhana Vidyābhavana|location=Amadāvāda|editor-first1=Hariprasāda Gaṅgāśaṁkara|editor-last1=Śāstrī|editor-last2=Parīkha|editor-first2=Pravīṇacaṁdra Cimanalāla|p=237|volume=8, Briṭiśa Kāla (ī. sa. 1914 sudhīno)|series=Saṁśodhana Graṁthamālā-Graṁthāṁka|year=1984}}</ref>|group=note}}
* [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]]<ref name="tr">{{cite book |author1=Dwijendra Tripathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9LsAAAAMAAJ |title=The Concise Oxford History of Indian Business |author2=Jyoti Jumani |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-568429-2 |page=53 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Vrajlal Shastri]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=445}}
* [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=83}}{{refn|Mahipatram was expelled when he crossed the seas to travel to England.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women and Missions: Past and Present: Anthropological and Historical Perceptions |editor-first1=Fiona |editor-last1=Bowie |editor-last2=Kirkwood|editor-first2=Deborah|editor-last3=Ardener|editor-first3=Shirley| publisher=Routledge |year=2020|isbn=978-1-000-32322-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gnAdEAAAQBAJ&dq=crossing+the+seas+india+%22excommunicated%22+%22caste%22&pg=PT170}}</ref>|group=note}}
* [[Narmadashankar Dave]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=70}}
* [[Nandshankar Mehta]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=83}}
* [[Navalram Pandya]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=84}}
* [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji|Bhagvanlal Indraji]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Neera |title=Social Change in Gujarat [A Study of Nineteenth Century Gujarati Society] |publisher=Vora & Co. |year=1978 |pages=439}}</ref>
* [[Mansukhram Tripathi]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=446}}
* [[Manibhai Jashbhai]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=442}}
* [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Ramanlal|author-link=Ramanlal Joshi|title=Govardhanram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOEQAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|series=Makers of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=5–6|oclc=6950984}}</ref>
* [[Balashankar Kantharia]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=442}}
* [[Harilal Dhruv]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=441}}
* [[Manilal Dwivedi]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=89}}
* [[Narsinhrao Divatia]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=441}}
* [[Keshavlal Dhruv]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=441}}
* [[Chinubhai Madhavlal]]<ref name="ad">{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&q=Chinubhai+Baronet%27s+collection.&pg=PA25 |title=A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay By Preeti Chopra |year=2011 |isbn=9780816670369 |page=25|publisher=U of Minnesota Press }}</ref>
* [[Kavi Kant]]{{Sfn|Desai|1978|p=439}}
* [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=89}}
* [[Anandshankar Dhruv]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pavate |first=D.C. |title=Memoirs of an Educational Administrator |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |year=1964 |pages=63}}</ref>
* [[Uttamlal Trivedi]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=ત્રિવેદી, ઉત્તમલાલ
|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Jośī |first=Ramaṇalāla|date=2016 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=45}}
* [[Sumant Mehta]]<ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Jayeshkumar R. |title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |editor-last=Thaker |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |edition=1st |volume=XV |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |publication-date=January 2002 |pages=539–540 |language=gu |trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia |oclc=248968453}}</ref>
* [[Durgashankar Kevalram Shastri]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Śukla|first=Jayakumāra Ra.|title=Śāstrī, Durgāśaṁkara Kevaḷarāma |website=Gujarātī Viśvakośa|date=2006|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%b6%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b8%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%a4%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%80-%e0%aa%a6%e0%ab%81%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%97%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b6%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%95%e0%aa%b0-%e0%aa%95%e0%ab%87%e0%aa%b5/}}</ref>
* [[Sharda Mehta|Shardagauri Mehta]]{{Sfn|Isaka|2022|p=45}}
* [[Indulal Yagnik]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaka |first=Iho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c.1850-1960 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |pages=37}}</ref>
* [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta|Hansa Mehta]]<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=November 1984 |title=British versus Princely Legacies and the Political Integration of Gujarat |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=65–99 |doi=10.2307/2056747 |jstor=2056747 |s2cid=154751565}}</ref>{{refn|Hansa Mehta was expelled from the caste for her marriage to [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adami |first=Rebecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnd0DwAAQBAJ&dq=hansa+jivraj+mehta+excommunicated+caste&pg=PT104 |title=Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018|isbn=978-0-429-79552-7 }}</ref>|group=note}}
* [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]]<ref name="Shukla2002">{{cite encyclopedia |title=ભગવતીચરણ |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Śukla |first=Jayakumāra Ra. |date=2001 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Shankarlal Shastri]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=શાસ્ત્રી, શંકરલાલ ગંગાશંકર|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Śāstrī |first=Hariprasāda |date=2001 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Nanabhai Bhatt]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=On Alia Bhatt's birthday, tracing her Kashmiri, Gujarati, German roots |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-birthday-girl-alia-bhatt-has-kashmiri-gujarati-german-roots-101615730031240.html |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hariprasad Shastri]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=શાસ્ત્રી, હરિપ્રસાદ ગંગાશંકર|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Śelata |first=Bhāratī|date=2006 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Makrand Mehta]]<ref name="Shukla2013">{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Jaykumar R. |title=Arvācīna Itihāsakāro ane Temanuṃ Itihāsalekhana |publisher=Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalay |year=2013 |isbn=9788184809558 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=151–155 |language=gu |script-title=gu:અર્વાચિન ઇતિહાસકારો અને તેમનુ ઇતિહાસલેખન |trans-title=Modern Historians and Their History Writings}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat]]

Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet

2026-03-21T01:00:05Z

KARTIK: slightly adjusted content for accuracy and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|British army officer, politician and Orientalist (1810–1895)}}
{{Similar names|Henry Rawlinson (disambiguation)}}
{{expand Russian|topic=cult|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Henry Rawlinson
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|size=100%|Bt|GCB|FRS}} [[Order of the Lion and the Sun|KLS]]
| image = Henry Rawlinson (crop).jpg
| caption = Rawlinson in 1850
| office1 = [[RGS president|President of the {{nowrap|Royal Geographical Society}}]]
| term1 = 1871–1873; 1874–1876
| predecessor1 = Sir [[Roderick Murchison]]
| successor1 = Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere|Henry Frere]]
| office2 = [[Frome (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Frome]]
| term_start2 = [[1865 United Kingdom general election|1865]]
| term_end2 = [[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]]
| predecessor2 = [[Lord Edward Thynne]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas Hughes]]
| office3 = [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Reigate]]
| term_start3 = February
| term_end3 = October 1858
| predecessor3 = [[William Hackblock]]
| successor3 = [[William Monson, 1st Viscount Oxenbridge|William Monson]]
| birth_name = Henry Creswicke Rawlinson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1810|04|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chadlington]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|03|05|1810|04|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London, Middlesex]], England
| resting_place = [[Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]
| relatives = [[George Rawlinson]] (brother)
| blank1 = Employer
| data1 = [[British East India Company]]
| blank2 = Awards
| data2 = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1840)
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (1889)}}
| allegiance = {{flagu|United Kingdom|size=20px}}
| branch_label = Branch
| branch = [[British Army]]
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-general]]
| battles_label = Wars
| battles = [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
}}

'''Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet''', {{postnominals|GCB|FRS}} [[Order of the Lion and the Sun|KLS]] (5 April 1810 – 5 March 1895) was a [[British East India Company]] army officer, politician, and [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]], sometimes described as the Father of [[Assyriology]]. His son, also [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry]], was to become a senior commander in the British Army during the First World War.

==Early life and army service==
Rawlinson was born on 5 April 1810 at the place now known as [[Chadlington]], [[Oxfordshire]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Goldsmid, Frederic J. |title=Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G. C. B., etc.|journal= The Geographical Journal|volume= 5|issue= 5 |year=1895|pages= 490–497|jstor=1773861}}</ref> He was the second son of Abram Tyack Rawlinson and elder brother of the historian [[George Rawlinson]]. In 1827, having become proficient in the [[Persian language|Farsi]], he was sent to [[Iran|Persia]] in company with other British officers to drill and reorganize the [[Shah]]'s troops. Disagreements between the Persian court and the British government, also [[Great Game|involving Russia]], ended in the departure of the British officers.

Rawlinson began to study Persian inscriptions, more particularly those in the [[cuneiform (script)|cuneiform]] character, which had been only partially deciphered by [[Grotefend]] and [[Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin|Saint-Martin]]. For two years from 1836, he was in [[Kermanshah]] in western [[Iran]], near the great cuneiform [[Behistun Inscription|inscription at Behistun]], written in Old Persian, [[Elamite]], and [[Akkadian language|Babylonian]] (a later form of [[Akkadian (language)|Akkadian]]) by [[Darius the Great]] between 522 and 486 BC. Rawlinson was the first Westerner to transcribe the [[Old Persian]] portion of the text. With his knowledge of Old Persian, he set about deciphering the Elamite and Babylonian sections.<ref>{{cite book | last=Harari | first=Y.N. | title=Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-06-231610-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmyBAwAAQBAJ | chapter=15. The Marriage of Science and Empire}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rawlinson was appointed political agent at [[Kandahar]] in 1840, serving for three years. In 1844, for his service to the [[British Empire]] in the course of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War]], he was made Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=928}}

A chance encounter with the governor-general resulted in his appointment as political agent in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Arabia]]. Settling in [[Baghdad]], he devoted himself to cuneiform studies, and in 1847 he was able to send to Europe a full and accurate transcript of the Behistun inscription, which he was also successful in deciphering and interpreting. Having collected a large amount of antiquarian and geographical information in the pursuit of various explorations, including visits with Sir [[Austen Henry Layard]] to the ruins of [[Nineveh]], he returned to England on leave of absence in 1849.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=928–929}}

He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in February 1850, praised as "''The Discoverer of the key to the Ancient Persian, Babylonian, and Assyrian Inscriptions in the Cuneiform character. The Author of various papers on the philology, antiquities, and Geography of Mesopotamia and Central Asia. Eminent as a Scholar"''.<ref>{{cite web|title = Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= The Royal Society|access-date= 4 October 2010|url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27rawlinson%27%29}}</ref>

Remaining at home for two years, in 1851 he published his memoir on the Behistun inscription and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. The [[British Museum]] took custody of his valuable collection of [[Babylon]]ian, [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]] and [[Sassanid dynasty|Sassanian]] antiquities, and made him a considerable grant to continue Layard's [[Assyria]]n and Babylonian excavations. In 1851, he returned to Baghdad, where his archaeological finds contributed greatly to the final decipherment and interpretation of the cuneiform character.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}} Rawlinson's greatest contribution was the discovery that individual cuneiform signs had multiple readings depending on their context.<ref name="MeyerBrysac1999" /> Rawlinson worked with the younger [[George Smith (Assyriologist)|George Smith]] at the British Museum.

An equestrian accident in 1855 hastened his determination to return to England, and in that year, he resigned his post in the East India Company.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}} Prior to his return, Rawlinson was involved in the [[Qurnah disaster|ill-fated French mission]] to ship over 200 cases of antiquities to Europe, which were mostly lost at [[Al-Qurnah]].<ref>Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971–72), 1-45, also see footnote 6 and 7, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf.</ref><ref>Larsen, M.T. (1996). The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land (1st ed.). Routledge. {{doi|10.4324/9781315862859}}</ref>

On his return to England, he received the distinction of [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]], and he was appointed a crown director of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}}

The remaining forty years of his life were full of activity (political, diplomatic and scientific) and were spent mainly in London. From February to September 1858, he sat as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate]], and he was appointed a member of the first [[India Council]]. He left again in 1859, when he was sent to Persia as envoy plenipotentiary, but returned after a year owing to his dissatisfaction with the position. He was MP for [[Frome (UK Parliament constituency)|Frome]] from 1865 to 1868, and again served on the Council of India from 1868 until his death.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}}

== Attitudes concerning Russia ==
[[File:"Our Eastern Policy" (BM 1954,1103.304).jpg|thumb|upright|"Our Eastern Policy", a caricature by "[[Leslie Ward|Spy]]", published in ''[[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', July 1873]]

Rawlinson was one of the most important figures arguing that Britain must [[Great Game|check Russian ambitions]] in South Asia. He was a strong advocate of the [[Forward Policy]] in [[Afghanistan]] and counselled the retention of [[Kandahar]]. He argued that [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]] would attack and absorb [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]], [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] (which [[Russian conquest of Central Asia|occurred]], and the regions are now parts of [[Uzbekistan]]) and warned that it would invade Persia ([[Iran]]) and Afghanistan as springboards to [[British India]].<ref name="MeyerBrysac1999" />

==Later life==
He was a trustee of the British Museum from 1876 to his death. He was appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in 1889, and created a [[baronet]] in 1891; he was president of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] from 1874 to 1875 and of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] from 1869 to 1871 and 1878 to 1881; and received honorary degrees at [[Oxford University|Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], and [[Edinburgh University|Edinburgh]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}}

He married Louisa Caroline Harcourt Seymour, daughter of Jane (née Hopkinson) and [[Henry Seymour (Knoyle)|Henry Seymour]], on 2 September 1862, with whom he had two sons: [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry]] and [[Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet|Alfred]]. He was widowed on 31 October 1889 and died in London of influenza five years later. He is buried in [[Brookwood Cemetery]] in [[Surrey]].

==Published works==
[[File:Henry Creswicke Rawlinson Grave.jpg|thumb|upright|Rawlinson's grave at [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]
Rawlinson's published works include four volumes of cuneiform inscriptions, published under his direction between 1870 and 1884 by the trustees of the British Museum; ''The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun'' (1846–1851) and ''Outline of the History of Assyria'' (1852), both reprinted from the Asiatic Society's journals; ''A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylon and Assyria'' (1850); ''Notes on the Early History of Babylonia'' (1854); and ''England and Russia in the East'' (1875). He also made a variety of minor contributions to the publications of learned societies. He contributed articles on Baghdad, the Euphrates and Kurdistan to the ninth edition of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], together with several other articles dealing with the East; and he assisted in editing a translation of ''[[The Histories of Herodotus|The Histories]]'' of [[Herodotus]] by his brother, Canon [[George Rawlinson]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=929}}

==Works==
* {{cite journal |last1=Rawlinson |first1=H. C. |title=The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Decyphered and Translated; With a Memoir on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions in General, and on That of Behistun in Particular |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1848 |volume=10 |pages=i–349 |jstor=25581217 |issn=0035-869X}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="MeyerBrysac1999">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest |last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair |title=Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_ZtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA154|year=1999|publisher=Counterpoint|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58243-028-7|page=154}}</ref>
</references>

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke|volume=22|pages=928–929}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-henry-rawlinson | Sir Henry Rawlinson }}
* {{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley |title=Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqgWAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-712899-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Rawlinson|first= George|title=A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson|location= London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co|date=1898| url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirmajorgen00rawlgoog|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)|Reigate]]
|years = [[February 1858 Reigate by-election|February 1858]] – [[October 1858 Reigate by-election|October 1858]]
|before = [[William Hackblock]]
|after = [[William Monson, 1st Viscount Oxenbridge|William Monson]]}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Frome (UK Parliament constituency)|Frome]]
|years = [[1865 United Kingdom general election|1865]] – [[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]]
|before = [[Lord Edward Thynne]]
|after = [[Thomas Hughes]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Rawlinson baronets|Baronet]] '''(of North Walsham)'''|years = 1891–1895}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry Rawlinson]]}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| last =Adkins
| first = Lesley
| title =Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon
| publisher = [[St. Martin's Press|Thomas Dunns Books]]
| date = 2003
| pages = 440+
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bX7Mj2yXB9oC&q=Sir+Henry+Rawlinson
| isbn =9781466838383}}
*{{cite book
| last = Rawlinson
| first = Henry
| title = The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Deciphered...
| via = [[Internet Archive]]
| series = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
| volume = 10
| date = 1841
| pages = 400+
| publisher = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-25581217/page/n27/mode/2up
}}

{{Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke}}
[[Category:19th-century Anglicans]]
[[Category:19th-century British archaeologists]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:English Assyriologists]]
[[Category:English philologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern studies scholars]]
[[Category:People from West Oxfordshire District]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Translators from Old Persian]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Trustees of the British Museum]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1857–1859]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1865–1868]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of Nineveh]]
[[Category:British people of the Great Game]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Russian Armed Forces

2026-03-16T01:53:41Z

KARTIK: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Military forces of the Russian Federation}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
| native_name = {{Lang|ru|Вооружённые си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции}}
| image = Medium emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg
| caption = Emblem of the Russian Armed Forces
| image2 = Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg
| caption2 = [[Banner of the Russian Armed Forces]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1721|11|2|df=yes}}
| current_form = 7 May 1992
| branches = '''Branches:''' {{army|Russia|name=Ground Forces}} {{navy|Russia|name=Navy}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russian Aerospace Forces.svg}} [[Russian Aerospace Forces|Aerospace Forces]] '''Arms:''' {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Strategic Missile Forces.png}} [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Airborne Troops.svg}} [[Russian Airborne Forces|Airborne Forces]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Unmanned Systems Forces.svg}} [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Russia)|Unmanned Systems Forces]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Special Operations Forces.svg}} [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|Special Operations Forces]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces|Logistical Support]]
| headquarters = [[Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)|Ministry of Defence, Moscow]]
| website = 
| commander-in-chief = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of Russia.svg}} [[Vladimir Putin]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Russia#Commander-in-Chief|Supreme Commander-in-Chief]]
| minister = {{flagicon image|Standart of the Russian Minister of Defence.svg}} [[Andrey Belousov]]
| minister_title = [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence]]
| chief_of_staff = {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia's Chief of Staff.svg}} [[Valery Gerasimov]]
| chief_of_staff_title = [[Chief of the General Staff (Russia)|Chief of the General Staff]]
| age = 18<ref name="Law53-FZ" />
| conscription = 12 months<ref name="The Russian Military">{{cite web |last=Masters|first=Jonathan|title=The Russian Military |url = https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russian-military |website=Council on Foreign Relations |date=28 September 2015|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917104334/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russian-military |archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live }}</ref>
| active = ''refer to IISS Military Balance''
| reserve = ''refer to post-2022 IISS Military Balance''
| deployed = 
| amount = {{Currency|149 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2024)<ref name="SIPRI-2020" /> ([[List of countries by military expenditures|ranked 3rd]])
| percent_GDP = 7.1% (2024)<ref name="SIPRI-2020"/>
| domestic_suppliers = {{collapsible list | bullets = yes | title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}
| [[Rostec]]
| [[Rosatom]]
| [[United Aircraft Corporation]]
| [[United Shipbuilding Corporation]]
| [[Russian Helicopters]]
| [[Tactical Missiles Corporation]]
| [[Almaz-Antey]]
| [[High Precision Systems]]
| [[Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology]]
| [[Kalashnikov Concern]]
| [[Military Industrial Company]]
| [[Uralvagonzavod]]
| [[Kurganmashzavod]]
| [[KAMAZ]]
}}
| foreign_suppliers = {{BLR}} ([[MZKT]]) {{IRN}} ([[Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industries Corporation|HESA]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Russia's Iranian-Made UAVs: A Technical Profile|url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-iranian-made-uavs-technical-profile|access-date=12 November 2025 |website=RUSI|language=en}}</ref> {{Flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=North Korean weapons extending Russian stockpiles, German general says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/north-korean-weapons-extending-russian-stockpiles-german-general-says-2024-09-09/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Reuters |language=en-GB }}</ref>
| imports = {{Currency|905 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2010–2021)<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| exports = {{Currency|74.535 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2010–2021)<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports from Russia, 2010-2021|date=7 February 2022|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621145309/https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| history = [[Military history of the Russian Federation]]
| ranks = [[Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation|Army ranks]] [[Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation|Navy ranks]] [[Aerospace Forces ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation|Aerospace Forces ranks]]
}}
{{Russian military}}

The '''Armed Forces of the Russian Federation''',{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции|Vooruzhyonnyye Sily Rossiyskoy Federatsii}}}} commonly referred to as the '''Russian Armed Forces''', are the [[military]] of [[Russia]]. They are organized into three service branches—the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[Russian Navy|Navy]], and [[Russian Aerospace Forces|Aerospace Forces]]—three independent combat arms (the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]], [[Russian Airborne Forces|Airborne Forces]] and [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Russia)|Unmanned Systems Forces]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#military-and-security|title=Russia|date=28 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#military-and-security|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|Special Operations Forces Command]].<ref>IISS, ''The Military Balance 2022,'' 201.</ref>

The Russian Armed Forces are the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|world's fifth largest military force]], with about one million [[Active duty|active-duty personnel]] and close to two million [[Military reserve force|reservists]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nichol |first=Jim |date=21 December 2022 |title=Russian military announces plan to expand, create new units |url=https://apnews.com/article/putin-finland-sergei-shoigu-ee953abf7f9bf217ccdaa61ec1b35ddd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221135310/https://apnews.com/article/putin-finland-sergei-shoigu-ee953abf7f9bf217ccdaa61ec1b35ddd |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=[[The Associated Press]] |publisher= |quote=Russia expands active personnel to 1.5 million from 1.15 forces}}</ref> They maintain the [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons]],<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2020 |title=Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat |access-date=7 June 2021 |work=[[Arms Control Association]] |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124043430/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat |url-status=live }}</ref> possess the world's second-largest fleet of [[ballistic missile submarine]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/signature-capabilities/ballistic-missile-submarines/ |work=[[Asia Power Index]] |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |date=2021 |title=Ballistic missile submarines data |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173840/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/signature-capabilities/ballistic-missile-submarines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and are the only armed forces outside the [[United States Armed Forces|United States]] and [[People's Liberation Army|China]] that operate [[strategic bomber]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |last2=Wirtz |first2=James J. |last3=Fortmann |first3=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA332 |title=Balance of power: theory and practice in the 21st century |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=2004 |pages=332 |isbn=978-0-8047-5017-2 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028174352/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA332#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2024, Russia has the [[List of countries by military expenditures|world's third-highest military expenditure]], at approximately US$149 billion, or over seven percent of GDP,<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{Cite web |date=April 2025|title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2024|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref> compared to approximately to US$86.5–$109 billion the year before.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |first1=Nan |last1=Tian |first2=Aude |last2=Fleurant |first3=Alexandra |last3=Kuimova |first4=Pieter D. |last4=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |last5=Wezeman |date=26 April 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817224815/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Russian military is a hybrid system that combines [[Conscription|conscripts]] with contracted [[Volunteer military|volunteers]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/explainer-russian-conscription-reserve-and-mobilization |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |date=5 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012636/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/explainer-russian-conscription-reserve-and-mobilization |url-status=live }}</ref> with certain exceptions, [[Conscription in Russia|Russian law mandates]] one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27.<ref name="Law53-FZ">{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=53-FZ|date=28 March 1998|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=О воинской обязанности и военной службе|language=ru|trans-title=About military duty and military service|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28.03.1998&a8=53-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=67&y=18}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?start_search&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28.03.1998&a8=53-%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=67&y=18&fattrib=1 |title=Законодательство России. Расширенный поиск |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121154/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?start_search&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?start_search&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28.03.1998&a8=53-%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=67&y=18&fattrib=1 |title=Законодательство России. Расширенный поиск |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121154/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?start_search&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=cia>Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ The World Fact Book: Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |date=9 January 2021 }}</ref> Despite efforts to professionalize its ranks since the early 2000s,<ref>[https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1233-6.html Russian Military Personnel Policy and Proficiency: Reforms and Trends, 1991–2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012638/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1233-6.html |date=9 November 2024 }}; Anika Binnendijk, Dara Massicot, Anthony Atler, John J. Drennan, Khrystyna Holynska, Katya Migacheva, Marek N. Posard, Yuliya Shokh; published 15 August 2023.</ref> it remains heavily reliant on conscripts, with contract soldiers being concentrated in [[Cadre (military)|cadre]] and [[Special forces|elite units]]. In the years before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the Ground Forces were ordered to create [[battalion tactical group]]s out of enlisted soldiers, separating them from conscript units. These were kept at a higher state of readiness and could be deployed outside of Russia under Russian law.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|p=41}}

Despite its perceived military strength,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Russian Military Today {{!}} Russia and Eurasia {{!}} CSIS |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/europe-russia-and-eurasia-program/projects/russia-and-eurasia/understanding-russian |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=www.csis.org |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012638/https://www.csis.org/programs/europe-russia-and-eurasia-program/projects/russia-and-eurasia/understanding-russian |url-status=live }}</ref> deficiencies have been noted in Russia's overall combat performance and its ability to effectively project [[hard power]].<ref>
*[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 Russian Military Performance and Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012636/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 |date=9 November 2024 }} ''Congressional Research Services.'' Updated 10 October 2024.
*[https://ecfr.eu/publication/brass-tacks-why-russias-military-fails-to-reform/ Brass tacks: Why Russia's military fails to reform], [[European Council on Foreign Relations]], 15 May 2024
*[https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/global-maritime-power-russian-navy-faces-an-uncertain-future Global Maritime Power? Russia's Navy faces an uncertain future], [[Universidad de Navarra]], 10 June 2022
*[https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2024/02/moscows-aerospace-forces-no-air-of-superiority/#:~:text=The%20VKS%20has%20failed%20to%20gain%20air,meaningful%20losses%20of%20aircraft%20and%20attack%20helicopters. Moscow's Aerospace Forces: No air of superiority], [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] 7 February 2024
*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2523-1.html Logistics and Sustainment in the Russian Armed Forces], [[Rand Corporation]], 15 November 2023</ref> The ongoing [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]] has exposed weaknesses such as endemic [[Corruption#Military|corruption]],<ref>{{Cite news |title="Вывозили на КАМАЗе". Как российские солдаты и офицеры воровали у армии трусы, берцы и бронежилеты |language=ru |work=BBC News Русская служба |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-63177093 |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020044846/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-63177093 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovalev |first=Alexey |title=As War Hits the Homefront, Russia's Defeat Inches Closer |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/19/russia-ukraine-war-putin-defeat-retreat-mobilization-military-corruption/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Foreign Policy |date=19 October 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217231239/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/19/russia-ukraine-war-putin-defeat-retreat-mobilization-military-corruption/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title='The army has nothing': new Russian conscripts bemoan lack of supplies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/20/the-army-has-nothing-new-russian-conscripts-bemoan-lack-of-supplies |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225102851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/20/the-army-has-nothing-new-russian-conscripts-bemoan-lack-of-supplies |url-status=live }}</ref> rigid [[Command and control|command and control structure]],<ref>[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 Russian Military Performance and Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012636/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 |date=9 November 2024 }} ''Congressional Research Services.'' Updated 10 October 2024.</ref> inadequate training,<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ground-forces-poorly-trained-antiquated-equipment-ukraine-counteroffensive-bakhmut-1800153 Russia's Ground Forces Poorly Trained and Using Antiquated Equipment: U.K.], NewsWeek, updated 16 May 2023</ref> and poor morale.<ref>[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 Russian Military Performance and Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012636/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12606 |date=9 November 2024 }} ''Congressional Research Service.'' Updated 10 October 2024.</ref> The Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied/annexed territory]], the large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sonne |first1=Paul |last2=Lamothe |first2=Dan |last3=Ilyushina |first3=Mary |date=13 September 2022 |title=Rapid loss of territory in Ukraine reveals spent Russian military |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/13/putin-russia-military-spent-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914234329/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/13/putin-russia-military-spent-ukraine/ |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{Cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=The woes of the Russian war machine are big and real. Are they also temporary? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/02/28/the-woes-of-the-russian-war-machine-are-big-and-real-are-they-also-temporary |access-date=13 March 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313021041/https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/02/28/the-woes-of-the-russian-war-machine-are-big-and-real-are-they-also-temporary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="newyorker.com0">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=The Russian Military's Debacle in Ukraine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-russian-militarys-debacle-in-ukraine |access-date=15 March 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323052142/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-russian-militarys-debacle-in-ukraine |url-status=live }}</ref> Western analysts have observed that Russia continues struggling with military professionalization,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia has a military professionalism problem, and it is costing them in Ukraine |last1=Posard |first1=Marek N. |last2=Holynska |first2=Khrystyna |work=Breaking Defense |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/russia-has-a-military-professionalism-problem-and-it-is-costing-them-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805231345/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/russia-has-a-military-professionalism-problem-and-it-is-costing-them-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but remains capable of rapidly reconstituting its capabilities and has "combat experience."<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/07/russias-speedy-military-rebuild-doesnt-tell-the-whole.html |title=Russia's Speedy Military Rebuild Doesn't Tell the Whole Story |last=Grisé |first=Michelle |date=5 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ap"/>

Directly controlled by the [[Security Council of Russia]], the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country's defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside the [[Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|Border Guard of the Federal Security Service]], the [[National Guard of Russia|National Guard]], the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]], the [[Federal Protective Service (Russia)|Federal Protective Service]], the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]], and the [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]].

==History==
{{Main|Military history of the Russian Federation}}
{{See also|Military history of the Russian Empire|Military history of the Soviet Union}}

===Formation and early history (1991–2008)===
The [[Soviet Union]] officially [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform the Soviet Armed Forces into the military of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=369-387}} [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal]] [[Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]] worked to create a unified CIS armed forces,{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=375}} but President [[Boris Yeltsin]] established the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in May 1992.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=385-386}}

On 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Russian Armed Forces and assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.su/prav/minobor.html|script-title=ru:Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|trans-title=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|language=ru|publisher=Politika.su|access-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221184734/https://www.politika.su/prav/minobor.html|archive-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> [[Colonel General]] [[Pavel Grachev]] became the Minister of Defense, and was promoted as Russia's first [[General of the army (Russia)|general of the army]] on assuming the post. By the end of 1993, the CIS military structures had become military cooperation structures.<ref>The Staff for Coordinating Military Cooperation was established as the CIS Joint Armed Forces High Command in March 1992 and then reorganised as the Coordinating Staff in August 1993. It quickly became a very weak body as the new states' authorities asserted their control over their own armed forces. (Russia and NIS Mineral Industry Handbook, International Business Publications, 2007.) Army General [[Vladimir Yakovlev (general)]] appears to have become Chief of the Staff in June 2001 (DS2002-0819).</ref> Grachev and his allies worked to undermine Shaposhnikov,{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=375}} and there was opposition to his efforts from the newly independent states.{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=376}} The May 1992 creation of the Russian Ministry of Defense was the practical end of the Soviet military; Shaposhnikov and his small staff were evicted from the Soviet General Staff and Defense Ministry buildings in central Moscow, being sent to the former [[Warsaw Pact]] headquarters on the city's outskirts. The pretense of the CIS armed forces continued until June 1993, when the Russian Defense Ministry refused to provide necessary funding for it, and Shaposhnikov resigned as its commander-in-chief.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=386-387}}

Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet [[Internal Troops]] and the [[Soviet Border Troops|KGB Border Troops]], seemingly the only independent defence move the new [[Government of Russia|Russian government]] made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a [[National Guard of Russia|National Guard]].<ref>For some early discussion on this period, see Richard Woff, "A Russian Army", ''[[Jane's Intelligence Review]]'', May 1992, 198-200. See also ''Voenniy vestnik'' No 12, 1991.</ref> Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 [[brigade]]s numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. In Moscow alone 15,000 personnel expressed their desire to service in the new Russian Army, mostly former [[Soviet Armed Forces]] servicemen. In the end, President [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] tabled a [[decree]] "On the temporary position of the Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice.<ref name="Korotkaya Russian gvardii.">{{cite web|url=http://tsiganok.ru/vpa/reforma/doc/260 |title=Short life of the new Russian Guard |publisher=Tsiganok.ru |date=21 December 2006 |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> During the 1990s twelve other agencies besides the Ministry of Defense also had military formations, and were known as "power ministries."{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=8}}

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent [[post-Soviet states]]. Under agreements signed with several states, the last forces were withdrawn from most of these regions by 31 August 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=Arthur G. |title=Budget Cuts, Troop Withdrawals Shake, Reshape Russian Military |journal=Arms Control Today |volume=24 |issue=3 |date=1994 |page=25 |jstor=23625516 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23625516 |access-date=25 January 2026 }}</ref> Soviet nuclear forces were either dismantled or returned to Russia under agreements with [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Ukraine]], while the conventional forces caused more issues.{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=9-10}} Although the withdrawal was largely peaceful, and entire units were moved piecemeal to the Russian Federation, some units remained in newly independent countries, such as the [[Black Sea Fleet]] in Ukraine's [[Crimea]], the [[14th Army involvement in Transnistria|14th Army]] in [[Moldova]]'s [[Transnistria]], and other units in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Tajikistan]]. Some of them became involved in local ethnic or political conflicts.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=10}} Russia continues to have [[List of Russian military bases abroad|several bases]] in foreign countries, especially in the former Soviet republics.

During the [[presidency of Boris Yeltsin]], reforms to the military focused on reductions in personnel and restructuring of the armed services. In 1992 there were five branches: the Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy, the Strategic Missile Forces, and the Air Defense Forces. By 2001, the Air Defense Forces were combined into the Air Force, and the Strategic Missile Forces were reduced to an independent combat arm. In the late 1990s there was a debate between Chief of the General Staff [[Anatoly Kvashnin]] and Minister of Defense [[Igor Sergeyev]] on whether to prioritize funding to conventional or nuclear forces. The nuclear forces were deemed more important, and a result, the Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Forces were cut in half, and the Ground Forces saw the largest reduction, by two-thirds.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=9}} The military's overall strength was reduced from 2,720,000 in 1992 to 1,004,000 in 2000. In the same time period, the Ground Forces were cut from 1,400,000 to 348,000; the Air Force and Air Defense Forces from 300,000 and 356,000, respectively, to a combined 184,600; the Navy from 320,000 to 171,500; and the Strategic Missile Forces from 181,000 to 149,000.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=10}} The Airborne Forces were reduced from 64,300 to 48,500 in the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Airborne Assault Troops [VDV] |date=7 September 2000 |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/army-vdv.htm }}</ref> In 1998 the post of [[Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces Commander-in-Chief]] was temporarily abolished, and replaced by a Ground Forces directorate.<ref name="CurrentHistory-1998">{{Cite journal |last=Herspring |first=Dale R. |title=Russia's Crumbling Military |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=97 |issue=621 |date=1998 |pages=325–328 |doi=10.1525/curh.1998.97.621.325 |jstor=45317843. }}</ref>

There were widespread social and economic problems caused by the sudden arrival of troops at bases in Russia that did not have accommodations for them, and by drastic military spending cuts as Russia faced an economic crisis during its transition to a [[market economy]]. This led to a severe decline in discipline, with crime and the already-existing hazing of conscripts (''[[dedovshchina]]'') becoming more common, which in turn led to draft dodging. Many officers and sergeants left the military. Equipment maintenance and training also drastically declined. As of 1998, there had been no exercises above the division level since 1992, and annual flight hours for pilots were reduced to 25, far less than in NATO states. The military's decline was evident during the [[First Chechen War]] from 1994 to 1996, when it was unable subdue separatists in Russia's [[Chechnya]] and the [[North Caucasus]].<ref name="CurrentHistory-1998" />{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=10-11}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambeth |first=Benjamin S. |title=Russia's Wounded Military |work=Foreign Affairs |volume=74 |issue=2 |date=1995 |pages=86–98 |doi=10.2307/20047044 |jstor=20047044 }}</ref> Internationally, Russia deployed forces to [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] for peacekeeping starting from 1992, and to [[Kosovo]] from 1999.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Mackinlay |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Cross |editor-first2=Peter |year=2003 |title=Regional peacekeepers: The paradox of Russian peacekeeping |publisher=[[United Nations University]] |location=Tokyo |pages=34, 37, 193–194 |url=https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2429/ebrary9280810790.pdf |isbn=92-808-1079-0 }}</ref>

[[File:Russian KFOR BTR-70.jpg|thumb|Russian soldiers and a [[BTR-70]] of the [[Kosovo Force]] (KFOR) in August 2000.]]
The Russian Armed Forces inherited the Soviet era mass mobilization structure, designed to use reservists to fight a major war involving mechanized deep operations. Pavel Grachev, who was the defense minister until 1996, proposed the creation of a fully manned and equipped high-readiness "mobile force" that could be quickly deployed to conflict zones, but this was unsuccessful. What did occur in the second half of the 1990s was the creation of "permanent ready forces," which had better manning and equipment levels, and these were used with success during the [[Second Chechen War]] from 1999 to 2004.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=11}}

The military in the early presidency of [[Vladimir Putin]] still largely had the mass mobilization structure and Soviet era equipment.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=12}} Under Putin, the Security Council became the dominant institution coordinating national security policy, limiting the influence of the Defense Ministry and General Staff, and creating a more unified command than had existed in the Yeltsin years.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=11}} The state armaments program of 2002 recognized that most orders went unfulfilled during the 1990s, and instead prioritized research and development, with procurement of new equipment scheduled to begin after 2008.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=13}} Corruption is also a significant impediment to the Armed Forces. In January 2008, senior research fellow at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment Tor Bukkvoll said "The change from Yeltsin to Putin had minimal effect on Russian military corruption. Putin, despite his desire to rebuild Russian strength, has not shown himself willing or able to seriously deal with corruption.″<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bukkvoll |first=Tor |date=January 2008 |title=Their Hands in the Till: Scale and Causes of Russian Military Corruption |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X06294622 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=259–275 |doi=10.1177/0095327X06294622 |s2cid=145238073 |issn=0095-327X |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104010436/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X06294622 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Serdyukov reform (2008–2012)===
{{main|2008 Russian military reform}}
In October 2008, [[Anatoly Serdyukov]], the Minister of Defense from 2007 to 2012, launched the "New Look" military reform, along with the Chief of the General Staff, General [[Nikolai Makarov (general)|Nikolai Makarov]]. These have been described as "the most radical changes in the Russian military since the creation of the Red Army in 1918"<ref name="RAND-2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Grisé |first1=Michelle |last2=Cozad |first2=Mark |last3=Dowd |first3=Anna M. |last4=Kennedy |first4=John |last5=Kepe |first5=Marta |last6=De Lataillade |first6=Clara |last7=Marcinek |first7=Krystyna |last8=Woodworth |first8=David |title=How Will Russia Reconstitute Its Military After the Ukraine Conflict? |date=27 March 2025 |journal=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=25 January 2026 |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RBA2713-2.html }}</ref> and as "driving the transformation from a conventional mobilization army to a permanently combat-ready force."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Persson |first=Gudrun |title=In the Service of Russia - Book Review |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[NATO Defense College]] |url=https://www.ndc.nato.int/in-the-service-of-russia/ }}</ref> Previous attempts at major reforms during the 1990s had been largely undermined, with the most notable change being the merger of the [[Russian Air Defence Forces]] with the Russian Air Force.<ref name="RAND-2025" /> The groundwork for the New Look reform was laid by [[Sergei Ivanov|Sergey Ivanov]], the Minister of Defense from 2001 to 2007, who called for a reduction in conscripts and officers, and an increase in professional volunteer soldiers.<ref name="IISS-2020">{{Cite web |title=An introduction to Russia's military modernisation |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2020/09/rmm-introduction/ }}</ref> Among the changes that took place from 2008 were the creation of four new military districts from the previous nine, which now had a combat command role in addition to their previous force generation and support function.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=256}} Most divisions in the Ground Forces were abolished in favor of separate maneuver brigades, intended to be fully manned and at a higher state of readiness, and equipped with modernized or new equipment.<ref name="IISS-2020" />{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=246}} The Navy received new submarines and small surface combatants, and the Aerospace Forces also benefited from increased investment.<ref name="IISS-2020" /> Multiple logistical support arms were merged under one command, the [[Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces]].{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=156-157}} [[Battalion tactical group]]s, fully manned by enlisted soldiers, were established, though for every two such battalions, there was one manned by conscripts.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=260}}

===Rearmament and wars in Syria and Ukraine (2012–2022)===
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Khmeimim Air Base in Syria (2017-12-11) 01.jpg|thumb|Russian service members at [[Khmeimim Air Base]], the headquarters for the [[Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war]], in December 2017.]]
The New Look reform during Serdyukov's tenure was controversial among many in the military establishment.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=13}} After 2012, when [[Sergey Shoigu]] and General [[Valery Gerasimov]] were appointed as Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff, they began to dismantle some of the reforms.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=156-157}} Shoigu continued the essence of the reform, including the broad structural and procurement changes, while going back on the more controversial aspects.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=13}} Some divisions were restored, such as the famed [[2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division|Tamanskaya]] and [[4th Guards Tank Division|Kantemirovskaya]] divisions,<ref name="CSIS-2021">{{Cite web |last=Shamiev |first=Kirill |title=Understanding Senior Leadership Dynamics within the Russian Military |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/understanding-senior-leadership-dynamics-within-russian-military }}</ref> though they were not as large as in the past.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=246}} Many of the shortcomings that had been revealed in the 2008 [[Russo-Georgian War]] were addressed by the reform, as seen during the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]].{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=256}} In early 2014, Russian special forces, Airborne Forces, and Naval Infantry rapidly took control of [[Crimea]]. The Russian military also worked to mobilize, train, and equip [[Russian separatist forces in Ukraine|pro-Russian separatist forces]] during the [[war in Donbas]]s starting in early 2014.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=13}}

In July 2015, [[Syria]] requested military assistance from Russia after advances made by the [[Islamic State]]. In August, an agreement was signed between them on the use of [[Khmeimim Air Base]] and [[Tartus naval base]] by the Russian military, and starting from September, aircraft and warships began arriving. Russian airstrikes began on 30 September 2015. Russian forces assisted the [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces]] in the fall of 2015 with offensives in [[Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)|Hama]], [[Homs offensive (November–December 2015)|Homs]], and [[Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)|Aleppo regions]]. After a pause in hostilities for several months, in the summer and fall of 2016 Russia assisted Syria with a [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)|series of offensives]] that retook Aleppo city from the [[Syrian opposition]]. Russian forces also assisted in [[Palmyra offensive (March 2016)|retaking Palmyra]] from ISIS in March 2016 and [[Palmyra offensive (2017)|again]] in May 2017, and with a [[Central Syria campaign|major campaign]] against ISIS in central Syria, up to the [[Euphrates]] river valley, until the end of 2017. A draw down of Russian forces in Syria was announced in November 2017, and it was followed by a decline in operations. In August 2019 it was announced that Russian military flights were "reduced to a minimum and performed only for combat training and reconnaissance".{{sfn|Blanc|Demus|Evans|Grisé|2023|pages=80-83}} The armed forces gained significant experience during the [[Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war|intervention]] in the [[Syrian civil war]], which also allowed them to test new equipment and command and control systems. The aircraft carrier ''[[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Admiral Kuznetsov]]'' was used in combat for the first time. As of 2017, over 48,000 personnel had been deployed to Syria, and by 2021, 90% of Aerospace Forces pilots had been rotated through there.{{sfn|Blanc|Demus|Evans|Grisé|2023|pages=88-90}}

