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James Bond

2026-05-30T13:57:40Z

JyothikaSahoo: Creating some entry v1 - done

{{Short description|Media franchise about a British spy}}
{{Italic title}}
{{About|the series|the character in the novels |James Bond (literary character)|the character in the films|Portrayal of James Bond in film|other uses|James Bond (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|007|other uses|007 (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Mr. Bond|other uses|Mr. Bond (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = James Bond
| image = Fleming007impression.jpg
| caption = Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the ''[[Daily Express]]'' comic strip artists
| creator = [[Ian Fleming]]
| origin = ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' (1953)
| years = 1953–present
| books =
| novels = [[List of James Bond novels and short stories|List of novels]]
| short_stories = See list of novels
| comics = [[List of James Bond comics|List of comic books]]
| graphic_novels =
| strips = ''[[James Bond (comic strip)|James Bond]]'' (1958–1983)
| magazines =
| films = [[List of James Bond films|List of films]]
| shorts = ''Happy and Glorious'' (2012)
| tv = "[[Casino Royale (1954 film)|Casino Royale]]" (''[[Climax!]]'' season 1 – episode 3) (1954)
| atv = ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' (1991)
| tv_specials =
| tv_films =
| dtv =
| plays =
| musicals =
| games = Various
| rpgs = ''[[James Bond 007 (role-playing game)|James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
| vgs = [[James Bond in video games|List of video games]]
| radio = [[#Radio|Radio dramas]]
| soundtracks =
| music = [[James Bond music|Music]]
| toys = Various
| otherlabel1 = Portrayers
| otherdata1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pierce Brosnan]]
* [[Sean Connery]]
* [[Daniel Craig]]
* [[Timothy Dalton]]
* [[Bob Holness]]
* [[Michael Jayston]]
* [[George Lazenby]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Barry Nelson (actor)|Barry Nelson]]
* [[David Niven]]
* [[Toby Stephens]]
}}
| otherlabel2 =
| otherdata2 =
| otherlabel3 =
| otherdata3 =
}}

The '''''James Bond''''' franchise focuses on [[James Bond (literary character)|the titular character]], a fictional [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Secret Service]] agent created in 1953 by writer [[Ian Fleming]], who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, nine other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]], [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], [[Raymond Benson]], [[Sebastian Faulks]], [[Jeffery Deaver]], [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]], [[Anthony Horowitz]] and [[Charlie Higson]]. The latest novel is ''On His Majesty's Secret Service'' by Charlie Higson, published in May 2023. Charlie Higson wrote a series on [[Young Bond|a young James Bond]], and [[Samantha Weinberg|Kate Westbrook]] wrote three novels based on the [[The Moneypenny Diaries|diaries of a recurring series character]], [[Miss Moneypenny|Moneypenny]].

The character—also known by the code number '''007''' (pronounced "double-oh-seven")—has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strips, video games and film. The ''James Bond'' franchise is one of the [[List of highest-grossing media franchises|highest-grossing media franchises of all time]]. The films constitute one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US$7.04 billion in total at the box office, making ''James Bond'' the [[List of highest-grossing franchises and film series|fifth-highest-grossing film series]] to date. It started in 1962 with ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]] as Bond. {{As of|2021}}, there have been twenty-five films in the [[Eon Productions]] [[James Bond in film|series]]. The most recent Bond film, ''[[No Time to Die]]'' (2021), stars [[Daniel Craig]] in his fifth and final portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent Bond film productions: ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (a 1967 [[Parody|spoof]] starring [[David Niven]]) and ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 1965's ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'', both starring Connery). ''Casino Royale'' has also been adapted for television, as a one-hour show in 1954 as part of the CBS series ''[[Climax!]]''.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including [[James Bond music|their soundtracks]]; three of the movies' theme songs have received [[Academy Award|Academy Awards]] and others have received nominations. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by [[Q (James Bond)|Q Branch]]. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are popularly referred to as "[[Bond girl]]s".

== Publication history ==
=== Creation and inspiration ===
{{Main|James Bond (literary character)|Inspirations for James Bond}}
[[File:Ian Fleming c. 1958 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright|''James Bond'' creator [[Ian Fleming]] in 1958]]
[[Ian Fleming]] created the fictional character of [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as [[MI6]]. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a [[Royal Naval Reserve]] [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]]. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of people he came across during his time in the [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] and [[30 Assault Unit]] during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /> Among those types were his brother, [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter]], who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in [[Norway in World War II|Norway]] and [[Greece in World War II|Greece]] during the war.<ref name="PF Obit (1971)">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer|newspaper= The Times|date=20 August 1971|page=14}}</ref> Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including [[Conrad O'Brien-ffrench]], [[Patrick Dalzel-Job]], [[Wilfred Dunderdale|Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale]] and [[Duško Popov]].<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Chris |title=From the archive: the real James Bond, 1973 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/mar/22/from-the-archive-the-real-james-bond-1973-dusko-popov-ian-fleming |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

The name James Bond came from that of the American [[ornithologist]] [[James Bond (ornithologist)|James Bond]], a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive [[field guide]] ''[[Birds of the West Indies]]''. Fleming, a keen [[Birdwatching|birdwatcher]] himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".<ref>{{cite news |title=James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |access-date=22 August 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 February 1989 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502204215/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He further explained that:

{{Blockquote|text= When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.|sign= Ian Fleming|source=''[[The New Yorker]]'', 21 April 1962<ref name="Hellman (1962)">{{cite magazine |last= Hellman |first= Geoffrey T. |title= Bond's Creator |url= https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |id= section "Talk of the Town" |magazine= The New Yorker |access-date= 9 September 2011 |author-link= Geoffrey T. Hellman |page= 32 |date= 21 April 1962 |archive-date= 21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095936/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |url-status= live }}</ref>}}

On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=112}}

[[File:Hoagy Carmichael - 1947.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hoagy Carmichael]]—Fleming's view of James Bond]]

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer [[Hoagy Carmichael]] and himself{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}} and in [[Casino Royale (novel)|''Casino Royale'']], [[Vesper Lynd]] remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in [[Moonraker (novel)|''Moonraker'']], [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}}

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs, and using the same brand of toiletries.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,<ref name="Cook (2004)">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=William |title=Novel man |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=28 June 2004|page=40}}</ref> with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" />

It was not until the penultimate novel, ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'', that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of [[Dr. No (film)|''Dr. No'']] in cinemas, and [[Sean Connery]]'s depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=205}} In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in ''[[The Times]]'', Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of [[Glencoe, Highland|Glencoe]], [[Scotland]], and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of [[Vaud]], Switzerland.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=59}} Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]]'s fictional biography of Bond, ''[[James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007]]'', gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,{{sfn|Pearson|2008|p=21}} while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=27}}

Historical research following the 2020 declassifications by the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) has identified [[Bronisław Urbański]] (known as the "White Ghost") as a physical and operational model for Bond. Urbański, a "liquidator" for the Polish elite Unit 99/3 ''Wapiennik'', was introduced to Fleming in 1951 by [[Krystyna Skarbek]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnard |first1=G. |last2=Wroblewski |first2=C. |title=Sabotage! |publisher=Grub Street Publications |year=2024 |isbn=978-1911714156}}</ref> While historians such as [[Norman Davies]], Stewart Egerton, and Peter Zablocki focus on Urbański’s role in the 1943 [[Gibraltar air crash]] and [[General Sikorski's death]], the personal connection to Fleming is further detailed in the 2024 biography ''Living with James Bond''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Urbanski |first=P. J. |title=Living with James Bond |publisher=Amazon/Independent |year=2024 |isbn=979-8335900591}}</ref> According to this account, Skarbek provided Fleming with details from Urbański's 1949 passport, including specific physical identifiers and scars sustained at [[Stalag VB]], which align with Fleming's definitive sketch of Bond. The operational links have been further examined through BBC-funded investigative research that makes it almost impossible to be anyone else. These findings align Urbański's movements with Fleming's intelligence circles and the wartime "GoldenEye" operations in Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zablocki |first=Peter |title=The Death of General Sikorski |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2024}}</ref>

=== Novels and related works ===
{{Main|List of James Bond novels and short stories}}

==== Ian Fleming novels ====
[[File:GoldeneyeEstate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye]], in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=208}}]]

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author;<ref name="Lycett (DNB)">{{cite ODNB|last= Lycett |first=Andrew|title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33168|access-date=7 September 2011|author-link=Andrew Lycett|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33168|year=2004}}</ref> he had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)">{{cite news|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|title= Bond – the real Bond|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=36|date=5 April 2008|ref={{harvid|Macintyre (2008b)}}}}</ref> On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, ''Casino Royale'', at his [[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye estate]] in [[Oracabessa]], Jamaica,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=4}} where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.{{sfn|Bennett|Woollacott|2003|p=1|loc=ch 1}}

After completing the manuscript for ''Casino Royale'', Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) [[William Plomer]] to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, [[Jonathan Cape]], who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' and ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''—published posthumously.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=75}} All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1953 ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Casino Royale |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100519/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1954 ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Live and Let Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100551/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1955 ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonraker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916133924/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |archive-date= 16 September 2011 }}</ref>
* 1956 ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Diamonds are Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100356/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1957 ''[[From Russia, with Love (novel)|From Russia, with Love]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=From Russia, with Love |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401031119/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref>
* 1958 ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. No |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054058/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1959 ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055724/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1960 ''[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Your Eyes Only |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055343/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> (short stories)
* 1961 ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Thunderball |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055120/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1962 ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spy Who Loved Me |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1963 ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227052813/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1964 ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |work= The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111111/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1965 ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man with the Golden Gun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227060115/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1966 ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Octopussy and The Living Daylights |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004806/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> (short stories; "The Property of a Lady" added to subsequent editions)
|}

==== Post-Fleming novels ====
After Fleming's death, a continuation novel, ''[[Colonel Sun]]'', was written by [[Kingsley Amis]] (as [[Robert Markham]]) and published in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonel Sun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071453/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work ''[[The James Bond Dossier]]''.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=32}} Although [[novelisation]]s of two of the [[Eon Productions]] Bond films appeared in print, ''[[James Bond, the Spy Who Loved Me]]'' and ''[[James Bond and Moonraker]]'', both written by screenwriter [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]],<ref name="IFP, Novelizations">{{cite web|title=Film Novelizations |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918184837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref> the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, the thriller writer [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]] picked up the series with ''[[Licence Renewed]]''.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=58}} Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name: ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' and ''[[GoldenEye]]''. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=149}} In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ripley|first=Mike|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|title=Obituary: John Gardner: Prolific thriller writer behind the revival of James Bond and Professor Moriarty|access-date=14 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2007|page=41|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415133341/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1981 ''[[Licence Renewed]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Licence Renewed |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092749/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1982 ''[[For Special Services]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Special Services |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092955/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1983 ''[[Icebreaker (novel)|Icebreaker]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Breaker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092651/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1984 ''[[Role of Honour]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Role Of Honour |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092007/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1986 ''[[Nobody Lives for Ever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobody Lives Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092102/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1987 ''[[No Deals, Mr. Bond]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=No Deals Mr Bond |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1988 ''[[Scorpius (novel)|Scorpius]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Scorpius |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1989 ''[[Win, Lose or Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Win, Lose Or Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092427/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1989 ''Licence to Kill''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1990 ''[[Brokenclaw]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Brokenclaw |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092455/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1991 ''[[The Man from Barbarossa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man From Barbarossa |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092554/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1992 ''[[Death Is Forever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Death is Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202437/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 1993 ''[[Never Send Flowers]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Send Flowers |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093052/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1994 ''[[SeaFire]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Seafire |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093233/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1995 ''GoldenEye''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1996 ''[[Cold (novel)|Cold]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cold |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093337/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

In 1996, the American author [[Raymond Benson]] became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of ''[[The James Bond Bedside Companion]]'', first published in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Books – At a Glance|url=http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|work=RaymondBenson.com|access-date=3 November 2011|author=Raymond Benson|author-link=Raymond Benson|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127115953/http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|url-status=live}}</ref>
By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raymond Benson |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071253/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1997 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Blast from the Past"|Blast From the Past]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=62}} (short story)
* 1997 ''[[Zero Minus Ten]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Zero Minus Ten |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093949/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1997 ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1998 ''[[The Facts of Death]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Facts Of Death |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093647/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1999 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Midsummer Night's Doom"|Midsummer Night's Doom]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=63}} (short story)
* 1999 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Live at Five"|Live at Five]]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=64}} (short story)
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 1999 ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
* 1999 ''[[High Time to Kill]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=High Time To Kill |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093753/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2000 ''[[DoubleShot]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Doubleshot |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093445/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2001 ''[[Never Dream of Dying]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Dream Of Dying |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093544/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2002 ''[[The Man with the Red Tattoo]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man With The Red Tattoo |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093615/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 2002 ''[[Die Another Day]]''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
|}

After a gap of six years, [[Sebastian Faulks]] was commissioned by [[Ian Fleming Publications]] to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Faulks pens new James Bond novel|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=11 July 2007|archive-date=12 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The book—titled ''[[Devil May Care (Faulks novel)|Devil May Care]]''—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.<ref name="Faulks">{{cite web|title=Sebastian Faulks |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071357/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> American writer [[Jeffery Deaver]] was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce [[Carte Blanche (novel)|''Carte Blanche'']], which was published on 26 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond book called Carte Blanche|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 January 2011|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|url-status=live}}</ref> The book turned Bond into a post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]] agent, independent of [[MI5]] or MI6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeffery Deaver |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123737/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> On 26 September 2013, ''[[Solo (Boyd novel)|Solo]]'' by [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]], set in 1969, was published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solo Published Today |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=1 October 2013 |date=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234832/http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> In October 2014, it was announced that [[Anthony Horowitz]] was to write a ''Bond'' continuation novel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=James Bond's secret mission: to save Stirling Moss |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of ''Goldfinger'', it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. ''[[Trigger Mortis]]'' was released on 8 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |title=James Bond: Pussy Galore returns in new novel |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513215956/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alison |last=Flood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |title=New James Bond novel Trigger Mortis resurrects Pussy Galore |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608035412/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Pussy Galore returns for new James Bond novel ''Trigger Mortis'' |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's second Bond novel, ''[[Forever and a Day (novel)|Forever and a Day]]'', tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of ''Casino Royale''. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |title=Forever and a Day |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218042318/http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New James Bond Novel Is a Prequel to Fleming's First |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's third Bond novel, ''With a Mind to Kill'', was published on 26 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |title=New Horowitz Bond Title and Cover Revealed |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216190241/https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charlie Higson|Charlie Higson's]] first adult Bond novel, ''On His Majesty's Secret Service'', was published on 4 May 2023 to celebrate the [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|Coronation of King Charles III]] and support the [[National Literacy Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |title=New James Bond Story 'On His Majesty's Secret Service' Commissioned to Celebrate King Charles' Coronation |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=31 March 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505181215/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2008 ''[[Devil May Care (Faulks novel)|Devil May Care]]''
* 2011 ''[[Carte Blanche (novel)|Carte Blanche]]''
* 2013 ''[[Solo (Boyd novel)|Solo]]''
* 2015 ''[[Trigger Mortis]]''
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2018 ''[[Forever and a Day (novel)|Forever and a Day]]''
* 2022 ''With a Mind to Kill''
* 2023 ''On His Majesty's Secret Service''
* 2026 ''King Zero''
|}

==== Young Bond ====
{{Main|Young Bond}}

The ''[[Young Bond]]'' series of novels was started by Charlie Higson<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Neil|title=The name's Bond – Junior Bond|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4293323.stm|access-date=1 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 March 2005|archive-date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530161026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4293323.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Higson|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|work=Puffin Books – Authors|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=9 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309024638/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first Young Bond novel, ''[[SilverFin]]'' was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by [[Puffin Books]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The Graphic Novel|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that [[Stephen Cole (writer)|Stephen Cole]] would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Young Bond Series in 2014 |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=11 October 2013 |date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014031316/http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2005 ''[[SilverFin]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: SilverFin |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2006 ''[[Blood Fever]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Blood Fever |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2007 ''[[Double or Die]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Double or Die |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322032,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101150520/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0%2C%2C9780141322032%2C00.html?%2FYoung_Bond%3A_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |archive-date= 1 November 2012 }}</ref>
* 2007 ''[[Hurricane Gold]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Hurricane Gold |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[By Royal Command]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: By Royal Command |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141384511,00.html?/Young_Bond:_By_Royal__Command_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> & ''SilverFin''<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The (Graphic Novel)|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (graphic novel)
* 2009 "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"A Hard Man to Kill"|A Hard Man to Kill]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144906/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (short story)
|}

==== ''The Moneypenny Diaries'' ====
{{Main|The Moneypenny Diaries}}

''The Moneypenny Diaries'' are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of [[Miss Moneypenny]], [[M (James Bond)|M]]'s personal secretary. The novels are written by [[Samantha Weinberg]] under the [[pseudonym]] Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss Moneypenny|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=14 October 2005|page=10}}</ref> The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel|Guardian Angel]]'', was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connell|first=John|title=Books – Review – The Moneypenny Diaries – Kate Westbrook (ed) – John Murray GBP 12.99|newspaper=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=12 October 2005|page=47}}</ref> A second volume, subtitled ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries|Secret Servant]]'' was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weinberg|first=Samantha|title=Licensed to thrill|newspaper=The Times|date=11 November 2006|author-link=Samantha Weinberg|page=29}}</ref> A third volume, subtitled ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|Final Fling]]'' was released on 1 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saunders|first=Kate|title=The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|newspaper=The Times|date=10 May 2008|page=13}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
* 2005 ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Guardian Angel |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204241/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 2006 ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Secret Servant |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204340/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Fling |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051129/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
=== Television ===
In 1954, [[CBS]] paid Ian Fleming $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1954}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US|df=y}}) to adapt his novel ''Casino Royale'' into a one-hour television adventure, [[Casino Royale (1954 film)|"Casino Royale"]], as part of its ''[[Climax!]]'' series.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=14}} The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred [[Barry Nelson (actor)|Barry Nelson]] as "Card Sense" James Bond and [[Peter Lorre]] as [[Le Chiffre]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=11}} The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character [[Felix Leiter]]—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed Clarence Leiter.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=101}}

In 1964 Roger Moore appeared as James Bond in an extended comedy sketch opposite [[Millicent Martin]] as Sonia Sekova in her [[ATV Network|ATV]] TV series ''Mainly Millicent'', which also makes reference to 007. It was written by [[Dick Hills and Sid Green]]. Undiscovered for several years, it reappeared as an extra in the DVD and Blu-ray release of ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Mainly Millicent: Roger Moore's First Appearance as James Bond''|date=16 January 2015|url=https://www.bondsuits.com/mainly-millicent-roger-moores-first-appearance-james-bond/|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821190636/https://www.bondsuits.com/mainly-millicent-roger-moores-first-appearance-james-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1973, a [[BBC]] documentary ''[[Omnibus (UK TV series)|Omnibus]]: The British Hero'' featured [[Christopher Cazenove]] playing a number of such title characters (e.g. [[Richard Hannay]] and [[Bulldog Drummond]]). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from [[Goldfinger (novel)|''Goldfinger'']]—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the [[Goldfinger (film)|film]]'s laser beam—and ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''.<ref>{{citation |title=Radio Times|date=6–12 October 1973|pages=74–79}}</ref>

In 1991, a spin-off animated series, ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'', was produced with [[Corey Burton]] in the role of Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|title=Sweet Baby James|url=https://ew.com/article/1992/05/29/looking-james-bond-jr-franchise/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=29 May 1992|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094034/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310606,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, a [[Reality television|reality competition show]] based on the franchise, ''[[007: Road to a Million]]'', was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rantala |first1=Hanna |title=New TV show ''007: Road To A Million'' brings Bond-like tasks to screens |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111221436/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Radio ===
In 1958, the novel ''Moonraker'' was adapted for broadcast on [[South Africa]]n radio, with [[Bob Holness]] providing the voice of Bond.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|title=Book Review: The Many Lives of James Bond|date=18 November 2019|website=James Bond Radio|language=en-GB|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204002740/https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Many Lives of James Bond: How the Creators of 007 Have Decoded the Superspy|last=Edlitz|first=Mark|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1493041565|page=148}}</ref> According to ''[[The Independent]]'', "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=The Bond bunch|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=8 November 2006|page=14}}</ref>

The [[BBC]] have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 ''You Only Live Twice'' was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for [[BBC Radio 4]] with [[Michael Jayston]] playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond – You Only Live Twice|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|work=BBC Radio 4 Extra|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 October 2011|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of ''Dr. No''. The actor [[Toby Stephens]], who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of ''[[Die Another Day]]'', played Bond, while Dr. [[Julius No]] was played by [[David Suchet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=007 villain to play Bond on radio|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 October 2011|date=2 May 2008|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316215211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast ''Goldfinger'' with Stephens again playing Bond.<ref>{{cite web|author= Hemley, Matthew|date= 13 October 2009|url= https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger-is-adapted-for-bbc|title= James Bond to return to radio as Goldfinger is adapted for BBC|publisher= The Stage Online|access-date= 19 March 2010|archive-date= 11 June 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611123625/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/25870/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger|url-status= live}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]] was [[Auric Goldfinger]] and Stephens' ''Die Another Day'' co-star [[Rosamund Pike]] played [[Pussy Galore]]. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by [[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|work=Saturday Play|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 October 2011|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112033433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the novel [[From Russia, with Love (novel)|''From Russia, with Love'']] was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: From Russia With Love|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|work=[[BBC Radio 4]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219090509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', with [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]], and [[Joanna Lumley]] (who appeared in the 1969 [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|film adaptation]]) as Irma Bunt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: On Her Majesty's Secret Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|website=[[BBC]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506000607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Comics ===
{{Main|James Bond (comic strip)|James Bond comic books}}

[[File:McLusky007.jpg|thumb|upright|right|John McLusky's rendition of James Bond]]

In 1957, the ''[[Daily Express]]'' approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=6}} After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=316}} To aid the ''Daily Express'' in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, [[John McLusky]], however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}} The first strip, ''Casino Royale'' was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=7}}

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, including Kingsley Amis's ''Colonel Sun''. The works were written by [[Henry Gammidge]] or Jim Lawrence, except for the adaptation of ''Dr. No'' which was written by the future [[Modesty Blaise]] creator [[Peter O'Donnell]]. Following John McLusky's tenure as the original artist, [[Yaroslav Horak]] took over illustration duties in 1966.{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the ''Daily Express'' and ''[[Sunday Express]]'' until May 1977.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}}

Several [[comic book]] adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of ''Dr. No'''s release in October 1962, a [[comic book]] adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' anthology series.{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} It was later reprinted in the United States by [[DC Comics]] as part of its ''[[Showcase (comic book)|Showcase]]'' anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |title=Secrets Behind the Comics |first=Mark |last=Evanier |author-link=Mark Evanier |publisher=NewsFromme.com |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021094626/http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 }}</ref>{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}

With the release of the 1981 film [[For Your Eyes Only (film)|''For Your Eyes Only'']], [[Marvel Comics]] published a two-issue [[comic book]] adaptation of the film.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=131}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}} When ''[[Octopussy]]'' was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for ''Licence to Kill'', although [[Timothy Dalton]] refused to allow his likeness to be used.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond Violence Gets Artistic 'Licence'|newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|date=28 July 1989}}</ref> New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, [[Eclipse Comics]], [[Dark Horse Comics]] and [[Dynamite Entertainment]].{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|title=How Dynamite's New James Bond Comic Creates a 007 We Haven't Seen Before|publisher=Screencrush|date=6 November 2016|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105004243/https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Films ===
{{Main|List of James Bond films|Portrayal of James Bond in film}}

==== Eon Productions films ====
[[File:007 logo.svg|thumb|Franchise logo, 1995–present]]

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian [[Harry Saltzman]] and American [[Albert R. Broccoli|Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli]], released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, ''Dr. No'' (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sutton |first=Mike |title=Dr. No (1962) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |website=[[Screenonline]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233640/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after [[You Only Live Twice (film)|''You Only Live Twice'']] (1967),<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281|website=TCM|publisher=Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc|access-date=2 August 2011|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206131511/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281%7C0/You-Only-Live-Twice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was taken up by [[George Lazenby]] for ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1969).<ref name="screenonline">{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|website=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184421/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film [[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|''Diamonds Are Forever'']].{{sfn| Feeney Callan |2002|p=217}}

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for ''Live and Let Die'' (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=81}} Irish actor [[Pierce Brosnan]] was cast as Bond in ''GoldenEye'' (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002. In 2006, [[Daniel Craig]] was given the role for [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|''Casino Royale'']] (2006), which rebooted the series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robey|first=Tim|title=Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 November 2011|date=12 January 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Craig appeared for a total of five films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/daniel-craig-james-bond-stephen-colbert/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074956/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/daniel-craig-james-bond-stephen-colbert/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2017|title=Daniel Craig confirms return as James Bond|last=Pallotta|first=Frank|work=CNNMoney|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> The series has grossed well over $7 billion to date, making it the [[List of highest-grossing film series|fifth-highest-grossing film series]].<ref name="Numbers: Franchises">{{cite web|title=Movie Franchises|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|website=The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216183108/https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] purchased [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) for $8.5 billion, and the distribution rights to its library of films, including the James Bond movies. After creating the merged [[Amazon MGM Studios]], the company became involved in developing the next theatrical iteration of the character.<ref name="Merger_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/amazon-mgm-merger-1234981037/|work=Deadline|title=Amazon And MGM Close $8.5 Billion Merger|author=Goldsmith, Jill|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=27 February 2025|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317133832/https://deadline.com/2022/03/amazon-mgm-merger-1234981037/|url-status=live}}</ref> By February 2025, the studio paid an additional $1 billion to acquire creative control of the future of the franchise from producers [[Barbara Broccoli]] and [[Michael G. Wilson]]; with the duo officially retiring from their historical oversight career for James Bond feature films. As part of the deal, the family will receive a monetary "Bond dividend" for the foreseeable future. Amazon MGM commence the search for a studio executive to oversee the property (à la [[Marvel Studios]]' [[Kevin Feige]]), while also determining the next respective director and star of the franchise.<ref name="Future_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-deal-1236296104/|work=Deadline|title=James Bond and the Mad Dash for Franchise IP|author=Weprin, Alex & Borys Kit|date=26 February 2025|accessdate=27 February 2025|archive-date=8 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208235718/https://deadline.com/2025/02/james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-deal-1236296104/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2025, Amazon closed deals with [[Amy Pascal]] and [[David Heyman]] to take charge of the franchise and replace Broccoli and Wilson as producers on its next instalment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Pascal, David Heyman Close Deals to Produce Next James Bond Movie for Amazon MGM|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Mia|last=Galuppo|date=25 March 2025|access-date=25 March 2025|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amy-pascal-david-heyman-close-deals-james-bond-amazon-mgm-1236172332/|archive-date=25 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325172940/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amy-pascal-david-heyman-close-deals-james-bond-amazon-mgm-1236172332/|url-status=live}}</ref> By June of the same year, [[Denis Villeneuve]] was announced as the director,<ref name="Villeneuve_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/denis-villeneuve-james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-1236442917/|work=Deadline|title=Denis Villeneuve Directing Next James Bond Film|author=Grobar, Matt|date=25 June 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=4 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904120833/https://deadline.com/2025/06/denis-villeneuve-james-bond-amazon-mgm-studios-1236442917/|url-status=live}}</ref> from a script written by [[Steven Knight]].<ref name="Knight_Deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/new-james-bond-movie-steven-knight-writer-1236475348/|work=Deadline|title=Next James Bond Pic At Amazon MGM Studios To Be Penned By Steven Knight|author=Kroll, Justin|date=31 July 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=9 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809142617/https://deadline.com/2025/07/new-james-bond-movie-steven-knight-writer-1236475348/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sean Connery as James Bond at Switzerland 1964 (two thirds crop).jpg|{{center|[[Sean Connery]] (1962–1967; 1971)}}
File:On Her Majesty's Secret Service (17) (Lazenby crop).jpg|{{center|[[George Lazenby]] (1969)}}
File:Sir Roger Moore 3 b.jpg|{{center|[[Roger Moore]] (1973–1985)}}
File:Timothy Dalton 1987 b.jpg|{{center|[[Timothy Dalton]] (1987–1989)}}
File:PierceBrosnanCannesPhoto2 b.jpg|{{center|[[Pierce Brosnan]] (1995–2002)}}
File:Daniel Craig - Film Premiere "Spectre" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720) (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[Daniel Craig]] (2006–2021)}}
</gallery>



{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:240px;"|Title
!Year
! style="width:110px;"|Actor
! style="width:180px;"|Director
|-
|''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''
|1962
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sean Connery]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
|-
|''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]''
|1963
|-
|''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
|1964
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Guy Hamilton]]
|-
|''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]''
|1965
| style="text-align:center;"|Terence Young
|-

|''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''
|1967
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Lewis Gilbert]]
|-
|''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
|1969
| style="text-align:center;"|[[George Lazenby]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Peter R. Hunt]]
|-
|''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''
|1971
| style="text-align:center;"|Sean Connery
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Guy Hamilton
|-
|''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''
|1973
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|[[Roger Moore]]
|-
|''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]''
|1974
|-
|''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]''
|1977
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Lewis Gilbert
|-
|''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]''
|1979
|-
|''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]''
|1981
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[John Glen (director)|John Glen]]
|-
|''[[Octopussy]]''
|1983
|-

|''[[A View to a Kill]]''
|1985
|-
|''[[The Living Daylights]]''
|1987
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Timothy Dalton]]
|-
|''[[Licence to Kill]]''
|1989
|-
|''[[GoldenEye]]''
|1995
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|[[Pierce Brosnan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Martin Campbell]]
|-
|''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''
|1997
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Roger Spottiswoode]]
|-
|''[[The World Is Not Enough]]''
|1999
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Michael Apted]]
|-
|''[[Die Another Day]]''
|2002
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Lee Tamahori]]
|-
|''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]''
|2006
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[Daniel Craig]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Martin Campbell
|-
|''[[Quantum of Solace]]''
|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Marc Forster]]
|-
|''[[Skyfall]]''
|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam Mendes]]
|-
|''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''
|2015
|-
| ''[[No Time to Die]]''
|2021
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Cary Joji Fukunaga]]
|}

==== Non-Eon films ====
In 1967, [[Casino Royale (1967 film)|''Casino Royale'']] was adapted into a [[parody]] Bond film starring [[David Niven]] as Sir James Bond and [[Ursula Andress]] as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=202}} The result of a court case in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] in London in 1963 allowed [[Kevin McClory]] to produce a remake of [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] titled ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' in 1983.<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)">{{cite journal|last=Poliakoff |first=Keith |title=License to Copyright – The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond |journal=Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal |publisher=[[Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law]] |year=2000 |volume=18 |pages=387–436 |url=http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331161856/http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> The film, produced by [[Jack Schwartzman]]'s Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997, the [[Sony|Sony Corporation]] acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /> which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to ''Never Say Never Again'' from Taliafilm.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets | publisher = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | date = 4 December 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505213137/http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable|archive-date=5 May 2008| url = http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable | access-date =4 November 2011}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of [[List of James Bond novels and short stories|Fleming's Bond novels]].<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Shprintz|first=Janet|title=Big Bond-holder|url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/big-bond-holder-1117492814/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|quote=Judge Rafeedie ... found that McClory's rights in the "Thunderball" material had reverted to the estate of Fleming|date=29 March 1999|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109023433/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117492814?refCatId=13|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Title
! Year
! Actor
! Director(s)
|-
|''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]''
|1967
|[[David Niven]]
|[[Ken Hughes]] [[John Huston]] [[Joseph McGrath (film director)|Joseph McGrath]] [[Robert Parrish]] [[Val Guest]] [[Richard Talmadge]]
|-
|''[[Never Say Never Again]]''
|1983
|[[Sean Connery]]
|[[Irvin Kershner]]
|}

==== Music ====
{{Main|James Bond music}}

{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote="…cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."|source=—[[David Arnold]]|on the "[[James Bond Theme]]"<ref name="Burlingame" />}}
[[File:Sound007RAH041022 (42 of 69) (52406381295).jpg|thumb|[[Hans Zimmer]] (composer of the 2021 film ''No Time to Die'') with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London in 2022 during ''The Sound of 007 in Concert'' to mark 60 years of the Bond series.]]

The "[[James Bond Theme]]" was written by [[Monty Norman]] and was first orchestrated by the [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] Orchestra for 1962's ''Dr. No'', although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=122}} In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1229406.stm |title= Monty Norman sues for libel |work= Bond theme writer wins damages |access-date= 4 November 2011 |date= 19 March 2001 |publisher= BBC News |archive-date= 19 July 2004 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040719045328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1229406.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, [[David Arnold]], as "[[bebop]]-[[Swing music|swing]] vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of [[Rock and roll|rock 'n' roll]] ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."<ref name="Burlingame">{{cite news|last=Burlingame|first=Jon|title=Bond scores establish superspy template|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Daily Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/john-barry-invented-the-spy-movie-score-1117995119/|date=3 November 2008|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012425/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117995119?refcatid=3313&printerfriendly=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Barry composed the [[Film score|scores]] for eleven Bond films{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} and had an uncredited contribution to ''Dr. No'' with his arrangement of the "James Bond Theme".<ref name="Burlingame" />

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their [[title sequence]]s sung by well-known popular singers.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=224}} [[Shirley Bassey]] performed three Bond theme songs, with her 1964 song "[[Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)|Goldfinger]]" inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 2008.<ref>[http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#g "Grammy Hall of Fame Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235113/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |date=7 July 2015 }}. ''Grammy.org''. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Original Song]], including [[Paul McCartney]]'s "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003953/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carly Simon]]'s "[[Nobody Does It Better]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/50th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheena Easton]]'s "[[For Your Eyes Only (song)|For Your Eyes Only]]",<ref name="54th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 54th Academy Awards (1982)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111072059/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adele]]'s "[[Skyfall (Adele song)|Skyfall]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oscar.go.com/nominees |title=2013 Oscars Nominees |date=January 2013 |publisher=oscars |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229222408/http://oscar.go.com/nominees |archive-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]]'s "[[Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)|Writing's on the Wall]]",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |title=Oscar Nominations: The Complete List |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121121016/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Billie Eilish]]'s "[[No Time to Die (song)|No Time to Die]]".<ref name="Eilish"/> Adele won the award at the [[85th Academy Awards]], Smith won at the [[88th Academy Awards]], and Eilish won at the [[94th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Eilish">{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |title=The 94th Academy Awards {{!}} 2022 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325152056/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|title=Sam Smith wins Oscar for his James Bond Spectre theme song|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=29 February 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302011319/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the non-Eon produced ''Casino Royale'', [[Burt Bacharach]]'s score included "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (sung by [[Dusty Springfield]]), which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.<ref name="40th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 40th Academy Awards (1968)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003842/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Video games ===
{{Main|James Bond in video games}}

In 1983, the first Bond video game ''[[James Bond 007 (1984 video game)|James Bond 007]]'', developed and published by [[Parker Brothers]], was released for the [[Atari 2600]], [[Atari 5200]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], [[Commodore 64]], and [[ColecoVision]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Backe|first=Hans-Joachim|title=Narrative Feedback: Computer games, comics, and the James Bond Franchise|url=http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|publisher=[[Ruhr University Bochum]]|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214600/http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] [[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|''GoldenEye 007'']] was developed by [[Rare (company)|Rare]] for the [[Nintendo 64]], based on ''GoldenEye''.<ref name="Gaming Age review">{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2011|url=http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065421/http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-date=6 October 2010 |title=GoldenEye 007 review |publisher=Gaming Age Online |author=Greg Sewart}}</ref> The game received highly positive reviews,<ref>{{cite web|title=GoldenEye 007 Reviews|publisher=gamerankings.com|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=29 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129201452/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> won the [[BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards|BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award]] for UK Developer of the Year in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare: Company |url=http://rare.co.uk/company |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216184326/http://www.rare.co.uk/company |archive-date=16 December 2011 }}</ref> and sold over eight million copies worldwide,<ref name="hollis-speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |title=The Making of GoldenEye 007 |publisher=Zoonami |author=Martin Hollis |date=2 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160021/http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=usurped |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Microsoft-Rare">{{cite web |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |title=Microsoft Acquires Video Game Powerhouse Rare Ltd. |date=24 September 2002 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] News Center |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221113108/http://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> grossing $250 million,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crandall |first1=Robert W. |last2=Sidak |first2=J. Gregory |title=Video Games: Serious Business for America's Economy |url=http://theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |publisher=[[Entertainment Software Association]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |pages=39–40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203134407/http://www.theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |archive-date= 3 February 2013 }}</ref> making it the third-[[List of best-selling Nintendo 64 video games|best-selling Nintendo 64 game]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |title=10 Game-Changing Facts About the Nintendo 64 |last=Serafino |first=Jay |work=[[Mental Floss]] |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425030131/http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently cited as one of the [[List of video games considered the best|greatest video games of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |title=The 50 best games |date=6 October 2005 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135541/https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Games Of All Time|date=2009|url=http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|publisher=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|website=www.empireonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515221956/http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=We rank the 100 greatest videogames|date=13 May 2003|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120251/http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, [[Electronic Arts]] acquired the licence and released [[Tomorrow Never Dies (video game)|''Tomorrow Never Dies'']] on 16 December 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=007: Tomorrow Never Dies |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701202801/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |archive-date= 1 July 2011 }}</ref> In October 2000, they released [[The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64 video game)|''The World Is Not Enough'']]{{sfn|King|Krzywinska|2002|p=183}} for the [[Nintendo 64]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Is Not Enough |url=http://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |work=Video Games |publisher=[[Eurocom|Eurocom Developments]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930054908/https://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> followed by ''[[007 Racing]]'' for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] on 21 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=007 Racing Review |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404055912/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |archive-date= 4 April 2012 }}</ref> In 2003, the company released ''[[James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing |url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092431/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Heidi Klum]], [[Judi Dench]] and [[John Cleese]], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review|url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011|date=18 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092437/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of ''[[007: From Russia with Love]]'',<ref name="FRWL IGN">{{cite web|title=From Russia With Love Review|url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816013614/http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2009|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.<ref name="FRWL IGN" /> In 2006, Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film ''Casino Royale'': the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was moved from EA to [[Activision]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/2006/digital/features/action-traction-1200506308/ | title=Bond, Superman games on the move | access-date=4 November 2011 | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | first=Ben | last=Fritz | date=3 May 2006 | archive-date=20 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120222547/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117942524?categoryid=18&cs=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> Activision subsequently released the ''[[007: Quantum of Solace]]'' game on 31 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond: Quantum of Solace Reviews |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary%3Bread-review |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718161848/http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary;read-review |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>

A new version of [[GoldenEye 007 (2010 video game)|''GoldenEye 007'']] featuring Daniel Craig was released for the [[Wii]] and a handheld version for the [[Nintendo DS]] in November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |title=GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii |last=Harris |first=Craig |website=IGN |access-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125726/http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A year later, a new version was released for [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]] under the title ''GoldenEye 007: Reloaded''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/goldeneye-reloaded/news/6324521/goldeneye-007-reloaded-first-impressions?sid=6324521&mode=previews|title=GoldenEye 007: Reloaded First Impressions|first=Mark|last=Walton|website=[[GameSpot]]|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Andy |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |title=News: GoldenEye HD is official: Move, Online Confirmed – Trailer |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922122744/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2012, ''[[007 Legends]]'' was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Leif |title=007 Legends Review |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |work=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=10 November 2012 |date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028081511/http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |archive-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref> ''007 Legends'' was a critical and commercial failure, resulting in Activision having its licence revoked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013|title=Activision loses James Bond licence?|url=https://metro.co.uk/2013/01/04/activision-loses-james-bond-licence-3338164/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607195237/https://metro.co.uk/2013/01/04/activision-loses-james-bond-licence-3338164/|archive-date=7 June 2025|website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|language=en-GB|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref> In November 2020, [[IO Interactive]] announced it would develop a new Bond game, centering on the origin story of the titular agent.<ref name="FirstLight_IGN">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/james-bond-game-from-hitman-dev-has-a-new-title-007-first-light-official-reveal-this-week|work=IGN|title=James Bond Game From Hitman Dev Has a New Title, 007 First Light, Official Reveal This Week|author=Valentine, Rebekah|date=2 June 2025|accessdate=28 August 2025|archive-date=2 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602155908/https://www.ign.com/articles/james-bond-game-from-hitman-dev-has-a-new-title-007-first-light-official-reveal-this-week|url-status=live}}</ref> The studio worked closely with MGM and Eon Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |title=Hitman Developer Announces New Bond Game, Project 007 |first=Joe |last=Skrebels |date=19 November 2020 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119140855/https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | title = Hitman developer IO is making a James Bond game | first = Tom | last = Phillips | date = 19 November 2020 | access-date = 19 November 2020 | work = [[Eurogamer]] | archive-date = 19 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201119141134/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | url-status = live }}</ref> The game, titled ''[[007 First Light]]'', was released in May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole|first1=Wesley|title=007 First Light Release Date Confirmed During Sony State of Play|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/007-first-light-release-date-confirmed-during-sony-state-of-play|website=IGN|access-date=4 September 2025|language=en|date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Role-playing game ===
From 1983 to 1987, a licensed [[tabletop role-playing game]], ''[[James Bond 007 (role-playing game)|James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', was published by [[Victory Games (Avalon Hill)|Victory Games]] (a branch of [[Avalon Hill]]) and designed by [[Gerard Christopher Klug]]. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time.<ref name="Bond game">{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Schick|title=Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games|publisher=Prometheus Books |year=1991|isbn= 978-0879756536| location=New York|page=63}}</ref> In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.<ref name="Bond game"/>

== Guns, vehicles and gadgets ==
{{Main|List of James Bond vehicles|List of James Bond gadgets}}

=== Guns ===
For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a [[Beretta 418]]{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, [[Geoffrey Boothroyd]], criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=160}} calling it "a lady's gun—and not a very nice lady at that!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond's unsung heroes: Geoffrey Boothroyd, the real Q|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=21 May 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his [[Beretta]] for a [[.32 ACP|7.65mm]] [[Walther PP#PPK|Walther PPK]] and this exchange of arms made it to ''Dr. No''.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the [[Berns-Martin]] triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by [[SMERSH]] and other villains.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=15}} In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name [[Q (James Bond)|Major Boothroyd]] and, in ''Dr. No'', M, the [[Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service]], introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Bond also used a variety of [[rifle]]s, including the [[Savage Model 99]] in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the [[Colt Detective Special]] and a long-barrelled [[Colt Single Action Army|Colt .45 Army Special]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}}

The first Bond film, ''Dr. No'', saw M ([[Bernard Lee]]) ordering Bond (Sean Connery) to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,{{sfn|Black|2005|p=94}} which Bond used in eighteen films.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}} In ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the [[Walther P99]] [[semi-automatic pistol]].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}}

=== Vehicles ===
[[File:Aston.db5.coupe.300pix.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Aston Martin DB5]] as seen in ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'']]

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey [[Bentley 4½ Litre|Bentley {{frac|4|1|2}} Litre]] with an [[Amherst Villiers]] [[supercharger]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|pp=62–63}} After Bond's car was written off by [[Hugo Drax]] in ''Moonraker'', Fleming gave Bond a [[Bentley Continental|Mark II Continental Bentley]], which he used in the remaining books of the series.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}} During ''Goldfinger'', Bond was issued an [[Aston Martin DB Mark III]] with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}}

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the [[Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} during the 1980s, the [[V12 Vanquish]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} and [[Aston Martin DBS V12|DBS]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=182}} during the 2000s, as well as the [[Lotus Esprit]];{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=202}} the [[BMW Z3]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} [[BMW 750iL]]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} and the [[BMW Z8]].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a [[Citroën 2CV]] to a [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] Bus, amongst others.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=175}}

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey [[Aston Martin DB5]], first seen in ''Goldfinger'';{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=180}} it later featured in ''Thunderball'', ''GoldenEye'', ''Tomorrow Never Dies'', ''Casino Royale'', ''[[Skyfall]]'' and ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=180–181}}<ref name="Obs: french">{{cite news|last=French|first=Philip|title=Skyfall – review|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|date=28 October 2012|author-link=Philip French|location=London|page=32|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119010218/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|url-status=live}}</ref> The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2.1 million to an unnamed European collector.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond car sold for over £1m|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4633986.stm|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=21 January 2006|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518142832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4633986.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, another DB5 used in ''Goldfinger'' was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=James Bond Aston Martin DB5 sells for 拢2.6m|author=Andrew English|date=28 October 2010|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Gadgets ===
[[File:Little Nellie.jpg|alt=Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.|thumb|right|The ''Little Nellie'' autogyro with its creator and pilot, [[Ken Wallis]]]]

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped [[attaché case]] in ''From Russia, with Love'', although this situation changed dramatically with the films.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Tricia|title=James Bond's "Pussy" and Anglo-American Cold War Sexuality|journal=The Journal of American Culture|date=September 2005|volume=28|issue=3|pages=309–317|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00215.x|issn = 1542-7331 }}</ref> However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films ''Dr. No'' and ''From Russia with Love'' had an effect on the novel ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=234}}

For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=112}} ''Dr. No'' provided no spy-related gadgets, but a [[Geiger counter]] was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'', which he described as "a classic 007 product".<ref name="Davey">{{cite journal|last=Davey|first=Andy|title=Left to his own devices|format=abridged from print copy|journal=[[Design Week]]|date=3 October 2002|url=http://www.designweek.co.uk/news/left-to-his-own-devices/1103407.article|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film ''Goldfinger''. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=169}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"
| source = —Q, to Bond, ''Licence to Kill''
| width = 20em|
| align = left
}}

Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the [[zeitgeist]] more closely than any other ... nuance in the films"<ref name="Davey" /> as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.<ref name="Davey" /> It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the [[Wallis WA-116 Agile|Little Nellie]] [[autogyro]],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=200–201}} a [[Jet pack#Bell Textron Rocket Belt|jet pack]]{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=128}} and the exploding attaché case,{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=221}} the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,<ref name="Davey" /> including [[Francisco Scaramanga]] ([[Christopher Lee|Chistopher Lee]])'s golden gun,{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=77}} [[Rosa Klebb]] ([[Lotte Lenya]])'s poison-tipped shoes,{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=41}} [[Oddjob]] ([[Harold Sakata]])'s steel-rimmed bowler hat{{sfn|Black|2005|p=117}} and Blofeld ([[Telly Savalas]])'s communication devices in his agents' vanity case.<ref name="Davey" />

== Cultural impact ==
{{See also|List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs}}
[[File:James Bond Island.JPG|thumb|James Bond Island ([[Khao Phing Kan]], Thailand)]]

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of ''Dr. No'' in 1962,{{sfn|Smith|Lavington|2002|p=21}} with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moniot|first=Drew|title=James Bond and America in the Sixties: An Investigation of the Formula Film in Popular Culture|journal=Journal of the University Film Association|date=Summer 1976|volume=28|issue=3|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|jstor=20687331|pages=25–33}}</ref> The first parody was the 1964 film ''[[Carry On Spying]]'', which shows the villain Dr. Crow ([[Judith Furse]]) being overcome by agents who included James Bind ([[Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1914)|Charles Hawtry]]) and Daphne Honeybutt ([[Barbara Windsor]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|title=Carry On Spying (1964)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|work=BFI Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000556/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the [[Harry Palmer]] series, whose first film, [[The Ipcress File (film)|''The Ipcress File'']], starring [[Michael Caine]], was released in 1965. The eponymous hero is a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy, and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",{{sfn|Packer|2009|p=26}} or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=128}} The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer [[Ken Adam]], editor [[Peter R. Hunt]] and composer John Barry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ipcress File, The (1965)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|work=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=10 November 2011|archive-date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804154450/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The four [[Matt Helm]] films starring [[Dean Martin]] (released between 1966 and 1969),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allegretti|first=Joseph|title=James Bond and Matt Helm: The Moral Universe of Literature's Most Famous Spy and His Chief American Rival|journal=The Mid-Atlantic Almanack|url=http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf |access-date=5 November 2011|publisher=Mid-Atlantic Popular/American Culture Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108042418/http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Flint series starring [[James Coburn]] (comprising two films, one each in [[Our Man Flint|1966]] and [[In Like Flint|1967]]),{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} while ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} More recently, the ''[[Austin Powers]]'' series by writer, producer and comedian [[Mike Myers]],{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=76}} and other parodies such as the ''[[Johnny English (film series)|Johnny English]]'' trilogy of films,<ref>{{cite news|last=Howell|first=Peter|title=Thunderbollocks|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=21 October 2011|page=E2}}</ref> have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

[[File:Goldfinger - Aston Martin DB5 & Sean Connery.jpg|thumb|left|Model of Connery next to an Aston Martin DB5 at the [[London Film Museum]]]]

Following the release of the film ''Dr. No'' in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a [[catch phrase]] that entered the [[lexicon]] of Western popular culture: writers [[John Cork]] and Bruce Scivally said of the introduction in ''Dr. No'' that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".{{sfn|Cork|Scivally|2002|p=6}} In 2001, it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers,<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond tops motto poll|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1383350.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 June 2001|archive-date=5 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1383350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the [[American Film Institute]] as part of their [[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes|100 Years Series]].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years Series: "Movie Quotes" |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070844/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> A 2024 survey by online [[Financial adviser|investment advisor]] and digital [[wealth management]] company [[MoneyFarm]] found that 70 per cent of Brits said they associated the word "bond" with James Bond, rather than the savings product of [[Savings bond|the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cityam.com/the-names-bond-savings-bond-but-most-brits-still-think-of-007/|title=The name's bond. Savings bond. But most Brits still think of 007|last=Gulliver-Needham|first=Elliot|date=28 August 2024|work=[[City A.M.]]|accessdate=25 November 2024|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201185314/https://www.cityam.com/the-names-bond-savings-bond-but-most-brits-still-think-of-007/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2005 [[AFI 100 Years... series|American Film Institute's 100 Years series]] recognised the character of James Bond himself as the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains|third greatest film hero]].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 years series: 100 heroes and villains |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=American Film Industry |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807135547/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref> He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Movie Characters: 11. James Bond|url=https://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011020449/http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by [[Premiere (magazine)|''Premiere'']].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time|url=http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|magazine=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413135948/http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine observed "James Bond has developed into the biggest mass-cult hero of the decade".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chapman |first1=James |title=Licence to Thrill A Cultural History of the James Bond Films |date=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=92}}</ref>