During its intervention in Syria, Russia was accused of committing war crimes alongside the Syrian government forces, including indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas and structures such as hospitals, schools and markets. In one of the incidents, the [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic]] described a series of Russian air strikes on a market in the densely populated [[Maarat al-Numan]] as a ″double tap″ strike, where after the initial strike, a second bombing wave struck the same target as rescue workers were on the scene, resulting in 43 deaths, including four children, and at least 109 injured civilians.<ref name="n417">{{cite web | last=Borger | first=Julian | title=Russia committed war crimes in Syria, finds UN report | website=The Guardian | date=2020-03-02 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/02/russia-committed-war-crimes-in-syria-finds-un-report | access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref><ref name="v947">{{cite web | title=Syria/Russia: Strategy Targeted Civilian Infrastructure | website=Human Rights Watch | date=2020-10-15 | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/15/syria/russia-strategy-targeted-civilian-infrastructure | access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref><ref name="g061">{{cite web | title='War crimes' committed by Russia, Assad gov't in Syria: Amnesty | website=Al Jazeera | date=2020-05-11 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/11/war-crimes-committed-by-russia-assad-govt-in-syria-amnesty | access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

The main focus of Shoigu and Gerasimov during the 2010s were rearmament and improving coordination between the military, civilian agencies, and the military-industrial complex.<ref name="CSIS-2021" /> [[Russia]] spent $66.4 billion on arms in 2015,<ref name="sipri1">{{cite web|first1=Sam|last1=Perlo-Freeman|author2=Aude Fleurant|author3=Pieter Wezeman|author4=Siemon Wezeman|url=http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1604.pdf|title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|date=April 2016|access-date=23 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420171221/http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1604.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> then $69.2 billion in 2016, surpassing Saudi Arabia to take 3rd place globally (after the U.S. and China).<ref>[http://www.newsru.com/world/24apr2017/sipri.html Россия вышла на третье место в мире по объему военных расходов, оттеснив Саудовскую Аравию] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424235459/http://www.newsru.com/world/24apr2017/sipri.html |date=24 April 2017}} [[NEWSru]], 24 April 2017.</ref> According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], by 2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent.<ref name="sipri2014">{{cite web|title=Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014|url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|website=www.sipri.org|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=18 March 2015|ref=SIPRI Fact Sheet, March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023856/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

As of 2020 the Ground Forces were considered "smaller and more capable than they were in the mid-1990s" by the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], and the Airborne Forces and reorganized Special Operations Forces were also part of Russia's high-readiness capability.<ref name="IISS-2020"/> However, after needing to rapidly increase force generation to replace growing losses in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|full-scale war with Ukraine]],{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=198, 244}} a reform plan announced by Shoigu in December 2022 has been described by some U.S. military observers as the "nail in the coffin" to the 2008 New Look reform. It puts emphasis on mobilization and the creation of more units manned by both conscripts and contract soldiers, and "essentially recreates the Soviet Armed Forces in the present-day Russian Federation."{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=244, 250-251}}

===Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = № 3009 А.И. Старчков.jpg
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| footer = Russian stamps honoring soldiers killed in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]]. As of February 2023, the number of Russian soldiers killed and wounded in Ukraine was estimated at nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/02/us/politics/ukraine-russia-casualties.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 February 2023|title=Soaring Death Toll Gives Grim Insight Into Russian Tactics|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207184914/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/02/us/politics/ukraine-russia-casualties.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of July 2025, [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian casualties in Ukraine]] were estimated at 1 million.<ref>{{cite news |title='That idiot Putin wants to take it all': Russia's kamikaze tactics fuel a slow advance in Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/ng-interactive/2025/jul/27/that-idiot-putin-wants-to-take-it-all-russias-kamikaze-tactics-fuel-a-slow-advance-in-ukraine |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2025}}</ref>
}}
On 24 February 2022, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine in numbers |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/terrible-toll-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-in-numbers/ |work=[[Euractiv]] |date=14 February 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061818/https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/terrible-toll-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-in-numbers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Murtaza |title=The War in Ukraine Is Just Getting Started |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/03/09/ukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq/ |work=The Intercept |date=9 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518234805/https://theintercept.com/2023/03/09/ukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian General Staff provided five strategic directions to its four groups of forces{{efn|A group of forces has permanently assigned Ground Forces field armies or direct-reporting army corps, and is assigned Airborne Forces or Naval Infantry units as needed.}} involved in the operation. The directions were [[Kyiv]] for the Eastern Group of Forces, which was the main strike; [[Brovary]] for the Central group; and [[Poltava]] for the Western group. The Southern Group of Forces had two directions: towards [[Mariupol]] in Donetsk Oblast, and west of Crimea towards [[Kherson]]. After the [[Kyiv offensive (2022)|Kyiv offensive]] was abandoned in March 2022, the [[Battle of Mariupol (2022)|attack toward Mariupol]] became the main strike. The Southern group was the only one to achieve its initial objectives, outmaneuvering the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] (AFU) in [[southern Ukraine campaign|southern Ukraine]] and amassing firepower at Mariupol. By May 2022, the Eastern and Central groups were withdrawn and sent to southeast Ukraine after being reconstituted, while the Western group was shifted to the [[Kharkiv Oblast]].{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=31–32, 39-45}}

On 10 April 2022 General [[Aleksandr Dvornikov]] assumed field command of the operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Robert |last2=Yen |first2=Hope |date=10 April 2022 |title=US doubts new Russian war chief can end Moscow's floundering |publisher=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-appoints-new-ukraine-war-commander-dvornikov-225f976f9abfb5aff6154ac3b77c21e6 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605060139/https://apnews.com/article/russia-appoints-new-ukraine-war-commander-dvornikov-225f976f9abfb5aff6154ac3b77c21e6?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP&utm_campaign=SocialFlow |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the General Staff initially led the operation from Moscow, before a separate Joint Group of Forces (temporary operational command) was established in October 2022.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=31–32}} In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|severe casualties]], the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the [[human shield]] benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian [[HIMARS]] had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.<ref name="jpalj">{{cite news |last1=Psaropoulos |first1=John |title=Russia resumes eastern Ukraine offensive and expands war aims |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/21/russia-resumes-hostilities-as-ukraine-targets-ammunition |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725192317/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/21/russia-resumes-hostilities-as-ukraine-targets-ammunition |url-status=live }}</ref> Within hours after Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]]'s signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine's Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the [[Port of Odesa]].<ref name="skyyt">{{cite news |title=Ukraine War: Missiles hit Odesa hours after grain agreement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgVplcsjxRc |agency=YouTube |publisher=Sky News |date=23 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803234052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgVplcsjxRc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f24un">{{cite news |title=UN officials announce grain exports deal with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220722-live-ukraine-ports-to-reopen-after-grain-export-deal-with-russia-says-turkey |publisher=FRANCE 24 |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724120705/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220722-live-ukraine-ports-to-reopen-after-grain-export-deal-with-russia-says-turkey |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to ''[[Forbes]]'' Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its [[Combined Arms]] Armies to the invasion.<ref name="dasuf">{{cite news |last1=Axe |first1=David |title=In Southern Ukraine, Kyiv's Artillery Drops Bridges And Isolates A Whole Russian Army |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/07/29/in-southern-ukraine-kyivs-artillery-drops-bridges-and-isolates-a-whole-russian-army/?sh=54b2cb0c1e1a |work=Forbes |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908151335/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/07/29/in-southern-ukraine-kyivs-artillery-drops-bridges-and-isolates-a-whole-russian-army/?sh=54b2cb0c1e1a |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Wagner Group]] has made a name for itself as Putin's "private army."<ref name="economistexplains">{{Cite news |title=What is the Wagner Group, Russia's mercenary organisation? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/03/07/what-is-the-wagner-group-russias-mercenary-organisation |access-date=16 March 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |quote="From a legal perspective, Wagner doesn't exist," says Sorcha MacLeod |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144401/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/03/07/what-is-the-wagner-group-russias-mercenary-organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2022, the newly appointed commander of the Joint Group of Forces in Ukraine, General [[Sergey Surovikin]], decided to use Wagner forces to fix the AFU at [[Battle of Bakhmut|Bakhmut]] while rebuilding Russian military formations in the aftermath of the initial invasion, and Ukraine's successful [[2022 Kherson counteroffensive|Kherson]] and [[2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive|Kharkiv counteroffensive]]s.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=48–49}} General [[Valery Gerasimov]], the Chief of the General Staff, assumed command of the Joint Group of Forces on 11 January 2023, and Surovikin became his first deputy.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|p=32}} The Russian military held [[Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporozhye Oblast]] during the summer [[2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive]], after which it regained the initiative in Ukraine.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=48–49}}

In June 2023, Putin backed the Ministry of Defense's plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts, which Wagner leader [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]] pushed against: these contracts would have placed the Wagner Group under the Ministry's command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin's own influence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Osborn |first=Andrew |date=13 June 2023 |title=Putin backs push for mercenary groups to sign contracts despite Wagner's refusal |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-backs-push-mercenary-groups-sign-contracts-despite-wagners-refusal-2023-06-13/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622143644/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-backs-push-mercenary-groups-sign-contracts-despite-wagners-refusal-2023-06-13/ |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> Later in June, the Wagner Group [[Wagner Group mutiny|turned against]] the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Ministry of Defense<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Putin in crisis: Wagner chief Prigozhin declares war on Russian military leadership, says 'we will destroy everything' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-in-crisis-as-wagner-chief-prigozhin-declares-war-on-russian-military-leadership/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623231535/https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-in-crisis-as-wagner-chief-prigozhin-declares-war-on-russian-military-leadership/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Raine |first2=Andrew |date=24 June 2023 |title=Russia accuses Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin of urging "armed rebellion": Live updates |language=en |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-24-23/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624073110/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-24-23/index.html |archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> until a peace deal was reached. According to Prigozhin, part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from "[dismantling] PMC Wagner."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bourke|first1=Latika|title=Live updates: Putin vows to defend Russia against Wagner rebellion|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/live-updates-putin-vows-to-defend-russia-against-wagner-rebellion-20230624-p5dj6x.html|access-date=24 June 2023|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624145405/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/live-updates-putin-vows-to-defend-russia-against-wagner-rebellion-20230624-p5dj6x.html|archive-date=24 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia planned to expand its active personnel to 1.5 million by the end of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlamazoglou |first=Stavros |date=19 September 2024 |title=Russia's Military Will Soon Have 1.5 Million Troops |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russias-military-will-soon-have-15-million-troops-212838 |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> which would have made it the second largest active military force after China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Russia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#military-and-security |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#military-and-security |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=20 September 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |via=CIA.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Putin orders Russian army to expand to become the world's second largest |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-orders-russian-army-expand-war-ukraine-rcna171429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012651/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-orders-russian-army-expand-war-ukraine-rcna171429 |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024 the Russian military [[Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)|captured Avdiivka]] and continued advancing over the rest of the year, despite Ukrainian efforts to halt the advance.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|p=55}}

[[File:2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 28.jpg|thumb|Russian troops marching in the [[2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade]]]]
By July 2024, U.S. Army General [[Christopher Cavoli]], NATO [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] said that "[t]he Russians are very cleverly adapting technologically and procedurally to many of the challenges that they run into in Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web | title=General Cavoli notes Russia's adaptation to challenges in war against Ukraine | website=Interfax-Ukraine | date=10 July 2024 | url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/999380.html | ref={{sfnref | Interfax-Ukraine | 2024}} | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=13 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713151622/https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/999380-amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Cavoli also said in April 2024 that the Russian military has replaced its troop and equipment losses and is larger than it was before the start of the conflict.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian military replaced Ukraine battlefield losses 'far faster' than expected, general warns | website=Politico | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/11/christopher-cavoli-russian-military-losses-00151718 | ref={{sfnref | POLITICO | 2024}} | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=13 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713202847/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/11/christopher-cavoli-russian-military-losses-00151718 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 June 2024, the [[UK]]-based [[Royal United Services Institute]] [[think tank]] reported that Russia continues to increase the production and sophistication of its main weapons and its defense industry remained highly dependent on foreign imports of critical components.<ref>{{cite web | title=A Methodology for Degrading the Arms of the Russian Federation | website=Royal United Services Institute | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/occasional-papers/methodology-degrading-arms-russian-federation | ref={{sfnref | Royal United Services Institute | 2024}} | access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> The Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief Colonel General [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] said on 24 July 2024 that Russians were much better resourced now but also suffer three times higher losses than Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Harding | first1=Luke | last2=Mamo | first2=Alessio | title='I know we will win – and how': Ukraine's top general on turning the tables against Russia | website=The Guardian | date=24 July 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/24/i-know-we-will-win-and-how-ukraines-top-general-on-turning-the-tables-against-russia | access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

According to [[NATO]] and Western military officials, approximately 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day on average in May and June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Sends Waves of Troops to the Front in a Brutal Style of Fighting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/us/politics/russia-casualties-ukraine-war.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80xjne8ryxo |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2024}}</ref> In June 2024, it was estimated that approximately 2% of all Russian men aged 20 to 50 had been killed or seriously wounded in Ukraine since February 2022.<ref>{{cite Q|Q127275136|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As of October 2024, it was estimated that over 600,000 Russian soldiers had been killed or wounded while fighting in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=In wartime Russia, some men may be worth more dead than alive, economist says |url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/16/russia-economy-military-death-payouts-vs-civilian-earnings-ukraine-war/ |work=Fortune |date=16 November 2024}}</ref> Military courts have received thousands of [[AWOL]] cases since Russia's 2022 mobilization.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Heavy Toll of Desertion From the Russian Army |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/22/magazine/desertion-russian-army-ukraine-war.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2024}}</ref> [[Pro Asyl]] said in 2024 that at least 250,000 Russian conscripts had fled to other countries since February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fleeing Ukraine war, Russian deserters find refuge in France |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fleeing-ukraine-war-russian-deserters-find-refuge-in-france/a-70665369 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2 November 2024}}</ref> After some conscripts had been deployed during the initial invasion in 2022, despite Russian law prohibiting their use outside Russia, Vladimir Putin publicly apologized, and several generals were removed and/or arrested. Conscripts have not been observed in Ukraine since then.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=41, 231–232, 235}} Despite Putin's promise that conscripts would not be sent to fight, dozens of conscripts were captured or went missing during the [[Kursk campaign|Ukrainian Kursk offensive]] in 2024 according to Russian news outlet ''Vyorstka''.<ref name="e455">{{cite web | last=«Вёрстки» | first=Редакция | title=20 лет: в Курской области после вторжения ВСУ погибли как минимум 25 российских срочников | website=Вёрстка | date=20 February 2025 | url=https://verstka.media/v-kurskoi-oblasti-posle-vtorzheniya-vsu-pogibli-kak-minimum-25-rossiiskih-srochnikov | language=ru | access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> According to activists and lawyers, there is a legal loophole that allows the combat deployment of conscripts, where after just four months of training, they can sign full volunteer combat contracts, which the conscripts often do not fully understand before singning.<ref name="c774">{{cite web | title=Russian Conscripts Can't Be Sent Into Battle. This One Was. And He's Not Happy About It. | website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty | date=19 May 2025 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-conscripts-war-combat/33415104.html | access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="i729">{{cite web | last1=Asadzade | first1=Ulviyya | title=Putin's Broken Promise: Young Russian Conscripts Dying In Ukraine Invasion | website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty | date=18 March 2025 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-conscripts-youth-dying-ukraine-putin/33351828.html | access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

In November 2024, [[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']] reported that Russia had for the first time issued a manual to soldiers instructing how to dig and maintain mass graves amid growing casualties. Russia's use of mass graves to bury its soldiers has been documented in occupied parts of Ukraine's eastern Donbas region.<ref name="q183">{{cite web | last=Kilner | first=James | title=Instruction manual for digging mass graves given to Russian troops | website=The Telegraph | date=3 November 2024 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/03/instruction-manual-digging-mass-graves-russian-troops/ | access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

In April 2025, [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] said that Russian troops in Ukraine were now 623,000, increased fivefold since the start of the invasion, and they are increasing by 8,000-9,000 soldiers each month. He also said that Russia's overall mobilization capacity is 20 million people or 5 million people with military training. However, he noted that Russia's advantage in artillery has dropped from 10 to 1 to 2 to 1, mainly because of Ukrainian strikes on Russian ammunition depots.<ref>{{cite web | last=Fornusek | first=Martin | title=Russia has capacity to mobilize 5 million trained troops, Syrskyi says | website=The Kyiv Independent | date=9 April 2025 | url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-has-capacity-to-mobilize-5-million-trained-troops-syrskyi-says/ | access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, Secretary General of NATO [[Mark Rutte]] said that Russians "are reconstituting themselves at a rapid pace" and produce multiple times more ammunition than whole of NATO, despite having a much smaller economy. Rutte also assessed that Russia could attack NATO territory within three to five years and called on member-states to increase defense spending to 5% of their GDP.<ref>{{cite web | last=Murray | first=Shona | title=Russia developing multiples more ammunition than NATO, says Mark Rutte | website=euronews | date=4 June 2025 | url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/04/russia-developing-multiples-more-ammunition-than-nato-says-secretary-general | access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

As [[drone warfare]] became a central facet of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], Russia increased its investment and development in various types of drones. On 12 November 2025, Russia officially created its newest [[Military branch|branch]]: the [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Russia)|Unmanned Systems Forces]].<ref name="TASS12Nov25">{{cite news |title=Russia establishes Unmanned Systems Forces|url=https://tass.com/defense/2042371|access-date=12 November 2025|work=TASS|date=12 November 2025}}</ref> It was created to centralize the development, deployment, and operational command of unmanned aerial, ground, and naval systems, and for integrating autonomous platforms into existing military structures.<ref name="TSFRussia Unmanned">{{cite web |last1=McDermott|first1=Roger N.|title=Russia's New Unmanned Systems Forces and the Strategic Role of DKO Weapons|url=https://www.saratoga-foundation.org/p/russias-new-unmanned-systems-forces|website=www.saratoga-foundation.org|publisher=The Saratoga Foundation|access-date=12 November 2025|language=en|date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="FDD12Nov25JohnHardie">{{cite web |last1=Hardie|first1=John|title=Russia announces plans to form Unmanned Systems Forces|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2024/12/russia-announces-plans-to-form-unmanned-systems-forces.php|website=FDD's Long War Journal|access-date=12 November 2025|date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

In October 2025, several sources reported that according to an investigation by the exiled news outlet Vyorstka, Russian military commanders have been executing and torturing their own personnel since the first year of the invasion. As part of the investigation, Vyorstka said it had obtained hundreds of accounts of executions, with the incidents evolving from initially being punishments for drunkenness or disobedience in the trenches into killings over personal conflicts or [[extortion]]. Over 12,000 complaints related to abuse has been sent to Russia's Chief Military Prosecutor's Office since the start of the full-scale war, with a particular increase since the second half of 2023. Out of these, only 10 criminal cases have been opened, resulting in five officers being convicted of killing subordinates. According to the investigation, there is an ″unofficial ban″ on investigating field commanders. Russian soldiers speaking to Vyorstka said that the executed personnel were often listed as deserters or as missing in action, while their bodies were buried in forests or left in the battlefield and shot at to imply combats deaths.<ref name="o168">{{cite web | author=The Moscow Times | title=At Least 100 Russian Officers Have Executed Their Own Comrades in Ukraine – Vyorstka | website=The Moscow Times | date=6 November 2025 | url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/10/30/at-least-100-russian-officers-have-executed-their-own-comrades-in-ukraine-vyorstka-a90987 | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="y754">{{cite web | title=Report says over 100 Russian officers involved in frontline executions | website=TVP World | date=30 October 2025 | url=https://tvpworld.com/89758108/russian-officers-torture-kill-own-troops-on-ukraine-frontlines | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="t461">{{cite web | last=Sauer | first=Pjotr | title=Russian army chiefs torturing and executing soldiers who refuse to fight in Ukraine, report says | website=The Guardian | date=30 October 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/30/russian-army-chiefs-torturing-and-executing-soldiers-who-refuse-to-fight-in-ukraine-report-says | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> According to the BBC in February 2026, which published interviews with Russian soldiers on record describing executions, killing your own soldiers is referred to in Russian military slang as ″zeroing″.<ref name="i475">{{cite web | last=Steele | first=Ben | title=Russia soldiers tell BBC they saw fellow troops in Ukraine war executed on commanders' orders | website=BBC Home | date=24 February 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7gw3l395ro | access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>

According to the Royal United Services Institute, Russia has gained "combat experience" from the Russo-Ukrainian war.<ref name="ap">{{cite web | title=Russia is helping China to prepare for a potential invasion of Taiwan, defense institute says | website=Associated Press | date=26 September 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-china-taiwan-xi-putin-ukraine-invasion-ac47ae6daf03ceb5d49d6e2d0da7fcab | access-date=21 February 2026|quote=It’s not certain that China has decided to invade Taiwan, but access to Russian equipment and localized training in China means Beijing will be better equipped for a potential invasion, Danylyuk said. “The greatest value of the deal” to China is likely in the training and procedures for command and control of parachute forces, because Russia has “combat experience,” whereas China doesn’t, write Oleksandr Danylyuk and Jack Watling.}}</ref>

====War crimes====
{{Main|Russian war crimes}}

War crimes committed by the Russian Armed Forces have been documented in several military conflicts, including the [[Second Chechen War]],<ref name="a907">{{cite book | last=Gilligan | first=Emma | title=Terror in Chechnya: Russia and the Tragedy of Civilians in War | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=9 November 2009 | isbn=978-1-4008-3176-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLFzd1TP0PwC&pg=PA6 | access-date=31 May 2025 | page=}}</ref><ref name="p111">{{cite web | title=War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West | website=Human Rights Watch | date=29 February 2000 | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/29/war-crimes-chechnya-and-response-west | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> the [[Russo-Georgian War]],<ref name="c800">{{cite web | title=Georgia: International Groups Should Send Missions | website=Human Rights Watch | date=18 August 2008 | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/18/georgia-international-groups-should-send-missions | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> and the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]].<ref name="h508">{{cite journal | last=Wille | first=Belkis | title="We Had No Choice" | journal=Human Rights Watch | date=1 September 2022 | url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/09/01/we-had-no-choice/filtration-and-crime-forcibly-transferring-ukrainian-civilians | access-date=31 May 2025 | page=}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[International Criminal Court]] issued arrest warrants for top Russian military officers [[Sergei Shoigu]], [[Valery Gerasimov]], [[Sergey Kobylash]], and [[Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)|Viktor Sokolov]] for alleged war crimes of [[Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects in Ukraine]].<ref name="Reuters_11_July_2024">{{cite news |date=11 July 2024 |title=International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Russia's Shoigu and Gerasimov |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/international-criminal-court-issues-arrest-warrant-russias-shoigu-gerasimov-2024-06-25/ |access-date=5 July 2025 }}</ref> In May 2025, a UN report concluded that the Russian Armed Forces's recurrent drone attacks on [[Human safari (terror campaign)|civilians in Kherson]] amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref name="p704">{{cite web | title=UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder | website=OHCHR | date=28 May 2025 | url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-commission-concludes-russian-armed-forces-drone-attacks-against-civilians | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

==Structure==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 320
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Belousov-HR.jpg
| caption1 = [[Andrey Belousov]] [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence]]
| image2 = Valery Gerasimov official photo version 2022-10-03.jpg
| caption2 = [[General of the army (Russia)|GEN]] [[Valery Gerasimov]] [[Chief of the General Staff (Russia)|Chief of the General Staff]]
| align = right
}}

The [[President of Russia]] is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The [[Ministry of Defense (Russia)|Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation]] serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces, and is responsible for readiness, manpower, and procurement; implementing presidential directives; as well as overseeing and directing the [[General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces]].{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=23-24}} The General Staff is responsible for studying the threat environment to Russia and developing plans for defending the country and its interests.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=24}} The [[National Defense Management Center]] in Moscow was founded in 2014 and is an important component of the Armed Forces' [[command and control]] system.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=28}}

Compared to the U.S. [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], the Russian General Staff has a much larger role, which includes operational command over the entire armed forces. It is also responsible for long-term planning, doctrinal development, and equipment procurement. The [[Chief of the General Staff (Russia)|Chief of the General Staff]], in addition to commanding all forces and services, also has [[inspector general]]-like powers within the Staff, being responsible for its structure and functions, and is simultaneously a deputy minister of defense.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartles |first=Charles K. |title=Getting Gerasimov Right |date=January–February 2016 |access-date=24 January 2026 |work=[[Military Review]] |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20160228_art009.pdf }}</ref>{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=13}}

Notable General Staff departments include the [[Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces|Main Operational Directorate]], the largest department, responsible for operational and strategic planning,{{sfn|Blanc|Demus|Evans|Grisé|2023|pages=19-20}} and the [[GRU (Russian Federation)|Main Directorate]] (GU, previously the Main Intelligence Directorate or GRU), responsible for providing information to the military and civilian leadership, while having a degree of autonomy within the General Staff.{{sfn|Blanc|Demus|Evans|Grisé|2023|pages=22}} There are also the [[Military Police (Russia)|Main Directorate of the Military Police]] (since 2012),<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=3 July 2012|title=Военная полиция появится в России 1 декабря 2012 года|language=ru|work=[[Interfax]]|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/253641|access-date=22 April 2022|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023115756/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/253641|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces|Main Organization and Personnel Directorate]], and the Main Communications Directorate, among others.{{sfn|Blanc|Demus|Evans|Grisé|2023|page=17}} In July 2018, the [[Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces]] was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2018|title=Putin gives Russian army a political wing|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/putin-gives-russian-army-a-political-wing.685749|access-date=12 December 2021|website=Times of Malta|language=en-gb|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003904/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/putin-gives-russian-army-a-political-wing.685749|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Service branches===
The Armed Forces consist of the following:{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=27}}
*The branches of the Armed Forces:{{efn|{{langx|ru|Вид вооружённых сил}}}} the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]] (SV), [[Russian Aerospace Forces|Aerospace Forces]] (VKS), and [[Russian Navy|Navy]] (VMF)
*The separate arms:{{efn|{{langx|ru|Род войск}}}} the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] (RVSN), [[Russian Airborne Forces|Airborne Forces]] (VDV), and [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Russia)|Unmanned Systems Forces]] (VBS)
*The special purpose formations:{{efn|{{langx|ru|Формирования специального назначения}}}} the [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|Special Operations Forces]] (SSO)
*The special arms:{{efn|{{langx|ru|Специальные войска}}}} the [[Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces|Logistical Support]] (MTO)
There are additionally two further separate arms, the [[National Guard of Russia|National Guard]] and the [[Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|Border Service]]. These retain the legal status of "Armed Forces", while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]. The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former [[Internal Troops of Russia]]. The new structure has been detached from the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the [[President of Russia]]. [[Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|The Border Service]] is a paramilitary organization of the [[Federal Security Service]], the country's main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units.

The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as "[the] army" (''armiya''), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out.

===Military districts, armies, and air armies===
[[File:New_map_of_military_districts.png|thumb|upright 1.6|[[Military districts of Russia]] as of 2024. {{legend|#FF8080|[[Moscow Military District]] (HQ in [[Moscow]])}} {{legend|#7FFFFF|[[Leningrad Military District]] (HQ in [[St. Petersburg]])}} {{legend|#FFBF9F|[[Southern Military District]] (HQ in [[Rostov-on-Don]])}} {{legend|#B3FF80|[[Central Military District]] (HQ in [[Yekaterinburg]])}} {{legend|#78B3FF |[[Eastern Military District]] (HQ in [[Khabarovsk]])}}]]
There are five [[Military districts of Russia|military district]]s: the [[Moscow Military District]], [[Leningrad Military District]], [[Southern Military District]], [[Central Military District]], and [[Eastern Military District]]. In 2024, the [[Western Military District]] was divided into the Leningrad and Moscow districts, and the military district-level [[Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command]] was dissolved.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=250-251}}

In 1992 there were eight districts: Moscow, Leningrad, [[North Caucasus Military District|North Caucausian]], [[Volga Military District|Volga]], [[Ural Military District|Ural]], [[Transbaikal Military District|Transbaikal]], [[Siberian Military District|Siberian]] and [[Far East Military District|Far Eastern]]. The [[Kaliningrad Special Region]] was formed in 1997. In 1998, the Transbaikal District was dissolved and its territory was divided between the Siberian and Far East districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Military Districts |work=Federation of American Scientists |date=7 September 2000 |access-date=27 January 2026 |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/mo-md.htm }}</ref> In 2001, the Volga and Ural districts were combined as the [[Volga-Ural Military District|Privolzhsk-Ural]]. In 2010, the existing six districts and the Kaliningrad region were condensed into four districts, which were also joint force commands: the Western, Southern, Central, and Eastern districts. The Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command was established in 2015.{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=27-28}}{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=28}}

Military districts in the early Russian Federation inherited their Soviet era "man, train, and equip" function, mainly having the responsibility of logistics and force generation, including conscription and enlistment of contract soldiers. Districts were primarily focused on land forces. Combat command was delegated by the General Staff to the districts' subordinate formations (i.e. field armies). This changed in the 2008 reform, which made each district a joint operational-strategic command (''operativno-strategicheskoye komandovaniye''; OSK). This makes military districts comparable to a U.S. geographic [[unified combatant command]].{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=27-28}}{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=31-32}}{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=263-264}} They oversee permanent forces from each branch, and attached forces from the Airborne Forces or other arms, sometimes including the GRU. Each military district has a defense management center that is the regional equivalent of the National Defense Management Center in Moscow, and they are in constant contact.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=263-264}}

In wartime, a military district forms a group of forces as needed for an operation. At the start of the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian war, the districts at the time formed the Western, Southern, Central, and Eastern groups of forces, and the district HQ was also the group HQ.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=264}} In addition, the [[102nd Military Base]] in [[Armenia]], of the former [[Russian Transcaucasus Group of Forces|Transcaucasus Group of Forces]], is subordinated to the Southern Military District in Rostov-on-Don. The [[201st Guards Military Base]] in [[Tajikistan]] is subordinated to the Central Military District in Yekaterinburg. The [[Operational Group of Russian Forces]] in Moldova reported to the Western Military District in Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=263}}

Below military districts, the main operational-level formations in the Ground Forces are numbered armies, consisting of 11 combined arms armies and the [[1st Guards Tank Army]] as of 2022. They also have a large tactical role, and during the war in Ukraine the army-level headquarters have sometimes directly commanded battalion tactical groups, bypassing division, brigade, or regiment headquarters.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=263-264}} The Aerospace Forces, formed in 2015 by a merger of the [[Russian Air Force]] and [[Aerospace Defence Forces]], have an equivalent in the form of air force and air defense armies, and as of 2017 one was attached to each of the four districts.{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=58-59}} The Ground Forces do not have aircraft, but at the end of 2022 it was announced that each combined arms army will receive aviation brigades; without specifying if these will be owned by the Ground Forces or attached Aerospace Forces units.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=247}} It has been announced that the assets of the former Western Military District's [[6th Air and Air Defence Forces Army]] will be split among two armies in the new Leningrad and Moscow districts.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=253}}

===Navy and naval fleets===
[[File:Map of Northern Fleet bases ENG.svg|thumb|A map of naval bases, shipyards and spent fuel storage sites operated by the [[Northern Fleet]]|226x226px]]
The Navy has its headquarters in Saint Petersburg and consists of four fleets and one flotilla. Each fleet and flotilla receives administrative orders and guidance from the Navy headquarters, but is operationally under an OSK, being aligned with a military district.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=67}} The [[Baltic Fleet]] headquartered at [[Kaliningrad]] was aligned with the Western district, and now the Leningrad district. The [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] headquartered at [[Vladivostok]] is aligned with the Eastern district. The [[Caspian Flotilla]] headquartered at [[Astrakhan]] and the [[Black Sea Fleet]] headquartered at [[Sevastopol]] are aligned with the Southern district. The [[Northern Fleet]] headquartered at [[Severomorsk]] was part of a district-level Joint Strategic Command from 2015 to 2024, and is now under the Leningrad district.{{sfn|DIA 2017|pages=66-68}}{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=252, 254}}

The Northern Fleet controls the majority of the naval arm of Russia's [[nuclear triad]], while the Pacific Fleet also has some of it.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=67}} The Navy is supported by the [[Russian Naval Aviation]], which makes it the only branch of the military to have aircraft besides the Aerospace Forces,{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=253-254}} and also has the [[Russian Naval Infantry]], which consisted of five brigades before 2022. In 2022 it was announced all five brigades will be expanded into divisions, and in the summer of 2023 a sixth brigade was formed.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=243-244}} The Naval Infantry is not intended for forced amphibious landings, but to land in a permissive or semi-permissive environment, after that is established either by some of its organic units or by other ground forces.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=38}}

Russia has one [[aircraft carrier]] which is the ''[[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Admiral Kuznetsov]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lammon |first=Adam |date=6 February 2025 |title=Russia's Admiral Kuznetsov Carrier Is Not Leaving Drydock Anytime Soon |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russias-admiral-kuznetsov-carrier-is-not-leaving-drydock-anytime-soon |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=forbes-2024-09-22>{{cite news|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/09/22/the-kremlin-pulled-sailors-off-the-decrepit-aircraft-carrier-admiral-kuznetsov-and-sent-them-to-fight-and-die-in-ukraine/ |website= [[forbes.com]] |title= The Kremlin Pulled Sailors Off The Decrepit Aircraft Carrier 'Admiral Kuznetsov' And Sent Them To Fight, And Die, In Ukraine |first= David |last= Axe |author-link= David Axe |date= 22 September 2024 |access-date= 24 October 2024}}</ref> The ship has been out of commission and in repairs since 2018. The repair process has been hindered by accidents, [[embezzlement]] of funds, and other setbacks.<ref name=MSN20221202>{{cite news|last=Suciu|first=Peter|title=Why Would Russia Bring Back Its 'Dumpster Fire' Aircraft Carrier?|newspaper=[[MSN]]|date=2 December 2022|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/why-would-russia-bring-back-its-dumpster-fire-aircraft-carrier/ar-AA14PMBJ|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

===Logistical support===
The Logistical Support (''Materialno-tekhnicheskoye obespecheniye'' or MTO, literally "Material-Technical Support") is the service tasked with sustaining and provisioning the Armed Forces for constant readiness. Russia inherited the former Soviet branches that had this task, the [[Rear of the Russian Armed Forces|Rear Services]] and Technical Support, the latter focusing on procurement. During the 2008 reforms, they were combined under one centralized system.{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|pages=324-325}} The director of the MTO is also concurrently the Deputy Minister of Defense for Logistics.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=159, 202}}{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=322}} There is an MTO battalion in every Ground Forces maneuver brigade, and at the military district/OSK level, there are MTO and railway brigades, supply depots, and refurbishment plants.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=157}}{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=325}} There is no "requisition and receive" in the Russian logistics system, but a "pushdown" where a higher unit determines the amount and delivery of supplies based on algorithmic calculations.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=157}}

The MTO system emphasizes the use of existing lines of communication for sustainment, and has railway brigades and pipeline battalions within MTO brigades for this purpose.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=157}} Departments within the MTO include<ref name="MTO-2021">{{Cite web |title=Материально-техническое обеспечение Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации |trans-title=Logistical Support of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation |language=ru |work=Ministry of Defense |url=https://function.mil.ru/function/mto/info.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127135039/https://function.mil.ru/function/mto/info.htm |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2026 }}</ref> the Department of Transportation Support, an approximate equivalent of the [[United States Transportation Command]], responsible for coordinating and contracting rail, air, or sea military shipping.{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=326}} Others include the [[Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation|Automobiles and Tanks]] department and [[Main Missile and Artillery Directorate|Missile and Artillery]] department.<ref name="MTO-2021" /> The [[Rail transport in Russia|Russian rail system]] is the main strategic and operational lift capability for the armed forces,{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=159}} as the vast majority of personnel and cargo are moved by rail.{{sfn|Grau|Bartles|2016|page=160}} The [[Railway Troops of Russia|Railway Troops]] within the MTO are tasked with rail preparation, construction, and protection, and are organized in ten separate brigades and two separate battalions.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pages=173-174}}

==Personnel==
[[File:2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade - 01.jpg|thumb|Russian troops at the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|2015 Moscow Victory Day parade]]]]
[[File:Alabino220415part1-06.jpg|thumb|Russian troops marching in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade]]
[[File:FinalCheck2018-13.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[56th Guards Air Assault Brigade]] of the [[Russian Airborne Forces]] in 2018]]
[[File:4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg|thumb|[[Ratnik (program)|Ratnik]] infantry combat system in reconnaissance variant and AFV crew individual protection kit Ratnik-ZK]]
The Russian Armed Forces use a hybrid system consisting of [[Conscription in Russia|conscription]] and volunteer service. All male Russian citizens are required to register for conscription at the age of 17, and all men between the ages of 18 and 27 are required to perform twelve months of military service.<ref name="ISW-Personnel">{{Cite web |title=Explainer on Russian Conscription, Reserve, and Mobilization |work=Institute for the Study of War |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=21 January 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/explainer-on-russian-conscription/ }}</ref>{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=46}}<ref name="Law53-FZ" /> The service term was originally two years before being reduced to eighteen months in March 2007<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/07-05-2007/91060-russian_army-0|title=History of Russian Armed Forces started with biggest military redeployment ever|newspaper=Pravda|date=7 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512094841/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/07-05-2007/91060-russian_army-0|archive-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> and to one year in January 2008.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=13}} In December 2022 the maximum age of conscription was increased to 30, and it was proposed to restore the original service term of two years.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=248}} The mandatory retirement age for most ranks of the military is 65, except for [[colonel general]]s or [[admiral]]s and above, for whom it is 70.<ref name="Law53-FZ" /> According to the Ministry of Defense, the armed forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if they cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.ru/eng/1862/12069/index.shtml|title=Recruitment: New Personnel Policy|publisher=Russian Ministry of Defence |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823104531/http://www.mil.ru/eng/1862/12069/index.shtml|archive-date=23 August 2006}}</ref>

The authorized strength of the armed forces is specified by [[decree of the President of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/92625/|script-title=ru:Указ Президента РФ от 1 января 2008 г. № 1 "О штатной численности Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации"|trans-title=RF Presidential Decree on 1 January 2008 № 1 "On the authorised strength of the Armed Forces"|language=ru|work=Garant.ru|date=6 February 2008|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193258/http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/92625/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The armed forces were reduced from the Soviet-era strength of 2.7 million to 2.1 million as of 1994. In 1997, there were 1.6 million personnel,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arbatov |first=Alexei G. |title=Military Reform in Russia: Dilemmas, Obstacles, and Prospects |work=International Security |volume=22 |issue=4 |date=1998 |pages=83–134 |doi=10.2307/2539241 |jstor=2539241 }}</ref> and this was further reduced to about 1 million as of 2000.{{sfn|de Haas|2011|page=10}} The 2008 reform reduced officer billets in the armed forces to 220,000, and set a goal of recruiting 425,000 professional contract soldiers by 2017.{{sfn|DIA 2017|page=12}} There were 270,000 conscripts serving each year.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=248}} In 2010 the military was estimated to have about 1 million active troops,<ref name="IISS2010">IISS Military Balance 2010, p. 222</ref> but the [[Audit Chamber of Russia]] reported in 2013 that almost a quarter of authorized positions in the military were vacant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://russiandefpolicy.blog/2013/10/31/766055/|title=766,055|agency=RIA Novosti|via=russiandefpolicy.blog|date=31 October 2013|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414091751/https://russiandefpolicy.blog/2013/10/31/766055/|archive-date=14 April 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131024/972333455.html|script-title=ru:Почти четверть должностей в ВC РФ были вакантными на начало года|trans-title=Almost a quarter of positions in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were vacant at the beginning of the year|language=ru|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=24 October 2013|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082240/https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131024/972333455.html|archive-date=14 April 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=Риа Новости }}</ref> Before the start of the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian war, it had an estimated strength of 900,000. The Ministry of Defense has reportedly been recruiting 400,000 to 500,000 soldiers per year during the war.<ref name="Koizumi">{{Cite web |first=Yu |last=Koizumi |title=Key Changes in the Russian Military since the Start of the War |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=Sasakawa Peace Foundation |url=https://www.spf.org/iina/en/articles/koizumi_02.html }}</ref> In December 2022 Putin increased the authorized strength from 1.15 million to 1.5 million.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|page=248}}

On 28 May 2022, on the background of the ongoing [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], [[Vladimir Putin]] signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of [[Military volunteer|voluntary military service]] (earlier this limit was 40 years old).<ref>{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=147-FZ|date=28 May 2022|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=О внесении изменения в статью 34 Федерального закона "О воинской обязанности и военной службе"|language=ru|trans-title=On amendments to the article 34 of the Federal Law "About military duty and military service"|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=28.05.2022&a8=147-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=56&y=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Путин подписал закон об отмене возрастного предела для контрактников|language=ru|date=28 May 2022|publisher=[[Interfax]]|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/843442|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609134313/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/843442|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the contract soldiers fighting in Ukraine come from [[Poverty|poorer]] sections of the Russian population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia showers cash on men enlisting in Ukraine war, bringing prosperity to some towns |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/russia-showers-cash-on-men-enlisting-in-ukraine-war-bringing-prosperity-to-some-towns-2-3259973 |work=Deccan Herald |publisher=International New York Times |date=2 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia offers debt relief to recruits for Ukraine war |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-offers-debt-relief-to-recruits-for-ukraine-war/a-70868761 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=23 November 2024}}</ref> [[Signing bonus]]es for men who went to fight in Ukraine are more than a full year's salary for many people in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=For Some In Russia's Far-Flung Provinces, Ukraine War Is A Ticket To Prosperity |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-war-ukraine-wages-poverty-prosperity/32988390.html |work=RFE/RL's Tatar-Bashkir Service |date=11 June 2024}}</ref> In November 2024, following heavy personnel losses, Russia reduced payments to troops injured in the invasion of Ukraine amidst the Russian government facing increasing war costs due to the large amount of injuries.<ref name="f372">{{cite web | last=Cole | first=Brendan | title=Putin slashes soldiers' payouts as Russia's losses in Ukraine skyrocket | website=Newsweek | date=14 November 2024 | url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-war-troops-losses-1985722 | access-date=17 November 2024 | archive-date=16 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116043148/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-war-troops-losses-1985722 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="g910">{{cite web | title=Russia to Reduce Payments for Soldiers Wounded in War | website=Bloomberg.com | date=14 November 2024 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-14/russia-to-reduce-payments-for-soldiers-wounded-in-war?embedded-checkout=true | access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> In June 2025, Ukrainian and Western estimates for Russian military casualties in Ukraine surpassed one million.<ref name="v862">{{cite web | last=Novikov | first=Illia | title=Russia's military casualties top 1 million in 3-year-old war, Ukraine says | website=AP News | date=12 June 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-drone-attacks-kharkiv-0869f159a0b1b0b073dd139a94cffdc1 | access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref> In January 2026, NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte said that up to 25,000 Russian soldiers were being killed per month, referring to the losses as ″unsustainable″.<ref name="y871">{{cite web | last=Epstein | first=Jake | title=Russia's 'massive' losses in Ukraine have it heading toward a breaking point, NATO's top official says | website=Business Insider | date=14 January 2026 | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/massive-russian-losses-ukraine-pushing-it-to-breaking-point-nato-2026-1 | access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