[[File:James Bond (Daniel Craig) figure at Madame Tussauds London (30318318754) b.jpg|thumb|upright|Waxwork of [[Daniel Craig]], the most recent 007, at [[Madame Tussauds]], London]]

The 25 James Bond films produced by Eon are the longest continually running film series of all time, and including the two non Eon produced films, the 27 Bond films have grossed over $7.04 billion in total, making it the [[List of highest-grossing franchises and film series|sixth-highest-grossing franchise]] to date. It is estimated that since ''Dr. No'', a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Klaus|title=Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal=Geopolitics|year=2005|volume=10|issue=2|pages=266–289|doi=10.1080/14650040590946584|s2cid=144363319}}</ref> The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".<ref>{{cite news|title=British film classics: Dr No|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2787017.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=21 February 2003|archive-date=16 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216162228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/2787017.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the [[NBC]] series ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grigg|first=Richard|title=Vanquishing Evil without the Help of God: The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and a World Come of Age|journal=Journal of Communication & Religion|date=November 2007|volume=30|issue=2|pages=308–339|doi=10.5840/jcr200730210 }}</ref> which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Worland|first=Rick|title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. and TV espionage in the 1960s|journal=[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]]|date=Winter 1994|volume=21|issue=4|pages=150–162|doi=10.1080/01956051.1994.9943983}}</ref> largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character played by [[Robert Vaughn]] the name [[Napoleon Solo]].{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=209}} Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include ''[[I Spy (1965 TV series)|I Spy]]'',{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} and ''[[Get Smart]]''.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=211}}

Considered a British cultural icon, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] as Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s escort.<ref name="brown20120727">{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Nic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|agency=Gov.uk|date=1 November 2016|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103222307/https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the [[Cadbury]] chocolate box [[Milk Tray]] has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Cadbury's Milk Tray Man returns, which other TV ad characters are ripe for a makeover? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Milk Tray man to swing back into action for new Cadbury campaign |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/09/milk-tray-man-cadbury-campaign |access-date=8 August 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the [[Royal Mail]], most recently in their [[Great Britain commemorative stamps 2020–2029#2020|March 2020 series]] to mark the 25th Bond film release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|title=Royal Mail: James Bond stamps released for new movie|website=[[BBC]]|date=18 February 2020|accessdate=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102726/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of [[Merchandising|tie-in products]] have been released.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=273}} "Bondmania", a term deriving from the adjacent "[[Beatlemania]]" and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of ''Goldfinger'', described the clamour for Bond films and their related products, from soundtrack LPs to children's toys, board games, alarm clocks playing the Bond theme, and 007-branded shirts.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=127}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Glynn |title=The British Pop Music Film The Beatles and Beyond |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=100}}</ref> In 2018, a James Bond museum opened atop the [[Central Eastern Alps|Austrian Alps]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=TODAY.com|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718051746/https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[futuristic]] museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in [[Sölden]] at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|title='Die Another Day', As This New James Bond Museum On The Austrian Alps Is Too Good To Be Missed|last=TravelTriangle|date=15 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144756/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=NBC News|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805043145/https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=live}}</ref>

The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond. The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage, while dissuading more-qualified candidates.{{r|warren20211220}} While serving as Chief of SIS, [[Alex Younger]] said that were Bond to apply for an MI6 job "he would have to change his ways". Younger said, however, that the franchise had "created a powerful brand for MI6 ... Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym",<ref name="macaskill20161208">{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=8 December 2016 |title=James Bond would not get job with real MI6, says spy chief |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/08/james-bond-would-not-get-job-with-real-mi6-says-spy-chief |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and that being depicted to global audiences as a "ubiquitous intelligence presence" was "quite a force multiplier". The Russian [[Federal Security Service]] so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies.<ref name="warren20211220">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Helen |date=20 December 2021 |title=The spies who struggle to love James Bond |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215202408/https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public reception ==
{{main|James Bond fandom}}

The James Bond franchise enjoys widespread popularity across the world. In 2014, it was estimated that approximately 20% of the world's population has watched at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lewis|first=Noah Jacoby|magazine=Liberated Arts: A Journal for Undergraduate Research|publisher=Western University|title=Shaken Not Stirred: The Cold War Politics of James Bond, From Novel to Film|volume=4|issue=1|page=7|date=2018}}</ref>

In 2012, the polling organisation [[YouGov]] conducted a survey of American Bond fans, categorising responses by age, sex and political affiliation. All groups selected Sean Connery as their favourite Bond actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=He Last Played James Bond In 1983, But Americans Say Sean Connery Is Still The Best|url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|work=YouGov|date=15 November 2012|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018 poll found that 47% of American adults had seen at least one Bond film, with 27% having seen every film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share of adults who have ever watched the James Bond movie franchise in the United States as of November 2018|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|work=Statisa|date=5 January 2023|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Queen Elizabeth II met the first six actors to play James Bond on the screen. She met Connery at the world premiere of ''You Only Live Twice'' in 1967, and, according to the royal biographer [[Gyles Brandreth]]: "She really did love all the early James Bond films", preferring the earlier films, "before they got so loud".<ref>{{cite news |author=MI6 Staff |title=For Queen & Country |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=14 March 2023 |agency=MI6 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222217/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several prominent politicians have also been fans of the franchise, including [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Kim Jong Il]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=JFK and Reagan Were Both Bond Fans|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|work=[[Time Magazine]]|date=25 September 2015|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blitzer|first=Wolf|title=North Korean leader loves Hennessey, Bond movies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|work=[[CNN]]|date=8 January 2003|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Criticisms ===
The James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in [[popular culture studies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&q=james%2520bond%2520criticism&pg=PA6|publisher = Manchester University Press|year= 2003|isbn = 978-0-7190-6541-5|first = Christoph|last = Lindner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007|url={{Google books|MzWajYxgfOkC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Indiana University Press|year= 2005|isbn = 978-0-253-34523-3|first1 = Edward P.|last1 = Comentale|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Watt|first3 = Skip|last3 = Willman}}</ref> Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of [[misogyny]] and [[sexism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why I'm Still Shaken and Stirred by James Bond |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=Vogue |quote=I understand the criticisms levied at the franchise. Bond is a caveman with an Omega, a misogynist with gadgets, a brute in a tux. |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113200414/https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shaking and Stirring James Bond: Age, Gender, and Resilience in Skyfall (2012)|journal = Journal of Popular Film and Television|date = 3 July 2014|issn = 0195-6051|pages = 116–130|volume = 42|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/01956051.2013.858026|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 145499529}}</ref> In September 2021, ''[[No Time to Die]]'' director [[Cary Joji Fukunaga|Cary Fukunaga]] described Sean Connery's version of Bond as 'basically a rapist'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2021|title=James Bond was 'basically' a rapist in early films, says No Time to Die director|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/sep/23/james-bond-no-time-to-die-cary-fukunaga-thunderball|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The franchise has on occasion also been a target of religious criticism. In 1962, [[Vatican City]]'s official newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' condemned the film ''Dr. No'', referring to it as "a dangerous mixture of violence, vulgarity, sadism and sex".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |title=Shame, James |date=18 May 1965 |work=The Courier-Journal |location=Louisville |page=16 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233639/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> However, in 2012, the newspaper went on to give positive reviews to the film ''Skyfall''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|title=Vatican lauds 'human' James Bond, 'licence to cry'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 October 2012|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227195837/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the [[Cold War]], with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal = Geopolitics|date = 1 July 2005|issn = 1465-0045|pages = 266–289|volume = 10|issue = 2|doi = 10.1080/14650040590946584|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 144363319}}</ref> Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect [[Nostalgia|imperial nostalgia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Müller|first=Timo|chapter=The Bonds of Empire: (Post-)Imperial Negotiations in the 007 Film Series |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1-last=Buchenau |editor2-first=Virginia |editor2-last=Richter |title=Post-Empire Imaginaries? Anglophone Literature, History, and the Demise of Empires|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|year=2015|pages=305–326|doi=10.1163/9789004302280_014|isbn=978-9004302280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Skyfall, James Bond's Resurrection, and 21st-Century Anglo-American Imperial Nostalgia|journal = Communication Quarterly|date = 20 October 2014|issn = 0146-3373|pages = 569–588|volume = 62|issue = 5|doi = 10.1080/01463373.2014.949389|first = Marouf Jr.|last = Hasian|s2cid = 143363641}}</ref>

==Censorship and alterations==
===Bans and censorship by country===
Several James Bond novels, films, and video games have been banned, censored, or altered in several countries.

{|width=75% class="wikitable sortable""
! Release year
! Title
! Country
! Notes
|-
!colspan="4"| Novels
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''
| [[Republic of Ireland]]
| Banned in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Craig|title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=25 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1957
| ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]''
| [[Francoist Spain]]
| Under Francoist Spain, the final pages of ''Dr. No'' were cut entirely, due to sexual references. The censored editions are still sometimes reproduced in Spain today, often unknowingly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain fails to turn page on Franco's legacy of censorship|url=https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=23 September 2016|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000719/https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Various
| All titles
| [[Soviet Union]]
| All Bond novels were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union. Russian newspaper the ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' condemned the series, describing it as being set in a "nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape is considered valour and murder is a funny trick".<ref name="Soviet">{{cite news|last=Connik|first=Michael|url=https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|title=James Bond vs. the USSR|date=14 September 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192659/https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Films
|-
| Various
| All titles
| [[Soviet Union]]
| All Bond films were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Soviet"/>
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
| [[Israel]]
| In December 1965, shortly after its release in the country, Israel banned the film ''Goldfinger'', after discovering actor [[Gert Fröbe|Gert Fröbe's]] past association with the [[Nazi Party]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Feron|first=James|title=Israel Bans 'Goldfinger' Movie Because of Frobe's Nazi Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=15 December 1995|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192243/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted two months later, in February 1966, after the [[Censorship in Israel|Israel Film Censorship Board]] found evidence that Fröbe had quit the Nazi Party in 1937. Additionally, the film's producers were believed to have made appeals to Israel to lift the ban, and because Israeli public demand to see the popular film was high, the reversal on the ban was made.<ref>{{cite news|title='Goldfinger' Allowed To Play in Israel; Ban on Actor Lifted|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=13 February 1966|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192244/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Skyfall]]''
| [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| In 2007, China gave permission for the 2006 film ''Casino Royale'' to play uncensored in the nation. It was the first Bond film to gain a release unaltered in the country,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=James Bond ban lifted in China|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|magazine=Games Radar|date=22 January 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194025/https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by ''Quantum of Solace''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese censors give 007 a 'Quantum of Solace' and no cuts though|url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|work=MI6-HQ|date=28 October 2008|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194026/https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, ''Skyfall'' was released in an edited version, after cutting a torture scene, altering subtitles, and removing references to prostitution in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Censored Bond film Skyfall opens in China|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|work=[[BBC]]|date=21 January 2013|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626175834/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]''
| [[India]]
| In 2015, ''Spectre'' was released censored in India, after the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] ordered kissing scenes in the film be trimmed by 50%.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Li|first=Shirley|title=India censors James Bond's kisses in 'Spectre'|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=19 November 2015|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227232238/https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Video games
|-
| 1997
| ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]''
| [[Germany]]
| In 1997, Germany banned the video game ''GoldenEye 007'', with the German Federal Review Board placing it on their ''List of Media Harmful to Minors''. The ban was lifted in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bankhurst|first=Adam|title=Goldeneye 007 German Ban Removal Raises Some Interesting Questions About Its Future On Switch Online|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|work=[[IGN]]|date=30 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193114/https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===2023 changes===
In February 2023, Ian Fleming Publications (which administers all Fleming's literary works), edited the Bond series as part of a sensitivity review. The April 2023 re-releases of the series are planned to tie into the 70th anniversary of ''Casino Royale''. The new editions remove a number of references to race, including some slurs, along with some disparagements of women and homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Craig |date=25 February 2023 |title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They include a disclaimer added at the beginning of each book, reading:

<blockquote>This book was written at a time when terms and attitudes which might be considered offensive by modern readers were commonplace. A number of updates have been made in this edition, while keeping as close as possible to the original text and the period in which it is set.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haring |first1=Bruce |title=James Bond Books Edited To Avoid Offense To Modern Audiences – Report |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050958/https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

The decision was met with strong criticism by media outlets and public commentators, who condemned the changes as [[book censorship|literary censorship]].{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerridge|first=Jake|title='Sensitivity' be damned – James Bond is a killer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lowry|first=Rich|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|title=Don't Rewrite Books|work=[[National Review]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Crow|first=David|title=Rewriting Ian Fleming's James Bond Books: What Is Even the Point?|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231554/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chilton|first=Louis|title=Censoring Roald Dahl and Ian Fleming has nothing to do with 'sensitivity'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012401/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ladan|first=Luke|title=I've read all the James Bond books and write for a living. Censoring them is just plain wrong|url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|work=[[Fox News]]|date=2 March 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ''[[The View (talk show)|The View]]'' host [[Whoopi Goldberg]] expressed her opposition, arguing that offensive historical literature should be left unaltered;<ref>{{cite news|last=Nungesser|first=Samantha|title=Whoopi Goldberg Says She's Against Editing Offensive Books on 'The View': "Kids Should Have the Right to Read How People Thought"|url=https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|work=[[New York Post#Decider|Decider]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225524/https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''[[National Review]]'' contributors [[Charles C. W. Cooke]] and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]] attacked the changes as excessive [[political correctness]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooke|first=Charles C. W.|title=Why Not Censor Shakespeare Next?|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|work=[[National Review]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227230528/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Douglas|title=Sensitivity Readers Are Distorting the Pages of the Past|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|work=[[National Review]]|date=13 April 2023|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419032424/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fleming's biographer [[Andrew Lycett]] also opposed the changes, writing that "what an author commits to paper is sacrosanct and shouldn't be altered ...The only changes to the text should come from the author."<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Andrew Lycett|Lycett, Andrew]]|title=I'm Ian Fleming's biographer – there's no way James Bond can be made 'PC'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Main|Outline of James Bond}}

* [[9007 James Bond]], asteroid named after the character
* [[Spy music]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bennett|first1=Tony|last2=Woollacott|first2=Janet|contribution=The Moments of Bond|editor-last=Lindner|editor-first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|year=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benson|first=Raymond|author-link=Raymond Benson|title=[[The James Bond Bedside Companion]]|year=1988|publisher=Boxtree Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-85283-233-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen|url={{Google books|g4-sFrU8Xw0C|page=PA101|keywords=|text=Clarence Leiter|plainurl=yes}}|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chancellor|first= Henry|title=James Bond: The Man and His World|year=2005|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-6815-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chapman|first=James|title=Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=New York|isbn=978-1-84511-515-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conroy|first=Mike|title=500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes|url={{Google books|t7XB6pkvISAC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2004|publisher=Chrysalis Books Group|location=London|isbn=978-1-84411-004-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |author1-link=John Cork |last2=Scivally |first2=Bruce |year=2002 |title=James Bond: The Legacy |publisher=Boxtree |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-6498-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbondlegacy0000cork }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1= John|last2= Stutz |first2=Collin |title=James Bond Encyclopedia|year=2007 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=978-1-4053-3427-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Feeney Callan|first=Michael|title=Sean Connery|year=2002|publisher=Virgin Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85227-992-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/seanconnery0000call}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fleming|first1=Ian|author-link1=Ian Fleming|last2=Gammidge|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Gammidge|last3= McLusky|first3=John|author-link3=John McLusky|title=Octopussy|year=1988|publisher=Titan Books|location=London|isbn=1-85286-040-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Griswold|first=John|title=Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4259-3100-1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205738/https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last= Jütting |first= Kerstin |title= "Grow Up, 007!" – James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation |url= {{Google books|MzuVat9N7bQC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= GRIN Verlag |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-3-638-85372-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last1= King|first1= Geoff|last2= Krzywinska|first2= Tanya|title= Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces|url= {{Google books|qruZ2UOp_WAC|page=PR1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher= Wallflower Press|year= 2002|isbn= 978-1-903364-23-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lindner|first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|url={{Google books|x9-1QY5boUsC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last= Lycett|first= Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lycett|title= Ian Fleming|year=1996|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85799-783-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macintyre|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Macintyre|title=For Your Eyes Only|year=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Packer|first=Jeremy|title=Secret agents: popular icons beyond James Bond|url={{Google books|5BxRm5cnUU8C|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8204-8669-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pearson|first=John|author-link=John Pearson (author)|title=James Bond: The Authorized Biography|url={{Google books|WdBHOXLA6hYC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-950292-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1= Pfeiffer |first1= Lee |last2= Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |year=1998 |publisher=Boxtree Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last= Simpson |first= Paul |title= The Rough Guide to James Bond |url= {{Google books|BikCz7XZijEC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= Rough Guides |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-84353-142-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jim |last2=Lavington |first2=Stephen |title=Bond Films |year=2002 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0709-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit }}
* {{Cite book |last1= Thompson |first1= Maggie |last2= Frankenhoff |first2= Brent |last3= Bickford |first3= Peter |title= Comic Book Price Guide 2010 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |year= 2010 |publisher= Krause Publications |isbn= 978-1-4402-1399-1 |access-date= 26 February 2023 |archive-date= 24 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230424004414/https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |url-status= live }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|James Bond}}
{{Wikivoyage|James Bond tourism}}
* [http://www.ianfleming.com/ Ian Fleming publications website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819171646/http://www.ianfleming.com/ |date=19 August 2020 }}
* [http://www.youngbond.com/ Young Bond official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731070232/http://www.youngbond.com/ |date=31 July 2008 }}
* [http://www.007stage.com/ Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/ |date=30 September 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223154113/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000007/ James Bond] on [[IMDb]]

{{James Bond}}
{{James Bond books}}
{{James Bond films}}
{{James Bond characters}}
{{James Bond music}}
{{James Bond video games}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:James Bond| ]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1953]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Culture of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Media franchises]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:British novels adapted for radio]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Phawngpui National Park

2026-05-03T16:11:24Z

JyothikaSahoo: new new info from scratch

{{Short description|National park in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Phawngpui National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = India Mizoram#India
| relief = y
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width = 300
| image = Phawngpui national park.jpg
| image_caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Aizawl]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|40|N|93|03|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|50|km2|sqmi}}
| established = 1992
| visitation_num = 469
| visitation_year = 2012-2013
| governing_body = Department of Environment and Forests, [[Government of Mizoram]]
}}

'''Phawngpui National Park''' or '''Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park''' is one of the two [[national parks of India]] in [[Mizoram]], the other and the larger being [[Murlen National Park]]. It is about 300 km from the main city [[Aizawl]], located in the [[Lawngtlai district]], towards the southeast of Mizoram and relatively close to [[Burma]]. It bears the name of the mountain [[Phawngpui]], often called the Blue Mountain of Mizoram, which is the highest mountain peak in the state, reaching 2,157 m [[above sea level|asl]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phawngpui|url=http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm|work=mizotourism.nic.in|publisher=MizoTourism|access-date=2013-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303183739/http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm|archive-date=3 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The national park covers the entire mountain along with the surrounding [[reserve forest]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=SC Bhatt |editor2=GK Bhargava |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Mizoram |volume=19 |year=2006 |page= 153|publisher=Kalpaz Publications |location=Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJEZRa_4R8wC&q=phawngpui&pg=PA153 |isbn=9788178353753}}</ref>

==Geography==
The mountain area of Phawngpui is at most times covered by a thin stretch of clouds, which makes it blue in appearance from a distance, hence the name Blue Mountain. The temperature therefore is mild throughout the year ranging from 11-29 °C, with an average rainfall of 3,000 cm.<ref>{{cite web|author=World Wildlife Adventures|title=Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park, Mizoram|url=http://www.world-wildlife-adventures.com/directory/india/wildlife-park.asp?sanctuary=Phawngpui+Blue+Mountain+National+Park&state=Mizoram|work=world-wildlife-adventures.com|access-date=2013-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327003843/http://www.world-wildlife-adventures.com/directory/india/wildlife-park.asp?sanctuary=Phawngpui+Blue+Mountain+National+Park&state=Mizoram|archive-date=27 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It overlooks the major river [[kolodyne|Chhimtuipui]] flowing towards Burma. The edges of the mountains are all very steep and mostly of sharp precipices, and the most spectacular is a semi-circular beautiful [[cliff]] on the western side called Thlazuang Khâm, which has a blunt and deep fall.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography|year=2009| page =95|publisher=Northern Book Center|isbn=978-8172112646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC&q=Phawngpui&pg=PA30}}</ref> The mountain ridge runs in a north-south direction covering about 10 km. The closest human settlement is [[Thaltlang]] village at the base and periphery of the park.<ref name=tour>{{cite web|author= Department of Tourism|title= Mizoram Tourism - Phawngpui|year= 2012|url= http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/phawngpui.html|publisher= The Department of Tourism, Government of Mizoram|access-date= 2013-06-26|archive-date= 28 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130628061414/http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/phawngpui.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The Phawngpui National Park provides habitat for a range of birds including the rare [[Blyth's tragopan]], [[falcon]], [[sunbirds]], [[Apus acuticauda|dark-rumped swift]], and [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]], which is the Mizoram state bird, and also rare animals like the [[mountain goat]], [[slow loris]], [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[leopard cat]], [[serow]], [[goral]], [[Asiatic black bear]], [[stump-tailed macaque]] and [[capped langur]].<ref>{{cite web| author= Property Direction|title= Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park, Mizoram|date=18 April 2013 | url =http://www.propertydirection.com/228aizawl/phawngpui-blue-mountain-national-park-mizoram/136/ |work= propertydirection.com |access-date= 2013-06-26}}</ref> In 2000, rare bird species were recorded such as [[mountain bamboo partridge]], [[oriental pied hornbill]], [[purple cochoa]], [[striped laughingthrush]], [[grey sibia]], [[black eagle]] and [[large-billed crow]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Choudhury A |title= Notable bird records from Mizoram in north-east India |url= http://birdingasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Choudhury-Mizoram.pdf |journal= Forktail |volume= 22 | pages= 152–155 |year=2006 }}</ref> The [[clouded leopard]] ''(Neofelis nebulosa)'' was spotted and documented for the first time in 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ghose, D. |title=First sighting of the clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' from the Blue Mountain National Park, Mizoram, India |url= http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_083_01_0020_0021_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=83 |issue=1 | pages=20–21 |year=2002 }}</ref> The landscape is the natural habitat of various grasses (in fact is the origin of the name, ''phawng'' in Lai dialect means "meadow", and ''-pui'' is the suffix for "great"). The steep slopes are covered by [[orchids]] and [[rhododendrons]], with areas of [[bamboos]].<ref name=tour/>

==Tourism==

The Government of Mizoram allows [[ecofriendly]] visit to the national park only during the dry season, i.e. permit is open for 6 months from November to the end of April. The rest of the season is left for natural development and rejuvenation. During the last opening season, there were 569 visitors including 52 foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |title= Thla 6 chhungin Rs. 10,190/- hmu |language= lus |trans-title= Rs. 10,190/- collected in 6 months |date= 15 May 2013 |url= http://www.zothlifim.com/chanchinthar/thla-6-chhungin-10190-hmu/ |work= Zothlifim |access-date= 2013-06-26 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150713210947/http://www.zothlifim.com/chanchinthar/thla-6-chhungin-10190-hmu/ |archive-date= 13 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Phawngpui]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiasight.com/north-east-india-tourism/mizoram/phawngpui.html India Sight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306045824/http://www.indiasight.com/north-east-india-tourism/mizoram/phawngpui.html |date=6 March 2016 }}
*[http://trawellguide.com/travel-guide-destination.php?id=1395&title=Phawngpui The Travel Well Guide]
*[http://www.webindia123.com/Mizoram/Tourism/Places.htm Tourism Place]
*[http://overindia.com/mizoram/phawngpui/ India Travel Guide]
*[http://worddomination.com/phawngpui.html Travel guide at World Domination]
*[https://archive.today/20130628035453/http://www.mobshare.in/channel/incrediblene/post/IzM4MUduOTB1c2dLTCoqKjQ1NDc5Mw Mobshare]
{{Mizoram}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1992]]

Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station

2026-05-03T11:03:19Z

JyothikaSahoo: Added new bio v1

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kanniyakumari
| native_name = Cape Comorin
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Express trains in India|Express train]] & [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = GKN Kanniyakuari Railway DSC 1000.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = A platform of the station
| address = [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], [[Kanniyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]],
| line = Nagercoil – Kanniyakumari railway line
| other = Taxi stand, Auto rickshaw stand
| structure = Standard on-ground
| platform = 6
| depth = 200 feet
| levels = 1
| tracks = 7
| opened = {{start date and age|1979}}
| electrified = Yes
| grade = B-2 GRADE
| closed = Partially
| rebuilt = Undergoing
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CAPE
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| services =
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| map_dot_label = Kanniyakumari
| coordinates = {{coord|8|5|16|N|77|32|48|E|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|36|m|ft}}
| route_map = {{Nagercoil – Kanniyakumari branch line}}
}}
'''Kanniyakumari railway station''' (formerly '''Cape Comorin railway station'''), (station code:- '''CAPE''') is an NSG–4 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=4 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway terminus of the [[Indian Railways]] serving the coastal town of [[Kanyakumari]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Shashwat |date=2022-05-25 |title=From Rameswaram to Kanyakumari, how 5 Tamil Nadu railway stations will look after redevelopment |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-railway-stations-kanyakumari-chennai-rameswaram-redevelopment-pm-modi-to-launch-new-projects-worth-rs-31-500-crore-2022-05-25-779348 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the southernmost railway station on the Indian mainland.

==Administration==
It is a part of the [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]]. The Kanyakumari rail station is located in the heart of Kanyakumari and is only {{convert|1|km}} away from Kanyakumari beach.

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==New lines in proposal==

Indian Railways were planning for an East Coast Railway Route starting from Chennai to Kanyakumari via [[Cuddalore]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Tuticorin]]. The surveys were done in a phase by phase manner and submitted for approvals, but the Railway board shelved the project in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/nov/19/new-railway-line-along-ecr-dropped-chennai-cuddalore-link-may-get-nod-next-year-1900147.html | title=New railway line along ECR dropped, Chennai-Cuddalore link may get nod next year | date=19 November 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|1010}}
{{Commons category|Kanyakumari railway station}}
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1979]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Vishak Nair

2026-04-30T19:29:01Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding The Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian Film Actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Several [[WP:NPOV|NPOV]] violations, especially within the Early life and background section|date=January 2025}}
{{Tone|date=January 2025}}
{{POV|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{infobox person
| name = Vishak Nair
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|4|25}}
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* Director
* Screenwriter
* Casting Director
}}
| years active = 2016{{En dash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayapria Nair|2022}}
}}

'''Vishak Nair''' is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Malayalam]] films along with a few [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He debuted as an actor in the 2016 film ''[[Aanandam]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishak and his 'Kuppi' life |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/aanandam-movie-fame-vishakh-nair-as-kuppi.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2017-02-18 |title=Aanandam actors Vishak Nair, Vinitha Koshy, Anarkali Marikar bag new projects |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aanandam-actors-vishak-nair-vinitha-koshy-anarkali-marikar-bag-new-projects-716482 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Vishak Nair was born on 25 April 1992 in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] to S. Balachandran Nair, a Chartered Accountant, and Jaya Balachandran.<ref name="dubai days">{{Cite web |title=From the UAE to the big screen: Bollywood actor Vishak Nair recalls his Sharjah, Dubai days |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/from-the-uae-to-the-big-screen-bollywood-actor-vishak-nair-recalls-his-sharjah-dubai-days |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> He had a young brother who died due to a malignant [[brain tumour]]. He was raised in [[Rolla Sharjah]], where he had "fond memories" and "used to play football and cricket daily in the heat". Due to his upbringing there, he can speak [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]]. Though he could speak Malayalam in his early years, he could not read or write until he eventually learnt it.<ref name="dubai days" /> He completed his schooling from [[Delhi Private School, Sharjah]] where he was good at studies and extra-curricular activities. In high school, he participated in theatre and cultural activities and festivals.<ref name="dubai days" /> He holds a degree in [[Mechanical engineering]] from the [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Aanandam's Kuppi tells us why he went from NIT Surathkal to cinema |url=https://www.edexlive.com/live-story/2017/jun/29/aanandams-kuppi-tells-us-why-he-went-from-nit-surathkal-to-cinema-716.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Edex Live |language=en}}</ref> He is also trained in western classical music from K M Conservatory, AR Rahman's music school.<ref name="dubai days" /> After completing his education, he worked at [[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles]]. However, he resigned to join [[The Little Theatre (India)|The Little Theatre]] in [[Chennai]] to pursue acting.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

On 9 June 2022, Nair married Jayapria Nair in a ceremony in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Aanandam' actor Vishak Nair ties the knot with Jayapria Nair |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aanandam-actor-vishak-nair-ties-the-knot-with-jayapria-nair/articleshow/92131999.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mollywood celebrity weddings this year |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mollywood-celebrity-weddings-2022-all-stars-who-tied-the-knot-this-year-1.8141639 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=28 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Nair debuted as an actor in the 2016 film ''[[Aanandam]]'', a coming-of-age story that received critical acclaim and was a commercial success.<ref name=":0" /> He went on to star in several other Malayalam films including ''[[Chunkzz]]'' (2017),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Balu Varghese, Vishak Nair to team up in Chunkzz |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/balu-varghese-vishak-nair-to-team-up-in-chunkzz/articleshow/56950468.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Puthan Panam|''Puthen Panam'']] (2017),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hari |date=2016-11-28 |title=Vishak Nair, Kuppi from Aanandam in Mammootty's Puthan Panam |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/vishak-nair-kuppi-aanandam-mammootty-puthan-panam/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Matchbox (2017 film)|''Matchbox'']] (2017),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Roshan Mathew and Visakh Nair reunite in Matchbox |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roshan-mathew-and-visakh-nair-reunite-in-matchbox/articleshow/58880593.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Chembarathipoo]]'' (2017),<ref>{{Cite news |title='Anandam' fame Vishak Nair roped in for Askar Ali's 'Chembarathipoovu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/anandam-fame-vishak-nair-roped-in-for-askar-alis-chembarathipoovu/articleshow/57203053.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Aana Alaralodalaral|''Aana Alaralodalaral'']] (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandam Fame Vishak Nair In Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Aana Alaralodalaral' |url=http://actiononframes.com/news-details/anandam-fame-vishak-nair-in-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-aana-alaralodalaral-/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Action On Frames |language=en}}</ref>

He further appeared in [[Lonappante Mamodeesa|''Lonappante Mamodeesa'']] (2019), ''[[Kuttymama]]'' (2019), and ''[[Thimiram]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thi.Mi.Ram movie review: Examining the fake moral standards and misogynistic ideas of society |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/05/01/thimiram-malayalam-movie-review-ott-release.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> and ventured into web series with his well-received performance in ''Kili'' (2021). Additionally, he directed a two part music video for [[Aabha Hanjura]]'s ''Roshewalla'' which was featured in Rolling Stone Magazine's Top Ten Music Videos of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Xalxo |first=Anurag Tagat David Britto and Jessica |date=2019-12-26 |title=11 Best Indian Music Videos of 2019 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-music-videos-of-2019/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Dilbaro Yuier Valo {{!}} Roshewalla Part 1 {{!}} Aabha Hanjura |date=31 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p8tPr9Sy_Q |access-date=2023-02-18 |language=en}}[https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/review-of-thimiram-immensely-thought-provoking/2021/06/26]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vidya |date=2019-08-20 |title=An intense tale of a tense land |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/200819/an-intense-tale-of-a-tense-land.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Nair made his Hindi debut with the film [[Shabaash Mithu|''Shabaash Mithu'']], in which he played a supporting role alongside [[Taapsee Pannu]]. He also had cameo appearances in the Malayalam films ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'', in which he was also the casting director, [[Wonder Women (2022 film)|''Wonder Women'']], and [[Dear Friend (2022 film)|''Dear Friend'']]. He directed the music video for Vineet Vincent's ''Colour,'' which was met with critical acclaim upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Vincent Makes A Musical Splash On His Single 'Colour |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/vineeth-vincent-makes-a-musical-splash-on-his-single-colour.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.rsjonline.com}}</ref> In 2024, he played a role in the film [[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors|''LLB: Life Line of Bachelors'']] and his performance in the survival thriller ''Exit'' which was well received by critics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='Exit' Review: A bold Malayalam survival thriller that breaks new ground |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/04/04/exit-malayalam-movie-review-mohammed-shaheen-vishak-nair-sree-raam.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Footage star Vishak Nair: 'Was upset when Exit didn't get the recognition it needed' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/footage-star-vishak-nair-interview-exclusive/929aac247d136 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

He portrayed the role of [[Sanjay Gandhi]] in [[Kangana Ranaut]]'s directorial [[Emergency (Hindi film)|''Emergency'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Vishak Nair Receives Death Threats After Confusion Over His Role In Kangana Ranauts Emergency: Check |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/actor-vishak-nair-receives-death-threats-after-confusion-over-his-role-in-kangana-ranauts-emergency-check-your-facts |publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-09-21 |title='Becoming Sanjay Gandhi threw up a lot of challenges', says actor Vishak Nair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-actor-vishak-nair-plays-sanjay-gandhi-emergency-directed-by-kangana-ranaut/article65913018.ece |access-date=2023-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Vishak Nair as Sanjay Gandhi in Emergency. See first look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vishak-nair-as-sanjay-gandhi-in-emergency-see-first-look-1999798-2022-09-13 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

* ''Note: All films are in Malayalam unless otherwise noted''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aanandam]]'' || Unnikrishnan Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Sunil ||
|-
| ''[[Chunkzz]]'' || Yudas Thaddeus ||
|-
| ''[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]]'' || Ashok Raj ||<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030517/anandam-actors-in-matchbox.html|title=Anandam actors in Matchbox|date=3 May 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/05/anandam--boys-to-team-up-again-1601117.html | title=Anandam boys to team up again | date=5 May 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chembarathipoo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Achootty ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aana Alaralodalaral movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aana-alaralodalaral/movie-review/62210096.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Lonappante Mamodeesa]]'' || Sony ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttymama]]'' ||Sachin ||
|-
| ''[[Thimiram]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Kili'' || Kili || Web series<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-23 |title=Vishnu Govindan creates a web series Kili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Dec/23/vishnu-govindan-creates-aweb-serieskili-2239793.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
|Passenger on train
|Cameo appearance; Also casting director
|-
|[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|''Dear Friend'']]
|Shyam's brother
|
|-
|[[Shabaash Mithu|''Shabaash Mithu'']]
|Chandran
|Hindi film
|-
|[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|''Wonder Women'']]
|Doctor
|English film
|-
|2023
|[[Tejas (film)|''Tejas'']]
|Prashant
|Hindi film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Exit''
|Siraj Rawther
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Footage (film)|''Footage'']]
| The young man
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-05 |title=Manju Warrier's Footage gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/05/manju-warriers-footage-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Warrier, Vishak Nair star in Malayalam cinema's first found-footage film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/15/manju-warrier-footage-movie-vishak-nair-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|[[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors|''LLB: Life Line of Bachelors'']]
|Salmaan
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=Sreenath Bhasi opens up about the 2022 controversy and describes the experience as traumatic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenath-bhasi-opens-up-about-the-2022-controversy-and-describes-the-experience-as-traumatic/articleshow/107288010.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|[[Emergency (2025 film)|''Emergency'']]
|[[Sanjay Gandhi]]
|Hindi film<ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Vishak Nair joins Kangana Ranaut starrer Emergency as Sanjay Gandhi; first poster out! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vishak-nair-joins-kangana-ranaut-starrer-emergency-sanjay-gandhi-first-poster/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Emergency: Kangana Ranaut Introduces Vishak Nair As Sanjay Gandhi; Check His First Look Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/emergency-kangana-ranaut-introduces-vishak-nair-as-sanjay-gandhi-check-his-first-look-here-5946139.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Identity (2025 film)|''Identity'']]
|Nakul
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-16 |title=First look of Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/16/first-look-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-out |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Officer on Duty|''Officer on Duty'']]
|Christy Savio
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Officer on Duty gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/17/kunchacko-bobans-officer-on-duty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nancy Rani]]'' ||Motti ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-14 |title=Ahaana Krishna to play a die-hard 'Nancy Rani' poster has Ahaana Krishna in a chic avatar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nancy-rani-poster-has-ahaana-krishna-in-a-chic-avatar/articleshow/78654496.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' ||Man at the pub ||Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2025|title=‘Lokah isn't coming to OTT anytime soon...’: Dulquer Salmaan addresses rumours|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dulquer-salmaan-addresses-lokah-chapter-one-ott-platform-release-date-ucjyiwem |access-date=5 October 2025|website=Mathrubhumi News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Chatha Pacha]]'' || Cherian Maani ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Mohanlal's kin to direct 'Chatha Pacha – Ring of Rowdies'; Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy to make Malayalam debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-kin-to-direct-chatha-pacha-ring-of-rowdies-shankar-ehsaan-loy-to-make-malayalam-debut/articleshow/118867445.cms |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{iMDb name|8387515}}
* {{facebook|therealvishaknair}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Vishak}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mangesh Tendulkar

2026-04-28T23:35:59Z

JyothikaSahoo: Starting first data first draft

{{Short description|Indian cartoonist and caricaturist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Mangesh Tendulkar
| image = Noted Cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar and DCP (Traffic) Vishwas Pandhare during traffic awareness campaign in Pune.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mangesh Tendulkar with DCP (Traffic) Vishwas Pandhare during traffic awareness campaign in Pune
| birth_name = Mangesh
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|07|10|1934|01|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse =
| field = Cartoonist, caricaturist
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
| elected =
| website = www.Mangeshtendulkar.com
| bgcolour =
}}

'''Mangesh Tendulkar''' (1934 – 10 July 2017) was an Indian artist, cartoonist, and humourist. He also wrote on cartoons in several magazines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-11 |title=Renowned cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar dies in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/renowned-cartoonist-mangesh-tendulkar-dies-in-pune/articleshow/59541545.cms |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Renowned cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar passes away at 83 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/renowned-cartoonist-mangesh-tendulkar-passes-away-at-83-4745417/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was the brother of acclaimed playwright and screenwriter [[Vijay Tendulkar]].

==Biography==
{{Copy edit|date=April 2026|section}}
Tendulkar was a caricaturist for the year 1954. He was instrumental in creating traffic awareness in [[Pune]] city and gave great support to Pune traffic police. He used to personally stand on Karve road, Pune for creating awareness regarding the traffic for last 17 years of his life.<ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/senior-cartoonist-mangesh-tendulkar-passes-away-1509254/ मंगेश तेंडुलकर]</ref>

The city-based [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI) had used Mangesh’s talents to draw images in their drive to promote road safety. In a series of 100 cartoons, he set forth his concerns about the city and the preservation of Pune’s once-leafy environs with his trademark good-humoured, gentle skepticism. Besides his prolific cartoons, Tendulkar also authored collections of satirical sketches accompanied by his caricatures in works like Bhuichakra and Sunday Mood. He also documented Pune’s theatre scene in incisive articles and books.

He started sketching caricatures in his 70s and he was active till his death.<ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/editorial/dhavte-jag/demise-of-mangesh-tendulkar/articleshow/59548265.cms एक मोती गळाला…]</ref>

==Books==
Tendulkar’s book named Cartoons was published in 2001.

# Cartoons
# Bhuichakra भुईचक्र
# Sunday Mood संडे मूड : (५३ लेख आणि जवळपास तेवढीच व्यंगचित्रे असलेले पुस्तक)
# Atikraman अतिक्रमण
# Kuni Pampato Ajun Kalokh कुणी पंपतो अजून काळोख
# Bittesha Dakesha ’बित्तेशां?’ ‘दांकेशां!’

Apart from that, he had written in various magazines regarding cartoons:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Magazine !! Type !! Year
|-
|Chukatitlya Atmyala || Aawaj || Diwali Ank || 2003
|-
|Vyangachitratun Samvad Sadhtanana || Chatra Prabodhan || Diwali Ank ||
|-
|Mobile Free|| Shri Deeplaxmi || Diwali Ank ||
|-
|Mazya Govyachya Bhomit|| Gomantak || Diwali Ank ||
|-
|Vyangachitra Hech Pahile Prem|| Grahakhit || Diwali Ank ||
|-
|Vyangachitranchi Bhasha|| Kutumb Kautumbik || Diwali Ank ||
|-
|Vyangachitre Hi Kala Nahich|| Kistrim || Diwali Ank ||
|}

== Exhibitions==
In total, 89 exhibitions have seen Tendulkar's cartoons placed.<ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/cartoon-exhibition-2-1095790/ मंगेश तेंडुलकर यांच्या व्यंगचित्रांचे पंचाहत्तरावे प्रदर्शन २ ते ४ मे दरम्यान]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Place
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 04.01.1997
|-
|Rajshree Shahu Kaladalan, Kolhapur || 26.01.2001
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune ||
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 31.12.1999
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune ||
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 24.04.1999
|-
|Paud Road, Pune || 09.07.1999
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune ||
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune ||
|-
|Sarvajanik Vachnalaya, Nasik ||
|-
|Maratha art gallery, Satara || 28.04.2001
|-
|Lokmanya Tilak Library ||
|-
|Rajashri Shahu Academy, Kolhapur || 26.12.2001
|-
|Sawarkar Sabhagruha, Mumbai Dadar || 13.11.1999
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 30.12.2000
|-
|Thakre Kr|da Sankul, Mumbai VilleParle || 29.01.2000
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 01.02.2002
|-
|Hotel Mhawra, Mumbai Goregaon || 21.12. 2001
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune ||
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 09.11.2003
|-
|Yashwantrao Chavan Kala Dalan, Pune || Dec. 2003
|-
|Balgandharva Kala Dalan, Pune || 23.12.2001
|-
|Kala Academy, Goa || 09.02.2004
|}

==Awards==
* 1980 - President’s medal
* 1993 - Marathi Natya Parishad Award
* 2003 - Pulotsav award
* 1984 - Active theatre award
* Award from Kamayani Pune
* Award from [[Pune Police]] for cartoon on Traffic
* Award from Dnyaneshwar Vidhyapeeth
* Award from Samvad TV
* Award from Urja Kotwal Foods
* Award from Maayboli
* 2001 - Award in Kothrud Natya Sammelan
* 1994- Award from Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh
* 2003 – Award from Muktachand

==Death==
Mangesh Tendulkar died on July 10, 2017, in Pune at 83 years of age. Tendulkar had been suffering from bladder cancer for the past three years and was admitted to Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune after complaining of pain. He developed a [[pulmonary embolism]] and died at around 11 p.m. on Monday.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/cartoonist-mangesh-tendulkar-passes-away/article19260061.ece Cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar passes away]</ref><ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/india/noted-cartoonist-mangesh-tendulkar-passes-away-at-82-1458397.html Noted Cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar Passes Away at 82]</ref>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tendulkar, Mangesh}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Indian caricaturists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]

Anita Subhadarshini

2026-04-27T08:11:04Z

JyothikaSahoo: adding page

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Biju Janata Dal]]
[[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Pramila Bisoyi]](BJD)
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Anita Subhadarsini Pattnaik''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Polasara]], [[Odisha|Orissa]]. She was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2024. She is the daughter of Mrs. [[Kumudini Patnaik]], who was also MP from Aska during 2000-2004. Anita's father [[Ram Krushna Patnaik|Ramkrushna Patnaik]] was minister in Naveen Patnaik and Biju Patnaik's cabinets. Anita, Kumudini, Ramkrushna were in Biju Janata Dal earlier, later they jumped to Congress then to BJP. <ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Aska Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Aska Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/aska |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325140553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/aska |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Aska">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Aska |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1819.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325140635/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1819.htm |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Aska election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Anita Subhadarshini triumphs in Aska, defeats BJD's Ranjita Sahu by 99,974 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/aska-election-results-2024-odisha-aska-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-anita-subhadarshini-bjp-debakanta-sarma-cong-ranjita-sahu-bjd/articleshow/110667583.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Odisha: four women candidates win seats in Lok Sabha elections">{{cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=Odisha: four women candidates win seats in Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-four-women-candidates-win-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-101717656925913.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325144521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-four-women-candidates-win-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-101717656925913.html |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Women register impressive wins">{{cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=Women register impressive wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/women-politicians-secure-impressive-wins-in-lok-sabha-and-assembly-elections/articleshow/110716547.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325144622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/women-politicians-secure-impressive-wins-in-lok-sabha-and-assembly-elections/articleshow/110716547.cms |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhadarshini, Anita}}
{{18th LS members from Odisha}}

[[Category:Living people]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhadarshini, Anita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

The Killer (2006 film)

2026-04-25T23:44:40Z

JyothikaSahoo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Killer
| image = The_Killer_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Hasnain Hyderabadwala Raksha Mistry
| producer = [[Mukesh Bhatt]]
| writer = Sanjay Masoom (dialogues)
| screenplay = Mahendra Lakhan
| starring = [[Emraan Hashmi]] [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Priyanka Kothari|Nisha Kothari]]
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| country = India
| cinematography = Sanjay Malkar
| editing = Akiv Ali
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]
| distributor = Friday Filmworks
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|07|21}}
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-killer-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzi3njc|title=The Killer|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}72 million
| gross = {{INR}}65 million
}}

'''''The Killer''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language black comedy [[action thriller film]] directed by Hasnain Hyderabadwala and Raksha Mistry, and starring [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Priyanka Kothari|Nisha Kothari]]. An adaptation of the 2004 American film ''[[Collateral (film)|Collateral]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganesh Nadar |first1=A |title=Killer was inspired by Collateral |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/18killer.htm |website=[[rediff.com]]}}</ref> the film revolves around an Indian taxi driver in Dubai, who seats a [[hitman]] in his taxi unknowingly. He must face the consequences by doing everything The Killer tells him to do, may it be a ride or a murder. The film was released on 21 July 2006 and was a flop at the box office.

==Plot==
The story follows a serial killer who uses the help of innocent taxi drivers to murder his targets. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), [[India]], has been made aware of a killer cab driver in [[Malaysia]] who killed several people in a matter of hours and then crashed his taxi and killed himself. The same thing happened again, this time in [[Hong Kong]], and several people were killed by another cab driver, who also ended up being killed. Now, this time in [[Dubai]], it is the turn of taxi driver Nikhil Joshi ([[Emraan Hashmi]]). Nikhil is an Indian living in Dubai for a good life and is madly in love with a cabaret dancer named Rhea ([[Priyanka Kothari|Nisha Kothari]]). He is willing to do anything for Rhea, and so is she. However, life has other plans for him when one night, a suave businessman named Vikram ([[Irrfan Khan]]) hails his cab.

Nikhil discovers that this pleasant passenger has an agenda of his own and a rather sinister one at that. Vikram holds Nikhil hostage in a bizarre plot to bump off various people who would testify against the dreaded don Jabbar ([[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]), who is at risk of being deported to India to face charges against him. As Nikhil helplessly becomes witness to one killing after another, he finds his life and dreams crumbling around him. He repeatedly pleads with Vikram to spare him and hire another taxi, but fails. Faced with the prospect of losing everything he has been working towards, he finally takes control of the steering wheel of his life. He stops dreaming and starts acting, as he begins to pit his wits against the dangerous assassin.

Killing one after another, Nikhil seems to be the prime suspect. That is why Vikram plans to kill him in his taxi and flee. However, Nikhil fights back and dares Vikram by risking his life. After a series of murders of witnesses against Jabbar in the same night, the CBI officer and local police officer ([[Sanjay Batra]]) are closely on trail of Nikhil, whom they assume to be the killer. Nikhil destroys the laptop of Vikram, which contained the information of the witnesses in his hit list. Vikram forces Nikhil to pose as Vikram and seek the particulars of the remaining two witnesses in the hit list from Jabbar by meeting him personally in his mansion. Nikhil does so and procures the same and hands it over to Vikram, who had been waiting for him outside in the taxi. Nikhil decides to risk his life to save the witnesses and races his taxi to the horror of Vikram. The taxi hits a kiosk and crashes. Vikram runs off for his next prey, followed by Nikhil in the chase. He fails to save the witness, who is shot by Vikram. Nikhil sees his girl-friend Rhea's name and photo in the mobile, which fell off the fleeing Vikram. Determining to save Rhea from Vikram at any cost, Nikhil tries to contact her to warn her and flee, but her mobile gets discharged. He runs to warn her in the casino, where she is dancing. The police and Vikram reach the place, and just as Vikram shoots at Rhea, Nikhil leaps and pushes her away. In the melee following the gunshots, when the police confront Nikhil as the suspect killer, he informs them that it is Vikram who is the actual killer. He manages to escape from the place with Vikram in the chase after them. Finally, when Vikram confronts them and tries to shoot Rhea, Nikhil dares him to shoot him. The police shoot Vikram just as he is about to press the trigger of his gun. Thus Nikhil saves Rhea, and they are happily united.