===Women===
{{see also|Women in the Russian and Soviet military#Russian Federation}}
In 2013, it was reported that: "Compared to 2007, the number of female officers and warrant-officers has dropped by nearly two thirds. There were over 30,000 women serving under a contract [with the armed forces] in 2007, and now there are only slightly more than 11,000 of them, including 4,300 officers of various rank." Lt. Col. Yelena Stepanova, the chief of the social processes monitoring department at the Russian armed forces' sociological research center, said. This trend [was] "not ..special" but correspond[ed] with the general .. reduction of the Russian armed forces."<ref>Interfax. “Number of Women Serving for Russian Armed Forces down by Nearly Two Thirds in 5 Years.” Interfax: Russia & CIS Military Newswire, 6 March 2013, via EbascoHost and [[WP:TWL]].</ref>

=== Foreign personnel ===
{{See also|Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war}}
Recruitment into the Russian military has also been open to non-Russian citizens of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], of which Russia is the largest member.<ref>"Azeris attracted to serve in Russian army." BBC Worldwide Monitoring. (Originally in the Azerbaijani paper ''Echo''.) 14 March 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, 27 July 2005).</ref> By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service<ref>Henry Ivanov, Quality not quantity: Country Briefing: Russia, [[Jane's Defence Weekly]], 17 December 2003, p.25</ref> yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia's armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.<ref>{{cite web|first=Lidia|last=Okorokova|url=http://www.themoscownews.com/news/20101125/188233351.html|title=Russia's new Foreign Legion|publisher=The Moscow News|date=25 November 2010|access-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717014643/http://www.themoscownews.com/news/20101125/188233351.html|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> On 20 September 2022 the [[State Duma]] passed a bill which would make Russian citizenship available to foreign soldiers upon 12 months service in the AFRF; previously the service requirement had been set at three years.<ref name="foreigners">{{cite news |title=Foreign citizens serving in the Russian army under contract to be able to obtain citizenship of Russia under a simplified procedure |url=http://duma.gov.ru/en/news/55276/ |publisher=The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation |date=20 September 2022 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412114916/http://duma.gov.ru/en/news/55276/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Media has reported that to increase manpower amid casualties in the Russo-Ukrainian war, the Russian Armed Forces has increasingly turned to foreign recruits, many coming from countries across Africa, the Middle East, and South and East Asia according to the [[Los Angeles Times]].<ref name="h773">{{cite web | last1=Kottasová | first1=Ivana | last2=Butenko | first2=Victoria | title=Facing a lack of Russian recruits, Moscow turns to deception, blackmail and bribery to sign up foreigners for its war in Ukraine | website=CNN | date=25 November 2025 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/25/europe/russia-recruits-foreign-fighters-ukraine-intl-cmd | access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="x456">{{cite web | last=Dickinson | first=Peter | title=Putin seeks more foreign fighters amid mounting Russian losses in Ukraine | website=Atlantic Council | date=16 October 2025 | url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putin-seeks-more-foreign-fighters-amid-mounting-russian-losses-in-ukraine/ | access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="z084">{{cite web | title=Prisoners of war from 37 nations lay bare Russia's use of foreign nationals for Ukraine war | website=Telegraph India | date=26 November 2025 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/37-nations-lay-bare-russias-use-of-foreign-nationals-for-ukraine-war/cid/2134904 | access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="f561">{{cite web | last=Bulos | first=Nabih | title=Russia recruits Arab fighters with promises, then sends them to Ukraine frontlines | website=Los Angeles Times | date=5 October 2025 | url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-10-05/mercenaries-arab-world-ukraine | access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> According to the Ukrainian Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War, nearly 200 foreigners from 37 countries were being held as prisoners of war in October 2025 after being captured while fighting for Russia in the war.<ref name="h773"/> Ukrainian Defense Intelligence said that five times as many non-Russian soldiers were captured by Ukraine in 2024 than in 2023, and twice as many as in 2024 had been captured by September 2025.<ref name="h773"/>

[[France24]] cited experts saying that Russia is drawing on men from the Indian subcontinent to boost their manpower; for example, researcher Yohann Michel described foreign soldiers being used expendably to reveal Ukrainian positions.<ref name="c106"/> India has confirmed at least 44 Indian citizens were serving in Russian units {{as of|November 2025|lc=y}},<ref name="cna"/> with several having died in combat.<ref name="c106">{{cite web | last=CIESNIK | first=Sonya | title=Deceived and deployed: Russia recruits Indians as cannon fodder on the Ukrainian front | website=France 24 | date=11 November 2025 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20251111-deceived-and-deployed-russia-recruits-indians-as-cannon-fodder-on-the-ukrainian-front | access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> In May 2024, the Indian [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] said it had arrested four people linked to a human trafficking network that sent men to fight for the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine.<ref name="q725">{{cite web | title=India arrests four for duping young men into fighting for Russia in Ukraine | website=Al Jazeera | date=8 May 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/8/india-arrests-four-for-duping-young-men-into-fighting-for-russia-in-ukraine | access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last1=Dayal |first1=Sakshi |last2=Kaushik |first2=Krishn |title=India says it uncovers trafficking racket duping people into fighting for Russia in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india-says-it-busts-trafficking-racket-duping-people-into-fighting-russia-2024-03-08/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=Reuters |date=8 March 2024}}</ref> Some Indian and Nepalese men and their families have said that they were promised non-combat "helper" roles in the military, but were sent to the front line; others allege that they were promised civilian employment or were in Russia as tourists or students, but were deceived and coerced into joining the military.<ref name="thewire">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Kusum |title=Special {{!}} 'Tricked Into Joining Russian Army': Seven Indians Appeal to MEA to Save Their Lives |url=https://thewire.in/labour/tricked-into-russian-army-seven-indians-appeal-to-mea-to-save-their-lives |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=The Wire |date=10 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scmp">{{cite news |last1=Yousuf |first1=Kamran |last2=Bhat |first2=Durdana |title=Indian families beg for safe return of men tricked into fighting for Russia: 'we're worried sick' |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3254112/indian-families-beg-safe-return-men-tricked-fighting-russia-were-worried-sick |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=South China Morning Post |date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240304165948/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3254112/indian-families-beg-safe-return-men-tricked-fighting-russia-were-worried-sick |archive-date=4 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera_prince">{{cite news |last1=Kuttappan |first1=Rejimon |title='It was blood, blood, blood': An Indian man's story, fighting Ukraine for Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/13/bullet-in-my-head-the-indian-man-who-crawled-to-escape-russias-ukraine-war |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |date=13 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |last3=Pokharel |first3=Gaurav |title='He had no idea he was being sent to a war zone': the Indian and Nepali men on frontlines in Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/07/he-had-no-idea-he-was-being-sent-to-a-war-zone-the-indian-and-nepalese-men-on-frontlines-in-ukraine |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=7 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="cna">{{cite news |last1=Garg |first1=Ishan |last2=Poonia |first2=Neha |last3=Yang |first3=Calvin |title=Labour-starved Russia seeks Indian workers as Delhi demands safety guarantees ahead of Putin-Modi talks |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/russia-india-summit-putin-modi-labour-energy-defence-ukraine-war-oil-sanctions-5544671 |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=CNA |date=4 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Indian government has raised this issue repeatedly, and observers cited by [[Channel News Asia]] named protections against forced recruitment of Indians as a significant issue that would have to be addressed in a potential agreement on labour mobility between India and Russia.<ref name="cna"/>

Men from African countries have also been recruited into the Russian military. Kenya said in November 2025 that more than 200 Kenyans were fighting for Russia in Ukraine;<ref name="reuters_african"/> in the same month, Kenyan President [[William Ruto]] thanked Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] for assisting in the release of Kenyans deceived into joining the Russian military.<ref name="bloomberg_kenya"/> In September 2025, Kenyan police raided houses in southern Kenya and rescued 22 people about to be trafficked to Russia; witnesses said they had not known that they would be recruited into Russia's military.<ref name="bloomberg_kenya"/> Kenyan state prosecutor Kennedy Amwayi said in December 2025 that Kenya's Directorate of Criminal Investigations was investigating an "organised, transnational criminal network" that worked with people in Russia and tricked Kenyans into joining the war.<ref name="bloomberg_kenya">{{cite news |last1=Marks |first1=Simon |title=Lured to Russia for Jobs, Hundreds of Kenyans Wind Up Fighting in Ukraine |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-23/kenyans-lured-to-russia-for-jobs-wind-up-fighting-in-ukraine |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=Bloomberg |date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251228031441/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-23/kenyans-lured-to-russia-for-jobs-wind-up-fighting-in-ukraine |archive-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> Botswana also said two men had been tricked into fighting for Russia.<ref name="reuters_african">{{cite news |last1=Cocks |first1=Tim |title=South Africans who say they were scammed into joining Russia's war in Ukraine dig trenches, dodge bullets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/south-africans-dragged-into-russias-war-ukraine-dig-trenches-dodge-bullets-2025-12-22/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=Reuters |date=23 December 2025}}</ref> 17 South African men have also alleged that they were deceived into joining the Russian military through a job recruitment scam; [[Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla]], daughter of former South African President [[Jacob Zuma]], resigned as a member of parliament after she was accused of involvement in the scam.<ref name="reuters_african"/><ref name="bbc_zuma">{{cite news |last1=Maseko |first1=Nomsa |last2=Ngcobo |first2=Khanyisile |title=Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla resigns as South African MP over Russia mercenary recruitment scandal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dndy228xo |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=BBC |date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="cnn_zuma">{{cite news |last1=Princewill |first1=Nimi |title=The daughter of South Africa's former leader has been accused of luring people to fight for Russia. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/05/africa/south-africa-russia-mercenary-recruits-intl |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=CNN |date=5 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian_zuma">{{cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Rachel |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |title='Outright evil:' anguish and anger over South Africans tricked into fighting for Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/dec/14/south-africans-tricked-fighting-for-russia-ukraine |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, [[The Daily Telegraph]] reported that in a recent survey of over 10,000 Russian soldiers captured by Ukraine, 7% had been found to be foreign mercenaries from 40 different countries.<ref name="telegraph"/> The Telegraph compared Russia's tactics in recruiting foreigners to [[human trafficking]], and said Russia used recruiters in African countries who were already part of migrant [[labour trafficking]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Farmer |first1=Ben |title=Putin targets migrant smuggling networks to boost his ranks |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/putin-targets-migrant-smuggling-networks-to-boost-his-ranks/?bezuggrd=NWL |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

Danish researcher Karen Philippa Larsen, who specialises in Russian [[private military company|private military companies]] and has spoken to foreign soldiers captured by Ukraine, divided foreign fighters for Russia into three categories: mercenaries who knowingly chose to fight; people who knew they would sign a contract with the Russian Defence Ministry, but believed they would be working in security or logistics; and people who believed they were joining civilian employment, such as jobs as technicians or in agriculture.<ref name="sz">{{cite news |last1=Munzinger |first1=Paul |last2=Nienhuysen |first2=Frank |title=Afrikanische Soldaten für Russlands Armee |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/afrika-soldaten-soeldner-russland-armee-krieg-ukraine-e933202/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Süddeutsche.de |date=29 January 2026 |language=de}}</ref>

In March 2026, the [[European Parliament]] adopted a resolution condemning Russia's "trafficking and coercive recruitment" of foreigners into its military, including Africans, South and Central Asians, and Cubans. The resolution described recruitment networks that target people from poor regions with "false promises of employment, education or citizenship", luring them to travel to Russia only to confiscate their documents and force them into the military. The resolution also stated that "state-linked companies, intermediaries, military structures and embassy officials" were involved, and that recruited Africans were "treated as expendable" and given "the most dangerous frontline duties".<ref name="up_resolution">{{cite news |last1=Vysotska |first1=Tetyana |last2=Balachuk |first2=Iryna |title=Russia recruits thousands of mercenaries from Africa to fight Ukraine, European Parliament says |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/03/12/8025146/ |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="resolution">{{cite web |title=JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on human trafficking and grave human rights violations linked to the recruitment of non-Russian nationals, in particular from Africa, for Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine {{!}} RC-B10-0157/2026 {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-10-2026-0157_EN.html |website=European Parliament |access-date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

===Military education===
[[File:Release of officers of the Air force Academy in Voronezh (2019-06-29) 18.jpg|thumb|Release of officers of the [[Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] in Voronezh]]
[[File:KHMASoPMilitaryOath2018-11.jpg|thumb|Female students of the [[Krasnodar Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots]]]]
The Russian military education system, inherited from the [[Soviet Union]], trains officer-specialists in narrowly defined military occupational specialties at military schools. In this it differs greatly from the [[United States|American]] military education system in which newly qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their "career branch" only after graduation from a [[United States service academies|military academy]] or the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Golts|first=Alexander|title=Военная реформа и российский милитаризм|language=ru|trans-title=Military reform and Russian militarism|date=2017|location=Uppsala|publisher=Kph Trycksaksbolaget AB|isbn=978-91-554-9936-5|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1138525/FULLTEXT01.pdf|page=143|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171313/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1138525/FULLTEXT01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Students of Russian civilian institutions of [[higher education]] wishing to join the [[Reserve Officer Training in Russia|reserve officer training program]] cannot choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian [[university]] is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the [[Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)|military training center]] of the same [[university]] by the [[Rector (academia)|rector]]'s order. It also differs from the [[United States|American]] military education system in which students can choose between available types of [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The upper age limit for a military officer commissioning school is 22, for an active-duty officer program at a training center it is 24, and for a reserve officer training program it is 30. After at least seven years of service on active-duty, an officer at the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] or [[captain 3rd rank]] can attend a military academy. After graduating and serving at least another five years, an officer at the rank of [[colonel]] or [[captain 1st rank]] can attend the [[Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia|Russian General Staff Academy]].<ref name="Law53-FZ" /><ref name="Order185">{{cite act|type=Order|index=185|date=7 April 2015|legislature=[[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation]]|title=Об утверждении Порядка и условий приёма в образовательные организации высшего образования, находящиеся в ведении Министерства обороны Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420269638}} {{Cite web |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420269638 |title=Об утверждении Порядка и условий приема в образовательные организации высшего образования, находящиеся в ведении Министерства обороны Российской Федерации от 07 апреля 2015 - docs.CNTD.ru |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313224758/https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420269638 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite act|type=Order|index=6|date=18 January 2016|legislature=[[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation]]|title=Об организации деятельности адъюнктуры военных образовательных организаций высшего образования, организаций дополнительного профессионального образования и научных организаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000497&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000365&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=18.01.2016&a8=6&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=49&y=15}} {{Cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000497&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000365&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=18.01.2016&a8=6&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=49&y=15 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Приказ Министр обороны Дата принятия 18.01.2016 Номер начина |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313224758/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000497&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000365&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Russian military education system includes:
* [[Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed Forces|Warrant officer schools]], which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service.
* [[Military commissioning schools in Russia|Higher military schools]], which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
* [[Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)|Military training centers]] within civilian institutions of [[higher education]], which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
* [[Military academies in Russia|Military academies]], which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion/regiment/brigade commander or equivalent positions (operational-tactical level).
* [[Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia]], which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest-ranking military officers (strategic level).
* [[Adjunctura in Russia|Adjunctura]] is a military analogue of civilian [[graduate school]], which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of [[candidate of sciences]] in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies, military schools, military training centers.

==Reserve components==
Russian Armed Forces have reserves ([[Russian language|Russian]]: запас; [[transliteration]]: zapas) which includes 2 components:<ref name="Law53-FZ"/>
* Active reserve – Mobilization human reserve ([[Russian language|Russian]]: мобилизационный людской резерв; [[transliteration]]: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv)
* Inactive reserve – Mobilization human resource ([[Russian language|Russian]]: мобилизационный людской ресурс; [[transliteration]]: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs)

By default, at the end of [[active duty]] each military personnel is enrolled as a [[Military reserve|mobilization human resource]]. This applies equally to [[Conscription|conscripts]] and [[Military volunteer|volunteers]] regardless of [[Military ranks|ranks]]. Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the [[Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)|military training centers]] of their almae matres, trained under [[Reserve Officer Training in Russia|reserve officer program]], are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their [[Commission (document)|promotion]] to [[Officer (armed forces)|officer's]] rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under [[active duty]] officer program, who are due to be enrolled for [[active duty]] after their promotion to [[Officer (armed forces)|officer's]] rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in [[military service]] for any reason.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Enrolling in the [[Military reserve force|mobilization human reserve]] is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already.<ref>{{cite act|type=Decree|index=933|date=3 September 2015|legislature=[[Government of Russia]]|title=Об утверждении Положения о порядке пребывания граждан Российской Федерации в мобилизационном людском резерве|language=ru|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.09.2015&a8=933&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=54&y=18}} {{Cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.09.2015&a8=933&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=54&y=18 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Дата принятия 03.09.2015 Номер начинается на '933' |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121312/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vorobyeva|first=Olga|date=8 October 2017|title=Под ружьё по первому зову|language=ru|work=[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]|url=http://archive.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/34669-pod-ruzhjo-po-pervomu-zovu|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192658/http://archive.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/34669-pod-ruzhjo-po-pervomu-zovu|url-status=live}}</ref> Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days.<ref name="izru13feb18">{{cite news|last1=Stepovoy|first1=Bogdan|last2=Ramm|first2=Alexey|last3=Andreev|first3=Yevgeniy|date=13 February 2018|title=В резерв по контракту|language=ru|work=[[Izvestia]]|url=https://iz.ru/706732/bogdan-stepovoi-aleksei-ramm-evgenii-andreev/v-rezerv-po-kontraktu|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213095314/https://iz.ru/706732/bogdan-stepovoi-aleksei-ramm-evgenii-andreev/v-rezerv-po-kontraktu|url-status=live}}</ref>

The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the [[President of Russia|Presidential]] Decree<ref>{{cite act|type=Decree|index=370|date=17 July 2015|legislature=[[President of Russia]]|title=О создании мобилизационного людского резерва Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000503&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000070&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=17.07.2015&a8=370&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=70&y=5}} {{Cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000503&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000070&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=17.07.2015&a8=370&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=70&y=5 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Указ Президент Дата принятия 17.07.2015 Номер начинается на |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917124525/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000503&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000070&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which determines the number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]], and this information is classified too.

The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=20 November 2019|title=Как оплачивается период нахождения на военных сборах?|language=ru|work=[[Argumenty i Fakty]]|url=https://aif.ru/society/army/kak_oplachivaetsya_period_nahozhdeniya_na_voennyh_sborah|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125062209/https://aif.ru/society/army/kak_oplachivaetsya_period_nahozhdeniya_na_voennyh_sborah|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chuprin|first=Konstantin|date=2009|title=Вооружённые силы стран СНГ и Балтии. Справочник|language=ru|trans-title=Armed forces of CIS countries and Baltic states. Handbook|editor-last1=Taras|editor-first1=Anatoliy|location=Moscow|publisher=Современная школа|isbn=978-985-513-617-1}}</ref>

Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ "About military duty and military service": in order from first category to third category.<ref name="rg20140402">{{cite news|last=Gavrilov|first=Yuriy|date=4 April 2014|title=Военным добавили пять лет|language=ru|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|url=https://rg.ru/2014/04/02/vozrast-site-anons.html|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331152140/https://rg.ru/2014/04/02/vozrast-site-anons.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rg20140404">{{cite news|author=|date=4 April 2014|title=Федеральный закон от 2 апреля 2014 года №64-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в статьи 49 и 53 Федерального закона "О воинской обязанности и военной службе""|language=ru|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|url=https://rg.ru/2014/04/04/armiya-dok.html|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807181705/https://rg.ru/2014/04/04/armiya-dok.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first category includes: 1) the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer ([[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]]) and not reached the age of 35 years old; 2) the persons at the any rank from [[junior lieutenant]] to [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] ([[Captain lieutenant|captain-lieutenant]] in naval service) inclusively (junior [[Officer (armed forces)#Commission sources and training|commissioned officers]]) and not reached the age of 50 years old; 3) the persons at the any rank from [[Major (rank)|major]] ([[captain 3rd rank]] in naval service) to [[lieutenant colonel]] ([[captain 2nd rank]] in naval service) inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old; 4) the persons at the rank of [[colonel]] ([[captain 1st rank]] in naval service) and not reached the age of 60 years old; 5) the persons at the rank of [[major general]] ([[counter admiral]] in naval service) or higher (supreme officers) and not reached the age of 65 years old.<ref name="rg20140402" /><ref name="rg20140404" />

The second category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60; 4) commissioned officers at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) in the age from 60 but less than 65; 5) supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70.<ref name="rg20140402" /><ref name="rg20140404" />

The third category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65; 4) all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers. The person who has reached the age limit, established for the third category (the second category for persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) or higher), is retired and is not subject to mobilization.<ref name="rg20140402" /><ref name="rg20140404" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (males)<ref name="Law53-FZ"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | Military rank
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | Mobilization human reserve
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" | Mobilization human resource
|-
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Age limit for signing first contract
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Age limit for tenure
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | First grade Age limit
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Second grade Age limit
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Third grade Age limit
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Marshal of the Russian Federation]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 70
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Army general (Russia)|Army general]]/[[Admiral of the fleet (Russia)|Admiral of the fleet]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 70
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Colonel general]]/[[Admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 70
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant general]]/[[Vice admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 70
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Major general]]/[[Counter admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 70
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Colonel]]/[[Captain 1st rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 57
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant colonel]]/[[Captain 2nd rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 52
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Major (rank)|Major]]/[[Captain 3rd rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 52
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 65
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]/[[Captain lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Senior lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Junior lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 55
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 60
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Starshy praporshchik|Senior praporshchik]]/[[Starshy michman|Senior michman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Praporshchik]]/[[Michman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Starshina]]/[[Glavny starshina of the ship|Chief ship starshina]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Senior sergeant]]/[[Glavny starshina|Chief starshina]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Sergeant]]/[[Starshina 1st class]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Junior sergeant]]/[[Starshina 2nd class]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Gefreiter]]/[[Leading seaman|Senior seaman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Private (rank)|Private]]/[[Seaman (rank)|Seaman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 35
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (females)<ref name="Law53-FZ"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | Military rank
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | Mobilization human reserve
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" | Mobilization human resource
|-
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Age limit for signing first contract
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Age limit for tenure
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | First grade Age limit
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Second grade Age limit
! style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | Third grade Age limit
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Marshal of the Russian Federation]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Army general (Russia)|Army general]]/[[Admiral of the fleet (Russia)|Admiral of the fleet]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Colonel general]]/[[Admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant general]]/[[Vice admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Major general]]/[[Counter admiral]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Colonel]]/[[Captain 1st rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant colonel]]/[[Captain 2nd rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Major (rank)|Major]]/[[Captain 3rd rank]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]/[[Captain lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Senior lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Junior lieutenant]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 47
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 50
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Starshy praporshchik|Senior praporshchik]]/[[Starshy michman|Senior michman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Praporshchik]]/[[Michman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Starshina]]/[[Glavny starshina of the ship|Chief ship starshina]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
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|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Senior sergeant]]/[[Glavny starshina|Chief starshina]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Sergeant]]/[[Starshina 1st class]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
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| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
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| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Junior sergeant]]/[[Starshina 2nd class]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Gefreiter]]/[[Leading seaman|Senior seaman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | [[Private (rank)|Private]]/[[Seaman (rank)|Seaman]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 42
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | —
| style="text-align: center; width: 150px;" | 45
|-
|}

===2005–2008 reform of the reserve officer training system===
[[Reserve Officer Training in Russia|The reserve officer training system]], inherited from the [[Soviet Union]], involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the [[Military departments of civilian universities (Soviet Union and post-Soviet area)|military departments]] of their almae matres and received a [[Commission (document)|commission]] as an [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]. Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty, up until the age of 27. The period of active duty of such an officer was several years, and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again. Such officers were called "blazers" in the army's slang (for example, [[Anatoly Kvashnin]] was a "blazer").<ref>{{cite book|last=Troshev|first=Gennady|author-link=Gennady Troshev|date=2001|title=Моя война. Чеченский дневник окопного генерала|trans-title=My war. Chechen diary of trench general|language=ru|location=Moscow|publisher=Вагриус|isbn=5-264-00657-1}}</ref>

In 2005, [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence]] [[Sergei Ivanov]] announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karamayev|first=Sergey|date=1 July 2005|title=Чем меньше кафедр — тем крепче оборона. Министерство обороны хочет закрыть военные кафедры в российских вузах|language=ru|work=[[Lenta.ru]]|url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2005/06/30/genshtab/|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220230624/https://lenta.ru/articles/2005/06/30/genshtab/|url-status=live}}</ref> By March 2008, 168 of 235 civilian universities, academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units.<ref name="rbc11mar08">{{cite news|author=|date=11 March 2008|title=Названы вузы, в которых создадут военные центры|language=ru|work=[[RBK Group|RBK]]|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/03/2008/5703cb909a79470eaf769a1c|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228181139/https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/03/2008/5703cb909a79470eaf769a1c|url-status=live}}</ref> 37 of 67 civilian universities, academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers.<ref name="rbc11mar08" /> The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty, whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve.<ref>{{cite act|type=Decree|index=152|date=6 March 2008|legislature=[[Government of Russia]]|title=Об обучении граждан Российской Федерации по программе военной подготовки в федеральных государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.03.2008&a8=152&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=72&y=20}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.03.2008&a8=152&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=72&y=20 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Постановление Правительство Дата принятия 06.03.2008 Номер начинается на '152' |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003905/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=6 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.03.2008&a8=152&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=72&y=20 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Постановление Правительство Дата принятия 06.03.2008 Номер начинается на '152' |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003905/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished. Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore (with the exception of a wartime mobilization). All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation.<ref>{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=104-FZ|date=6 July 2006|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в связи с сокращением срока военной службы по призыву|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.07.2006&a8=104-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=46&y=19}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.07.2006&a8=104-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=46&y=19 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Федеральный закон Дата принятия 06.07.2006 Номер начинается |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003909/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=6 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=06.07.2006&a8=104-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=46&y=19 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Федеральный закон Дата принятия 06.07.2006 Номер начинается |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003909/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force===

In 2018, [[Russia]] started a full-scale formation of a [[military reserve force]] based upon [[Volunteer military|volunteers]] selected from among those who retired from [[active duty]].<ref name="izru13feb18" /> The Russian military reserve force ({{langx|ru|мобилизационный людской резерв|mobilizatsionny lyudskoy rezerv}}) is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist. They are appointed to a military position in a particular [[Military organization#Commands, formations, and units|military unit]]. They are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units, unlike other citizens who haven't signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law.<ref>{{cite web|last=Polunin|first=Sergey|date=25 December 2020|title=Положение о мобилизационном резерве Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации и что это|language=ru|website=Militaryarms.ru|url=https://militaryarms.ru/sluzhba-v-armii/mobilizacionnyj-rezerv-vooruzhennyx-sil-rossijskoj-federacii/|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228221059/https://militaryarms.ru/sluzhba-v-armii/mobilizacionnyj-rezerv-vooruzhennyx-sil-rossijskoj-federacii/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The deployment of [[Military organization#Commands, formations, and units|military units]] composed of reservists, takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of [[military personnel]]. The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units, composed of [[active duty]] military personnel. Military units staffed by [[Military reserve force|reservists]] are 100% manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only. There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we're dealing with - reserve or not reserve military unit. The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty [[Volunteer military|military volunteers]] which is published by [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of Defence]]. This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations.
[[File:Мацква.ру, репортаж с Парада Победы 2023 на Красной площади, фото 7.jpg|thumb|Russian troops in May 2023]]

===2019 reform of the reserve officer training system===

In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.<ref>{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=309-FZ|date=3 August 2018|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в части совершенствования военной подготовки студентов федеральных государственных образовательных организаций высшего образования|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.08.2018&a8=309-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=60&y=17}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.08.2018&a8=309-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=60&y=17 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Федеральный закон Дата принятия 03.08.2018 Номер начинается |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130516/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the [[Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)|Military Training Centers]].<ref>{{cite act|type=Decree|index=848|date=3 July 2019|legislature=[[Government of Russia]]|title=Об утверждении Положения о военных учебных центрах при федеральных государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования и о признании утратившими силу некоторых актов Правительства Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.07.2019&a8=848&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=75&y=12}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.07.2019&a8=848&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=75&y=12 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Постановление Правительство Дата принятия 03.07.2019 Номер н |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130520/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education.<ref>{{cite act|type=Order|index=427-R|date=13 March 2019|legislature=[[Government of Russia]]|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000499&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=13.03.2019&a8=427-%F0&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=50&y=24}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000499&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=13.03.2019&a8=427-%F0&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=50&y=24 |title=Законодательство России. Поиск: Распоряжение Правительство Дата принятия 13.03.2019 Номер на |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130516/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000499&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gavrilov|first=Yuriy|date=15 March 2019|title=Лейтенант из института. Определены вузы для военной подготовки студентов|language=ru|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|url=https://rg.ru/2019/03/15/voennye-uchebnye-centry-sozdadut-v-93-vuzah-strany.html|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130514/https://rg.ru/2019/03/15/voennye-uchebnye-centry-sozdadut-v-93-vuzah-strany.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mobilization===
[[2022 Russian mobilization|The first]] [[mobilization]] of citizens being in [[Military reserve force|mobilization human resource]], conducted on a compulsory basis, in the Russian Federation's history was announced by [[President of Russia|Presidential]] Decree of 21 September 2022 No.647 during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCarthy|first1=Simone|last2=Picheta|first2=Rob|date=21 September 2022|title=Russia announces immediate 'partial mobilization' of citizens, escalating its invasion of Ukraine|language=en|magazine=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/21/europe/ukraine-russian-referendums-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921124520/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/21/europe/ukraine-russian-referendums-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia began the 2022 invasion with an active-duty force based on volunteer enlisted soldiers that proved to be too small, and mobilized 300,000 members of its equivalent of the U.S. military's [[Individual Ready Reserve]], consisting of former conscripts, enlisted soldiers, and officers with service from as far back as the 1990s.{{sfn|Donnelly|Ryan|Butler|Hartman|2025|pp=231–232}}

==Budget==
{{See also|Military budget of the Russian Federation|List of countries in Europe by military expenditures}}
[[File:Soviet and Russian military expenditures in constant 2015 dollars (SIPRI figures).png|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars]]
[[File:National Defense Management Center.jpg|thumb|The facade of the [[National Defense Management Center]]]]
[[File:Национальный центр управления обороной Российской Федерации (зал управления и взаимодействия) 1.jpeg|thumb|The conference room of the [[National Defense Management Center]]]]
Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia's defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia |last=Austin |first=Greg |author2=Alexey Muraviev |year=2000 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London, New York |isbn=1-86064-485-6 |page=155}}</ref> In 1998, when Russia [[1998 Russian financial crisis|experienced a severe financial crisis]], its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point—barely one-quarter of the USSR's in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia's independent existence.

In the early 2000s, defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister [[Alexei Kudrin]], this rate is to be sustained through 2010.<ref>FBIS: Informatsionno-Analiticheskoye Agentstvo Marketing i Konsalting, 14 March 2006, "Russia: Assessment, Adm Baltin Interview, Opinion Poll on State of Armed Forces".</ref> Official government military spending for 2005 was US$32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia's military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.<ref name="MilitaryBalance">International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, previous editions</ref>

Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual [[International Institute for Strategic Studies|IISS Military Balance]] has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.<ref name="MilitaryBalance" /> The IISS ''Military Balance'' comments, "By simple observation ... [the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the [[military–industrial complex]], and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis."<ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies, ''The Military Balance 2006'', Routledge, p.153</ref> By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.<ref>[[Keir Giles]], Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army, [[Conflict Studies Research Centre]], May 2007</ref> According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7488000/7488652.stm|script-title=ru:Коррупция 'забирает треть военного бюджета России'|trans-title=Corruption 'takes away a third of Russia's military budget'|language=ru|publisher=BBC|date=3 July 2008|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203044155/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7488000/7488652.stm|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 September 2008 Russian [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]] announced that in 2009, [[Federal budget of Russia|Russia's defence budget]] would be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-19-Russia-defense_N.htm|title=Russian defense budget may rise 25% in 2009|newspaper=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=19 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920152448/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-19-Russia-defense_N.htm|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=115073|title=Russia boosts defense budget to record $50 Billion|work=Turkish Daily News|date=12 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919062809/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=115073|archive-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>

On 16 February 2009 Russia's deputy defence minister said state [[Defense industry of Russia|defence contracts]] would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnguy.com/financial/news/2009/02/17/4361/defense-procurement-budget-of-russia.html|title=Defense procurement budget|publisher=cnguy.com|date=17 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=April 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The budget would still be 1.376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.5 billion.

Later in February 2009, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament's Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.<ref name=UPI>Leander Schaerlaeckens, [http://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2009/02/23/Russian-budget-cuts-could-impact-EU-defense-market/UPI-79231235426701/2/ "Russian budget cuts could impact EU defense market"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504093654/http://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2009/02/23/Russian-budget-cuts-could-impact-EU-defense-market/UPI-79231235426701/2 |date=4 May 2009}}, UPI (23 February 2009).</ref> On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov, Russia planned to spend 101.15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013–2015. "The budget provisions under 'The Nuclear Weapons Complex' section in 2013-2015 will amount to 29.28 billion rubles, 33.3 billion rubles and 38.57 billion rubles respectively," Komoyedov said, Vechernaya Moskva reports.

Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27.4 billion rubles. The draft law "On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015" will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012, The Voice of Russia reports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/russia/18-10-2012/122499-russia_nuclear_weapons-0/|title=Russia to spend over 100 billion on nuclear weapons|publisher=English.pravda.ru|date=18 October 2012|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018171153/http://english.pravda.ru/news/russia/18-10-2012/122499-russia_nuclear_weapons-0/|archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

The Russian government's published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion [[rubles]] (approximately US$69.3 billion), the [[List of countries by military expenditures|fourth largest]] in the world behind the US, China and Saudi Arabia. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.<ref name="Kazak">{{cite news|title=Russia to Up Nuclear Weapons Spending 50% by 2016|url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131008/184004336/Russia-to-Up-Nuclear-Weapons-Spending-50-by-2016.html|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=8 October 2013|access-date=1 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008122507/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131008/184004336/Russia-to-Up-Nuclear-Weapons-Spending-50-by-2016.html|archive-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> As of 2014, Russia's military budget is higher than any other European nation, and approximately 1/7th (14 percent) of the [[Military budget of the United States|US military budget]].<ref name="sipri2014" />

In 2015, [[SIPRI]] found that Russia was the world's second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010–14, increasing exports by 37 per cent. India, China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports. Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010–14, Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent.<ref name="sipri2014" />

In 2017, Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20%, due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education. The cut decreased Russia's military spending to $66.3 billion, in which Russia slumped to being the fourth-highest military spender.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-military-spending/russian-military-spending-falls-could-affect-operations-think-tank-idUSKBN1I24H8 |title=Russian military spending falls, could affect operations: Think-tank |newspaper=Reuters |date=2 May 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095651/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-military-spending/russian-military-spending-falls-could-affect-operations-think-tank-idUSKBN1I24H8 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia's 2019 defense budget was US$48 billion and the 2020 figure was $61.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/|title=Defense World|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712081747/https://www.defenseworld.net/?utm_source=404Redirect&utm_medium=404Redirect|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on 24 February 2022, the Russian government has dramatically increased military spending to over 85+ billion dollars, returning to third position as the highest military spender in the world. The increase in military spending was needed to recoup losses in the war and reorient Russia into a [[war economy]].<ref name="SIPRI-2020"/> On 5 October 2023, [[Vladimir Putin]] stated that Russia's spending on defense and security now equals to 6% of its GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1006/095075683/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Владимир Путин: расходы на оборону и безопасность возросли вдвое и составляют сейчас около 6% ВВП |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007050208/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1006/095075683/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Procurement===
{{See also|Arms industry of Russia|List of countries by military expenditures}}
[[File:Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi T-50 (Su-57 prototype) (49581303977).jpg|thumb|The [[Sukhoi PAK FA]] is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Armed Forces.]]
About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union's defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.<ref>[https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/industry/docs/rus95/rdbd4ch2.htm CHAPTER 2 - INVESTING IN RUSSIAN DEFENSE CONVERSION: OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090529/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/industry/docs/rus95/rdbd4ch2.htm |date=22 December 2015}} Federation of American Scientists, fas.org</ref> Many defence firms have been [[privatization in Russia|privatised]]; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The recent steps towards [[Modernization theory|modernization]] of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia's economic resurgence based on [[oil and gas]] revenues as well a strengthening of its own [[domestic market]]. Currently{{when|date=May 2022}} the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007–2015 (GPV – госпрограмма вооружения).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|author-link1=Luke Harding|last2=Traynor|first2=Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2009339,00.html|title=Big rise in Russian military spending raises fears of new challenge to west|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 February 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123444/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/09/russia.usa|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the [[Russo-Georgian War]], the State Armament Programme for 2011–2020 was launched in December 2010. Prime Minister Putin announced that 20–21.5 trillion rubles (over $650 billion) will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years. The aim is to have a growth of 30% of modern equipment in the army, navy and air force by 2015, and of 70% by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/defence/2016/01/13/whats-new-with-the-russian-army_559053|title=What's new with the Russian army?|first=Tatyana|last=Rusakova|date=13 January 2016|publisher=RBTH|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011204743/https://www.rbth.com/defence/2016/01/13/whats-new-with-the-russian-army_559053|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2013/09/04/ballerinas_puppets_inspire_names_of_russian_arms_29493.html|title=Ballerinas, puppets inspire names of Russian arms|date=4 September 2013|publisher=RBTH|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011204749/https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2013/09/04/ballerinas_puppets_inspire_names_of_russian_arms_29493.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rbth.com/defence/2016/09/14/army-2016-forum-top-8-newest-russian-weapons_629785|title=Army 2016 forum: Top 8 newest Russian weapons|first=Nikolai|last=Litovkin|newspaper=Russia Beyond |date=14 September 2016|publisher=RBTH|access-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011204754/https://www.rbth.com/defence/2016/09/14/army-2016-forum-top-8-newest-russian-weapons_629785|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/defence/2017/07/12/a-farewell-to-traditional-arms-russia-develops-weapons-for-the-future_801080|title=A farewell to traditional arms: Russia develops weapons for the future|first=Boris|last=Egorov|date=12 July 2017|publisher=RBTH|access-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909012944/https://www.rbth.com/defence/2017/07/12/a-farewell-to-traditional-arms-russia-develops-weapons-for-the-future_801080|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In some categories, the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80% or even 100%.<ref name="Moscow Defence Brief #1, 2011">Moscow Defence Brief #1, 2011</ref>

As of 2011, Russia's chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly.<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulconbridge|first=Guy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-defence-idUSTRE74N1YX20110524|title=Russia says a fifth of defense budget stolen|work=Reuters|date=24 May 2011|access-date=13 April 2017 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081912/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-defence-idUSTRE74N1YX20110524|archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds, which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="The Economist"/><ref name="newyorker.com">{{Cite magazine |date=11 March 2022 |title=The Russian Military's Debacle in Ukraine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-russian-militarys-debacle-in-ukraine |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323052142/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-russian-militarys-debacle-in-ukraine |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20181215/1548036739.html |title=Вооруженные Силы в 2018 году приняли на вооружение 56 видов новой техники |publisher=RIA Novosti |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217160026/https://ria.ru/20181215/1548036739.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) was procured the YeSU TZ (Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena) battlefield management system that same year. The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery, electronic warfare systems, ground vehicles, air defence assets, engineering equipment, and logistics support, among other things.<ref name="janes20190508">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/russia-adopts-new-generation-guided-bomb|title=Russia adopts new generation guided bomb|first=Nikolai|last=Novichkov|date=8 May 2019|website=Janes.com}}</ref>

Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs, 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems, 13 aviation regiments with MiG-31BM, [[Sukhoi Su-35|Su-35S]], Su-30SM, and Su-34 combat aircraft, three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi-28N and Ka-52 combat helicopters, 20 surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiments with [[S-400 missile system|S-400 Triumf]] SAM systems, 23 batteries with [[Pantsir missile system|Pantsir-S]] self-propelled anti-aircraft gun-missile systems, and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems [MCDMSs] since 2012 and as of March 2019.<ref name="janes20190508" />