==Cast==
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Nikhil Joshi
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Vikram / Roopchand Swaroopchand Solanki
* [[Priyanka Kothari|Nisha Kothari]] as Rhea
* [[Bharti Achrekar]] as Nikhil's mother
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Jabbar
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Nikhil's boss
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Police Officer
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Ranbir Oberoi, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer from India
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Kamaal Khan, the singer
* Maya Gurjer as Mallika Khan
* Amit Bhalla
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
* Anupam Bhattacharya as Mussa
* Manoj Bhaskar

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Killer
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 June 2006
| recorded = 2005–06
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of ''The Killer'' features popular tracks such as "Teri Yaadon Mein" and "O Sanam", performed by playback singers [[KK (singer)|KK]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The music was composed by the duo [[Sajid–Wajid]], with lyrics penned by [[Jalees Sherwani]]. The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 15 June 2006.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track No !! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Teri Yaadon Mein" || [[KK (singer)|K.K.]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || [[Neeraj Pandey]]
|-
| 2 || "O Sanam" (Duet) || [[KK (singer)|K.K.]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 3 || "Hibbaki" || [[Suzanne D'Mello]], Hamza Faruqui & Earl D'Souza || Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 4 || "Abhi Toh Main Jawan Hoon" || [[Alisha Chinoy]] || Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 5 || "Yaar Piya" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 6 || "Hibbaki" (Remix) || Suzanne D'Mello, Hamza Faruqui & Earl D'Souza || Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 7 || "Teri Yaadon Mein" (Remix) || KK & Shreya Ghoshal|| Jalees Sherwani
|-
| 8 || "O Sanam" ||KK, Shreya Ghoshal || Jalees Sherwani
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "To borrow an Emraan line from the movie, 'correct bolun toh' the Emraan-Irrfan duo get 100 out of 100, and the film gets just 50".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/21killer.htm|title=The Killer: An okay Collateral copy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=21 July 2006|last=Jain|first=Priyanka}}</ref> Film critic [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote that "On the whole, THE KILLER is an absorbing fare that should appeal to lovers of thrillers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-killer/critic-review/the-killer-movie-review/|title=The Killer Movie Review|date=21 July 2006|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood thriller films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0833484|title=The Killer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Killer, The}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2006 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about taxis]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Existentialist films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films set in nightclubs]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

Vivek Kumar Birla

2026-04-24T21:05:58Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding Basic Biography V1

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|09|18}}
| name = Vivek Kumar Birla
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 3 February 2014
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| nominator1 =
| nominator2 =
| appointer1 =
| appointer2 =
| office1 =
| term_end = 17 September 2025
}}

'''Vivek Kumar Birla''' (born 18 September 1963) is a retired Indian judge, who served as the [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Vivek Kumar Birla |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=204 |website=High Court of Judicature at Allahabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=12 more judges take oath at ceremony in high court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/12-more-judges-take-oath-at-ceremony-in-high-court/articleshow/29830792.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vivek Kumar Birla was elevated as Additional Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] on 3 February 2014 and was appointed as permanent Judge on 1 February 2016. Later he joined as the administrative judge for the Aligarh district court. He retired from the Judiciary on 17 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDJ Law Journal |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=949&cid=14 |website=CDJ Law Journal}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birla, Vivek}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Pimpri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:00Z

JyothikaSahoo: new the info first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pimpri
| constituency_no = 206
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| map_image = 206-Pimpri.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Anna Bansode]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =391,739
}}
'''Pimpri Assembly constituency''' is one of the twenty one constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] located in the city of [[Pune district|Pune]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies: [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]] and [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]] from [[Pune district]] and [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Uran]] and [[Panvel]] from [[Raigad district]]. As of 2019, its representative is [[Anna Bansode]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar Faction)|Nationalist Congress Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pimpri Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pimpri.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Anna Bansode]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Gautam Chabukswar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Anna Bansode]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pimpri<ref name="Pimpri Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pimpri Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/pimpri |accessdate=3 January 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103155835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/pimpri |archivedate=3 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pimpri">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pimpri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13206.htm |accessdate=3 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103155845/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13206.htm |archivedate=3 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Bansode|Anna Dadu Bansode]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 109,239 |percentage = 54.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sulakshana Shilwant-Dhar |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 72,575 |percentage = 36.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Bhaskar Garbade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,173 |percentage = 3.60% |change={{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,013 |percentage = 2.01% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sundar Mhasukant Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,836 |percentage = 0.92% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,664 |percentage = 18.39% |change= {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,403 |percentage = 51.92% |change= {{increase}}1.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,390}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 391,739|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pimpri<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Bansode|Anna Dadu Bansode]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 86,985 |percentage = 49.89% |change={{increase}}21.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gautam Chabukswar|Adv. Gautam Chabukswar]]|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,177 |percentage = 38.53% |change={{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Allias Balasaheb Gaikwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 13,681 |percentage = 7.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,246 |percentage = 1.86% |change={{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanraj Govind Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 0.70% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,808 |percentage = 11.36% |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,649 |percentage = 50.23% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,349}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 353,688|ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}20.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pimpri<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gautam Chabukswar|Adv. Gautam Chabukswar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,096 |percentage = 29.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Bansode|Anna Dadu Bansode]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 48,761 |percentage = 28.27% |change={{decrease}}13.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandrakanta Laxman Sonkamble|party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 47,288 |percentage = 27.42% |change={{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Vishnu Kamble |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,022 |percentage = 6.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anita Dattatraya Sonawane |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,169 |percentage = 3.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,435 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Kshitij Texas Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 1.78% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,335 |percentage = 1.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,933 |percentage = 46.23% |change= {{increase}}2.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,467}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 382,718|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pimpri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=25 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Bansode|Anna Dadu Bansode]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,061 |percentage = 41.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amar Shankar Sable]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,534 |percentage = 35.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandrakanta Laxman Sonkamble|party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 11,146 |percentage = 7.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Manao Shripati Kamble|party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,247 |percentage = 5.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Kundlik Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,088 |percentage = 2.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harshvardhan Madhukar Meshram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,430 |percentage = 2.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Narayan Jagtap |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,155 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,527 |percentage = 6.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,481 |percentage = 42.52% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,485|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.63|73.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mandla Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:17Z

JyothikaSahoo: Starting a entry more to come

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mandla
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Mandla.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mandla Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| electors = 21,01,811<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Shri Faggan Singh Kulaste taking charge as the Minister of State for Steel, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpura]] [[Dindori (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori]] [[Bichhiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bichhiya]] [[Niwas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwas]] [[Mandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] [[Keolari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keolari]] [[Lakhnadon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhnadon]] [[Gotegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gotegaon]]
| mp = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
}}
'''Mandla''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribe]]s, it became a reserved constituency in 1957. It presently covers the entire [[Dindori district|Dindori]] and [[Mandla district|Mandla]] districts and parts of [[Seoni district|Seoni]] and [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, since the delimitation of the parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, Mandla Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|103
|[[Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpura]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|Omprakash Durwey
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
|[[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|Omkar singh Markam
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|105
|[[Bichhiya Assembly constituency|Bichhiya]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Mandla district|Mandla]]
|Narayansingh Patta
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|106
|[[Niwas Assembly constituency|Niwas]] (ST)
|Chainsingh Warkade
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|107
|[[Mandla Assembly constituency|Mandla]] (ST)
|Sampatiya Uikey
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|116
|[[Keolari Assembly constituency|Keolari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Seoni district|Seoni]]
|Rajneesh Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|117
|[[Lakhnadon Assembly constituency|Lakhnadon]] (ST)
|Yogendra Singh Baba
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|118
|[[Gotegaon Assembly constituency|Gotegaon]] (SC)
|[[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
|Mahendra Nagesh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Mangru Ganu Uikey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[Seth Govind Das]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mangru Ganu Uikey]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Shyamlal Dhurve
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Chhotelal Sonu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohan Lal Jhikram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Basori Singh Masram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mandla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,51,375
|percentage = 48.93
|change = {{up}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Omkar Singh Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,47,529
|percentage = 42.17
|change = {{up}}0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahesh Kumar Wattee
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 37,797
|percentage = 2.46
|change = {{down}}0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 18,921
|percentage = 1.23
|change = {{down}}0.89
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,03,846
|percentage = 6.76
|change = {{up}}0.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,35,632
|percentage = 72.84
|change = {{decrease}}4.95
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = {{up}}0.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|votes = 7,37,266
|percentage = 48.59
|change = {{increase}}0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamal Singh Marawi
|votes = 6,39,592
|percentage = 42.15
|change = {{increase}}3.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ramgulam Uikey
|votes = 48,925
|percentage = 3.22
|change = {{decrease}}1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 32,240
|percentage = 2.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.20
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 97,674
|percentage = 6.44
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,17,931
|percentage = 77.79
|change = {{increase}}11.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}0.53
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|votes = 5,85,720
|percentage = 48.06
|change = {{increase}}10.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Omkar Singh Markam]]
|votes = 4,75,251
|percentage = 39.00
|change = {{decrease}}6.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Anuj Gangasing Patta
|votes = 56,572
|percentage = 4.64
|change = {{increase}}1.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 28,306
|percentage = 2.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,10,469
|percentage = 9.06
|change = {{increase}}1.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,18,661
|percentage = 66.79
|change = {{increase}}10.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}10.13
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Basori Singh Masram]]
|votes =3,91,133
|percentage = 45.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|votes = 3,26,080
|percentage = 37.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Jalso Dhurwey
|votes = 24,603
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Jhank Singh Kushre
|votes = 23,773
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 65,053
|percentage = 7.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,59,560
|percentage = 56.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dindori district]]
* [[Mandla district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|22.95|81.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandla}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dindori district]]
[[Category:Mandla district]]

Gaddam Prasad Kumar

2026-04-18T09:34:13Z

JyothikaSahoo: started some biography first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaddam Prasad Kumar గడ్డం ప్రసాద్ కుమార్
| image = Gaddam Prasad Kumar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1964|06|4}}
| birth_place = [[Vikarabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present day [[Telangana]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| governor = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] [[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] ''(additional charge)'' [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister and Deputy CM
| 1namedata = [[Revanth Reddy]] [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka|Mallu Bhatti Vikaramaka]]
| 2namedata = [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Anand Methuku
| constituency1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| office2 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Minister of Handlooms & Textiles, Spinning Mills and Small Scale Industries]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2014
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor2 = [[P. Shankar Rao]]
| successor2 = ''Office Dissolved''
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = A Chandrashekhar
| successor3 = B. Sanjeeva Rao
| constituency3 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Shailaja
| children = 2
| website =
| 2blankname = Deputy Speakar
| year = 2006
}}

'''Gaddam Prasad Kumar''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the 3rd Speaker of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] since 2023. He represents [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He is a former Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/16/stories/2010021659810500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105953/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/16/stories/2010021659810500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2010 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Rally turns violent in Vikarabad |date=16 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref> He belongs to [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Koride Mahesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/6-city-2-RR-dist-MLAs-may-hitch-on-to-Jagan-/articleshow/7279730.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204144127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/hyderabad/28376260_1_jagan-camp-jagan-party-ysr-loyalists |url-status=live |archive-date=4 December 2011 |title=6 city, 2 RR dist MLAs may hitch on to Jagan |date=14 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gaddam Prasad Kumar was born in Vikarabad, [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Career==
Gaddam Prasad Kumar was elected to [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikrabad constituency]] in 2009 Assembly elections from [[Ranga Reddy district]] defeating A. Chandrashkhar of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] party. In 2012 he was inducted into the Cabinet of [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|N Kiran Kumar Reddy]] as Minister for Handlooms & Textiles, Spinning Mills & Small Scale Industries. He was appointed Congress party campaign coordinator for the 2012 byelections in 12 Assembly constituencies in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2010 |title=Congress campaign coordinators |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/11/stories/2010071154830100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714183406/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/11/stories/2010071154830100.htm |archive-date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=4 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

After the State Bifurcation in 2014 he lost to the Telangana Rashtra Samithi candidate B. Sanjeev Rao in [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and to Dr. M Anand in [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Assembly Elections]].

Gaddam Prasad Kumar defeated Methuku Anand of BRS party in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly Elections]].<ref name="Vicarabad Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Gaddam Prasad Kumar defeats BRS's Dr. Anand Methuku with 12893 votes">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Vicarabad Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Gaddam Prasad Kumar defeats BRS's Dr. Anand Methuku with 12893 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/vicarabad-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470967-2023-12-03 |access-date=13 December 2023 |date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213102812/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/vicarabad-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470967-2023-12-03 |archive-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> The Congress has finalized Gaddam Prasad for the post of Telangana assembly speaker on 7 December and filed his nomination on 13 December in the presence of Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]].<ref name="Telangana Assembly: Gaddam Prasad files nomination to Speaker’s post">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |title=Telangana Assembly: Gaddam Prasad files nomination to Speaker's post |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-assembly-gaddam-prasad-files-nomination-to-speakers-post |access-date=13 December 2023 |date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213103312/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-assembly-gaddam-prasad-files-nomination-to-speakers-post |archive-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

G. Prasad Kumar unanimously elected as [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Telangana Legislative Assembly]] and took charge on 14 December 2023.<ref name="G. Prasad Kumar unanimously elected as Speaker">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=G. Prasad Kumar unanimously elected as Speaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/g-prasad-kumar-unanimously-elected-as-speaker/article67634682.ece |access-date=14 December 2023 |date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214072541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/g-prasad-kumar-unanimously-elected-as-speaker/article67634682.ece |archive-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, G. Prasad}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express

2026-04-12T09:08:08Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding Basic Post W/ Refs

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Yesvantpur-Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express
| logo =
| image = Yashwantpur sampark kranti.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express At Outer of [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|01|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (YPR)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} (CDG)
| distance = {{convert|2865|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 49 hrs 35 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22685 / 22686
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| maintenance =
| map = {{Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka SK Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 22685 / 22686 '''Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express''' is a [[Sampark Kranti Express|Sampark Kranti]] class rain belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22686/22685 train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4015&did=14979615673492199822C675541D06795B62BCAD3C7E1.web91 |title=Temporary Halt of Express Trains for pilgrims travelling during Shri Sant Tukaram Maharaj Palkhi programme |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193740/http://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4015&did=14979615673492199822C675541D06795B62BCAD3C7E1.web91 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3770&did=1483942936095A889B43971792AAF3BAB85E6FE95FEB3.web91 Temporary Halt at Uruli station on Pune-Daund section for pilgrims]</ref><ref>[http://www.nyoooz.com/pune/634711/electric-engine-debut-for-passenger-train Electric engine debut for passenger train]</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1480&did=14755757112579D9759A05A0F0605AF3B87C91578D449.web107 NEW STOPPAGE OF TRAINS AT VARIOUS STATIONS]</ref>

== Service==

*The 22685/Chandigarh–Yesvantapur Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 2861 km in 49 hrs 50 min
*The 22686/Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 2861 km in 49 hrs 20 min.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharwad}}
* {{stnlnk|Belgaum}}
* {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sangli}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

earlier was [[ICF coach|ICF]] rakes now The train has new [[LHB coach|LHB]] rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper Coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake Car

== Traction==

before electrified route stretch this train used to run with [[WDP-4]] and now The train is hauled by a [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end journey.

==Rake sharing==
[[File:CDG-YPR SK at Miraj.jpg|thumb|Chandigarh–Yesvantapur Sampark Kranti Express standing at Miraj Junction]]
The train shares its rake with 16541/16542 [[Yesvantpur–Pandharpur Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction at {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Chandigarh Junction railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express (via Ballari)|Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express (via Hubballi)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22010 22685/Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21214 22686/Chandigarh–Yesvantpur Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Sampark Kranti}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mura (danava)

2026-04-10T20:52:22Z

JyothikaSahoo: Starting basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Danava in Hindu religious text}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mura
| image = Battle Between Krishna and the Fire-Headed Demon Mura.jpg
| death_cause = Killed in battle while defending the kingdom of [[Pragjyotisha]] against [[Shri Krishna]] and his consort [[Satyabhama]].
| occupation = Military general serving demon King [[Narakasura]].
| era = Ancient Hindu Scriptures
| children = [[Ahilavati]] (Mouravi)
| parents = Prajapati [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] and [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]]
| relatives = [[Ghatotkacha]](son in law) and [[Barbarika]](grandson)
}}

'''Mura''' is a very powerful asura (demon) mentioned in Hindu scriptures,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Mura |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241779.html#:~:text=Mura%20was%20the%20asura%20born,name%20the%20boon%20he%20wanted. |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> who serves as a general in Narakasura's army. [[Narakasura]] is the evil demon King of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]], and Mura dies during his battle with Sri Krishna

== Biography ==
Mura is born to the sage [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] and his wife [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]]. While he is a youth, Mura once comes across a heap of dead bodies of the asuras and danavas who died in battle against the Devas. The sight of the aftermath of the battle in which so many of the asuras were killed, shocks him and he is overcome with grief. He is also afraid that he too would die in battle one day. So he does penance for many years to propitiate Lord [[Brahma]] who is also his great-grandfather. Eventually, Brahma appears before him and offers him a boon. Mura asks for invincibility in battle, even against the devas who are immortal. After attaining special powers he defeats the [[Yaksha]]s and the [[Gandharva]]s in battle. Then he challenges the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], but no one dares to stop him. So he goes to [[Amaravati (mythology)|Amaravati]] where Indra rules the heavens and forcefully usurpes Indra's kingdom. Mura also takes possession of Indra's [[Vajra]] and [[Airavata]]. All the devas are terrified and are banished from the heavens. For many years Mura rules unopposed as the King of the heavens and all the [[asura]]s and [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]] prospers under his rule.

After attaining so much success he becomes extremely arrogant due to the power of his boons. Maddened with power he goes to [[Vaikuntha]] to challenge Lord [[Vishnu]]. But upon reaching there he comes to know that [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]] had been born as an incarnation of Vishnu and is about to attack the Kingdom of Pragjyotisha where another powerful danava King [[Narakasura]] is ruling.

Mura decides to go to Earth and become Narakasura's general and defend his kingdom. Narakasura is said to have abducted 16,000 women from Earth and to have them made captives. But Shri Krishna and Satyabhama on hearing about the misdeeds of Naraka decide to go and defeat him in battle and emancipate the 16,000 captive princesses. Sri Krishna is also aware of Mura's presence and his special powers. So he takes [[Satyabhama]] (incarnation of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]]) along with him to defeat the combined forces of Mura and Narakasura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 59 |url=https://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto10/chapter59.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.srimadbhagavatam.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavata Purana |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/59/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Vedabase Library}}</ref> Both Narakasura and Mura are killed in the battle by Krishna. For this feat Shri Krishna earns the epithet '[[Krishna|Murāri]]' (enemy of Mura). This day symbolizes the victory of good over evil and is celebrated by Hindus each year as '[[Naraka Chaturdashi]]' and is the first day of [[diwali]].

== Hindu Scriptures ==
The story of Mura finds mention in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata|Mahabharta]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-by-kisari-mohan-ganguli |title=The Mahabharata By Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}</ref> the [[Bhagavata Purana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavata-purana {{!}} Vedic scripture, Hindu mythology, 18,000 verses {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bhagavata-purana |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Vamana Purana]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindudharma}}
[[Category:Danavas]]

Krishna Prasad Yadav (Indian politician)

2026-04-10T05:06:10Z

JyothikaSahoo: Added basic data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Prasad Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nawada, [[Nawada district]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician social work
| spouse =
| children = [[Ashok Yadav]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-mlc-poll-results-raj-ballabhs-kin-wins-in-nawada/articleshow/90710872.cms|title=
Bihar MLC poll results: Raj Ballabh|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> (son)
| parents =
| relations = [[Raj Ballabh Yadav]] (brother)
| alma_mater =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gobindpur.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Gobindpur Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2000
| predecessor = [[Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
| successor = [[Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
| constituency1 = [[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nawada.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Nawada Assembly Constituency
|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 1995
| predecessor1 = Narendra Kumar
| successor1 = [[Raj Ballabh Yadav]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] [[Janata Dal]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Krishna Prasad Yadav''' was an [[Indian politician]] who was elected as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Stat_Rep_BH_90.pdf|title=1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095013/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Stat_Rep_BH_90.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> as well as [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf|title=1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006090146/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> constituency in 1990 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/nawada-tribute-given-19996921.html|title=पुण्यतिथि पर याद किए गए पूर्व विधायक कृष्णा प्रसाद|website=www.jagran.com|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/nawada/news/congratulation-on-the-demise-of-social-worker-krishna-prasad-042503-3839281.html|title=समाजसेवी कृष्णा प्रसाद के निधन पर शोकसभा|website=www.bhaskar.com|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
Yadav died in road incident after that his brother continue his political carrier [[Raj Ballabh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-2020-nawada-assembly-seat-jdu-kaushal-yadav-mahagathbandhan-rajballabh-yadav-1134825-2020-09-24|title=नवादा विधानसभा सीट: तीन दशक से दो परिवारों का कब्जा, क्या तीसरा मार पाएगा बाजी?|website=www.aajtak.in|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Krishna Prasad}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Kaleshwarnath Temple, Pithampur

2026-04-07T02:48:41Z

JyothikaSahoo: Added first place more to come

{{localist|date=April 2026}}
'''Kaleshwarnath Mandir, Pithampur''' is a temple of [[Shiva]] located at [[Pithampur, Chhattisgarh|Pithampur]] in the [[Janjgir–Champa district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=a/>
== Festivals and history ==
The temple is situated on the bank of the [[Hasdeo River]]. A ten-day fair is held at the temple during the festival of [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Rang Panchami]]. Every year on Rang Panchami the procession for Lord Shiva is carried out in [[palanquin]]. The [[Shiva Lingum]] is taken to [[Ghats]] of Hasdeo River, where after the Holy Bath and [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] it is taken back to the temple. The [[Naga Sadhus]] also take part in a fair that has been held at the temple for over 100 years. Over a lakh of people visit the temple during the ten-day-long festive and religious fairs held twice a year.

Records{{which|date=April 2026}} indicate that temple is more than 300 years old; however, according to a stone inscription on the temple, the current temple structure was built by [[Jagmal Gangji Sawaria|Jagmal Gangji]], a railway contractor from [[Kumbharia, Kutch District, Gujarat|Kumbhariya, Kutch]].<ref name=ks/> The stone plaque on back of temple mentions that the construction of the temple was started in [[Vikram Samvant|V.S.]] 1949 (1892 AD) and was completed on [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] [[Shukla Paksha|Sudi]] 2, V.S. 1953 (1896 AD) by Mistri Gokul Dhanji working under Jagmal Gangji. Jagmal Gangji built the temple at his own cost out of reverence and dedicated it to Hindu community.<ref name=n>''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriyas of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta (1998)'':pp:40-41: Jagmal Gangji Sawaria & Rai Sahib Mulji Jagmal Sawaria – Life sketch.</ref>

Pandit Chhabinath Dwivedi of Champa wrote and published "Kaleshwar Mahatmya Stotram" in [[Sanskrit]] in 1897 in praise of Lord Kaleshwar Nath of Pithampur. The first [[Mahant]] of this [[Math]] was Shri Shankar Giri Ji Maharaj and the Math was affiliated to Tilbhandeshwar Math of [[Varanasi|Kashi]]. The Thakur family the [[jamindar]] of [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]] and the [[Sarbarakar]] families donated generously from time to time for up-keepment and maintainace of temple. The temple also houses a statue of Rani Sahiba of Champa Estate.<ref name=a>{{cite web |title=PITHAMPUR (SHIV MANDIR) {{!}} Janjgir-Champa District, Government of Chhattisgarh {{!}} India |url=https://janjgir-champa.gov.in/en/tourist-place/pithampur-shiv-mandir/ |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पीथमपुर के महाकालेश्वर का पौराणिक महत्व |url=https://www.deshbandhu.co.in/parishist/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-15227-2 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=www.deshbandhu.co.in |date=13 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=ks>{{cite news |title=होली विशेष : पीथमपुर के कालेश्वरनाथ : प्रो. अश्विनी केशरवानी - chhattisgarhaaspaas |url=https://chhattisgarhaaspaas.com/chhattisgarh/28685/ |access-date=14 April 2025 |date=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=चांदी की पालकी में निकली बाबा कालेश्वरनाथ की बारात |url=https://www.dailychhattisgarh.com/chhattisgarh-article-details.php?article=166065&path_article=13 |access-date=14 April 2025 |date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=बाबा कलेश्वरनाथ की रंग पंचमी पर निकलती है बारात, पंचमुखी स्वरुप में देते हैं दर्शन - BABA KALESHWARNATH BARAT |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/baba-kaleshwarnath-barat-comes-out-on-rang-panchami-he-gives-darshan-in-panchmukhi-swaroop-chhattisgarh-news-cts25031503740 |access-date=14 April 2025 |agency=Etv -Bharat |date=15 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कोरोना का असर:पीथमपुर मंदिर स्थापना के 322 साल में पहली बार धूल, पंचमी पर नहीं निकलेगी बाबा कलेश्वर नाथ की बारात |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raigarh/champa/news/for-the-first-time-in-322-years-after-the-establishment-of-pithampur-temple-the-procession-of-baba-kaleshwar-nath-will-not-come-out-on-panchami-128376417.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |date=March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rang Panchami 2023: चांदी की पालकी में निकले बाबा कलेश्वर नाथ, नागा साधुओं ने दिखाया शौर्य |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/janjgir-rang-panchami-2023-baba-kaleshwar-nath-silver-palki-barat-organize-in-pithampur-naga-sadhu-showed-stunts-5522069.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=News18 हिंदी |agency=News 18 Hindi |date=12 March 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>Kesharwani, Professor (March 2006). Kaleshwarnath of Pithampur . Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh): Bilasa Publications. p. 58.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Chhattisgarh]]

John Daunt

2026-03-28T19:54:55Z

JyothikaSahoo: small changes

{{short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{about||his son, the British golfer|John Daunt (golfer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= John Charles Campbell Daunt
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1832|11|8|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1886|4|15|1832|11|8|df=yes}}
|birth_place=Autranches, [[Normandy]], France
|death_place=[[Bristol]], England
|placeofburial=Redland Green Parish Church Graveyard, Bristol
|image= John Charles Campbell Daunt (1832–1886).png
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{UK}}
|serviceyears=
|rank=[[Colonel]]
|branch=[[Bengal Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=[[Indian Mutiny]] [[Second Anglo-Chinese War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]
|laterwork=
}}
[[Colonel]] '''John Charles Campbell Daunt''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (8 November 1832 – 15 April 1886) was a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Details==
He was 24 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the [[11th Bengal Native Infantry]], [[Bengal Army]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed took place on 2 October 1857 at [[Ghota Behar]], [[India]] for which he was awarded the VC:
{{quote|Lieutenant Daunt and Serjeant Dynon are recommended for conspicuous gallantry in action, on the 2nd of October, 1857, with the Mutineers of the Ramgurh Battalion at Ghota Behar, in capturing two guns, particularly the last, when they rushed at and captured it by pistoling the gunners, who were mowing the detachment down with grape, one-third of which were hors de combat at the time, 
Lieutenant Daunt is also recommended for chasing, on the 2nd of November following, the Mutineers of the 32nd Bengal Native Infantry across a plain into a rich cultivation, into which he followed them with a few of Rattray's Sikhs. He was dangerously wounded in the attempt to drive out a large body of these Mutineers from an enclosure, the preservation of many of his party, on this occasion, being attributed to His gallantry.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22601|page=957|date=25 February 1862}}</ref>}}

==Further information==
He later achieved the rank of [[colonel]]. His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London. His son, [[John Daunt (golfer)|John]], represented Great Britain at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in the men's [[Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|golf tournament]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/17842 |title=John Daunt |work=Olympedia |accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref> His granddaughter [[Yvonne Daunt]] was a dancer with the [[Paris Opera]] in the 1920s.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13355355/yvonne_daunt_in_startling_costumes/ "Clothes Do Not Hamper Parisian Dancing Sensation"] ''Escanaba Morning Press'' (7 August 1921): 14. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061130035209/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/avon.htm Burial location of John Daunt] "Avon"
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbdaunt.htm News item] "John Daunt's Victoria Cross sold at auction"

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daunt, John Charles Campbell}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Normandy]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Opium War]]

Gaudiya Vaishnavism

2026-03-23T23:47:39Z

JyothikaSahoo: added references per standard format additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Hindu religious movement}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Gaudiya Vaishnavism
| image = Chaitanya dances with followers.jpg
| image_caption = Caitanya dances with followers in a puddle of his own tears. Followers include Śivananda, Rūpa Gusāṁī, Murāri Gupta, Haridāsa Ṭhākura, Mukuṁda, and Nityānanda Prabhu. Kisangarh painting, c. 1750.
| founder = [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1534)
| religions = [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Hinduism]])
| scriptures = {{hlist|''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''|''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''|''[[Gita Govinda]]''|''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]''}}
| languages = {{hlist|[[Sanskrit]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| regions = {{hlist|[[Bengal]]|[[Manipur]]}}
| tablehdr =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| related-c =
| notes =
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}

'''Gaudiya Vaishnavism''' ({{IAST3|Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavasampradāyaḥ}}), also known as '''Chaitanya Vaishnavism''',{{sfn|De|1942|p=7}}{{sfn|Sinha|2001}}{{refn|group=note|Other names include '''Bengali Vaishnavism''',{{refn|The term Bengali Vaishnavism is not co-extensive with Chaitanya's movement – there are also the other Vaishnava traditions in [[Bengal]], such as [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], [[Mahanam Sampraday]], and others – but Gaudiya Vaishnavism is described as "the most characteristic form of Vaishnavism in Bengal" and is called Bengali Vaishnavism.{{sfn|De|1942|loc=Preface}}{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}}}{{sfn|De|1942|pp=1–2, 9–12}}{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=80}}{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}{{sfn|Carney|2020}} the '''Bengali''', '''Chaitanya''' or '''Gaudiya Sampradaya''',{{sfn|De|1942|pp=10 note 1, 17}}{{sfn|Rosen|1992|p=127}} '''Chaitanyaism''',{{sfn|De|1942|pp=1, 7–8, and Preface}} and '''Gaura Dharma'''.{{refn|"Gaura or [[Gauranga]] is an epithet of Chaitanya and hence Chaitanyaite Vaishnavism is also known as Gaura Dharma, 'religion of Gaura'."{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=131 note 4}}}}}} is a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Hindu denominations|Hindu religious movement]] inspired by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1534) in India.{{sfnm|1a1=Sen|1y=1922|1p=|2a1=Kennedy|2y=1925|2p=|3a1=De|3y=1942|3p=}} "Gaudiya" refers to the Gaura or [[Gauḍa region]] of [[Bengal]] (present-day [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Rajshahi district]] of [[Bangladesh]]), with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of [[Vishnu]]". Specifically, it is part of [[Krishnaism]]–[[Krishna]]-centric Vaishnavite traditions.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

Its theological basis is primarily that of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and was systemetized by the [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]] and others.{{sfn|Bryant|2017|p=650}}{{sfn|Holdrege|2017|p=}}

The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (known as [[bhakti yoga]]) of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], and their many divine incarnations as the supreme forms of God, ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]''. Most popularly, this worship takes the form of singing Radha and Krishna's holy names, such as "[[Radha|Hare]]", "Krishna" and "[[Rama]]", most commonly in the form of the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)]], also known as [[kirtan]] and dancing along with it.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Bengal became the center of a Hindu religious awakening and Gaudiya Vaishnavism influenced or served as the basis for some of its [[new religious movements]], such as the [[Gaudiya Math]], from which institutions with international projection were derived,{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|p=138}}{{Sfn|Ray|1964|pp=64-67}} such as the [[Gaudiya Mission]] and the well-known [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], more often called the "Hare Krishna Movement".{{sfn|Kapoor|1977|loc=Front matter}}{{sfn|Gelberg|1983|loc=Front matter}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|p=138}} [[Ferdinando Sardella]] estimates there are about 30 to 50 million adherents of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, concentrated mostly in the regions of [[Orissa]], [[Manipur]], West Bengal and Bangladesh.{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|p=256}}

==Philosophical concepts==
===Living beings===
According to Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy, [[consciousness]] is not a product of [[Prakrti|matter]], but is instead a manifestation of the [[soul]].<ref name =Knapp>[http://www.stephen-knapp.com/consciousness_the_symptom_of_the_soul.htm Consciousness the Symptom of the Soul] by Stephen Knapp</ref> All living beings ([[jiva]]s), including animals and trees, have a soul. That soul is distinct from their current physical body – the nature of the soul being eternal, immutable, and indestructible without any particular birth or death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/2/20/ |title=Bhagavad Gita 2.20 |publisher=Vedabase.io |access-date=2020-11-02 }}</ref> The soul does not die when the body dies, but it is transmigrated into another new body and takes new birth in a new body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=Janis-Faye |date=2009 |title=Karma, reincarnation, and medicine: Hindu perspectives on biomedical research |journal=Dordrecht: Springer Nature B.V |pages=110}}</ref> Souls which are captivated by the illusory nature of the world (''[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]'') are repeatedly [[reincarnation|reborn]] among 8.4 million species of life on this planet and in other worlds in accordance to the laws of [[karma]] and individual desire. This is consistent with the concept of ''[[samsara]]'' found in [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Jainism|Jain]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |title=Hindusm Encyclopedia |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |publication-date=2002 |page=12 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |title=Hinduism Encyclopedia |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |publication-date=2002 |page=8 |language=English}}</ref>

Release from the process of ''samsara'' (known as ''[[moksha]]'') is believed to be achievable through a variety of [[Spirituality|spiritual]] practices, and in general, is the ultimate aim in life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |title=Hinduism Encyclopedia |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |location=New York |publication-date=2002 |page=19 |language=English}}</ref> However, within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, it is ''[[bhakti]]'' in its purest state (or "pure love of God") which is given as the ultimate aim, rather than liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition asserts that in the current [[Yuga Cycle|yuga]], which is Kali Yuga, singing and chanting the various sacred names of God (Krishna) are sufficient for spiritual liberation.<ref name=":0" />

===Supreme Person (God)===
{{see also|Svayam Bhagavan}}
One of the defining aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is that Krishna is worshiped specifically as the source of all [[Avatar|''avataric'']] incarnations of God.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Theologians refer to verse 1.3.28 of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', "''krsnastu bhagavan svayam''", literally "Krishna is God Himself" to point to Krishna as the Supreme Being.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Krishna : a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 |editor-last=Edwin |editor-first=Bryant |location=Oxford |pages=114–117 |chapter= 4: Krishna in the Tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana |oclc=181731713}}</ref> Jiva Gosvami calls this phrase the "paribhasha-sutra" (definitive rule) of the theology of the Gaudiya Vaishnava school and a ''mahavakya'' (governing proposition).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Satyanarayana |title=Krishna : a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin |location=Oxford |chapter= 16: The Six Sandarbhas of Jiva Gosvami |oclc=181731713}}</ref>{{Rp|page=381}}

===Inconceivable oneness and difference===
{{main|Achintya Bheda Abheda}}
A particularly distinct part of the Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy espoused by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is the concept of ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]'', which translates to "inconceivable oneness and difference" in the context of the soul's relationship with Krishna,{{sfn|Vidyavinoda|1951}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1977}}{{sfn|Rosen|1992|pp=249–260}}{{refn|group=note|name="Caitanya-Caritamrita"|"It is the living entity's constitutional position to be an eternal servant of Krishna because he is the marginal energy of Krishna and a manifestation simultaneously one with and different from the Lord, like a molecular particle of sunshine or fire."<ref>[http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/108-109/en1 Caitanya-Caritamrita Ml 20.108–109] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511153501/http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/108-109/en1 |date=11 May 2008}}</ref>}} and also Krishna's relationship with his other energies (i.e. the material world).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vedabase.net/bg/7/8/en1 |title=B-Gita 7.8 |publisher=Vedabase.net |access-date=2013-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719230711/http://vedabase.net/bg/7/8/en1 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In ''quality'', the soul (''jiva'') is described as being identical to God, but in terms of ''quantity,'' individual ''jivas'' are said to be [[infinitesimal]] in comparison to the [[Infinity|unlimited]] Supreme Being. The exact nature of this relationship (being simultaneously one and different with Krishna) is inconceivable to the human mind but can be experienced through the process of [[Bhakti yoga]].

This philosophy serves as a meeting of two opposing schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], pure [[Monism#Hinduism|monism]] (God and the soul as one entity) and pure [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]] (God and the soul as absolutely separate). This philosophy largely recapitulates the concepts of qualified nondualism practiced by the older Vedantic school [[Vishishtadvaita]], but emphasizes the figure of Krishna over Narayana and holy sites in and around Vrindavan and Bengal over sites in Tamil Nadu. In practice, Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy has much more in common with the dualistic schools especially closely following theological traditions established by [[Madhvacharya]]'s [[Dvaita]] Vedanta.

=== Scriptural foundations ===
The theological basis of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is primarily that of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (known within the tradition as the ''Srimad Bhagavatam''), as interpreted by early followers of Chaitanya, such as [[Sanatana Goswami]], [[Rupa Goswami]], [[Jiva Goswami]], [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]] and others.{{sfn|Bryant|2017|p=650}}{{sfn|Holdrege|2017|p=}}

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology is prominently expounded by [[Jiva Goswami]] in his ''[[Sat-sandarbhas]]'', which are six elaborate treatises on various aspects of God. Other prominent Gaudiya Vaishnava theologians include his uncles, [[Rupa Gosvami]], the author of ''Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu,''<ref>Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu-bindu, {{ISBN|978-81-86737-16-3|978-81-208-1861-3}}</ref> and [[Sanatana Gosvami]], the author of ''Hari-bhakti-vilasa'',<ref>Hari-bhakti-vilasa, {{ISBN|81-87812-86-9}}</ref> [[Visvanatha Chakravarti]], the author of ''Sri Camatkara-candrika''<ref>Sri Camatkara-candrika, {{ISBN|81-86737-33-2}}</ref> and [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]], author of ''[[Govinda Bhashya]]''.

Jiva Goswami wrote ''[[Sat Sandarbhas]]'' as an analysis of the ''Bhagvata Purana'' to elaborate on the philosophy of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. The six treatises are:<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=376–384}}

* '''''Tattva'':''' defines the absolute reality, dealing with epistemology and ontology. Establishes the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' as the supreme ''[[pramana]]''
* '''''Bhagavat'':''' elaborates on the nature of ''[[Bhagavan]]'', the complete manifestation amongst the three aspects of absolute reality mentioned in the ''Bhagavata Purana'' 1.2.11. Brahman, Paramatma, and Bhagavan are three aspects of the Absolute Reality as perceived by different types of spiritual aspirants.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Krishna: a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |location=Oxford New York |pages=377 |chapter=The Six Sandarbhas of Jiva Goswami}}</ref>
* '''''Paramatma'':''' describes [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] as a partial manifestation of ''Bhagavan''
* '''''Krishna'':''' argues that Krishna is supreme
* '''''Bhakti'':''' describes the process of attaining love for Krishna, ''bhakti'' or devotion. Outlines two types of ''bhakti'': mixed and pure.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm70063035 |title=Krishna: a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |location=Oxford; New York |pages=383 |chapter=The Six Sandarbhas of Jiva Goswami |oclc=ocm70063035}}</ref>
* '''''Priti'':''' argues that ''priti'' (love) for Bhagavan is the highest goal (''prayojana'') of life
Jiva Gosvami frequently references Sridhara Swami, particularly quoting from Sridhara Swami's commentary on the Bhagavata Purana (Bhavartha-dipika), throughout the Sat-sandarbhas.{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|p=65}} In the ''Catuhsutri'' section of the ''Paramatma-sandarbha'', Jiva Gosvami references Ramanuja's commentary on ''Brahma Sutras''.{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|p=84}}

Chaitanya Vaishnava traditions refer to the writings of previous [[acharya]]s in their respective lineage or ''sampradya'' as authoritative interpretations of scripture.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} While many schools like [[Smartism]] and [[Advaita|Advaitism]] encourage interpretation of [[Hindu scripture|scriptures]] philosophically and metaphorically and not too literally,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Advaita Vedanta |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |last=Menon |first=Sangeetha}}</ref> Chaitanya Vaishnavism stresses the literal meaning (''{{transliteration|sa|mukhya vṛitti}}'') as primary and indirect meaning (''{{transliteration|sa|gauṇa vṛitti}}'') as secondary: ''{{transliteration|sa|sākṣhād upadesas tu shrutih}}'' - "The instructions of the {{transliteration|sa|shruti-shāstra}} should be accepted literally, without ''fanciful or allegorical interpretations''."{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}}<ref>[[Jiva Goswami]], ''{{transliteration|sa|Kṛiṣhna}} Sandarbha'' 29.26-27</ref>

==Practices==
===Bhakti and devotional life===
The practical process of performing devotional acts in ones life is described as ''[[bhakti]]'' or ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti-yoga]],'' and is supported by activities of nine different types.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lotchefeld |first=James |title=Hinduism Encyclopedia |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |location=New York |publication-date=2002 |pages=48–96 |language=English}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bryant|2017|p=9}} The two distinct divisions of ''sadhana-bhakti'' are ''vaidhi-bhakti'' and ''raganuga-bhakti''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=vaidhī rāgānugā ceti sā dvidhā sādhanābhidhā 1.2.5, Gosvāmī |first=Śrīla Rūpa |title=Bhakti Rasāmṛta Sindhu |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |page=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Krishna |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |location=New York |publication-date=2007 |page=383 |language=English}}</ref> [[Rupa Goswami]] defines ''vaidhi-bhakti'' as that ''bhakti'' which is taken up not by natural liking but by consideration of scriptural injunctions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=tatra vaidhī — yatra rāgānavāptatvāt pravṛttir upajāyate । śāsanenaiva śāstrasya sā vaidhī bhaktir ucyate ॥1.2.6 ॥ Gosvāmī |first=Śrīla Rūpa |title=Bhakti Rasāmṛta Sindhu |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Krishna |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |location=New York |publication-date=2007 |pages=383, 407 |language=English}}</ref> He describes the two categories of the highest ''bhakti'' as ''bhava-bhakti'' (devotion via feelings of intense emotion) and ''prema-bhakti'' (devotion of love). The two are essentially different intensities of the same participation in devotion via emotional expression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herbert |first=Alan |date=June 2022 |title=Ritual and Rasa: a Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Recasting of the Role of Ritual Imagination |journal=Journal of Dharma Studies |volume=5 |issue=2–3 |pages=123 |doi=10.1007/s42240-022-00125-6 |via=Springer International Publishing}}</ref> ''Raganuga-bhakti'', on the other hand, follows ''ragatmika-bhakti,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=tan-mayī yā bhaved bhaktiḥ sātra rāgātmikoditā, 1.2.272, Gosvāmī |first=Śrīla Rūpa |title=Bhakti Rasāmṛta Sindhu |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Krishna |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |location=New York |publication-date=2007 |page=384 |language=English}}</ref> the ''bhakti'' present in Krishna's eternal associates, which is driven by ''raga'', a natural absorption in the object of service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=iṣṭe svārasikī rāgaḥ 1.2.272, Gosvāmī |first=Śrīla Rūpa |title=Bhakti Rasāmṛta Sindhu |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wulff |first=Donna |date=2001 |title=Acting as a Way of Salvation: A Study of Rāgānugā Bhakti Sādhana |journal=American Oriental Society |volume=121 |pages=523 |doi=10.2307/606702 |jstor=606702 }}</ref> [[Jiva Goswami]]'s conclusion in ''Bhakti Sandarbha'' is that ''raganuga-bhakti'' is the only ''abhidheya'', viable process, recommended by the ''Bhagavatam''.<ref name=":1" /> The goal of ''raganuga-bhakti'' is for the ''jiva'' to realize its true essential nature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holdrege |first=Barbara A. |date=2024-08-01 |title=Sex, Gender, and Devotional Desire: Refiguring Bodily Identities in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Discourse |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=199 |doi=10.1007/s11407-024-09361-w |issn=1574-9282|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Within his ''[[Siksastaka]]'' prayers, Chaitanya compares the process of ''bhakti-yoga'' to that of cleansing a dirty place of dust, wherein our consciousness is the object in need of purification.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iskconvrindavan.com/2019/07/14/sri-shikshashtakam/ |title=Teachings of Lord Caitanya –Sikshashtakam |publisher=Iskconvrindavan.com |access-date=2020-11-02 }}</ref> This purification takes place largely through the [[japa|chanting]] and [[bhajan|singing]] of Radha and Krishna's names. Specifically, the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)]] is chanted and sung by practitioners on a daily basis, sometimes for many hours each day.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|pp=35–44}} Famously within the tradition, one of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's close associates, [[Haridasa Thakur]], is reported to have chanted 300,000 holy names of God each day.<ref>Caitanya Caritamrita 1.10.43, 3.3.100, 3.3.176, 3.4.101, 3.7.48</ref>

===Diet and lifestyle===
Gaudiya Vaishnavas follow a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet, abstaining from all types of animal flesh, fish and eggs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=0-631-21535-2 |location=New Jersey, United States of America |publication-date=2003 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Jemal |date=2010 |title=God is a vegetarian: The food, health and bio-spirituality of Hare Krishna, Buddhist and Seventh-Day Adventist devotees |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2010.19.3.356 |journal=Health Sociology Review |volume=19 |issue=3|pages=356–368 |doi=10.5172/hesr.2010.19.3.356 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Anna |date=2012 |title=Krishna's Cows: ISKCON's Animal Theology and Practice |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/janimalethics.2.2.0179 |journal=Journal of Animal Ethics |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=179–204 |doi=10.5406/janimalethics.2.2.0179 |jstor=10.5406/janimalethics.2.2.0179 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Onion and garlic are also avoided as they are believed to promote a ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]ic'' and ''[[rajas]]ic'' form of consciousness in the eater.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrakant Sheth |first=Hitesh |date=2021 |title=Bhagvad Gita, gut microbiota, and mental health |journal= Yoga Mimamsa|volume=53 |pages=22–30|doi=10.4103/ym.ym_24_20 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some Gaudiya Vaishnavas, mainly from ISKCON and Gaudiya Matha, also avoid the intake of caffeine, as they believe it is addictive and an intoxicant.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buxton|first1=Julia|title=The Politics of Narcotic Drugs: A Survey|year=2010|isbn=978-1857437591|page=189|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==Sampradaya and parampara==
A ''Guru—shishya tradition'' ("lineage" or parampara) denotes a succession of teachers and disciples within some [[sampradaya]] (school, tradition). In accordance with the tradition, Gaudiya Vaishnavism as a subschool belongs to the [[Brahma Sampradaya]], one of the four "orthodox" Vaishnavite schools. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to be a disciple of [[Isvara Puri]] (fl. 14th century) who was a disciple of [[Madhavendra Puri]] (fl. 14th century) who was a disciple of [[Lakshmipati Tirtha]] (1420–1487) who was a disciple of [[Vyasatirtha]] (1469–1539) of the [[Madhva Sampradaya]].<ref>[https://gaudiya.com/pdf/Is_the_Gaudiya_Vaishnava_sampradaya_connected_to_the_Madhva_line.pdf Connection between Gaudiya and Madhva Sampradayas] (PDF)</ref> The Gaudiya Vaishnavas call their tradition "Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya", which originates from [[Brahma]] and has [[Madhvacharya]] as the original acharya and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] as the acharya-successor.{{sfn|Kapoor|1977|p=46}}

However, this traditional point is at least debatable. Some modern scholars and confessional authors critically assess and pair the Gaudiya Vaishnavism's affiliation with the [[Madhva tradition]].{{sfn|De|1942|pp=10–20}}{{sfn|Vidyavinoda|1951|pp=207–213, 240–241}}{{sfn|Beck|2005|pp=74–75}} For example, the famous American Indologist and historian of religion Guy L. Beck, with regard to the Chaitanya Sampradaya, notes the following historical events. The first time the Brahma-Madhva affiliation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism was propounded by [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]] was in the 18th century. And to this day, there is no mention of Chaitanya in the annals of the Madhva Sampradaya.{{sfn|Beck|2005|pp=74–75}} For secular scientists this means, originality and non-affiliation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with other previous branches. At the same time, there is the consensus of scholars, that Chaitanya was initiated by the two gurus of a Vaishnava-oriented group within [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Dashanami Sampradaya|Dashanami order]].{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=77}}

The ''Prameya Ratnawali'' of the above-mentioned gaudiya-acharya Baladeva Vidyabhushana contains the following canonical list of disciplic succession: [[Krishna]], [[Brahma]], [[Narada]], [[Vyasa]], [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]], Padmanabha, Nrihari, Madhava, Akshobhya, Jayatirtha, Gyanasindhu, Dayanidhi, Vidyanidhi, Rajendra, Jayadharma, Purushottama, Brahmanya, [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Lakshmipati Tirtha]], [[Madhavendra Puri]], [[Isvara Puri]], and Chaitanya.<ref>https://www.indiadivine.org/prameya-ratnavali-of-baladeva-vidyabhushana/ Prameya Ratnavali of Baladeva Vidyabhushana (Text 7)</ref>

One feature of the Gaudiya succession of spiritual masters should be considered. Chaitanya refused to formally initiate anyone as a disciple, only inspiring and guiding his followers. Chaitanya neither founded the community nor named a successor. That is why, from the very beginning, the sampradaya was divided into several lines of succession that were practically not connected with each other and that still exist today.{{sfn|Stewart|2010}} One of them, namely, the [[Gaudiya Math|Gaudiya-Sarasvata Sampradaya]], belongs to the well known [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]].{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=131}}

==History==
[[File:Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu_in_Dhameswar_Mahaprabhu_temple_6.jpg|thumb|Wooden murti of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Dhāmeśvara, Nabadwip]]

===Chaitanya Mahaprabhu===
[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (also transliterated '''Caitanya''', [[IAST]] ''{{IAST|Caitanya Mahāprabhu}}''; 1486–1534<ref name="gaudiyahistory.com">{{Cite web |url=http://gaudiyahistory.com/caitanya-mahaprabhu/ |title=Chaitanya Mahaprabhu | Gaudiya History |access-date=11 April 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018114002/http://gaudiyahistory.com/caitanya-mahaprabhu/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] spiritual teacher who founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He is believed by his devotees to be [[Krishna]] himself who appeared in the form of His own devotee in order to teach the people of this world the process of Bhakti and how to attain the perfection of life. This they say with several evidences in scripture. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of [[Vyasatirtha]] (1469–1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya.<ref>[https://gaudiya.com/pdf/Is_the_Gaudiya_Vaishnava_sampradaya_connected_to_the_Madhva_line.pdf Connection between Gaudiya and Madhva Sampradayas](pdf)</ref>

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered as the most merciful manifestation of Krishna. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was the proponent for the [[Vaishnava]] school of [[Bhakti yoga]] (meaning loving devotion to God), based on ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref>[https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/introduction/ Srimad Bhagavatam (Introduction)] "Lord Caitanya not only preached the Srimad-Bhagavatam but propagated the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] as well in the most practical way."</ref> Of various incarnations of Vishnu, he is revered as Krishna, popularised the chanting of the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]]'' [[mantra]]<ref>[http://www.scsmath.com/docs/chaitanya_mahaprabhu.html Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu] "He spread the [[Yuga Dharma|Yuga-dharma]] as the practice for attainment of pure love for [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]]. That process is Harinam-Sankirtan, or the congregational chanting of the Holy Names of Krishna "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare"</ref> and composed the ''[[Siksastaka]]m'' (eight devotional prayers) in [[Sanskrit]]. His followers, [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]]s, revere him as a Krishna with the mood and complexion of his source of inspiration [[Radha]].<ref>[[Benjamin E. Zeller]] (2010), ''Prophets and Protons'', New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814797211}}, pp. 77–79</ref>

===Early growth===
Over the three centuries following the disappearance of [[Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition evolved into the form in which we largely find it today in contemporary India. In the early years of the tradition, the followers of [[Nityananda]] Prabhu, [[Advaita Acharya]] and other companions of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu educated and initiated people, each in their own locales across [[Bengal]].

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu requested a select few among his followers, who later came to be known as the [[Six Gosvamis of Vrindavan]], to systematically present his [[theology]] of bhakti in their writings. This theology emphasized the devotee's relationship to the Divine Couple, Radha and Krishna, and looked to Chaitanya as the embodiment of both Radha and Krishna. The six were [[Rupa Goswami]], [[Sanatana Goswami]], [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]], [[Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami]], [[Raghunatha dasa Goswami]] and [[Jiva Goswami]]. In the second generation of the tradition, Narottama, Srinivasa and Shyamananda, three students of [[Jiva Goswami]], the youngest among the six Goswamis, were instrumental in spreading the theology across [[Bengal]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].

The festival of Kheturi (approx 1574),<ref>[http://www.gaudiya.com/pdf/Women_Saints_in_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism.pdf Women Saints in Gaudiya Vaishnavism] "The event at which this took place was the famous Kheturi festival already mentioned above, the date of which is still a matter of conjecture, but likely took place in the 1570s."</ref> presided over by [[Jahnava Devi|Jahnava Thakurani]], the wife of [[Nityananda|Nityananda Rama]], was the first time the leaders of the various branches of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's followers assembled together. Through such festivals, members of the loosely organized tradition became acquainted with other branches along with their respective theological and practical nuances. That notwithstanding, the tradition has maintained its plural nature, having no central authority to preside over its matters. The festival of Kheturi allowed for the systemization of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology as a distinct branch of [[Vaishnava theology]].

===17th–18th century===
During the 17th–18th centuries, there was a period of general decline in the movement's strength and popularity, its "lethargic state", characterized by decreased public preaching and the rise of persons following and promoting [[Tantra|tantric]] teachings and practices.{{sfn|Kennedy|1925|pp=77–78}}<ref>{{IAST|śuna haridāsa ei līlā saṃgopane viśva andhakāra karibeka duṣṭa jane}}, Harinama Cintamani 15.108</ref> These groups are called ''apasampradayas'' by the Chaitanyaits.<ref>Source: https://archive.org/details/Apasampradayas (accessed: Friday September 22, 2023)</ref>

In the 17th century, [[Vishvanath Chakravarti|Vishvanath Chakravarti Thakur]] held great merit in clarifying core doctrinal issues over the practice of ''raganuga-bhakti'' through works such as ''Raga-vartma-chandrika''. His student [[Baladeva Vidyabhushan]] wrote a famous commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras|Vedanta-sutra]] called [[Govinda Bhashya]].

The 18th century saw a number of luminaries headed by Siddha Jayakrishna Das Babaji of Kamyavan and Siddha Krishnadas Babaji of [[Govardhan hill|Govardhan]]. The latter, a widely renowned teacher of the mode of internal worship (''raga-bhajan'') practiced in the tradition, is largely responsible for the current form of devotional practice embraced by some of the traditions based in [[Vrindavan]].

====Manipuri Vaishnavism====
{{Main|Manipuri Vaishnavism}}

The "Manipuri Vaishnavism" is a regional form of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with a culture-forming role among the [[Meitei people]] in the north-eastern Indian state of [[Manipur]].{{sfn|Singh|2004|pp=125–132}} There, after a short period of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramaism]] penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread in the early 18th century, especially from beginning its second quarter. Raja [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Gharib Nawaz (Pamheiba)]] was initiated into the Chaitanya tradition. Most devotee ruler and propagandist of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, under the influence of [[Narottama Dasa|Narottama Dasa Thakura]]'s disciples, was raja [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagyachandra]], who has visited the holy for the Chaytanyaits [[Nabadwip]].{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=128}} ''Rasa Lila'' dance became a feature of the regional folk and religious tradition.{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=128}}

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|thumb|alt=A white ornate structure with a pyramidal pointed dome standing on the bank of a pond and surrounded by trees|Yogapith temple at Chaitanya's birthsite in [[Mayapur]] established in 1880s by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]], presently caretaken by the Sri Chaitanya Math]]
[[File:Gaudiya Math - Baghbazar - Kolkata 2017-04-29 1820.JPG|thumb|''Sri Gaudiya Math'' ([[Kolkata]], estd. 1930) is the formal headquarters of [[Gaudiya Math]], now headquarter of [[Gaudiya Mission]].]]
{{See also|Gaudiya Math}}

From the very beginning of Chaitanya's ''bhakti'' movement in Bengal, [[Haridasa Thakur]] and others [[Muslim]] by birth were the participants. This openness received a boost from [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]'s broad-minded vision in the late 19th century, Baba Premananda Bharati's mission in the United States in the beginning of 20th century and was institutionalized by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur]] in his [[Gaudiya Math]] in the 20th century.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=139}}

A renaissance began at the start of the 20th century both in India and the West. One pioneer of the Gaudiya Vaishnavite mission in the West was Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914),{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=135–136}} author of ''Sree Krishna – the Lord of Love'' (1904) – the first full-length treatment of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English,{{sfn|Carney|2020|p=140}} who, in 1902, founded the short-lived "Krishna Samaj" society in [[New York City]] and built a temple in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Carney|2020|p=152}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=79–80|loc=Baba Premanand Bharati}} He belonged to the circle of adherents of the guru [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu]]{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=140–143}} with teachings similar to the later [[ISKCON]] mission.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=79–80|loc=Baba Premanand Bharati}} His followers formed several organizations including the now defunct Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=79–80|loc=Baba Premanand Bharati}}

The reform change of traditional [[caste system in India|caste]] Gaudiya Vaishnavism of 19th century is believed to have happened largely in India due to the efforts of a particularly adept preacher known as [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]], who also held the position of a deputy magistrate with the British government. Bhaktivinoda Thakur's son grew up to be both an eminent scholar and a highly influential Vaishnava preacher, and was later known as [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. In 1920, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati founded [[Gaudiya Math]] in India, and later sixty-four Gaudiya Matha monasteries in India, Burma and Europe. In 1933, the first European preaching center was established in [[London]] (London Glouster House, Cornwall Garden, W7 South Kensington) under the name "Gaudiya Mission Society of London".{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=130}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=165|loc=Gaudiya Math}}

Soon after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's death (1 January 1937), a dispute began, which divided the original Gaudiya Math mission into two administrative bodies still in existence today. In a settlement, they divided the sixty-four Gaudiya Math centers into two groups: the Sri Chaitanya Math headed by Bhakti Vilasa Tirtha Maharaj and the [[Gaudiya Mission]] headed by Ananta Vasudev (Bhakti Prasad Puri Maharaj).{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=131}}<ref name="Jalakara">{{cite web|url=https://ebooks.iskcondesiretree.com/pdf/00_-_More/Founder_Acharya.pdf |title=The Sons of the Son: The Breakup of the Gaudiya Matha |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>
[[File:ISKONNVCC 08.JPG|thumb|[[Vigraha]]s of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda|Nityananda prabhu]] at [[ISKCON Temple, Pune]]]]
Many of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's disciples disagreed with the spirit of these two factions and/or started their own missions to expand their guru's mission.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=90}} In the 1960s, the one of his disciples, [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] went to the West to spread Gaudiya-Vaishnavism and establish the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), "the most successful of the Gaudiya Math's offspring," an organization that continues today.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=91}}

However, despite the active missionary work of the reformed Gaudiya Math and its followers, most of the Gaudiya Vaishnava community in India remained under the influence of hereditary [[brahmin]]s-''goswamis'', who run famous old Gaudiya mandirs, as one example, the [[Radha Raman Temple]] in Vrindavan and its prominent scholar-acharya [[Shrivatsa Goswami]].{{sfn|Case|2000}}

==Gaudiya and other Vaishnava schools==
Although sharing a common set of core beliefs, there are a number of philosophical differences which distinguish Gaudiya Vaishnavism from other Vaishnava schools:
* In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, [[Krishna]] is seen as the original form of God, i.e. the source of Vishnu and not as His avatar. This is based primarily on verse 1.3.28 of the [[Bhagavata Purana]] (''krsnas tu bhagavan svayam'')<ref name="Bhagavata Purana 1.3.28">{{cite web |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/28/ |title=Bhagavata Purana 1.3.28 |publisher=vedabase.io |access-date=2020-11-02 }}</ref> and other scriptures. This belief is shared by the [[Nimbarka]] and [[Vallabha]] [[sampradaya]]s, but not by the [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhva]] schools, who view Krishna as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].
* As Krishna's [[Marriage|consort]], [[Radha]] is similarly viewed as the source of all other [[Shakti]]s, including [[Lakshmi]] and [[Sita]].
* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is worshiped as the most recent i.e. ninth [[avatar]] of Krishna to descend in the current [[yuga]], or age. Other ''sampradayas'' view Chaitanya as a devotee of Krishna only, and not Krishna himself or a form of avatar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} According to his biographies, Chaitanya did not display himself as Krishna in public,{{Dubious|date=November 2008}} and would, in fact, avoid being addressed as such. In this regard A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami states, "[When] addressed as Lord Krishna, He denied it. Indeed, He sometimes placed His hands over His ears, protesting that one should not be addressed as the Supreme Lord".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/tlc/17/ |title=Teachings of Lord Chaitanya |publisher=Vedabase.io |access-date=2020-11-02 }}</ref> However at times Chaitanya would exhibit a different mood and would welcome worship of himself as the Supreme Lord, and at a few occasions, is said to have exhibited his Universal form. [[Rupa Goswami]], when first meeting with Chaitanya, composed the following verse showing his belief in Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's divinity:
<blockquote>
"O most munificent incarnation! You are Krishna Himself appearing as Sri Krishna Caitanya Mahaprabhu. You have assumed the golden colour of Srimati Radharani, and You are widely distributing pure love of Krishna. We offer our respectful obeisances unto You."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/cc/madhya/19/53/ |title=Caitanya Caritamrita 2.19.53 |publisher=vedabase.io |access-date=2020-11-02 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

Although this viewpoint outside of the Gaudiya tradition was disputed, Chaitanya's followers prove it by pointing at verses throughout the Puranic literatures as evidence to support this claim.<ref>[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/11/5/32/en1 Bhagavata Purana 11.5.32] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208145107/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/11/5/32/en1 |date=8 February 2007 }} "In the age of Kali, intelligent persons perform congregational chanting to worship the incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the names of Krishna. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Krishna Himself. He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://absolutetruth.in/docs/madhva/sastras_caitanya.htm |title=Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu predicted |publisher=Veda.harekrsna.cz |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202736/http://absolutetruth.in/docs/madhva/sastras_caitanya.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Evidences such as the Krishna-varnam verse SB 11.5.32 have many interpretations by scholars, including Sridhara Svami who is accepted as authority by Mahaprabhu himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiva.org/sri-gadadhara-panditas-role-in-the-gaudiya-sampradaya/|title=Faith in Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Krishna|website=jiva.org|date=10 March 2013|language=en|access-date=2013-03-10}}</ref>

==Modern Gaudiya Vaishnava societies==
The strictly centralized form of church-type organization and the idea that one has to be an unconventional (''uttama'') spiritual master introduced by the reformer [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] and his [[Gaudiya Math]] were not characteristic of the traditional Gaudiya Vaishnavism with its hereditary brahmins-goswamis and family teachers (''kula gurus''). Much of the Gaudiya Vaishnava community in India remained committed to the unreformed and loosely organized tradition.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|pp=78–79, 88|loc=chapter 2.6 Jan Brzezinski. "Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vashnavism and the Gaudiya Math"}} Many modern organisations are independent branches of the tree of the Gaudiya Math.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=90}}

; Gaudiya Math and offshoots
* [[Gaudiya Mission]] established by Ananta Vasudev Prabhu alias Srila Bhakti Prasad Puri (1940){{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=131}}
* [[Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math|Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti]] established by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]] (1940){{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=131}}
* [[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar#Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math|Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math]] established by [[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar]] (1941){{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=131}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=166}}
*[[Sri Guru Prapanna Ashram]] established by [[Patitpavan Gosvami Thakura]](1952)
* [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] established by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] (1966){{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|loc=Front matter}}
* [[Science of Identity Foundation]] established by Siddhaswarupananda Paramahamsa (1977)
* [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon#Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust|Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust]] established by [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon]] (1979)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hari-katha.org/other/bon1.htm |title= The Later Life Of Srila Bhakti Hriday Bon Maharaj |author= Bhrgumuni dasa |newspaper=India |date=Jul 10, 2001}}</ref>
* Sri Caitanya Sangha, a.k.a. Gaudiya Vaishnavite Society, established by Tripurari Swami (1985){{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=165–166|loc=Gaudiya Vaishnavite Society}}
* The Vaishnava Foundation, established by [[Kailasa Candra dasa]] & Eric Johanson (1986)<ref>{{cite book |surname=Doktorski |given=Henry |author-link=Henry Doktorski |title=Eleven Naked Emperors: The Crisis of Charismatic Succession in the Hare Krishna Movement (1977–1987) |url={{Google books|5QF0zAEACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |pages=389–390 |place=Kindle |publisher=Independently Published |year=2021 |isbn=9781079561371}}</ref>
* [[ISKCON Revival Movement]] (2000){{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=199–200|loc=International Society for Krishna Consciousness Revival Movement (IRM)}}
*[[Bhakta Bandhav]] (2010) Disciples of Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayan Goswami Maharaj
; Traditional Gaudiya societies
* [[Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana]], established by [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] (1972){{sfn|Gelberg|1983|p=196}}{{sfn|Rosen|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&pg=PA249 249]}}
Many of branches of the Gaudiya Math (not all) are members of the [[World Vaisnava Association]] – Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha (WVA–VVRS), which had been established in 1994 by some Gaudiya leaders.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=90}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=504–505}} But after this establishment, there is little real cooperation among Gaudiya organisations.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=90}}

===Demography===
There are adherents of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in all strata of Indian society, but a tendency has been revealed, Bengali Vaishnavas belong to the lower middle castes ("middle class"), while the upper castes as well as lowest castes and tribes in Bengal are [[Shakta]]s.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}

==Offshoots of Gaudiya Vaishnavism==
There are Krishnaite gurus and groups who belong to the Chaitanya lineage, but actually separated from Gaudiya Vaishnavism, becoming new independent movements.
* [[Mahanam Sampradaya]], inspired by [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu]]{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=140–141}}

==See also==
* [[List of titles and names of Krishna#108 names and titles from the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition|108 names of Krishna]]
* [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
* [[Bhagavata]]
* [[Cataphatic theology]]
* [[Gaudiya Math]]
* [[List of 21st-century religious leaders#Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
* [[Manipuri Vaishnavism]]
* [[Turiya]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|2}}
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* {{cite book|surname=Vidyavinoda |given=Sunderananda |title=Acintya-bhedabheda-vada |year=1951 |place=Calcutta}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Prone to spam|date=June 2013}}

* [http://www.gaudiya.com/ An overview of Gaudiya Vaishnavism] – (gaudiya.com)
* [https://www.thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2018/04/03/gaudiya-treasures-bengal-part-3-ecstatic-ride-across-ancient-spiritual-bengal-nadia-kalna-archives/ An ecstatic ride across ancient spiritual Bengal: Nadia & Kalna Archives ]
* [http://www.dvaita.net/pdf/iskcon.pdf Official statement by Vishwesha Tirtha on link between the line of Madhvacharya and Gaudiya Vaishnavism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226220301/http://www.dvaita.net/pdf/iskcon.pdf |date=26 February 2021 }}
* [https://gaudiya.com/pdf/Is_the_Gaudiya_Vaishnava_sampradaya_connected_to_the_Madhva_line.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3uuzA2vnpAhW24zgGHXOfDSEQFjABegQIAxAC&usg=AOvVaw3enVb1TR10jesYh9b1pS8K Is Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the diksa line of Madhvacharya?]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

=== Official websites ===
* {{official website|gaudiyamission.org|Gaudiya Mission}}
*{{official website|gvs.online|Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti}}
* {{official website|iskcon.org|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
* {{official website|iskconirm.com|ISKCON Revival Movement}}
* {{official website|scienceofidentity.org|Science of Identity Foundation}}
* {{official website|swami.org|Sri Caitanya Sangha}}
* {{official website|scsmath.com|Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math}}
* {{official website|therealexplanation.org|The Vaishnava Foundation}}
* {{official website|wva-vvrs.org/index.htm|World Vaisnava Association}}

{{Chaitanya sampradaya}}
{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}

[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism| ]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
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[[Category:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

Tor putitora

2026-03-22T15:26:03Z

JyothikaSahoo: enhance formatting additionally and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Copy edit|date=March 2026}}
{{Copypaste|date=March 2026|url=[https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T126319882A126322226.en IUCN]}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|author1=Jha, B.R.|author2=Rayamajhi, A.|author3=Dahanukar, N.|author4=Harrison, A.|author5=Pinder, A.|name-list-style=amp|title=''Tor putitora''|article-number=e.T126319882A126322226|year=2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T126319882A126322226.en|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| image = Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) Babai River.jpg
| image_caption = Babai River, Nepal
| image2 = Tor Putitora.jpeg
| image2_caption = Juvenile, about {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on|round=5|disp=flip}} long
| taxon = Tor putitora
| authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|F. Hamilton]], 1822)
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|
* ''Cyprinus putitora'' Hamilton, 1822
* ''Barbus putitora'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Puntius putuitora'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Cyprinus mosal'' Hamilton, 1822
* ''Tor mosal'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Barbus mosal'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Labeobarbus macrolepis'' [[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1838
* ''Tor macrolepis'' (Heckel, 1838)
* ''Barbus macrocephalus'' McClelland, 1839
* ''Barbus progeneius'' McClelland, 1839
* ''Tor progeneius'' (McClelland, 1839)
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>{{Cite WoRMS|title=Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822)|id=1026593|access-date=2026-03-22|db=FishBase}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tor putitora''''', the ''' golden mahseer''', '''putitor mahseer''', or '''Himalayan mahseer''', is an [[Endangered species|endangered]] species of [[cyprinid]] fish that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools, and lakes in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region. Its native range is within the basins of the [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers.<ref name="IUCN" /> It was reported to be found in the [[Salween River]], the natural border between [[Thailand]] and [[Myanmar]], but observations of it have been very rare, having only been observed three times in 28 years.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kittipong Jaruthanin |author-link=Kittipong Jaruthanin |name-list-style=and |author2=Pong Bang Tan|title= Monsters of the River 2013|work=Aquarium Biz|volume= 4 |issue= 39 |date=September 2013|lang=th}}</ref>

This [[omnivorous]] species is generally found near the surface in water that ranges from {{convert|13–30|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite report|author=IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd. |date=December 2014|url=http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/Vol-01-Final%20report.pdf |title=Cumulative Impact and Carrying Capacity Study of Subansiri Sub Basin including Downstream Impacts. Final Report|volume= 1 |institution= Central Water Commission, India}}</ref>
It is a popular [[gamefish]], once believed to be the largest species of [[mahseer]], and can reach up to {{convert|2.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|54|kg|abbr=on}} in weight, though most caught today are far smaller.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase |genus= Tor |species= putitora| month = January | year = 2012}}</ref>

The golden mahaseer is the [[List of national animals|National fish]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |title=Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |archive-date=2016-11-28 }}{{primary source inline|date=March 2016}}</ref>{{refn|name=Gcounts|group=n|''"The Official National fish of [[Pakistan]]" respectively''}} It is also the state fish of the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Odisha]] and the UT of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>

Nobel Prize winner for Literature - Rudyard Kipling, wrote: "There he met the mahseer of the Poonch, beside whom the tarpon is a herring, and he who catches him can say he is a fisherman." (Rudyard Kipling - "The Day's Work" 1898 - "The Brushwood Boy" 1899).{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Description==
Francis Buchanan-Hamilton's [[Species description|original description]] of ''Cyprinus putitora'' says "The head is blunt, oval, small, and smooth". He goes on to say "The mouth is small" and "the [[lateral line]] is scarcely distinguishable".{{Verify source|date=March 2026}}<ref name="OG"/> However, the largest head of any mahseer species, with a large mouth and prominent lateral line stripe, are features considered to be important in the correct identification of this species.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Their scales are so large that playing cards were made from them in [[Dacca]],<ref name=ZSI/> as reported by Hamilton in his description.<ref name="OG">{{cite book |title=An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches |date=1822 |pages=303–304|publisher=A. Constable and company; [etc., etc.], |location=Edinburgh |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.6897}}</ref>

''Tor putitora'' were previously distinguished by determining head length (which is purportedly greater than body depth in the species),<ref>HORA, S.L., 1939. The game fishes of India VIII. The mahseer or the
large scaled Barbels of India. 1. The putitor mahseer, Barbus Tor putitora (Hamilton). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 41, pp. 272-285.</ref><ref name="ZSI">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=T. K. |title=The mahseer fishes of India |date=1982 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |location=Calcutta |pages=38 |lccn=83900473 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.zoological.occpapers.039 |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref><ref>MIRZA, M.R. and JAVED, M.N., 1986. A contribution to the fishes
of the genus Tor Gray (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Biologia, vol. 32, pp. 71-82.</ref><ref>TALWAR, P.K. and JHINGRAN, A.G., 1991. Inland Fisheries of India and Adjacent Countries. Calcutta: Oxford and I B H Publication Co. Vol. 1 and 2</ref><ref>MENON, A.G.K., 1992. Taxonomy of the Mahseer fishes of Genus Tor Gray with description of new species from Deccan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 89, pp. 210-228</ref> but analysis of ''T. putitora'' [[population]]s throughout India have determined that this method is hampered by the [[phenotypic plasticity]] of the species;<ref>BHATT, J.P. and PANDIT, M.K., 2016. Endangered Golden mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton: a review of natural history. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 25-38. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-015-9409-7 DOI Link].</ref> this metric should not be relied upon as individuals may have head lengths less than, equal to, or greater than body depth.<ref name="Instability"/><ref>SARMA, D., AKHTAR, M.S. and SINGH, A.K., 2014. Mahseer Research and Development: A Journey by DCFR. Uttarakhand, India: ICAR-Directorate of Cold Water Fisheries Research Bhimtal. DCFR publication Manual.</ref><ref>SARMA, D., DAS, P., DAS, P., SANWA, S. and AKHTAR, M.S., 2015. Nutritional Composition of Golden Mahseer (Tor putitora) in Coldwater Himalayan Region of India. SKUAST Journal of Research, vol. 17, pp. 23-28.</ref> This variation lead to the naming of ''Tor macrolepis'', now known to be a [[junior synonym]] of ''T. putitora'' inhabiting the [[Indus River]].<ref name="Instability">{{cite journal |title=An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=24 February 2021 |volume=83 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.243975 |issn=1678-4375 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/bPCDnfDFSpqgz5RwMhRzSFD/?format=pdf&lang=en |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

Its caudal, pelvic, and anal fins show a reddish-golden tint. While the body above its lateral line is generally golden in colour at adulthood, the gold colour might be absent in young specimens.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Habitat ==
[[File:Golden mahseer (cropped).jpg|thumb|Caught in India]]
The golden mahseer is naturally found in montane and submontane regions within streams and rivers across the Himalayan region. Its habitat includes high-energy river systems with rocky substrates, and the species has shown adaptability to lacustrine environments formed by dam impoundments. Additionally, introduced populations have established in lakes where suitable habitats for reproduction are created by ephemeral stream inputs. The species' ability to thrive in varied environmental conditions underscores the importance of preserving both natural river ecosystems and artificial reservoirs for the sustainable conservation of this fish species in the South Himalayan region.<ref name="IUCN" />

===As an introduced species===
Recent releases of artificially bred stock have been into the [[Irrawaddy River]] basin in Nagaland, India and, through the Indo-German Biodiversity Programme releases into the Hira Bambai reservoir and small streams around [[Melghat]] Tiger Reserve, part of the [[Tapti River]] basin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/11/22/Golden-Mahashir-fish-fingerlings-released-in-Hira-Bambai-reservoir.html|title=Golden Mahashir fish fingerlings released in Hira Bambai reservoir|website=Thehitavada.com|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The effect of releasing fish from a different river basin, well outside its native range is uncertain. That these fish are being released over a ten-year period, with as many as 10,000 in each batch, must be considered a huge threat to the native mahseer and other fish species.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/conservation-project-helps-revive-mahseer-in-rivers/articleshow/48737691.cms|title=Conservation project helps revive Mahseer in rivers|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
According to Ogale, former scientist leading the fish breeding programme for Tata Power:
"When these mature, there will be more fingerlings which will be then introduced in river Tapi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/mahseer-fish-makes-a-comeback-in-melghat/articleshow/46979898.cms|title=Mahseer fish makes a comeback in Melghat|website=Punemirror.indiatimes.com|date=19 April 2015 |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
River Tapi is a west-flowing river of the central Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].
Golden mahseer from Lonavala hatchery in Maharashtra, India were supplied to the government of [[Papua New Guinea]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/27880882 |first1=Prakash |last1=Nautiyal|title=Mahseer Conservation in India Status, Challenges and the Way Forward |first2=Suresh |last2=Babu |first3=Sandeep |last3=Behera|publisher=[[WWF-India]]|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/3/bo809e/bo809e.pdf |title=Fish stocking activities undertaken by the Sepik River Fish Stock Enhancement Project (1987-1993) and the FISHAID Project (1993-1997) |last=Coates |first=D. |date=1997 |publisher=FISHAID Project |issue=FI:P.N.G./93/007 Field Document # 5 |location=Rome}}</ref> where the fish escaped into the local [[Sepik]] river system after release into the Yonki reservoir. There are fears about the decline of native species following these introductions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dudgeon |first1=David |last2=Smith |first2=Ross E. W. |date=2006-02-28 |title=Exotic species, fisheries and conservation of freshwater biodiversity in tropical Asia: the case of the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.713 |journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.1002/aqc.713 |bibcode=2006ACMFE..16..203D |issn=1052-7613|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Relation to humans ==
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]], [[habitat degradation]] and [[overfishing]], and it already has declined by more than an estimated 50%.<ref name="IUCN" />
The prospect of large-scale [[dam]] building across the distribution range gives cause for concern reflected by the current Red Listing status.

Most researchers believe this fish is in a population decline, hence the Red Listing status of Endangered. Some, however, have noted that ''Tor putitora'' is "quite abundant",<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333918157|title=Distribution record on abundance of ''Tor putitora'' in Jammu waters|journal=International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies |year=2016|volume= 4|issue=1|pages= 341–347 |via=Researchgate.net|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> which also raises questions about the status of ongoing stock augmentation programmes.

The primary threat to ''Tor putitora'' is habitat loss and degradation, driven predominantly by the extensive development of hydropower projects in the Himalayan range. This anthropogenic impact poses a substantial risk to the species, as it results in the deterioration and reduction of essential habitats.<ref name="IUCN" />

Overfishing exacerbates the challenges faced by ''Tor putitora'', with unsustainable practices such as dynamiting, poisoning, and the use of fine-meshed nets contributing to a decline in populations. The impact of overfishing is notable in various river systems, affecting the species' overall population dynamics.<ref name="IUCN" />

The species may also face increased [[Competition (biology)|competition]] due to widespread introduction of non-native species in the trans-Himalayan region, such as [[trout]] (''[[Salmo]]'' spp. and ''[[Oncorhynchus mykiss]]'') and common carp (''[[Cyprinus carpio]]''). Conversely, golden mahseer are themselves stocked into waterways where they aren't native, which may threaten other species and lead to "genetic simplification" ([[genetic erosion]]);<ref name="Agenda">{{cite web |title=India needs to set a new conservation agenda for mahseer |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/india-needs-to-set-a-new-conservation-agenda-for-mahseer-69546 |publisher=DownToEarth |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref>Nishikant Gupta & Mark Everard (2019) Non-native fishes in the Indian Himalaya: an emerging concern for freshwater scientists, International Journal of River Basin Management, 17:2, 271–275, [https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1411929 DOI Link]</ref> intentional stocking of mahseers have been taking place for several years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dcfr.res.in/user_upload/77_noticeDCFRwebsite.pdf |title=Mahseer Seed Ranching in Teesta River of Sikkim on World Environment Day (5th June, 2017) |via=Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> It has been reported that the Teesta River in Sikkim and West Bengal has been stocked with hundreds of thousands of golden mahseer every year since at least 2014 in a drive to promote angling in the region.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/gta-push-to-angling-tourism-with-golden-mahseer-hill-body-to-promote-fishing-in-teesta-and-rangit-with-help-from-tour-conductors-and-uk-organisation/cid/1581070 | title=GTA push to angling tourism with golden mahseer – Hill body to promote fishing in Teesta and Rangit with help from tour conductors and UK organisation}}</ref> That the fish stocks continue to decline suggests that the policy needs to be reviewed and more efforts devoted to improving habitat as the first priority.{{Verify source|date=March 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikkimforest.gov.in/Reports%20and%20Publications/Biodiveristy-of-Sikkim/12%20Fish_221-232%20web.pdf |title=Fish Biodiversity as an Indicator of Riverine Status of Sikkim |author1=Saroj Toppo |author2=H. Rahman |author3=N. Haque |website=sikkimforest.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://scinapse.io/papers/2461900486 |title = Endangered Golden mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton: A review of natural history | Scinapse | Academic search engine for paper| journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries | date=14 November 2015 | doi=10.1007/s11160-015-9409-7 | last1=Bhatt | first1=J. P. | last2=Pandit | first2=Maharaj K. | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2741221}}

[[Category:Tor (fish)|putitora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1822]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of China]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Uttarakhand]]

Jangipur, Murshidabad

2026-03-22T13:51:38Z

JyothikaSahoo: add information and improved wording

{{other uses|Jangipur (disambiguation){{!}}Jangipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangipur
| other_name = Jahangirpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Full view of Jangipur Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Jangipur Road railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4691|N|88.1032|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| leader_title = Administrative Division

| leader_name = [[Malda division|Malda]]
| established_title = Jangipur Municipality (JM)
| established_date = 1869
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Jangipur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Jangipur City'>{{cite web|title=Jangipur City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Jangipur.htm}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.20
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 88,165
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Jangipur City'/>
| population_metro = 122,875
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
| website = {{URL|http://jangipurmunicipality.org/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes = {{URL|https://murshidabad.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Jangipur''' is a city and a municipality in [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Jangipur subdivision]]. It is situated on the banks of the [[Bhagirathi]]. Jangipur is an old town having reference from the historical period of Moghul emperor Jahangir when an army camp was established here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to jangipurmunicipality.org |url=http://jangipurmunicipality.org/Default.aspx?PageId=71 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=jangipurmunicipality.org}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=550| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|6|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Suti I, Raghunathganj I, Raghunathganj II, Sagardighi CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station, AMU: Aligarh Muslim University Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|33|50|N|88|3|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Ramakantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ramakantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|31|52|N|88|4|6|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Fatellapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Fatellapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|34|8|N|88|2|13|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Madna| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Madna, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|3|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nayabahadurpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nayabahadurpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|28|2|N|88|2|2|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ghorsala| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Ghorsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|27|36|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos6= bottom|label6= Srikantabati| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Srikantabati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|27|0|N|88|4|45|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Charka| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Charka, Jangipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|26|35|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dafarpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Dafarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|26|9|N|88|6|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Ramnagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Ramnagar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|24|27|N|88|4|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mirzapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mirzapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|30|30|N|88|4|36|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Giria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Giria, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|29|11|N|88|4|57|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Mithipur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mithipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|28|20|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Jot Kamal| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Jot Kamal]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|27|54|N|88|5|44|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Osmanpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Osmanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|36|N|88|28|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Sahajadpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sahajadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|27|45|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Khodarampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Khodarampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|27|21|N|88|7|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Donalia| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Donalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|26|55|N|88|7|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Teghari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Teghari, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|26|26|N|88|9|9|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Krishna Sali| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Krishna Sali]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|10|32|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20= Bara Jumla| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Bara Jumla]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|31|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= AMU: Murshidabad Centre| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|22|9|N|88|6|22|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Sagardighi TPS| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|28|18|N|88|6|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Jangipur| numbered23=M| mark-title23=Jangipur, Murshidabad (M) |shape-color23=black| label-size23=13|label-color23=black 
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|31|5|N|88|1|12|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ahiran| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Ahiran]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|24|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Bansabati| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Bansabati]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|31|32|N|87|59|23|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Harua| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Harua]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|21|33|N|88|6|51|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Manigram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manigram]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|18|20|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Morgram| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Morgram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|28|14|N|88|2|58|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathganj| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Raghunathganj]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|2|1|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Sadikpur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sadikpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|17|50|N|88|5|5|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Sagardighi| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|17|38|N|88|11|9|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Nurpur| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Nurpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|25|56|N|88|5|4|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Rajnagar| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|34|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label34= Padma River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 80| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|35|0|N|87|58|20|E}} | label35= Farakka Feeder Canal | label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 43| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|33|20|N|87|58|40|E}}| label36=Bansloi River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 30| label-pos36=right| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label37= Bhagirathi River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 40| label-pos37=right| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|20|57|N|88|4|23|E}} | label-pos38= left|label38=Kherur Mosque| numbered38=H| mark-title38= [[Kherur Mosque]] (H)| shape-color38=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|88|10|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Jangipur is located at {{Coord|24.4691|N|88.1032|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Jangipur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Jangipur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 11 metres (36 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

===Jangipur Barrage===
There is a 1 km long barrage across the Bhagirathi at Jangipur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/Publications/anu141200246187.pdf| title = Chapter 14: Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |access-date = 3 September 2017}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities | access-date= 24 July 2017 | archive-date= 29 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170829154116/http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | url-status= dead }}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India's tobacco industry |date = 27 December 2020 |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka | publisher= NTPC | access-date= 7 August 2016 | archive-date= 30 October 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030445/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The 'Poor man's cigarette' | work = Gurvinder Singh | date = 22 January 2017 | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | date = 30 April 2009 | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

== History ==
The city is said to have been founded by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=B. |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 1961 |publisher=The superintendent, Government Printing, West Bengal |location=Calcutta |pages=111}}</ref> During Moghul period, it was known as Jahangirpur and an army camp was established in this place. During the early years of British rule (then it was known as Jungypore, Jungypoor etc) it was an important centre of the Silk Trade and the site of [[British East India Company|East India Company's]] commercial residencies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherer |first=Moyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NcRAAAAYAAJ&dq=jungypore&pg=PA169 |title=Sketches of India |date=1821 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=B. |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 1961 |publisher=The superintendent, Government Printing, West Bengal |location=Calcutta |pages=111}}</ref> The Jungypore silk was very famous during that time period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affairs of the East India Company: Minutes of evidence, 29 April 1830 {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol62/pp1044-1050 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> It was also an important centre of indigo cultivation during the later years of Company rule.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0MTCfTz_OoC&dq=jungypoor+indigo&pg=RA1-PA217 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia |date=1838 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |language=en}}</ref> In the early twentieth century, it was best known as the toll station for registering all the traffic on the Bhagirathi.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Jangipur |volume=15 |page=150 |inline=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrew |first=sir William Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hkEAAAAQAAJ&q=Jungypore |title=Indian railways, by an old Indian postmaster [sir W.P. Andrew]. |date=1848 |language=en}}</ref> But now the trade and traffic has fallen and much of the town has been swept away by the river [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]].

The subdivisional courts and offices formerly stood on the east bank of the Bhagirathi, and were moved to the west bank in consequence of the encroachments of the river. This quarter of the town is called [[Raghunathganj]] and is within municipal limits.

Here there is an old mosque with an inscription saying that it was built by Saiyad Kasim and containing a chronogram, which gives 1075 A. H., or 1664 A. D., as the date.

Sir Ashley Eden, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal from 1877 to 1882, was once stationed at Jangipur and transferred the subdivisional headquarters there from Aurangabad in 1856.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=B. |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 1961 |publisher=The superintendent, Government Printing, West Bengal |location=Calcutta |pages=112}}</ref>

North of Jangipur is [[Giria, India|Giria]], where two important battles were fought. One between [[Alivardi Khan]] and [[Sarfaraz Khan]] on April 29, 1740, and the other between the English under Major Adams and the troop of [[Mir Qasim]] in 1763.

In 1858, [[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|W. J. Herschel]], while serving as Magistrate at Jangipur, first began the use of [[fingerprint]]s for identification at the beginning of a road building project when he made a supplier named Rajyadhar Konai sign the contract with the impression of his right hand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Abhishek |date=2021-01-25 |title=Origins of Fingerprint Classification in Bengal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348778064 |journal= |quote="In July 1858, at the beginning of a road-building project in Jangipur (now in Murshidabad district of West Bengal), Herschel almost serendipitously made a supplier named Rajyadhar Konai sign the contract with the impression of his right hand. This was the beginning of Herschel’s life-long fascination with fingerprints"}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In the 2011 census, Jangipur [[Urban Agglomeration]] had a population of 122,875, out of which 62,734 were males and 60,141 were females. The 0–6 years population was 16,299. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 75.71 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-21 }}</ref>

{{see also|List of cities in West Bengal}}

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jangipur had a population of 74,464. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jangipur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 56%. In Jangipur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Jangipur covered an area of 8.2 km2. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank etc. It had 6,968 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital (with 250 beds), 3 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes, 100 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 57 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 5 secondary schools, 5 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 46 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational & cultural facilities it had 1 working women's hostel, 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 3 public libraries, 3 reading rooms. It produced [[beedi]], napkins. It had the branch offices of 7 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1 001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Jangipur is well connected with [[Kolkata]] and district headquarter [[Baharampur]] via [[NH 34]]. A railway station, (In Azimganj - Farakka line) [[Jangipur Road railway station]] is situated in Raghunathganj. Many express and passengers trains pass regularly over the city. Raghunathganj is a twin town of Jangipur opposite of the [[Bhagirathi River]].

==Education==
[[Jangipur College]] was established in 1950 at Jangipur. Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]] it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, geography, philosophy, political science, economics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, zoology and accountancy. From 2016 to 2017, it is offering post-graduate courses in Bengali, English, history and education in distance mode.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jangipurcollege.in/ | title = Jangipur College | publisher = JC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> There is a Management Development Institute of Murshidabad which is operational from 2014.This was inaugurated by then Indian President Shri Pranab Mukherjee.This institute is one of the premier educational institution of India.

*[[Mahasweta Devi]] Memorial Academy in 2018.

*[[Jangipur Government Polytechnic]] (2015), recognized by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Polytechnic with the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education |url=http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627082310/http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
Jangipur Subdivisional Hospital at Jangipur functions with 250 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 July 2021 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Jangipur Superspeciality Hospital is functional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://murshidabad.gov.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/ | title = Hospitals | work = Jangipur Super Speciality Hospital | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | accessdate = 6 July 2021}}</ref>
==Notable residents==
*[[Sarat Chandra Pandit]]
*[[Md. Sohrab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Nagarjunakonda

2026-03-20T05:14:07Z

JyothikaSahoo: minor edit

{{short description|Historical town in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Nagarjuna Konda
| native_name =
| native_language = te
| image = Buddhist site 3rd century AD.jpg
| caption =Ruins of the site
| alt = Ruins of the site
| locmapin = India
| map_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|16|31|18.82|N|79|14|34.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Macherla]] mandal, [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| area =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
}}
[[File:MET DT5217 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Drum panel depicting a stupa with the Buddha's [[descent from Trāyastriṃśa heaven]], second half 3rd century.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38238 MET museum page</ref>]]

'''Nagarjunakonda''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Nāgārjunikoṇḍā, meaning '''Nagarjuna Hill''') is a historical town, now an island located near [[Nagarjuna Sagar]] in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="AHL_1938">{{cite web | url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/long.htm | title=The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India | publisher=ntu.edu.tw | work=The Indian Antiquary | date=October 1932 | pages=186–192 | first=A. H. | last=Longhurst | access-date=13 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-02-13/Palnadu-aspires-for-separate-district-status/280287|title=Palnadu aspires for separate district status|last=Syamsundar|first=V. L.|date=2017-02-13|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> It is one of India's historical Buddhist sites, and now lies almost entirely under the lake created by the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]. With the construction of the dam, the archaeological relics at Nagarjunakonda were submerged, and had to be excavated and transferred to higher land, which has become an island.

The site was once the location of a large Buddhist monastic university complex, attracting students from as far as [[China]], [[Gandhara]], [[Bengal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} There are ruins of several [[Mahayana Buddhist]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] shrines.<ref name="TRB_1993">{{cite book |author=T. Richard Blurton |title=Hindu Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA53 |year=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |pages=53–54}}</ref> It is 160 km west of another important historic site, the [[Amaravati Stupa]]. The sculptures found at Nagarjunakonda are now mostly removed to various museums in India and abroad. They represent the second most important group in the distinctive "Amaravati style", sometimes called "Later Andhra".<ref>Rowland, pp. 209-214</ref> There is also a palace area, with secular reliefs, that are very rare from such an early date, and show Roman influence.<ref>Rowland, 212</ref>

The modern name is after [[Nagarjuna]], a southern Indian master of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] who lived in the 2nd century, who was once believed, probably wrongly, to have been responsible for the development of the site. The original name, used when the site was most active, was "Vijayapuri".

This Nāgārjunakoṇḍa (sometimes Nāgārjun'''i'''koṇḍa) site in Andhra Pradesh is not to be confused with the Nāgārjuna (or Nāgārjuni) caves near the [[Barabar Caves]] in Bihar.

==History==
Coins issued by the later [[Satavahana]] kings (including [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Pulumavi]], and [[Yajna Sri Satakarni|Yajna Satakarni]]) have been discovered at Nagarjunakonda.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|pp=2-3}} An inscription of Gautamiputra Vijaya Satakarni, dated to his 6th regnal year, has also been discovered at the site, and proves that Buddhism had spread in the region by this time.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=3}}
[[File:Nationalmuseum Neu-Delhi 2017-12-27x.jpg|thumb|Relief with the ''Birth of Buddha'', 3rd-century.]]

The site rose to prominence after the decline of the Satavahanas, in the first quarter of the 3rd century, when the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku]] king Vashishthiputra Chamamula established his capital Vijayapuri here. The coins and inscriptions discovered at Nagarjunakonda name four kings of the Ikshavaku dynasty: Vashishthi-putra Chamtamula, Mathari-putra Vira-purusha-datta, Vashishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula, and Vashishthi-putra Rudra-purusha-datta. An inscription dated to the 30th regnal year of the [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira]] king [[Abhira dynasty#List of rulers|Vashishthi-putra Vasusena]] has also been discovered at the ruined Ashtab-huja-svamin temple.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=3}} This has led to speculation that the Abhiras, who ruled the region around [[Nashik]], invaded and occupied the Ikshavaku kingdom. However, this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=4}}

The Ikshavaku kings constructed several temples dedicated to the deities such as Sarva-deva, Pushpabhadra, [[Karttikeya]], and [[Shiva]]. Their queens, as well as Buddhist [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|upasikas]] such as Bodhishri and Chandrashri, constructed several Buddhist monuments at the site.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=10}} It is believed that Sadvaha authorised the first monastic construction at Nagarjunakonda. During the early centuries, the site housed more than 30 Buddhist [[vihara]]s; excavations have yielded art works and inscriptions of great significance for the scholarly study of the history of this early period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/nkonda/nk01.html|title=Ancient India|website=www.art-and-archaeology.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

The last extant Ikshavaku inscription is dated to the 11th year (c. 309 CE) of Rudra-purusha: the subsequent fate of the dynasty is not known, but it is possible that the [[Pallavas]] conquered their territory by the 4th century.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|pp=8-9}} The site declined after the fall of the Ikshavaku power. Some brick shrines were constructed in the Krishna River valley between 7th and 12th centuries, when the region was controlled by the [[Chalukyas of Vengi]]. Later, the site formed the part of the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom and the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. During the 15th and the 16th centuries, Nagarjunakonda once again became an important site. The contemporary texts and inscriptions allude to a hill fortress at Nagarjunakonda, which was probably built by the [[Reddy dynasty|Reddi rulers]] as a frontier fortress protecting their main fort of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]. It later appears to have come under the control of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]]: a 1491 CE inscription dated to the reign of the Gajapati king [[Purushottama Deva|Purushottama]] indicates that the Nagarjunakonda fortress was controlled by his subordinate Sriratharaja Shingarayya Mahapatra. In 1515, the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] king [[Krishnadevaraya]] stormed the fortress during his invasion of the Gajapati kingdom.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=9}}

The region was later ruled by the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. It was subsequently granted as an [[agrahara]] to the pontiff of the [[Pushpagiri Temple Complex|Pushpagiri Math]].{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=3}}

===Archaeological research===
[[File:Division of Buddha Relics - Limestone - Circa 3rd-4th Century AD - Nagarjunakonda - Archaeological Museum - Nagarjunakonda - Andhra Pradesh - Indian Buddhist Art - Exhibition - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-12-21 2355.JPG|thumb|Division of Buddha's Relics, 3rd-4th century]]
In 1926, a local schoolteacher, Suraparaju Venkataramaih, saw an ancient pillar at the site, and reported his discovery to the [[Madras Presidency]] government. Subsequently, Shri Sarasvati, the [[Telugu language]] Assistant to the Archaeological Superintendent for Epigraphy of Madras, visited the site, and it was recognized as a potential archaeological site.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=2}}

The first discoveries were made in 1926 by French archaeologist [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil]] (1885–1945).<ref name="RAS"/> Systematic digging was organized by English archaeologists under [[A. H. Longhurst]] during 1927–1931. The team excavated the ruins of several Buddhist stupas and chaityas, as well as other monuments and sculptures.<ref name="RAS">''The Buddhist Antiquities of Nagarjunakonda, Madras Presidency'' by A. H. Longhurst. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 72, Issue 2–3 June 1940, pp. 226–227 [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00096921]</ref>{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=2}}

In 1938, T N Ramachandran led another excavation at the site, resulting in the discovery of some more monuments. In 1954, when the construction of the proposed [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] threatened the site with submergence, a large-scale excavation led by R Subrahmanyam was started to salvage the archaeological material. The excavation, conducted during 1954-1960, resulted in the discovery of a number of relics, dating from the [[Early Stone Age]] to the 16th century. Later, around 14 large replicas of the excavated ruins and a museum were established on the Nagarjunakonda hill. Some of the sculptures excavated at Nagarjunakonda are now at other museums in Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Paris and New York.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=2}}

An archaeological catastrophe struck in 1960, when an irrigation dam was constructed across the nearby [[Krishna River]], submerging the original site under the waters of a reservoir. In advance of the flooding, several monuments were dug up and relocated to the top of Nagarjuna's Hill, where a museum was built in 1966 Other monuments were relocated to the mainland, east of the flooded area. Dedicated archaeologists managed to recover almost all of the relics.