In early 2023, there were reports that the Russian Defense Ministry purchased more than a thousand tablets with a domestic software for higher-ranking officials and also begun receiving a new line of gliding bombs with a range of tens of kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--p1ai/2023/%C8%EC%EF%EE%F0%F2%EE%E7%E0%EC%E5%F9%E5%ED%E8%E53/|title=СМИ: военные закупили планшеты с операционкой 'Аврора'|date=2 February 2023|website=Военное.РФ|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529092504/https://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--p1ai/2023/%C8%EC%EF%EE%F0%F2%EE%E7%E0%EC%E5%F9%E5%ED%E8%E53/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--p1ai/2023/%C0%E2%E8%E0%F6%E8%FF5/|title=СМИ узнали о разработке линейки новых высокоточных авиабомб для ВКС России|date=14 March 2023|website=Военное.РФ|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028174442/https://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--p1ai/2023/%C0%E2%E8%E0%F6%E8%FF5/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' reported on 13 September 2023, citing US and European officials, that Russia overcomes the [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions]] and its missile production now exceeded pre-war levels. It was also reported that Russia now produces more ammunitions than the United States and Europe and it can manufacture 200 tanks and two million units of ammunition in a year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/us/politics/russia-sanctions-missile-production.html |title=Russia Overcomes Sanctions to Expand Missile Production, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |date=13 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=16 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916012959/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/us/politics/russia-sanctions-missile-production.html |url-status=live |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Gibbons-Neff |first3=Thomas }}</ref> [[CNN]] also reported in September 2023 that Russia produces ammunition seven times cheaper and eight times faster than Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/17/europe/ukraine-shell-supplies-intl/index.html |title=Ukraine is firing shells faster than can be supplied. Can Europe catch up? |date=17 September 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010213629/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/17/europe/ukraine-shell-supplies-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2023, various Russian regions launched the production of suicide drones at their own initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0904/093575074/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / На Камчатке запустили производство дронов-камикадзе |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110317/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0904/093575074/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0922/093575423/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Хабаровский радиотехнический завод представил свои первые БЛА для СВО |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110320/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0922/093575423/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Vladimir Putin also claimed that the production of main armored vehicles has increased by four times in comparison with the past year and the production of the especially important destruction means by three times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0920/094075365/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Владимир Путин провел в Ижевске заседание Военно-промышленной комиссии |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110317/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0920/094075365/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the Russian Ministry of Defense,<ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Поставки новой техники в армию в 2023 году составили 98,8 процента от плана | website=РИА Новости | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/tekhnika-1923645931.html | language=ru | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312170047/https://ria.ru/20240126/tekhnika-1923645931.html | url-status=live }}</ref> the Russian Armed Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms, new and repaired weapon systems, military vehicles and equipment, artillery systems, air defense systems, missiles and bombs, aircraft and helicopters, drones, and also over a million individual armor protection and equipment means.<ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=ВМФ в 2023 году получил более 7,7 тысячи единиц средств поражения | website=РИА Новости | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/vmf-1923654510.html | language=ru | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312170048/https://ria.ru/20240126/vmf-1923654510.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Армия в 2023 году получила 3,5 тысячи отечественных беспилотников | website=РИА Новости | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/bespilotniki-1923651702.html | language=ru | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=20 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620052911/https://ria.ru/20240126/bespilotniki-1923651702.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Российские Сухопутные войска за год получили шесть комплектов систем ПВО | website=РИА Новости | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/pvo-1923657476.html | language=ru | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312170307/https://ria.ru/20240126/pvo-1923657476.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[CNN]] reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250,000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the [[US]] and [[Europe]] produce for [[Ukraine]]. CNN cited Western intelligence officials and also said that Russia imports ammunition from [[Iran]] and [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Lillis | first1=Katie Bo | last2=Bertrand | first2=Natasha | last3=Liebermann | first3=Oren | last4=Britzky | first4=Haley | title=CNN Politics | website=CNN | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/10/politics/russia-artillery-shell-production-us-europe-ukraine/index.html | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=16 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316191503/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/10/politics/russia-artillery-shell-production-us-europe-ukraine/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2025, General [[Christopher Cavoli]] said before the US Senate Armed Services Committee that Russia is replacing its extensive battlefield losses of equipment and munitions at an "unprecedented rate" due to the expansion of industrial capabilities and the transition to a war economy. He also said that North Korea is providing Moscow with "millions" of artillery shells, missiles and weapons systems while Iran provided it with 400 short-range ballistic missiles, hundreds of thousands of artillery shells, thousands of kamikaze drones and the licenses and technology to produce thousands more of such drones inside Russia.<ref>{{cite web | title=UNITED STATES SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE | url=https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/general_cavoli_opening_statements.pdf | ref={{sfnref|Anon.}} | access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref> Despite this, equipment shortages due to losses in Ukraine led to many reports in early 2025 about Russian soldiers using unconventional measures like donkeys, horses, and civilian cars for transport and assaults.<ref name="e594">{{cite web | last=Axe | first=David | title=After Losing 15,000 Vehicles, Some Russian Troops Are Riding Horses | website=Forbes | date=4 February 2025 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2025/02/04/after-losing-15000-vehicles-some-russian-troops-in-ukraine-are-riding-horses/ | access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="k543">{{cite web | last=Mirovalev | first=Mansur | title=Is Russia running out of weapons and manpower for its war in Ukraine? | website=Al Jazeera | date=14 February 2025 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/14/is-russia-running-out-of-weapons-and-manpower-for-its-war-in-ukraine | access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="i840">{{cite web | last=Kitachayev | first=Bashir | title=Russian Army's Use of Donkeys in Ukraine Underscores a Staggering Equipment Shortage | website=The Moscow Times | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/03/03/russian-armys-use-of-donkeys-in-ukraine-underscores-a-staggering-equipment-shortage-a88174 | access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="d473">{{cite web | last=Axe | first=David | title=No, The Russians Aren't Yet Riding Hoverboards Into Battle | website=Forbes | date=24 February 2025 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2025/02/24/no-the-russians-arent-yet-riding-hoverboards-into-battle-yes-they-are-deploying-a-lot-of-donkeys/ | access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="r266">{{cite web | last=Axe | first=David | title=More Russian Troops Are Attacking In Compact Cars, Vans & Golf Carts | website=Forbes | date=24 March 2025 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2025/03/24/a-lot-more-russian-troops-are-attacking-in-compact-cars-vans-and-golf-carts/ | access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> The Russian Minister of Defense, [[Andrey Belousov]], said in August 2025 that the Russian Army had been supplied with 22,750 motorcycles, quad bikes and buggies since the beginning of the year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian defence minister says his forces have sped up rate of their advance in Ukraine | website=Reuters | date=2025-08-29 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-defence-minister-says-his-forces-have-sped-up-rate-their-advance-ukraine-2025-08-29/ | ref={{sfnref|Reuters|2025}} | access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>

==Nuclear weapons==
{{Main|Russia and weapons of mass destruction}}

[[File:PC-24 «Ярс».JPG|thumb|right|A mobile version of the [[RS-24 Yars]]]]
[[File:«Александр Невский» в Вилючинске.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Borei-class submarine|''Borei''-class submarine]] [[Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550)|''Alexander Nevsky'']]]]

As of January 2017, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1,765 deployed strategic warheads, and another 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, plus an additional 2,510 warheads awaiting dismantlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat|title=Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance|publisher=Armscontrol.org|date=January 2017|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124043430/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air-launched warheads. Russia's nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:

# Land-based immobile (silos), like [[R-36 (missile)|R-36]] and its replacement [[RS-28 Sarmat]].
# Land-based mobile, like [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M]] and new [[RS-24 Yars]].
# Submarine based, like [[R-29RMU2 Layner]] and [[RSM-56 Bulava]].
# Air-launched warheads of the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]]' [[Russian Long Range Aviation|Long Range Aviation Command]]

The [[military doctrine of Russia]] sees [[NATO]] expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state. In keeping with this, the country's nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s. The number of [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.kremlin.ru|title=Президент России|work=kremlin.ru|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220001741/http://www.kremlin.ru/|archive-date=20 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia has developed the new [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M]] (SS-27) missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. [[National Missile Defence]]. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile [[transporter-erector-launcher|TEL]] units.<ref name=":2" />

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the [[federal government of the United States]] and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|Cooperative Threat Reduction]] programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

In the late evening of 11 September 2007, the [[Thermobaric weapon|fuel-air explosive]] AVBPM or "[[Father of All Bombs]]" was successfully [[Live fire exercise|field-tested]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Solovyov|first=Dmitry|date=11 September 2007|title=Russia tests superstrength bomb, military says|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-bomb-idUSL1155952320070912|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618014115/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-bomb-idUSL1155952320070912|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia}}
* [[Adjunctura in Russia]]
* [[Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation]]
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
** [[Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation]]
** [[Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation]]
* [[List of wars involving Russia#Russian Federation (1991–present)]]
* [[Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces]]
* [[Military academies in Russia]]
* [[Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia]]
* [[Military commissioning schools in Russia]]
* [[Reserve Officer Training in Russia]]
* [[Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces]]
* [[Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed Forces]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Austin |first1 = Greg |last2 = Muraviev |first2 = Alexey |year=2000 |title = The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia |location = London; New York |publisher = I. B. Tauris |isbn = 1-86064-485-6 }}
*{{Cite web |last1=Blanc |first1=Alexis A. |last2=Demus |first2=Alyssa |last3=Evans |first3=Sandra Kay |last4=Grisé |first4=Michelle |last5=Hvizda |first5=Mark |last6=Kepe |first6=Marta |last7=Lander |first7=Natasha |last8=Marcinek |first8=Krystyna |title=The Russian General Staff: Understanding the Military's Decisionmaking Role in a "Besieged Fortress" |work=[[RAND Corporation]] |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA1200/RRA1233-7/RAND_RRA1233-7.pdf |date=2023 }}
* Andrew Bowen, "[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11589 Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities]" ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923110236/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11589 |date=23 September 2021 }}), Congressional Research Service, 30 June 2020.
* [[Keir Giles]] (May 2007), [https://www.academia.edu/929855/Military_Service_in_Russia_No_New_Model_Army ''Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325001831/https://www.academia.edu/929855/
*{{cite book|url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/hot%20spots/documents/russia/2017-07-the-russian-way-of-war-grau-bartles.pdf|title=The Russian Way of War - Force Structure, Tactics, and Modernization of the Russian Ground Forces|first1=Lester W.|last1= Grau|first2=Charles K.|last2=Bartles|publisher=Foreign Military Studies Office|year=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618074207/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/hot%20spots/documents/russia/2017-07-the-russian-way-of-war-grau-bartles.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2025}}
Military_Service_in_Russia_No_New_Model_Army |date=25 March 2024 }}, [[Conflict Studies Research Centre]], {{Isbn|1905962169}}
* [https://www.economist.com/europe/2005/06/30/how-are-the-mighty-fallen "How Are the Mighty Fallen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324233323/https://www.economist.com/europe/2005/06/30/how-are-the-mighty-fallen |date=24 March 2024 }}. ''[[The Economist]]''. 2–8 July 2005. pp. 45–46.
* {{Cite book |last=de Haas |first=Marcel |title=[[Clingendael Institute]] |chapter=Russia's Military Reforms: Victory after Twenty Years of Failure? |date=2011 |publisher=Clingendael Institute |chapter-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05534 |access-date=26 January 2026 }}
*{{Cite web |first1=Ted |last1=Donnelly |first2=Kevin |last2=Ryan |first3=Tom |last3=Butler |first4=Jeff |last4=Hartman |first5=Lee |last5=Gabel|title=How Russia Fights: A Compendium of Troika Observations on Russia's Special Military Operation |date=March 2025 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=United States Army Europe and Africa |url=https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2025/07/11/f2b1e75e/how-russia-fights-a-compendium-of-troika-observations-on-russia-s-special-military-operations.pdf }}
*{{Cite web |title=Russia: Military Power |work=[[Defense Intelligence Agency]] |date=2017 |access-date=24 January 2026 |url=https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Images/News/Military_Powers_Publications/Russia_Military_Power_Report_2017.pdf |ref={{Harvid|DIA 2017}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=IISS |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021 |title=The Military Balance 2021 |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781032012278 |location=[[London]] |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121114152/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021 |url-status=live }}
* International Institute for Strategic Studies, ''The Military Balance'', various editions
* Massicot, Dara. [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/what-russia-got-wrong-moscow-failures-in-ukraine-dara-massicot "What Russia Got Wrong"]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065203/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/what-russia-got-wrong-moscow-failures-in-ukraine-dara-massicot |date=9 February 2023 }}), ''Foreign Affairs'', 2023
* {{cite book |author-link = William Eldridge Odom |last = Odom |first = William E. |title = The Collapse of the Soviet Military |publisher = Yale University Press |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-300-07469-7 |url = https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet00odom }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043405/http://getrussia.com/news/russia_creates_unique_rifle/ Russia Creates Unique Rifle That Can Shoot at Four Kilometres] RNS, November 2016
* {{cite web |title = The United States leads upward trend in arms exports, Asian and Gulf states arms imports up, says SIPRI |url = https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2015/united-states-leads-upward-trend-arms-exports-asian-and-gulf-states-arms-imports-says-sipri |publisher = [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] (SIPRI) |date = 16 March 2015 |access-date = 13 April 2017 |archive-date = 9 April 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409121211/http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2015/at-march-2015 |url-status = live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Andrew|title=Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|date=2017|volume=42|issue=3–4|pages=312–343|doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550|s2cid=158522112|issn = 0140-2390}}
*{{cite book|url=https://www.cna.org/reports/2023/09/Training-in-the-Russian-Armed-Forces.pdf|title=Training in the Russian Armed Forces: An Assessment of Recent Reforms and their Impact on Russian Operations in Ukraine|first1=Michael|last1=Connell|first2=Brooke|last2=Lennox|first3=Paul|last3=Schwartz|publisher=CNA Corporation|year=2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618113255/https://www.cna.org/reports/2023/09/Training-in-the-Russian-Armed-Forces.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2025}}
* Galeotti, Mark, "Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and military", ''Journal of Conflict, Security and Development'', issue 1:2, 2001.
* Ivanov, Henry, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294172087_Country_briefing_Russia_-_Austere_deterrence "Country Briefing: Russia—Austere Deterrence"], ''Jane's Defence Weekly'', 28 April 2006
* {{Cite book |last=Lehrke|first=Jesse Paul|title=The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DP85Q4czMC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10886-1}}
* Pynnöniemi, K., [http://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/330/russia_s_defence_reform/ "Russia's Defence Reform: Assessing the real 'Serdyukov heritage{{'"}}] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922041102/http://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/330/russia_s_defence_reform/ |date=22 September 2013 }}), FIIA Briefing Paper 126, 26 March 2013, [[Finnish Institute of International Affairs]].
*{{cite book|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA2700/RRA2713-1/RAND_RRA2713-1.pdf|title=Russia's Military After Ukraine: Potential Pathways for the Postwar Reconstitution of the Russian Armed Forces|first1=Michelle|last1=Grisé|first2=Mark|last2=Cozad|date=2025 |publisher=RAND Corporation|isbn=978-1-9774-1-4151}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Tian |first1=Nan |last2=Fleurant |first2=Aude |last3=Kuimova |first3=Alexandra |last4=Wezeman |first4=Pieter D. |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |date=27 April 2020 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}
* Turbiville, G., "Organized crime and the Russian Armed Forces", ''Transnational Organized Crime'', vol. 1, issue 4, 1995, pp. 55–73. {{Oclc|4769433034}}.
* Waters, T., "Crime in the Russian Military", CSRC Paper C90, Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996.

==External links==

{{Commons category|Armed Forces of the Russian Federation}}
* [http://eng.mil.ru/ Russian Ministry of Defense]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604090559/http://eng.mil.ru/ |date=4 June 2020 }} {{in lang|en}}.

{{Russia topics}}
{{Armed Forces of the Russian Federation}}
{{Brigades of the Russian Ground Forces}}
{{Russian regiments}}
{{Russian divisions}}
{{Armies of the Russian Armed Forces}}
{{Army Corps of Russia}}
{{Military of Asia}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{Russian conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armed Forces Of The Russian Federation}}
[[Category:Russian Armed Forces| ]]
[[Category:Military of Russia| ]]

Adam Rahayaan

2026-03-15T23:22:25Z

KARTIK: basic refine section for accuracy also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indonesian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_place = Kei Besar, [[Southeast Maluku Regency]]
| term_end2 = 2016
| term_start2 = 2008
| governor2 = [[Karel Albert Ralahalu]] [[Said Assagaff]]
| president2 = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] [[Joko Widodo]]
| office2 = 1st Vice Mayor of [[Tual]]
| governor = [[Said Assagaff]] [[Murad Ismail (politician)|Murad Ismail]]
| order =
| footnotes =
| signature =
| party = [[Prosperous Justice Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Alauddin Islamic State University]] W.R. Supratman University
| occupation =
| name = Adam Rahayaan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|07|27|df=y}}
| successor = [[Akhmad Yani Renuat]]
| predecessor = M. M. Taher
| president = [[Joko Widodo]]
| term_end = 31 October 2023
| term_start = 23 May 2016
| office = 2nd Mayor of [[Tual]]
| caption =
| image = Wali Kota Tual Adam Rahayaan.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| honorific_suffix =
| deputy = Abdul Hamid Rahayaan (2017–2018) Usman Tamgne (2018-2023)
}}

'''Adam Rahayaan''' is an Indonesian politician who served as mayor of [[Tual|Tual city]] between 2016 and 2023. He became acting mayor at first on 2016 when the incumbent mayor, M. M. Tamher suddenly died and he as vice mayor took the office in accordance of the law. In 2018 when he decided to run as mayor by himself and was elected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Rahayaan dan Usman Tamnge Resmi Jadi Pemimpin Kota Tual |url=https://www.lelemuku.id/2018/11/adam-rahayaan-dan-usman-tamnge-resmi.html |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=LelemukuID |language=id |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213170628/https://www.lelemuku.id/2018/11/adam-rahayaan-dan-usman-tamnge-resmi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His first full term ended on 31 October 2023, and he was replaced by Akhmad Yani Renuat as acting mayor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasmono & Renuat Siap Dilantik Sebagai Pj Bupati Malra & Pj Walikota Tual |url=https://www.rri.co.id/maluku/daerah/423025/jasmono-renuat-siap-dilantik-sebagai-pj-bupati-malra-pj-walikota-tual |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=Radio Republik Indonesia |date=30 October 2023 |language=id}}</ref>

Adam also served as a member of the [[Regional House of Representatives]] of [[Southeast Maluku Regency]] in 1999 and 2004.<ref name="pilkada2018">{{Cite web |title=Paslon Adam Rahayaan – Usman Tamnge |url=https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/pilkada2018/paslon/maluku/kotatual/590 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Portal Info Pilkada 2018 KPU RI |language=id |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229085732/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/pilkada2018/paslon/maluku/kotatual/590 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Prosperous Justice Party]] since 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=Calon Wali Kota Tual Nyaman Bersama PKS |url=https://pks.id/content/calon-wali-kota-tual-nyaman-bersama-pks |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=pks.id |language=id |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213170701/https://pks.id/content/calon-wali-kota-tual-nyaman-bersama-pks |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahayaan, Adam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesian Muslims]]
[[Category:Prosperous Justice Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of Regency Regional Houses of Representatives in Indonesia]]

Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)

2026-03-15T07:05:08Z

KARTIK: reworked section per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Rajput Rebellion 1708–1710}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = [[Mughal-Rajput Wars]] and [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
| conflict = Rajput rebellion 1708–1710
| image = The_rulers_of_Jodhpur,_Amber_and_Udaipur.jpg
| caption = A Mewari painting depicts the alliance between [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]], [[Amar Singh II]], [[Jai Singh II]], and [[Durgadas Rathore]].
| date = {{start and end dates|1708|4|21|1710|6|11|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=21|year1=1708|month2=06|day2=11|year2=1710}})}}
| place = Rajputana (Modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi NCR]])
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]] '''Supported By''' [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Udaipur State|Kingdom of Mewar]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|23px]] [[Jai Singh II]] [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.png|23px]] [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|23px]] [[Durgadas Rathore]] [[File:Mewar.svg|23px]] [[Amar Singh II]]
| commander2 = [[Bahadur Shah I]] [[Churaman]] Azad Khan Sayyid Hussain Barha{{KIA}} Mir Khan Muhammad Shah
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| result = Rajput victory<ref name=RZ>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C.1503–1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref>
*Mughal emperor sued for peace.<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ>{{Cite book|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|title=The history and culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhawan|year=1977|pages=140–141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&q=1708+ajit+singh|quote=}}</ref>
*Restoration of the Rajput holdings which had been annexed by the previous Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ/>
}}
The '''Rajput rebellion''' began in 1708, due to the harsh treatment of the [[Rajput]] Rajas by the [[Mughal emperor]]. It erupted into a two-year rebellion that forced the Mughal emperor to sue for peace, give them gifts, and restore the Rajput holdings which had been annexed by the previous Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].

==Background==
After the death of [[Aurangzeb]], a battle for succession began amongst the Mughal princes. Jai Singh II was a teenager then and commanded a thousand troops under [[Bidar Bakht]]. On 8 June 1707, Bidar Bakht and his father [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Humayun]] were killed in battle and Jai Singh retreated. Bahadur Shah after becoming the new emperor marched towards Rajputana where the Rathors under Durgadas had been fighting the Mughals for [[Rajput War (1679–1707)|thirty years]]. Ajit Singh had taken [[Jodhpur]] after the death of Aurangzeb and ousted Mehrab Khan and the Mughal garrisons.<ref name=PD>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC|pages=100–103|quote=|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176258418|language=en}}</ref><ref name=RZ/> During this campaign Bahadur Shah was suspicious of Jai Singh II as he had been a good friend of Bidar Bakht and fought Bahadur at Jajau. Jai Singh's younger brother Bijay Singh on the other side had been with Bahadur Shah for a longer period of time. Therefore, when Bahadur Shah stopped at [[Amber (state)|Amber]] on 10 January 1708 on his way to Marwar, he made Bijay Singh the [[Raja]] of Amber and removed Jai Singh from his post and made him an ordinary Jagirdar. When Bahadur Shah reached close to Marwar, Ajit Singh started negotiations after seeing the size of the imperial army. On 24 March, Bahadur Shah was forced to march south due to his brother Kam Baksh's rebellion. The emperor forced Ajit Singh and Jai Singh II to march with him and empowered Bijay Singh by giving him the title of Mirza Raja. However Bijay Singh was powerless in Amber as Jai Singh's men had neutralized the Mughal authorities there. Bahadur Shah had thus repeated the Marwar scenario of Aurangzeb which had previously resulted to the thirty-year war with the Rathors. Ajit Singh and Jai Singh II fled from the Mughal camp when they got a chance at Mandleshwar on 21 April 1708, they met Maharana Amar Singh and made an alliance. Jai Singh II also married the Maharana's daughter.<ref name=PD/> The Rajput rebellion had thus begun.<ref name=RZ/>

==Rebellion==
Bahadur Shah was forced to move south and could not come back till 12 June 1710. During this time, the Rajput Kingdoms of [[Marwar]] and [[Amber (state)|Amber]] united against the Mughals. Jai Singh II and Durgadas Rathore took up the cause of the rebellion.<ref name="RZ" /> The Mughal regent Asad Khan attempted to make peace with the Rajputs, however this was unsuccessful.

Ajit Singh and Jai Singh II had taken their capitals back from the Mughal Garrisons. Jodhpur was recaptured in July and Amber in October 1708.<ref name="PD" /> Sayyid Hussain Barha and Churaman Jat were sent with a large force to retake Amber, however Barha was shot dead with his brothers and the Mughals were defeated.<ref name="RH">{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=Rajasthan, A concise history|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2018|pages=458–459|isbn=978-81-291-5043-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfmEswEACAAJ&q=rajasthan+a+concise+history|quote=Almost simultaneously, the triple alliance forces defeated the imperial army near the famous salt-lake town of Sambhar. Sambhar was occupied in October 1708. For several years thereafter, Marwar and Dhoondhar jointly ruled Sambhar. Around the same time, widespread resentment and rebellion across many parts of Rajasthan against the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah went a long way in forcing him to change his policy towards Jai singh and Ajit Singh. Individual imperial farmans, confirming them as rulers of their lands were issued in the early summer (May-June) of 1710. Some time afterwards, Emperor Bahadur Shah was prevailed upon to accept Jai Singh back at the court.}}</ref> Three thousand Mughals were killed at Sambhar. Jai Singh in his letter to Chattrasal has written that "among the dead were all three [[Faujdar]]s".<ref name="RZ" /> The Rajputs also took all the Mughal treasury of Sambhar and distributed it among the people.<ref name="KS">{{Cite book|first=V.S.|last=Bhatnagar|title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|pages=62–63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ|quote=The Rajputs broke open the treasury and disbursed its contents among the people.....three thousand enemy soldiers, as Jai Singh wrote to Chattrasal Bundela on October 16, 1708 were killed in the bloody engagement.......The Rajputs had despatched their armies towards Rohtak, Delhi and Agra and had established ouposts at Rewari and Narnaul.}}</ref> When Bahadur Shah got to know of this defeat, he immediately tried to sue for peace by offering to restore Ajit Singh and Jai Singh to their thrones, however the Rajputs demanded the restoration of their lands that had been forcefully taken by Aurangzeb in 1679 and the expulsion of the Mughals from Rajputana. The Mughal Emperor was not ready to do this and the war continued.

Mughal [[faujdar]]s were sent to pillage the farms and villages, although they met with resistance in every fort that they crossed. Mir Khan, the faujdar of Narnol had gathered 7,000 mughals and was joined by 6,000 Jats under Churaman. However, in January 1710 this army was effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka of Javli, who was loyal to Jai Singh. On 24 March 1710, Muhammad Shah, the governor of [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] was defeated and forced to abandon his holdings.<ref name="RZ" /> The Rajput Rajas had formed military outposts at Rewari and Narnaul, 45 miles from Delhi and sent their armies towards Delhi, Rohtaka and Agra to harass the Mughals. Jai Singh II also sent letters to the Bundelas, [[Khalsa Fauj|Sikhs]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in order to spread discontent in the country against the Mughals.<ref name="KS" />

==Aftermath==
When Bahadur Shah returned, he had no choice but to negotiate with the Rajputs. Gifts and letters were sent to the two rebel Rajas in May 1710. The rise of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and death of [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], [[faujdar]] of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], further caused fear in the Mughal court and on 11 June 1710 Jai Singh and Ajit Singh were invited to the Mughal court and were given robes of honour, presents and governorships of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=RZ/>

== See also ==
*[[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)]]
*[[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Marwar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput Rebellion (1708-1710)}}

Kachchhapaghata dynasty

2026-03-14T12:15:49Z

KARTIK: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Dynasty in modern-day India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kachchhapaghatas
|common_name = Kachchhapaghat
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = c. 950
|year_end = c.1196{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=134}}
|p1 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
|flag_p1 = Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png
| s1 = Jaipur State
|flag_s1 =
Flag of Jaipur.svg
| s2 = Ghurid dynasty
|flag_s2 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s3 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
|flag_s3 = Mamluk_dynasty_1206_-_1290_ad.GIF
|capital = {{ubl|[[Gwalior]]}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Sas Bahu Temple.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = The [[Sasbahu Temple, Gwalior]], built in 1096 CE by Kachchhapaghata dynasty ruler Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105).
|symbol_type_article = 
|image_map ={{South Asia in 1175|center||{{Annotation|123|85|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|35px]]}}||none}}
|map_caption = {{center|Location of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty, and main contemporary South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065357/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>}}
}}
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the Kachchhapaghata inscriptions{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=15}}" width="300" height="300" zoom="7" longitude="78.14" latitude="25.92">
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8581672, 24.7940647] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Naresar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.2587159, 26.3380328] }
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[[File:0121521 Sasbahu (Sahasrabahu) Temples, Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh 231.jpg|thumb|[[Sasbahu Temple, Gwalior|Sasbahu Temple]] detail.]]
The '''Kachchhapaghatas''' ([[IAST]]: Kacchapaghāta) were a [[Rajput|Rajput Dynasty]] that ruled between 9th and 12th centuries.<ref name="TSP_ASI_Kadwaha">{{cite web |url=http://www.tspasibhopal.nic.in/project/expl_Khadwaha_Ashok_nagar_mp_2009_10/temple_of_kadwaha.html |title=Exploration Of Kadwaha, District Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh (2009–2010) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (Temple Survey Project) |location=Bhopal |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191402/http://www.tspasibhopal.nic.in/project/expl_Khadwaha_Ashok_nagar_mp_2009_10/temple_of_kadwaha.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their territory included North-Western parts of Central India (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]).<ref name="Rahman_2012"/> The [[Kachhwaha]] Rajputs of [[Amber, India|Amber]] were from the same family.

== History ==

The Sanskrit word ''Kachchhapa-ghata'' (कच्छपघात) literally means 'tortoise killer'.<ref>{{cite book |author=Henry Miers Elliot |author-link=Henry Miers Elliot |title=Memoirs on the History, Folk-Lore, and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistor00elligoog |year=1869 |publisher=Trübner & co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistor00elligoog/page/n164 158]}}</ref> The Kachchhapaghatas were originally the vassals of the [[Gurjara Pratihara]]s and the [[Chandela]]s.{{sfn|Ahmed Ali|2005|p=2}} They became powerful towards the end of the 10th century.{{sfn|Ahmed Ali|2005|p=2}} After the death of the Chandela king [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] in 1035 CE, the Chandela kingdom was weakened by repeated Muslim [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] ([[Yamini dynasty|Yamini]]) invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, the Kachchhapaghatas gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=311}}

A [[Sasbahu Temple, Gwalior|Sasbahu temple]] inscription suggests that Lakshmana was the first prominent member of the dynasty. This inscription, as well as a 977 Sihoniya inscription state that his successor Vajradaman captured Gopadri (Gwalior) from the king of Gadhinagara, that is the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|1984|p=91}} Vajradaman, described as the ''[[tilaka]]'' of the dynasty in Gwalior inscriptions dated 1093-94 and 1104, was probably the first powerful ruler of the dynasty. He served as a feudatory to the Chandela kings [[Dhanga]] and Vidyadhara.<ref name="Rahman_2012"/>

The dynasty was divided into three branches, which ruled from [[Gwalior]] (Gopādri-giri), Dubkunda (Chaṇdobha), and [[Narwar]] (Nalapur).{{sfn|Ahmed Ali|2005|p=2}} Virasimha (also Virasimharama or Virasimhadeva), a Kachchhapaghata ruler of Nalapura, issued a copper plate grant in 1120-21. This record describes him using the high-status royal title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''. Gold coins issued by him have also been discovered.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=71-72}}

=== Downfall ===
{{Main|Siege of Gwalior (1196)}}

According to bardic tradition, the last ruler of the dynasty was Tejaskarana (alias Dulha Rai or Dhola Rai), the hero of the romantic tale ''[[Dhola Maru]]''. This account states that he left Gwalior in 1128 to marry the daughter of a neighbouring ruler, after leaving Paramal-dev (or Paramardi-dev) in-charge of the Gwalior Fort. When he returned to Gwalior, Paramal refused to hand over the fort to him, and founded the Parihara dynasty which ruled Gwalior for 103 years. The Parihara ruler over Gwalior is also attested the 1150 inscription of Ramdeo and 1194 inscription of Lohanga-Deva.{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=134}} However, other inscriptions suggest that the Kachchhapaghatas ruled the area at least until 1155 CE.{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=133}} In addition, 1192 and 1194 inscriptions found at Gwalior show that the Kachchhapaghata ruler Ajayapala controlled Gwalior in the later years as well.{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=134}} Thus, the bardic account is not completely reliable, and the Parihara chiefs probably ruled Gwalior as feudatories of the Kachchhapaghatas.{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=134}}

Sulakshanapala, the last ruler of the dynasty, appears to have lost his kingdom to a [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invasion. The ''[[Tajul-Ma'asir]]'' suggests the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] invaded Gwalior in 1196, and extracted tribute from Sulakshanapala (whom ''Tajul-Ma'asir'' labels Solankhapala of Parihar family). The invaders took over [[Gwalior fort]] in the same year.{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|1984|p=91}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA3 |language=en}}</ref>

The Kachchhapaghatas are the ancestors of [[Kachhwaha]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC|title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09249-5|pages=287|language=en}}</ref> Although the Kachwaha inscriptions claim a different origin for their dynasty i.e. from Kachhapa family which is likely the shortened form of Kachhapaghata itself.{{sfn|V. S. Bhatnagar|1974|p=4}} Strong traditions of bardic accounts such as ''Dhola Maru'' suggest that the Kachwaha dynasty of Amber originated from the Tejaskarana, the last ruler of the Narwar branch of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty.{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Ganguli|1983|p=196}}

== Rulers ==

The following is a list of known Kachchhapaghata rulers, with estimate of their reigns:{{sfn|Michael D. Willis|1996|p=14}}

'''Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch'''

* Lakshmana (r. c. 950–975)
* Vajradaman (r. c. 975–1000)
* Mangalaraja (r. c. 1000–1015)
* Kirtiraja (r. c. 1015–1035)
* Muladeva (r. c. 1035–1055)
* Devapala (r. c. 1055–1085)
* Padmapala (r. c. 1085–1090)
* Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105)
* Ratnapala (r. c. 1105–1130)
* Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194)
* Sulakshanapala (r. c. 1196)

'''Dubkund (Dobha) branch'''

* Yuvaraja (r. c. 1000)
* Arjuna (r. c. 1015–1035)
* Abhimanyu (r. c. 1035–1045)
* Vijayapala (r. c. 1045–1070)
* Vikramasimha (r. c. 1070–1100)

'''Nalapura (Narwar) branch'''

* Gaganasimha (r. c. 1075–1090)
* Sharadasimha (r. c. 1090–1105)
* Virasimha (r. c. 1105–1125)
* Tejaskarana

== Art and architecture ==
[[File:Sanctum_Santorum,_Chausath_Yogini_Temple.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Morena|Chausath Yogini temple]] in Mitaoli village built by the Kachchhapaghata King Devapala (r. c. 1055 – 1075).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RwARVMg2_4C&pg=PA137 |title=Kiss of the Yogini |last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0226027838 |page=137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002043220/https://books.google.ca/books?id=5RwARVMg2_4C&pg=PA137 |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>]]
The dynasty patronized [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]], but were tolerant towards [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. Several temples were constructed during their reign in Kadwaha.<ref name="TSP_ASI_Kadwaha"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Micahel D. |title=Architecture in Central India under the Kacchapaghata Rulers |journal=South Asian Studies |date=1996 |volume=12 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1996.9628506 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4264424|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
Matha or Monastery at Kadwaha.tif | [[Matha]] (monastery), Kadwaha
Kakan Math.jpg | [[Kakanmath]], [[Sihoniya]]
Mythological statue guarding Gujari Mahal.JPG|One of the lion figures from the [[Sihoniya]] [[Kakanmath|Kakanmaṭh temple]], now at the [[Archaeological Museum, Gwalior]]
</gallery>

The Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior are especially noted for their art and architecture.<ref name="Rahman_2012">{{cite journal |url=http://jhss.org/archivearticleview.php?artid=145 |title=Art of the Kachchhapaghātas in Central India: An assessment |journal=Journal of History & Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=2012 |author=Rahman Ali }}</ref> Kachchhapaghata ruler Mahipala commissioned the [[Sas-Bahu Temple]] at Gwalior. Records of two grants issued by him at Gwalior, dated 1093 and 1104 CE, have been found. Several silver and gold coins issued by him have also been discovered.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=70-71}} Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194) had the Gangola tank of Gwalior desilted, as attested by an 1194 inscription.{{sfn|Mysore Ramsharma|1970|p=133}}

Other temples constructed by the Gwalior branch include the ones located at:

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* Kadwaha (Kadmbaguhā) in [[Ashok Nagar district]]
* Surawaya
* Mahua
* Terahi (Terambhi) in Shivpuri district
* [[Sihoniya]] (Simhapāniyā)
* Padhaoli
* Mitaoli in [[Morena district]]
* Kherata in [[Bhind district]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ahmed Ali |title=Kachchhapaghāta Art and Architecture |publisher=Publication Scheme |location=Jaipur |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHYYAAAAYAAJ |isbn=9788181820143 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty |title=Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WihuAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Arnold-Heinemann |isbn=9780391032231 |oclc=223392675 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kalyan Kumar Ganguli |title=Cultural History Of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXstAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |oclc=461886025 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Michael D. Willis |title=Architecture in Central India under the Kacchapaghata Rulers |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1996 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1996.9628506 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4264424 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |author=Mysore Ramsharma |chapter=No. 23 - Two inscriptions of Ajayapaladeva |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXXVIII Part I |editor=S. S. Gai |year=1970 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |title=The Coinage of Northern India |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA311 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. S. Bhatnagar |title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Impex India |year=1974 }}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Harhiar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}

[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Gwalior]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:12th-century disestablishments in India]]

Dil Diya Dard Liya

2026-03-04T03:54:14Z

KARTIK: added details additionally and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil Diya Dard Liya
| image = Dil Diya Dard Liya 1966 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]] [[Dilip Kumar]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Kaushal Bharati]]
| narrator =
| based_on = [[Wuthering Heights]] by [[Emily Brontë]]
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = [[Dwarka Divecha]]
| editing = M.S. Haji
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Dil Diya Dard Liya''''' is a 1966 Hindi [[romance film]] based upon [[Emily Brontë]]'s 1847 novel ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''. The film is directed by Abdur Rashid Kardar and [[Dilip Kumar]]. The film stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], and [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]. The music is by Naushad. The songs include ''"Koi Sagar Dil Ko Behlata Nahin"'', ''"Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayi"'', ''"Guzre Hain Aaj Ishq Mein"'', ''"Dilruba Maine Tere Pyar Mein"''. It inspired the 1983 Pakistani film ''Dehleez'' starring Nadeem, Shabnam, Afzal Ahmed and Agha Taalish and the 1985 Hindi movie ''[[Oonche Log (1985 film)|Oonche Log]]''. The film was Dilip Kumar's first outright flop in 15 years at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2013-10-14|title=Top earners 1966|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng==|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014102652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng==|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dilip Kumar Filmography, Movies List, Box Office Collection with HIT or Flop Verdict - Boxofficeindia, Box Office India, Box Office Collection, Bollywood Box Office, Bollywood Box Office|url=https://www.addatoday.com/2020/04/dilip-kumar-filmography-movies-list-box.html?m=1|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.addatoday.com| date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022205139/https://www.addatoday.com/2020/04/dilip-kumar-filmography-movies-list-box.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a sea storm that sinks a ship leaving a child as the sole survivor. In another scene a king is shown waiting for his grandchild. He dies still waiting but bequeaths his property to his grandchild, Shankar. Thakur, a kindhearted, widowed landlord, lives a wealthy lifestyle with his son Ramesh, daughter Roopa and an adopted child, Shankar. Ramesh hates Shankar and openly mistreats him.

Years pass by and Thakur dies. A grown-up Ramesh (Pran) frequents a beautiful courtesan, drinks alcohol, and continues to abuse and mercilessly beat Shankar (Dilip Kumar), who bears this in silence. Meanwhile, over the years, Shankar and Roopa (Waheeda Rehman) have fallen in love with each other. When Ramesh finds out, he has Shankar severely beaten and thrown off a cliff. Ramesh then arranges Roopa's marriage to a wealthy man, Satish (Rehman), while he continues to romance the courtesan Tara Bai (Rani) and signs over his entire estate and home to her.

A few years later, Shankar returns as the wealthy king of Belapur. He is fully prepared to compromise with Ramesh and propose to Roopa. He finds out that nothing has changed, however. Ramesh, though rendered penniless by Tara, still hates Shankar. Satish is engaged to Roopa and a marriage date has been fixed. Shankar's love is now replaced by vengeance and hate, and all he can think of is destroying the lives of Ramesh, Roopa, Satish and his sister, Mala (Shyama), and he devises several plans to destroy their lives.

==Cast==
* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Shankar / Raja Sahab ([[Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)|Heathcliff]])
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Roopa ([[Catherine Earnshaw]])
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Thakur Ramesh ([[Hindley Earnshaw]])
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Satish ([[Edgar Linton]])
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Murlidhar
* [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Mala ([[Isabella Linton]])
* Rani as Tarabai
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Basanti
* [[D. K. Sapru]] as Ramesh's Father
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Maharaja of Belapur
* [[Tun Tun]] as. Mrs. Murlidhar

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Diya Dard Liya
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Naushad]]
| cover =
| released = 1966
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]
| prev_year = 1964
| year = 1966
| next_title = ''Saaz Aur Awaaz''
| next_year = 1966
}}
The soundtrack for the movie was composed by [[Naushad]] and lyrics penned by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The soundtrack consists of 8 songs, featuring vocals by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].

===Track listing===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer
!Raag
|-
| "Dil Diya Dard Liya"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|[[Yaman Kalyan]]
|-
| "Guzre Hain Aaj Ishq Mein"
| Mohammed Rafi
|[[Darbari Kanada]]
|-
| "Koi Sagar Dil Ko Behlata Nahin"
| Mohammed Rafi
|[[Kalavati]]
|-
| "Sawan Aaye Ya Na Aaye, Jiya Jab Jhume, Sawan Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|[[Brindavani Sarang]]
|-
| "Rasiya Tu Bada Bedardi"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Dil Haarnewale Aur Bhi Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Jhinjhoti]]
|-
| "Kya Rang-E-Mehfil Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
;14th [[Filmfare Awards]] (1967)
Nominated<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Diya Dard liya (1966) - Awards|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060310/awards|work=IMDb}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] - [[Dilip Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]

== Reception ==
'''''Dil Diya Dard Liya''''' did not fare as well as other movies of Dilip Kumar, it was well received by critics. Although the film is sometimes considered by a few researchers to be a failed adaptation of [[Emily Brontë]]'s 1847 novel ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''. “It could please neither the critical eyes nor the Box Office. It was a flop in both ways…. in the process of adapting a literary work, without breaking the barrier of the typical Bollywood form of representation, it fails both to adapt the essence of the novel and to strictly hold on to the form.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panda |first=Pabitra |date=2022-01-01 |title=Problematics of adaptation : A comparative study of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights and its film adaptation Dil Diya Dard Liya |url=https://www.academia.edu/116939257 |journal=One Day National Seminar on: Exploring Filmature, Problems and Prospect of Adaptation Studies.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0060310|Dil Diya Dard Liya}}

{{A. R. Kardar}}
{{Wuthering Heights}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Kardar]]
[[Category:Films based on Wuthering Heights]]
[[Category:Gothic films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]

Prozone Mall, Aurangabad

2026-02-24T07:48:30Z

KARTIK: added the pg added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Prozone Mall, Aurangabad
| image = Prozone Aurangabad.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| caption =
| location = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|52|34|N|75|22|20|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| address = Prozone Mall, API compound, Chikalthana
| opening_date =
| closing_date =
| developer = Prozone Enterprises Pvt. Ltd
| manager =
| owner =
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| parking = 1500 cars +1500 2 wheelers
| floors = Ground + 1
| website = {{url|www.prozonemalls.com/aurangabad}}
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prozone Mall, Aurangabad''' is one of the largest, as well as one of the first horizontally designed shopping malls in India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501173446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-07/pune/28234153_1_nikhil-chaturvedi-provogue-shopping-mall-spread TOI article on Prozone Aurangabad]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101004144001/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_41/b4198009694907_page_2.htm Bloomberg Businessweek article]</ref> It has over {{cvt|600000|sqft}} of retail space<ref>{{cite news|title=Prozone Malls|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/prozone-enters-race-to-buy-malls-in-mumbai-delhi-pune-other-big-cities-118040500038_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prozone Malls Information|url=http://prozonemalls.com/}}</ref> and was the first modern mall in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].
==Overview==
Prozone Aurangabad, designed to be a 'horizontal mall' on the lines of international developments, is spread over {{cvt|20|acre}}. It is a two floor (ground + 1st level) structure. The mall was inaugurated on 8 October 2010 by [[Hrithik Roshan]].<ref>[http://www.indiaretailing.com/news.aspx?topic=1&Id=5052 India Retailing] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130126021451/http://www.indiaretailing.com/news.aspx?topic=1&Id=5052 |date=26 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501173446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-07/pune/28234153_1_nikhil-chaturvedi-provogue-shopping-mall-spread TOI article]</ref>

Prozone Aurangabad has more than 150 retail stores selling top local and international brands, a five-screen cinema complex, {{cvt|40,000|sqft}} family entertainment centre and 3000 parking bays. There are also plans to build an office complex above the centre. A business-class hotel will be constructed to complement the precinct. Additionally, high rise apartments and row bungalows are constructed parallel to the mall.