[[File:Panaromic view of the buddha statue and other monuments.jpg|thumb|center|900px|Panoramic view of the Buddha statue and other monuments]]

=== Excavated ruins ===

==== Buddhist ruins ====
[[File:Nagarjunakonda Dionysus Palace site.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Relief of [[Dionysus]], Nagarjunakonda Palace site. He has a light beard, is semi-nude and carries a drinking horn. There is a barrel of wine next to him.<ref name=MLV>{{cite book |last1=Varadpande |first1=M. L. |title=Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170171478 |pages=91–93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuJWxLv-U0C&pg=PA91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Martha L. |title=Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1968 |volume=7 |pages=121–146, Fig. 15 |issn=0571-1371|jstor=4629244 }}</ref>]]
Archaeological inscriptions at the site show that the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]] kings Virapurusadatta, Ehuvula and family members patronized Buddhism. The inscriptions also show state-sponsorship of construction of temples and monasteries, through the funding of the Ikshvaku queens. Camtisiri in particular, is recorded as having funded the building of the main stupa for ten consecutive years. The support also spread beyond the noble classes, many non-royal names being inscribed in the relics. At its peak, there were more than thirty monasteries and it was the largest Buddhist centre in [[South India]]. Inscriptions showed that there were monasteries belonging to the [[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]] and [[Aparamahavinaseliya]] sub-schools of the [[Mahāsāṃghika]], the [[Mahisasaka]], and the [[Mahaviharavasin]], from [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]. The architecture of the area reflects that of these traditions. There were other monasteries for Buddhist scholars originating from the [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil]] kingdoms, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Gandhara]], [[Bengal]], [[Ceylon]] (the Culadhammagiri) and [[China]]. There is also a footprint at the site of the Mahaviharavasin monastery, which is believed to be a reproduction of that of [[Gautama Buddha]].{{Citations needed|date=December 2023}}

The great stupa at Nagarjunakonda belongs to the class of uncased stupas, its brickwork being plastered over and the stupa decorated by a large garland-ornament.<ref name="AHL_1938"/> The original stupa was renovated by the Ikshvaku princess Chamtisiri in the 3rd century, when ayaka-pillars of stone were erected. The outer railing, if any, was of wood, its uprights erected over a brick plinth. The stupa, 32.3 m in diameter, rose to a height of 18 m with a 4 m wide circumambulatory. The medhi stood 1.5 m and the ayaka-platforms were rectangular offsets measuring 6.7 by 1.5 m.<ref>[http://www.visitlordbuddha.com/cities/nagarjunakonda.htm Visit Lord Budha – Nagarjunakonda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104025215/http://www.visitlordbuddha.com/cities/nagarjunakonda.htm |date=4 January 2006 }}</ref>

The style of the [[relief]]s recovered is "all but indistinguishable" from those of the final phase of the [[Amaravati Stupa]] not very far away, from the second quarter of the third century, slightly earlier than Nagarjunakonda. Though "lively and interesting", they show "a great decline since the mature phase at Amaravarti", with less complex groupings, various mannerisms in the figures, and a flatness to the surfaces.<ref>Harle, 38</ref>

==== Hindu ruins ====
Most of the Hindu ruins at Nagarjunakonda can be identified as [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], wherever an identification is possible. One of the temples has an inscription naming the god as "Mahadeva Pushpabhadraswami" (Shiva). Stone images of [[Kartikeya]] (Murugan) were found at two other shrines. An inscription found at another excavated shrine refers to yet another Shiva shrine. At least one temple, attested by a 278 CE inscription, can be identified as [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]], based on the image of an eight-armed god. A large sculpture of [[Shaktism|Devi]] has also been discovered at the site.<ref name="TRB_1993"/>

====Greco-Roman artifacts====
[[File:Nagarjunakonda Roman aurei.jpg|thumb|Roman [[aurei]] found in Nagarjunakonda]]
{{see also|Indo-Roman trade relations}}
Various remains suggesting Greco-Roman influence can be found at Nagajurnakonda.<ref name=MLV/> Roman coins were found, in particular Roman [[Aurei]], one of [[Tiberius]] (16-37 CE), and the other of [[Faustina the Elder]] (141 CE), as well as a coin of [[Antoninus Pius]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Paula J. |title=Roman Coins from India |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315420684 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bVmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=MLV/> These finds seem to attest to [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade relations with the Roman world]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sukumar |title=Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804982 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref> A relief representing [[Dionysus]] was also found in the Nagarjunakonda Palace site. He has a light beard, is semi-nude and carries a drinking horn, and there is a barrel of wine next to him.<ref name=MLV/>

;Scythian influence
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Scythian warriors
| image1 = Nagarjunakonda Scythian soldier Palace site.jpg
| image2 = Nagarjunakonda Scythian warrior, 2nd century CE.jpg
| footer="[[Indo-Scythian|Scythian]]" soldiers, Nagarjunakonda Palace site, 2nd century CE.<ref name=CS/><ref name=AR/><ref>{{cite web |title=National Portal and Digital Repository: Record Details |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/nat_del-50-23-25222 |website=museumsofindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
}}
[[Indo-Scythian]]s also appear, with reliefs of Scythian soldiers wearing caps and coats.<ref name=CS>"In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example.", in {{cite book |last1=Sivaramamurti |first1=C. |title=Indian Sculpture |date=1961 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL81AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AR>"A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noteworthy.", in {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Amita |title=Life and Art of Early Andhradesa |date=1982 |publisher=Agam |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQXqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> According to an inscription in Nagarjunakonda, a garrison of Scythian guards employed by the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Iksvakus]] Kings may also have been stationed there.<ref>"The Iksvakus Kings employed Scythian soldiers as their palace guards, and also an inscription hints that a colony of Scythians existed at Nagarjunakonda.", in {{cite book |title=The Journal of the Institution of Surveyors (India). |date=1967 |publisher=Institution of Surveyors |page=374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lIEAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
[[File:Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|250px|Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh]]
The Nagarjunakonda inscriptions are a series of epigraphical inscriptions found in the area of Nagarjunakonda. The inscriptions are associated with the blossoming of Buddhist structures and the rule of the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku]], in the period covering approximately 210-325 CE.<ref name=US>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology |date=2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9789351506478 |pages=45–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIWTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Nagarjunakonda Ayaka pillar inscription of the time of Vira-Purushadatta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Nagarjunakonda Ayaka pillar inscription of the time of [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku]] ruler Vira-Purushadatta (250-275 CE)]]
The Nagarjunakonda inscriptions tends to stress the cosmopolitan nature of Buddhist activities there, explained that a variety of Buddhist monks came from various lands.<ref name=US/> An inscription in a monastery (Site No.38) describes its residents as [[acarya]]s and [[thera|theriya]]s of the [[Vibhajyavada]] school, "who had gladdened the heart of the people of [[Kashmir|Kasmira]], [[Gandhara|Gamdhara]], [[Yavana]], [[North Kanara|Vanavasa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longhurst |first1=A. H. |title=The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India. |date=1932 |publisher=The Indian Antiquary |page=186 |url=http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/long.htm}}</ref> and [[Sri Lanka|Tambapamnidipa]]".<ref name=US/> The inscriptions suggest the involvement of these various people with Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |first1=Shiv Kumar |title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176252997 |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0gwfmPFTLgC&pg=PA311 |language=en}}</ref>

The inscriptions are either in [[Monumental Prakrit]], in [[Sanskrit]], or [[Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit]], and are all in the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name=US/> The Nagarjunakonda inscriptions are the earliest substantial South Indian Sanskrit inscriptions, probably from the late 3rd-century to early 4th-century CE. These inscriptions are related to Buddhism and to the [[Shaivism]] tradition of Hinduism, and parts of them reflect both standard Sanskrit and hybridized Sanskrit.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=90-91}}

The spread of the usage of Sanskrit inscriptions to the south can probably be attributed to the influence of the [[Western Satraps]] who promoted the usage of Sanskrit in epigraphy, and who were in close relation with southern Indian rulers: according to Salomon "a Nagarjunakonda memorial pillar inscription of the time of King [[Rudrapurusadatta]] attests to a marital alliance between the Western Ksatrapas and the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Iksvaku]] rulers of Nagarjunakonda".{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=93-94}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. |date=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120800267 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&pg=PA66 |language=en}}</ref> According to one of the inscriptions, Iksvaku king Virapurushadatta (250-275 CE) had multiple wives,{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=5}} including Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of the ruler of [[Ujjain]] (''Uj(e)nika mahara(ja) balika''), possibly the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Western Kshatrapa]] king [[Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)|Rudrasena II]].{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=6}}<ref>"Another queen of Virapurusha was Rudradhara-bhattarika. According to D.C. Sircar she might have been related to Rudrasena II (c. a.d. 254-74) the Saka ruler of Western India" in {{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=P. Raghunadha |title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |date=1993 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120714953 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=(India) |first1=Madhya Pradesh |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain |date=1982 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lo5hAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The modern name of the site originates from its presumptive association with the Buddhist scholar [[Nagarjuna]] (''konda'' is the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] word for "hill"). However, the archaeological finds at the site do not prove that it was associated with Nagarjuna. The 3rd–4th-century inscriptions discovered there make it clear that it was known as "Vijayapuri" in the ancient period: the name "Nagarjunakonda" dates from the medieval period. The [[Andhra Ikshavaku|Ikshavaku]] inscriptions invariably associate their capital Vijayapuri with the Sriparvata hill, mentioning it as ''Siriparvate Vijayapure''.{{sfn|K. Krishna Murthy|1977|p=1}}

[[Faxian|Fa-Hien]], in his travelogue ''A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms,'' mentions a five storey monastery on top of the hill, dedicated to [[Kassapa Buddha]]. He describes each storey as being in the shape of a different animal, with the uppermost being in the shape of a pigeon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Legge|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.49546|title=Travels of Fa-Hien|date=1971}}</ref> Fa-Hien refers to the monastery as ''Po-lo-yue''; which has been interpreted to mean ''Pārāvata'', meaning "pigeon" (hence the name "Pigeon Monastery"), or ''Parvata'', meaning "hill" in [[Sanskrit]] (although the latter is considered to be the correct name).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Dipak Kumar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533799|title=Viharas In Ancient India|date=1969}}</ref>

When [[Hiuen-Tsang]] travelled to [[Andhradesa]] c. 640 CE,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-03|title=Xuan Zang stayed in Vijayawada to study Buddhist scriptures|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Xuan-Zang-stayed-in-Vijayawada-to-study-Buddhist-scriptures/article16091816.ece|access-date=2021-05-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he also visited this place. He has referred to ''Parvata'' as ''Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Subrahmaniam|first=K.R.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55404|title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society, vol.10, pt.1 To 4|date=1937|pages=100–101}}</ref> or "Mountain of the Black Bee" in his book ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]''; as it was then known as Bhramaragiri<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samuel Beal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80415|title=Life Of Hiuen Tsiang By The Shaman Hwui Li|date=1911}}</ref> (''bhramara'' means "bee", ''giri'' means "hill" or "mountain" in Sanskrit), because it had a shrine of [[Bhramari|Bharmaramba]] (a form of goddess [[Durga]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beal|first=S.|date=1887|title=Some Remarks on the Narrative of Fâ-hien|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208860|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=19|issue=2|pages=191–206|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019389|jstor=25208860|s2cid=162362496 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> However, many scholars believe that ''Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li'' was actually Parimalagiri alias Gandhagiri ([[Gandhamardhan hills|Gandhamardan hills]]) in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&dq=po+lo+mo+lo+ki+li&pg=PA86|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-406-6|language=en}}</ref>

== Nagarjunasagar Dam ==
[[File:This picture taken by me on 17th Feb 2013. Place Nagarjunakonda.jpg|thumb|right|Megalith Age Burial Area 2nd century]]
{{main|Nagarjuna Sagar Dam}}

The Nagarjunasagar Dam is the tallest masonry dam in the world, constructed between 1955 and 1967. The excavated remains of the Buddhist civilisation were reconstructed and preserved at a museum on the island situated in the midst of the man-made Nagarjunasagar Lake The site has a 14th-century fort, medieval temples and a museum constructed like a Buddhist [[vihara]]. The museum houses a collection of relics of Buddhist culture and art These include a small tooth and an ear-ring believed to be that of [[Gautama Buddha]]. The main stupa of Nagarjunakonda named Mahachaitya is believed to contain the sacred relics of the Buddha. A partly ruined monolithic statue of the Buddha is the main attraction at the museum. It also houses historic finds in the form of tools from Paleolithic and Neolithic times, as well as friezes, coins and jewellery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetairtours.com/hyd.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514062856/http://www.jetairtours.com/hyd.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2009|title=city information of hyderabad, nagarjunasagar, nagarjunakonda, warangal, medak|date=14 May 2009|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismofindia.com/hibuddh/buddh_excursions.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221025541/http://www.tourismofindia.com/hibuddh/buddh_excursions.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2007|title=Tourism of India - Buddha - Excursion|date=21 December 2007|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Located in the [[Guntur district]], Nagarjunakonda Island is not directly accessible on the State Highway.
The nearest train station is at [[Macherla]], 29 km away.
The island is mainly connected by a [[ferry]] to the mainland.
The area is also known for panoramic views of the valley from a viewing area near the dam, and is also the site of the [[Ethipothala Falls]], a natural waterfall that cascades down 22 m into a blue lagoon that is also a breeding centre for [[crocodile]]s.
The nearby [[Srisailam]] wildlife sanctuary and the [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]] are refuge for diverse reptiles, birds and animals.
Srisailam, which sits on the shore of Krishna in the [[Nallamala Hills]] is a site of immense historical and religious significance, including a [[Shiva]] temple that is one of the 12 sacred [[Jyotirlinga]]s.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{cite book |author=K. Krishna Murthy |title=Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gBSWyLTSzkC&pg=PA1 |year=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |oclc=4541213 }}
* {{cite book | last = Archaeological Survey of India | year = 1987 | title = Nagarjunakonda}}
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', pp. 209-214, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
* {{Cite book | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | year=1998 | isbn=0-19-509984-2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nagarjunakonda}}
* [http://www.indiamonuments.org/Andhra%20Pradesh/Upload%20AP%2001/Andhra%20Pradesh%2001.htm Photographs of Nagarjunakonda and related sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629150201/http://indiamonuments.org/Andhra%20Pradesh/Upload%20AP%2001/Andhra%20Pradesh%2001.htm |date=29 June 2017 }}

{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Underwater ruins]]
[[Category:Buddhist archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Sapphire

2026-03-19T16:15:37Z

JyothikaSahoo: small adjusted intro per sources further and improved wording

{{Short description|Gem variety of corundum}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox mineral
| boxbgcolor = #4a5fe7
| boxtextcolor = #ffffff
| name = Sapphire
| category = [[Oxide mineral]]
| image = Logan Sapphire 10956420 cropped.png
| imagesize =
| caption = The 423-[[Carat (mass)|carat]] (85 g) blue [[Logan Sapphire]]
| formula = [[Aluminium oxide]], [[aluminium|Al]]2[[oxygen|O]]3
| molweight =
| system = [[Trigonal]]
| class = Hexagonal scalenohedral ({{overline|3}}m) [[H-M symbol]]: ({{overline|3}}2/m)
| symmetry = ''R''{{overline|3}}c
| color = Typically blue, but varies
| habit = As crystals, massive and granular
| twinning = Both growth twins (in various orientations) and polysynthetic glide twinning on the rhombohedron [10{{overline|1}}1
| cleavage = Poor
| fracture = Conchoidal, splintery
| mohs = 9.0
| luster = Vitreous
| refractive = ''n''ω = 1.768–1.772 ''n''ε = 1.760–1.763
| birefringence = 0.008
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (–), [[Abbe number]] 72.2
| pleochroism = Strong
| streak = Colorless
| gravity = 3.98–4.06
| density =
| melt = 2,030–2,050 °C
| fusibility = Infusible
| diagnostic =
| solubility = Insoluble
| diaphaneity = Transparent to nearly opaque
| other = [[Coefficient of thermal expansion]] (5.0–6.6){{e|−6}}/K {{citation needed|date=August 2021}} 
[[relative permittivity]] at 20 °C ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic)<ref name="Harman-1994">
{{cite journal |doi = 10.1063/1.357922 |title=Optical constants of sapphire (alpha-Al2O3) single crystals |year=1994 |last1=Harman |first1=Alang Kasim |last2=Ninomiya |first2=Susumu |last3=Adachi |first3=Sadao |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=76 |issue=12 |pages=8032–8036 |bibcode=1994JAP....76.8032H}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Saphir gisements.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Main sapphire-producing countries]]


'''Sapphire''' is a precious [[gemstone]], a variety of the mineral [[corundum]], consisting of [[aluminium oxide]] ({{nowrap|α-[[aluminium|Al]]2[[Oxygen|O]]3}}) with trace amounts of elements such as [[iron]], [[titanium]], [[cobalt]], [[lead]], [[chromium]], [[vanadium]], [[magnesium]], [[boron]], and [[silicon]]. The name ''sapphire'' is derived from the Latin word ''{{linktext|sapphirus}}'', itself from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{Transliteration|grc|sappheiros}} ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|σάπφειρος}}}}, itself from a Semitic origin), which referred to [[lapis lazuli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sapfeiros&la=greek#lexicon|title=Greek Word Study Tool|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=5 December 2022|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213713/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sapfeiros&la=greek#lexicon|url-status=live}}</ref> Sapphire with colors other than its typical blue is referred to as "fancy sapphire", and can be in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are called [[ruby|rubies]] rather than sapphires.<ref name="GIA-2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gia.edu/sapphire|title=Sapphire|work=GIA|publisher=Gemological Institute of America Inc.|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075103/http://www.gia.edu/sapphire|url-status=live}}</ref> Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on the locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in [[jewellery|jewelry]]. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large [[boule (crystal)|crystal boules]]. It occurs in association with [[ruby]], [[zircon]], [[biotite]], [[muscovite]], [[calcite]], [[Tourmaline|dravite]] and [[quartz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapphire |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-3529.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>

Sapphire has a remarkable [[hardness]], with a score of 9 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs scale]], the third-hardest mineral after [[diamond]] at 10 and [[moissanite]] at 9.5. Non-ornamental applications include [[infrared]] [[optics|optical]] components, high-durability [[window]]s, [[watch|wristwatch]] crystals and movement bearings, and very thin [[wafer (electronics)|electronic wafer]]s, which are used as the [[insulator (electricity)|insulating]] [[Substrate (materials science)|substrate]]s of special-purpose [[solid-state electronics]] such as integrated circuits and [[gallium nitride|GaN]]-based blue [[light-emitting diode|LEDs]].

==Natural sapphires==
Sapphire is one of the two gem-varieties of [[corundum]], the other being [[ruby]] (defined as corundum in a shade of red). Although blue is the best-known sapphire color, it occurs in other colors, including gray and black, and can also be colorless. A pinkish orange variety of sapphire is called [[#Padparadscha|padparadscha]].

Significant sapphire deposits are found in [[Australia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Cambodia]], [[Cameroon]], [[China]] ([[Shandong]]), [[Colombia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Kenya]], [[Laos]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]), [[Nigeria]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tanzania]], [[Thailand]], [[United States]] ([[Montana]]) and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Hughes-2017">{{cite book | first1=Richard W. | last1=Hughes| first2=Wimon| last2=Manorotkul| first3=E. Billie| last3=Hughes| title = Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide | year=2017 | publisher = RWH Publishing/Lotus Publishing | isbn = 978-0-9645097-1-9}}</ref>{{rp|431–707}} Sapphire and rubies are often found in the same geographical settings, but they generally have different geological formations. For example, both ruby and sapphire are found in Myanmar's Mogok Stone Tract, but the rubies form in marble, while the sapphire forms in granitic pegmatites or corundum syenites.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|403–429}}

Every sapphire mine produces a wide range of quality, and origin is not a guarantee of quality. For sapphire, Jammu and Kashmir receives the highest premium, although Burma, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar also produce large quantities of fine quality gems.<ref name="GIA-2"/>

The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size, [[Cut (gems)|cut]], and overall quality. Sapphires that are completely untreated are worth far more than those that have been treated. Geographical origin also has a major impact on price. For most gems of one [[Carat (mass)|carat]] or more, an independent report from a respected laboratory such as [[Gemological Institute of America|GIA]], [[Lotus Gemology]], or [[SSEF]], is often required by buyers before they will make a purchase.<ref name="Lotus">{{cite web| title=Gem Testing Labs • Tips on Choosing a Colored Gem Testing Lab| url=https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/452-gem-testing-labs-tips-on-choosing-a-gem-testing-lab-lotus-gemology| work=Lotus Gemology| publisher=Lotus Gemology Co. Ltd.| access-date=19 March 2026| archive-date=5 November 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105033754/https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/452-gem-testing-labs-tips-on-choosing-a-gem-testing-lab-lotus-gemology| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Colors==
Sapphires in colors other than blue are called "fancy" sapphires. "Parti sapphire" is used for multicolor stones with zoning of different colors (hues), but not different shades.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BvyAAAAMAAJ&q=Sapphires+in+colors+other+than+blue+called+fancy+or+parti+colored&pg=PA605|title=The Mineral Industry|date=1921|publisher=Scientific Publishing Company|language=en|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323110126/https://books.google.com/books?id=7BvyAAAAMAAJ&q=Sapphires+in+colors+other+than+blue+called+fancy+or+parti+colored&pg=PA605#v=snippet&q=Sapphires%20in%20colors%20other%20than%20blue%20called%20fancy%20or%20parti%20colored&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fancy sapphires are found in yellow, orange, green, brown, purple, violet, and practically any other hue.<ref name=GIA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gia.edu/sapphire-description|title=Sapphire Description|website=GIA|publisher=Gemological Institute of America Inc.|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702112203/http://www.gia.edu/sapphire-description|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gemstone color can be described in terms of [[hue]], [[Colorfulness|saturation]], and [[Lightness (color)|tone]]. Hue is commonly understood as the "[[color]]" of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp| 333–401}}

===Blue sapphire===
{{redirect|Blue Sapphire|the cruise ship|Blue Sapphire (ship)|the horse race|Blue Sapphire Stakes}}
[[File:Geschliffener blauer Saphir.jpg|thumb|upright|Teardrop-shaped blue sapphire]]

Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary (blue) and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (vividness).

Blue sapphires are evaluated based upon the purity of their blue hue. [[Violet (color)|Violet]] and [[green]] are the most common secondary hues found in blue sapphires.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|333–401}} The highest prices are paid for gems that are pure blue and of vivid saturation. Gems that are of lower saturation, or are too dark or too light in tone are of less value. However, color preferences are a personal taste.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp| 333–401}}

The {{convert|423|carat|adj=on}} [[Logan sapphire]] in the [[National Museum of Natural History]], in [[Washington, D.C.]], is one of the largest [[facet]]ed gem-quality blue sapphires in existence.
===Parti sapphires===

Particolored sapphires (or bi-color sapphires) are those stones that exhibit two or more colors within a single stone.<ref name=GIA/> The desirability of particolored or bi-color sapphires is usually judged based on the zoning or location of their colors, the colors' saturation, and the contrast of their colors.<ref name="International Gem Society">{{Cite web |title=Parti Sapphires: the Colored Gemstones for 2021 |url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/parti-sapphires-the-colored-gemstones-for-2021/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=International Gem Society |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520002707/https://www.gemsociety.org/article/parti-sapphires-the-colored-gemstones-for-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia is the largest source of particolored sapphires; they are not commonly used in mainstream jewelry and remain relatively unknown. Particolored sapphires cannot be created synthetically and only occur naturally.<ref name="International Gem Society" />

===Pink sapphires===
Pink sapphires occur in shades from light to dark pink, and deepen in color as the quantity of [[chromium]] increases. The deeper the pink color, the higher their [[monetary value]]. In the United States, a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a [[ruby]], otherwise the stone is referred to as a ''pink sapphire''.<ref name="Matlins-2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UANp6MCTSQC|title=Colored Gemstones|last=Matlins|first=Antoinette Leonard|publisher=Gemstone Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-943763-72-9|page=203|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323110126/https://books.google.com/books?id=4UANp6MCTSQC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Padparadscha===
''Padparadscha'' is a delicate, light to medium toned, pink-orange to orange-pink hued [[corundum]], originally found in [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lazarosoho.com/Properties-of-Sapphire-Jewelry_b_55.html | title=Properties of Sapphire | publisher=Lazaro SoHo | access-date=25 November 2014 | archive-date=6 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094408/http://www.lazarosoho.com/Properties-of-Sapphire-Jewelry_b_55.html | url-status=live }}</ref> but also found in deposits in [[Vietnam]] and parts of [[East Africa]]. Padparadscha sapphires are rare; the rarest of all is the totally natural variety, with no sign of artificial treatment.<ref name="Hughes-1997">{{cite book| first=Richard W.| last=Hughes| date=December 1997| title=Ruby & Sapphire| location=Boulder, CO| publisher=RWH Publishing| isbn=978-0-9645097-6-4}}</ref>

The name is derived from the Sanskrit ''padma ranga'' ({{lit|lotus color}}), a color akin to the lotus flower (''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'').<ref name="Crowningshield-1983">{{cite journal| title=Padparadscha: What's in a Name?| url=http://www.gia.edu/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=GIA%2FPage%2FGGArticleDetail&pagename=GST%2FDispatcher&cid=1355958490878| last=Crowningshield| first=Robert| journal=[[Gems & Gemology]]| date=Spring 1983| volume=19| issue=1|pages = 30–36|doi = 10.5741/GEMS.19.1.30| bibcode=1983GemG...19...30C | access-date=12 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628024944/https://www.gia.edu/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=GIA%2FPage%2FGGArticleDetail&pagename=GST%2FDispatcher&cid=1355958490878| archive-date=28 June 2017| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Among the fancy (non-blue) sapphires, natural padparadscha fetch the highest prices. Since 2001, more sapphires of this color have appeared on the market as a result of artificial lattice diffusion of beryllium.<ref name="Emmett-2003">{{cite journal| title=Beryllium diffusion of ruby and sapphire| url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/Summer-2003-Gems-Gemology-Beryllium-Diffusion-Ruby-Sapphire.pdf| first1=John L.| last1=Emmett| first2=Kenneth| last2=Scarratt| first3=Shane F.| last3=McClure| first4=Thomas| last4=Moses| first5=Troy R.| last5=Douthit| first6=Richard| last6=Hughes| first7=Steve| last7=Novak| first8=James E.| last8=Shigley| first9=Wuyi| last9=Wang| first10=Owen| last10=Bordelon| first11=Robert E.| last11=Kane| journal=[[Gems & Gemology]]| date=Spring 2003| volume=39| issue=2| pages=84–135| doi=10.5741/GEMS.39.2.84| access-date=4 November 2019| doi-access=free| bibcode=2003GemG...39...84E| archive-date=1 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801010424/https://www.gia.edu/doc/Summer-2003-Gems-Gemology-Beryllium-Diffusion-Ruby-Sapphire.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Star sapphire===
[[File:The Star of Lanka (5784831032).jpg|left|thumb|The 193.39 carat Star of Lanka star sapphire]]
A ''star sapphire'' is a type of sapphire that exhibits a star-like phenomenon known as [[asterism (gemology)|asterism]]; red stones are known as "star rubies". Star sapphires contain intersecting needle-like [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusions]] following the underlying [[crystal structure]] that causes the appearance of a six-rayed "star"-shaped pattern when viewed with a single overhead light source. The inclusion is often the mineral [[rutile]], a mineral composed primarily of [[titanium dioxide]].<ref name="Emsley-2001">{{cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-850341-5|pages=451–53 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref> The stones are cut ''[[en cabochon]]'', typically with the center of the star near the top of the dome. Occasionally, twelve-rayed stars are found, typically because two different sets of inclusions are found within the same stone, such as a combination of fine needles of rutile with small platelets of [[hematite]]; the first results in a whitish star and the second results in a golden-colored star. During crystallization, the two types of inclusions become preferentially oriented in different directions within the crystal, thereby forming two six-rayed stars that are superimposed upon each other to form a twelve-rayed star.<ref name="DuToit-2014">{{cite web| title=Twelve-Rayed Star Sapphire of Interest| url=http://www.giathai.net/pdf/12rays_purple_star_sapphire.pdf| last=DuToit| first=Garry| publisher=GIA Laboratory, Bangkok| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=28 March 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328151558/http://www.giathai.net/pdf/12rays_purple_star_sapphire.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> Misshapen stars or 12-rayed stars may also form as a result of [[Crystal twinning|twinning]].
The inclusions can alternatively produce a [[Chatoyancy|cat's eye]] effect if the girdle plane of the cabochon is oriented parallel to the crystal's c-axis rather than perpendicular to it. To get a cat's eye, the planes of exsolved inclusions must be extremely uniform and tightly packed. If the dome is oriented in between these two directions, an off-center star will be visible, offset away from the high point of the dome.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|101}}

At 3536 carats, the [[Star of Pure Land]] is the largest documented purple star sapphire, discovered in 2025 near [[Ratnapura]], Sri Lanka, a region known for sapphire mining.<ref name="ap">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka unveils a rare purple star sapphire claimed to be the biggest of its kind |url=https://apnews.com/article/ad477c534852d758dee38a646dd8f435 |work=Associated Press |date=17 January 2026}}</ref> At 1404.49 carats, the [[Star of Adam]] is the largest known blue star sapphire, also from Ratnapura.<ref name="Sivaramakrishnan-2016">{{cite news | title = World's largest blue star sapphire 'found in Sri Lanka' | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35226276 | first = P | last = Sivaramakrishnan | date = 4 January 2016 | work = BBC News | publisher = [[BBC]] | access-date = 5 January 2016 | archive-date = 5 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105031830/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35226276 | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Black Star of Queensland]] weighs 733 [[carat (unit)|carat]]s.<ref name="Kim-2010">{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-blacksapphire5-2010jan05,0,872801.story| title=For some, a sapphire has not been their best friend| access-date=5 January 2010| work=[[Los Angeles Times]]| first=Victoria| last=Kim| date=5 January 2010| archive-date=8 January 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108084956/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-blacksapphire5-2010jan05,0,872801.story| url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]] mined in Sri Lanka and weighing 563.4 carats is currently on display at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York City]]. The 182-carat [[Star of Bombay]], mined in Sri Lanka and located in the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], is another example of a large blue star sapphire. The value of a star sapphire depends not only on the weight of the stone, but also the body color, visibility, and intensity of the asterism. The color of the stone has more impact on the value than the visibility of the star. Since more transparent stones tend to have better colors, the most expensive star stones are semi-transparent "glass body" stones with vivid colors.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|348–350}}

On 28 July 2021, the world's largest cluster of star sapphires, weighing {{Convert|510|kg|abbr=on}}, was unearthed from Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. This star sapphire cluster was named "[[Serendipity Sapphire]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's largest star sapphire cluster found in backyard |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/worlds-largest-star-sapphire-cluster-found-in-backyard-in-sri-lanka/1c5b1cc8-fa14-48ac-800c-7516dda154b1 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=www.9news.com.au |date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728135721/https://www.9news.com.au/world/worlds-largest-star-sapphire-cluster-found-in-backyard-in-sri-lanka/1c5b1cc8-fa14-48ac-800c-7516dda154b1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salo |first=Jackie |date=27 July 2021 |title=World's largest sapphire cluster worth $100M found in backyard in Sri Lanka |url=https://nypost.com/2021/07/27/worlds-largest-sapphire-cluster-found-in-sri-lankan-yard/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=New York Post |language=en-US |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728135726/https://nypost.com/2021/07/27/worlds-largest-sapphire-cluster-found-in-sri-lankan-yard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Color-change sapphire===
A rare variety of natural sapphire, known as color-change sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under [[incandescent]] indoor light, or green to gray-green in daylight and pink to reddish-violet in incandescent light.{{clarification needed|reason=incandescent light used twice to refer to different color states|date=August 2024}} Color-change sapphires come from a variety of locations, including [[Madagascar]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Tanzania]]. Two types exist. The first features the [[chromium]] chromophore that creates the red color of ruby, combined with the [[iron]] + [[titanium]] chromophore that produces the blue color in sapphire. A rarer type, which comes from the Mogok area of Myanmar, features a [[vanadium]] chromophore, the same as is present in Verneuil synthetic color-change sapphire.

Virtually all gemstones that show the "alexandrite effect" (color change or '[[Metamerism (color)|metamerism]]') show similar absorption/transmission features in the visible spectrum. This is an absorption band in the yellow (~590 nm), along with valleys of transmission in the blue-green and red. Thus the color one sees depends on the spectral composition of the light source. Daylight is relatively balanced in its spectral power distribution (SPD) and since the human eye is most sensitive to green light, the balance is tipped to the green side. However incandescent light (including candle light) is heavily tilted to the red end of the spectrum, thus tipping the balance to red.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Gemstones with alexandrite effect| url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstones-with-Alexandrite-Effect.pdf| date=Winter 1982| first1=E.| last1=Gübelin| first2=K.| last2=Schmetzer| volume=18| issue=4| journal=Gems & Gemology| pages=197–203| doi=10.5741/GEMS.18.4.197| bibcode=1982GemG...18..197G| access-date=5 November 2019| archive-date=5 November 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105010509/https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstones-with-Alexandrite-Effect.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>

Color-change sapphires colored by the Cr + Fe/Ti chromophores generally change from blue or violet-blue to violet or purple. Those colored by the V chromophore can show a more pronounced change, moving from blue-green to purple.

Certain synthetic color-change sapphires have a similar color change to the natural gemstone [[alexandrite]] and they are sometimes marketed as "alexandrium" or "synthetic alexandrite". However, the latter term is a misnomer: synthetic color-change sapphires are, technically, not synthetic alexandrites but rather alexandrite ''simulants''. This is because genuine alexandrite is a variety of [[chrysoberyl]]: not sapphire, but an entirely different mineral from corundum.<ref name="Weldon-2013">{{cite web| title=An Introduction to Synthetic Gem Materials| url=http://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic| last=Weldon| first=Robert| work=GIA| publisher=Gemological Institute of America Inc.| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=12 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112191736/http://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Large rubies and sapphires===
Large [[Ruby|rubies]] and sapphires of poor transparency are frequently used with suspect appraisals that vastly overstate their value. This was the case of the "Life and Pride of America Star Sapphire". Circa 1985, Roy Whetstine claimed to have bought the 1905-ct stone for $10 at the Tucson gem show, but a reporter discovered that L.A. Ward of Fallbrook, California, who appraised it at the price of $1200/ct, had appraised another stone of the exact same weight several years before Whetstine claimed to have found it.<ref name="Hughes-2001">{{cite journal| title=Digital Devil: Big Time| url=http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/dd_big_time.htm| last=Hughes| first=Richard W.| journal=[[GK Magazine]]| date=March 2001| volume=3| issue=4| access-date=5 November 2019| archive-date=17 September 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917175013/http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/dd_big_time.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bangkok-based [[Lotus Gemology]] maintains an updated listing of world auction records of ruby, sapphire, and [[spinel]]. As of November 2019, no sapphire has ever sold at auction for more than $17,295,796.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/160-ruby-sapphire-spinel-auction-records-under-the-hammer-lotus-gemology | title=Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel Auction Records | access-date=5 November 2019 | author=Hughes, Richard W. | archive-date=5 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105042632/https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/160-ruby-sapphire-spinel-auction-records-under-the-hammer-lotus-gemology | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cause of color==
[[File:Corundum.png|thumb|Crystal structure of sapphire]]
[[File:Sapphire ring.jpg|thumb|Sapphire ring made {{circa|1940}}]]
[[Rubies]] are [[corundum]] with a dominant red body color. This is generally caused by traces of [[chromium]] (Cr3+) substituting for the (Al3+) ion in the corundum structure. The color can be modified by both iron and trapped hole color centers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/6AA.html |title=Red Rubies |work=Causes of Color |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=[[WebExhibits]] online museum |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509120724/http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/6AA.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Unlike localized ("intra-atomic") absorption of light, which causes color for chromium and vanadium impurities, blue color in sapphires comes from intervalence charge transfer, which is the transfer of an electron from one transition-metal ion to another via the [[conduction band|conduction]] or [[valence band]]. The iron can take the form Fe2+ or Fe3+, while titanium generally takes the form Ti4+. If Fe2+ and Ti4+ ions are substituted for Al3+, localized areas of charge imbalance are created. An electron transfer from Fe2+ and Ti4+ can cause a change in the [[valence (chemistry)|valence]] state of both. Because of the valence change, there is a specific change in energy for the electron, and [[electromagnetic energy]] is absorbed. The [[wavelength]] of the energy absorbed corresponds to yellow light. When this light is subtracted from incident white light, the complementary color blue results. Sometimes when atomic spacing is different in different directions, there is resulting blue-green [[dichroism]].

Purple sapphires contain trace amounts of [[chromium]] and [[iron]] plus [[titanium]] and come in a variety of shades. Corundum that contains extremely low levels of chromophores is near colorless. Completely colorless corundum generally does not exist in nature. If trace amounts of [[iron]] are present, a very pale yellow to green color may be seen. However, if both titanium and iron impurities are present together, and in the correct [[Valence (chemistry)|valence]] states, the result is a blue color.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/8.html |title=Blue Sapphire |work=Causes of Color |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=[[WebExhibits]] online museum |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510034749/http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/8.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Intervalence charge transfer is a process that produces a strong colored appearance at a low percentage of impurity. While at least 1% chromium must be present in corundum before the deep red ruby color is seen, sapphire blue is apparent with the presence of only 0.01% of titanium and iron.

Colorless sapphires, which are uncommon in nature, were once used as diamond substitutes in jewelry, and are presently used as [[:wikt:accent#:~:text=gemstone|accent stones]].<ref name=GIA/>

The most complete description of the causes of color in corundum extant can be found in Chapter 4 of ''Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide'' (chapter authored by John Emmett, Emily Dubinsky and Richard Hughes).<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|107–164}}

==Mining==
[[File:1szafir Madagaskar.jpg|thumb|Sapphire from Madagascar]]

Sapphires are mined from [[alluvium|alluvial]] deposits or from primary underground workings. Commercial [[mining]] locations for sapphire and ruby include (but are not limited to) the following countries: [[Afghanistan]], [[Australia]], [[Myanmar]]/[[Burma]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Colombia]], [[India]], [[Kenya]], [[Laos]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Nepal]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Thailand]], United States, and [[Vietnam]]. Sapphires from different geographic locations may have different appearances or chemical-impurity concentrations, and tend to contain different types of microscopic inclusions. Because of this, sapphires can be divided into three broad categories: classic metamorphic, non-classic metamorphic or magmatic, and classic magmatic.<ref name="GIA-2007">{{cite web| title=Your Ruby and Sapphire Reports| url=http://www.giathai.net/pdf/GIA_Corundum_7499_050307.pdf| publisher=Gemological Institute of America Inc.| work=GIA| date=2007| access-date=17 January 2013| archive-date=15 May 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515052118/http://www.giathai.net/pdf/GIA_Corundum_7499_050307.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sapphires from certain locations, or of certain categories, may be more commercially appealing than others,<ref name="Gubelin">{{cite web| title=Origin Determination| url=http://www.gubelingemlab.ch/Laboratory-Services/Origin-Determination.php| publisher=Gubelin Gem Labs| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=1 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212531/http://www.gubelingemlab.ch/Laboratory-Services/Origin-Determination.php| url-status=live}}</ref> particularly classic metamorphic sapphires from Kashmir, Burma, or Sri Lanka that have not been subjected to heat-treatment.<ref name="Michelle-2007">{{cite journal| url=http://www.diamonds.net/Magazine/Article.aspx?ArticleID=20117&RDRIssueID=20| title=The Kashmir Legend| first=Amber| last=Michelle| journal=[[Rapaport Diamond Report]]| date=December 2007| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=2 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100832/http://www.diamonds.net/Magazine/Article.aspx?ArticleID=20117&RDRIssueID=20| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brooke Showell">{{cite journal| author=Brooke Showell| title=A Fancy for Sapphires| url=http://www.diamonds.net/Magazine/Article.aspx?ArticleID=39646&RDRIssueID=89| journal=Rapaport Diamond Report| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=2 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101016/http://www.diamonds.net/Magazine/Article.aspx?ArticleID=39646&RDRIssueID=89| url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Logan sapphire]], the [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]], the [[Star of Adam]] and the [[Star of Bombay]] originate from Sri Lankan mines. Madagascar is the world leader in sapphire production (as of 2007) specifically its deposits in and around the town of [[Ilakaka]].<ref name="Mindat">{{cite web| url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-27802.html| title=Ilakaka Commune, Ranohira District, Horombe Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar| work=[[Mindat.org]]| publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy| access-date=14 August 2014| archive-date=11 December 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211142515/http://www.mindat.org/loc-27802.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the opening of the Ilakaka mines, Australia was the largest producer of sapphires (such as in 1987).<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auXS_gLKFjUC&pg=PA102| page=102| title=Use with care: managing Australia's natural resources in the twenty-first century| first=Doug| last=Cocks| publisher=University of New South Wales Press| location=Sydney, Australia| year=1992| isbn=978-0-86840-308-3| access-date=6 October 2020| archive-date=23 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323110143/https://books.google.com/books?id=auXS_gLKFjUC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991 a new source of sapphires was discovered in Andranondambo, southern Madagascar. The exploitation started in 1993, but was practically abandoned just a few years later because of the difficulties in recovering sapphires in their bedrock.<ref>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416190825/http://madagascarsapphire.com/andranondambo.htm | archive-date = 16 April 2004 | url = http://madagascarsapphire.com/andranondambo.htm | url-status = dead | title = Andranondambo | date = 2003 | publisher = Madagascar sapphire}}</ref>

In [[North America]], sapphires have been mined mostly from deposits in [[Montana]]: facies along the [[Missouri River]] near [[Helena, Montana]], Dry Cottonwood Creek near [[Deer Lodge, Montana]], and Rock Creek near [[Philipsburg, Montana]]. Fine blue [[Yogo sapphire]]s are found at Yogo Gulch west of [[Lewistown, Montana]].<ref name="Voynick-1985-2" /> A few gem-grade sapphires and rubies have also been found in the area of [[Franklin, NC|Franklin, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gem Mining in Franklin, NC|url=http://www.franklin-chamber.com/whattodo/gemmining.php|publisher=Franklin, North Carolina Chamber of Commerce|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819025829/http://www.franklin-chamber.com/whatToDo/gemmining.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The sapphire deposits of Kashmir are well known in the gem industry, although their peak production took place in a relatively short period at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|463–482}} These deposits are located in the [[Paddar Valley]] of the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] of Jammu and Kashmir in India.<ref name="History of Kashmir Sapphires-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenaturalsapphirecompany.com/blog/history-kashmir-sapphires|title=History of Kashmir Sapphires|date=13 September 2019|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231957/https://www.thenaturalsapphirecompany.com/blog/history-kashmir-sapphires|url-status=live}}</ref> They have a superior vivid blue hue, coupled with a mysterious and almost sleepy quality, described by some gem enthusiasts as ‘blue velvet”. Kashmir-origin contributes meaningfully to the value of a sapphire, and most corundum of Kashmir origin can be readily identified by its characteristic silky appearance and exceptional hue.<ref name="Arem-2017">{{cite web | url = https://www.gemsociety.org/article/sapphire-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/ | title = Sapphire Value, Price, and Jewelry Information | first1 = Dr. Joel | last1 = Arem | first2 = Donald | last2 = Clark | work = International Gem Society | publisher = International Gem Society LLC. | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 14 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170714094431/https://www.gemsociety.org/article/sapphire-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="History of Kashmir Sapphires-2019"/> The unique blue appears lustrous under any kind of light, unlike non-Kashmir sapphires which may appear purplish or grayish in comparison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/magnificent-jewels-and-jadeite-hk0590/lot.1860.html|title=The Jewel of Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323154624/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/magnificent-jewels-and-jadeite-hk0590/lot.1860.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sotheby's has been in the forefront overseeing record-breaking sales of Kashmir sapphires worldwide. In October 2014, Sotheby's Hong Kong achieved consecutive per-carat price records for Kashmir sapphires – first with the 12.00 carat Cartier sapphire ring at US$193,975 per carat, then with a 17.16 carat sapphire at US$236,404, and again in June 2015 when the per-carat auction record was set at US$240,205.<ref name="Sotheby" /> At present, the world record price-per-carat for sapphire at auction is held by a sapphire from Kashmir in a ring, which sold in October 2015 for approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]242,000 per carat ([[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]52,280,000 in total, including buyer's premium, or more than US$6.74 million).<ref name="Sotheby">{{cite web | url = http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/magnificent-jewels-and-jadeite-hk0590/lot.1860.html | title = 1860: THE JEWEL OF KASHMIR, Exceptional Sapphire and Diamond Ring | work = Magnificent Jewels & Jadeite | publisher = Sotheby's | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 23 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160323154624/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/magnificent-jewels-and-jadeite-hk0590/lot.1860.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Treatments==
Sapphires can be treated by several methods to enhance and improve their clarity and color.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|197–247}} It is common practice to heat natural sapphires to improve or enhance their appearance. This is done by heating the sapphires in furnaces to temperatures between {{convert|800|and|1800|C}} for several hours, or even weeks at a time. Different atmospheres may be used. Upon heating, the stone becomes bluer in color, but loses some of the rutile inclusions (silk). When high temperatures (1400 °C+) are used, exsolved rutile silk is dissolved and it becomes clear under magnification. The titanium from the rutile enters solid solution and thus creates with iron the blue color.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/corundum/heat-treatment_01en.html | title = Identification of heated / unheated status on ruby and sapphire | access-date = 21 March 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100309151251/http://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/corundum/heat-treatment_01en.html | archive-date = 9 March 2010 | date = 2007 | author = Research Laboratory | publisher = Gemmological Association of All Japan Co., Ltd. | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The inclusions in natural stones are easily seen with a [[jeweler's loupe]]. Evidence of sapphire and other gemstones being subjected to heating goes back at least to Roman times.<ref name="Nassau-1984">{{Cite book| last=Nassau| first=Kurt| title=Gemstone Enhancement| year=1984| publisher=Butterworths| page=95| isbn=978-0-408-01447-2}}</ref> Un-heated natural stones are somewhat rare and will often be sold accompanied by a certificate from an independent gemological laboratory attesting to "no evidence of heat treatment".

[[File:Yogo2783 Close crop.JPG|thumb|[[Yogo sapphire]]]]
[[Yogo sapphire]]s do not need heat treating because their [[cornflower blue]] color is attractive out of the ground; they are generally free of [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusions]], and have high uniform clarity.<ref name="Kane-2003">{{cite journal|last=Kane|first=Robert E.|date=January–February 2003|volume=22|issue=1|title=The Sapphires of Montana – A Rainbow of Colors|journal=Gem Market News|pages=1–8}} Revised January 2004.</ref> When Intergem Limited began marketing the Yogo in the 1980s as the world's only guaranteed untreated sapphire, heat treatment was not commonly disclosed; by the late 1980s, heat treatment became a major issue.<ref name="Voynick-1985-2">{{cite book| last=Voynick| first=Stephen M. |title=Yogo, The Great American Sapphire| publisher=Mountain Press Publishing| year=1985| edition=March 1995 printing, 1987| place=Missoula, MT| isbn=978-0-87842-217-3| pages=151–181}}</ref> At that time, much of all the world's sapphires were being heated to enhance their natural color.<ref name="Voynick-1985">{{harvnb|Voynick|1985|pp=165–181}}</ref> Intergem's marketing of guaranteed untreated Yogos set them against many in the gem industry. This issue appeared as a front-page story in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' on 29 August 1984 in an article by Bill Richards, ''Carats and Schticks: Sapphire Marketer Upsets The Gem Industry''.<ref name="Voynick-1985"/> However, the biggest problem the Yogo mine faced was not competition from heated sapphires, but the fact that the Yogo stones could never produce quantities of sapphire above one carat after faceting. As a result, it has remained a niche product, with a market that largely exists in the US.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp| 676–695}}

Lattice ('bulk') diffusion treatments are used to add impurities to the sapphire to enhance color. This process was originally developed and patented by Linde Air division of Union Carbide and involved diffusing titanium into synthetic sapphire to even out the blue color.<ref>{{cite patent
| country = USA
| number = US3897529A
| status = Expired
| title = Altering the appearance of corundum crystals
| pubdate = 29 July 1975
| gdate =
| fdate =
| pridate =
| inventor =
| invent1 = Ronald R Carr
| invent2 = Stephen D Nisevich
| assign1 =
| assign2 =
| class =
| url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US3897529
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105070221/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3897529 |date=5 November 2019 }}</ref> It was later applied to natural sapphire. Today, titanium diffusion often uses a synthetic colorless sapphire base. The color layer created by titanium diffusion is extremely thin (less than 0.5 mm). Thus repolishing can and does produce slight to significant loss of color. Chromium diffusion has been attempted, but was abandoned due to the slow diffusion rates of chromium in corundum.

In the year 2000, beryllium diffused "padparadscha" colored sapphires entered the market. Typically [[beryllium]] is diffused into a sapphire under very high heat, just below the melting point of the sapphire. Initially ({{circa|2000}}) orange sapphires were created, although now the process has been advanced and many colors of sapphire are often treated with beryllium. Due to the small size of the beryllium ion, the color penetration is far greater than with titanium diffusion. In some cases, it may penetrate the entire stone. Beryllium-diffused orange sapphires may be difficult to detect, requiring advanced chemical analysis by gemological labs (e.g., Gübelin, [[SSEF]], [[Gemological Institute of America|GIA]], American Gemological Laboratories (AGL), and [[Lotus Gemology]]<ref name="Lotus"/>).

According to United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] guidelines, disclosure is required of any mode of enhancement that has a significant effect on the gem's value.<ref>Chapter I of Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 23, Guides for Jewelry and Precious Metals and Pewter Industries</ref>

There are several ways of treating sapphire. Heat-treatment in a reducing or oxidizing atmosphere (but without the use of any other added impurities) is commonly used to improve the color of sapphires, and this process is sometimes known as "heating only" in the gem trade. In contrast, however, heat treatment combined with the deliberate addition of certain specific impurities (e.g. beryllium, titanium, iron, chromium or nickel, which are absorbed into the crystal structure of the sapphire) is also commonly performed, and this process can be known as "diffusion" in the gem trade. However, despite what the terms "heating only" and "diffusion" might suggest, both of these categories of treatment actually involve diffusion processes.<ref name="Nassau-1981">{{cite journal| first=Kurt| last=Nassau| title=Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire: Technical Aspects| journal=Gems & Gemology| date=Fall 1981| volume=17| issue=3| pages=121–131| doi=10.5741/GEMS.17.3.121| df=dmy-all| doi-access=free| bibcode=1981GemG...17..121N}}</ref>

The most complete description of corundum treatments extant can be found in Chapter 6 of ''Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide'' (chapter authored by John Emmett, Richard Hughes and Troy R. Douthit).<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|197–247}}

==Synthetic sapphire== 
[[File:Synthetic sapphire 3.jpg|thumb|Synthetic sapphire]]
In 1902, the French chemist [[Auguste Verneuil]] announced a process for producing synthetic [[ruby]] crystals.<ref>{{cite journal | first = M.A. | last = Verneuil | date = September 1904 | title = Mémoire sur la reproduction artificielle du rubis par fusion | trans-title = Memoire on the artificial reproduction of rubies by fusion | journal = [[Annales de Chimie et de Physique]] | volume = 3 | issue = 20}}</ref> In the flame-fusion ([[Verneuil process]]), fine [[alumina]] powder is added to an [[oxyhydrogen flame]], and this is directed downward against a ceramic pedestal.<ref>Heaton, Neal; ''The production and identification of artificial precious stones'' in {{cite book
|title = Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1911
|publisher = Government Printing Office
|year = 1912
|location = USA
|page = 217
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hZIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA227
|access-date = 6 October 2020
|archive-date = 23 March 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240323110127/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Following the successful synthesis of ruby, Verneuil focused his efforts on sapphire. Synthesis of blue sapphire came in 1909, after chemical analyses of sapphire suggested to Verneuil that iron and titanium were the cause of the blue color. Verneuil patented the process of producing synthetic blue sapphire in 1911.<ref>{{cite patent
| country = USA
| number = 988,230
| status =
| title = Process of producing synthetic sapphires
| pubdate = 28 March 1911
| gdate =
| fdate =
| pridate =
| inventor = August Verneuil
| invent1 =
| invent2 =
| assign1 =
| assign2 =
| class =
| url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US988230
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105065422/https://patents.google.com/patent/US988230 |date=5 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|254–255}}

The key to the process is that the alumina powder does not melt as it falls through the flame. Instead it forms a [[Sintering|sinter]] cone on the pedestal. When the tip of that cone reaches the hottest part of the flame, the tip melts. Thus the crystal growth is started from a tiny point, ensuring minimal strain.

Next, more oxygen is added to the flame, causing it to burn slightly hotter. This expands the growing crystal laterally. At the same time, the pedestal is lowered at the same rate that the crystal grows vertically. The alumina in the flame is slowly deposited, creating a teardrop-shaped "[[boule (crystal)|boule]]" of sapphire material. This step is continued until the desired size is reached, the flame is shut off and the crystal cools. The now elongated crystal contains a lot of strain due to the high thermal gradient between the flame and surrounding air. To release this strain, the now finger-shaped crystal will be tapped with a [[chisel]] to split it into two halves.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|249–309}}

Due to the vertical layered growth of the crystal and the curved upper growth surface (which starts from a drop), the crystals will display curved growth lines following the top surface of the boule. This is in contrast to natural corundum crystals, which feature angular growth lines expanding from a single point and following the planar crystal faces.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/273-verneuil-synthetic-corundum-id-dangerous-curves-lotus-gemology | title = Verneuil Synthetic Corundum ID • Dangerous Curves | work = LotusGemology.com | publisher = Lotus Gemology | access-date = 5 November 2019 | archive-date = 5 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191105024741/https://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/273-verneuil-synthetic-corundum-id-dangerous-curves-lotus-gemology | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Dopants===
Chemical [[dopant]]s can be added to create artificial versions of the ruby, and all the other natural colors of sapphire, and in addition, other colors never seen in [[geological]] samples. Artificial sapphire material is identical to natural sapphire, except it can be made without the flaws that are found in natural stones. The disadvantage of the Verneuil process is that the grown crystals have high internal strains. Many methods of manufacturing sapphire today are variations of the [[Czochralski process]], which was invented in 1916 by Polish chemist [[Jan Czochralski]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Czochralski_process | title = Czochralski process | work = articleworld.org | publisher = ArticleWorld | access-date = 18 June 2012 | archive-date = 28 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928212136/http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Czochralski_process | url-status = live }}</ref> In this process, a tiny sapphire seed crystal is dipped into a crucible made of the precious metal [[iridium]] or [[molybdenum]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11037.x|title=Application of Czochralski Crystal-Pulling Technique to High-Melting Oxides|year=1962|last1=Nassau|first1=K.|last2=Broyer|first2=A. M.|journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society|volume=45|issue=10|page=474}}</ref> containing molten alumina, and then slowly withdrawn upward at a rate of 1 to 100 mm per hour. The alumina crystallizes on the end, creating long carrot-shaped boules of large size up to 200 kg in mass.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ledinside.com/news/2009/4/Rubicon_Technology_Grows_Super_boule_of_200kg_Weight_20090421 | title = Rubicon Technology Grows 200kg "Super Boule" | work = LED Inside | date = 21 April 2009 | first = Judy | last = Huang | publisher = TrendForce Corp. | access-date = 23 September 2013 | archive-date = 10 September 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130910104301/http://www.ledinside.com/news/2009/4/Rubicon_Technology_Grows_Super_boule_of_200kg_Weight_20090421 | url-status = live }}</ref> One popular variant of the Czochralski method is the [[Kyropoulos method]] which has the advantage of using all of the feedstock material such as aluminum oxide to create sapphire and crucibles do not have to be replaced. This is one of the main production methods for synthetic sapphire. However, the original Czochralski method can also be used.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqTkCF6Ra9kC&dq=sapphire+crystal+production&pg=PA312 | title=Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials | isbn=978-0-470-01207-9 | last1=Capper | first1=Peter | date=31 October 2005 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IchDpFiLrGQC&q=Heat+Exchange+Method&pg=PA470 | title=Sapphire: Material, Manufacturing, Applications | isbn=978-0-387-85695-7 | last1=Dobrovinskaya | first1=Elena R. | last2=Lytvynov | first2=Leonid A. | last3=Pishchik | first3=Valerian | date=21 April 2009 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>

===Other growth methods===
Synthetic sapphire is also produced industrially from agglomerated aluminum oxide, sintered and fused (such as by [[hot isostatic pressing]]) in an inert atmosphere, yielding a transparent but slightly [[porous]] [[polycrystalline]] product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/lab-grown-sapphires/|title=What are Lab-Grown Sapphires?|website=International Gem Society|language=en|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025184315/https://www.gemsociety.org/article/lab-grown-sapphires/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another popular method is the Heat Exchanger Method (HEM), in which aluminum oxide is placed in a molybdenum crucible and heated until melting at 2200°C. It allows for very large crystals over 30 cm wide to be produced. The process takes place in a vacuum. A sapphire seed crystal sits at the bottom of the crucible and is kept from melting by heat exchange (cooling) with helium gas or liquid helium which is shielded from the vacuum. The furnace is kept at a temperature just above melting, but the heat exchanger is at a temperature just below melting. Then the heat exchanger temperature is lowered to start crystalization, and then the aluminum oxide is cooled over a period of at least 72 hours to 17 days to crystalize it into sapphire. The crucibles are single use, the process is similar to the [[Bridgman–Stockbarger method|Bridgman technique]] and the Stöber methods for crystal growth,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqTkCF6Ra9kC&dq=heat+exchange+method+crystal+growth&pg=PA312 | title=Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials | isbn=978-0-470-01207-9 | last1=Capper | first1=Peter | date=31 October 2005 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hZ0AwAAQBAJ&dq=heat+exchange+method+crystal+growth&pg=PA30 | title=Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals | isbn=978-0-444-59376-4 | last1=Nishinaga | first1=Tatau | date=4 November 2014 | publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> and was used for iPhone screens.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-apples-broken-sapphire-factory-1416436043 | title=Inside Apple's Broken Sapphire Factory | work=Wall Street Journal | date=19 November 2014 | last1=Wakabayashi | first1=Daisuke }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vsCER0uwiWI | title=Sapphire Screen: The Making of a Scratch-Proof Smartphone Display | Pocketnow | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IchDpFiLrGQC&q=Heat+Exchange+Method&pg=PA470 | title=Sapphire: Material, Manufacturing, Applications | isbn=978-0-387-85695-7 | last1=Dobrovinskaya | first1=Elena R. | last2=Lytvynov | first2=Leonid A. | last3=Pishchik | first3=Valerian | date=21 April 2009 | publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khattak |first1=Chandra P. |last2=Schmid |first2=Frederick |title=Growth of the world's largest sapphire crystals |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |date=May 2001 |volume=225 |issue=2–4 |pages=572–579 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0248(01)00955-1 |bibcode=2001JCrGr.225..572K }}</ref> The crystal grows upward from the bottom of the crucible.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hZ0AwAAQBAJ&dq=heat+exchange+method+crystal+growth&pg=PA30 | title=Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals | isbn=978-0-444-59376-4 | last1=Nishinaga | first1=Tatau | date=4 November 2014 | publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> Another method is the Edge-defined Film-fed Growth (EFG) method, very similar to the Czochralski method but the material passes through a die before cooling, which shapes the crystal<ref>{{cite journal |title=A century of sapphire crystal growth: origin of the EFG method |author=Daniel C. Harris|journal=Proceedings Volume 7425, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies IV|doi=10.1117/12.824452|url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7425/74250P/A-century-of-sapphire-crystal-growth--origin-of-the/10.1117/12.824452.full}}</ref>. The crystal does not rotate.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IchDpFiLrGQC&q=Heat+Exchange+Method&pg=PA470 | title=Sapphire: Material, Manufacturing, Applications | isbn=978-0-387-85695-7 | last1=Dobrovinskaya | first1=Elena R. | last2=Lytvynov | first2=Leonid A. | last3=Pishchik | first3=Valerian | date=21 April 2009 | publisher=Springer }}</ref> Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), gradient furnace<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=F. |last2=Viechnicki |first2=D. |title=Growth of Sapphire Disks from the Melt by a Gradient Furnace Technique |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |date=September 1970 |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=528–529 |doi=10.1111/J.1151-2916.1970.TB16009.X }}</ref> or vertical bridgman processes can be used for sapphire crystal growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khattak |first1=Chandra P. |last2=Schmid |first2=Frederick |title=Growth of the world's largest sapphire crystals |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |date=May 2001 |volume=225 |issue=2–4 |pages=572–579 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0248(01)00955-1 |bibcode=2001JCrGr.225..572K }}</ref>

In 2003, the world's production of synthetic sapphire was 250 tons (1.25 billion carats), mostly by the United States and Russia.<ref name="Scheel-2003">{{Cite book|author1=Scheel, Hans Jr̲g|author2=Fukuda, Tsuguo|title=Crystal growth technology|year=2003|publisher=J. Wiley|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-0-471-49059-3|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/98/04714905/0471490598.pdf|access-date=24 May 2006|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905093214/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/98/04714905/0471490598.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IchDpFiLrGQC&pg=PA3|page=3|title=Sapphire: Materials, Manufacturing, Applications|author1=Elena R. Dobrovinskaya|author2=Leonid A. Lytvynov|author3=Valerian Pishchik|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-85694-0|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323110143/https://books.google.com/books?id=IchDpFiLrGQC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The availability of cheap synthetic sapphire unlocked many industrial uses for this unique material.

===Applications===
====Equipment windows====
[[File:Citizen Eco-Drive Titanium Sapphire.jpg|thumb|[[Wristwatch]] with synthetic sapphire watch crystal]]

Synthetic sapphire—also referred to as ''sapphire glass''—is commonly used for small windows, because it is both highly transparent to wavelengths of light between 150 nm ([[Ultraviolet|UV]]) and 5500 nm ([[Infrared|IR]]) (the visible [[spectrum]] extends about 380 nm to 750 nm<ref>{{cite book|title = Biology: Concepts and Applications|author = Cecie Starr|publisher = Thomson Brooks/Cole|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-534-46226-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RtSpGV_Pl_0C&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref>), and extraordinarily scratch-resistant.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.corning.com/news_center/features/gorillaglasssuccess.aspx | url-status = dead | title = Corning® Gorilla® Glass Now Found On More Than 1.5 Billion Devices: Continuing innovation to fuel future versions, Sapphire not seen as major threat | date = May 2013 | location = Corning, N.Y. |publisher=Corning Incorporated | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607071047/http://www.corning.com/news_center/features/gorillaglasssuccess.aspx | archive-date = 7 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cultofmac.com/267068/everything-wanted-know-sapphire-glass-afraid-ask-qa/ | title = Everything You Wanted To Know About Sapphire Glass, But Were Afraid To Ask [Q&A] | first = Luke | last = Dormehl | date = 19 February 2014 | work = Cult of Mac | access-date = 7 October 2014 | archive-date = 11 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011070950/http://www.cultofmac.com/267068/everything-wanted-know-sapphire-glass-afraid-ask-qa/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The key benefits of sapphire windows are:

* Very wide optical transmission band from [[UV]] to [[near infrared]] (0.15–5.5 μm)
* Significantly stronger than other optical materials or standard glass windows
* Highly resistant to scratching and abrasion (9 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]] scale, the third-hardest natural substance next to [[moissanite]] and diamonds)<ref name="Arem-2017" />
* Extremely high melting temperature (2030 °C)

[[File:Sapphire boule, Kyropoulos method.jpg|thumb|upright|Single-crystal sapphire boule grown by the [[Kyropoulos method]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://functmaterials.org.ua/contents/32-1/0 | title="Functional materials", Vol.32, No.1, 2025. | Journal "Functional Materials" }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=H.S. |last2=Jin |first2=Z.L. |last3=Zhang |first3=M.J. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z. |last5=Zhao |first5=C.J. |title=Role of internal radiation at the different growth stages of sapphire by Kyropoulos method |journal=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer |date=December 2013 |volume=67 |pages=967–973 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.08.074 |bibcode=2013IJHMT..67..967F }}</ref> Approximately {{convert|200|mm|in|0}} in diameter, weighing approximately {{cvt|30|kg}}. (A second boule is visible in the background.)]]
Some sapphire-glass windows are made from pure sapphire boules that have been grown in a specific crystal orientation, typically along the optical axis, the ''c'' axis, for minimum [[birefringence]] for the application.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobrovinskaya |first1=Elena R. |last2=Lytvynov |first2=Leonid A. |last3=Pishchik |first3=Valerian |title=Sapphire |chapter=Properties of Sapphire |series=Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials, Structures, and Systems |date=2009 |pages=55–176 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-85695-7_2 |isbn=978-0-387-85694-0 |url=https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9780387856940-c1.pdf |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215163235/http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9780387856940-c1.pdf? |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crystals – Introduction |url=http://www.quartzpage.de/crs_intro.html |website=The Quartz Page |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010190156/http://www.quartzpage.de/crs_intro.html |archive-date=10 October 2007}}</ref>

The boules are sliced up into the desired window thickness and finally polished to the desired surface finish. Sapphire optical windows can be polished to a wide range of surface finishes due to its crystal structure and its hardness. The surface finishes of optical windows are normally called out by the scratch-dig specifications in accordance with the globally adopted MIL-O-13830 specification.{{clarify|date=October 2017}}

Sapphire windows are used in both high-pressure and vacuum chambers for [[spectroscopy]], crystals for [[watch]]es, and windows in grocery-store [[barcode scanner]]s, since the material's exceptional hardness and toughness makes it very resistant to scratching.<ref name="Scheel-2003"/>

In 2014 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] consumed "one-fourth of the world's supply of sapphire to cover the [[iPhone]]'s camera lens and fingerprint reader".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakabayashi |first=Daisuke |date=19 November 2014 |title=Inside Apple's Broken Sapphire Factory |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/inside-apples-broken-sapphire-factory-1416436043 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204152117/http://online.wsj.com/articles/inside-apples-broken-sapphire-factory-1416436043 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several attempts have been made to make sapphire screens for smartphones viable. Apple contracted GT Advanced Technologies, Inc. to manufacture sapphire screens for iPhones, but the venture failed, causing the bankruptcy of GTAT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2014 |title=The desperate struggle at the heart of the brutal Apple supply chain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/sapphire-gt-advanced--brutal-apple-supply-chain |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214165033/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/sapphire-gt-advanced--brutal-apple-supply-chain |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kyocera]] Brigadier was the first production smartphone with a sapphire screen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T. |first=Florin |title=Meet the world's first smartphone with Sapphire Shield display (no, it's not an iPhone) |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Meet-the-worlds-first-smartphone-with-Sapphire-Shield-display-no-its-not-an-iPhone_id58847 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=Phone Arena |date=31 July 2014 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214165031/https://www.phonearena.com/news/Meet-the-worlds-first-smartphone-with-Sapphire-Shield-display-no-its-not-an-iPhone_id58847 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sapphire is used for end windows on some high-powered laser tubes, as its wide-band transparency and thermal conductivity allow it to handle very high power densities in the infrared and UV spectrum without degrading due to heating.

One type of [[xenon arc lamp]]{{snd}}originally called the "Cermax" and now known generically as the "ceramic-body xenon lamp"{{snd}}uses sapphire crystal output windows that tolerate higher thermal loads and consequently can provide higher output powers than conventional Xe lamps with pure [[silica]] windows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perkinelmer.com/cmsresources/Images/44-6529bro_cermaxproductsandspecifications.pdf |title=Cermax® Products and Specifications |publisher=PerkinElmer Optoelectronics |location=Fremont, California, USA |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912233638/http://www.perkinelmer.com/cmsresources/Images/44-6529bro_cermaxproductsandspecifications.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.excelitas.com/Downloads/Cermax_Eng_Guide.pdf | title = Cermax® Xenon Lamp Engineering Guide | publisher = Excelitas Technologies | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 30 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830161825/http://excelitas.com/Downloads/Cermax_Eng_Guide.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

Sapphire was used for the [[F-35 Lightning 2]] Electro Optical Targeting System window, due to its high strength.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-35-lightning-ii-eots.html |title=F-35 Electro Optical Targeting System (EOTS) |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513161553/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-35-lightning-ii-eots.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Along with [[Zirconium dioxide|zirconia]] and [[aluminum oxynitride]], synthetic sapphire is used for shatter-resistant windows in armored vehicles and various military [[body armor]] suits, in association with composites.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

====As substrate for semiconducting circuits====
{{main|Silicon on sapphire}}
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}

Thin sapphire wafers were the first successful use of an insulating [[substrate (semiconductor)|substrate]] upon which to deposit silicon to make the [[integrated circuit]]s known as [[silicon on sapphire]] or "SOS"; now other substrates can also be used for the class of circuits known more generally as [[silicon on insulator]]. Besides its excellent electrical insulating properties, sapphire has high [[thermal conductivity]]. [[CMOS]] chips on sapphire are especially useful for high-power radio-frequency (RF) applications such as those found in [[cellular telephones]], [[police radio|public-safety band]] radios, and [[satellite communication]] systems. "SOS" also allows for the monolithic integration of both [[digital electronics|digital]] and [[analog electronics|analog]] circuitry all on one IC chip, and the construction of extremely low power circuits.

Wafers of single-crystal sapphire are also used in the [[semiconductor]] industry as [[substrate (semiconductor)|substrates]] for the growth of devices based on [[gallium nitride]] (GaN). The use of sapphire significantly reduces the cost, because it has about one-seventh the cost of [[germanium]]. Gallium nitride on sapphire is commonly used in blue [[light-emitting diodes]] (LEDs).<ref>"Gallium nitride collector grid solar cell" (2002) {{US patent|6447938}}</ref>

====In lasers====
The first [[laser]] was made in 1960 by [[Theodore Maiman]] with a rod of [[synthetic ruby]]. [[Ti-sapphire laser|Titanium-sapphire laser]]s are popular due to their relatively rare capacity to be tuned to various wavelengths in the red and near-[[infrared]] region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. They can also be easily [[mode-locking|mode-locked]]. In these lasers a synthetically produced sapphire [[crystal]] with chromium or [[titanium]] impurities is irradiated with intense light from a special lamp, or another laser, to create [[stimulated emission]].

====In endoprostheses====
Monocrystalline sapphire is fairly biocompatible and the exceptionally low wear of sapphire–metal pairs has led to the introduction (in Ukraine) of sapphire monocrystals for hip joint [[prosthesis|endoprostheses]].<ref name="Mamalis-2006">{{cite journal|last1=Mamalis|first1=AG|last2=Ramsden|first2=JJ|last3=Grabchenko|first3=AI|last4=Lytvynov|first4=LA|last5=Filipenko|first5=VA|last6=Lavrynenko|first6=SN|title=A novel concept for the manufacture of individual sapphire-metallic hip joint endoprostheses|journal=Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry|date=2006|volume=6|issue=3|pages=113–117|doi=10.4024/30601.jbpc.06.03|doi-access=free|hdl=1826/2527|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Historical and cultural references==
* Etymologically, the English word "sapphire" derives from French ''{{Lang|fr|saphir}}'', from Latin ''{{Lang|la|sapphirus}}'', ''sappirus'' from Greek σαπφειρος (''sappheiros'') from Hebrew {{Lang|he|סַפִּיר}} ({{Transliteration|he|sapir}}), a term that probably originally referred to [[lapis lazuli]], as sapphires were only discovered in Roman times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/net/gen/1/1/s_1001|title=H5601 - sapîr - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (net)|website=Blue Letter Bible|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302095026/https://www.blueletterbible.org/net/gen/1/1/s_1001|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13190-sapphire|title=SAPPHIRE - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302094736/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13190-sapphire|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Harper">{{OEtymD|sapphire}}</ref>
* A traditional [[Hinduism|Hindu]] belief holds that the sapphire causes the planet Saturn ([[Shani]]) to be favorable to the wearer.<ref>The Curious Lore of Precious Stones: Being a Description of Their Sentiments and Folk Lore, Superstitions, Symbolism, Mysticism, Use in Medicine, Protection, Prevention, Religion, and Divination. Crystal Gazing, Birthstones, Lucky Stones, and Talismans, Astral, Zodiacal, and Planetary by George Frederick Kunz, 1913, p. 334</ref>
* During the [[Medieval Ages]], European [[lapidaries]] came to refer to blue corundum crystal by "sapphire", a derivative of the [[Latin]] word for blue: {{Lang|la|sapphirus}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and origin of the Sapphire |url=http://www.gemstoneeducation.com/Sapphire.htm |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042107/http://www.gemstoneeducation.com/Sapphire.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
* The sapphire is the traditional gift for a 45th [[Wedding anniversary#Traditional anniversary gifts|wedding anniversary]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Anniversary Gifts by Year|url=http://www.happy-anniversary.com/year-of-marriage/|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810064118/http://www.happy-anniversary.com/year-of-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A [[sapphire jubilee]] occurs after 65 years. 2017 marked the sapphire jubilee of the accession of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] to the throne.<ref name="BBC-2017">{{cite news |date=6 February 2017 |title=Queen's Sapphire Jubilee: Gun salutes mark 65 years on the throne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38872538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925054630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38872538 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
* The sapphire is the [[birthstone]] of September.
* An Italian superstition holds that sapphires are [[amulet]]s against eye problems, and [[Melancholia|melancholy]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World'', Volume 2 edited by Cora Linn Daniels, C. M. Stevans p. 747</ref> [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], owned a medicinal sapphire worn as a pendant to rub sore eyes.<ref>[[Joseph Robertson (historian)|Joseph Robertson]], ''Inventaires'' (Edinburgh, 1863), pp. 81, 101.</ref>
* Pope [[Innocent III]] decreed that rings of bishops should be made of pure gold, set with an unengraved sapphire, as possessing the virtues and qualities essential to its dignified position as a seal of secrets, for there be many things "that a priest conceals from the senses of the vulgar and less intelligent; which he keeps locked up as it were under seal."<ref>The Book of Talismans, Amulets and Zodiacal Gems, by William Thomas and Kate Pavitt, [1922], p.154 at sacred-texts.com, http://www.sacred-texts.com/sym/bot/bot17.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827133657/http://www.sacred-texts.com/sym/bot/bot17.htm |date=27 August 2018 }}, accessed 10 September 2018</ref>
*Sapphire is the official [[Symbols of Queensland|state gem]] of [[Queensland]], recognized since August 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=State gem {{!}} State flags, emblems, and icons|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-gem|access-date=27 October 2021|website=www.qld.gov.au|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027032933/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-gem|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable sapphires==


{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Overview of notable sapphires
|-
!scope="col" | Sapphire
!scope="col" | Origin
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Size
!scope="col" | Cut
!scope="col" | Color
!scope="col" | Location
|-
!scope="row"| [[Bismarck Sapphire Necklace|Bismarck Sapphire]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://geogallery.si.edu/index.php/10002691/bismarck-sapphire-necklace | title = Bismarck Sapphire Necklace | work = Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History | publisher = [[Smithsonian Institution]] | access-date = 7 August 2017 | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033841/http://geogallery.si.edu/index.php/10002691/bismarck-sapphire-necklace | url-status = live }}</ref>
| [[Myanmar]]
| 98.56 carats
| Table
| Blue
| [[National Museum of Natural History]], Washington, D.C.
|-
!scope="row"| [[Black Star of Queensland]]<ref name="Kim-2010"/>
| Australia, 1938
| 733 carats
| Star
| Black
| Anonymous owner
|-
!scope="row"| Blue Belle of Asia<ref>{{cite web |title=10 jewels that made history |url=https://www.christies.com/features/10-jewels-that-created-auction-history-and-changed-the-market-9549-3.aspx?sc_lang=en&lid=1 |website=Christies |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316045906/https://www.christies.com/features/10-jewels-that-created-auction-history-and-changed-the-market-9549-3.aspx?sc_lang=en&lid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Sri Lanka
| 392.52 carats
| Cushion
| Blue
| Anonymous owner
|-
!scope="row"| [[Logan Sapphire]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Logan Sapphire [G3703] |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |url=http://geogallery.si.edu/index.php/10002687/logan-sapphire |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815200533/http://geogallery.si.edu/index.php/10002687/logan-sapphire |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Sri Lanka
| 422.99 carats
| Cushion
| Blue
| National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
|-
!scope="row"| [[Queen Marie of Romania Sapphire|Queen Marie of Romania]]<ref name="Christie’s-2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-magnificent-and-historic-sapphire-pendant-by-4190982-details.aspx?from=salesummery&intObjectID=4190982&sid=46018e0d-dd25-4985-be9a-0e9289b52a30 | title = Lot 382: A MAGNIFICENT AND HISTORIC SAPPHIRE PENDANT, BY CARTIER | date = 19 November 2003 | location = Geneva, Switzerland | work = Christie’s | access-date = 7 August 2017 | archive-date = 7 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807232803/http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-magnificent-and-historic-sapphire-pendant-by-4190982-details.aspx?from=salesummery&intObjectID=4190982&sid=46018e0d-dd25-4985-be9a-0e9289b52a30 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| Sri Lanka
| 478.68 carats
| Cushion
| Blue
| Anonymous owner
|-
!scope="row"| [[Star of Adam]]<ref name="Sivaramakrishnan-2016"/>
| Sri Lanka, 2015
| 1404.49 carats
| Star
| Blue
| Anonymous owner
|-
!scope="row"| [[Star of Bombay]]
| Sri Lanka
| 182 carats
| Star
| Blue-violet
| National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
|-
!scope="row"| [[Star of India (gem)|Star of India]]
| Sri Lanka
| 563.4 carats
| Star
| Blue-gray
| [[American Museum of Natural History]], New York
|-
!scope="row"| [[Stuart Sapphire]]
| Sri Lanka
| 104 carats
|
| Blue
| [[Tower of London]]
|}
Extensive tables listing over a hundred important and famous rubies and sapphires can be found in Chapter 10 of ''Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide''.<ref name="Hughes-2017"/>{{rp|380–395}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Minerals}}
* [[Emerald]]
* [[Geuda]]
* [[List of sapphires by size]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://webmineral.com/data/Corundum.shtml Webmineral.com], Webmineral Corundum page, Webmineral with extensive crystallographic and mineralogical information on Corundum
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sapphire |short=x}}

{{Gemstone}}
{{Named sapphires}}
{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aluminium minerals]]
[[Category:Corundum gemstones]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Dielectrics]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 167]]
[[Category:Optical materials]]
[[Category:Oxide minerals]]
[[Category:Superhard materials]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]
[[Category:Trigonal minerals]]
[[Category:Symbols of Queensland]]

R. Thyagarajan (director)

2026-03-14T04:07:47Z

JyothikaSahoo: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Thyagarajan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1 July 2018
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| other names =
| occupation = Writer, producer, director
| years active =
| website =
}}

'''R. Thyagarajan''' (died 1 July 2018) was an Indian writer, producer and director who worked in [[Tamil cinema]].

== Film career ==
Thyagarajan grew up in Pollachi in an extended family of 23 people, and had four sisters and four brothers. After studying in Pollachi, he went on to study chemistry in Peelamedu, with the intention of becoming a chemist. After his marriage in 1966, he began to work on the productions of his father-in-law, [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] of [[Devar Films]]. He initially worked on the story-discussion panel teams in 1968 and progressed to the editing department.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 May 1983 |title=வெ.விரதம் முதல் ச. விரதம் வரை |url=https://ibb.co/qryzrvb |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |pages=63–64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424150132/https://ibb.co/qryzrvb |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> In the late 1960s, he worked as an assistant director and as an associate editor in the films, ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971) and ''[[Nalla Neram]]'' (1972).<ref name="Hinbio">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=R Thyagarajan: A perfectionist behind the camera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-thyagarajan-a-perfectionist-behind-the-camera/article25096157.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715185944/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-thyagarajan-a-perfectionist-behind-the-camera/article25096157.ece |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=24 July 2012 |title=Sandow and superstars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sandow-and-superstars/article3678424.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150119075159/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sandow-and-superstars/article3678424.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

His first directorial venture was ''[[Vellikizhamai Viratham]]'' (1974), which portrayed the bond between the female protagonist and her deity, the Naga-Devatha. The film starring [[Sivakumar]], performed well at the box office and was later remade in Hindi and Telugu.<ref name="Hinbio" /> Over the course of his career, he was closely associated with Devar Films, eventually going on to make over 30 films. He made 11 films with [[Rajinikanth]] in the lead role, including the Tamil-Telugu bilinguals ''[[Annai Oru Aalayam]]'' (1979) and ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]'' (1980), the crime drama ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]'' (1982), and the Hindi film ''[[Bewafai]]'' (1985).<ref name="Hinbio" /> Several of the films produced under the Devar Films banner featured animals such as lions, snakes and elephants in pivotal scenes, and Thyagarajan became renowned for handling the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Chinnappa Devar family scion speaks about dad, granddad & films with Rajini |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/16/chinnappa-devar-family-scion-speaks-about-her-father-grandfather-and-their-films-with-rajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602222750/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/16/chinnappa-devar-family-scion-speaks-about-her-father-grandfather-and-their-films-with-rajini/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1966, Thyagarajan married T. Subbulakshmi. He subsequently became the son-in-law of Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar. He had two children, son Vel Muruga and daughter Shanmugha Vadivu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Rajini-Kamal super hit films director passes away |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-director-r-thiagarajan-passes-away-tamil-news-216584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621055149/https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-director-r-thiagarajan-passes-away-tamil-news-216584 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Death ==
Thyagarajan died on 1 July 2018 following a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Director of Rajni-Kamal Hit Films RThyagarajan Passes Away Of Heart Attack |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-movies-director-of-rajni-kamal-hit-films-r-thyagarajan-passes-away-of-heart-attack-3142917/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621055234/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-movies-director-of-rajni-kamal-hit-films-r-thyagarajan-passes-away-of-heart-attack-3142917/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan's popular director passes away! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasans-popular-director-passes-away.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621055155/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasans-popular-director-passes-away.html |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
;Director
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Language
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Vellikizhamai Viratham]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Thiruvarul]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Thayilla Kuzhandhai]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Murugan Adimai]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Sorgam Naragam]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Pottelu Punnamma]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Mera Rakshak]]'' || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Thai Meethu Sathiyam]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Annai Oru Aalayam]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Annai Oru Aalayam|Amma Evarikaina Amma]]'' || Telugu
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Bangaru Lakshmi]]'' || Telugu
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai|Mayadari Krishnudu]]'' || Telugu
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Main Aur Mera Haathi]]'' || Hindi
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Anjatha Nenjangal]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Adhisayappiravigal]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Shasti Viratham]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Thai Veedu]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Apoorva Sahodarigal]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Jeet Hamaari]]'' || Hindi
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Nalla Naal]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Annai Bhoomi]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Anthasthu]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Bewafai]]'' || Hindi
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Dharmam]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Sigappu Thali]]'' || Tamil
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=0862308}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thyagarajan, R.}}
{{R. Thyagarajan (director)}}

[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain

2026-03-09T21:52:30Z

JyothikaSahoo: brief enhanced formatting based on references also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian Hindi web series by Ekta Kapoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist |
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama]]
}}
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist |
* Vibha Singh
* Jaya Mishra
}}
| screenplay = Vibha Singh
| story = [[Neena Gupta]]
| director = {{Plainlist |
* [[Anil V. Kumar|Anil V Kumar]]
* Kapil Sharma
}}
| creative_director = {{Plainlist |
* Jaspreet Kaur Ahuja
* Niharika Singh Jadaun
}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Amruta Fadnavis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/amruta-fadnavis-sings-song-altbalaji-series-kehne-ko-humsafar-hain/|title=Amruta Fadnavis sings title song of ALTBalaji series Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain|date=March 12, 2018|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317233137/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/amruta-fadnavis-sings-song-altbalaji-series-kehne-ko-humsafar-hain/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| opentheme =
| endtheme = "Tum Ho Paas..."
| composer = Ashish Rego
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 60
| list_episodes = Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain#Episodes
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist |
* Manyata Sood
* Ankur Dwivedi
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist |
* Shristi Arya Behl
* [[Goldie Behl]]
}}
| location = [[Delhi, India]]
| cinematography =
| editor = {{Plainlist |
* Satya Sharma
* Sumanth Sharma
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 18–28 minutes
| company = Rose Audio Visuals
| network = {{Plainlist |
* [[ALTBalaji]]
* [[ZEE5]]
}}
| released = {{Start date|2018|03|16|df=y}}
}}

'''''Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] [[web series]] produced by Shristi Arya Behl and [[Goldie Behl]] for [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s [[video on demand]] platforms [[ZEE5]] and [[ALTBalaji]]. The series stars actors [[Ronit Roy]], [[Mona Singh]], and [[Gurdeep Kohli]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-s-trailer-out-done-to-death-treatment-kills-the-magic-of-ronit-roy-and-mona-singh-s-fresh-pairing-1182301-2018-03-05|title=Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain's trailer out: Done-to-death treatment kills the magic of Ronit Roy and Mona Singh's fresh pairing|author=Shweta Keshri |date=March 19, 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-trailer-ronit-roy-mona-singh-return-to-tv-with-web-series-on-infidelity/story-w4yXOzfQaPA0MTSyxK1DWI.html|title=Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain trailer: Ronit Roy, Mona Singh return to TV with web series on infidelity|date=March 6, 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

This series was launched on [[Zee5]] on 25 March 2020 as a substitute for the Zee TV shows whose broadcast had to be stopped by the channel due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/03/coronavirusoutbreak-zee-tv-replaces-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-with-three-altbalaji-shows/|title=#CoronavirusOutbreak: Zee TV replaces Kumkum Bhagya and Kundali Bhagya with three AltBalaji shows|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=26 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==

===Season 1===
Rohit Mehra, a chartered accountant is married to Poonam for twenty-two years and have two daughters named Bani and Nikki. On the surface, they are a happy couple. But Rohit has an affair with Ananya Sharma, an interior designer. They meet privately and carefully keep their relationship under wraps. However, the secret is soon discovered. The family is torn apart, and Rohit's kids start loathing Ananya. Torn between a loyal wife and lover, Rohit decides to divorce Poonam and legitimize his relationship with Ananya through marriage. After several arguments, Rohit and Poonam are legally separated, and he marries Ananya.

Shortly after her marriage, Bani, Rohit's elder daughter hits depression due to her unhappiness in her marital life. Rohit goes back to his family to extend his support to his daughter through this difficult phase. This makes Ananya insecure, leading to everyday chaos at home. She feels neglected by Rohit who is still deeply connected with his former wife and children. Upset at the turn of events, she writes a letter for Rohit and leaves the house.

===Season 2===
Upon reading Ananya's letter, Rohit feels betrayed as he had left his family for her. He goes out on a search and fails to locate her. Soon, he learns that she is in [[Doha]], and immediately takes off to make it up to her. After several tries, he convinces her to come back to India, where they set up a new life together. Everything goes back to normal again. However, Rohit's first wife Poonam starts dating a young man named Abhimanyu.

In subsequent episodes, Bani realizes that she had never loved her husband and wants to divorce him. Meanwhile Rohit hits a financial crisis but keeps Ananya out of the matter. Ananya learns of this through Poonam who unintentionally spills it out. She feels hurt that Rohit never felt comfortable to share his troubles with her. On the other hand, Poonam is uncomfortable with the love she is receiving from Abhimanyu. She is going through a difficult period of having a menopause, which has made her emotionally unstable. Eventually she comes to Rohit for help, and they end up having a one-night stand. Poonam tells Rohit not to let Ananya know of the incident, as she would be very upset and end their relationship.

On Christmas Eve, a pregnant Ananya discovers the truth at a party. Rohit tries to explain, but a furious Ananya is adamant. She decides to not disclose to Rohit about her pregnancy, and immediately leaves for Doha, heartbroken.

===Season 3===
It has been four years since Ananya left Rohit. She has a three-year-old son, Kabir and still lives in [[Qatar]]. Meanwhile, Rohit has turned into a drunkard and philanderer.

One day, Ananya learns that her company in India, which she had given to Bani has hit a rough patch. She comes back to India and after a confrontation with Bani, decides to fix the issue with her. She meets everyone, including Rohit, that leads to an altercation. She makes up her mind for divorce but Rohit bluntly refuses.

Rohit and Poonam's younger daughter Nikki's marriage gets fixed. On the day of the wedding, the police arrives at the venue and arrests Rohit for allegedly kidnapping a lady' young daughter, who turns out to be the girl he is dating. Everyone tries to get him out of jail in time for the wedding, but the police refuses to give him bail. On the day of Nikki's marriage, Rohit confesses to his family that he had indeed married the girl he was dating. Everyone is shocked. Ananya feels sad and wants to leave.

Next morning, the daughter's mother comes to arrest Rohit again. She tells her daughter that the couple cannot be married since Rohit is her sister's husband. It is revealed that the woman is Ananya's mother, who had left her in a foster home when she was a baby. Her mother provided a huge amount of money to pay for Ananya's expenses but never met her. Ananya lived her life alone without parents and siblings which is why she has been so broken. The girl, in front of everyone, accepts that Rohit helped her in this matter because he loves Ananya so much. And that she and Rohit were not married. She then leaves.

Ananya misses her flight and decides to live in India with her family. She goes to meet Rohit with her son Kabir. He apologizes for everything and wants another chance, but she refuses to reconcile.

At last, they get divorced. After separation, Rohit comes to meet her. In a flashback, she says "I don't want my husband back. I want the man I love, Rohit, when we had great loving memories".

==Cast==
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Rohit Mehra (seasons 1–3): Poonam's ex-husband and Ananya's lover-turned-husband
* [[Mona Singh]] as Ananya Sharma (seasons 1–3): Rohit's lover, later his wife
* [[Gurdeep Kohli]] as Poonam Kapoor Mehra (seasons 1–3): Rohit's ex-wife and Abhimanyu's wife
* [[Pooja Banerjee]] as Bani Mehra (seasons 1–3): Rohit and Poonams' elder daughter
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Nikki Mehra (seasons 1–3): Rohit and Poonam's younger daughter
* [[Apurva Agnihotri]] as Harry Somani (seasons 1–3): Ananya's boss
* Sandeep Nahar as Guri (seasons 1–3): Rohit's best friend
* Rani Jha as Vandy (seasons 1–3): Ananya's friend
* [[Manraj Singh]] as Arya (seasons 1–2): Bani's husband
* [[Parth Samthaan]] as Faizal Alghazi (Season 2): Bani's love interest
* Sayush Sanjay Nayyar as Abhimanyu (seasons 2–3): Poonam's second husband
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Sheena (seasons 1–3): Poonam's sister
* [[Aditi Vasudev]] as Amaira (Season 3): Ananya's half-sister
* [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues|Ivan Rodrigues]] as Paritosh (Season 3): Amaira's father
* [[Anjum Fakih]] as Nisha (Season 3)
* [[Sharon Prabhakar]] as Mrinalini (Season 3): Ananya and Amairas' mother

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber =5 | EpisodeNumber2 =5 |title= |director= |writer= |airdate=5 |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Memories Magic And Madness
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Desperate Love, Guilty Hearts
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Who Am I To You?
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Stolen Love
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Always An Outsider
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Wife's Challenge
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Mine Forever
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Love Or 'Tug-O'-War'
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = J For Jealousy
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|03|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Trials And Tribulations
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Crossing Boundaries
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Home Alone
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = New Beginnings Old Ghosts
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Nothing Lasts Forever
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#D38233|EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Love, Loss and Lingering Memories
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Sleepless in Qatar
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Sukoon
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Fifty Fifty
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Nothing Changes But You
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Fool's Paradise
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Dirty Secret
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Web of Lies
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Cold War and Red Roses
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|02|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Same Same But Different
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = A secret to keep
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = The Speed Dial Girl
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Fast and the Furious
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = Like Father Like Daughter
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Parallel Universes
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = The Plot Thickens
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Of Foes and Friends
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = The Past Beckons
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Spilling the Beans
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title = Sea of Secrets
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21
|Title = Broken Heart Never Heals
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22
|Title = Karma Destiny and the Circle of Life
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23
|Title = Silence and the Silenced
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24
|Title = New Year, Old Lies
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25
|Title = Tell Tale
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26
|Title = What Goes Around Comes Around
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #D38233
}}
}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{Episode table |background=#0C5829 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Hearts of Stone
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Lambi Judai
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = This Hearts a Mess
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Hello Stranger! Missed Me?
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Aftermath
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = A Mistake, That's What I Am
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Double Trouble
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Moving on with a Ring!
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = The Proposal
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|06|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Har Fikr Ko Dhuein Mein Udhata
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Small Flames = Big Fire
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Hit And Run
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = The Ugly Truth
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Where There Is Smoke, There Is Fire
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = Band Baaja Qaidkhaana
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Shaadi-Vyaah, Jail-Shail
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = Gone Girl
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Control-Shift-Restart
|DirectedBy = Anil V Kumar, Kapil Sharma
|WrittenBy = Vibha Singh, Jaya Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #0C5829
}}
}}

==Reception==
[[Mid-Day]] gave the series 4.5 stars and said, "High on emotions, Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain has a relatable story where life is not only about kitchen politics, or hacking an over-imaginative plan to kill someone or weeping all the time."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kehne-ko-humsafar-hai-web-series-preview/19198168|title=Kehne Ko Humsafar Hai - Web series preview|date=March 15, 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref>

[[Box Office India]] gave the show 4 stars and wrote, "Amid the regressive plots present in abundance in the Indian television industry, Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain gives a fresh story line, while talking about the reality of relationships and their conflicts. The struggle that the male protagonist faces to balance both aspects of his life with sensitivity promises to be interesting."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/5-reasons-watch-altbalaji%E2%80%99s-kehne-ko-humsafar-hai|title=5 Reasons To Watch ALTBalaji's Kehne Ko Humsafar Hai|date=March 6, 2018|website=Box Office India|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054118/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/5-reasons-watch-altbalaji%E2%80%99s-kehne-ko-humsafar-hai|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Zee News]] gave the series 4/5 stars, writing "The storyline of the show is for a mature audience as it delves into the complex relationship of a husband, wife and the other woman. The web series shows a sneak-peek of what the reality today one faces in selecting between society and himself!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/alt-balajis-kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-trailer-has-got-us-hooked-watch-video-2087105.html|title=ALT Balaji's Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain trailer has got us hooked—Watch video|date=March 6, 2018|website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| 2018
| Streaming Awards - March Edition
| ''Break Through Performance''
| [[Mona Singh]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/winners-streaming-awards-march-edition/|title=Winners of Streaming Awards – March Edition|date=March 31, 2018|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=10 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120250/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/winners-streaming-awards-march-edition/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8006806}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain/0-6-2615 ''Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain''] on [[ZEE5]]
* ''[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-season-1/183 Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]'' on [[ALTBalaji]]
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-season-2/259 Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain Season 2] on ALTBalaji
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/kehne-ko-humsafar-hain-season-3/336 Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain Season 3] on ALTBalaji

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain}}
[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]

Shubra Aiyappa

2026-03-07T11:53:10Z

JyothikaSahoo:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubra Aiyappa
| image = Shubra Aiyappa (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|04|24|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://instagram.com/p/Bh8keVSgNXa |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bh8keVSgNXa |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration| title=Shubra Aiyappa's birthday post on Instagram | publisher=Shubra Aiyappa | access-date=2020-01-13}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kodagu District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Rachita
| occupation = Actress,Model,
| years_active = 2003 - present
| works = Full list
| spouse = Mohammad Hamza (m.2013)

}}

'''Shubra Aiyappa''' (born 24 April) is an Indian actress who has appeared predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films, in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shubra-aiyappa-shames-miscreants-after-receiving-obscenely-morphed-pictures/articleshow/69789325.cms|title=Shubra Aiyappa shames miscreants after receiving obscenely morphed pictures|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021170934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shubra-aiyappa-shames-miscreants-after-receiving-obscenely-morphed-pictures/articleshow/69789325.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After making her debut in the Telugu film ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014), she went on to appear in ''[[Sagaptham]]'' (2015) and ''[[Vajrakaya]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-is-addicted-to-belly-dancing/articleshow/32366503.cms|title=Shubra Aiyappa is addicted to belly dancing|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714230924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-is-addicted-to-belly-dancing/articleshow/32366503.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-is-on-cloud-nine/articleshow/35008234.cms|title=Shubra Aiyappa is on cloud nine|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702194322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-is-on-cloud-nine/articleshow/35008234.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before venturing into modeling and movies, she studied in [[Baldwin Girls' High School|Baldwin Girls High School]], Bangalore.

==Career==
After breaking into modelling, Aiyappa appeared in several commercials before being signed on to appear in the Telugu film, ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]'' (2015), directed by [[YVS Chowdary]]. However Aiyappa later opted out of the venture, and signed on to make her acting debut in ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hotness-alert-shubra-aiyappa-will-set-your-hearts-racing-with-these-bewitching-photos/photostory/77527056.cms|title=Hotness Alert! Shubra Aiyappa will set your hearts racing with these bewitching PHOTOS|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814081009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hotness-alert-shubra-aiyappa-will-set-your-hearts-racing-with-these-bewitching-photos/photostory/77527056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> portraying a journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-an-actor-by-chance-Shubra-Aiyappa/articleshow/29858631.cms|title=I'm an actor by chance: Shubra Aiyappa|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=11 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311233605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-an-actor-by-chance-Shubra-Aiyappa/articleshow/29858631.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Aiyappa appeared in ''[[Sagaptham]]'', a Tamil film noted for its launch of Shanmugapandian, the son of actor-politician [[Vijayakanth]]. The film opened to poor reviews and Aiyappa's role was minimal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sagaptham/movie-review/46796936.cms|title=Sagaptham Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407234339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sagaptham/movie-review/46796936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, She also made her first appearance in a Kannada film during the same year, portraying a guest role in ''[[Vajrakaya]]'' (2015). Her character appeared in the first fifteen minutes of the film and featured in a song, which was shot in [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-to-make-her-Kannada-debut/articleshow/46630198.cms|title=Shubra Aiyappa to make her Kannada debut|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324005412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shubra-Aiyappa-to-make-her-Kannada-debut/articleshow/46630198.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews and performed well at the box office, prompting further film offers for Aiyappa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shivarajkumar-gets-candid-with-Shubra-Aiyappa/articleshow/47985882.cms|title=Shivarajkumar gets candid with Shubra Aiyappa|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711114909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shivarajkumar-gets-candid-with-Shubra-Aiyappa/articleshow/47985882.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Fresh-Talent-Shines-in-Vajrakaya/2015/05/13/article2810915.ece|title=Fresh Talent Shines in Vajrakaya|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030141508/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Fresh-Talent-Shines-in-Vajrakaya/2015/05/13/article2810915.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Her next was with [[Diganth|Diganth Manchale]] titled [[Thimayya & Thimayya]] which opened to positive to mixed reviews and performed decently at the box office.

She was then seen in the movie ''[[Ramana Avatara]]'' with actor [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] and [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha subash]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2014 || ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' || Sunaina|| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|2015 || ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || Priya|| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Vajrakaya]]''|| Geetha || rowspan="3" | [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]||
|-
|2022
|''[[Thimayya & Thimayya]]''
|Soumya
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diganth, Anant Nag team up for Thimayya & Thimayya|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/20/diganth-anant-nag-team-up-for-thimayya--thimayya-27383.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020034731/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/oct/20/diganth-anant-nag-team-up-for-thimayya--thimayya-27383.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Ramana Avatara]]''
|Poorni
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vajrakaya' heroine Shubra Aiyappa picks 'Ramana Avatara' as next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/18/vajrakaya-heroine-shubra-aiyappa-picks-ramana-avatara-as-next-1940137.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020040721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/18/vajrakaya-heroine-shubra-aiyappa-picks-ramana-avatara-as-next-1940137.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6284582|Shubra Aaiyappa}}
*{{Instagram|shubra.aiyappa}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiyappa, Shubra}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Teenkahon

2026-03-04T00:35:34Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding New Info Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teenkahon
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]]
| producer = Monalisa Mukherji
| screenplay = [[Abhinandan Banerjee]] Bauddhayan Mukherji
| story = [[Bibhutibhushan Mukhopadhyay]] [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]] [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = Arnab Chakraborty
| cinematography = [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| studio = Little Lamb Films
| distributor = Viacom18
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|07|Seattle South Asian Film Festival|2015|09|11| [[Kolkata]]}}<ref name="imdb.com">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3479530/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909020941/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3479530/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4 |date=9 September 2023 }}. ''imdb''</ref>
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{INRConvert|1.5|c}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Teenkahon''''' (''Three Obsessions'') is a 2014<ref name="imdb.com"/> [[Psychological]] [[Mystery film|mystery]]-[[Thriller film|thriller]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] and produced by Monalisa Mukherji under the banner of Little Lamb Films.

== Cast ==
* [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] as Shailen (Senior)
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Radhanath
* Ratan Sarkhel as Tarapada
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Radhanath's wife
* Bhadra Basu as Pishima
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Akshay
* [[Monu Mukhopadhyay]] as Gurumoshai
* Ananya Sen as Nayantara
* Barshan Seal as Shailen (Junior)
* [[Parvathy Baul]] as Baul
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as Sukomol Basu Roy
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as Gyanesh Mitra
* Phalguni Chatterjee as Mejo Mama
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Anamika Guha
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Joydeb Guha
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Dr Banerjee
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] as Ronojoy Dutta
* [[Kaushik Mukherjee]] as Deepak Addhya
* [[Sarada Banerjee]] as Noni
* Panchanan Banerjee as Chowdhury
* Madhuparna Kumar as Ex-speaker's ex-wife
* Pratirup Ghosh as Ayush (Junior)

== Themes ==
''Teenkahon'' is a [[triptych]] film. [[The Gulf Today]] described it as "a rare international art house film from Bengal which, as a piece of social document, tries to capture the changing face of morality, the degeneration of values, the increasing pollution of the spoken language and the changing social fabric of Bengal through three stories."<ref name=gulftoday>{{cite news|title=Capturing the changing social fabric of Bengal|url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/aee10510-1832-4d53-901f-8b0072688c36.aspx|accessdate=8 March 2015|publisher=[[The Gulf Today]]|date=5 February 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084133/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/aee10510-1832-4d53-901f-8b0072688c36.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Teenkahon'' is the first film of Little Lamb Films, the production house founded by [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]].

=== Filming ===
Filming locations include places in [[West Bengal]] such as [[Kolkata]] and [[Bolpur]].

== Release ==
{{quote box|width=30em|align=right|quote="This fest ([[DC Independent Film Festival]]) doesn't believe in showing hundred or more films like mainstream festivals. In the narrative feature category, they've chosen just eight films from across the world. ''Teenkahon'' is the only one from Asia in the competition section and it's a rare honour for a Bengali film."<ref name=dc>{{cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Ruman|title=Teenkahon chosen for DC film fest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Teenkahon-chosen-for-DC-film-fest/articleshow/46342822.cms|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2015|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830195304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Teenkahon-chosen-for-DC-film-fest/articleshow/46342822.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>|source=—[[Bauddhayan Mukherji]], in an interview.}}

''Teenkahon'' was the only Asian film which was showcased in the prestigious [[DC Independent Film Festival]] in 2015. Director [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] was also one of the few selected filmmakers who took part in the summit hosted by [[Caucuses of the United States Congress|US Congressional Entertainment Industries Caucus]], the topic of which was the use of drones in films and policy decisions on the usage guidelines. The seminar was presided over by American politician [[Brad Sherman]].<ref name=dc/>

''Teenkahon'' is slated for a theatrical release on 11 September 2015 in India.

=== Festival screenings ===
''Teenkahon'' was screened at the following film festivals in 2015.