==Anchor tenants==
Inox Cineplexes operates a five screen multiplex at Prozone.<ref>[http://www.satyamcineplexes.com/help/ViewLocation.aspx# Satyam website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013181358/http://www.satyamcineplexes.com/Help/ViewLocation.aspx |date=13 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Prozone Aurangabad 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Prozone Mall Aurangabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Prozone Mall Aurangabad}}
* [https://prozonemalls.com/auranagbad Prozone Mall Aurangabad Website]

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2010]]

Delhi Public School, Bokaro

2026-02-22T18:58:14Z

KARTIK: cleanup

{{short description|Educational institution in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School, Bokaro
| image =
| logo =
| motto = Service Before Self
| established = 2 July 1987
| type = Private School
| founder = Dr. M. S. Tyagi
| head_label = Principal
| head = Dr. Awanindra Singh Gangwar
| enrollment = 3700 +
| campus = Urban
| colours = Green and white {{color box|#006A4E}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| city = [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.671535|86.1493949|type:school|display=Inline}}
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Delhi Public School Society]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free_text = DPS
| website = {{URL|www.dpsbokaro.com}}
}}

'''Delhi Public School, [[Bokaro Steel City]]''', or '''DPS Bokaro''', was established on 2 July 1987<ref name="Delhi Public School, Bokaro AB">{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School, Bokaro|url=http://www.dpsbokaro.com}}</ref> as an English medium co-educational school affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi, India]].<ref name="Delhi Public School (DPS)">{{cite web|title=Delhi Public School (DPS)|url=http://www.dpsbokaro.com}}</ref> The school is run by the [[Delhi Public School Society]], [[New Delhi]], an educational society. Dr. M. S. Tyagi was the founder principal of the school.

==School campus==
The school has two campuses in the town. The Junior Wing has students from Pre-Nursery to class 5th and is located in Sector V. The Senior Wing caters to students from classes 6th to 12th and is located in the heart of the city and is spread over a couple of acres in Sector IV.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us @dps bokaro|url=http://dpsbokaro.com}}</ref>
The students in the school are divided into six houses;

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Houses
|-
| style="background:yellow;"|
| Ganga
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| Jamuna
|-
| style="background:purple;"|
| Raavi
|-
| style="background:red;"|
| Chenab
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| Sutlej
|-
| style="background:brown;"|
| Jhelum
|}

==Facilities==

;Library
The school has library facilities in both the buildings of the school. The facility is available to students of the school during the school hours. All classes are provided with at least one library period per week. There is ample seating area and the library is an old-school wooden library that has all the selected titles that cater to primary and secondary wing students' interests. All genres are available: comics, drama, fiction, non-fiction, reference books, travel, all major English and vernacular newspapers, national and international magazines pertaining to polity, sports, automobiles and economy.

;Auditorium
The junior and senior wing house full-size auditoriums that cater to major arts and culture related events. The senior wing auditorium is housed within the building and the stage is exquisitely designed to host artists and dramatics from around India. The facility is complete with separate rooms for vocal music, instrumental music and dance in the basement of the auditorium. The facility is fully air-conditioned.

;Computer centre
There are computer labs in both wings of the school. In the senior school, all the computers are interconnected with LAN and WLAN. Computer education is provided from class I onwards.

High speed (broadband) Internet and email facilities are available in the school. All students(only a select few bright students) of classes VI to XII have access to these facilities. Interactive Smart Board enabled Class from Pre-Nursery to XII.

;Laboratories
The school laboratories include Physics lab, Chemistry lab, Biology lab, Language lab, Quiz lab, Mathematics lab, audio – visual hall, Social Sciences lab, Photography lab, Augmented Reality Lab and Eco Club.

;Games and sports
* The campus (Senior Wing in Sector 4) includes a full-sized playground with football field, cricket pitches for net practices, swimming pool, skating rink cum badminton court, volleyball courts, basketball courts, kho-kho and kabaddi courts.
* The primary wing (Sector 5) also has a full fledged football ground, cricket pitches and basketball court. Separately, there are sand-pits, swing, slides and see-saws for the primary students.
* Swimming pool can be accessed by students from class 3 onwards.
* There is a gymnasium for training school athletes.
* Table tennis, billiards and carom available in a separate board games' room.
* The school has a big roller skating rink.
* Every year the school celebrates its annual sports day. The school invites dignitaries like the Governor of Jharkhand, Bureaucrats of the state, High Court Justices, District Judges, etc. to their sports day meet.

;Transport
The school has its own buses. All buses run on specified routes and covers the SAIL township area and the neighboring Chas.

;Infirmary
There are infirmaries in both the wings of the school. A trained nurse attends sick children and provides first aid in case of an emergency. An annual medical checkup of the students is done in the clinic equipped with hi-end first aid equipment, ambulance services available for severe Injuries.

The campus neighbors are St. Mary's School, DAV Public School, Laxmi Market and Bokaro General Hospital.

;Deepansh Shiksha Kendra
It was established on 2 July 1998 for providing education to the underprivileged children of nearby slums.

;Koshish Vocational Center
Koshish Vocational Center enables mothers of students of Deepansh to learn skills that will help them earn a livelihood. The school has sewing machines and a professional staff to teach them the skills of designing and tailoring. The women will graduate with a sewing course certificate.

;Foreign Language-
The school also provides the education and training in French or German to its students from classes 6 to 8.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Raj Kumar Gupta]], [[Film director]] of [[No One Killed Jessica]], [[Aamir (film)|Aamir]], [[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]] and [[Raid 2 (2025 film)]]<ref name="Raj Kumar Gupta">{{cite web|title=Raj Kumar Gupta, DPS Bokaro alumnus|url=https://www.dpsbokaro.com/dpsi/docs/DPS%20Bokaro%20Chronicle-Issue-III.pdf}}</ref>
*Neelkanth Mishra, Chief Economist, [[Axis Bank]]; Head of Global Research (and member of the board), [[Axis Capital]]; Member, Advisory Council, 15th Finance Commission, Government of India
*

== Principals ==
* Dr Mahendra Singh Tyagi (1987-1999)
* Dr Hemlata Shyam Mohan (1999-2019)
* Dr Awanindra Singh Gangwar (2019–present)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]

==External links==
* [http://www.dpsbokaro.com Official website of DPS Bokaro]
* [http://www.dpsfamily.org DPS Society]
* [http://www.dpsgiridih.com Official website of DPS Giridih] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704164429/http://www.dpsgiridih.com/ |date=4 July 2024 }}
* [http://www.dpsdhanbad.net Official website of DPS Dhanbad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114214543/http://www.dpsdhanbad.net/ |date=14 November 2018 }}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Delhi+Public+School,+BOKARO/@23.671535,86.1493949,330m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sDelhi+Public+School,+Bokaro!3m4!1s0x39f42315293d0075:0xb687bf74f0c1a142!8m2!3d23.671579!4d86.1499753|title= Delhi Public School, Bokaro}}

{{Portal bar|India|schools|Education}}

{{DPS Society aegis}}

[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Education in Bokaro Steel City]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Bihar]]

Ramanlal Vora

2026-02-10T11:10:31Z

KARTIK:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=August 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ramanlal Vora
|image = Ramanlal Vora thumbnail.jpg
|birth_date = 
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|order1 = 16th [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]
|governor =
|office1 = Gujarat Legislative Assembly
|term_start1=22 August 2016
|term_end1= 16 February 2018
|predecessor1=[[Ganpatsinh Vestabhai Vasava]]
|successor1= [[Rajendra S Trivedi]]
|office2 = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start3= 1995
|term_end3=2017
|constituency3=[[Idar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Idar]]
|term_start2= 8 December 2022
|term_end2=
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|spouse =
|children =
|footnotes =
|date= |year = |
|source =
}}

'''Ramanlal Vora''' is an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Gujarat]] state of [[India]]. He was elected to [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] for five consecutive terms from [[Idar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Idar]] from 1995 to 2017. He has served as a speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly since 22 August 2016.<ref name="BS2016">{{cite web | title=Ramanlal Vora elected unopposed new Speaker of Gujarat Assembly | website=Business Standard News | date=22 August 2016 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ramanlal-vora-elected-unopposed-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-116082201043_1.html | accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramanlal Vora, son of Indian independence activist Ishwarlal Vora, was a retired Bank Employee and was associated with the Trade Union Activities. He was the Secretary, Ahmedabad City BJP Unit. He is a member of Gujarat State BJP Executive Committee since 1992 and has also performed duties as President of Gujarat State BJP Scheduled Cast Morcha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanlal Vora: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Ramanlal Vora {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/ramanlal-vora |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected M.L.A. in [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]] from [[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar constituency]] and became Deputy Minister, Energy, Petrochemicals and Co-Operation Department. In [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]] he was re-elected from the same constituency and became State Minister for Co-Operation (Independent Charge) and Administrative Reforms.

He was re-elected for the third time in [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]] from Idar constituency and has held cabinet rank as Minister for Social Justice & Empowerment, Labour & Employment Department. He is (Prabhari) In-charge Minister of Sabarkantha, Dahod, Kutch and Surendranagar District. He has been re-elected for the fourth time in [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] from Idar constituency and has held cabinet rank as Minister for Education, (Primary, Secondary, Adult), Higher and Technical Education Department. He again won from Idar in [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]].

He lost in [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dasada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasada]] against [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Naushadji Solanki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-heavyweights-mlas-ministers-bite-the-dust-1789711|title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017: Heavyweights, MLAs, Ministers Bite The Dust|work=NDTV|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref> He contested again from Idar in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vora, Ramanlal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

Sarbjit Singh Kalha

2026-02-10T09:22:47Z

KARTIK: creating first biography from scratch.

{{Short description|British Indian military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Lieutenant Colonel
| name = Sarbjit Singh Kalha
| honorific_suffix = [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1914-15
| death_date = 11 January 1946
| birth_place = Nawanpind, [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = Surabaya, [[Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}}
| serviceyears = 1936-1946
| rank =
| servicenumber = IO.66
| unit = [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]] [[1st Punjab Regiment|2/1Punjab Regiment]]
| commands = [[1st Punjab Regiment|2/1Punjab Regiment]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936-1939)|Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
* British Occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1945-46)
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| alma_mater = [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] [[Indian Military Academy]] [[Staff College, Camberley]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
[[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] '''Sarbjit Singh Kalha''', [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (1914 or 1915<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Capt. PRS Mani |date=14 August 1945 |title=Fifth Indian Division |work=Indian Army Observer}}</ref> - 11 January 1946) was an officer of the [[British Indian Army]], who saw action in the [[Burma campaign|Burma Campaign]] during [[World War II]], and later in the British Occupation of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. He was the first [[Sikhs|Sikh]] officer to be awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO), the first Sikh officer to attend the [[Staff College, Camberley]], and the first Indian officer to lead a battalion of the [[1st Punjab Regiment]].

== Personal life ==
Kalha hailed from Nawanpind, [[Gurdaspur district|district Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIvtlo5YYJwC&q=sarbjit+singh+kalha |title=Indian Information |date=1944 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> His father, [[Rai Sahib]] Sunder Singh, was an executive engineer in the [[Burma Railways]], and had supervised the laying down of the first railway line from [[Maungdaw]] to [[Buthidaung|Buthitdaung]].<ref name=":4" /> Three of Sarbjit Kalha's brother also served in the British Indian Army.<ref name=":4" />

Kalha graduated from the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], Amritsar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTbfAAAAMAAJ&q=sarbjit+singh+kalha+khalsa+college |title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces |date=1983 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |language=en}}</ref> His wife was Mrs. Sarbjit Singh Kalha from [[Surguja district|Sarguja]], [[Central Provinces]], British India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Sarbjit Singh Kalha |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2181646/sarbjit-singh-kalha/ |website=cwgc.org}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Kalha was commissioned in 1935 at the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun.<ref name=":4" /> His service number was IO. 66.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 June 1944 |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36574/supplement/2961/data.pdf}}</ref> He gained his first combat experience in the [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|1936-37 Waziristan Operations]].<ref name=":3" /> He was posted to the 2nd battalion of the 1st Punjab Regiment, after serving a year with the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF30uThArSIC&dq=sarbjit+singh+kalha&pg=RA12-PA229 |title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India |date=1944 |language=en}}</ref>

=== World War II ===
Kalha then served in the Burma Campaign of World War II. In 1944, Kalha became the first Indian officer to command a battalion of the 1st Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fecitt |first=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXLOEAAAQBAJ&dq=sarbjit+singh+kalha&pg=PT216 |title=Distant Battlefields: The Indian Army in the Second World War |date=2019 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-88161-78-7 |language=en}}</ref> His battalion, the 2/1 Punjab Regiment, was a part of the [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Division]] in Burma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Marston |first=Daniel |title=The 20th Indian Division in French Indo-China, 1945-46: Combined/joint Operations and the 'fog of war' |url=https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/event/forum/pdf/2014/08.pdf}}</ref>

In 1944, while holding the rank of a Major, Kalha was awarded the DSO for his actions in the [[Battle of the Admin Box|Battle of the Ngakyedauk Pass]] in Arakan, during the Burma Campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marston |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFHeEAAAQBAJ&dq=sarbjit+singh+kalha&pg=PA229 |title=Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign |date=2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-09381-4 |language=en}}</ref> His 'skilful planning and bold execution' against the Japanese, for which he won the DSO, opened up the Ngakyedauk Pass to the besieged [[7th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref name=":4" /> His DSO was announced in the [[The London Gazette|London Gazette]] on 22 June 1944.<ref name=":1" /> A short clip of him just after receiving his DSO from [[George VI|King George VI]] is available from [[Pathé News|British Pathe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoured at the Palace (1944) |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/82623/ |website=britishpathe.com}}</ref> He was the first Sikh officer in the British Indian Army to be awarded the DSO.<ref name=":5" />

In May 1944, Kalha became the first Sikh Officer to attend the Staff College at Camberley. He returned to India in January 1945.<ref name=":2" />

=== Post-war ===
Kalha again became the commanding officer of 2/1st Punjab Regiment in August 1945.<ref name=":2" /> With this unit, he went to [[Singapore]] as part of the 123rd Brigade of the 5th Indian Division, which led the reoccupation of Singapore by the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment Lead the Way to Singapore (1945 film) |url=http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/6384 |website=colonialfilm.org.uk}}</ref> He then got posted in the British Occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1945–46).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mcmillan |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb9_AgAAQBAJ&dq=sarbjit+singh+kalha&pg=PT75 |title=The British Occupation of Indonesia: 1945-1946: Britain, The Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25427-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Death ====
On 11 January 1946, Lt. Col. Kalha was killed in an ambush on a convoy he was moving in through Soerabaja/[[Surabaya]] in [[Java]], Dutch East Indies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brett-James |first=Antony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEgAAAAMAAJ&q=sarbjit+singh+kalha |title=Ball of Fire: The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War |date=1951 |publisher=Gale & Polden |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian alumni of Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Indian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:1910s births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]

Krishna Riboud

2026-02-07T23:43:25Z

KARTIK: Started first article w/ refs

{{short description|Indian researcher and historian (1926–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Krishna Riboud
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Krishna Roy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|06|27|1926|10|12}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| alma_mater = [[Wellesley College]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| movement =
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Jean Riboud]]|1949|1985|end=died}}
| children = Christophe Riboud
| mother = Ena Tagore Roy
| father = Rajendra Roy
| relatives = Grand children : Penelope, Thomas, Raphaella
| family = [[Tagore family]]
| awards =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Krishna Riboud''' (née '''Roy'''; 12 October 1926 – 27 June 2000) was an Indian historian and art collector, specializing in Indian and Chinese antiquities and textiles.

Riboud began her textile collection in the 1950s, when she started purchasing [[Baluchari Sari|Baluchari saris]] from Bengal,.<ref name="FITE">{{cite web|title=CREATING A COLLECTION OF REFERENCE BY COLLECTING TE XTILES: KRISHNÂ RIBOUD'S EXEMPLARY ACHIEVEMENT|url=http://www.the-fite.com/2012/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Microsoft-Word-Krishna-Riboud-Clermont-ferrand-version-anglaise.pdf|website=Festival International des Textiles Extra Ordinaires|accessdate=19 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She was a member of the jury of the [[1958 Cannes Film Festival]].

==Early life and education==
Roy was born on 12 October 1926 in [[Dhaka]], the daughter of Rajendra Roy, director of public health in [[East Bengal]] and Ena Tagore Roy. Her mother was a grandniece of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Her father died, when Roy was ten years old, and she was raised by her maternal uncle [[Soumendranath Tagore]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="Seminar">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/492/492%20memoriam.htm|title=In memoriam|last=|first=|date=|website=India Seminar|publisher=|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite magazine|last1=Auletta|first1=Ken|title=A Certain Poetry|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.indian/mV4BY8rqZNU|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=19 December 2016|date=6 June 1983}}</ref> Her uncle was influential in her life. In 1983, she told ''[[The New Yorker]]'', "My uncle, whom I had a passion for, was a revolutionary Marxist, and his Marxism was very different from the [[Communism]] we know now." She also recalled witnessing her uncle being arrested by British police and forced on to a train at Calcutta railway station.<ref name="The New Yorker"/>

While on a visit to India, Lois Kellogg, daughter of Spencer Kellogg, Jr., the scion of a wealthy American family, fell ill and received treatment from Roy's father Rajendra. Spencer Kellogg, Jr. later helped secure the release of Soumendranath Tagore from prison. After returning to the United States, Lois Kellogg wrote a letter to Ena Tagore, requesting her to enroll her daughter at [[Wellesley College]]. Lois Kellogg also offered to serve as Krishna's guardian, and offered to let her spend her winter vacations at the Kelloggs' home in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], and weekends at their home in [[Connecticut]]. With her mother's permission, Krishna Roy left for Wellesley College in 1943. She received letters of introduction to [[John Dewey]] and [[Albert Einstein]], both of whom knew her uncles. Krishna Roy visited John Dewey, who requested her not to study Western philosophy. She also visited Einstein at his home in Princeton.<ref name="The New Yorker"/>

==Later life==
Roy attended a party for French photographer [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] given by the editor of ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' in the spring of 1947.<ref name="The New Yorker"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Sethi|first1=Sunil|title=Sunil Sethi: The pedigree of prize art|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/sunil-sethi-the-pedigree-of-prize-art-115091101486_1.html|website=Business Standard India|accessdate=19 December 2016|date=11 September 2015}}</ref> At the party, she met the chairman of [[Schlumberger]], [[Jean Riboud]]. Riboud would later describe her as "one of three absolutely adorable, beautiful young Indian girls who were visiting from Wellesley College". Recalling the meeting, Roy later stated that Riboud had made "no impression whatsoever". After their first meeting, Riboud invited Roy to take a walk during which he asked about her uncles, and they discussed India, her philosophy studies, and modern art. He also asked her to join him and his sister Françoise, on a trip around the United States. Roy agreed, and in the summer of 1949, the three traveled by car to [[Seattle]], along the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] to Arizona, and across the country to the home of American poet and critic [[Charles Olson]] at [[Black Mountain College]].<ref name="The New Yorker"/>

Roy and Riboud decided to get married in 1949. Ena Tagore Roy wanted her daughter to marry an Indian, and Riboud's mother Hélène wanted her son to marry a Catholic. At Françoise's suggestion, the couple wrote to their mothers informing them of the wedding, but chose not to wait for their replies. Roy and Riboud married on 1 October 1949 at the Kelloggs' house in Connecticut. Françoise served as [[Bridesmaid|matron of honor]], Charles Olson served as [[Groomsman|best man]], and Roy was attended by her friend Rita Pandit.<ref name="The New Yorker"/> Their only son Christophe was born in 1950 in New York.

It is reported that the couple had an extensive friendship circle which included political figures like [[François Mitterrand]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Ne Win]] and art personalities, such as [[Yves Tanguy]], [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]], [[Isamu Noguchi]], [[M. F. Hussain]], [[Joan Miró]] and [[Max Ernst]]. They also had an art collection, part of which was later donated by Krishna Ribaud to the [[Musee Guimet|Musée Guimet]], where a separate gallery of the ''Jean and Krishna Riboud collection'' is being maintained.<ref name="Seminar" /><ref name=":0" />

Jean Riboud died in Paris in October 1986, and their only son Christophe died in a car accident in France in August 1988. Over the next decade, Krishna divided her time between France and India.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Purdum|first1=Todd S.|title=JEAN RIBOUD DIES IN PARIS AT 65; HEADED SCHLUMBERGER COMPANY|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/22/world/jean-riboud-dies-in-paris-at-65-headed-schlumberger-company.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=19 December 2016|date=22 October 1985}}</ref><ref name="JEAN RIBOUD, LEGENDARY OIL EXECUTIVE">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/48a569f04f756da53f25b02a898ddeaf|title=JEAN RIBOUD, LEGENDARY OIL EXECUTIVE|date=21 October 1985|publisher=AP News Archive|accessdate=May 9, 2016}}</ref> Krishna Riboud died at her home in [[Paris]], France, on 27 June 2000.<ref name="Seminar" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2000_num_55_1_1454 Biography on Persee.fr]

{{Tagore family}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riboud, Krishna}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]

Nacchar

2026-02-04T22:24:56Z

KARTIK: slightly enhance details further and corrected details

{{Short description|Medieval Indian literary scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nacchar
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Nakkar
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| occupation = [[Poet]]; [[scholar]]; commentator
| known_for = Commentary on the ''[[Thirukkural]]''
| era = c. 11th century CE
}}

'''Nacchar''' ({{circa|11th century CE}}), also known as Nakkar, was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[poet]], scholar, and commentator known for his [[Literary criticism|commentary]] on the ''[[Thirukkural]]''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Vedhanayagam
| first = Rama
| title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum]
| publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram
| edition = 1
| date = 2017
| location = Chennai
| pages = 7–8
| language = ta
}}</ref> He was among the canon of [[Ten Medieval Commentators|ten medieval commentators]] of the Kural text most highly esteemed by modern scholars. However, his work has been lost along with other four ancient commentators, namely, [[Dhamatthar]], [[Dharumar]], [[Thirumalaiyar]], and [[Mallar (poet)|Mallar]].<ref name="PRNatarajan_Tirukkural">{{cite book
| last = Natarajan
| first = P. R.
| title = Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal
| publisher = Uma Padhippagam
| edition = First
| date = December 2008
| location = Chennai
| pages = 1–6
| language = ta
}}</ref>

==Biography==
Nacchar is often incorrectly believed by some as [[Nachinarkiniyar]], another medieval Tamil poet. However, several scholars deny this, citing that an ancient verse praising the poet Nachinarkiniyar does not mention that he has written commentary on the Tirukkural. Moreover, Nachinarkiniyar lived in the 14th century, about three centuries later than Nacchar. Scholars also opine that the similarity between the two names lead to this incorrect conclusion by some.<ref name="Uraiaasiriyargal">{{cite book
| last = Aravindan
| first = M. V.
| title = உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Uraiaasiriyargal]
| publisher = Manivasagar Padhippagam
| edition = First
| date = 1968
| location = Chennai
| pages = 339
| language = ta
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature}}
* [[Ten Medieval Commentators]]
* [[Bhashya]]
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* M. Arunachalam (2005). Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru, Padhinaindhaam Nootraandu [History of Tamil Literature, 15th century].
* {{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Casie Chetty| first=Simon|author-link1=Simon Casie Chetty| pages=65| year=1859| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref=The Tamil Plutarch}}
* D. M. Vellaivaaranam (1983). Tirukkural Uraikotthu. Thiruppananthal Shri Kasimadam Publications.

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Ten medieval commentators]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian scholars]]

K. Damodaran

2026-02-02T11:23:37Z

KARTIK: minor cleanup lead based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indian communist politician, theorist and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|Keezhedathu|Damodaran|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K Damodaran
| image = Kdamodaran.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]] of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kerala]]
| term_start = 1964
| term_end= 1970
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y |1912|2|05}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y |1976|7|3|1912|2|05}}
| occupation = Communist ideologue, Writer & Politician
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| nationality = Indian
}}
'''Keezhedathu Damodaran'''<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |date=20 July 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/k-damodaran-remembered/article3660497.ece |title=K. Damodaran remembered |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}} </ref> (25 February 1912 – 3 July 1976) was an Indian [[Marxist]] theoretician, writer and one of the leaders of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Early life and education==
Damodaran was born to Kizhakkiniyakath Thuppan Nampoothiri and Keezhedathu Narayani Amma in [[Ponnani]] in [[Malappuram]] district. He had his schooling in Government School, Tirur, and college education in [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Samoothiri College, Calicut]]. His first socialist activities were associated with being secretary of the student movement 'Kerala Students Movement' and he joined the freedom struggle. He was arrested in 1931 for participating in the [[civil disobedience movement]] and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 23 months. While in [[Coimbatore]] jail, he learned [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. He went to [[Varanasi|Kasi]] (UP) in 1935 to study [[Sanskrit]] from the ''Viswa Vidyalaya'' there and passed the Shastri examination. While at Kasi he learned [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and was attracted to Communist ideology.

==Political career==
{{further|Communist Party of India delegation to Vietnam, 1960}}
[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] was his classmate. He was attracted to Communist ideology through his senior Onkar Nadashasthri. Thus he became a Communist – the first 'Malayalee Communist'. He returned to Kerala in 1937 and joined the [[Kerala Socialist Party]] and in May the same year formed the Kerala unit of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He organized [[Coir]] and [[Beedi]] workers. He was imprisoned twice and released in 1945. In 1951, he was elected as the [[Taluk]] secretary of the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] unit committee of the Communist Party. He contested the assembly election in 1951 and the [[Loksabha]] election in 1957. Damodaran was elected to the central executive committee of the party in 1960. He took charge of editing the [[Navayugom|Navayugam weekly]]. All through these years he was intellectually active by way of writing articles and books, learning new languages and debating on various forums.

He became a [[Rajya sabha]] member (MP) in 1964. He visited many Asian and European countries including almost all of the communist nations. After the tenure, he devoted his time to a comprehensive research on the history of the Party at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|(JNU)]] under an [[Indian Council of Historical Research|ICHR]] fellowship.
He was the first progressive writer in Malayalam. 'pattabakki' was the first political drama to be staged in kerala which, in a way, paved the way for the advancement of communist ideology among the common people. He dwelled deep into Indian Philosophy which was considered solely spiritual until then and discovered new streams of material thoughts in it. His celebrated works 'Bharatheeya Chintha' and 'Indiayude athmavu' speaks volumes of the metamorphosis. He was a multilinguist and could speak for hours on thought provoking subjects.

He died on July 3, 1976, in [[Delhi]] at the [[Safdarjung Hospital]] while he was still conducting this research. Damodaran was a multilingual scholar and translated many books from [[Russian language|Russian]] to [[Malayalam]]. Apart from ''Pattabaakki'', he wrote another play named ''Rakthapanam''. The stories written between 1934 and 1935 are now a collection known as ''Kannuneer''. In all his works, party popularization was seen. The best known of his works is ''Indiyude Atmavu'' and in English, an excellent exposition of 'Indian Culture' and 'Philosophy from the ancient times'. He completed only first part of ''Kerala History'' based on archeology, anthropology and coin sciences.

His critical insights on the global Communist movement, and particularly the Indian Communist movement, were thoroughly discussed in an interview conducted by [[Tariq Ali]] in 1975, which was published in [https://newleftreview.org/issues/i93/articles/tariq-ali-introduction-to-damodaran New Left Review, Sept.-Oct. 1975]).

Political activist and documentary director [[K. P. Sasi]] is the son of Damodaran.

==Works==
===In Malayalam===
*Jawaharlal Nehru
*Eka Vazhi
*Kannuneer (short stories)
*Karl Marx
*Samashtivada Vijnapanam (translation of the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'')
*Paattabaakki (play)
*Rakthapaanam (play)
*Russian viplavam (co-authored with [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]])
*Manushyan
*Dhanasasthrapravesika
*Uruppika
*Nanayaprasnam
*Communism Enthu Enthinu ?
*Purogamana sahithyam Enthinu?
*Communisavum Christhumathavum
*Marxism (in 10 parts)
*Indiayude Aathmavu
*Keralathile Swathanthryasamaram (co-authored with C Narayana pillai)
*Dhanasasthra thathwangal
*Dharmikamoolyangal
*Enthanu saahithyam
*Chinayile Viplavam
*Keralacharithram
*Sahithya niroopanam
*Indiayum Socialisavum
*Indiayude Sampathikabhivrudhi
*Innathe Indiayude Sampathikasthithi
*Yesuchristhu Moscowil
*SamoohyaParivarthanangal
*Socialisavum Communisavum
*Panam Muthal Nayapaisa Vare
*Indiayile Deseeyaprasthanam(Translated directly from Russian)
*Marxisathinte Adisthanathathwangal
*Bharatheeyachintha
*Sreesankaran Hegel Marx
*Oru Indian Communistinte Ormakkurippukal

===In English===
*Indian Thought
*Man and Society in Indian Philosophy
*Marx Hegel and Sreesankara
*Marx Comes to India (co-authored with [[P.C.Joshi]])

===In Hindi===
*Bharatheeya chinthaa parampara

==References==
===Notes===
<references/>

===Other sources===
{{incomplete citations|date=September 2022}}
*{{cite news |newspaper=Grandhalokam Monthly |date=November 2004 |publisher=Kerala State Library Council |place=Trivandrum}}
*{{cite news |newspaper=Janayugom Weekly |date=15 July 1990 |author=Quilon?}}
*{{cite book |title=K. Damodaran |first=M. |last=Rasheed |publisher=D.C. Books |place=Kottayam |year=1982}}
*{{cite web |title=K Damodaran: An Unfinished Chapter |first=K. P. |last=Sasi |date=17 March 2012
|website=Countercurrents.org |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/sasi170312.htm}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=K. Damodaran (marxist) Profile |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/k._damodaran_(marxist)-profile-3075-19.htm |date=29 January 2014 |website=Veethi.com}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodaran, K}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian communist writers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist historians]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

List of Protestant missionaries in India

2026-01-19T23:52:25Z

KARTIK: small fixed intro per standard format additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
Several mission societies, including the Baptist Missionary Society, SPCK, LMS, Basel Mission, CMS, SPG, Zenana mission, Medical Mission, American Mission, Danish Mission, and Methodist Mission missionaries have contributed for the progressive Christian community in India. These missionaries have made a vast contributions in the districts of [[Tinnevelly]] and [[Travancore]], which covers most of southern India [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Church of South India|first1=Tirunelveli Diocese|title=Missionaries|url=http://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/missionaries/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817225415/https://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/missionaries/|archive-date=August 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gore|first1=David|title=Faith and Family in South India|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/faithandfamily.htm}}</ref> These missions were mostly influenced under the direct control of the [[Church of England]].

The following is an incomplete list of '''Protestant missionaries in India'''.

== Missionaries ==
* [[John Anderson (missionary)|John Anderson]] – Missionary from Church of Scotland – Founder – Madras Christian College
* [[Baring Baring-Gould|Elizabeth Baring-Gould]]
* [[Baring Baring-Gould|B. Baring-Gould]] – CMS Missionary
* [[Graham Basanti]] – female missionary at [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church]]
* [[Paul Olaf Bodding]] - Norwegian missionary
* [[Paul Brand (physician)|Paul Wilson Brand]] - medical missionary
* [[Edith Mary Brown]] - creator of the [[ Christian Medical College Ludhiana ]]
* [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]] - missionary to India and Japan
* [[Robert Caldwell]] - missionary and linguist
* Eliza Caldwell – wife of [[Robert Caldwell]], and Daughter of Rev. Charles Mault
* [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] - [[Particular Baptist]] who founded the [[Serampore College]] and the [[Serampore University]]
* [[Amy Carmichael]] - missionary with the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]]
* [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] - [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] missionary
* [[Cynthia Farrar]] - one of first unmarried women missionaries. Worked as an educator.
* [[Anthony Norris Groves]] - missionary to India and Baghdad
* [[Hermann Gundert]] – German linguist and Basel missionary to India
* [[Reginald Heber]] – Bishop of Calcutta
* [[John Christian Frederick Heyer]] - missionary to Andhra Pradesh
* [[Sam Higginbottom]] - missionary to Allahabad
* [[Henry Constantine Huxtable]] – SPG missionary at Sawyerpuram and Christianagaram
* [[John Nelson Hyde]] - missionary in the Punjab
* [[Lyman Jewett]] - Baptist missionary in Ongole, Andhra Pradesh
* [[E. Stanley Jones]] - Methodist missionary
* [[Samuel H. Kellogg]] – translator of Hindi Bible
* [[Eugen Liebendörfer]] – German physician and Basel missionary to India
* [[James Long (Anglican priest)|James Long]] – [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary
* [[Arthur Margoschis]] – [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]] – SPG missionary
* [[Joshua Marshman]] - Baptist missionary in Bengal
* [[Samuel Martin (missionary)|Samuel Martin]] - Presbyterian missionary in the Punjab
* [[Henry Martyn]] – [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary
* [[William Miller (missionary)|William Miller]] – Missionary from Church of Scotland – Madras Christian College
* [[Donald McGavran]] - third generation missionary
* [[Julia Lore McGrew]] - medical missionary of the [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]
* [[Volbrecht Nagel]] – German missionary to the Malabar coast
* [[Lesslie Newbigin| James Edward Lesslie Newbigin]] – Ordained in [[Church of Scotland]]; affiliated with the [[United Reformed Church]]; served in the [[Church of South India]]
* Robert Turlington Noble – Founder of Noble College, Machilipatnam
* [[Peter Percival]] – Wesleyan Methodist Mission
* George Pettitt – [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary
* [[J. Waskom Pickett]] - American Methodist missionary to Lucknow
* [[Jessie Pigott|Jessie Kelp Pigott]] - in Allahabad and Delhi (1887–9)<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Bickers |first=Robert |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-49154 |title=Pigott [née Kemp], (Emily) Jessie (1851–1900), missionary |date=2004-09-23 |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49154|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>
* [[Hopestill Pillow]] – Zenana Missionary to India
* [[Heinrich Plütschau]] - German Lutheran missionary to Tharangambadi
* [[George Uglow Pope]] - Anglican missionary to Tamil Nadu
* Charles Frederick Reeve - commenced the non-denominational Poona and Indian Village Mission in 1893
* [[C. T. E. Rhenius]] – first [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary
* [[William Tobias Ringeltaube]], (1770-1816) – LMS Missionary to south [[Travancore]] (first Missionary to South Travancore, 1806)
* Bishop Edward Sargent – [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary
* [[Benjamin Schultze]] – translated the Bible into Tamil, the New Testament into Telugu and part of Genesis into Dakkhini
* [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]] – German S.P.C.K. Missionary
* [[Ida S. Scudder]] - third generation medical missionary, founder of the [[Christian Medical College Vellore]]
* [[Scudder family of missionaries in India| Scudder family]] – family of medical missionaries
* [[Lars Olsen Skrefsrud]] - Norwegian Lutheran missionary
* [[George Spencer (bishop)|George Trevor Spencer]] ([[:s:Spencer, George Trevor (DNB00)|Wikisource]]) – Lord Bishop of Madras
* [[Graham Staines]] - Australian missionary murdered in India
* William Arthur Stanton – [[American Baptist Association|American Baptist]] Missionary in South Indian town of [[Kurnool|Kurnool of Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[John Strachan (bishop of Rangoon)|J.M. Strachan]] – Medical Mission at [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]] – SPG missionary – Bishop of Rangoon
* [[Alfred Sturge]] - Baptist missionary
* [[Ralph T. Templin]] - Methodist missionary and activist
* [[H. U. Weitbrecht]] – [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] missionary, author of "The Revision of the Urdu New Testament"
* [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/index.html|title = Rev. William Ward / Home page}}</ref> - Baptist missionary
* [[Charlotte White]] – first unmarried American woman missionary
* [[Joyce M. Woollard]] - missionary to Bangalore
* [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] - German Lutheran missionary to Tharangambadi

==See also==
* [[List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
* [[Mission (Christian)]]
* [[Christianity in India]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* ''In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop V. S. Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India'' by Susan Billington Harper

==External links==
* [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/search.summary/orgid/4114.htm Mission India]
* [http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/tschlr.html Literary contributions of select list of Tamil scholars from overseas]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC Google Books website, ''A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858'', by Bishop Stephen Neill]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b9sHAAAAQAAJ Google Books website, ''The Missionary conference: south India and Ceylon, 1879, Volume 2'']
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/india/madras1897/ Anglican History website, ''Our Oldest Indian Mission: A Brief History of the Vepery (Madras) Mission'', by The Rev. A. WESTCOTT, M.A. (1897)] (online copy)

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Protestant Missionaries In India}}
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of Protestants|Missionaries]]
[[Category:India religion-related lists|Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Lists of Christian missionaries|India]]

Shiv Ram Kaler

2026-01-05T13:39:21Z

KARTIK: creating initial details first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician and civil servant}}
'''Shiv Ram Kaler''' also known as S.R. Kaler is a retired [[Bureaucrat]] and a politician affiliated with the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD). He represented the [[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MLA report cards: Shiv Ram Kaler and Gurcharan Singh Boparai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/mla-report-cards-shiv-ram-kaler-and-gurcharan-singh-boparai/story-9jYPFoJg6gl3KoKxXrrCeP.html |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jagraon MLA holds sangat darshan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/jagraon-mla-holds-sangat-darshan-175752/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
===Early life===
Shiv Ram Kaler was born to Ujagar Ram Kaler into a [[Ravidassia|Ravidassia family]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shiv Ram Kaler(SAD):Constituency- JAGRAON (SC)(LUDHIANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/pb2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=99 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

===Former Civil Servant===
Prior to entering politics, Kaler served as a Punjab Civil Services Officer until November 2011. He was appointed as [[District magistrate|Additional Deputy Commissioner]], [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Punjab Police Officials seeking more power |url=https://sikhsangat.org/ex-punjab-police-officials-seeking-more-power/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Sikh Sangat News |ref=SR Kaler, additional deputy commissioner, Ludhiana, is interested in contesting from Jagraon on the SAD ticket.}}</ref>

===Politics===
S. R. Kaler, representing the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the Jagraon constituency in the [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], winning with 53,031 votes, narrowly defeating [[Indian National Congress|INC’s]] Ishar Singh who received 52,825 votes. In the 2022 elections, S. R. Kaler contested again but lost to [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] by a margin of 39,656 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagraon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jagraon-punjab-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Online |first1=India Today |title=Punjab assembly elections 2012: List of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2012/punjab/story/punjab-assembly-eletions-2012-winners-95199-2012-03-05 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=6 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

During his tenure as an MLA, S.R. Kaler held significant positions in the Punjab Legislative Assembly:

*Chairman: Committee on Petitions
*Member: Committee on Public Accounts
*Member: Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes

==See also==
*[[Sucha Ram Ladhar]]
*[[Jagmohan Singh Raju]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaler, Shiv Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]

{{PunjabIN-SAD-politician-stub}}

Anaipadi Formation

2025-12-24T00:32:48Z

KARTIK: started basic pg w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Geological formation in Southern India
}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Anaipadi formation
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Coniacian]] ~{{fossil range|88|86}}
| period = Coniacian
| underlies=[[Ariyalur Group]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates =
| extent =
}}

The '''Anapadi Formation''' is a [[geological formation]] dating back to the [[Late Cretaceous]] Period ([[Coniacian]]) of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Omkar |date=2015 |title=Cretaceous vertebrate fauna of the Cauvery Basin, southern India: Palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeographic implications |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018215002229 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=431 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.021|bibcode=2015PPP...431...53V |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Description ==
The Anaipadi Formation preserves fossils from a [[Neritic zone|neritic environment]] (the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the [[continental shelf]]).<ref name=":0" /> The upper portion of the unit, which is marked by the presence of the ammonite [[Kossmaticeras|Kossmaticeras theobaldianum]].<ref name=:2>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |last2=Ayyasami |first2=K. |date=1979-11-01 |title=A New Stegosaurian Dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous Sediments of South India |url=https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1979/201101 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1979/201101 |bibcode=1979JGSI...20..521Y |issn=0974-6889|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Anaipadi Formation preserves a rich mollusc fauna.<ref name=":0" /> including common fossils of ammonites and inoceramids, as well as brachiopods.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ayyasami |first=Krishnan |date=2006 |title=Role of oysters in biostratigraphy: A case study from the Cretaceous of the Ariyalur area, southern India |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02910367 |journal=Geosciences Journal |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.1007/BF02910367 |bibcode=2006GescJ..10..237A |issn=1226-4806|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Fossils of marine reptiles have also been found, although they are rare.<ref name=":0" /> It has been suggested that the abundant brachiopods and inoceramids in the upper Anaipadi Formation indicates a transgressive environment.<ref name=":1" />

In addition to the marine life found in the upper Anaipadi Formation, terrestrial matter was in the area evidently prone to being carried out to sea. Among other finds recovered in the unit are for instance a large amount of petrified wood.<ref name=":1" /> The presence of large quantities of wood indicates that land with dense vegetation was located relatively close a marine environment<ref name=":2" />

== Fossil Content ==
Rare fossils of [[Marine reptile|Marine Reptiles]] are found in the Anaipadi formation as well.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="75%"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | [[Dinosaurs]] of the Anaipadi formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
|''[[Dravidosaurus]]''
|''D. blanfordi''
|West of the village of [[Siranattam]]
|GSI SR Pal 1, a partial skull, as well as fossils identified as an isolated tooth, a sacrum, an ilium, an ischium, ten armor plates, and a tail spike, designated (in order) as GSI SR Pal 2–7.[7] Yadigiri and Ayyasami identified several of the skull bones in GSI SR Pal 1, of which the most well-preserved were the parietals, frontals, supraorbitals, squamosal, and quadrate.In addition to the armor plate GSI SR Pal 6, nine other fossils identified as armor plates were found associated with the referred specimens.
|A possible late surviving [[Stegosauria|Stegosaur]]
|
[[File:Dravidosaurus_skull.png|thumb|Skull diagram of ''Dravidosaurus'']]
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="75%"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | [[Dinosaurs|Sharks]] of the Anaipadi formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Notes !! Material !! Images
|-
|''[[Squalicorax]]''
|''S''.sp.
|
|A [[Lamniformes|lamniform]] [[shark]]
|
|
[[File:Squalicorax falcatus.jpg|thumb|Squalicorax falcatus]]
|-
|''[[Dwardius]]''
|''D''. sp.
|
|A [[Cardabiodontidae|cardabiodontid]] lamniform shark
|
|[[File:NHMUK PV OR 39053.png|thumb]]
|-
|''[[Cretalamna]]''?
|''C''.? sp.
|
|An [[Otodontidae|Otodontid]] lamniform shark
|
|[[File:Cretalamna reconstruction.png|thumb|''Cretalamna'']]
|-
|''[[Eostriatolamia|Eostritolamia]]''
|''E''. sp.
|
|An [[Sand shark|Odontaspitid]] lamniform shark
|
|
|-
|''[[Protosqualus]]''
|''P''. sp.
|
|A [[Squalidae|dogfish]]
|
|[[File:Protosqualus argentinensis tooth (Simple).svg|thumb]]
|-
|''[[Gladioserratus]]''?
|''G''.? sp
|
|A [[cow shark]]
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="75%"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | [[Molluscs]] of the Anaipadi formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
|''[[Kossmaticeras]]''
|''K. theobaldianum''
|
|
|A [[Kossmaticeratidae|Kosmaticeratid]] [[Ammonoidea|ammonite]]
|}
The formation also contains fossils of other [[Ammonoidea|ammonites]], [[Inoceramidae|inoceramids]] and [[Brachiopod|brachiopods.]]<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geologic formations]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]

National Sports Awards

2025-12-18T03:23:57Z

KARTIK: stub

{{About|the National Sports Awards of India|Bangladesh|National Sports Awards (Bangladesh)}}
{{short description|Indian sports awards}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Sports Award
| subheader = Various civilian awards for contributions to Sports (Individual/Team)
| image = Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for the year-2009 to Smt. M. C. Marykom for Women Boxing, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhawan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2009.jpg
| image_size = 255px
| alt =
| caption = [[Mary Kom]] receives the 2009 [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] for Boxing
| awarded_for = Various sports honour of India
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| location = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential Palace]]
| country = [[India|Republic of India]]
| presenter = [[President of India]]
| firstawarded = 1956–57
| lastawarded = 2022

| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 1259
| award2_type = Awards
| award2_winner = {{bulleted list|[[MAKA Trophy]]|[[Arjuna Award]]|[[Dronacharya Award]]|[[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]]|[[Dhyan Chand Award]]|[[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar|Protsahan Puruskar]]}}
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| award4_type =
| award4_winner =
| award5_type =
| award5_winner =
}}
The '''National Sports Awards''' is the collective name given to the six sports awards of the [[India|Republic of India]]. It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. They are presented by the [[President of India]] in the same ceremony at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], usually on 29 August.<ref name="NewAwards" /> Since 2004, [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] is also given alongside the other sports awards.<ref name="t2002">{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award for the year 2003 announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=3871|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=15 September 2004|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113002/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=3871|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Anju bags Khel Ratna, Rathore Arjuna Award |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anju-bags-khel-ratna-rathore-arjuna-award/249520 |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=Outlook India |date=15 September 2004 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112955/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anju-bags-khel-ratna-rathore-arjuna-award/249520 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, a total of 1,259 individuals and organizations have been awarded the various National Sports Awards.