* [[:fr:Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif|Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif]], [[Paris, France]]<ref name=11internationalawards/>
* [[DC Independent Film Festival]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=dc/>
* [[Indian Panorama]], [[International Film Festival of India]], [[Goa, India]]
* [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]], [[Mumbai Film Festival]], [[Mumbai, India]]
* [[Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart]], [[Stuttgart, Germany]]
* [[Soho International Film Festival]], [[New York City|New York, USA]]
* [[Bridge Film Fest]], [[Mitrovica, Kosovo]]
* Bengali Film Festival, [[Dubai]]<ref name=20years>{{cite news|last1=Vettath|first1=Malavika|title=Rituparna Sengupta's 20 years in Bengali film|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/film/rituparna-senguptas-20-years-in-bengali-film|access-date=8 March 2015|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|date=8 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221080923/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/film/rituparna-senguptas-20-years-in-bengali-film|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=gulfnews>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Gautam|title=Bengali film festival sells out screenings|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/movie-news/bengali-film-festival-sells-out-screenings-1.1453148|accessdate=8 March 2015|publisher=[[Gulf News]]|date=8 February 2015|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909021421/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/k-drama-actors-gong-yoo-and-lee-dong-wook-shock-netizens-with-an-unexpected-reunion-in-2023-1.1694186596473?articleTypeSuffix=Package|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[ImagineIndia International Film Festival]], [[Madrid, Spain]]
* [[Pune International Film Festival]], [[Pune, India]]
* [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], [[Melbourne, Australia]]
* [[Zimbabwe International Film Festival]], [[Harare, Zimbabwe]]
* [[Seattle South Asian Film Festival]], [[Seattle, USA]]
* [[Chennai International Film Festival]], [[Chennai, India]]
* [[Cannes Underground Film Festival]],
* [[North Carolina International South Asian Film Festival]], [[North Carolina, USA]]
* [[Habitat Film Festival]], [[New Delhi, India]]
* Madrid International Film Festival, [[Madrid, Spain]]
* [[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival]], [[Hyderabad, India]]
* [[Berlin Underground Film Festival]]
* [[Navi Mumbai International Film Festival]], [[Navi Mumbai, India]]
* [[National Film Festival]], [[Kozhikode, India]]

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Teenkahon
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arnab Chakrabarty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Playback singer Arnab Chakraborty was chosen to compose the film score for ''Teenkahon''. The film will be his debut as a music composer. Singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was reported to record a song for the film.

== Accolades ==
''Teenkahon'' went on to receive multiple awards in various international film festivals, being the only Bengali film in consideration in most cases. It won a Special Mention Award from six student jury members in [[Paris]].<ref name=11internationalawards/> Director [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] was bestowed with the Aravindan Puraskaram for Best Debutant Director by [[Beena Paul]], receiving a cash prize of {{INRConvert|25|k}}, a certificate and a statuette.<ref name=aravindan2/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|- align="center"
! style="background:#CCCCEE;" | Award
! style="background:#CCCCEE;" | Category
! style="background:#CCCCEE;" | Recipients and nominees
! style="background:#CCCCEE;" | Result
|-
| [[:fr:Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif|Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif]]<ref name=11internationalawards>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Zinia|title=Teenkahon wins 11th international award!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Teenkahon-wins-11th-international-award/articleshow/46230596.cms|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2015|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Teenkahon-wins-11th-international-award/articleshow/46230596.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Special Mention of the Student Jury for Best Narrative Feature
| rowspan="2"| [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]<ref name=aravindan2>{{cite news|title=Selected for Aravindan Puraskaram|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Selected-for-Aravindan-Puraskaram/2015/02/25/article2685883.ece|accessdate=8 March 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402221624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Selected-for-Aravindan-Puraskaram/2015/02/25/article2685883.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=aravindan1>{{cite news|title=Aravindan Puraskaram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/aravindan-puraskaram/article6931278.ece|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2015|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627153903/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/aravindan-puraskaram/article6931278.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Aravindan Puraskaram]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title|3479530}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]

Iftikhar Hussain Ansari

2026-03-03T17:21:17Z

JyothikaSahoo: added references

{{short description| Indian politician, businessman and religious scholar }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Iftikhar Hussain Ansari
| native_name = افتخار حسين الأنصاري
| image =|
| occupation = Politician, Businessman, Religious Cleric
| constituency = [[Pattan]], [[Baramulla]], Kashmir
| residence = Darul Jawad,[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| alma_mater = [[Sultanul Madaris]], [[Lucknow]], India [[Hawza Elmia Najaf]], [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]
| birth_date = 26 April 1942
| birth_place = Srinagar, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|9|30|1942
|4|26|df=y}} [[Srinagar]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[India]]
| resting_place = Baba Mazar, [[Zadibal]], [[Srinagar]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
| otherparty = *'''President''', [[All Jammu and Kashmir Shia Association]], 
*'''Chairman''' [[Imam Hussain A.S Charitable Trust]]
*'''President''', Maarif-Uloom-Islami [Educational wing of [[All Jammu and Kashmir Shia Association]] ].
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]
*[[Janata Party]]
*[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| children = [[Imran Raza Ansari]], [[Irfan Raza Ansari]], and a daughter
| signature =
}}
'''Iftikhar Hussain Ansari''' (26 April 1942 – 30 September 2014), widely known among his followers as '''Moulvi Sahib''', was a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] cleric, politician, businessman and a proponent of the [[Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir]]. Ansari was a Wakil (Representative) of Ayatollah Sistani. He was also the representative of Ruhollah Khomeini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2014 |title=Iran envoy condoles demise of Moulvi Iftikhar |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2014/10/01/iran-envoy-condoles-demise-of-moulvi-iftikhar/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Kashmir Observer}}</ref>

He was one of the leading Shia clerics in [[Kashmir]] and had close relations with multiple other important scholars such as Sayyid Jawad Shahristani, [[Mohammad Alavi Gorgani]] and [[Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani]]. He studied at [[Sultanul Madaris Lucknow]], as well as [[Hawza Najaf]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari; A Brief Inteoduction|date= 30 September 2014|url= https://kashmirlife.net/molvi-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-a-brief-introduction-65994/|publisher=Kashmir Life|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>
He succeeded his father Muhammad Jawad Ansari as president of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Shia Association]] in Jammu & Kashmir in 1962, a position which he held for life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shias of Kashmir: Socio-Political Dilemmas|url=http://kashmirobserver.net/news/features/shias-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas|publisher=Kashmir Observer|accessdate=24 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104214200/http://kashmirobserver.net/news/features/shias-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas|archivedate=4 January 2013}}</ref> He was four-time member of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s Legislative Assembly for the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] from Pattan Assembly segment;<ref>{{cite web | title=PDP MLA Iftikhar Hussain Ansari passes away | website=The Hindu | date=30 September 2014 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pdp-mla-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-passes-away/article6460851.ece | access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> he was earlier a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="KashmirLife">{{cite web|title=Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari|url=http://kashmirlife.net/molvi-iftikhar-hussain-ansari/|publisher=Kashmir Life|accessdate=24 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104327/http://www.kashmirlife.net/molvi-iftikhar-hussain-ansari/|archivedate=17 October 2013}}</ref>

In 1978, He along with [[Abdul Ghani Lone]] founded the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] of which his son and brother are now a part.

== Political career ==

Iftikhar Hussain Ansari was a prominent politician known for his four-term tenure as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan Assembly segment]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He also served as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) for two non consecutive terms. He garnered a substantial following among the Shia community in the state due to his background as a Shia cleric. He had also served as a Minister of the State Government numerous times, holding portfolios like Housing and Urban Development, a department which he is most well known for having revolutionised. Ansari also focused on environmental issues and is remembered for starting a large scale project to clean the Dal Lake.<ref>{{cite web | title=PDP MLA Iftikhar Hussain Ansari passes away | website=The Economic Times | date=30 September 2014 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pdp-mla-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-passes-away/articleshow/43882592.cms | access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

Ansari's political journey commenced in the 1960s when he entered the realm of public service. In 1973, he was nominated as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) on the ticket of the [[Indian National Congress]]. However, during the 1977 elections, he shifted his allegiance to the Janata Party.<ref>{{cite web | title=Molvi Iftikhar Ansari's demise a major loss for PDP | website=Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir | date=26 April 1940 |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=132658 | access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

Returning to the [[Indian National Congress]] fold in the 1980s, Ansari's leadership qualities were recognized, and he was appointed as the leader of the Legislature party in the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly from 1983 to 1987.

In 1996, he secured a victory in the state legislative assembly elections, once again on a Congress ticket, and subsequently assumed a ministerial role in the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) government, headed by [[Farooq Abdullah]].

Ansari's association with various political parties continued over the years. In 2002, he joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (NC) and successfully contested the election from the [[Pattan Assembly constituency]]. However, in 2006, he decided to switch to the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Unfortunately, he faced defeat in the ensuing by-election.<ref>{{cite web | title=PDP MLA Ansari dead | website=Deccan Herald | date=30 September 2014 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pdp-mla-ansari-dead-418037.html | access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

In the 2008 elections, Ansari secured a significant win on a PDP ticket, further solidifying his political standing within the state. {{As of|2014}}, he was nominated as the party's candidate for the forthcoming assembly elections, reflecting the trust and support he enjoyed within the party ranks. After his death, his son, Molvi [[Imran Reza Ansari]] who was earlier the party’s candidate from Zadibal constituency, was nominated as party candidate for Pattan constituency, and won with a landslide achieving the highest victory margin in the J&K Elections 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title=PDP MLA Iftikhar Hussain Ansari passes away | website=The Indian Express | date=30 September 2014 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pdp-mla-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-passes-away/ | access-date=25 July 2023}} |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-election-results-shia-cleric-imran-reza-ansari-trails-from-pattan-constituency-101728241100566.html
</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||51.14%||[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||23.30%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2006 By-election]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||45.51%||[[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||50.77%||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeAprMay2006/index.htm |access-date=1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - April-May 2006 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||52.63%||Dr. Abdul Ahad Yatoo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45.10%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||45.94%||[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||25.66%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||39.22%||Abdul Aziz Parrey||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||36.36%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||43.69%||[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||53.99%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Assassinations==
Ansari was thrice the target of unsuccessful assassination attempts. In June 2000, Ansari barely escaped the explosion of a [[landmine]] while addressing a religious congregation at Gund Khwaja Qasim. The blast killed twelve of his followers. On 1 September 2000, Ansari was injured by an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] explosion that killed two policemen and a driver. Police suspected the [[Hizbul Momineen]], a terrorist organisation led by [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] and [[Ghulam Rasool Noori]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hizbul Momineen Behind Twin Attacks On Ansari: DGP|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2000/kashmir20000902a.html|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2000|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318005325/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2000/kashmir20000902a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
Ansari died at his residence in Dar ul Jawad, Qamarwari, Srinagar on the morning of 30 September 2014 after a prolonged liver illness.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Oct/1/influential-leader-molviiftikharhussain-ansari-passes-away-28.asp |title=Influential leader MolviIftikharHussain Ansari passes away Lastupdate:- Wed, 1 Oct 2014 18:30:00 GMT GreaterKashmir.com |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151632/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Oct/1/influential-leader-molviiftikharhussain-ansari-passes-away-28.asp |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ansari had been undergoing specialized treatment in the [[United States]]. Various political, religious and social leaders offered condolences. Several hundred thousand people attended his funeral, shops were closed, and all activities were halted in Shia dominated areas, as a final adieu to their beloved leader. People from all spheres, faiths, and backgrounds attended his funeral and, internationally as well condolences were issues. His funeral procession was taken from his residence in Qamarwari to Imambargah Zadibal where Namaz e Jenazah was offered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jandknow.com/news/09303673-pdps-molvi-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-passes-away | title=PDP's Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari passes away|website=Jandknow.com| date=2014-09-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009202721/http://jandknow.com/news/09303673-pdps-molvi-iftikhar-hussain-ansari-passes-away |archive-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> He was buried in his ancestral graveyard, Baba Mazar, Alamgari Bazar, Zadibal, Srinagar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN ANSARI Srinagar (JAMMU & KASHMIR)|url=http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=6759|publisher=National Election Watch. My Neta|access-date=25 April 2013}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Iftikhar Hussain}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1983–1986]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]

Thadavu

2026-03-03T09:38:27Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding Some Post V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thadavu
| image = Thadavu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Fazil Razak
| producer = Pramod Dev Fazil Razak
| writer = Fazil Razak
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Beena R. Chandran]]
* P P Subramanian
* Anitha NM
* Ishak Musafir
* Haritha P
}}
| narrator =
| music = Vaisakh Somanath
| editing = Vinayak Suthan
| cinematography = Mridul S
| studio = FR Productions Bunch of Coconuts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|29|MAMI|2025|02|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thadavu''''' ({{Translation|The Sentence}}) is a 2025 [[Malayalam]] language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Fazil Razak. Produced under FR Productions and Bunch of Coconuts, it features Beena Chandran, P P Subramanian, Anitha NM, Ishak Musafir and Haritha P. The film had its world premiere at the [[Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Returns With South Asian Focus | website=Variety | date=9 October 2023 | url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023-program-1235748880/ | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908060828/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023-program-1235748880/ | url-status=live }}</ref> on 29 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Saachi |date=26 October 2023 |title=11 films to catch at the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/10-films-to-catch-at-the-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501182940/https://www.vogue.in/content/10-films-to-catch-at-the-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Vogue India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Beena R. Chandran]] as Geetha
* P P Subramanian as Hamza, Geetha's friend
* Anitha NM as Uma
* Ishak Musafir as Sujith, auto driver
* Haritha P as Neethu

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Award-winning film 'Thadavu' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/21/state-award-winning-film-thadavu-gets-a-release-date |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Suresh | first=Anandu | title=Thadavu movie review: Beena R Chandran, PP Subramanian and MN Anitha are brilliant in memorable watch | website=The Indian Express | date=18 December 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thadavu-movie-review-beena-r-chandran-pp-subramanian-and-mn-anitha-are-brilliant-in-memorable-watch-9070743/ | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908054824/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thadavu-movie-review-beena-r-chandran-pp-subramanian-and-mn-anitha-are-brilliant-in-memorable-watch-9070743/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[Film Companion]]''<ref>{{cite web | last=Kodur | first=Swaroop | title=Thadavu Review: Beena R. Chandran Is A Revelation In Fazil Razak's Measured Debut | website=Film Companion | date=6 March 2024 | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/thadavu-review-beena-r-chandran-is-a-revelation-in-fazil-razaks-measured-debut | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908054919/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/thadavu-review-beena-r-chandran-is-a-revelation-in-fazil-razaks-measured-debut | url-status=live }}</ref> and S.R.Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film.<ref>{{cite web | last=Praveen | first=S.R. | title='Thadavu' movie review: Fazil Razak makes a promising debut | website=The Hindu | date=14 December 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fazil-razak-makes-a-promising-debut/article67638521.ece | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908055004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fazil-razak-makes-a-promising-debut/article67638521.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| rowspan="2" | [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
| Rajatha Chakoram for Best Film
| Thadavu
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Japanese film 'Evil Does Not Exist' wins Suvarna Chakoram, 'Sunday' and 'Thadavu' corner multiple awards | website=The Hindu | date=15 December 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/evil-does-not-exist-wins-suvarna-chakoram-sunday-and-thadavu-corner-multiple-awards-at-iffk/article67642586.ece | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=23 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223122228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/evil-does-not-exist-wins-suvarna-chakoram-sunday-and-thadavu-corner-multiple-awards-at-iffk/article67642586.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Rajatha Chakoram for Best Director
| Fazil Razak
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2023|2023]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
| Thadavu
| {{won}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, 'Aattam' adjudged best film | website=The Hindu | date=12 May 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece | access-date=8 September 2024 | archive-date=27 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527201927/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[54th Kerala State Film Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Beena R. Chandran]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web | title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners list: Aadujeevitham wins big; Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena Chandran take top honours | website=The Indian Express | date=16 August 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| Fazil Razak
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29451582}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]

Udanpirappe

2026-03-03T02:34:39Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding First Info W/ Infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Short description|2021 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udanpirappe
| image = Udanpirappe poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Era. Saravanan
| writer = Era. Saravanan
| producer = {{ubl|[[Suriya]]|[[Jyothika]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Jyothika|[[M. Sasikumar]]|[[Samuthirakani]]}}
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = [[2D Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|10|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Udanpirappe''''' ({{Translation|My sibling}}) is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Era. Saravanan. Produced by [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]] via [[2D Entertainment]], it stars Jyothika, [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Samuthirakani]] in lead roles. The film features music composed by [[D. Imman]], while cinematography and editing were handled respectively by [[R. Velraj]] and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]. It was released for streaming through the digital platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=6 August 2021 |title=Amazon inks deal with Tamil star Suriya's 2D Entertainment |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-inks-deal-with-tamil-star-suriya-s-2d-entertainment-11628227164229.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163041/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-inks-deal-with-tamil-star-suriya-s-2d-entertainment-11628227164229.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and was also Jyothika's 50th film.

== Plot ==
Vairavan and Mathangi are loving brother and sister in the village of Vengaivasal. The opening scene starts with two kids running. One falls into a well and dies.

One of the villagers comes to Vairavan’s house and seeks help as his tractor is missing and says the police were disrespectful to him. Vairavan's wife Maragathavalli assures him that Vairavan will help. Then we can see hitmen were hired to kill Vairavan. He beats them up for killing a dog without knowing they came to kill him. It is established that Vairavan is a village don and a respected wealthy man who does good for everyone in the village. Mathangi and her husband Sargunam, a school teacher, are introduced as a loving couple. Sargunam does not speak to Vairavan due to differences in their philosophies. Sargunam believes that everyone must go to court and not practice violence like Vairavan.

Vairavan’s son Vivek is studying in the US, and when he comes back to visit the village, he meets Sargunam and reprimands him, saying that he does not need his family. In the flashback, it is revealed that the two kids who earlier fell in the well were Sargunam's son and Vivek. Mathangi sees them and jumps to save them. She cannot save both, so she sacrifices her son to save Vivek. Sargunam blames Vairavan for his son's death, believing his influence made him fall into the well. Mathangi loves Vairavan and hence vows to make them together and only speak to Vairavan once her husband speaks to him.

Meanwhile, they propose to surge an alliance between the two families through the marriage of Vivek to Sargunam’s daughter Keerthana. When the marriage is about to occur, Keerthana is stabbed, and Sargunam blames Vairavan's violence for it again as neither he nor Keerthana has enemies.

Vairavan deduces that the person who stabbed his niece is Adhiban, who acts like a good man to the villagers but actually has bad intentions and is a serial sexual assaulter. Vairavan is being searched by the police for beating up people. Sargunam provides information to the police on Vairavan’s whereabouts near Adhiban’s house. Mathangi visits Adhiban’s house and kills him as he tries to molest her. She learns that he also sexually assaulted Keerthana before stabbing her. The reason for stabbing her was Sargunam’s case on his borewell. Vairavan disposes his body off.

Sargunam learns of all this and understands his brother-in-law and the families unite.

== Cast ==
* [[Jyothika]] as Maathangi Sargunam (Voice dubbed by [[Deepa Venkat]])
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as Vengaivasal Vairavan
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Sargunam Vaathiyaar
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Pakkadi
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Adhiban
* Sidhaarth K T as Vivek Vairavan
* [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] as Keerthana Sargunam
* [[Sija Rose]] as Maragathavalli Vairavan (Voice dubbed by Uma Maheswari)
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Maathangi and Vairavan's cousin
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Vairavan's sister-in-law
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Peruthulasi
* [[Namo Narayana]] as MLA
* [[R. Velraj]] as Inspector Rajavel Pandi
* Caravan Arunachalam
* Vengaivaasal Makkal

== Production ==
Post-completion of ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=ஜோதிகாவின் 'பொன்மகள் வந்தாள்' படப்பிடிப்பு நிறைவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/526925-ponmagal-vanthal-shooting-finished.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806033320/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/526925-ponmagal-vanthal-shooting-finished.html |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Jyothika]] was reported to act in another production of [[Suriya]]'s [[2D Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Shoot for Jyotika's next with director Saravanan begins |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shoot-jyotikas-next-director-saravanan-begins-113225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130191324/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shoot-jyotikas-next-director-saravanan-begins-113225 |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film, directed by Era. Saravanan of ''[[Kaththukkutti|Kaththukutti]]'' (2015) fame, began production on 28 November 2019 with [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Samuthirakani]] joining the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=Jyotika, Sasikumar film goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyotika-sasikumar-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/72280032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025044857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyotika-sasikumar-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/72280032.cms |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jyothika and Sasikumar reportedly played the role of siblings in the film, while Samuthirakani plays Jyothika's husband. [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] essayed the role of Jyothika's daughter in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Time for some sibling revelry for Sasikumar and Jyotika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/time-for-some-sibling-revelry-for-sasikumar-and-jyotika/articleshow/72294891.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203080211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/time-for-some-sibling-revelry-for-sasikumar-and-jyotika/articleshow/72294891.cms |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Speaking to ''[[The Times of India]]'', Saravanan said it is "a village-based script that throws light on why it’s important to nurture relationships". Composer [[D. Imman]], cinematographer [[R. Velraj]] and editor [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]], also joined the technical crew.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Clarance |first=Daphne |date=30 November 2019 |title=Jyotika and Sasikumar to play siblings in Era Saravanan-directorial; film goes on floors |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/jyotika-and-sasikumar-to-play-siblings-in-era-saravanan-directorial-film-goes-on-floors/521312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025044858/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/jyotika-and-sasikumar-to-play-siblings-in-era-saravanan-directorial-film-goes-on-floors/521312 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref>

Following the launch ceremony in [[Chennai]], the film began production on 29 November, with shooting took place on [[Thanjavur]] and [[Pudukkottai]].<ref name=":0" /> The shooting of the film wrapped before March 2020, prior to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], but post-production came to halt and was resumed lately after lockdown relaxations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2021 |title=Jyotika, Pon Parthiban to team up for a film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/31/jyotika-pon-parthiban-to-team-up-for-a-film-26368.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025044859/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/31/jyotika-pon-parthiban-to-team-up-for-a-film-26368.html |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

*[[magazine|JFW Movie Awards for Best Actress - Lead Role]] for Jyothika - Nominated<ref>{{Cite web |title=JFW Movie Awards 2022 | Click to Vote |url=https://jfwonline.com/awards2022.html}}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] for Jyothika - Nominated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2022 Tamil Nominations {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/nominations |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] for [[Nivedhithaa Sathish ]] - Nominated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[D. Imman]] composed the film's soundtrack. This film marks his first collaboration with Era. Saravanan and [[Jyothika]] and third collaboration with Sasikumar after ''[[Vetrivel]]'' and ''[[Kennedy Club]]''.

{{Infobox album
| name = Udanpirappe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:59
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Laabam]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Annaatthe]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Anney Yaaranney
| single1date = 7 October 2021

| single2 = Othapana Kaatteri
| single2date = 11 October 2021
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anney Yaaranney
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Othapana Kaatteri
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length2 = 3:44
| title3 = Deivam Neethaaney
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi
| extra3 = Pavithra Chari
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Karambakudi Kanaga
| lyrics4 = [[Snehan]]
| extra4 = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Jayamoorthy
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Yenge Yen Ponmaalai
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = [[Arya Dhayal]]
| length5 = 4:03
| title6 = Anney Yaaranney
| note6 = Reprise
| lyrics6 = Yugabharathi
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 3:48
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Udanpirappe'' was released directly on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Tamil star Suriya inks four-film deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/05/tamil-star-suriya-inks-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-2340535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811050739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/05/tamil-star-suriya-inks-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-2340535.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> as a part of 2D Entertainment's four-film deal with the streaming service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=25 August 2021 |title=Inside 2D Entertainment's four-film deal with Amazon Prime Video India: Why Suriya's productions are going digital |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905154704/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fonseca |first=Tryphene |date=5 August 2021 |title=Suriya's 2D Entertainment Inks Four Film Deal With Amazon Prime |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/suriya-media-house-amazon-prime-video-ott-four-film-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014090138/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/suriya-media-house-amazon-prime-video-ott-four-film-deal |archive-date=14 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of [[The News Minute]] wrote, "''Udanpirappe'' becomes exhausting with unnecessary and predictable twists that make the film longer than it needs to be. If only it had been less invested in lecturing to the audience or trying to wring out tears and aimed to tell a story about families the way they are — warts and all — it would have been far more entertaining and honest."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=14 October 2021 |title=Udanpirappe review: So much drama, so little thought |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/udanpirappe-review-so-much-drama-so-little-thought-156483 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Ranjani Krishankumar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "Grandstanding dialogues, relationships without connections and a convoluted climax sequence make this film barely passable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=14 October 2021 |title=Udanpirappe Movie Review, On Amazon Prime Video: This Jyothika Film Is An Unsatisfying Compromise |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/udanpirappe-review-amazon-prime-jyothika-an-unsatisfying-compromise-sasikumar-samuthirakani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020002048/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/udanpirappe-review-amazon-prime-jyothika-an-unsatisfying-compromise-sasikumar-samuthirakani/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15175418}}
{{2D Entertainment}}

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]

Rudra veena

2026-02-20T02:26:23Z

JyothikaSahoo: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Plucked Hindustani string instrument}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Rudra veena
| image = Rudraveena1.JPG
| image_capt = Rudra veena
| background = string
| names = Rudra vīnā, Been, Bin
| classification = String instrument
| hornbostel_sachs = [[List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.222|311.222]]
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[stick zither]]
| inventors =
| musicians = {{Bulleted list
|[[Asit Kumar Banerjee]]
|[[Bahauddin Dagar]] (born 1970)
|[[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] (1929–1990)
|Shamsuddin Faridi Desai (1938-2011)
|[[Hindraj Divekar]] (1954–2019)
|[[Jyoti Hegde]]
|[[Asad Ali Khan]] (1937–2011)
|[[Bande Ali Khan]] (1826–1890)
|[[Naubat Khan]]
|[[Omrao Khan]]
|[[Rajab Ali Khan]]
|[[Wazir Khan (Rampur)|Wazir Khan]]
|[[Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar|Dattatreya Parvatikar]] (1916–1990)
|[[Bindu Madhav Pathak]] (1935–2004)
|[[Carsten Wicke]] (born 1970)
}}
| builders =
| developed =
| range =
| articles = [[Veena]], [[Saraswati veena]], [[Vichitra veena]], [[Chitra veena]], [[Pinaka veena]], [[Alapini veena]]
}}

The '''''rudra veena''''' ({{langx|sa|रुद्र वीणा}}) (also spelled '''''rudraveena'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/jyoti-hegde-the-first-female-rudraveena-artist/article7919310.ece|title=Mastering the king of instruments|first=Sowjanya|last=Peddi|date=26 November 2015|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> or '''''rudra vīnā'''''<ref name="collections.nmmusd.org">{{Cite web|url=http://collections.nmmusd.org/India/5267Bin/Bin5267.html|title=Stick Zither with Gourd Resonators (Rudra Vina or Bin), Northern India, at the National Music Museum|website=Collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>), also called the '''''bīn''''' in North India,<ref name="Grove">{{Cite Grove
| last1 = Dick | first1 = Alastair|author1-link=Richard Widdess
| last2 = Widdess | first2 = Richard
| last3 = Bruguière | first3 = Philippe
| last4 = Geekie | first4 = Gordon
| title = Vīṇā [veena]
| date = 29 October 2019
| doi = 10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.90000347354
}}{{subscription}}</ref> is a large plucked [[string instrument]] used in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], especially [[dhrupad]].<ref name="collections.nmmusd.org"/> It is one of the major types of ''[[veena]]'' played in Indian classical music, notable for its deep bass resonance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000414/art-trib.htm|title=Rudra veena – re-emerging from oblivion|author=Vandana Shukla|date=14 April 2000|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh, India|access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> Oral tradition ascribes the instrument to [[Shiva]], the principal deity within Hinduism.

The rudra veena is seen in temple architecture predating the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. It is also mentioned in court records as early as the reign of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul Abidin]] (1418–1470),<ref name="Grove" /> and attained particular importance among [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court musicians.<ref name="Grove" /> Before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]], rudra veena players, as dhrupad practitioners, were supported by the [[princely state]]s; after independence and the [[political integration of India]], this traditional patronage system ended.<ref name="Darbar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.darbar.org/article/bahauddin-dagar-interview|title=Ustad Bahauddin Dagar interview: 'Dhrupad – flourishing branches, dwindling roots?'|website=Darbar.org|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> With the end of this traditional support, dhrupad's popularity in India declined, as did the popularity of the rudra veena.<ref name="Darbar" /> However, in recent years, the rudra veena has seen a resurgence in popularity, driven at least partly by interest among non-Indian musicians.<ref name="Darbar" /><ref name="Outlook">{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-is-the-future-of-ancient-rudra-veena-in-hindustani-classical/303139| title = What is the future of ancient rudra veena in Hindustani classical?| date = 17 October 2017}}</ref>

==Names and etymology==
The name "rudra veena" comes from [[Rudra]], an epithet of [[Shiva]]; ''rudra vina'' means "the veena of Shiva"<ref name="Grove" /> (compare [[Saraswati veena]]).<ref name="Grove" />

The North Indian vernacular name "bīn" (sometimes written "bīṇ") is derived from the preexisting root "veena," the term generally used today to refer to a number of South Asian stringed instruments.<ref name="Grove" /> While the origins of "veena" are obscure, one possible derivation is from a pre-Aryan root meaning "bamboo" (possibly Dravidian, as in the Tamil veṟam, "cane," or South Indian bamboo flute, the [[venu]]), a reference to early stick or tube zithers<ref name="Grove" />—as seen in the modern bīn, whose central ''dandi'' tube is still sometimes made from bamboo.<ref name="collections.nmmusd.org"/>

==Form and construction==
The rudra veena is classified either as a [[stick zither]]<ref name="collections.nmmusd.org"/> or [[tube zither]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Roderick |title=The Knight Revision of Hornbostel–Sachs: a new look at musical instrument classification |url=http://www2.oberlin.edu/faculty/rknight/Organology/KnightRev2015.pdf |access-date=13 July 2021 |page=23}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Raga Yaman |first=Renaud |last=Brizard |others=Ustad [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] |date=2018 |type=Sleeve notes |publisher=Ideologic Organ/Editions Mego}}</ref> in the [[Hornbostel–Sachs]] classification system. The veena's body (''dandi'') is a tube of [[bamboo]] or [[teak]] between {{convert|137|and|158|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, attached to two large ''tumba'' [[Resonator (instrument)|resonators]] made from [[calabash]] gourds.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":0" /> The ''tumba''s on a rudra veena are around {{convert|34|to|37|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter; while veena players once attached ''tumba''s to the ''dandi'' with leather thongs, modern instruments use brass screw tubes to attach the ''tumba''s.<ref name="Grove" />

Traditionally, the bottom end of the ''dandi'', where the strings attach below the bridge (''jawari''), is finished with a peacock carving.<ref name="Grove" /> This peacock carving is hollow, to enhance the resonance of the instrument.<ref name=":2">Koch, Lars-Christian (direction). ''Rudra vina: der Bau eines nordindischen Saiteninstruments in der Tradition von Kanailal & Bros'' [''Rudra veena: manufacturing of an Indian string instrument in the tradition of Kanailal & Bros''] (DVD) (in English with German and English subtitles). Berlin: Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 2007. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 662735435.</ref> This hollow opens into the tube of the ''dandi'', and is covered directly by the main ''jawari''.<ref name=":2" /> The other end of the instrument, holding most or all of the pegs, is finished with a carved [[makara]].<ref name=":2" /> Like the peacock at the other end and the ''dandi'' tube connecting them, the makara [[Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments|pegbox]] is also hollow.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Rudraveena.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.3|Dagar-vani rudra veena, showing the frets, dandi, carved peacock and makara, and tumbas]]
The rudra veena has twenty-one to twenty-four moveable frets (''parda'') on top of the ''dandi''.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name="Darbar" /><ref name=":0" /> These frets are made of thin plates of brass with flat tops but curved wooden bases to match the shape of the ''dandi'', each about two to four centimeters (0.75–1.5 inches) high.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name="Outlook" /> While these frets were once attached to the instrument with wax, contemporary veena players use waxed flax ties to attach the frets.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Grove" /> This allows for players to adjust the frets to the individual microtones (''[[Shruti (music)|shruti]]'') of a [[raga]].<ref name=":0" /> By pulling the string up or down alongside the fret, the veena player can bend the pitch ([[meend]]) by as much as a fifth.<ref name="Grove" />

A modern rudra veena has a total of seven or eight strings: four main melody strings, two or three ''chikari'' strings (which are used in rhythmic sections of the rag to delineate or emphasize the pulse, or [[Tala (music)|taal]]), and one drone (''laraj'') string.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":0" /> These strings are made of steel or bronze, and run from the pegs (and over the nut if coming from the pegbox) down to the peacock, passing over the ''jawari'' near the peacock.<ref name=":2" /> A rudra veena will have three ''jawari''; a main one covering an opening on the hollow peacock, and two smaller ones on the sides of the peacock, supporting the ''chikari'' and drone strings.<ref name=":2" /> These ''jawari'' and other strings supports are traditionally made of [[Sambar deer|Sambar stag]] [[antler]]; however, India has banned trade in Sambar deer antler since 1995, due to the deer's declining population and vulnerable status.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Timmins, R. J.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B.; Lynam, A. J.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Baral, H. S.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015). "''Rusa unicolor''". ''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''': e.T41790A85628124.</ref> Strings are tuned by turning the ebony pegs to tighten or loosen the strings; the antler string supports can be moved for fine tuning.<ref name=":2" />

Unlike European stringed instruments, where strings are almost always tuned to the same notes on all instruments—a modern [[cello]], for example, will usually have its open strings tuned to [[Scientific pitch notation|C2]] (two [[octave]]s below [[middle C]]), followed by G2, D3, and then A3—the rudra veena follows Hindustani classical practice of a [[Svara#Seven svaras and solfège (sargam)|movable root note or tonic]] ([[Movable do solfege|moveable do]]). The four melody strings are tuned to the ''[[Svara#Seven svaras and solfège (sargam)|ma]]'' a fifth below the tonic; the tonic (''sa''); the ''pa'' a fifth above the tonic; and the ''sa'' an octave above the tonic.<ref name="Grove" /><ref name=":1" /> Thus, if the lowest ''ma'' string was tuned to D2, then the four melody strings would be tuned to D2, A2, E3, and A3; if the lowest ''ma'' string was instead tuned to B{{music|flat}}1, then the four melody strings would be tuned to B{{music|flat}}1, F2, C3, and F3<ref name="Grove" />

==History==
Its origin is undated; however the instrument is known to be ancient enough and is linked to [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRmXx21YVkAC&dq=rudra+veena+origin&pg=PA33|title=Rudra Veena: An Ancient String Musical Instrument|first1=Hindraj|last1=Divekar|first2=Robin D.|last2=Tribhuwan|date=December 5, 2001|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-581-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
The ''rudra veena'' declined in popularity in part due to the introduction in the early 19th century of the ''[[surbahar]]'', which allowed [[sitar]]ists to more easily present the ''[[alap]]'' sections of slow ''[[dhrupad]]''-style [[raga]]s. In the 20th century, [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] modified and redesigned the rudra veena to use bigger gourds, a thicker tube (''dandi''), thicker steel playing strings (0.45–0.47 mm) and closed ''javari that''. This produced a soft and deep sound when plucked without the use of any [[plectrum]] (''mizrab''). The instrument was further modified as the shruti veena by [[Lalmani Misra]] to establish Bharat's ''Shadja Gram'' and obtain the 22 ''shruti''s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omenad.net/articles/shrutiveena.htm|title=Shruti Veena|website=Omenad.net|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam si0563.jpg|Maiden playing the vina. [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam#Shrines|Venugopala Shrine]] of [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganatha Temple]], [[Srirangam]]. Early 17th century.
File:20191207 Jagdish Temple, Udaipur, 0609 7008.jpg|[[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]], 1651 A.D. Vina resembling rudra veena.
File:Work of Ustad Mansur, British Museum.jpg|Ca. 1605. Portrait of [[Naubat Khan]] by [[Ustad Mansur]], Mughal School ca. 1605, [[British Museum]], London.<ref name="Wade1998">{{cite book|author=Bonnie C. Wade|title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade |url-access=registration|date=January 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86841-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade/page/119 119]}}</ref> The instrument is depicted with two strings.
File:Naubat Khan Kalawant inscribed.Museum of Fine Arts Boston.jpg|Naubat Khan Kalawant playing a three-stringed rudra veena.
File:Cropped image from Kedar Ragini, painting by Ruknuddin 1690-1695.jpg|1690-1696 C.E. Man playing rudra veena
File:Saraswati with bīn on white bird.jpg|Ca. 1700. Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bīn (rudra vīnā). The instrument is depicted with four strings.
File:Frans Balthazar Solvyns, "Qaplious ou bin, instrument de musique hindou", from "Illustrations de Les Hindous", volume 2 plate 23.jpg|1808-1812. Illustration of a bīn, labeled "qaplious". At the time, the instrument illustrated was fretless; similar to the [[pinaka vina]], it used a stick to slide on the string and choose notes.
File:Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin, page from the Tasrih al-aqvam, by Ghulam Ali Khan.png|1825. Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin, page from the Tasrih al-aqvam. The bin has four main strings that could be fretted and two side strings.
File:A Bin Player, by William Gibb, from Music and Musical Instruments of India and the Deccan by C R Day.jpg|1891. ''A Bin Player'', by [[William Gibb (artist)|William Gibb]]. The instrument depicted had four main strings that could be fretted and three side strings.
File:Bird on rudra veena, string holder, Metropolitan Museum of Art.png|Bird on rudra veena, string holder.
File:Swami parvatikar playing rudra veena (14170870218).jpg|Veena Maharaj [[Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar]] (1916–1990) playing the Rudra veena
File:Asad Ali Khan.jpg|Ustad [[Asad Ali Khan]] playing the Rudra veena in traditional style
File:Dagar.ogv|Video. A rudra veena or bīn is played by [[Bahauddin Dagar|Mohi Baha'ud-din Dagar]] in dagarbani style.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Mohan veena]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:String instruments]]
[[Category:Chordophones]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Rudra veena players|*]]

Kapil Sibal

2026-02-13T13:03:05Z

JyothikaSahoo: expanded references after review

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician (born 1948)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kapil Sibal
| image = Kapil Sibal (cropped).jpg
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 16 June 2016<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kapil-sibal-wins-rajya-sabha-polls-from-uttar-pradesh/article8718509.ece|title = Despite BJP's strategy, Sibal wins RS seat from U.P.|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 11 June 2016|last1 = Rashid|first1 = Omar}}</ref>
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Satish Sharma]]
| successor1 =
| office4 = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Union Minister of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 19 January 2012
| term_end4 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India]]
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start5 = 29 May 2009
| term_end5 = 29 October 2012
| predecessor5 = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Pallam Raju]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Union Minister of Science and Technology, Government of India]]
| primeminister6 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start6 = 23 May 2004
| term_end6 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| successor6 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| office7 = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Union Minister of Earth Sciences, Government of India]]
| primeminister7 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start7 = 29 January 2006
| term_end7 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor7 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| successor7 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| office8 = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law and Justice, Government of India]]
| primeminister8 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start8 = 11 May 2013
| term_end8 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor8 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
| successor8 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency9 = [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| term_start9 = 10 May 2004
| term_end9 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor9 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| successor9 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| office10 = [[Supreme Court Bar Association (India)|President of Supreme Court Bar Association]]
| term_start10 = 16 May 2024
| term_end10 = 20 May 2025
| vicepresident10 = Rachna Srivastava
| 1blankname10 = Previous terms
| 1namedata10 = 1995 – 1998 2001 – 2002
| predecessor10 = [[Adish Aggarwala]]
| successor10 = Vikas Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[East Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022–present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (2003–2022)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Nina Sibal]]|1973|2000|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Promila Sibal|2005}}
}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] ([[LL.B.]]) [[Harvard Law School]] ([[LL.M.]])
| father = [[Hira Lal Sibal]]
| relatives = [[Kanwal Sibal]] {{small|(brother)}}
| profession = [[Senior Advocate]] [[Politician]]
| signature = Signature of Kapil Sibal.svg
}}
'''Kapil Sibal''' (born 8 August 1948) is an Indian lawyer and politician. A designated [[Senior counsel|Senior Advocate]], he served as a Union Minister in the [[ Manmohan Singh]] government and also as the President of [[Supreme Court Bar Association (India)|Supreme Court Bar Association]] (SCBA) from 1995 to 1998, 2001 to 2002, and from 2024 to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIST OF CONTESTED/ELECTED CANDIDATES WITH VOTES SECURED IN THE SCBA ELECTION-2024-25|url= https://scbaindia.org/el24/14.pdf|access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> He has represented several high-profile cases in the [[Supreme Court of India]], and currently serves as a Member of Parliament, in the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2002|title=Money and Power: Delhi's Elite Lawyer Network|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-up-congress-leaders-are-upset-with-kapil-sibal/20150814.htm/|access-date=25 January 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title='Celebrity' lawyers, kin of judges to fight cases in SC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/-celebrity-lawyers-kin-of-judges-to-fight-cases-in-sc-386767|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 November 2002|title=Money and Power: Delhi's Elite Lawyer Network|newspaper=Man's World India |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/from-the-magazine/money-power-delhis-elite-lawyer-network/|access-date=25 January 2022|language=en-GB|quote=One of the highest-paid lawyers in the country, Sibal was practising on Wall Street but his political ambitions have kept him anchored in Delhi. “I came here as a young man because my wife, who was with the foreign service, was posted here. I didn’t come here to become a ‘celebrity lawyer!’ No one knows they are going to become a celebrity,” he scoffs.|last1=Chandran |first1=Prabha }}</ref>

A [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] and [[Harvard University]] graduate, Sibal has practised law in [[Wall Street]] and held several important posts relating to law and administration including [[Additional Solicitor General of India|Additional Solicitor General]], and President of [[Supreme Court Bar Association (India)|Supreme Court Bar Association]]. Sibal first entered [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1998 to represent [[Bihar]]. Before that, he had unsuccessfully contested for the [[Lok Sabha]] against [[Sushma Swaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Law & behold Kapil Sibal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/law-behold-kapil-sibal/articleshow/692575.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 January 2022|quote=Sibal first entered the Parliament in July 1998 when he was elected to the Rajya Sabha to represent Bihar. Prior to this (in 1996), he contested the South Delhi seat unsuccessfully against BJP's Sushma Swaraj.}}</ref> He later contested from [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]] and won in 2004 and 2009.

As an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) member, Sibal served under [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] as a minister holding various portfolios during his government. As minister, his actions in an official capacity were controversial multiple times, including when he undertook to regulate internet content. Sibal often was portrayed as an intellectual face of the INC who batted for the party on television<ref>{{Cite news|title=Law & behold Kapil Sibal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/law-behold-kapil-sibal/articleshow/692575.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 January 2022|quote=Congress spokesman Kapil Sibal has been the party's face on television networks and most often than not he has been pitted against professional rival and BJP spokesperson Arun Jaitley.}}</ref> and in regular [[Columnist|columns]].

In the [[Supreme Court of India]], he usually represented the INC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=MUDA 'scam': Senior advocates Abhishek Singhvi, Kapil Sibal to fight CM Siddaramaiah's case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/muda-scam-senior-advocates-abhishek-singhvi-kapil-sibal-to-fight-cm-siddaramaiahs-case-3154877 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=DH Evening Brief: Kashmiri separatist Yasin Malik gets life imprisonment in terror case; Kapil Sibal quits Congress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/dh-evening-brief-May-25-2022-top-news-breaking-news-india-news-world-news-1112403.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rautray |first=Samanwaya |date=21 December 2017 |title=After six years, I stand vindicated: Kapil Sibal on 2G verdict |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-six-years-i-stand-vindicated-kapil-sibal-on-2g-verdict/articleshow/62191553.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2019 |title='Opponents feared Ram, judges were in awe of him' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opponents-feared-ram-judges-were-in-awe-of-him/articleshow/71040637.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He left the INC in 2022 to file his nomination for the [[Rajya Sabha]] as an independent, but was backed by [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="Quits INC" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=16 May 2024 |title='Keep on fighting your battles for democracy': Mamata congratulates Sibal |url=https://theprint.in/india/keep-on-fighting-your-battles-for-democracy-mamata-congratulates-sibal/2088772/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sibal was born on 8 August 1948 at [[Jalandhar]] in Punjab. His family migrated to India during the partition in 1947.<ref name="Detailed Profile">{{cite web|title=Birthplace of Sibal|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4077|work=National Portal of India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=12 January 2014|archive-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704122833/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4077|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his schooling from [[St. John's High School, Chandigarh]], he moved to Delhi in 1964 and joined the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] for his B.A. He earned his [[LL.B.]] degree from the prestigious [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], and later an M.A. in History from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=From MA in history to a prospective RS nominee; know all about Kapil Sibal's educational qualifications |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/from-ma-in-history-to-a-prospective-rs-nominee-know-all-about-kapil-sibals-educational-qualifications |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Sibal joined the bar association in 1972.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/kapil-sibal-42739-2009-03-26 |date=26 March 2009 |title=Kapil Sibal|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=28 April 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018142243/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/kapil-sibal-42739-2009-03-26 |archive-date= 18 October 2019 }}</ref> In the year 1973, he qualified for [[Indian Administrative Services]] and was offered an appointment.<ref name="India Today">{{Citation|work=India Today|title=Kapil Sibal & Son Akhil Exclusive Interview With Karan Thapar|date=21 August 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khGWYPUwAjI |publisher=YouTube |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/khGWYPUwAjI |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> But he declined the offer and decided to set up his own law practice.<ref name="India Today"/> Afterwards, he attended the [[Harvard Law School]] where he enrolled for an LL.M. which he completed in 1977.<ref name=alumini>{{cite web |title=Harvard Law School Graduates: A Biographical Research Guide |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/special/research/biographical-research-guide.html |publisher=Harvard Law School Library |access-date=12 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112224140/http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/special/research/biographical-research-guide.html|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> He was designated as senior lawyer in 1983.

In 1989, he was appointed the [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]. In 1994, he appeared in the Parliament as a lawyer and successfully defended [[V. Ramaswami]] during impeachment proceedings. The impeachment motion was placed in the assembly for debate and voting on 10 May 1993. Of 401 members present in the assembly that day, there were 196 votes for impeachment and no votes against and 205 abstentions by ruling Congress and its allies. He had served as the President of the Supreme Court Bar association on four occasions, i.e. 1995–1996, 1997–1998 and 2001–2002, 2024-2025.<ref name=Biography>{{cite web|last=Sibal|first=Detail about|title=Short Biography of Kapil Sibal|date=25 January 2012|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012012521459/short-biography-of-kapil-sibal.html|publisher=Preserve Article Press|access-date=12 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112193546/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012012521459/short-biography-of-kapil-sibal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legal career==
Kapil Sibal joined the [[Bar association]] in 1972. He decided to set up his own law practice.<ref name="do">[http://dod.nic.in/kapilsibalresume.htm Minister for Earth Sciences, Govt. of India: Shri Kapil Sibal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415090114/http://dod.nic.in/kapilsibalresume.htm|date=15 April 2012}} [[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Ministry of Earth Sciences]] website.</ref><ref>[http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/kapil-speech/Curriculum%20Vitae-kapil.HTM Kapil Sibal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430002322/http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/kapil-speech/Curriculum%20Vitae-kapil.HTM |date=30 April 2008 }} [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).</ref> He was designated as a Senior Lawyer by the High Court of Delhi on 8 November 1983. He was the Additional Solicitor General of India between 1989 and 1990, as well.<ref name="do"/><ref>[http://203.200.89.92/dst/about_us/kapil-sibal-resume.htm Kapil Sibal, Hon'ble Union Minister of Science & Technology and Earth Sciences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529220727/http://203.200.89.92/dst/about_us/kapil-sibal-resume.htm |date=29 May 2011 }} [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]</ref>

==Political career==
Over the years, he has held several important positions in the [[Government of India]] and the Society, such as: Additional Solicitor General of India (December 1989 – 1990); Member, Board of Management, [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (1993); President, Supreme Court Bar Association (1995–96, 1997–98 and 2001–2002); Member, [[Rajya Sabha]] (July 1998); Member, Executive Council, Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies (July 2001); Member, Business Advisory Committee (August 2001); Member, Committee on Home Affairs (January 2002); Co-chairman, Indo-US Parliamentary Forum (2002); Member, Board of [[International AIDS Vaccine Initiative]] (2002); Member, Programme Board of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]'s Indian AIDS initiative (2003); Member, [[Working Group on Arbitrary Detention]] set up by the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights|Human Rights Commission]], [[Geneva]].

===Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha===
[[File:Shri Kapil Sibal takes over the charge of Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology in New Delhi May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Kapil Sibal takes over the charge of Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology in New Delhi 24 May 2004|left]]

In the 2004 general elections, Sibal became an MP by winning the [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]] constituency against TV actor [[Smriti Irani]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the National Capital Territory representing the Congress Party and was inducted into the Cabinet under Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] as Union Minister for Science, Technology and Earth Sciences. He won the constituency of [[Chandni Chowk]] for the second time for the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] elections of 2009.