==List of awards==
===Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy===
[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy]] was instituted in the year 1956–1957. It is given to the university for "top performance in the inter-university tournaments" over the period of the last one year.<ref name="MAKAscheme" />

===Arjuna Award===
[[Arjuna Award]] was instituted in the year 1961. It is given to sportspersons for "consistent outstanding performance" over the period of last four years. The award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of [[Arjuna]], certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."{{efn|name=b|The cash prize was introduced in the year 1977{{ndash}}1978 as a scholarship of {{INRConvert|200}} a month for 2 years.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Two years Scholarship for winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-&-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=27 October 1978|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-%26-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revised to one time cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|k}} in 1986,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Award for 1986 to 13 Sports persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=12 January 1988|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|20|k}} in 1987,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=30 May 1989|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1993,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna awards, Dronachrya awards for 1998 Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=22 July 1993|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1998,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=1 September 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards scheme Revised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=3 April 2002|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143222/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> and to {{INRConvert|15|l}} in 2020.<ref name="Cash2020" />}}<ref name="AAscheme" />

===Dronacharya Award===
[[Dronacharya Award]] instituted in the year 1985, it is given to coaches for "producing medal winners at prestigious international events". The award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}".{{efn|name=c|The cash prize was revised from {{INRConvert|5|l}} to {{INRConvert|25|l}} in 2020.<ref name="Cash2020" />}}<ref name="DAscheme" />

===Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna===
[[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] was instituted in the year 1991–1992. It is given to sportspersons for "most outstanding performance by a sportsperson" over the period of last four years. The award comprises "a [[medal]]lion, a certificate, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|25|l}}".{{efn|name=d|The cash prize was revised from {{INRConvert|1|l}} to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2000,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjun Award 1998 announced Ms. Jyotirmoyee Sikdar gets Major Dhyan Chand Ratna Award 1998–99|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0899/r110899.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426063937/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0899/r110899.html|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards to be presented tomorrow|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/raug2000/r28082000.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=30 August 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412155100/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/raug2000/r28082000.html|archive-date=12 April 2009}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2002,<ref>{{cite press release|title=President presents Major Dhyan Chandi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/raug2002/29082002/r290820027.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 August 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426053532/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/raug2002/29082002/r290820027.html|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|7.5|l}} in 2009,<ref name="NSA2009" /> and to {{INRConvert|25|l}} in 2020.<ref name="Cash2020" />}}<ref name="MDCKRscheme" />

===Dhyan Chand Award===
[[Dhyan Chand Award]] was instituted in the year 2002. It is given to individuals for "lifetime contribution to sports development". The award comprises "a [[Dhyan Chand]] statuette, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|10|l}}".{{efn|name=e|The cash prize was revised from {{INRConvert|3|l}} to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna & Arjuna Awards announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41434|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=19 August 2008|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426050423/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41434|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NSA2009" /> and to {{INRConvert|10|l}} in 2020.<ref name="Cash2020" />}}<ref name="DCAscheme" />

===Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar===
[[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]] was instituted in the year 2009. It is given to organizations (both private and public) and individuals for "playing a visible role in the area of sports promotion and development" over the period of last three years.<ref name="RKPPscheme" />

==Recipients==
{{As of|2020}}, a total of 1,259 sportspersons, coaches, universities and organizations have been awarded the various National Sports Awards. Forty-three sportspersons have been awarded the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award [Formerly known as Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award ]

.<ref name="RGKR" /><ref name="NewAwards" /> The Arjuna Award has been awarded to 881 individuals and one group award to 20 mountaineers.<ref name="AA" /><ref name="NewAwards" /> Seventy-five sportspersons have been awarded the Dhyan Chand Award.<ref name="DCA" /><ref name="NewAwards" /> One hundred and twenty-nine coaches have been awarded the Dronacharya Award, out of which 35 been awarded in the lifetime category.<ref name="DA" /><ref name="NewAwards" /> A total of six universities have been awarded the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy 64 times.<ref name="MAKA" /><ref name="NewAwards" /> Thirty-nine organizations and individuals have been awarded the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar for sports promotion 47 times.<ref name="RKPP" /><ref name="NewAwards" />

==Lists of recipients==
===By year===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (1961–1969)|Arjuna Award recipients (1961–1969)]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (1970–1979)|Arjuna Award recipients (1970–1979)]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (1980–1989)|Arjuna Award recipients (1980–1989]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (1990–1999)|Arjuna Award recipients (1990–1999)]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (2000–2009)|Arjuna Award recipients (2000–2009)]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (2010–2019)|Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)]]
* [[List of Arjuna award recipients (2020–2029)|Arjuna Award recipients (2020–2029)]]
* [[Dhyan Chand Award#Recipients|Dhyan Chand Award recipients]]
* [[Dronacharya Award#Recipients|Dronacharya Award recipients]]
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy#List of recipients|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy recipients]]
* [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna#List of recipients|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna recipients]]
* [[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar#List of recipients|Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar recipients]]
}}
===By sport===
====Olympic sports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Archery|Archery]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in athletics|Athletics]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Aquatics|Aquatics]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in badminton|Badminton]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Basketball|Basketball]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in boxing|Boxing]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in cricket|Cricket]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Cycling|Cycling]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Equestrian|Equestrian]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Football|Football]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Golf|Golf]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Gymnastics|Gymnastics]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in hockey|Hockey]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Judo|Judo]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Lawn Tennis|Lawn Tennis]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Rowing|Rowing]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in shooting|Shooting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Squash|Squash]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Table Tennis|Table Tennis]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Volleyball|Volleyball]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Winter Sports|Winter Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in wrestling|Wrestling]]
}}

====Non-Olympic sports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Adventure Sports|Adventure Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Ball Badminton|Ball Badminton]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Billiards & Snooker|Billiards & Snooker]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Bodybuilding|Bodybuilding]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Carrom|Carrom]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Chess|Chess]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Kabaddi|Kabaddi]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Kho Kho|Kho Kho]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Mallakhamb|Mallakhamb]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Motor Sports|Motor Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Mountaineering|Mountaineering]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Polo|Polo]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Powerlifting|Powerlifting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Roller Skating|Roller Skating]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Wushu|Wushu]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Yachting|Yachting]]
}}
====Parasports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in parasports}}
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in parasports|Parasports]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="NewAwards">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards – 2019 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=11 October 2020|date=20 August 2019|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143129/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|url-status=live}}
* {{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards – 2020 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=11 October 2020|date=21 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143213/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RGKR">{{cite web|title=List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees (1991–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AA">{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DCA">{{cite web|title=List of Dhyanchand Awardees (2002–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DHYANCHAND%20AWARDEES%20%284%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143059/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DHYANCHAND%20AWARDEES%20%284%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DA">{{cite web|title=List of Dronacharya Awardees (1985–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DRONACHARYA%20AWARDEES%2085-17_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717170512/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DRONACHARYA%20AWARDEES%2085-17_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MAKA">{{cite web|title=List of winners of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy (1956–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAULANA%20AZAD%20KALAM%20AZAD%20TROPHY%20%286%29_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143059/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/MAULANA%20AZAD%20KALAM%20AZAD%20TROPHY%20%286%29_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RKPP">{{cite web|title=List of Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar (2009–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/RASHTRIYA%20KHEL%20PROTSAHAN%20PURUSKAR_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143059/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/RASHTRIYA%20KHEL%20PROTSAHAN%20PURUSKAR_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MAKAscheme">{{cite web|title=Inviting applications from Universities for award of MAKA Trophy for the year 2020|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Circular_Inviting%20MAKA%20Trophy%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Circular_Inviting%20MAKA%20Trophy%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AAscheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=22 September 2020|date=7 September 2018|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DAscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for Dronacharya Award For Outstanding Coaches In Sports And Games (Amended as on 3 February 2016)|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dronacharya%20Award%20for%20outstanding%20Coaches%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|date=3 February 2016|access-date=18 January 2017|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184719/http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dronacharya%20Award%20for%20outstanding%20Coaches%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MDCKRscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award|date=6 August 2021|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=https://yas.gov.in/sites/default/files/Major%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Khel%20Ratna%20Award%20scheme.pdf|access-date=1 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701000925/https://yas.gov.in/sites/default/files/Major%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Khel%20Ratna%20Award%20scheme.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="DCAscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports and Games (Amended as on 3 February 2016)|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Award%20for%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|date=3 February 2016|access-date=7 January 2017|page=11|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143101/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Award%20for%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RKPPscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar (Amended as on 12.2.2015)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Rashtriya%20Khel%20Protsahan%20Puruskar%20%28amended%20as%20on%2012.2.2015%29_2_1.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143102/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Rashtriya%20Khel%20Protsahan%20Puruskar%20%28amended%20as%20on%2012.2.2015%29_2_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Cash2020">{{cite web|title=Enhancement of cash amount of Sports Awards 2020|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=22 September 2020|date=27 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143104/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NSA2009">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=51164|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426052730/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=51164|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category|National Sports Awards}}
[https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0 Official Website]

{{National Sports Awards}}
{{Arjuna Award}}

[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

2017 Northern India riots

2025-11-25T05:20:17Z

KARTIK: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Riots in north india}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2017 Northern India riots
| side3 =
| partof =
| image = Saint Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Ji Insan (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh
| date = 25–26 August 2017<ref name="LM">{{cite news|title=Dera violence: Uneasy calm prevails in Haryana, Punjab|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/iLQLc7PLe2kl44eNrYnI4K/Dera-violence-Uneasy-calm-prevails-in-Haryana-Punjab.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[LiveMint]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
| place = [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]] and [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Rape conviction of [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]]
| goals =
| methods = [[Riot]]ing, [[arson]]
| status =
| result = Protest halted by the Government
| side1 = {{flagicon image}} [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]
| side2 = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|20px]] [[Government of India]]
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries = 300+
| fatalities = 41+<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-violence-chargesheet-against-honeypreet-14-others/articleshow/61838629.cms|title = Honeypreet: Dera violence: Chargesheet against Honeypreet, 14 others | India News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 November 2017 }}</ref>
| arrests = 524 (Haryana)<ref name="Reuters"/> 19 (Punjab)<ref name="IT"/> 3 (Delhi)<ref name="NDTV2"/>
| detentions = ~1,000<ref name="TIE"/>
| charged = Honeypreet Insan<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
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}}

On 25 August 2017, widespread '''rioting in northern India''' broke out after [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], the religious leader of [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] (DSS), was convicted of rape. The riots began in [[Panchkula]] and later spread to other parts of the [[north India|northern Indian]] states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]] and the capital, [[New Delhi]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Live updates: 28 dead, 250 injured as Dera chief conviction sets Haryana on fire|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/live-updates-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-convicted-in-rape-case/article19558757.ece|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> At least 41 people were killed, the majority of them in Panchkula, where 32 people were allegedly killed by police gunfire.<ref name="The Hindu2">{{cite news|title=Families torn apart in Haryana violence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/families-torn-apart-in-haryana-violence/article19571335.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=27 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 August 2017}} Quote: "Haryana DGP B.S. Sandhu said there were 38 casualties so far, out of which 32 died in Panchkula and six in Sirsa."</ref> More than 300 others were injured.<ref name="ToI2">{{cite news|title=Baba behind bars, followers run riot|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/baba-behind-bars-followers-run-riot/articleshow/60228213.cms|accessdate=26 August 2017|work=[[Times of India]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref>

==Background==
Beginning 23 August 2017, parts of Haryana, Punjab and [[Chandigarh capital region|Chandigarh]] were put under a security lockdown as 200,000 supporters of Ram Rahim amassed in Panchkula ahead of the verdict.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|title=Ram Rahim rape verdict – Live: 29 killed; dera says 'we have been wronged'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/gurmeet-ram-rahim-rape-verdict-live-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-to-appear-in-panchkula-court-punjab-haryana-on-high-alert/story-YO4q3FLriRRV8zpaL0ZfAO.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A heavy contingent of security was deployed for the verdict including 97 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) companies; 16 [[Rapid Action Force]] (RAF); 37 [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB); 12 [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) and 21 [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) companies. Another 10 companies were kept on standby.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/live-updates-gurmeet-ram-rahim-dera-sacha-sauda-panchkula-sirsa-1031287-2017-08-24|title=Ram Rahim guilty of rape: What happened through the day|date=25 August 2017|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

The authorities had suspended internet services for 48 hours and [[Section 144]] of the Indian penal code (prohibiting an assembly of more than four people) was imposed in [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]] (Ram Rahim's birth-village) in advance of the verdict announcement. Electricity was cut in a few residential areas in Panchkula as a precautionary measure.<ref name="India Today"/>

On 24 August 2017 Ahead of Verdict Sect Head [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan]] appealed to his Followers to maintain Peace. In a Video released Message he Appeal “I have always respected the law. Even though I am having a backache, still abiding by law, I will go to court.I had already asked to maintain peace and had forbidden to go to Panchkula. All Dera followers who have gone to Panchkula please return to their homes. I have to hear the verdict, I will myself go and hear the verdict. We all should respect the law and maintain peace."<ref name="Aaj Tak">{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/video/gurmeet-ram-rahim-video-message-520058-2017-08-25|title=बाबा राम रहीम ने वीडियो जारी कर की शांति की अपील
|date=25 August 2017|work=[[Aaj Tak]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="India Today News">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-panchkula-court-dera-sacha-sauda-sexual-exploitation-986867-2017-08-25|title=Exclusive video of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh appealing to supporters to maintain peace|date=25 August 2017|work=[[India Today]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tribune india">{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/leave-panchkula-go-home-says-dera-chief-in-video-message-to-followers-457281|title=Leave Panchkula, go home, says Dera chief;|date=25 August 2017|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu News">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-appeals-for-peace/article19559187.ece|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh appeals for peace|date=25 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref>

On 25 August 2017, around 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) court in [[Panchkula]], Haryana, delivered its verdict in a 2002 sexual assault case of two [[sadhvi]]s (nuns) of [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]. The court found [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], the Dera Sacha Sauda chief — known as "the guru of bling"<ref name="WP2">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/25/indias-guru-of-bling-convicted-of-rape/|title=India's 'guru of bling' is convicted of raping two followers. After the verdict, deadly violence breaks out.|last1=Swenson|first1=Kyle|date=25 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref>  — guilty of [[rape]]. The sentence was scheduled to be pronounced on 28 August 2017.<ref name="ToI"/><ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="India Today"/> He faced a minimum of seven years' imprisonment. Before the verdict, Ram Rahim appealed to his followers to remain calm, after having made the 250 km (156 mi) journey from the sect's headquarters in Sirsa to Panchkula in a 100-vehicle convoy.<ref name="FT"/>

Soon afterwards, Ram Rahim's '[[Z plus security status|Z+ security cover]]' was withdrawn.<ref name="HP">{{cite news|title=Death Toll In Haryana Violence Rises To 36, Thirteen Bodies Identified|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/27/death-toll-in-haryana-violence-rises-to-36-thirteen-bodies-identified_a_23186754/|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[Huffington Post]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He was one of only 36 people in India under that level of government-provided security cover.<ref name="TIME">{{cite magazine|last1=John|first1=Tara|title=What to Know About India's 'Guru of Bling' Whose Rape Conviction Sparked Riots|url=https://time.com/4915521/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-guru-convicted-rape/|access-date=31 August 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Ram Rahim was later taken into judicial custody<ref name="Guardian"/> and was reportedly moved to the Western Command Headquarters in [[Chandimandir Cantonment]].<ref name="India Today"/> Later, he was flown by helicopter to a jail in the nearby town of [[Rohtak]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jain|first1=Rishabh|title=Uneasy calm after 36 die in India riots over guru verdict|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/calm-returns-after-30-die-in-india-riots-over-guru-verdict/2017/08/25/cf068746-89fd-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826182807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/calm-returns-after-30-die-in-india-riots-over-guru-verdict/2017/08/25/cf068746-89fd-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref> After the verdict, Ram Rahim supporters were evicted from Panchkula and Chandigarh. Police and paramilitary forces used [[tear gas]] shelling in Sector 3, Panchkula, to control Dera supporters which led to clashes.<ref name="India Today"/>

==Violence==
Following the conviction, his supporters went on a rampage setting fire to vehicles, government buildings, petrol stations, firetrucks, media vans and railway stations.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name="AJ"/> Ram Rahim's followers took to streets brandishing sticks and throwing rocks upon hearing news of his conviction.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=Violent Protests in India Turn Deadly After Guru's Rape Conviction|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/world/asia/dealy-protests-indian-guru-rape-conviction.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/848535/in-photos-deaths-flames-and-violence-that-followed-ram-rahims-conviction-in-a-rape-case | title=In photos: Deaths, flames and violence that followed Ram Rahim's conviction in a rape case | date=25 August 2017 }}</ref>

According to an [[Indian Railways]] (IR) spokesman, two railway stations were burnt at [[Malout]] and [[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana]] in Punjab and two empty train coaches of [[Rewa - Anand Vihar Superfast Express|Rewa Express]] were set on fire in [[Delhi]]'s [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar station]].<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="DAWN">{{cite news|title=At least 28 dead in riots after Indian guru's rape conviction|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1353869/at-least-28-dead-in-riots-after-indian-gurus-rape-conviction|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> The arsonists also attempted to set fire to Dagru railway station.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-found-guilty-of-rape-cbi-court-ruling-comes-after-14-years/articleshow/60221119.cms|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim found guilty of rape, taken into judicial custody|last1=Sura|first1=Ajay|date=25 August 2017|work=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref> [[PTC News]] reporters were attacked and a video journalist went missing since the assault. The rioters attacked the [[NDTV]] channel's [[OB Van]] and injured an engineer.<ref name="NDTV2"/> An [[India Today]] TV crew was attacked and its cameraman injured in [[Sirsa]]. Its OB van was also attacked by rioters in Panchkula. An Income Tax Department's building<ref name="ToI" /> and two police vehicles were set on fire in [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]], Punjab. Twenty-eight vehicles were burnt in Panchkula, including some belonging to the government.<ref name="HP"/> A telephone exchange was torched by the protesters in [[Chananwal]] in Punjab's [[Barnala district]].<ref name="India Today" /> A ''[[sewa kendra]]'' was set ablaze near [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]].<ref name="ToI" /> A Vita milk plant and a power substation were damaged in Sirsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/in-sirsa-4-killed-6-hurt-in-police-firing/457419.html|title = In Sirsa, 4 killed, 6 hurt in police firing}}</ref>

According to [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Amarinder Singh]], 7 people from Punjab died in the clashes. He further stated that in Punjab, 52 minor incidents took place barring the incident when a railway station was burnt.<ref name="Firstpost">{{cite news|title=Ram Rahim Singh rape case hearing highlights: Curfew may be imposed in Sirsa, army ready to 'give support'|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-rape-case-hearing-live-dera-sacha-sauda-curfew-like-restrictions-in-panchkula-chandigarh-as-dera-chief-says-he-will-appear-in-court-3968589.html#live-blog-20170826163002|accessdate=26 August 2017|work=Firstpost|date=26 August 2017}}</ref> At least 32 people were killed in Panchkula and six others were killed in Sirsa in India's northern Haryana state.<ref name="The Hindu2"/> More than 300 people were injured in the violence after police and paramilitary forces fired on charged mobs.<ref name="ToI2" /><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=Twenty-eight dead as violence erupts among devotees of India's 'guru of bling' following rape conviction|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/25/indian-guru-convicted-rape-amid-fears-violent-reaction-thousands/|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Police fired tear gas, [[water cannon]]s and [[live ammunition]] while trying to disperse the mobs in Panchkula and near DSS [[ashram]] in [[Sirsa]].<ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f04b77c-896f-11e7-bf50-e1c239b45787|title=Violence erupts in India after guru is convicted of rape|date=25 August 2017|work=[[The Financial Times]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref>

By 7:00 pm (local time), the violence subsided in Panchkula.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gurmeet-ram-rahims-100-car-convoy-heads-to-court-ahead-of-verdict-10-points-1741807|title=Ram Rahim Guilty Of Rape, 30 Reported Dead As Sect Erupts: 10 Facts|last1=Singh|first1=Amitoj|date=25 August 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref> According to Haryana's Director General of Police, some 10,000 followers of Ram Rahim remained holed up in the DSS headquarters, where security forces were kept on "standby".<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|last1=McNaughton|first1=Cathal|title=India detains hundreds, cancels more than 300 trains after deadly 'godman' protests|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-godman-idUSKCN1B6076|accessdate=26 August 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref>

==Response==
[[Curfew]]s were imposed in several areas of [[Chandigarh]] city and across the state of Punjab.<ref name="BBC"/> A number of towns were placed under curfew including; Panchkula, Sirsa, [[Kaithal]], [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]] and Malout.<ref name="ToI"/> The border between the states of Haryana and Punjab was sealed.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=India guru rape case: 12 die in unrest as Ram Rahim Singh convicted|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41049705|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> By around 9:55 pm (local time), curfew had been imposed in 8 districts of Punjab namely — [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]], [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]], [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]], [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]], [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]], [[Patiala district|Patiala]], [[Barnala district|Barnala]] and [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]].<ref name="The Hindu"/>

The [[Indian army|Indian Army]] was called in and about 600 soldiers were deployed in the city of Panchkula to help restore order.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/25/fears-unrest-indian-guru-convicted-rape-ram-rahim-singh-panchkula|title=Ram Rahim Singh: deadly clashes follow Indian guru's rape conviction|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|date=25 August 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="FT"/> According to the Indian Army sources, six [[Column (formation)|columns]] of soldiers were deployed in Panchkula and two columns in Sirsa in Haryana. While, one column of army personnel was deployed in Punjab's Mansa and another column in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]].<ref name="The Hindu"/>

[[Section 144]] was imposed in parts of Delhi,<ref name="FT"/> and in cities of [[Shamli]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Baghpat]], [[Noida]] and [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]].<ref name="NDTV2"/> By around 8:00 pm (local time), Section 144 was also imposed in [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]] and [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]] districts of northern [[Rajasthan]]. Until 10:00 pm (local time), Section 144 had been imposed in 9 districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] — [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], Noida, [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]], [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]] and [[Hapur district|Hapur]].<ref name="The Hindu"/> It was also imposed in eleven districts of [[Delhi]] including in [[New Delhi]] till 8 September 2017 and in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Nainital district]].<ref name="NDTV2"/>

Following the violence in Panchkula, almost 250 trains to [[Rohtak Junction railway station|Rohtak Junction]] were cancelled.<ref name="TIE">{{cite news|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh conviction live updates: Death toll rises to 28, railways cancel all trains to Rohtak|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/dera-sacha-sauda-guru-ram-rahim-rape-case-verdict-live-updates-panchkula-sirsa-haryana-punjab-4812524/|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Mobile internet and data services remained suspended in Haryana, Punjab and Chandigarh for the next 72 hours.<ref name="HT"/> The deputy commissioner in Panchkula requested the district [[Red Cross Society]] to send in their trained volunteers.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|title=Deadly clashes break out in India after controversial guru found guilty of rape|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/25/asia/guru-rape-charge-india/index.html|access-date=26 August 2017|work=[[CNN]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> All [[Delhi Metro]] stations were kept on alert. The Delhi Petrol Pump Association announced closure of at least 12 fuel stations near the Haryana border in Delhi as a preemptive measure. [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) suspended its bus services to the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) due to incidents of arson. The [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service was suspended as well. The Magistrate of Bagpat district directed all schools in the region to remain closed on 26 August.<ref name="NDTV2"/>

==Aftermath==
On 26 August 2017, the Kurukshetra Police sealed the nine ''Naam Charcha Ghar''s (congregation centres) of the Dera Sacha Sauda in the [[Kurukshetra district]] and recovered 2,500 [[Lathi (stick)|lathis]], rods, long staves, some sharp-[[edged weapon]]s and 2.5 litres (0.55 imp gal; 0.66 US gal) of [[kerosene]] during the search operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurukshetra: 9 Dera centres sealed; 2,500 lathis recovered|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kurukshetra-9-dera-centres-sealed-2500-lathis-recovered/articleshow/60231776.cms|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[India Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-rahim-singh-rape-case-verdict-in-ram-rahims-cavalcade-a-fire-engine-carrying-petrol-investigatio-1742743 | title=In Ram Rahim's Cavalcade, A Fire Engine Carrying Petrol? Investigations on }}</ref>

Three people were arrested in connection with arson in Delhi.<ref name="NDTV2">{{cite news|last1=Priya|first1=Bhanu|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Case Live: 9 Cases Of Arson In Delhi As Violence Spreads After Dera Chief Verdict|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-ahead-of-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singhs-rape-verdict-security-lockdown-in-panchkula-sirsa-1741759|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> According to the [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of Punjab 19 rioters had been arrested including Gurdev Singh, a state-level office bearer of Dera Sacha Sauda.<ref name="IT"/> According to a Haryana administrator, more than 500 people had been arrested.<ref name="Reuters"/> According to a [[Haryana Police]] (HP) official, more than 1,000 of the guru's supporters had been detained in Panchkula on charges of arson and destruction of public property.<ref name="AJ">{{cite news|title=Ram Rahim Singh's supporters riot after rape conviction|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/ram-rahim-singh-supporters-riot-rape-conviction-170825114911486.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref> After the rioting spread, a court ordered the seizure of the DSS ashram and other properties in compensation for the widespread destruction of public and private property.<ref name="FT"/>

According to Haryana's [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], D. S. Dhesi, Haryana Police registered two sedition cases when "one [[AK-47]], one [[Mauser]], five pistols and two rifles" were recovered from two vehicles that were part of the convoy accompanying Ram Rahim.<ref>{{cite news|title=AK-47, pistols recovered; sedition cases against Dera followers|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ak-47-pistols-recovered-sedition-cases-against-dera-followers/articleshow/60234264.cms|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[India Times]]|agency=IANS|date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829083201/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ak-47-pistols-recovered-sedition-cases-against-dera-followers/articleshow/60234264.cms|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the Haryana Advocate General, twenty-four vehicles were seized and ten [[petrol bomb]]s were also recovered. A special hearing was held in the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] for monitoring the law and order situation in the region and other related issues following the riots.<ref name="IT">{{cite news|title=32 died in violence after conviction of Dera chief: Haryana government|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/toll-climbs-to-31-situation-tense-in-haryana-union-home-ministry/articleshow/60230585.cms|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[India Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref>

According to Secretary Dhesi, all the 36 people killed on 25 August were Dera Sacha Sauda followers, who were killed by police gunfire and stampedes.<ref name="TI">{{cite news|title=AK 47s, pistols... firearms haul tied to Dera|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170827/jsp/nation/story_169362.jsp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170827054247/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170827/jsp/nation/story_169362.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017|work=[[Telegraph India]]|date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Some lawyers objected to use of lethal [[bullet]]s by police and filed a petition to request use of [[pellet (air gun)|pellets]] to disperse the protesting mobs. But the High Court bench rejected the plea because mobs armed with petrol bombs and other weapons had created a war-like situation.<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite news|title=HC: If indulging in nonsense, have to be shot|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hc-if-indulging-in-nonsense-have-to-be-shot/458520.html|accessdate=30 August 2017|work=[[Tribune India]]|date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Panchkula war-like situation had to be dealt with like that: HC|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/panchkula-war-like-situation-had-to-be-dealt-with-like-that-hc/articleshow/60284806.cms|accessdate=30 August 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

Police seized firearms from the DSS including a semi-automatic shotgun, one [[Mauser C96]] carbine, some [[M1 Garand]] rifles, an [[M1 Carbine]], various pistols, revolvers and some modified guns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/semi-automatic-military-weapons-made-in-the-us-germany-seized-from-ram-rahim-s-dera/story-xxhiHXorLh5JY3wUvfDISN.html|title=Semi-automatic military weapons made in the US, Germany seized from Ram Rahim's dera|date=6 September 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/33-licenced-weapons-of-dera-followers-handed-over-to-police/articleshow/60368948.cms|title=33 licenced weapons of dera followers handed over to police|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 September 2017}}</ref> A [[Dera Sacha Sauda|DSS]] owned [[Tata Motors]] fire truck which was escorting the convoy was impounded by the [[Haryana Police]]. The police suggested that the fire truck was carrying petrol. [[Narcotics]] were also seized from the convoy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-rahim-singh-rape-case-verdict-in-ram-rahims-cavalcade-a-fire-engine-carrying-petrol-investigatio-1742743|title=In Ram Rahim's Cavalcade, A Fire Engine Carrying Petrol? Investigations On|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> 29 vehicles, mostly luxury SUVs, were also impounded from the Dera convoy by Panchkula Police.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/29-suvs-of-dera-convoy-impounded-20-held-458530 | title=29 SUVs of dera convoy impounded, 20 held }}</ref>

A [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) was formed on August 27, 2017 to investigate the petrol in the fire truck's compartments. The team Haryana Police [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] A. S. Chawla confirmed that no flammable material was found in the fire truck by the crime unit and fire department.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-panchkula-violence-haryana-sit-formed-to-examine-fire-tender-part-of-dera-heads-cavalcade-4816479/ | title=SIT formed to examine fire tender part of Dera head's cavalcade | date=27 August 2017 }}</ref>

Police recovered 85 cartons of explosives that were used to make fireworks during a raid on an illegal fireworks factory owned by the DSS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-day-2-of-raids-illegal-explosive-factory-found-inside-dera-campus-1748042|title=In Ram Rahim Base, Tunnel To Women's Hostel, Explosives Factory: 10 Facts|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

There has not been a single conviction in 14 of the 152 cases of rioting that have been decided so far.<ref>{{cite news|title=Panchkula riots Haryana has a lot to answer for not even a single conviction|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/editorials/panchkula-riots-424970|accessdate=25 August 2022|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panchkula violence case verdict: Embarrassment for Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar; court acquits 6 accused|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/panchkula-violence-case-verdict-haryana-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-court-acquits-all-accused-dera-sacha-sauda-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-honeypreet-kaur/261866|work=[[Times Now News]]|date=30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar admits there were lapses in handling Dera situation|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-admits-there-were-lapses-in-handling-dera-situation/articleshow/60226072.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[post mortem]] done on the deceased had confirmed that they all had bullet injuries. These people were shot either in the head, in the chest or in the back. On 6 September 2017 [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) directed the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (Haryana), the commissioner of police and the [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Panchkula) to take appropriate action but NHRC closed the case in 2021 because the case was before the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. Followers of [[ Dera Sacha Sauda|DSS]] had filed a petition in the Punjab and Haryana high court in March 2018 in which they had claimed that actual death toll was much higher. However, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) on 29 March 2022 submitted data on complaints of police firing taken up by the NHRC in the year 2017 but made no mention of the deaths in Panchkula.<ref>{{cite news|title=We just wanted to see Pitaji': In Panchkula hospital, many say they never anticipated the violence|url=https://scroll.in/article/848628/we-just-wanted-to-see-pitaji-in-panchkula-hospital-many-say-they-never-anticipated-the-violence|work=[[scroll.in]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Not 36 but 200 people died in Panchkula violence, claim Dera followers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/not-36-but-200-people-died-in-panchkula-violence-claim-dera-followers-1196196-2018-03-23|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MHA Reply on Police Firing Cases With NHRC Omits Killing of 32 People in Panchkula|url=https://thewire.in/rights/home-ministry-police-firing-nhrc-panchkula-killings|work=TheWire.In|date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Report on Panchkula riot says 1000 rounds were fired on Dera followers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/01/report-on-panchkula-riot-says-1000-rounds-were-fired-on-dera-followers-1651310.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=View: Haryana cops killed 36 people in a day, yet there's no outrage|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/view-haryana-cops-killed-36-people-in-a-day-yet-theres-no-outrage/articleshow/60814821.cms|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 September 2017}}</ref>

==Reaction==
The [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]] tweeted, "Violence and damage to public property after court verdict is highly condemnable; appeal to all citizens to maintain peace".<ref name="HT"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/rashtrapatibhvn/status/901075721522565121|title=Violence and damage to public property after court verdict is highly condemnable; appeal to all citizens to maintain peace #PresidentKovind|last=India|first=President of|date=2017-08-25|website=@rashtrapatibhvn|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] condemned the violence and urged "everyone to maintain peace".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/901101429800091650 |title=The instances of violence today are deeply distressing. I strongly condemn the violence & urge everyone to maintain peace. |last=Modi|first=Narendra|date=2017-08-25|website=@narendramodi|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref> While reviewing the situation with the National Security Advisor and the Home Secretary, he asked officials to "work round the clock to restore normalcy and provide all possible assistance that is required".<ref>{{cite news|title='Deeply distressing': Modi comments on violence following Ram Rahim conviction |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-condemns-violence-in-haryana-punjab-following-ram-rahim-conviction/story-sYMgHQEh9MXKnQIFAhesvM.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

[[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] admitted that there were lapses but asserted appropriate action was being taken.<ref name="The Hindu"/> According to [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Amarinder Singh]], the fault in this mayhem lay with allowing people to gather, adding that "this sort of reaction was anticipated".<ref name="Firstpost"/>

The following month after the riots, [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]] (ABAP), an umbrella organisation of 13 recognised [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Akhara|akharas]] (monastic orders), denounced Ram Rahim Singh as a fake baba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vhp-to-raise-issue-of-fake-babas-at-karnataka-conclave-in-november/story-4Q57uCJp7ilpQ1cjLhc0fL.html|title = VHP to raise issue of 'fake babas' at Karnataka conclave in November|date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of massacres in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Riots in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haryana riots}}
[[Category:2017 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2017 riots]]
[[Category:August 2017 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:August 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Dera Sacha Sauda]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]

Goli, Andhra Pradesh

2025-11-23T18:16:53Z

KARTIK: adding first info w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|35|21|N|79|31|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| area_footnotes =<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=10 April 2023|pages=201, 212|format=PDF| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150825164001/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|archivedate = 25 August 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 27.59
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =<ref name=census/>
| population_total = 5726
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 589831<ref name=census/>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Goli''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is situated on the right bank of the river Goleru, which joins the [[Krishna River]] two miles to the north. It is located in [[Rentachintala]] mandal of [[Palnadu district]] in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is situated 5 km away from sub-district headquarters Rentachintala (tehsildar office) and 120 km away from Guntur.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Goli/Village|title=Goli | Village | GeoIQ|website=geoiq.io}}{{dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> It is 49.7 km downstream of [[Nagarjunakonda]] (by road) and 113 km upstream of [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]].<ref name="Mapping">{{cite web |url=http://monastic-asia.wikidot.com/goli |title=Goli monastery, (near) Rentachintala, Andhra Pradesh, IN |author= |date= |work=Mapping Buddhist Monasteries|publisher= |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325050058/http://monastic-asia.wikidot.com/goli |archive-date=25 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per 2009 statistics, [[Jettipalem]] is the Gram Panchayat of Goli village.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The total geographical area of the village is 2759 hectares. As per the 2011 census, Goli has a total population of 5,726 people, out of which male population is 2,890 while female population is 2,836. The literacy rate of Goli village is 39.94% out of which 48.44% males and 31.28% females are literate. There are about 1,484 houses in Goli village.<ref name=census/>

[[Macherla]] is the nearest town to Goli for all major economic activities, which is approximately 18 km away.

== Goli archeological excavation ==

{{main|Goli archeological excavation}}

Goli was the site of [[Goli archeological excavation|archaeological excavation]] in 1926 by [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil|Gabriel Joveau-Dubreuil]]. The remains of a [[stupa]] were found, clad in [[Palnadu limestone]] panels.<ref name="Ramachandran">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T.N. |title=Buddhist sculptures from a stupa near Goli village, Guntur district |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/24185.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017070353/https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/24185.pdf |archivedate=17 October 2022 |format=PDF |accessdate=10 April 2023 |type= |edition= |series=Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, New Series, General section |volume=1, Part 1 |year=1929 |publisher=Madras Government Museum |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Scenes from the [[Jataka tales]] and the [[Buddha]]'s life are prominent themes. The archeological evidence of a [[Vihāra]] consisted of two carved pillars and a votive stupa, which may have been part of a monastic establishment.<ref name="Mapping"/>
A solitary seven-hooded [[Mucalinda]] panel has been enshrined ''in situ'' in the village as [[Nagamayyā]].<ref name="Ramachandran"/> It is non-figural, i.e. [[Buddha]] is represented as a [[stupa]], not an image.

[[File:2.-Naga-Image-goli-stupa-223x300.jpg|thumb|7-hooded Mucalinda panel from the Goli stupa, worshipped as Nagamayya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]

Kurush Dalal

2025-11-21T19:01:31Z

KARTIK: Started some pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist and culinary anthropologist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kurush F. Dalal
| education = [[Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], [[Pune University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Archaeologist|historian|culinary anthropologist}}
| title = Director of School of Archaeology of INSTUCEN (India Study Center) Trust
}}
'''Kurush Dalal''' is an Indian archaeologist, historian and culinary anthropologist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=From hunter-gatherers to Bengal famine of 1943, archaeologist Dr Kurush Dalal explores political history of food |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kurush-dalal-political-history-of-food-8566528/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-23 |title=Archaeologist-caterer Kurush Dalal dissects evolution of modern foods |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/archaeologist-caterer-kurush-dalal-dissects-evolution-of-modern-foods-16476195 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=I go to a new restaurant after 3 months, I wait for the hype to die: Historian, culinary anthropologist Kurush F Dalal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/restaurant-kurush-dalal-historian-culinary-anthropologist-interview-9167981/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=Buried in books: What you should know about Kurush Dalal beyond archaeology and food |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/buried-in-books-what-you-should-know-about-kurush-dalal-beyond-archaeology-and-food-23245160 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose, DHNS |first=Mrityunjay |title=Is the quintessential Mumbai street food Vada Pav a truly Indian food? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/is-the-quintessential-mumbai-street-food-vada-pav-a-truly-indian-food-1209630.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Dalal has a [[Ph.D.]] in ''Early Iron Age in [[Rajasthan]]'' from [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], [[Pune University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Kanungo |first1=Alok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGxAEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections |last2=Dussubieux |first2=Laure |date=2021-08-31 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-3656-1 |language=en}}</ref> He was a faculty at [[University of Mumbai]], and led the ''Salsette Explorations Project'' that documented the archaeology of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-17 |title=After Salsette Project, Archaeologists demand 'Museum of History of Bombay' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/after-salsette-project-archaeologists-demand-museum-of-history-of-bombay-4846991/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |date=2017-08-21 |title=In Mumbai's nooks and crannies, reseachers [sic] are uncovering 1,000-year-old fragments of history |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/847711/in-mumbais-nooks-and-crannies-reseachers-are-uncovering-1000-year-old-fragments-of-history |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Dalal is the Director of ''School of Archaeology of INSTUCEN (India Study Center) Trust'' in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Do you know about these new discoveries from the old world? |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/do-you-know-about-these-key-new-discoveries-from-the-old-world-111633697366224.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malu |first=Preksha |date=2021-06-08 |title=Mumbai's History Began Earlier Than Popularly Believed Say City-Based Relic Hunters |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/mumbai-s-history-began-earlier-than-popularly-believed-say-city-based-relic-hunters |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose, DHNS |first=Mrityunjay |title=Workshop on 100 years of Indus Valley Civilisation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/workshop-on-100-years-of-indus-valley-civilisation-896083.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Dalal combines his knowledge of archaeology and history with his passion for cooking to research foods.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-26 |title=Head to this conference on food and history for a unique twist of taste |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/Head-to-this-conference-on-food-and-history-for-a-unique-twist-of-taste-19360182 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |date=2024-08-31 |title=India is losing the taste for toddy |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1072638/india-is-losing-the-taste-for-toddy |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He has helped popularize these fields by organizing various projects and workshops.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vasanthan |first=Sobhika |date=2024-05-29 |title=A Three-Day Workshop In Alibaug Will Explore The Political & Cultural Influence Of Food |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/a-3-day-workshop-in-alibaug-will-explore-the-political-cultural-influence-of-food |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dishes and digs |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9xiKeZoeapa8iAvV1UmvdJ/Dishes-and-digs.html |website=Mint}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalal, Kurush}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]

Karambir Singh

2025-10-22T11:51:39Z

KARTIK: enhance page additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Retired Indian navy admiral}}
{{For|the politician|Karambir Singh Ghuman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]'''
| name = Karambir Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]] [[AVSM]] [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Admiral Karambir Singh, PVSM, AVSM, ADC.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2019
| office = 24th [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| term_start = 31 May 2019
| term_end = 30 November 2021<ref name="cns-new"/>
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Lanba]]
| successor = [[R. Hari Kumar]]
| office1 = 33rd [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| term_start1 = 31 May 2016
| term_end1 = 30 October 2017
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Parasurama Naidu Murugesan]]
| successor1 = [[Ajit Kumar P]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|11|03}}<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/karambir-singh-to-be-next-chief-of-naval-staff/articleshow/68535047.cms?from=mdr|title=Karambir Singh to be Next Chief of Naval Staff|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] ([[BTech]]) [[Defence Services Staff College]] ([[MSc]])
| nickname = "KB"
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = June 1980 - November 2021
| rank = [[File:IN Admiral Shoulder curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 02151-N
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist |
* [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Eastern Naval Command]]
* Naval Air Station, Mumbai
* [[INS Delhi (D61)|INS ''Delhi'']]
* [[INS Rana (D52)|INS ''Rana'']]
* [[INS Vijaydurg (K71)|INS ''Vijaydurg'']]
* [[Jija Bai-class patrol vessel|ICGS ''Chand Bibi'']]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
}}
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]''' '''Karambir Singh''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] (born 3 November 1959), is a former flag officer of [[Indian Navy]], who served as the 24th [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS). The "Grey Eagle" (senior-most serving naval aviator)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh, AVSM, assumed charge as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-avsmassumed-charge-deputy-chief-naval-staff |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> of the Navy, he replaced Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] as the CNS after his retirement on 31 May 2019.<ref name="dcns">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-avsmassumed-charge-deputy-chief-naval-staff|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh Assumed Charge as the Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|access-date=23 March 2019|author=PIB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Admiral Karambir Singh Sworn In As Chief Of Naval Staff |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-admiral-karambir-singh-sworn-in-as-chief-of-naval-staff/331275 |work=Outlook |date=31 May 2019}}</ref> Prior to his appointment, Admiral Singh served as the [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] and Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Naval Command]].

== Early life and education ==
Born on 3 November 1959 in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Admiral Singh is a second generation military officer.<ref name="ET" /> He attended the [[Barnes School]] in [[Deolali]], before joining the 56th course of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], where he was in the Hunter Squadron.<ref name="news18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-to-be-next-chief-of-naval-staff-2075551.html|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh to be Next Chief of Naval Staff|access-date=23 March 2019|author=news18.com|date=23 March 2019}}</ref> He is an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] and the [[College of Naval Warfare]], Mumbai.<ref name="ENC">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=173096|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh takes over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, ENC|website=pib.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26|author=PIB}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:CDS General Bipin Rawat with COAS General Manoj Mukund Naravane, CNS Admiral Karambir Singh and CAS Air Chief Marshal R.K.S. Bhadauria after the ceremonial Guard of Honour, in New Delhi on January 01, 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|CDS]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] with [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] Karambir Singh and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|CAS]] [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[R. K. S. Bhadauria|R.K.S. Bhadauria]] after the ceremonial Guard of Honour, in [[New Delhi]] on January 1, 2020]]
[[File:Admiral Sunil Lanba the Chief of the Naval Staff being received by Vice Adm Karambir Singh FOC-in-Chief ENC.jpg|thumb|Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] the Chief of the Naval Staff being received by Vice Adm. Karambir Singh FOC-in-Chief ENC]]
[[File:Indian Navy Vice Admiral Karambir Singh visits INS Sahyadri off the coast of Hawaii (2).jpg|thumb|Indian Navy Vice Admiral Karambir Singh visits [[INS Sahyadri]] off the coast of Hawaii]]
He was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] in July 1980 and earned his wings as a helicopter pilot in 1982. He has extensive experience with the [[HAL Chetak]], [[Kamov Ka-25]] and [[Kamov Ka-27|Kamov Ka-28]] helicopters.<ref name="dcns" />

Singh has commanded the [[Jija Bai-class patrol vessel]] of the [[Indian Coast Guard]] ICGS ''Chand Bibi'' and the [[lead ship]] of [[Durg-class corvette|her-class]] of corvettes {{ship|INS|Vijaydurg|K71}} and the [[Rajput-class destroyer|Rajput-class]] [[guided missile destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Rana|D52}}. He was in command of the ''Rana'' during the [[President's fleet review|Review of the Fleet]] by the [[President of India]] [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2005. During the review, ''Rana'' served as the [[flag ship]] of the [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sanjeev Bhasin]]. He subsequently commanded the lead ship of [[Delhi-class destroyer|her-class]] of guided missile destroyers, {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61}}.

In his staff appointments, he served as the Fleet Operations Officer of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] and served at Naval Headquarters as the Joint Director Naval Air Staff. He also served as the Captain Air and Officer-in-Charge of the Naval Air Station at Mumbai. He was also a member of the Aircrew Instrument Rating and Categorisation Board (AIRCATS).<ref name="VCNS">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-avsm-assumes-charge-vice-chief-naval-staff|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh, AVSM assumes charge as Vice Chief of Naval Staff|date=31 May 2016|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=8 June 2016|author=Indian Navy}}</ref><ref name="ENC" />

===Flag rank===
On promotion to flag rank, Singh was appointed the Chief of Staff, [[Eastern Naval Command]]. His other important flag appointments include Chief of Staff of the Tri-Services Unified Command at Andaman & Nicobar Islands and as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area|Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra and Gujarat Naval Area]] (FOMAG).<ref name="ENC" /> As the [[Director General Project Seabird]], he stewarded the development of the Navy's new base at Karwar. He went on serve as the [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]], following which he was appointed as Vice Chief of Naval Staff.<ref name="VCNS" />

He assumed office of the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] on 31 October 2017, succeeding Vice Admiral [[Harish Bisht]].<ref name="ENC" /> In a career spanning close to 39 years, he has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|Param Vishist Seva Medal]] and the [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]].<ref name="pvsm">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1517875|website=www.pib.nic.in|title=390 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26|author=PIB}}</ref>

On 23 March 2019, the [[Government of India]] named him the [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]], superseding [[Vice Admiral]] [[Bimal Verma]]. He is the first helicopter pilot to have served as Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy.<ref name="theprint">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-is-new-navy-chief-supersedes-vice-admiral-bimal-verma/210645/|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh is new Navy Chief|author=Snehesh Alex Philip|website=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="theWeek">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/23/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-is-new-chief-of-naval-staff.html|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh is new Chief of Naval Staff|author=Pradip R Sagar|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

He superannuated on 30 November 2021, and was succeeded as Chief of Naval Staff by [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]].<ref name="cns-new">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1770412|title=Vice Admiral R Hari Kumar to be the next Chief of the Naval Staff|publisher=PIB|date=2021-11-09}}</ref>

=== Bilateral visits as CNS ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Date
!Purpose
!Reference
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|rowspan="2"|2–6 September 2019
| rowspan="2"|Bilateral discussions and pacific strategic dialogue.
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1583745|title=Visit of the Chief of the Naval Staff to Australia and New Zealand 02 to 06 September 2019|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|21–24 September 2019
|Consolidate and enhance the bilateral maritime relations between India and Bangladesh, with a focus on the Bay of Bengal.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1585737|title=Visit of Admiral Karambir Singh Chief of the Naval Staff to Bangladesh (21 to 24 Sep 19)|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|19–22 December 2019
|To enhance the bilateral maritime relations in the Indian Ocean Region.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1596881|title=Visit of Admiral Karambir Singh, Chief of the Naval Staff to Sri Lanka (19 to 22 Dec 19)|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>

|}

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|COLSPAN=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IN Pilot.png|width=150}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|COLSPAN=4|[[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Specialisation Badges|Pilot badge]]
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|Param Vishist Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

Singh was conferred with the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star of [[Japan]] on 29 April 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/11_000001_00972.html|title=2023 Spring Conferment of Decorations (English)|date=2023-04-29|access-date=2023-06-06|website=www.in.emb-japan.go.jp}}</ref> as a part of the 2023 Spring Conferment of Decorations. He was conferred the order in recognition of his contributions to strengthening the relationship between Japan and India on national defense.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Major general (India)|Major General]] N. P. Padhi}}
{{s-ttl | title = Chief of Staff, [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] | years = 2011 - 2012}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sudhir Pillai }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Bimal Verma]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area|Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra and Gujarat Naval Area]] | years = 2012 - 2013}}
{{s-aft | after = [[G Ashok Kumar|G. Ashok Kumar]] }}
{{s-bef | before = C. S. Murthy}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Director General Project Seabird]] | years = 2013 - 2015}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Murlidhar Sadashiv Pawar]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Rama Kant Pattanaik]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Naval Staff]] | years = 2015 - 2016}}
{{s-aft | after = [[G Ashok Kumar|G. Ashok Kumar]] }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Parasurama Naidu Murugesan]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]] | years = 31 May 2016 – 30 October 2017}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ajit Kumar (naval officer)|Ajit Kumar]] }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Harish Bisht]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] | years = 31 October 2017 – 30 May 2019}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Atul Kumar Jain]] }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Sunil Lanba]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] | years = 31 May 2019 - 30 November 2021}}
{{s-aft | after = [[R. Hari Kumar]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of the Naval Staff (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Karambir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Indian naval aviators]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Directors General Project Seabird]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Naval War College, Goa]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]

Geology of Himachal Pradesh

2025-10-08T16:09:20Z

KARTIK: adding some info first draft!

[[File:Himachal Pradesh location.png|thumb|Fig.1 White line indicates the location of Himachal Pradesh. Figure made with GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.org) / CC BY / CC BY (Ryan et al., 2009).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=William B. F.|last2=Carbotte|first2=Suzanne M.|author-link2=Suzanne Carbotte|last3=Coplan|first3=Justin O.|last4=O'Hara|first4=Suzanne|last5=Melkonian|first5=Andrew|last6=Arko|first6=Robert|last7=Weissel|first7=Rose Anne|last8=Ferrini|first8=Vicki|last9=Goodwillie|first9=Andrew|last10=Nitsche|first10=Frank|last11=Bonczkowski|first11=Juliet|date=March 2009|title=Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|volume=10|issue=3|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2008gc002332|bibcode=2009GGG....10.3014R|issn=1525-2027|doi-access=free}}</ref>|alt=|346x346px]]

The '''geology of Himachal Pradesh''' is dominated by Precambrian rocks that were assembled and deformed during the India-Asia collision and the subsequent [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[orogeny]]. The Northern Indian State [[Himachal Pradesh]] is located in the Western Himalaya (Fig. 1). It has a rugged terrain, with elevation ranging from 320m to 6975m.<ref name=":1" /> Rock materials in the region are largely from the Indian [[craton]],<ref name=":0" /> and their ages range from the [[Proterozoic|Paleoproterozoic]] to the present day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Yin|first=An|date=2006-05-01|title=Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825205000565|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=76|issue=1|pages=1–131|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004|bibcode=2006ESRv...76....1Y|issn=0012-8252|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the Indian craton collided with Asia 50-60 million years ago (Ma).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hodges|first=K. V.|date=2000-03-01|title=Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/112/3/324/183584/Tectonics-of-the-Himalaya-and-southern-Tibet-from|journal=GSA Bulletin|language=en|volume=112|issue=3|pages=324–350|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2000GSAB..112..324H|issn=0016-7606|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=F.-Y.|last2=Ji|first2=W.-Q.|last3=Wang|first3=J.-G.|last4=Liu|first4=C.-Z.|last5=Chung|first5=S.-L.|last6=Clift|first6=P. D.|date=2014-02-01|title=Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the onset time of India-Asia collision|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=314|issue=2|pages=548–579|doi=10.2475/02.2014.04|bibcode=2014AmJS..314..548W|s2cid=130337662|issn=0002-9599|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Colleps|first1=C.L.|last2=McKenzie|first2=N.R.|last3=Horton|first3=B.K.|last4=Webb|first4=A.A.G.|last5=Ng|first5=Y.W.|last6=Singh|first6=B.P.|date=March 2020|title=Sediment provenance of pre- and post-collisional Cretaceous–Paleogene strata from the frontal Himalaya of northwest India|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=534|article-number=116079|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079|bibcode=2020E&PSL.53416079C|s2cid=213962032|issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Rock sequences were thrust and folded immensely during the collision.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=A. Alexander G.|last2=Yin|first2=An|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Célérier|first4=Julien|last5=Gehrels|first5=George E.|last6=Manning|first6=Craig E.|last7=Grove|first7=Marty|date=2011-08-01|title=Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India) and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen|journal=Geosphere|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=1013–1061|doi=10.1130/GES00627.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> The area has also been shaped by focused [[Precipitation types|orographic precipitation]], [[Glacier|glaciation]] and rapid [[erosion]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=THIEDE|first=R|date=May 2004|title=Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0|issn=0012-821X}}</ref><ref name=":14" />

{| class="infobox" style="width: auto; border:1px solid #ADD8E6;" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
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| style="text-align: center; border-top:1px solid #ADD8E6; background:white"| {{flatlist|1=
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*[[Tectonics]]
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== Major tectonic units ==
The elevation of Himachal Pradesh increases from SW to NE,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Geological Survey of India|title=Geology and mineral resources of the states of India-Geology and mineral resources of Himachal Pradesh|publisher=Geological Survey of India|year=2012|oclc=314568706}}</ref> and the orogenic materials making up this area also vary in the same direction. There are 5 major [[Tectonics|tectonic]] units in the form of fault-bounded NW-SE trending belts (Fig. 2).<ref name=":0" /> From SW to NE they are named the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Sub-Himalayan Sequence, Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex and Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (Fig. 2, 3).<ref name=":1"/>

The Indo-Gangetic Plain represents a recent, active [[foreland basin]] which comprises [[Alluvium|alluvial]] [[sediment]]s derived from the Himalaya.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last1=Jain |first1=A.K. |last2=Banerjee |first2=D.M. |last3=Kale |first3=Vivek S. |title=Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeTbDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-42845-7}}</ref> The Sub-Himalayan Sequence mainly represents sediments deposited in the foreland basin during [[Miocene]] time. The Lesser Himalayan Sequence is a unit emplaced before the mountain-building processes.<ref name=":0" /> The Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex represents a high-grade unit moved towards SW from the [[hinterland (Geology)|hinterland]]. The Tethyan Himalayan Sequence represents strata deposited in the former passive margin in the Northern edge of Indian plate.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Aikman|first1=Amos B.|last2=Harrison|first2=T. Mark|last3=Lin|first3=Ding|date=September 2008|title=Evidence for Early (>44 Ma) Himalayan Crustal Thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=274|issue=1–2|pages=14–23|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.038|bibcode=2008E&PSL.274...14A|issn=0012-821X}}</ref><ref name=":9" />
[[File:Geological Map of Himachal Pradesh 1217.png|center|thumb|797x797px|Fig. 2 Simplified geological map of Himachal Pradesh (Modified from Webb, 2013)<ref name=":4" />]]
[[File:Cross section himachal 1216.png|center|thumb|813x813px|Fig. 3 Cross section of Himachal Pradesh (modified from Webb, 2013)<ref name=":4" /> Tectonic units in the region are arranged generally in the NE-SW direction. Large scale folds and faults are present.]]

===Indo-Gangetic Plain===
The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), located at the southwestern fringe of the state, is an [[alluvial plain]] composed of [[sediment]]s eroded from the Himalayan rocks.<ref name=":1" /> This area is an active [[depocenter]] that receives high sediment flux from the nearby major rivers. For instance, a high average erosion rate of 1.8 mm/yr has been reported in the frontal [[Sutlej]]'s Himalayan [[Drainage basin|catchment]], contributing to large [[sedimentation]] load.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Vannay|first1=Jean-Claude|last2=Grasemann|first2=Bernhard|last3=Rahn|first3=Meinert|last4=Frank|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Carter|first5=Andrew|last6=Baudraz|first6=Vincent|last7=Cosca|first7=Mike|date=February 2004|title=Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: Evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion|journal=Tectonics|volume=23|issue=1|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2002tc001429|bibcode=2004Tecto..23.1014V|issn=0278-7407|doi-access=free}}</ref> Below the Indo-Gangetic Plain lies the generally undeformed Indian Craton strata. All of them are bounded by the Main Frontal thrust (MFT) at the northeast side.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sub-Himalayan Sequence ===
The Sub-Himalayan Sequence, also named the Siwalik Group,<ref name=":2" /> is dominated by [[Paleocene]] to [[Pliocene]] sedimentary layers. Sediments have a similar origin as those in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. However, sedimentation events started prior to the India-Asia collision and continued until late Miocene,<ref name=":12" /> and the depositional environment changed from shallow marine to continental.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Stratigraphy<ref name=":4" />
!Age
!Unit
!Lithology
!Deposition environment
|-
|Pleistocene-Miocene (11-7Ma)
|Siwalik Formation
|[[Sandstone]], [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]], [[siltstone]]
|Continent
|-
|Miocene (20-13Ma)
|Dharamsala Formation
|Gray sandstone, siltstone, [[shale]], [[caliche]]
|Continent
|-
|Latest Paleocene-Middle Eocene
|Subathu Formation
|[[limestone]], shale, minor fine-grained sandstone
|Shallow marine
|-
|Late Cretaceous-Paleocene
|Singtali Formation
|limestone, minor [[quartz arenite]]
|Shallow marine
|}

Two sub-groups have been identified, including the Paleocene to [[Eocene]] shallow-marine deposits and the [[Miocene]] to Pliocene continental deposits. The Singtali and Subathu Formation made up the older sub-group while the Dharamsala and Siwalik Formation made up the younger one. Separating the two is an Oligocene [[unconformity]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Webb|first=A. Alexander G.|date=2013-06-01|title=Preliminary balanced palinspastic reconstruction of Cenozoic deformation across the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India)|journal=Geosphere|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=572–587|doi=10.1130/GES00787.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> It has been suggested that there was a period of non-deposition during the Oligocene due to temporary uplifting of the Indian continent. At that time, the area rose above sea level. [[Slab detachment|Detachment]] of the Indian oceanic slab might have induced [[mantle upwelling]], or a [[forebulge]] might have developed due to the downward [[Slab pull|slab-pull]].<ref name=":2" />

The Sub-Himalayan Sequence is thrust southwestward in the rate of 10±6 mm/yr along the Main Frontal thrust during the [[Quaternary]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Senthil|last2=Wesnousky|first2=Steven G.|last3=Rockwell|first3=Thomas K.|last4=Briggs|first4=Richard W.|last5=Thakur|first5=Vikram C.|last6=Jayangondaperumal|first6=R.|date=2006|title=Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian Himalaya|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|language=en|volume=111|issue=B3|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2004JB003309|bibcode=2006JGRB..111.3304K|issn=2156-2202|doi-access=free}}</ref> Within the sequence, rocks have been thrust and accreted vastly, forming the Sub-Himalayan Thrust Zone in the southwest Himachal Pradesh (Fig. 3). The unit is bounded by the Krol thrust and Tons thrust on top.<ref name=":4" />

=== Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) ===
The Lesser Himalayan Sequence dominantly consists of [[metasedimentary rock]]s, [[metavolcanic rock]]s and [[augen]] [[gneiss]].<ref name=":0" /> Strata were deposited as [[detrital sediment]]s during [[Paleoproterozoic]] to [[Cambrian]] and later [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]] into greenschist and amphibolite [[Metamorphic facies|facies]] rocks.<ref name=":3" /> This sequence is bounded by the [[Main Central Thrust|Main Central thrust]] on top and can be sub-divided into 4 units.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Stratigraphy<ref name=":4" />
!Age
!Unit
!
!Lithology
!Note
|-
|Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian
|Outer Lesser Himalaya
|Tal Formation
Krol Group

Shimla Group

Basantpur Formation (Mandhali)
|sandstone, siltstone, dolomite, limestone and shale
|exposed at the south, southeast part of the state
|-
|Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic
|Parautochthon
|Deoba Group
Damtha Group
|siliciclastic and carbonate rocks
|
* exposed at the Uttarkashi and Narkanda Half-Windows
* part of the Inner Lesser Himalaya
|-
|Paleoproterozoic
|Berinag Group
|
|[[Sericite|sericitic]] [[Quartz arenite|quartz-arenite]] with metabasalt intrusion
|
* rocks were metamophosed under a [[greenschist facies]] condition<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Christine|last2=Klötzli|first2=Urs|last3=Frank|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Thöni|first4=Martin|last5=Grasemann|first5=Bernhard|date=2000-10-01|title=Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926800000917|journal=Precambrian Research|language=en|volume=103|issue=3|pages=191–206|doi=10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00091-7|bibcode=2000PreR..103..191M|issn=0301-9268|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* part of the Inner Lesser Himalaya
|-
|Paleoproterozoic
|Munsiari Group
|Wangtu
Jeori
|granitic augen [[gneiss]]
paragneiss, mica [[schist]]
|
* the Munsiari Group is also named Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (LHCS)<ref name=":3" />
* experienced [[amphibolite facies]] metamorphism between 11 and 6 Ma (Miocene)<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chambers|first1=J. A.|last2=Argles|first2=T. W.|last3=Horstwood|first3=M. S. A.|last4=Harris|first4=N. B. W.|last5=Parrish|first5=R. R.|last6=Ahmad|first6=T.|date=2008-05-01|title=Tectonic implications of Palaeoproterozoic anatexis and Late Miocene metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Sutlej Valley, NW India|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/165/3/725/372577/Tectonic-implications-of-Palaeoproterozoic|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=165|issue=3|pages=725–737|doi=10.1144/0016-76492007/090|bibcode=2008JGSoc.165..725C|s2cid=129784611|issn=0016-7649}}</ref>
* exposed in tectonic windows (Uttarkashi and Kullu Window)
|}

=== Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) ===
[[File:Kinematic models.png|thumb|Fig. 6 Three models suggesting how the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex (GHC) was emplaced. (Figure modified from Webb et al., 2011)<ref name=":0"/>|alt=|495x495px]]
The Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex, also known as the High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence,<ref name=":3" /> is composed of [[high-grade metamorphic rock]]s aged between Paleoproterozoic and Ordovician.<ref name=":2" /> Over the 4.5–8 km thick layer, [[paragneiss]], [[schist]] and [[orthogneiss]] are observed. [[Leucogranite]]s are found to be concentrated at the uppermost part of this unit.<ref name=":2" /> Metamorphic grade of rocks increases upsection, with [[staurolite]], [[kyanite]], [[sillimanite]] and [[migmatite]] zones superimposed gradually.<ref name=":3" /> The crystalline complex had experienced peak metamorphic condition of 750 °C, 8kbar at around 23Ma.<ref name=":3" />

The crystalline complex is bounded by the Main Central thrust at the base and South Tibet detachment on top.<ref name=":0" /> Consensus has not been reached regarding how the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex was emplaced to the orogen. Moreover, the anomalous extensional movement along the South Tibet detachment has intrigued many researchers.<ref name=":0" />

==== South Tibet Detachment (STD) ====
The South Tibet detachment lies between the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex and the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (Fig. 3). Alternating top-to-southeast and top-to-northwest shear directions have been identified by various ductile shear fabrics along the South Tibet Detachment.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> It has been suggested that in Himachal Pradesh, the South Tibet detachment is folded and overturned with the Phojal Anticline and joins the Main Central thrust at the southwest side.<ref name=":5" /> While some believe the South Tibet Detachment joins the Main Central thrust{{clarify|date=December 2020}} down-dip,<ref name=":8" /> or the two faults being parallel to each other (Fig.6).<ref name=":13" />

=== Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Stratigraphy<ref name=":4" />
!Unit
!
!Note
|-
|Sedimentary Rocks
|Giumal-Chikkim succession
Tandi Group

Thaple-Muth-Lipak succession

Parahio Formation

Haimanta Group
|
* consists of sedimentary and low-grade metasedimantary rocks
* deposited at the northern boundary of the Indian continent<ref name=":11" />
|-
|Igneous Rocks
|Early Paleozoic granitoids
Neoproterozoic granite

Baragaon granitic gneiss
|emplaced in Cambrian-Ordovician, [[Peraluminous rock|peraluminous]] with mafic enclaves<ref name=":9" />
ca. 830Ma

ca. 1850Ma
|}
The Tethyan Himalayan Sequence comprises Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous, fossiliferous sedimentary strata interlayered with Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician igneous rocks.<ref name=":4" /> At the base of this unit, Baragaon granitic gneiss having an age of 1840 Ma has been identified.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=C.|last2=Thöni|first2=M.|last3=Frank|first3=W.|last4=Grasemann|first4=B.|last5=Klötzli|first5=U.|last6=Guntli|first6=P.|last7=Draganits|first7=E.|date=2001-05-01|title=The early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the Northwest Himalaya, India: source, tectonic setting and age of emplacement|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geolmag/article/138/3/237/65162/The-early-Palaeozoic-magmatic-event-in-the|journal=Geological Magazine|language=en|volume=138|issue=3|pages=237–251|doi=10.1017/S0016756801005283|bibcode=2001GeoM..138..237M|s2cid=131287725|issn=0016-7568|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Unlike the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex in this region, metamorphic grade of rocks decreases upsection across the sequence.<ref name=":0" /> It is mostly bounded by the Indus-Tsangpo Suture at the northwest side and the South Tibet Detachment at the base. However, at the western part of Himachal Pradesh (longitude <77°E), the Main Central thrust and Lesser Himalayan Sequence rocks lies right beneath the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence.<ref name=":2" />

The Tethyan Himalayan Sequence covers a large area of the Himachal Pradesh, since it overthrust the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex and the Sub-Himalayan Sequence successively during the [[Cenozoic]].<ref name=":4" />

== Development of the thrust wedge ==
Crustal materials of Himachal Pradesh were emplaced to the present position in response to the collision between the Indian and Asian continents. As collision proceeds, rocks are shortened and absorbed by [[subduction]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Replumaz|first1=Anne|last2=Negredo|first2=Ana M.|last3=Villaseñor|first3=Antonio|last4=Guillot|first4=Stéphane|date=2010|title=Indian continental subduction and slab break-off during Tertiary collision|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00945.x|journal=Terra Nova|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=290–296|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00945.x|s2cid=102557012 |issn=1365-3121|url-access=subscription}}</ref> thrusting and erosion.<ref name=":2" /> A portion of crust has been recycled to the mantle by subduction and slab break-off. The two colliding blocks have been rubbing against each other. Materials from the Indian Plate were scraped off by the Asian Plate. Both Indian and Asian sourced rocks were accumulated and piled up to form a [[accretionary wedge|thrust wedge]] (Fig. 4).
[[File:Accretion 1217.jpg|center|thumb|402x402px|Fig. 4 Schematic diagram showing accretion of rocks by Indian-Asian collision<ref name=":15" />]]
[[File:Thrust wedge 0911.png|thumb|540x540px|Fig. 5 Development of thrust wedge. Thrusting causes shortening of crust. Materials in the footwall eventually become part of the hanging wall.<ref name=":4" />]]Rock units are stacked up and deformed by:

* Frontal [[Accretion (geology)|accretion]] — At the frontal part of thrust wedge, new faults propagate forward due to the compressive force. Rocks at the footwall are scraped off and become part of the hanging wall. This process repeats forming slices of rocks in the foreland basin (Fig. 5). Imbricate fans can be found in the Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Fig. 3).
* Underplating — Rock units are thrust and piled up section by section (Fig. 5). At the middle part of the thrust wedge, the Lesser Himalayan Sequence started to develop thrust horses and antiformal stacks at depth since 5.4Ma.<ref name=":4" />
* Out of sequence faulting — The Munsiari thrust as the out-of-sequence thrust was developed recently from the Himalayan sole thrust.<ref name=":3" /> It truncated the Main Central thrust in this area.<ref name=":4" />

These processes may have occurred simultaneously at different parts of the thrust wedge due to strong [[strain partitioning]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malavieille|first=Jacques|date=January 2010|title=Impact of erosion, sedimentation, and structural heritage on the structure and kinematics of orogenic wedges: Analog models and case studies|journal=GSA Today|pages=4–10|doi=10.1130/gsatg48a.1|issn=1052-5173}}</ref>

=== Assembly of the tectonic units ===
There are mainly three different models explaining how the major tectostratigraphic units in Himachal Pradesh came together in Cenozoic (Fig. 6). The main controversy surrounds how the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex was emplaced.<ref name=":0" />

==== Wedge extrusion model ====
In this model, the Main Central thrust and the South Tibet detachment join down-dip, enveloping the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex.<ref name=":2" /> During early Miocene (23-17Ma), the Greater Himalayan Crystalline sequence was exhumed and verged southwestward with the activation of the Main Central thrust, leaving the surrounding sequences behind.<ref name=":3" /> A normal sense of movement was therefore created at the South Tibet detachment.

At the frontal part of the orogen, sustained crustal thickening might have increased loading locally. Substantially, the vertical stress exceeded the horizontal compressive stress. Maximum stress orientation was rotated and a normal fault was formed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Burchfiel|first1=B. C.|last2=Royden|first2=L H.|date=1985|title=North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/13/10/679/203684/North-south-extension-within-the-convergent |journal=Geology |volume=13|issue=10|page=679|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<679:newtch>2.0.co;2|bibcode=1985Geo....13..679B|issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In addition, the elevation of the Indian foreland might have surpassed that of Southern Tibet. Therefore, gravitational collapse and backsliding of crustal materials (Tethyan Himalayan Sequence) occurred.<ref name=":8" />

==== Channel flow model ====
In the channel flow model, the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex was derived from Tibetan [[protolith]] instead of Indian protolith.<ref name=":2" /> The Main Central thrust and South Tibet detachment are sub-parallel to each other like channel walls. Initially, hot crustal melt was formed at middle to lower crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau. In the Eocene to Oligocene, the low-viscosity materials migrated southward between the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence and Lesser Himalayan Sequence. Later during early to middle Miocene, the upper crust in front of the channel flow was weakened by focused [[denudation]]. The Greater Himalayan Sequence is then exhumed to the modern position.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Beaumont|first1=C.|last2=Jamieson|first2=R. A.|last3=Nguyen|first3=M. H.|last4=Lee|first4=B.|date=December 2001|title=Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation|journal=Nature|volume=414|issue=6865|pages=738–742|doi=10.1038/414738a|pmid=11742396|bibcode=2001Natur.414..738B|s2cid=4382486|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

==== Tectonic wedging model ====
In the tectonic wedging model, the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex was emplaced to the region at depth, and thrust towards southwest between the THS and LHS rocks during early to middle Miocene. The Main Central thrust and South Tibet detachment merge at the southwest side.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=A. Alexander G.|last2=Yin|first2=An|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Célérier|first4=Julien|last5=Burgess|first5=W. Paul|date=2007|title=The leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex revealed in the NW Indian Himalaya: Implications for the evolution of the Himalayan orogen|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/35/10/955-958/129751|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=35|issue=10|page=955|doi=10.1130/G23931A.1|bibcode=2007Geo....35..955W|issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has been suggested that both the Lesser Himalayan Sequence and GHS{{clarify|date=December 2020}} were moving towards the SW, while their difference in pace had created relative top-to-southwest and top-to-northeast shear along the South Tibet detachment at different times. Besides, the South Tibet detachment is linked to the Great Counter thrust (backthrust) of the thrust wedge.<ref name=":5" />

The Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex was not exposed until 5 Ma.<ref name=":4" />

== Climatic control on topographic growth ==
[[File:Major rivers in himachal.png|thumb|516x516px|Fig. 6 Major rivers in Himachal Pradesh. The black ellipse indicates the area that receives high rainfall.<ref name=":6" /> Figure made with GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.org) / CC BY / CC BY (Ryan et al., 2009).<ref name=":10" />]]
Exhumation of crustal materials means the upward movement of rocks relative to the ground surface, which can be caused by surface erosion, tectonic uplift or the coupled effect of the two. In Himachal Pradesh, erosion is generally controlled by precipitation pattern and glaciation.

=== Precipitation ===
Rainfall is distributed unevenly across Himachal Pradesh. Orographic precipitation is concentrated across a 50–70 km wide area at elevation 2000-3500m (Fig. 7).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Thiede|first1=Rasmus C.|last2=Ehlers|first2=Todd A.|last3=Bookhagen|first3=Bodo|last4=Strecker|first4=Manfred R.|date=2009-02-10|title=Erosional variability along the northwest Himalaya|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=114|issue=F1|pages=F01015|doi=10.1029/2008jf001010|bibcode=2009JGRF..114.1015T|issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free|hdl=2027.42/96388|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The zone coincides with the Kulu window.<ref name=":6" /> It receives high rainfall of >2000mm/yr, which is twice the amount of global average rainfall (1000mm/yr).<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate - World distribution of precipitation|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> In areas with elevation lower or higher than the zone, rainfall is either not yet formed from moist air or shadowed by orographic barrier.<ref name=":6" />

Therefore, focused precipitation allows effective removal of rocks by [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] erosion, especially along major rivers (e.g. Sutlej River) that crosscut the tectonic windows.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> Major landslides and [[debris flow]] have also been recorded.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sah|first1=M.P|last2=Mazari|first2=R.K|date=December 1998|title=Anthropogenically accelerated mass movement, Kulu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=26|issue=1–3|pages=123–138|doi=10.1016/s0169-555x(98)00054-3|bibcode=1998Geomo..26..123S|issn=0169-555X}}</ref> In other words, [[denudation]] is especially rapid in that particular area. To accommodate the loss of load, [[Isostasy|isostatic]] and [[tectonic uplift]] may be enhanced locally. Hotter rocks at depth are brought up and in turn promote [[heat advection]] within the crust.<ref name=":3" /> Crustal materials are then weakened and can be eroded easily to maintain a steep topography.<ref name=":6" /> This positive feedback demonstrates how surface processes have affected tectonic movements in Himachal Pradesh.

As a result, rocks originally situated at depth are exhumed and exposed at the earth's surface.

==== Tectonic windows ====
In Himachal Pradesh, there are 2 major [[Window (geology)|tectonic windows]] including the Larji-Kulu-Rampur window and the Uttarkashi half-window (Fig.2). The Munsiari Group, originally situated at the base of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, is exposed at the windows. The crystalline rocks exposed are found to have exceptionally young apatite fission track cooling age of less than 3Ma <ref name=":7" /> and rapid cooling rate of 40-50 °C/Ma,<ref name=":6" /> comparing to other rocks in the region. This indicates that the Munsiari Group has experienced rapid exhumation in those areas. It is estimated that the rocks near and furthest away from major rivers were exhumed at a rate of 1.4±0.2 mm/yr and 1.1±0.4 mm/yr respectively.<ref name=":6" /> With these exhumation rates, 10–15 km of overlying rocks could have been removed since 10Ma (late Miocene).<ref name=":6" />

=== Glaciation ===
[[File:Glacial Tarn Formation EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Fig. 7 Glacial erosion and deposition]]
It has been estimated that 9.4% of land in the Himachal Pradesh is covered by glaciers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobhal, D., & Kumar, S.|date=1997|title=Statistical analysis of glaciers in Himachal Pradesh, north-west Himalaya, India.|journal=Current Science|volume=72|issue=5|pages=341–344}}</ref> During the [[Quaternary]], glacier in the region has [[Glacial motion|retreated and advanced]] in different times (5 glacial episodes recorded), in response to changes in temperature, precipitation and monsoon circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scherler|first1=Dirk|last2=Bookhagen|first2=Bodo|last3=Strecker|first3=Manfred R.|last4=von Blanckenburg|first4=Friedhelm|last5=Rood|first5=Dylan|date=April 2010|title=Timing and extent of late Quaternary glaciation in the western Himalaya constrained by 10Be moraine dating in Garhwal, India|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=29|issue=7–8|pages=815–831|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.031|bibcode=2010QSRv...29..815S|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Glacial processes erode the mountain range through [[Abrasion (geology)|abrasion]], crushing and [[Plucking (glaciation)|plucking]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Boulton|first=Geoffrey S.|title=Processes and Patterns of Glacial Erosion|date=1982|work=Glacial Geomorphology|pages=41–87|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-6491-7_2|isbn=978-94-011-6493-1}}</ref> and create large [[overdeepening]]s.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Linsbauer|first1=A.|last2=Frey|first2=H.|last3=Haeberli|first3=W.|last4=Machguth|first4=H.|last5=Azam|first5=M. F.|last6=Allen|first6=S.|date=March 2016|title=Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya—Karakoram region|journal=Annals of Glaciology|language=en|volume=57|issue=71|pages=119–130|doi=10.3189/2016AoG71A627|bibcode=2016AnGla..57..119L|issn=0260-3055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Besides, glacial melt contributes to fluvial discharge, and determines the erosive power of rivers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Vikram|last2=Sah|first2=M. P.|date=2007-09-19|title=Impact of the Trans-Himalayan Landslide Lake Outburst Flood (LLOF) in the Satluj catchment, Himachal Pradesh, India|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=45|issue=3|pages=379–390|doi=10.1007/s11069-007-9174-6|s2cid=128578005|issn=0921-030X}}</ref>

== Geohazards ==
[[File:India earthquake zone map en.svg|thumb|Fig.8 Earthquake zone map of India. Himachal Pradesh lies within zone IV and V<ref>{{Cite web|last=ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India|title=Hazard Profile of State|url=http://hpenvis.nic.in/Database/HazardProfileofState_4178.aspx?format=Print|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>|411x411px]]
Himachal Pradesh is prone to earthquake. The major [[Seismology|seismic]] faults including the Main Frontal thrust, Main Central thrust and the Main Boundary thrust are responsible to the high seismic activities in this state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muthuganeisan|first1=Prabhu|last2=Raghukanth|first2=S. T. G.|date=August 2016|title=Site-specific Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map of Himachal Pradesh, India. Part II. Hazard Estimation|journal=Acta Geophysica|volume=64|issue=4|pages=853–884|doi=10.1515/acgeo-2016-0011|bibcode=2016AcGeo..64..853M|s2cid=132806198|issn=1895-6572|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, Himachal Pradesh lies within zone IV (severe intensity zone) and zone V (severe intensity zone). These zones represents earthquake intensity VIII and IX on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli scale]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES|title=EARTHQUAKE PRONE STATES|url=https://moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/LS_US_1780_26072017.pdf|access-date=17 December 2020|publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tibetan Plateau]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geology of India by state or union territory]]

Nana Maharaj Taranekar

2025-09-28T03:07:12Z

KARTIK: stub

{{Short description|Hindu figure (1896–1993)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name = Nana Maharaj Taranekar (Chaitanyananda Saraswati)
|image = Nana_Maharaj_Taranekar.jpg
|alt = Nana Maharaj Taranekar (Chaitanyananda Saraswati)
|caption = Taranekar in 2014
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|08|13|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)|Tarana]], India
|birth_name = Martand Shankar Taranekar
|guru = [[Vasudevanand Saraswati]]
|disciples = {{hlist|Vahinisaheb Taranekar|Aagashe Kaka Maharaj|Baba Maharaj Taranekar|Janardan Swami Kher Maharaj|Dhanagare Maharaj|Aanandyogeshwar Nilkanth Maharaj}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|04|16|df=y|1896|08|13}}
|death_place = [[Nagpur]], India
|sect = Datta Sampradaya
}}

'''Shri Nana Maharaj Taranekar''', (born Martand Shankar Taranekar; 13 August 1896 – 16 April 1993) is considered to be a prominent saint within the Datta Sampradaya sect of [[Hinduism]] during the twentieth century (in the [[Shri Guru Charitra|Gurucharita]] tradition of Dattatreya). He is regarded as the sixteenth incarnation of lord [[Dattatreya]]. Shri Nana was the direct disciple of [[Vasudevanand Saraswati|Shri Vasudevanand Saraswati Swami Maharaj]] (also known as Tembe Swami).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.shrivasudevanandsaraswati.com/English/Shishya_Pariwar_Eng.html | title=Shishya }}</ref>

==Early life==
Shri Nana Maharaj was born on 13 August 1896 in the village of Tarana (District-Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh). His father was Shri Shankar Shastry and his mother Lakshmi Bai. He had an inclination towards devotion and Namasmaran (chanting of the holy name of God) since his childhood. Nana received a blessing from his Guru Shri Vasudevanand Saraswati Swami Maharaj at age 11.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contribution of Nana Maharaj to Dhutt sect |url=http://www.saamana.com/nana-mahjaraj-in-datta-sampradaya/ |publisher=saamana.com |date=29 January 2017 |accessdate=16 October 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017052632/http://www.saamana.com/nana-mahjaraj-in-datta-sampradaya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as a priest of Datta Mandir Tarana (District-Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) and after his father's death, he became the Dharmadhikari (Hindu religious leader) for the town of [[Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)|Tarana]]. Nana conducted many [[Yajna]] rituals such as Vishnu Yag, Datta Yag, and Ganesh Yag. He spent his whole life preaching and extolling the importance of Namasmaran.<ref name="Paage">{{Cite book|title=Shree Martand Mahima|last=Paage|first=Dr. Vijay|publisher=Creative Publishers and Distributor|date=December 2007|isbn=|location=Indore|pages=}}</ref>

==Work==
Nana Maharaj was well known as great saint in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. He guided his devotees in the advancement of their spiritual as well as material lives. He was the founder of Akhil Bhartiya Tripadi Parivar, which is seen as his group of followers.

==Sayings==
* Be disciplined, train, and gain control over your six senses.
* To see and feel your [[Sadguru]] in everything is Yoga.
* Good things are acquired through seeing, reading, or listening; you should accept and learn from every source you can.
* Where I am remembered, there shall I be.

==Prominent places of residence==
===Indore, Madhya Pradesh===
This is the karma bhoomi of Nana Maharaj. Devotees gather every year at Pa.Pu. Nana Maharaj Taranekar Sansthan, Indore, on the occasion of Nana Maharaj Punyatithi (Chaitra Krishna 10), Guru Poornima, Nana Maharaj Jayanti (Nagpanchami, Shravan Shukla 5), and [[Dattatreya]] Jayanti.

===Nagpur, Maharashtra===
Maharaj died at Chaitanya Peeth, Nagpur on 16 April 1993. This is the Mahanirvan place of Pa.Pu. Satguru Shri Nana Maharaj Taranekar.

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taranekar, Nana Maharaj}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

Harikatha

2025-09-08T16:01:32Z

KARTIK: update

{{Short description|Form of Hindu traditional discourse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Sant Bhadragiri Achyuta Das.jpg|thumb|right|Bhadragiri Achyuta Das performing Harikatha in [[Kannada]].]]
'''''Harikatha''''' ([[Kannada]]: ಹರಿಕಥೆ : ''Harikathe''; [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: హరికథ : ''Harikatha;'' [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: हरीपाठ '': Haripatha'', {{lit|story of [[Vishnu|Hari]]}}), also known as '''''Harikatha Kaalakshepam''''' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]({{lit|spending time to listen to Hari's story}}), is a form of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditional discourse in which the storyteller explores a traditional theme, usually the life of a saint or a story from an Indian [[Indian epic poetry|epic]]. The person telling the story through songs, music and narration is called a ''Haridasa''.

Harikatha is a composite art form composed of storytelling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy most prevalent in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and ancient [[Tamil Nadu]]. Any Hindu religious theme may be the subject for the ''Harikatha''. At its peak ''Harikatha'' was a popular medium of entertainment, which helped transmit cultural, educational and religious values to the masses. The main aim of ''Harikatha'' is to imbue truth and righteousness in the minds of people and sow the seeds of devotion in them. Another of the aims is to educate them about knowledge of ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]'' (the self) through stories and show them the path of liberation.

==Hindu mythology ==
{{Music of India}}

In [[Hindu mythology]], the first Harikatha singer was sage [[Narada]] who sang for [[Vishnu]], other prominent singers were [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] twin sons of [[Rama]], who sang the ''[[Ramayana]]'' in his court at [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref name=si>[[#hi|Singh, p. 2118]]</ref>

==History==
This is an ancient form that took current form during the Bhakti movement in around 12th century. Many famous Haridasa are [[Purandaradasa]], [[Kanakadasa]].

The Telugu form of Harikatha originated in [[Coastal Andhra]] during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thoomati Donappa|title=Telugu Harikatha Sarvasvam|oclc=13505520}}</ref> Harikatha Kalakshepam is most prevalent in [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] even now along with [[Burra katha]]. [[Haridasu]]s going round villages singing devotional songs is an age-old tradition during Dhanurmaasam preceding [[Sankranti]] festival. [[Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu]] was the originator of the Telugu Harikatha tradition, and with his Kavyas and Prabandhas has made it a special art form.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

==Style==

''Harikatha'' involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Usually, the narration involves numerous sub-plots and anecdotes, which are used to emphasize various aspects of the main story. The main storyteller is usually assisted by one or more co-signers, who elaborate the songs and a [[Mridangam]] accompanist. The storyteller uses a pair of [[cymbal]]s to keep the beat.

==Famous exponents==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2008}}

Following Krishna Bhagavatar, other great exponents of this art form such as Pandit Lakshmanachar, Tirupazhanam Panchapakesa Bhagavatar, Mangudi Chidambara Bhagavatar, [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]], Tiruvaiyyar Annasami Bhagavatar, Embar Srirangachariyar, Konnoor Sitarama Shastry, Sulamangalam Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar, Sulamangalam Soundararaja Bhagavatar, [[Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu]], [[Embar Vijayaraghavachariar]], Saraswati Bai and Padmasini Bai popularized the ''Harikatha'' tradition.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

[[Saraswati Bai]] was a pioneering woman Harikatha exponent. She broke the monopoly of [[Brahmin]] men over this art form. This was attested by [[F. G. Natesa Iyer]] (in 1939) who said: "Saraswati Bai is a pioneer, and today, as a result of her sacrifices. Brahmins and non-Brahmins walk freely over the once forbidden ground. C. Saraswati Bai has achieved this miracle."<ref>{{cite news | author =Deepa Ganesh | title =She paved the way | quote =Sriram V. records F.G. Natesa Iyer (in 1939) as saying: “Saraswati Bai is a pioneer, and today, as a result of her sacrifices…. Brahmins and non-Brahmins walk freely over the once forbidden ground. C. Saraswati Bai has achieved this miracle.” | newspaper =The Hindu | date = 12 February 2015| url =http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/she-paved-the-way/article6887087.ece |access-date= 2015-09-29}}</ref>

Recent practitioners of Harikatha include Veeragandham Venkata Subbarao, Kota Sachchidananda Sastri, [[Mannargudi Sambasiva Bhagavatar]], Banni Bai, Mysore Sreekantha Shastry, Kamala Murthy, Muppavarapu Simhachala Sastry, [[Embar Vijayaraghavachariar]], Kalyanapuram Aravamudachariar, [[Vishaka hari]], [[Gururajulu Naidu]] and [[T. S. Balakrishna Sastrigal|T S Balakrishna Sastry]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri started out as a Harikatha exponent and then changed to Pravachan style.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} One of the best harikatha renderings is on the life of saint Tyagaraja by Mullukutla Sadasiva Sastry from Tenali.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

==See also==

* [[Burra katha]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Katha - The Art Of Story Telling In India]]
* [[Kirtan]]
* [[Oggu Katha]]
* [[Pravachan]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 3|last=Singh |first=N.K.|year=1997 |publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=81-7488-168-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3PkHaW0f78C&q=Harikatha&pg=PA2118 |ref=hi }}
* {{cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|last=Arnold|first=Alison|chapter= Kassebaum, Gayathri Rajapur.‘Karnatak raga’|publisher=Taylor & Francis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&q=Harikatha&pg=PA106|year=2000|location=[[New York City|New York]] & [[London]]|isbn=0-8240-4946-2|ref=Arnold2000}}
* ''Harikatha: its origins and development'', by Kalaimamani B. M. Sundaram. Publisher Vidwan R.K. Srikantan Trust, 2001.
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2 |last=Datta|first=Amaresh|year=2006|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=81-260-1194-7 |pages= 1551–1553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Harikatha&pg=PA1553 |ref=Hari }}
* ''Harikatha : [[Samarth Ramdas]]' Contribution to the Art of Spiritual Story-Telling'' by Meera Grimes. Indica Books, 2008. {{ISBN|81-86569-76-6}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.carnatica.net/harikatha-main.htm Article on Harikatha]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041231044501/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123103001200.htm Art of rendering Harikatha] at ''[[The Hindu]]''

[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Performing arts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Storytelling]]

Srikalahasti kalamkari

2025-09-01T00:04:57Z

KARTIK: creating a entry w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Srikalahasti Kalamkari
| color =
| logo =
| image = Kalamkari painting.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A Kalamkari artist creating his handicraft
| alternative names =
| description = Dyed hand-painting on a [[Textile|fabric]] is a unique Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari work
| type = [[Handicraft]]
| area = [[Srikalahasti]], [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 
| material = {{plainlist|[[Fabric]]
* [[Dye]]
}}
| official website =
}}
'''Srikalahasti Kalamkari''' is a style of [[Kalamkari]] work which involves [[dyed]] hand-painting of a [[Textile|fabric]]. It is produced in [[Srikalahasti]] of [[Tirupati district]] in the [[States and Territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Geographical Indication|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-01-23/Geographical-Indication/201919|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The Hans India|date=23 January 2016}}</ref> It was registered as one of the [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh, under [[handicraft]] goods by ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref name="GI">{{cite web |title=Registration Details of Geographical Indications |url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Registered_GI_01_04_19.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India, Government of India |access-date=14 May 2019 }}</ref>
GI Application for Srikalahasti Kalamkari was filed by Kalamkari Artisans Revival and Upsurge for National Acclaim (KARUNA).<ref name="GI Application Details of Srikalahasti Kalamkari">{{cite web |title=Application Details of Srikalahasti Kalamkari |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/28 |website=Intellectual Property India, Government of India |access-date=4 March 2019 }}</ref>

== History ==
The Kalamkari had its existence during the period of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Design Resource – Kalamkari Painting – People and Place|url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/kalamkari-painting |website=www.dsource.in|date=12 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Kalamkari Art.jpg|thumb]]

== Kalamkari work ==
The Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari is one of the two styles of Kalamkari works present in India, with the other being, [[Pedana Kalamkari|Machilipatnam style]]. ''Kalam'' in [[persian language]] means ''Pen'' is used for hand drawing and coloring.<ref name=style>{{cite web|title=Kalamkari: Craft of the matter|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|website=mid-day|date=24 August 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> The usage of pen involves two types, one for drawing made from [[bamboo]], the other for coloring. The coloring process involves usage of only [[natural dyes]] which are extracted from flowers and vegetables. All together the entire process involves seventeen steps like block making, cloth treating, printing, washing etc.<ref name=usage>{{cite web|title=Kalamkari – AP|url=http://www.upasana.in/kalamkari-ap|website=www.upasana.in|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131132200/http://www.upasana.in/kalamkari-ap|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The theme of textile: Know about Kalamkari and Muga Silk : Art and Culture|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/textiles-from-the-east-and-the-west/1/429857.html|access-date=25 January 2016|work=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=13 April 2015|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123033614/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/textiles-from-the-east-and-the-west/1/429857.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Srikalahasti style is used mostly to narrate the religious myths and epics stories on the fabric and also the saris of this style are most notable for its borders and [[Sari|pallu]].<ref name=style /><ref>{{cite news|title=Kalamkari back in demand|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/25/stories/2010102550860200.htm|access-date=26 January 2016|date=25 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810013653/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/25/stories/2010102550860200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

== Promoting art ==
''Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA)'' of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] offers a professional course on ''Kalamkari painting'' for developing new artists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Appala Naidu|first1=T|title=TTD grooms artists in Srikalahasti-Kalamkari style|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ttd-grooms-artists-in-srikalahastikalamkari-style/article6629125.ece|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2014|location=Pedana (Krishna)|language=en-IN}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board took initiative to promote the historical art, solve the industrial challenges, training skilled human resources and to improve revenue generation through exports.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Appala Naidu|first1=T|title=Development Board to give a fillip to Kalamkari|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/development-board-to-give-a-fillip-to-kalamkari/article7344907.ece|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 June 2015|location=Pedana (Krishna)|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Navalgund Durries]]
*[[Bidriware]]
*[[Channapatna toys]]
*[[Kinnal Craft]]
*[[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]

Diocese of Nalgonda

2025-08-24T08:49:32Z

KARTIK: adding some pg v1!

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Nalgonda
|latin = Dioecesis Nalgondaensis
|country = [[India]]
|local = नलगोंडा के सूबा
|image = Mariarani_Cathedral_Nalgonda.jpg
|caption = Mariarani Cathedral, Nalgonda
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = [[Mariarani Cathedral]] (Cathedral of Mary Queen of the Apostles) in [[Nalgonda]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 32,161
|population = 5,622,168
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 66,997
|catholics_percent= 1.2
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Dhaman Kumar Karanam]]
|metro_archbishop = Thumma Bala
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda''' ({{langx|la|Dioecesis Nalgondaensis}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Nalgonda]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] in India.

==History==
* 31 May 1976: Established as Diocese of Nalgonda from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hyderabad and [[Diocese of Warangal]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Nalgonda ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Dhaman Kumar Karanam]] [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]] (17 February 2024 – present)
** Bishop {{ill|Joji Govindu|de}} (21 April 1997 – 31 July 2021)
** Bishop [[Innayya Chinna Addagatla]] (17 April 1989 – 1 July 1993)
** Bishop [[Mathew Cheriankunnel]] [[Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions|PIME]] (31 May 1976 – 22 December 1986)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/nalg0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnalg.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|17.0425|N|79.2663|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalgonda}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Telangana]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nalgonda district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Tulsipur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:43:23Z

KARTIK: creating a stub w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tulsipur
| map_image = 291-Tulsipur.svg
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,83,960
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency|Shravasti]]
| constituency_no = 291
| district = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kailash Nath Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Tulsipur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tulsipur in the [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 2012
| [[Abdul Mashhood Khan]]<ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 2017
|rowspan=2| [[Kailash Nath Shukla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2022
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tulsipur<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kailash Nath
|votes = {{formatnum:87032}}
|percentage = 42.92
|change = +11.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Zeba Rizwan
|votes = {{formatnum:51251}}
|percentage = 25.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Mashood Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:42815}}
|percentage = 21.11
|change = +2.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhuvan Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:8118}}
|percentage = 4.0
|change = -7.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = D S Dipankar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:4171}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change = -20.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2228}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35781}}
|percentage = 17.65
|change = +8.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202787}}
|percentage = 52.81
|change = -0.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tulsipur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kailash Nath Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:62296}}
|percentage = 31.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Zeba Rizwan
|votes = {{formatnum:43637}}
|percentage = 22.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Mashhood Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:36549}}
|percentage = 18.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Krishn Kumar Urf Dr. K. K.
Sachan
|votes = {{formatnum:23273}}
|percentage = 11.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajeshwar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:16947}}
|percentage = 8.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Mahbub Aalam
|votes = {{formatnum:2047}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Renu
|votes = {{formatnum:1796}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2459}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18659}}
|percentage = 9.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197479}}
|percentage = 53.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bhartiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.53|82.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

GARC - Chennai

2025-07-30T18:57:58Z

KARTIK: adding new info w/ refs!

{{Short description|Test center in Oragadam, Tamil Nadu}}{{update|date=September 2024}}

'''Global Automotive Research Centre''' (GARC) is a unit under the Indian [[National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project]] (NATRiP) housing the facilities for comprehensive testing services. GARC provides certification testing and [[Research and development|R&D]] support to automotive vehicle and component manufacturers. The GARC is spread over 304 acres with combined office space and test labs at the [[SIPCOT]] Industrial Growth Centre near [[Chennai]] at [[Oragadam]]. The center has certification test facilities to conduct the performance testing of the full range of automobiles. The center has a center of excellence for Passive Safety, EMC and Automotive Infotronics.<ref name="garc">{{cite web|url=https://garc.co.in|work=garc.co.in|title=Global Automotive Research Centre (GARC – NATRiP)|access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref><ref name="natrip">{{cite web|url=http://www.natrip.in/index.php/2013-06-29-11-35-28/garc-chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003105304/http://natrip.in/index.php/2013-06-29-11-35-28/garc-chennai|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2013|work=natrip.in|title=GARC Chennai|access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147843|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821221428/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147843|date=27 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 21, 2016|work=pib.nic.in|title=Cabinet approves Revised Cost Estimate for NATRIP Project|access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>

==Facilities ==
The following facilities are planned at GARC:

* Infotronics Lab (Center of Excellence)
* Passive Safety Lab (Center of Excellence)
* EMC Lab (Center of Excellence)
* Powertrain Lab
* Fatigue Lab
* Certification Lab
* Material Lab
* Component Lab
* Homologation Tracks

==Vehicle types==
* Four-wheeler manufacturers
* Commercial vehicle manufacturers
* Three-wheeler manufacturers
* Two-wheeler manufacturers
* Construction equipment vehicle manufacturers
* Agricultural equipment manufacturers
* E-rickshaw manufacturers
* Bus body manufacturers
* CNG-LPG kit retrofitters
* Automotive & non-automotive engine manufacturers
* DG set manufacturers
* Automotive component manufacturers<ref name="pib" />

==See also==

* [[Tata Motors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]

{{auto-org-stub}}

Padgampora

2025-07-21T13:29:55Z

KARTIK: added a post w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padgampora
| other_name = Padgampur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = padgampora.jpg
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.908|N|74.999|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1582
| population_total = 6250
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 192122
| area_code = 01933
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = JK 13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|http://pulwama.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Padgampora''', also known as '''Padgampur''', is a village in [[Awantipora]] tehsil in [[Pulwama district]] of Indian administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located {{cvt|14|km}} towards East from District headquarters [[Pulwama]]. {{cvt|14|km}} from [[Tral]]. 25 km from State capital [[Srinagar]].

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/jammu-&-kashmir/pulwama/awantipora/pad-gam-pora.html|title=Pad Gam Pora Village in Awantipora (Pulwama) Jammu & Kashmir | villageinfo.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3027-pad-gam-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html|archive-date=2004-06-16|access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref> Padgampora had a population of 6,250. Males constitute 59% of the population and females 41%. Padgampora has an average literacy rate of 71.3%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 65.1% of the males and 48.8% of females literate. 14.6% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Nearby university ==
* [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]] (1.5km)

== Connectivity ==
* Railway station 1 km ([[Awantipora railway station]])
* Highway 0.5 km [[National Highway 44 (India)]]
* Airport 22 km ([[Srinagar International Airport]])
* Air base 1.5 km ([[Awantipur Air Force Station]])

== See also ==
* [[Anantnag]]
* [[Martand Sun Temple]]
* [[Charsoo Awantipora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pulwama district}}

==External links==
* [http://kashmirunheard.org/2015/09/13/in-pictures-funeral-procession-of-slain-militant-in-south-kashmir/ Funeral of Irshad Ganie (Lashkar Divisional Commander)]
* [http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/many-injured-in-clashes-at-padgampora/196596.html/ Clashes in padgampora (Greater kashmir)]

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Dragon Palace Temple

2025-06-16T17:23:30Z

KARTIK: brief adjust content as per guidelines also for accuracy

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Dragon Palace Temple
| native_name =
| image = File:Dragon Palace Temple.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = The Dragon Palace Temple in Kamptee
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Kamptee]], Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|12|29.9|N|79|12|11.1|E|}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| deity =
| country = [[India]]
| functional_status = Open
| website = {{URL|https://dragon-palace-temple.org}}
| founded_by = Ogawa Society
| year_completed = 1999
}}

The '''Dragon Palace Temple''', also known as the '''Lotus Temple of Nagpur''', is a [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Kamptee]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The temple was established in 1999 with funds from the Japan-based Ogawa Society, a charitable trust.<ref name=":0">Nichiren Shu News

The 4th Anniv. of Dragon Palace Temple in Nagpur, India Celebrated

http://nichiren-shu.org/news/id11/</ref> The temple complex encompassing the Dragon Palace houses a carved [[sandalwood]] [[murti]] that is associated with the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], and the building is a [[Pilgrimage|pilgrimage site]] for practitioners of the faith.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/maharashtra/travel/nagpur/dragon-palace-temple.html|title=Dragon Palace Temple-ragon Palace Temple Nagpur, Dragon Palace|publisher=Temple Kamptee Nagpur|website=www.bharatonline.com|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/religious-places/dragon-palace.html|title=Maharashtra Darshan {{!}} Dragon Palace|website=www.maharashtradarshan.in|language=EN|access-date=2018-02-05|archive-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721021616/http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/religious-places/dragon-palace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dragon-palace-temple.org/?page_id=1485|title=About Ogawa {{!}} World Famous Dragon Palace Temple|website=dragon-palace-temple.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref>

== History ==
The Dragon Palace Temple was founded in 1999 on land purchased by [[Sulekha Kumbhare]] and Noriko Ogawa. Kumbhare was at the time serving as the mayor of Kamptee, while Ogawa was the president of a Japanese company with business connections in the area.<ref name=":0" /> Ogawa was also the head of the Ogawa Foundation, a charitable trust that contributed to Buddhist charitable causes. The foundation envisioned the Dragon Palace Temple as both a place for Buddhist education and meditation, as well as a symbol of Indo-Japanese friendship.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> This original plot of 10 acres was expanded by 40 acres in 2003.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Maharashtra]]

Raveena

2025-03-20T22:39:54Z

KARTIK: added initial pg more to come!

'''Raveena''' is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Raveena Ravi]] (born 1993), Indian voice actress
* [[Raveena Tandon]] (born 1974), Indian actress, model, and producer
* [[Raveena Aurora]] (born 1993), American singer-songwriter mononymously known as Raveena
* [[Raveena Daha]] (born 2003), Indian actress and dancer
* [[Raveena Desraj Shrestha]] (born 1970), former CEO of Mega Bank Nepal

==See also==
* [[Raveen]]
* ''[[Simply Baatein with Raveena]]'', Indian television chat show

{{given name}}

Kodumunda

2025-02-19T14:29:50Z

KARTIK: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Expert needed|Kerala
| reason = Need someone familiar with Kerala's place-naming conventions to look at the lead
| date = January 2018}}
{{nofootnotes|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodumunda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kodumunda east and west
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.8203|N|76.1523|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Muthuthala Panchayath&Parudur panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 091-466
| registration_plate = KL-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pattambi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad]]&[[Ponnani]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Muthuthala Panchayath&Parudur panchayath
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Humid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kodumunda''' is a small village in [[Muthuthala]] and [[Parudur]] gramapanchayath, [[Pattambi Taluk]], [[Palakkad district]] [[Kerala]]. It is a minor trading center in Muthuthala Panchayath. The portions of Kodumunda in [[Parudur]] Panchayath are called west Kodumunda. The only railway station in [[Muthuthala]] is situated in Kodumunda and is home to four significant temples: Muthassiyarkavu, Cheruneerkara Shiva Temple, Manniyampathoor Saraswathi temple, and Madayil lakshminarasimha temple. Muthassiyarkavu thalapoli and Kodumunda nercha are the major festivals in this village.

==Geography==

Kodumunda has two parts. The part in [[Muthuthala]] panchayath is known as '''East Kodumunda''' (Kizhakke Kodumunda in Malayalam), and the other part, in [[Parudur]] panchayat, is known as '''West Kodumunda''' (Padinhare Kodumunda in Malayalam). The portions are divided by a railway. The infrastructure of the village is divided between the two sections. Mele Kodumunda, Thazhe Kodumunda (in Muthuthala Panchayath) and West kodumunda (parudur panchayath) are considered to be the centers of each.

== Government ==
The eastern part of Kodumunda is situated in the [[Pattambi]] [[Electoral district|assembly constituency]] and the [[Palakkad]] [[Lok Sabha|Loksabha]] constituency. West Kodumunda is in [[Thrithala]] under the [[Ponnani]] [[Lok Sabha|Loksabha]] constituency.

==Religious centres==
There are many [[temple]]s and [[mosque]]s in Kodumunda. Nedunganad Muthassiyarkavu is one of the most important temples in Kodumunda. [[Sree Maniyampathur Saraswathi Temple]], which is situated in West Kodumunda, is the only [[Saraswati|Saraswathi]] temple in Malabar. Kodumunda Jumamasjid west kodumunda juma masjid are the important mosques. Muthassiyarkavu thalapoli, Valavil kshethram (Cheruneerkara Shiva temple) Shivaratri are the major festivals in Kodumunda, and are celebrated annually. Kodumunda Nercha celebrating as national festival is considered as another important festival in the area.

==Education==

There are many educational institutions near Kodumunda. Govt. HSS Kodumunda is a school in Muthuthala panchayath. GHS Kodumunda West, which is situated in Parudur Panchayath, is another public school. GLPS Kodumunda and AMLPS Kodumunda are two of the institutions providing [[primary education]].

==Health==

The government Ayurvedic dispensary in Muthuthala Panchayath is situated in Kodumunda. The Muthuthala government hospital is situated two kilometers away from Kodumunda. The people go to [[Pattambi]] for further treatment.

==Transportation==
===Waterways===

There used to be a trade link passing through the [[Bharathappuzha|Bharathapuzha]] river. Varantakuttikkatavu was a ferry point which connected [[Thrithala]] with Kodumunda. Now there is no water transportation available probably due to the construction of the Velliyankallu Dam in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velliyankallu RCB, Thrithala {{!}} Irrigation-kerala |url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/velliyankallu-rcb-thrithala? |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> As recently as 2000, small boats and rafts were a typical sight in this area.

===Road===

The city is located five kilometers from Pattambi on the Pattambi-Pallippuram Road and can be reached by road or by rail. Kodumunda is of the important place in the route. [[Pattambi]]-[[Pallippuram, Palakkad|Pallippuram]], [[Pattambi]]-[[Valanchery]] (via-kodumunda-[[Muthuthala]]), and [[Pattambi]]-[[Koppam]] (via Kodumunda-[[Muthuthala]]) buses pass through Kodumunda, though West Kodumunda cannot be reached through this route. The Pattambi-Pallippuram bus on the Theeradesham road is the only way to reach West Kodumunda by bus.

===Rail===

Kodumunda is the location of the only [[Train station|railway station]] in [[Muthuthala]], which is on the way to [[Kozhikode]] on the Shoranur–Kozhikode railway line. Only a few passenger trains halt at this station, so the preferable means to reach Kodumunda is by road. Pattambi is the main railway station nearby where most of the trains do stop.

==Nearby towns and important suburbs==

*[[Pattambi]]
*[[Karuvanpadi]]
*[[Pallippuram, Palakkad|Pallippuram]]
*[[Thrithala]]
*[[Koppam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://lsg.kerala.gov.in/election/candidateDetails.php?year=2010&lb=813&ln=en Muthuthala - Election Details]
{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]

DreamFolks

2025-01-05T00:39:30Z

KARTIK: adding initial stub first draft!

{{Short description|Indian airport services company}}
{{Advert|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = DreamFolks Services Limited
| image = DreamFolks-logo.jpg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|543591}}|{{NSE|DREAMFOLKS}}}}
| ISIN = INE0JS101016
| industry = Airport services
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2013}}
| location = [[Gurugram]], India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list
| Liberatha Peter Kallat
| Dinesh Nagpal
| Mukesh Yadav
}}
| services = Airport lounges and transfer
| homepage = [https://www.dreamfolks.in/ www.dreamfolks.in]
}}

'''DreamFolks Services Limited''' is an [[Indian airports|Indian airport]] service aggregator company established in 2013 and headquartered in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Rajesh |date=24 Aug 2022 |title=Dreamfolks on route to revival, but it's best to wait & watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/investors-may-wait-to-ensure-sustainable-business-momentum-before-investing-in-dreamfolks-services-ipo/articleshow/93736616.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> It provides consumers to access airport-related services via technology driven platform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Devender |date=Nov 2021 |title=DreamFolks offers the Ultimate Red Carpet Experience |url=https://travelspan.in/november-2021/ |journal=Travel Span |language=English |pages=46, 47, 48}}</ref>

It was 100% owned by the promoters, Liberatha Peter Kallat and Dinesh Nagpal each had 33% shareholding in the company, and the remaining 34% shareholding was held by Mukesh Yadav. Later, the company listed publicly on the Indian stock exchange on 6 September 2022, diluting 33% of the promoters’ stakes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DreamFolks Services IPO {{!}} 10 things you must know before rushing for the issue |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/dreamfolks-services-ipo-10-key-things-to-know-before-you-subscribe-to-the-issue-9069161.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

In Oct 2022, It had 100% coverage across 54 airport lounges in India and a market share of over 95% of all India-issued card-based access to domestic lounges in India. It is present in 121 countries worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Preeti |date=2 Oct 2022 |title=Building long-lasting relationships is my go-to business mantra: DreamFolks' Liberatha Peter Kallat |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/building-long-lasting-relationships-is-my-go-to-business-mantra-dreamfolks-liberatha-peter-kallat-9263661.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The company started its operations in 2013 by facilitating lounge access services for the consumers of [[Mastercard]]. It has evolved from an airport lounge aggregator to an end-to-end technology solutions provider.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=DreamFolks Services IPO to open on 24 Aug, public offer entirely OFS |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/dreamfolks-services-ipo-to-open-on-24-aug-public-offer-entirely-ofs-11660814903355.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DreamFolks Services IPO opens today {{!}} Should you subscribe to the issue? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/dreamfolks-services-ipo-opens-today-should-you-subscribe-to-the-issue-9076991.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

{{Expand section|date=December 2023}}

In July 2021, DreamFolks had a 90% market share in India and was present in 140 countries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=DreamFolks: New-Age Experience Airport Hospitality Services |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/media/supplement_pdf/The%20Challengers%20PowerList.pdf |access-date=19 Nov 2022 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> In FY 2021-22, the company catered to 68% of the overall lounge volume traffic across all lounges in Indian airports (domestic and international lounges).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Dreamfolks Services IPO: Offer fully subscribed within hours of opening; all you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/dreamfolks-services-ipo-all-you-need-to-know-8107311/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In Aug 2022, the company opened its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) with an Offer For Sale (OFS) of up to 1.7 crore equity shares on 24 August 2022 and listed in [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] & [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] on 6 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |first=Manju |last=V.|title=Airport service aggregator, DreamFolks IPO to launch next week - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/markets/ipo/airport-service-aggregator-dreamfolks-ipo-to-launch-next-week/articleshow/93642501.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Surbhi |date=22 Aug 2022 |title=DreamFolks IPO opens Wednesday, 24 Aug; check price band, grey market premium, issue size, bidding details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/ipo-news/dreamfolks-ipo-opens-wednesday-24-aug-check-price-band-grey-market-premium-issue-size-bidding-details/2639315/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The IPO raised {{INRConvert|562|c|year=2022}} and gained a premium of 55% to the issue price of ₹326 on the opening day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dreamfolks lists with 55% gain over issue price |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/dreamfolks-lists-with-55-gain-over-issue-price/articleshow/94038383.cms |access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref> In the year ended FY22, the company has an Indian market share of 95% of all the Indian issued credit and debit card access to airport lounges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkar |first=Sunil |date=27 Oct 2022 |title=DreamFolks shares soar as record travellers queue up at busy airports for lounge access |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/dreamfolks-services-shares-rally-on-strong-airport-footfalls-travel-industry-recovery-9399121.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

In the second quarter of FY23, the company recorded a profit of {{INRConvert|14.78|c|year=2022}}. The revenue from operations grew to {{INRConvert|171.24|c|year=2022}} as compared to the last year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkar |first=Sunil |date=5 Nov 2022 |title=DreamFolks Services profit jumps 745% on healthy growth in airport footfalls |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/dreamfolks-services-profit-jumps-745-on-healthy-growth-in-airport-footfalls-9456621.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

=== Partnerships ===
The company has partnered with all the card networks which are operating in India including Mastercard, [[Diners Club International|Diners]], [[Discover Card|Discover]], [[RuPay|Rupay]] and prominent card issuers like [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]], [[Axis Bank|Axis]], [[Kotak Mahindra Bank|Kotak Mahindra]], [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]] and [[SBI Card|SBI]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Lancelot |date=March 2022 |title=DreamFolks Services |url=https://businessindia.co/emagazine/russian-bear-hug |journal=Business India |pages=50, 51, 52}}</ref>
* In June 2021, DreamFolks partnered with [[Go First]] (formerly known as [[GoAir|Goair]]) for departure lounge services across selected airports in India. This includes 30 domestic terminals and 12 international terminals providing food and beverages, entertainment, free wi-fi and business centre facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Go First to offer departure lounge service across select Indian airports |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/06/15/go-first-to-offer-departure-lounge-service-across-select-indian-airports/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Business Traveller |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* In Sep 2022, the company partnered with nine lounges at eight railway stations across the country Paharganj ([[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]), [[Ajmeri Gate]] (New Delhi),[[Madurai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Sealdah]], [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantt]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Market liked our 'unique business model': DreamFolks founder on stellar listing |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/as-dreamfolks-shares-list-at-55-premium-its-founder-sees-a-robust-moat-346464-2022-09-06 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=IPO-bound DreamFolks to provide lounge services at 5 rly stations - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/dreamfolks-to-provide-lounge-services-at-5-railway-stations/90570637 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In Dec 2022, the company strategically partnered with Vidsur Golf which allowed them access to their 250 golf courses across India and Asia Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HDFC, TVS Motor Co, Natco Pharma, Bajaj Consumer Care, BCL Industries, DreamFolks, Go Fashion stocks in focus |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/stocks-to-watch-hdfc-tvs-motor-co-natco-pharma-bajaj-consumer-care-bcl-industries-dreamfolks-go-fashion-stocks-in-focus/2901794/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Financialexpress |date=6 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=DreamFolks partners with Vidsur Golf to provide customers access to 250+ golf courses in Asia Pacific |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/dreamfolks-partners-with-vidsur-golf-to-provide-customers-access-to-golf-courses-in-asia-pacific-15343781.htm |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
*In March 2024, DreamFolks partnered with [[Healthians]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DreamFolks Partners with Healthians: Your Membership Card Now Gets You Healthier |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/dreamfolks-partners-with-healthians-your-membership-card-now-gets-you-healthier |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==
In Aug 2022, before the launch of the initial public offering (IPO), the company raised {{INRConvert|253|c|year=2022}} from 18 anchor investors including marquee global and other domestic investors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DreamFolks IPO opens for subscription today, raises Rs 253 crore from anchor investors; should you subscribe? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/ipo-news/dreamfolks-ipo-opens-for-subscription-today-raises-rs-253-crore-from-anchor-investors-should-you-subscribe/2641857/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Financialexpress |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> According to BSE website, DreamFolks allotted {{INRConvert|1.7|c|year=2022}} shares to anchor investors at a price of ₹326 a piece by aggregating the transaction size to {{INRConvert|253|c|year=2022}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Aug 2022 |title=Dreamfolks Services raises Rs 253 cr from anchor investors ahead of IPO |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/dreamfolks-services-raises-rs-253-cr-from-anchor-investors-ahead-of-ipo-122082301304_1.html |access-date=20 Nov 2022}}</ref> Smallcap World Fund was the largest bidder with 28.46% of the total portion offered for anchor investors. And, Aditya Birla Sun Life MF, Invesco India MF, and [[Sundaram Finance|Sundaram Mutual Fund]] were among the top five investors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makwana |first=Bhakti |date=24 Aug 2022 |title=California-based VC laps up about a third of DreamFolks' anchor investor pie |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/dreamfolks-services-ipo-opens-today-check-out-important-details-related-to-the-ipo/articleshow/93740178.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== Services ==
The company helps all the consumers who have access to airport-related services like lounges, food and beverages, meet and assist airport transfer, spa, nap rooms or transit hotels, and baggage transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Dreamfolks Services announces Q1 results on listing day, swings to profit |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/dreamfolks-services-announces-q1-results-on-listing-day-swings-to-profit-11662442522864.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Financials ==
COVID-19 restrictions severely impacted its financials during FY21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makwana |first=Bhakti |date=22 Aug 2022 |title=Airport services aggregator DreamFolks Services IPO to open on August 24, price band at ₹308-₹326 apiece |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/airport-services-aggregator-dreamfolks-services-ipo-to-open-on-august-24-price-band-at-308-326-apiece/articleshow/93712223.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DreamFolks Services' ₹562 cr IPO opens on Aug 24; here's all need to know |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/investing/dreamfolks-services-562-cr-ipo-opens-on-aug-24-heres-all-need-to-know/109394 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Revenue (In crores)
! Profits/Loss (In crores)
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|FY 2020
|{{Increase}} 367
|{{Increase}} {{color|Green|16.25}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airport services aggregator DreamFolks Services IPO to open on August 24, price band at ₹308-₹326 apiece |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/airport-services-aggregator-dreamfolks-services-ipo-to-open-on-august-24-price-band-at-308-326-apiece/articleshow/93712223.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>
|-
|FY 2021
|{{Decrease}} 108
|{{Decrease}} {{color|Red|1.45}}
|-
|FY 2022
|{{Increase}} 283
|{{Increase}} {{color|Green|31}}
|}

== Corporate Social Responsibility ==
Dreamfolks adopted two schools as part of Girl Child Empowerment Initiative in Gurgaon, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabindra |date=2022-10-15 |title=Dreamfolks Services Limited Adopts Two Schools as Part of Girl Child Empowerment Initiative in Gurgaon, Haryana |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/education/dreamfolks-services-limited-adopts-two-schools-as-part-of-girl-child-empowerment-initiative-in-gurgaon-haryana/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|https://www.dreamfolks.in/}}

[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry

2024-11-17T22:39:47Z

KARTIK: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry
|image=63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry, St. Mary's Church, Madras.jpg
|caption=63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry insignia
|dates=1759–1922
|country={{flag|British India}}
|branch={{army|British India}}
|type=Infantry
|size=
|command_structure=[[Madras Army]] (to 1895) [[Madras Command]]
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colours=Uniform: Red then scarlet; faced dark green 1882 facings green 1898 facings emerald green
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Carnatic Wars]] [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] [[World War I]]
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

[[File:0046 Fort Pallamcottah (1800).jpg|thumb|300px|Fort Pallamcottah (1800) by [[James Welsh (East India Company officer)|James Welsh]]]]

[[File:Colours of the 63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry, 83rd Wallajahbad Light Infantry and 73rd Carnatic Infantry, St. Mary's Church, Madras.jpg|thumb|300px|Colours of the 63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry, [[83rd Wallajahbad Light Infantry]] and [[73rd Carnatic Infantry]], buried at [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church, Madras]]]]

The '''63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry''' was an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. The regiment could trace its origins to 1759, when it was raised as the 4th Battalion Coast Sepoys.

==History==
One of the oldest regiments in the British Indian Army, the Palamcottah Light Infantry took part in the [[Carnatic Wars]], the [[Battle of Sholinghur]] in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the [[Battle of Mahidpur]] in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], and the [[Battle of Ava]] in the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]]. They were then sent to China as part of the [[British Empire]] forces that took part in suppressing the [[Boxer Rebellion]], although without seeing active service.

===Recruitment basis===
After 1902 the basis of recruitment for most of the Madras regiments of the Indian Army shifted to the "martial races" of the Punjab and other northern regions. The Palamcottah Light Infantry however continued to be recruited in southern India. In 1914 four of its eight companies were Madrasi Muslims, two were Tamils and the remainder Parayans and Christian Madrasis. The regiment had about 13 British officers and 17 Indian officers. The India Army List dated October 1914 records the 63rd Light Infantry as sharing a regimental centre at [[Trichinopoly]] with the [[61st Pioneers]], the [[64th Pioneers]] and the [[83rd Light Infantry]]. Under the system of "linked battalions" in force at the time the 63rd shared recruits with any of the other regiments listed, according to individual unit needs.<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Miller|page=66|title=Battle for the Bundu. The First World War in East Africa. |year=1974|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-02-584930-1}}</ref>

===World War I===
During [[World War I]] the regiment initially remained in India on internal security duties as part of the [[5th (Mhow) Division]]. In October 1914 the Palamcottah Light Infantry moved to [[British East Africa]] as part of the [[Indian Expeditionary Force B]]. It was part of the British landing force defeated by German colonial troops at the [[Battle of Tanga]].<ref>J.A. Sibley, p26-p33 "Tanganyikan Guerrilla - East African Campaign 1914-18", {{ISBN|0-345-09801-3}}</ref> At an early stage in the landing the regiment disintegrated when it came under heavy fire from the 6th Field Company of German [[askari]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gaylor|page=8|title=Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903-1991|year=1992|publisher=Spellmount |isbn=0-946771-98-7}}</ref> Of 762 officers and men present at Tanga, the 63rd Light Infantry lost 85 killed, wounded and missing. It spent the remainder of the War on lines of communication service in East Africa before returning to India.

===Disbandment===
After World War I the Indian Army was restructured with the infantry moving from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments.<ref>Sumner p.15</ref> Following the allocation of individual battalions to the twenty new "large" regiments the nine remaining single battalion regiments were disbanded. These included the 63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry, which ceased to exist on 13 September 1922.<ref>John Gaylor, page 19 "Sons of John Company - the Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903-1991", {{ISBN|0-946771-98-7}}</ref>

==Lineage==
*4th Battalion Coast Sepoys - 1759
*4th Carnatic Battalion - 1769
*3rd Carnatic Battalion - 1779
*3rd Madras Battalion - 1784
*1st Battalion, 3rd Madras Native Infantry - 1796
*3rd Madras Native Infantry (Palamcottah Light Infantry) - 1812
*3rd Madras Native Light Infantry - 1885
*63rd (Palamcottah) Madras Light Infantry - 1901
*63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry - 1903

==Insignia and Uniform==
The Palamcottah Light Infantry had the usual bugle horn badge of [[light infantry]] regiments, in brass with the number 63 in the curl of the bugle and a crown above. The [[full dress uniform]] worn in 1910 included a scarlet "[[zouave]]"<ref>{{cite book|first=Wendell|last=Schollander|page=341|title=Glory of the Empires 1880-1914|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7524-8634-5}}</ref> style tunic with [[emerald green]] facings and dark blue breeches. Turban and [[puttees]] were khaki.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lt. Gen. Sir George|last=MacMunn|page=49|title=The Armies of India|year=1984|isbn=0-947554-02-5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last1=Barthorp|first1=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860-1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Rinaldi|first=Richard A|year=2008|title=Order of Battle British Army 1914|publisher=Ravi Rikhye|isbn=978-0-9776072-8-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}
*Moberly, F.J. (1923). ''Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign'', Imperial War Museum. {{ISBN|1-870423-30-5}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Military history of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1759]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion]]