During his tenure as Telecom Minister his comment about the loss in the [[2G spectrum case]] being only notional and causing "zero loss"<ref>{{cite news|title=No loss to Govt from 2G spectrum allocation: Sibal|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/article1065479.ece|access-date=6 December 2011|newspaper=Hindu Businessline|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> created a public outcry<ref>{{cite web|last=Ninan|first=T N|title=Sibal's 'zero loss' claim carries zero credibility|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-sibals-zero-loss-claim-carries-zero-credibility/20110118.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> and he had to clarify it later.<ref>{{cite news|title=I never said zero loss if spectrum was auctioned: Kapil Sibal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news/28645574_1_zero-loss-spectrum-allocation-criminal-culpability|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112622/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news/28645574_1_zero-loss-spectrum-allocation-criminal-culpability|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2012|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=1 March 2011|agency=PTI}}</ref> Kapil Sibal was indicted by [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] for favouring M/S Phoenix Rose LLC by overlooking rules and regulations and handpicking that company for creating a database for over 500,000 working professionals of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|People of Indian Origin]] settled in the US. CAG's report said that the project's cost was ${{formatnum:120000}} but three years after the initiation, the company has dumped the networking site, completing just over 16% of the targeted work.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAG indictment adds to Kapil Sibal troubles|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cag-indictment-adds-to-kapil-sibal-troubles_1564476|access-date=7 December 2011|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

Also during his time in that office, his move to regulate internet content<ref>{{cite news|last=Timmons|first=Heather|title=India Asks Google, Facebook to Screen User Content|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/05/india-asks-google-facebook-others-to-screen-user-content/|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 December 2011|date=5 December 2011}}</ref> was criticised across many social networking sites like [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]] and [[Google+]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Iyer|first=Srividya|title=Kapil Sibal under attack: Twitter, Facebook users target him|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/social-media/30485176_1_kapil-sibal-democratic-medium-facebook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622121100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/social-media/30485176_1_kapil-sibal-democratic-medium-facebook|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2013|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

He represented India in the Annual Meetings of the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2005 and 2009 held at [[Davos]], Switzerland. He led the Indian delegation to the [[Annapolis Conference]], USA, held to gather International support for establishment of a Palestinian state and the realisation of [[Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestinian peace]] during November 2007. He led the Indian delegation to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) at [[Bali]] in December 2007.

Sibal introduced the [[Continuous and comprehensive evaluation|Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE)]] system in India for Class IX and Class X and he has also started the changes in the [[IIT JEE]] pattern. He has laid the foundation stone for [[IIT Patna]].
[[File:Kapil Sibal inaugurating the ‘National Cloud’ under the ‘MeghRaj’ initiative of the Department of Electronics & IT, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.jpg|thumb|Kapil Sibal inaugurating the ‘National Cloud’ MeghRaj in February 2014]]
After the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], Sibal announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami were likely along the India southern coast and [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], even though there was no sign of turbulence in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/false-warning-of-tsunami-causes-panic-in-india-1.1171743|title= Tsunami - The Irish Times|website=www.irishtimes.com|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> The announcement was a false alarm and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement.<ref name="Tran">Tran, Tina. (30 December 2004) [[Associated Press]] "[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20041230-1108-tsunami-falsewarning.html False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region.]"</ref> Three days after the announcement, [[Indian National Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] called [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Science & Technology]] minister Kapil Sibal to express her concern about Sibal's 30 December public warning being "[[wikt:hogwash|hogwash]]".<ref>[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] (2 January 2005) "[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=40261 Congress chief steps in as home, S&T ministers lock horns.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419124851/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=40261 |date=19 April 2012 }}"</ref>

===Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha===
;Parliamentary Committee assignments
* 13 September 2021 onwards: Member [[Committee on External Affairs]]<ref name="Committee on External Affairs">{{cite web |title=Committee on External Affairs : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

On 25 May 2022, he filed his nomination for [[Rajya Sabha]] elections as an independent candidate with support of [[Samajwadi Party]]. Samajwadi Party chief [[Akhilesh Yadav]] had accompanied him while he filed his nominations. Subsequently, he broke to the media that he had resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] on 16 May.<ref name="Quits INC">{{cite news |last1=Phukan |first1=Sandeep |title=Kapil Sibal says he has quit Congress, files Rajya Sabha nomination papers with Samajwadi Party backing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kapil-sibal-files-rajya-sabha-nomination-as-independent-candidate-backed-by-samajwadi-party-says-he-quit-congress-on-may-16/article65459553.ece |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
==Elections==
===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
!Result
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| [[Bihar]]
| 8 July 1998
| 13 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|1998|7|8|2004|5|13}}'''
|Elected
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| rowspan="2"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5 July 2016
| 4 July 2022
| '''{{ayd|2016|7|5|2022|7|4}}'''
|Elected
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (3rd Term)
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind}}
| 5 July 2022
| 4 July 2028
| '''{{ayd|2022|7|5|2028|7|4}}'''
|Elected
|}

==Other works==
In 2011 Sibal also announced a [[Aakash (tablet)|touchscreen tablet computer]] to be co-developed with private partnership. It was to be available to students for {{INRConvert|1500}}. Satish Jha, chairman of [[OLPC]] India, the leading competitor to this venture, questioned his claim that a $35 laptop could be created in a year.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130828034810/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMC8wNy8yNiNBcjAxNzAy&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom Article – OLPC picks holes in govt’s laptop agenda]. Epaper.timesofindia.com (26 July 2010). Retrieved on 22 January 2011.</ref> Five state Chief Ministers endorsed the OLPC initiative and the [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] himself inaugurated the project on the day Sibal showcased his future laptop. The event was attended by two members of the Union Cabinet.<ref>[http://lug-iitd.posterous.com/olpc-stall-pics-nogallary OLPC Stall Pics ((nogallary)) – LUG@IITD Community Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715105944/http://lug-iitd.posterous.com/olpc-stall-pics-nogallary |date=15 July 2011 }}. Lug-iitd.posterous.com (23 July 2010). Retrieved on 22 January 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/29/stories/2010072958740500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804002756/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/29/stories/2010072958740500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 August 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Laptop experience for Rajasthan villagers | date=29 July 2010}}</ref> This also lead to an open letter by [[Nicholas Negroponte]] offering him complete access to MIT and [[OLPC]] technologies to help realise India's dream to create a laptop of its own.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100804005253/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMC8wNy8yOSNBcjAxNTAy&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom Article – $35 laptop: OLPC founder wants stress on design]. Epaper.timesofindia.com (29 July 2010). Retrieved on 22 January 2011.</ref>
The computer was eventually released online as the UbiSlate7C1 tablet PC at {{INRConvert|4199}} and the Ubislate7C+ tablet PC at {{INRConvert|5199}}.<ref>[http://ubislate.com/device-specification/index.html UbiSlate device specifications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075221/http://ubislate.com/device-specification/index.html |date=20 January 2013 }} ubislate.com, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref> As of February 2012, Datawind had over 1,400,000 pre-orders, but had only shipped 10,000 units - 0.7% of orders.<ref>[https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/22/aakash-stalls/ Aakash lurches toward another crisis as India loses patience with DataWind] Engadget, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref> As of November 2012, many customers who put in orders still had not received their computers and were offered refunds.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/datawind-to-clear-all-paid-orders-for-aakash-in-6-weeks/article4108396.ece Datawind to clear all paid orders for Aakash in 6 weeks] The Hindu Business Line, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref>

==Publications==
An anthology of Kapil Sibal's poems titled ''I Witness: Partial Observation'' was published by Roli Books, [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Reddy|first=Sheela|title=A Couple of Syllables|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?238350|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=Outlook India|date=8 September 2008}}</ref> in August 2008.

His lyrics were also turned into a studio album by [[A. R. Rahman]] titled [[Raunaq (album)|Raunaq: Conversation of Music and Poetry]] in 2014.

Kapil Sibal wrote the lyrics of the songs "Tere bina" and "Mast hawa" for 2016 Hindi film ''[[Shorgul]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2016 |title=I belong to the romantic genre: Kapil Sibal |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-belong-to-the-romantic-genre-kapil-sibal-2854837/ |url-access=subscription |website=The Indian Express |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111165956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-belong-to-the-romantic-genre-kapil-sibal-2854837/ |archive-date= 11 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/kapil-sibal-turns-lyricist-for-shorgul/article8699171.ece|title=Kapil Sibal turns lyricist for Shorgul|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 June 2016|last1=Basu|first1=Indira |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607003128/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/kapil-sibal-turns-lyricist-for-shorgul/article8699171.ece |archive-date= 7 June 2016 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapil Sibal's father was [[Hira Lall Sibal]], a renowned advocate, his family migrated to India during the partition in 1947. In 1994, H.L. Sibal was named a "Living Legend of the Law" by the International Bar Association and in 2006, the Government of India honoured him with the 'Padma Bhushan' award for his distinguished services in the field of Public Affairs.<ref name="kapilsibal">{{cite web|url=https://www.kapilsibal.in/about-me/personal-profile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074433/https://www.kapilsibal.in/about-me/personal-profile/ |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Personal Profile |website= Kapil Sibal |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>
He married [[Nina Sibal]] in 1973, who died of [[breast cancer]] in 2000.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000701/nation.htm#12 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation]. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 22 January 2011.</ref> Amit and Akhil, Sibal's two sons from his first marriage, are both lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Arundhati|title=Legally speaking|url=http://ww.telegraphindia.com/1051112/asp/weekend/story_5441621.asp|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 November 2005|location=Calcutta, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002108/http://ww.telegraphindia.com/1051112/asp/weekend/story_5441621.asp|archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> In 2005, Sibal married Promila Sibal.<ref>{{cite news|title='When I'm in politics, I stick to the party line; when I'm a poet, I don't'|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080824/jsp/7days/story_9734997.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203221715/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080824/jsp/7days/story_9734997.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=24 August 2008|author=Bishakha De Sarkar|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chadha|first=Kum Kum|title=Kapil da dhaba|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/62229.aspx|access-date=28 December 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=10 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829124108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/62229.aspx|archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/No-politricks-for-Kapil-Sibal/articleshow/44009939.cms |title=No 'politricks' for Kapil Sibal|work=Times of India|access-date=4 February 2023|date=21 April 2003|author=Gaurav Thakur}}</ref> His brother is [[Kanwal Sibal]], a retired top diplomat of the [[Indian Foreign Service]], and a former foreign secretary of India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kapil Sibal}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-conversation-kapil-sibal-hrd-minister/362478/ In Conversation: Kapil Sibal, HRD Minister] [[Business Standard]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110529220727/http://203.200.89.92/dst/about_us/kapil-sibal-resume.htm Profile at Ministry of Science and Technology, Official website]
*[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/argumentative-indian The Argumentative Indian: The precarious ambition of Kapil Sibal]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] |years=2004 – 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]}}
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{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Satish Sharma]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] |years=2016 – present}}
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]|years=2004–2009}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Minister of Earth Sciences]]|years=2004–2009}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]|years=2009–2012}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[A. Raja]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]|years=2011–2014}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]|years=2013–2014}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{15th LS members from National Capital Territory}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibal, Kapil}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Law ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)

2026-02-10T02:53:37Z

JyothikaSahoo: brief enhanced citations for clarity further for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramakrishna
| image = Ramakrishna (Kannada actor).jpg 
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = c. {{Birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = Neernalli, [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]], [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]), India
| othername = Neernalli Ramakrishna
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Ramakrishna''' (born c. 1954),<ref>{{cite web|title=Affidavit Details of Neernalli Ramakrishn|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=113314&p=p&cid=22|website=Empowering India|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024062145/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=113314&p=p&cid=22|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=usurped|quote=The actor was 50-years-old as of 2004, implies he was born circa 1954.}}</ref> also known as '''Neernalli Ramakrishna''', is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]].

==Career==
His debut being ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]'' as Lord Krishna alongside the lead double role played by Dr. Rajkumar as Arjuna and Babruvahana, and known for his portrayal of character roles as a lead actor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gowda|first1=Aravind|title=JP fields another actor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/JP-fields-another-actor/articleshow/566427.cms?|access-date=24 October 2015|work=The Times of India|date=17 March 2004}}</ref> He was born into the [[Havyaka Brahmin]] community in Neernalli, near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], in the erstwhile [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]] (now Uttara Kannada) region of [[Karnataka State]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhagwat|first=Amita|title=A New Horizon|url=http://www.havyakamumbai.com/sandesh/14Jan.pdf|journal=Havya Sandesha|publisher=Havyaka Welfare Trust|volume=21|issue=9|pages=3|date=January 2014|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> In his career spanning over 30 years, he has appeared in over 200 films,<ref>{{cite news|title=Playboy of Kannada cinema charms students|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/playboy-of-kannada-cinema-charms-students/article5267171.ece|access-date=24 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 October 2013}}</ref> mostly Kannada and a handful in [[Tamil cinema]]; he appeared in a lead role in [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'' (1983). A protégé of the renowned filmmaker [[Puttanna Kanagal]], he featured in some of the latter's best works such as ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'' (1981), ''[[Maanasa Sarovara]]'' and ''[[Amrutha Ghalige]]'' (1984). Since the 1990s, he has appeared mostly in supporting roles.

At the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]], he contested from the erstwhile Kanara Lok Sabha constituency and lost, representing the [[Janata Party]] (JP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|page=236|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> He had revealed that he had played the role of Lakshmana alongside [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] who played the role of Lord Rama in [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]'s ''Lava Kusha'' which also happened to be Telugu actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]'s maiden Kannada venture but was stalled after a week's shooting in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2JuCmlmFK8A&feature=youtu.be|title = ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಅವರ ಮತ್ತು "ಡಾ|| ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ್" ರವರ ಒಡನಾಟ ಹೀಗಿತ್ತು | RAMAKRISHNA Exclusive Interview |RAJAKUMAR|website = [[YouTube]]| date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Partial filmography==

===Kannada===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]'' (1977)...[[Krishna]]
* ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Paduvaaralli Pandavaru]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Madhu Chandra]]'' (1979)...Racha
* ''Prema Anuraga'' (1980)
* ''Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha'' (1980)
* ''[[Rama Parushurama]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'' (1981)
* ''Chellida Raktha'' (1982)
* ''[[Maanasa Sarovara]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Prema Matsara]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Mathsara (1982) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-mathsara-1982 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1982)...Ravi
* ''[[Onde Guri]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu]]'' (1984)
* ''Nagabekamma Nagabeku'' (1984)
* ''Shivakanye'' (1984)
* ''Devathe'' (1986)
* ''[[Amrutha Ghalige]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Olavu Moodidaga]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Baddi Bangaramma]]'' (1984)
* ''Runamukthalu'' (1984)
* ''Bekkina Kannu'' (1984)
* ''[[Mugila Mallige]]'' (1985)
* ''Sneha Sambandha'' (1985)
* ''Aparoopada Kathe'' (1986)
* ''Ella Hengasarinda'' (1986)
* ''Hosa Neeru'' (1986)
* ''Nannavaru'' (1986)
* ''Tiger'' (1986)
* ''[[Usha (film)|Usha]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'' (1987)
* ''Bandhamuktha'' (1987)
* ''Hrudaya Pallavi'' (1987)
* ''Mukhavada'' (1987)
* ''Sangrama'' (1987)
* ''Sri Chamundeshwari Pooja Mahime'' (1987)
* ''Yarigagi'' (1987)
* ''Dharmathma'' (1988)
* ''Gudugu Sidilu'' (1988)
* ''Kankana Bhagya'' (1988)
* ''Ladies Hostel'' (1988)
* ''Mathrudevobhava'' (1988)
* ''Mutthaide'' (1988)
* ''Sahasaveera'' (1988)
* ''Darodegala Naduve'' (1989)
* ''Muthinatha Manushya'' (1989)
* ''[[Yuga Purusha]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Bidisada Bandha]]'' (1989)...Ramu
* ''[[Panchama Veda (film)|Panchama Veda]]'' (1990)...Ravi
* ''[[Aata Bombata]]'' (1990)
* ''Halliya Surasuraru'' (1990)
* ''Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa'' (1990)
* ''Uthkarsha'' (1990)
* ''Antharangada Mrudanga'' (1991)
* ''Iduve Jeevana'' (1991)
* ''Kadana'' (1991)
* ''Prema Pareekshe''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Pareekshe (1991) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-pareekshe-1991 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1991)...Gopi
* ''[[Sangya Balya]]'' (1992)
* ''Guru Brahma'' (1992)
* ''Prana Snehita'' (1992)
* ''[[Belli Modagalu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mallige Hoove]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Yarigu Helbedi]]'' (1994)
* ''Mister Mahesh Kumar'' (1994)
* ''Aghatha'' (1995)
* ''Hosa Baduku'' (1995)
* ''[[Mana Midiyithu]]'' (1995)
* ''Dhani'' (1996)
* ''[[Laali]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Amruthavarshini]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Nishyabda]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Sneha (film)|Sneha]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Premotsava]]'' (1999)
* ''Sankata Bandaga Venkataramana'' (2000)
* ''[[Nan Hendthi Chennagidale]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Ninagagi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Balagalittu Olage Baa]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nanjundi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Monalisa (film)|Monalisa]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Aham Premasmi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[7 O' Clock]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Ugadi (2007 film)|Ugadi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ee Sambhashane]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Preethigaagi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Samagama]]'' (2010)
* ''Vimukti'' (2010)
* ''[[Jayahe]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Edegarike]]'' (2012)...Rashmi's father
* ''[[Gombegala Love]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Raja Rajendra]]'' (2015)...Neelakanta Raju
* ''[[Paradesi C/o London]]'' (2018)
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
*''[[Pannai Purathu Pandavargal]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'' (1983) as Indu
*''[[Anney Anney]]'' (1983) as Malli
* ''[[Kadhale En Kadhale]]'' (2006) as Rajiv's father
* ''[[Nisabdham]]'' (2017) as Judge

===Dubbing artist===
*Anil Kapoor - ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ramakrishna (actor)}}
* {{IMDb name|nm5984985}}
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ramakrishna/filmography.html Filmography of Ramakrishna]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Sondwa

2026-02-06T13:21:25Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding First Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Sondwa''' is a [[tehsil]] and large village in the [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alirajpur.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ | title=Village & Panchayats | District Administration Alirajpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref> Sondwa [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] is 457888.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/alirajpur/sondwa | title=Sondwa Pin Code | publisher=indiatvnews.com | accessdate=11 August 2025 }}</ref>

According to the 2011 Population Census, Sondwa village has population of 5145, 2494 of which are males, and 2651 females.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/505287-sorwa-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Sorwa Village Population - Alirajpur - Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

{{coord|22|06|51|N|74|22|28|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Alirajpur district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Laxmikant Parsekar

2026-02-04T21:08:18Z

JyothikaSahoo: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxmikant Parsekar
| image = Laxmikant Parsekar.jpg
| birth_name = Laxmikant Yashwant Parsekar
| caption = Parsekar in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|07|04}}
| birth_place = [[Arambol]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| nationality = {{ubl|
* Portuguese (until 1961)
* Indian (from 1961)}}
| office = [[List of Chief Ministers of Goa#Chief Ministers of Goa|10th]] [[Chief Minister of Goa]]
| predecessor = Manohar Parrikar
| successor = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| term_start = 8 November 2014
| term_end = 14 March 2017
| office2 = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Ramakant Khalap]]
| successor2 = [[Dayanand Sopte]]
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Goa University|Centre of Post Graduation Instruction & Research]], [[Panaji]], Goa, (then Bombay University)
| religion =
| spouse = Smita
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022–present) [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2022)
}}

'''Laxmikant Yashwant Parsekar''' (born 4 July 1956) is an Indian politician who served as the tenth [[Chief Minister of Goa]] from 2014 to 2017. He was the member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]] constituency from 2002 to 2017. A former member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he is currently an [[Independent politician|Independent]] politician.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/two-rss-leaders-parsekar-arlekar-in-race-for-goas-cm-post-as-parrikar-likely-to-get-defence-portfolio/ | title=Two RSS leaders in race for Goa's CM post as Parrikar likely to get Defence portfolio | work=Indian Express | date=6 November 2014 | accessdate=7 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107011745/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/two-rss-leaders-parsekar-arlekar-in-race-for-goas-cm-post-as-parrikar-likely-to-get-defence-portfolio/ | archive-date=7 November 2014 | url-status=live| df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-chief-minister-Manohar-Parrikar-to-resign-tomorrow-Parsekar-likely-to-succeed-him/articleshow/45068878.cms | title=Goa chief minister Manohar Parrikar to resign tomorrow, Parsekar likely to succeed him | work=Times of India | date=7 November 2014 | accessdate=7 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110013411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-chief-minister-Manohar-Parrikar-to-resign-tomorrow-Parsekar-likely-to-succeed-him/articleshow/45068878.cms | archive-date=10 November 2014 | url-status=live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was appointed the Chief Minister of [[Goa]] on 8 November 2014, replacing [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/live-laxmikant-parsekar-elected-as-the-new-goa-cm-says-bjps-rudy-1791743.html |title=Live: Laxmikant Parsekar elected as the new Goa CM, says BJP's Rudy |access-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210125527/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/live-laxmikant-parsekar-elected-as-the-new-goa-cm-says-bjps-rudy-1791743.html |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=live|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/live-laxmikant-parsekar-is-new-goa-chief-minister-swearing-in-at-4-pm_1495711.html LIVE: Laxmikant Parsekar is new Goa Chief Minister, swearing-in at 4 pm]</ref> During the Goa Assembly Election in 2017, he lost from his seat of Mandrem. He resigned on 11 March 2017.

==Early life and education==
Laxmikant Parsekar was born on 4 July 1956 in the village of [[Arambol]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. He has completed his [[M.Sc]] (1980) and [[B.Ed]] (1981) from [[Goa University|Centre of Post Graduate Instruction & Research]], [[Panaji]], Goa, (then [[Mumbai University|Bombay University]]). He was the principal of Harmal Panchakroshi Secondary School, Harmal, Goa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa CM: Who is Laxmikant Y. Parsekar?|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/goa-cm-who-is-laxmikant-y-parsekar-1555576.html|website=Oneindia|publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108132542/http://news.oneindia.in/india/goa-cm-who-is-laxmikant-y-parsekar-1555576.html|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political career==
{{prose|section|date=July 2024}}
He served as Goa's Minister of Health before becoming Chief Minister and has a strong connection to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Laxmikant Parsekar Sworn-In as Goa's Next Chief Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/laxmikant-parsekar-sworn-in-as-goa-s-next-chief-minister-618008|website=ndtv.com/|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref>

* In 1988, he contested and lost against sitting MLA and [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] candidate [[Ramakant Khalap]] from [[Mandrem Assembly constituency| Mandrem]] constituency, as a candidate of the BJP, then a virtual non-entity in Goa. He was instrumental in building the BJP's support base along with political veterans like [[Manohar Parrikar]], [[Rajendra Arlekar]] and [[Shripad Yasso Naik|Shripad Naik]], Union Minister of State for Health [AAYUSH Department].<ref>{{cite web|title=Who is Laxmikant Parsekar?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-laxmikant-parsekar-618029|website=ndtv.com/|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|accessdate=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108143610/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-laxmikant-parsekar-618029|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* From 1994 to 1999, he served as a General Secretary of the Goa BJP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/laxmikant-parsekar.html|title=Laxmikant Parsekar Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312075737/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/laxmikant-parsekar.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In 1999, he contested and lost again to Ramakant Khalap, but in 2002, he defeated Khalap by a small margin of 750 votes.
* While he did not serve in the first BJP government in Goa, Parsekar served as the President of the BJP Goa Unit from 2000 to 2003 and then from 2010 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/laxmikant-parsekar.html|title=Laxmikant Parsekar Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312075737/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/laxmikant-parsekar.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In 2007, he doubled his victory margin in the Mandrem seat.
* In 2012, he was re-elected when the BJP posted a remarkable victory, winning 21 out of 40 seats during the [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]].
* After Chief Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] joined Prime Minister Narendra Modi's cabinet as India's Defense Minister, Laxmikant Parsekar was sworn in as his replacement on 8 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/laxmikant-parsekar-sworn-in-as-goas-chief-minister-690457|title=Laxmikant Parsekar Sworn-In as Goa's Chief Minister|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312051237/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/laxmikant-parsekar-sworn-in-as-goas-chief-minister-690457|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In 2017, he lost the [[Mandrem Assembly constituency| Mandrem]] assembly seat to [[Dayanand Sopte]] of the Indian National Congress. He resigned as Chief Minister on 11 March 2017. Later, Sopote joined BJP.
* In 2022, he resigned from BJP when the party decided to field Sopote from Mandrem seat for Goa Vidhan Sabha mid-term election. Parsekar contested as an independent and came third, but polled enough votes to ensure the defeat of BJP's Sopote. <ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/goa/goa-polls-after-quitting-bjp-ex-cm-laxmikant-parsekar-says-he-will-contest-as-independent/articleshow/89075738.cms | title=Goa polls: After quitting BJP, ex-CM Laxmikant Parsekar says he will contest as independent | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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Ayyavazhi

2026-02-04T20:48:46Z

JyothikaSahoo: adding new info!

{{short description|Vaishnava Hindu sect}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{ayyavazhi}}
'''Ayyavazhi''' ({{langx|ta|அய்யாவழி}}, {{langx|ml|അയ്യാവഴി}} ''Ayyāvaḻi''<ref>The '[[ɻ|zh]]i' ([[ழி]]) portion of the word Ayyavazhi is a [[Retroflex approximant|retroflex]], and it is correctly [[transliteration|transliterated]] according to the [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]] as ''Ayyāvaḻi''.</ref> {{IPA|ml|əjːaːvəɻi||Ayyavazhi.ogg}}, {{Literal translation|Path of the Master}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] denomination that originated in [[South India]] during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kumar | first=B. | title=Perspectives on Indian Society | publisher=K.K. Publications | year=2021 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAVDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 | access-date=2022-10-12 | page=156|quote=Ayyavazhi, prevalent in South India, is officially considered a Hindu sect, and its followers are counted as Hindus in the census.}}</ref><ref name= "Ayya vazhi religion from Tha.Krishna Nathan">Tha. Krishna Nathan, ''Ayyaa vaikuNdarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum'', p. 62: "{{lang|ta|அவர் (வைகுண்டர்) மாற்றுப் பிறப்பு பெற்ற நாளே அய்யாவழி சமய மரபு தோற்றம் பெற்ற நாள்(கி.பி.1833) எனக் கூறலாம்.}}" (The day at which Vaikundar is given rebirth could be considered as the date of origin of the Ayyavazhi religion.)</ref>

Ayyavazhi is centered on the life and preachings of [[Ayya Vaikundar]]; its ideas and philosophy are based on the holy texts ''[[Akilathirattu Ammanai]]'' and ''[[Arul Nool]]''. Accordingly, [[Ayya Vaikundar]] was the Purna [[avatar]] of [[Narayana]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=David|first1=A. Maria|title=Beyond boundaries : Hindu-Christian relationship and basic Christian communities|date=2009|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|location=Delhi|isbn=9788184650013|page=32|edition=First}}</ref> Ayyavazhi shares many ideas with Hinduism in its beliefs and practice, but differs considerably in its concepts of [[good and evil]] and [[dharma]].<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', pp. 111–113,</ref> Ayyavazhi is classified as a dharmic belief because of its central focus on dharma.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, pp. 160–161.</ref>

Ayyavazhi first came to public attention in the 19th century as a Hindu sect.<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India'', p. 98.</ref> Vaikundar's activities and the growing number of followers caused a reformation and revolution in 19th-century [[Travancore]]an<ref>R. Ponnu, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India, p. 63, ''"The religious reform of Sri Vaikunda Swamigal left an everlasting influence on South Travancorean society."''</ref> and [[Tamil people|Tamil society]],<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', pp. 90–91.</ref> surprising the feudal social system of South India.<ref>R. Ponnu, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India, p. 86.</ref> It also triggered a number of reform movements including those of [[Narayana Guru]]<ref name= "Selvister:First Reform Movement" /> and [[Ramalinga Swamigal]].<ref name= "Ponnu:First Reform Movement" />

Though Ayyavazhi followers are spread across India,<ref>''[[Dina Malar]]''(Leading Tamil News paper), ''Nagercoil Edition'', 4/3/2005 p. 12: "எனேவ இன்று அய்யா வைகுண்டசாமி வழிபாட்டு ஆலயங்கள் இந்தியா முழுவதும் வேராயிரம் பெற்ற விழுதுகளாய் படந்து ஆறாயிரத்துக்கு மேல் தோன்றி வளர்ந்து வருகிறது" Translated to "So today these worship centers of Vaikunda Sami is spread ''across India'' and growing with more than 6000 of them"</ref><ref name="Paulose: Spread of Ayyavazhi">C. Paulose, ''Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal'', p. 24, "To propagate his teachings and ideas he opened upon seven Pathis and seven Tangs (The Primary Nizhal Thangals) in Travancore, hundreds of small pagodas (Nizhal Thangals) throughout India." Accrediting the [[Worship centers of Ayyavazhi]] across [[India]] and so the Ayyavazhi followers.</ref> they are primarily present in South India,<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India'', p. 100, ''"At present thousands of Pathis ([[Nizhal Thangal]]s) are seen throughout South India."''</ref> especially concentrated in [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>[[Dina Thanthi]], (Tamil Daily) [[Nagercoil]] Edition, 4 March 2007, p. 23: ''"The Ayyavazhi followers are highly populated in the districts of [[Chennai]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tuticorin]] and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]."''</ref> and [[Kerala]].<ref>Tha. Krishna Nathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', Chapter 4, p. 83: "இதற்கு ஆதாரமாக அய்யா வைகுண்டரைத் தெய்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட சுமார் 8000 – க்கும் மேற்பட்ட அய்யாவழிப் பதிகள் தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப்பகுதிகளில் இயங்குவதைக் கூறலாம்." (This citation was included here from Tamil Wikipedia article)</ref> The number of practitioners is estimated to be between 8,000,000<ref>''[[Dinakaran]]'', [[:File:Ayyavazhi Movie.JPG|Nagercoil edition]], p. 15, 25 February 2007.</ref> and 10,000,000<ref>31st Indian Social Science Congress, ''[http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/XXXI%20Abstracts%20Part%201%20page%201-189.pdf A note on People's Struggles and Movements for Equitable Society] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215453/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/XXXI%20Abstracts%20Part%201%20page%201-189.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}'', Plenary IV: People's Struggles and Movements For Gender/ Racial/ Caste-Discrimination-free Equitable Society, p. 47.</ref> although the exact number is unknown, since Ayyavazhis are reported as Hindus during censuses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title= Indian Census 2001 – Population by religious communities|access-date=23 January 2008 |format= Other Religious Communities|work=256, Tamil Nadu.| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm| archive-date= 19 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiareach.org/religion|title= Religion|access-date= 7 November 2009|format= Religion in India|work= Paragraph 6.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090815201015/http://www.indiareach.org/religion|archive-date= 15 August 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Etymology and history==
[[File:Swamithope Pathi West view.jpg|thumb|right|[[Swamithope Pathi]], the primary [[Pathi]] among the [[Pancha pathi]], the religious headquarters and the most sacred shrine of Ayyavazhi.]]

''Ayya'' in Tamil means 'Master' and ''vazhi'', 'way'; the simple translation is "Master's way" or 'Father's way'<ref>{{cite book|last1=Swamy|first1=Muthuraj|title=The Problem with Interreligious Dialogue: Plurality, Conflict and Elitism in Hindu-Christian-Muslim Relations Bloomsbury Advances in Religious Studies|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=Bloomsbury|isbn=9781474256414|page=52}}</ref> Due to the diverse [[synonymous]] versions for the phrase in Tamil, it also leads to various other theories.<ref name= "Ayyavazhi belief system">Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', 2002, p. 4</ref><ref>R. Shanmugam, Narayana Kulatthil Narayanar Avataram, p. 188</ref><ref>''Akilathirattu ammanai Arappadanool'', First Stage, p. 27, published by ''Vaikundar Seva Sangam''</ref>

Ayyavazhi began to be noticed initially by the large number of people gathering to worship [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] (known historically as "Mudisoodum Perumal")<ref name="Sociology of Ayyavazhi" /> (c. 1809 – c. 1851 [[Common Era|CE]])<ref>Vaikundar is a historical as well as mythical figure. The historical Vaikundar ''(often referred to as 'Vaikunta Swami')'' refers to a person who lived between 1809 and 1851 CE. The [[Akilam]] myth says that Vaikundar was the God incarnate who incarnates in the body of [[Sampooranathevan]] (alias Muthukutty) in 1833 and lived to 1851. So according to Akilam, Sampooranathevan lived between 1809 and 1833 and Vaikundar then incarnated in the body of Mudisoodum Perumal (Sampooranathevan), living from 1833 to 1851.</ref> at [[Swamithoppe|Poovandanthoppe]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Life History of Lord Vaikundar
| work=Ayyavazhi.org – Life History
| url = http://ayyavazhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=41
| access-date =31 January 2008}}</ref> The [[Thuvayal thavasu]] (washing [[penance]]) of 1840 is the origin of Ayyavazhi as an alternative religio-cultural phenomena.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 6, p. 139.</ref> The majority of its participants were from marginalised and poor sections of society.<ref name="Sociology of Ayyavazhi">G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, pp. 90–91</ref> They began to function as a distinct and autonomous society, and gradually, they identified their path with the phrase 'Ayya vazhi'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/movies/heroines/sujibala_070516.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006151739/http://www.robotstxt.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2007 |title=Oneindia |access-date=23 January 2008 |format='Ayyavazhi' Sujibala |work="...தனிப் பிரிவாக செயல்படத் தொடங்கினர். தங்களது மார்க்கத்திற்கு அய்யா வழி என்றும் பெயரிட்டுக் கொண்டனர்." (... they functioned autonomously. They named their pathway as 'Ayyavazhi'.)}}</ref> Although the majority of these followers were from the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] caste, a large number of people from other castes also follow it.<ref>G. Patrick's ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, p. 91 ''"However, people from other castes also formed part of the gathering"''</ref> Ayyavazhi's rapid growth throughout its first century of existence was noted by [[Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries|Christian missionary reports]] from the mid-19th century.<ref>See the LMS Reports gathered in the article [[Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries]] from the book ''Religion and Subaltern Agency''.</ref>

By the middle of 19th century, Ayyavazhi had come to be a recognisable religious phenomenon with deep roots in the regions of South [[Travancore]] and South [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'' Chapter 5, p. 91: ''"By the middle of the nineteenth century, AV (abbreviation of Ayyavazhi) had expanded into a recognisable religious phenomenon, making its presence felt in South Tiruvitankur (Travancore) and in the southern parts of Tirunelveli. From the LMS reports, one gathers the information that AV was spreading with 'extraordinary' speed."''</ref> The numbers of faithful increased significantly from the 1840s.<ref name="Sociology of Ayyavazhi" /> By the close of the 19th century, Swamithope was considered the religio-cultural epi-center of Ayyavazhi.<ref>[[London Missionary Society|LMS]] [[Report]] for the year 1872, p. 107.</ref> After the time of Vaikundar, Ayyavazhi was spread through his teachings. The five [[Seedars]], disciples of Vaikundar and their descendants, traveled to several parts of the country bearing the mission of Ayyavazhi.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, p. 120 ''"Vaikunda cami chose these disciples as close associates to propagate his teachings and ideas to the people"''</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Payyan dynasty]] began administering the [[Swamithoppe]] [[pathi]],<ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'' Chapter 4, p. 21 ''"The temple is managed by the Gurus of Lord Vaikuntar's gurukulam. The Gurus are the descendants of Guru Podukutti."''</ref> while other Pathis came under the administration of the followers of Ayya.<ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanathi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of The World'' Chapter 8, pp. 41–44 (sources).</ref> Following the instructions of [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] (Akilam), the [[Nizhal Thangals]] (small pagodas) have been established across the country for worship and the study of scripture.<ref>V.T. Chellam, ''Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum'', Chapter 12, p. 493</ref>
[[File:Ayya's Holy Perambu and Surai koodu.jpg|thumb|left| '' The Holy 'Pirambu', 'Khadayam' and 'Surai koodu' ''— belongings of [[Vaikundar]] preserved at [[Swamithope pathi]]]]
Arul Nool, the first Ayyavazhi work in print was released in 1927, followed by the Akilam in 1933,<ref>(Another view has [[Akilam]] published in 1939 and [[Arul Nool]] in 1918. This uncertainty results from the unfortunate absence of publication data in early editions of the Arul Nool. Source: N. Vivekanandan, ''Arul Nool Moolamum Uraiyum'').</ref> almost a century after it had been written down.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Arul Nool Moolamum Uraiyum''.</ref> As a result, Ayyavazhi abandoned active oral traditions in favor of literary scriptures. Ayyavazhi headquarter reports that Ayyavazhi spread more rapidly after [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] (1940s) and still more rapidly through the 1990s.<ref name="Ayyavazhi developments">N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar The light of the world'', p. 61</ref> Many Ayyavazhi-based social welfare organisations were established in the late 20th century.<ref>V.T. Chellam,''Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum'', Chapter 16, pp. 598–599.</ref> Several alternative versions of Akilam, including some controversial versions, were released during the same period.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Part 1, pp.(additional) 18–23</ref> The [[Anbukkodimakkal Thirucchabai]], a democratic bureau, was established by the religious headquarters in the early 1990s to organize and govern the religion. Organisational conferences are held in various cities in South India including [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tholthiruma.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post_15.html |publisher=tholthiruma.blogspot.com on News report|title=3rd Religious conference|access-date=15 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Chennai]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Ayyavazhi developments"/>

Considering the growth of Ayyavazhi, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, the day of Vaikundar's incarnation, was declared a holiday by the state administration for the [[Kanyakumari district|district of Kanyakumari]] in 1994, followed by the districts of [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Tuticorin]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/2006mar03/general_tn3.asp |title=Report on declaration of the holiday |publisher=[[Dina Malar]] |access-date=3 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021910/http://www.dinamalar.com/2006mar03/general_tn3.asp |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda Swamigal Ore Avataram'', p. 59.</ref> From 2012 C.E [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram|Vaikunda Avataram]] was declared a restricted holiday for the entire [[Tamil Nadu]] state.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2959703.ece Thousands take part in Ayya Vaikundar Avatar day – The Hindu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111155823/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2959703.ece |date=11 January 2016 }}, India's National Daily, 4 March 2012, ' " The government had also declared a restricted holiday on Saturday, for the first time, in the State in view of Ayya Vaikundar Avatar day. " '</ref> and for the [[Kerala]] State from 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|first1=The New|title=List of public holidays for 2018 announced|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/13/list-of-public-holidays-for-2018-announced-1672693.html|access-date=22 January 2018|date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Currently, [[Bala Prajapathi Adikalar]], heir to the [[Payyan dynasty]], is considered the leader of Ayyavazhi.<ref>[[Dina Thanthi]], [[Nagercoil]] Edition, 2/3/2007, p. 5. "மாநாட்டுக்கு அய்யாவழி சமய தலைவர் பால பிரஜாபதி அடிகளார் தலைமை தாங்குகிறார்." ''Translation – "The religious conference is led by Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, the head of Ayyavazhi religion."''</ref><ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'' Chapter 4, pp. 21–22 ''"The Gurus are Payyan Chella Raj, Bala Prajapathi, Bala Janathipathi, Balalokathipathi, Payyan Sami, Thangapandian, Sekar and others. Bala Prajapathi is the most popular personality among them."''</ref>

==Scriptures and holy places==
{{Main|Ayyavazhi scriptures|Ayyavazhi holy sites}}
[[File:Akila Thirattu Ammanai.JPG|thumb|right|''The Kappu'' viewed from an eleventh impression [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/20287371?tab=details Pala Ramachandran version] [[Akilam]].]]
The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] (commonly referred to as ''<nowiki>Akilam</nowiki>'')<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/20287371|title= www.worldcatlibraries.org|access-date=23 January 2008 |format= Akilam: vacan̲a kāviyam|work=Publisher: K Patchaimal, Cāmitōppu.}}</ref> and the [[Arul Nool]], and they are the source of [[Ayyavazhi mythology|the religion's mythology]]. The ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' was written by [[Seedars#Sakatevan Seedar|Hari Gopalan Seedar]] in 1841,<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, pp. 118–119 ''"The author claims that God woke him up during sleep and commissioned him to write it by 'telling' him what to write"''</ref> as if hearing the contents of Akilam told by [[Narayana]] to his consort [[Lakshmi]].<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, p. 119 ''"It is presented as if Vishnu is narrating the whole story to his consort Leksmi"''</ref> In addition to the mythological events Akilam also provides an extensive quantity of historical facts,<ref>Pon. T. Dharmarasan, ''Akilathirattu'', p. 183.</ref> especially that of mid and late [[2nd millennium]] CE. While the original text is damaged, the daughter versions such as the ''Swamithope'' version, the ''Kottangadu'' version as well as the ''Panchalankurichi'' versions, are the earliest existing palm-leaf versions of Akilam.<ref name = "Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum: Akilam versions"/> Other released versions includes the [[Sentratisai Ventraperumal version|Sentrathisai Ventraperumal]], the [[Vivekanandan Version|Vivekanandan]], the highly criticised [[Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Version|VTV]]<ref name = "Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum: Akilam versions">''N. Vivekanandan'', ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Part-1.</ref> and the earliest and commonly accepted [[Palaramachandran version]].<ref name = "Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum: Akilam versions"/> Akilam contains more than 15,000 verses in seventeen sections. It is written in poetic [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in a [[ballad]] form, and is composed with a unique literal-style with two subgenres, ''Viruttam'' and ''Natai'' throughout.

The secondary scripture, [[Arul Nool]], includes various books that are believed to be written by Arulalarkal (one possessed by divine power).<ref name="Arul Nool">G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, pp. 119–120</ref> It contains prayers, [[hymn]]s and instructions for the way of worship in Ayyavazhi, as well as [[rituals]] [[prophesy]] and many acts.<ref name="Arul Nool" /> It also contains many events found in the Akilam pertaining to the life of Vaikundar.<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda Swamigal Ore Avataram'', Ram Publications, pp. 11–12</ref> Unlike Akilam, there is no definitive history for Arul Nool. All these texts are compiled in [[Tamil language]].<ref name="Dr. Paulose's book">C. Paulose, ''Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal'', p. 24.</ref>
[[File:Location of Pancha Pathi.png|thumb|left|[[Pancha pathi]] – Location map]]
To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are seven holy places, called [[Pathi]]s,<ref name=Ayyavazhi>{{cite book|last=Chryssides|first=George|title=Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements|year=2011|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=[[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]], [[Maryland]]|isbn=9780810861947|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&q=Ayya+Vaikundar&pg=PA48}}</ref><ref name="Nadar Kulatthil Narayanar Avatara">R.Shanmugam, ''Nadar Kulatthil Narayanar Avataram'', p. 195</ref> with the [[Pancha pathi]]s being the most important.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=L.K.|title=Indian cultural heritage perspective for tourism|date=2008|publisher=Isha Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8182054752|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u21tp_JG9I0C&q=Ayyavazhi|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> The temple of the Swamithope pathi is the headquarters of the Ayyavazhi.<ref>[[The New Indian Express]]''(English Daily)'', [[Madurai]] Edition, 3/4/2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsi.org.in/conference/chennai_tourism.asp#temple |title=www.tsi.org.in |access-date=11 October 2007 |format=Tourism in Chennai |work=Temples: "Swamithoppe – Ayya Vaikundar Pathi, religious head quarters of Ayyavazhi." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031519/http://www.tsi.org.in/conference/chennai_tourism.asp#temple |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'' Chapter 8, p. 41 ''"The first Pathi is Swamithoppu, the headquarters of Ayyavazhi."''</ref>

The five Pancha pathi are:
1. the [[Swamithope pathi|Swamithope Pathi]], the venue of the great [[Tavam of Vaikundar|Tavam]] and the religion's headquarters.
2. [[Ambala Pathi]], where Vaikundar joined six of the Seven Deities unto himself.
3. [[Mutta Pathi]], the venue of the Second and Third [[Vinchai]]s.
4. [[Thamaraikulam Pathi]], where the [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] was written down.
5. [[Poo Pathi]], where Ayya unified the Earth goddess [[Bhuma Devi|Poomadanthai]] to himself by symbolic marriage.

[[Vakaippathi]], though not included in the [[Pancha pathi]]s by the headquarters, is still considered as a Pathi but with lesser importance.<ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar the light of the world'', Chapter 6 (Thuvayal Panthy), p. 31</ref><ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, p. 117 ''" However, there is also another list which includes Vakaipati in tuvaiyal tavacu's place "''</ref> There is disagreement among followers of Ayyavazhi regarding the holiness of some other Pathis, such as [[Marunthuvazh Malai|Vaikunda Pathi]] and [[Avatharappathi|Avathara Pathi]]. The list of Pathis announced by the headquarters of Ayyavazhi does not include these Pathis.<ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar the light of the world'', Chapter 8, p. 41 (Panchappathi)</ref>

==Symbolism==
{{Main|Ayyavazhi symbolism}}
[[File:Ayyavazhi Sahasrara.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sahasrara]], symbolised in Ayyavazhi as ''Lotus carrying Namam'']]
The symbol of Ayyavazhi is a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] carrying a flame-shaped white ''[[Thirunamam|Namam]]''.<ref name= "Lotus with Namam">Tha. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', p. 108.</ref> The lotus represents the 1,008-petalled ''[[Sahasrara]]'' (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''Ladam''), while the Namam represents the ''Aanma Jyothi'' or ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]''.<ref name= "Lotus with Namam" /> Both of the Ayyavazhi scriptures<ref>Akilam15:39 "Petti ceelai Uduthu Periya ''Thirunama'' Pottumittu"</ref><ref>Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram, First Act. Source: N. Vivekanandan's Arul Nool – Moolamum Uraiyum, p. 62</ref> refer to [[Thirunamam]] (the "flame-shaped symbol" present in the top of the Lotus in the Ayyavazhi symbol), but not to the lotus directly. The symbol is the ideological summary of Akilam-based philosophy. This symbol has been in use since the mid-20th century.<ref>In the absence of written references, there is a painting at the residence of Bala Prajapathi Adikalar which was considered older, but is not less than 50 years. There are also oral traditions which suggest the same age for this symbol.</ref>[[File:Thiru Nizhal Thangal of Attoor.jpg|thumb|right| A [[Nizhal Thangal (Attoor)|Nizhal Thangal]] near [[Thiruvattar]] built with [[Sahasrara]] architecture]]

The mythical narration in akilam about the eight [[yuga]]s is often viewed philosophically as a reference to eight [[chakra]]s.<ref name="Yugas as Chakras">A. Arisundara Mani, Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, pp. (Additional) XII–XIII " Athara thana vilakka attavanai ".</ref> The first, [[Neetiya Yukam]], is [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]] and the final state, [[Dharma Yukam]], is Sahasrara, or absolute bliss. In this series, the energy of [[consciousness]] (''namam'') of oneself is invoked, rising from Bindu (Neetiya Yukam) to the final Sahasrara (Dharma Yukam). This lotus, the highest spiritual center of enlightenment, is for experiencing the absolute "bliss".<ref>A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', p. 374.</ref> The reigning power in the final Dharma Yukam (Sahasrara) is [[Ekam]], which is a part of Vaikundar a [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|Trinity]] conception, or a manifestation of the supreme absolute.<ref name="Lotus with Namam" />

Thus Ayyavazhi's symbol is derived from Akilam. The symbol "Lotus with Thirunamam" shows "Vaikundar's experienced in Sahasrara."

In certain [[Hindu]] texts, the Sahasrara chakra has 1000 petals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/chakras/Sahasrara.htm |publisher=malankazlev.com |title=Sahasrara Chakra |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> But in [[Ayyavazhi symbolism]], Saharara has 1008 petals.<ref name="Yugas as Chakras" /> In Ayyavazhi, there is no scriptural authority indicating the importance of 1000, but the number 1008 is commonly mentioned. Also, the incarnation year of Vaikundar is 1008 M.E. (Malayalam Era). ''Sahasrara'' is symbolised as a lotus without a stem.

Ayyavazhi architecture was developed in constructing Nizhal Thangals, where the inverted lotus flower of ''Sahasrara'' is used to cover the roof.<ref>See this image[[:File:Nelli Nintra Vilai Thangal.png]], a Nizhal Thangal constructed in this architectural manner near Marthandam, [[Tamil Nadu]].</ref> The lotus may also represent the [[Human heart|heart]] and the flame shape (Thirunamam), the divinity.<ref>Pulavar. R. Shanmugam's, (2000), ''Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avatharam'', Nadar Kulatheebam Publications, p. 207</ref>
Ayyavazhi has used other symbols including [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] ' ''Triple Namam'' '(not used currently), and [[Conch]].

==Teachings and impact==
{{Main|Teachings and impacts of Ayyavazhi}}
The majority of Ayyavazhi's key teachings can be found in the book ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' and other teachings are collated from various books written by unknown authors, whose works feature in the Arul Nool.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Arul Nool Moolamum Uraiyum'', p. 8</ref> Like Dharma, the other teachings of Ayyavazhi are twofold, sociological and mystical. The [[mysticism|mystical]] teachings are devoted to revealing divine knowledge, while social teachings are primarily concerned with eliminating inequality and discrimination in society. The teachings encourage a positive relationship with God, as opposed to one based on fear. Followers are encouraged to refer to God as ''Ayya'', "father", to strengthen their intimacy and affection towards God.<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Ayya Vaikundar Ore Avatharam'', pp. 128–129</ref>

[[File:Ekam evolution.jpg|thumb|left|Evolution of [[Ekam]], the source of whole [[existence]] (till [[Kali Yuga]])]]
Ayyavazhi mystics focus on supreme oneness.<ref>''A. Ari Sundara Mani'', ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', p. 384</ref> Among its variations, the theology always maintains this focus on oneness. The [[Kali (demon)|evil of Kali]] blocks the ultimate [[henosis|oneness]] prevailing between individual souls and the universe, creating among them a false sense of [[Self (spirituality)|individuality]] and of [[Ego (spirituality)|extreme pride]]. This erroneous view causes the apparent sense of separation from the oneness and motivates against it.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?, p. 12</ref> Ekam<ref>{{cite book|last1=Woldman|first1=Jeanette|title=Travel guide to other dimensions.|date=2010|publisher=Woldman|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-0984531011|page=16|edition=Illustrated}}</ref> —the "over-soul" or the supreme soul—is identified as the whole of existence, changeless in nature and ubiquity. This is "one which undergoes different changes with respect to [[space and time]]" because of the evil force [[Maya (illusion)|maya]].<ref>A. Ari Sundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', pp. 103–121</ref>

All of creation evolved from this Ekam, the supreme consciousness.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, p. 97</ref> All the qualities of Ekam are within each soul, and evolve from it. Akilathirattu emphasises the importance of the sustenance of [[life|all living beings]], including [[Microorganism|microbial life]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=THOMAS |first=SANJO S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O3kEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ayyavazhi&pg=PA26 |title=MICROBIAL MYSTERIES OF INDIA: INDIA'S RICH LEGACY IN MICROBIOLOGY |date=2023-11-22 |publisher=kitab writing publication |isbn=978-93-5868-916-7 |language=en}}</ref> Each and every individual soul is a reflection<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Janak|title=World religions and the new era of science|date=2010|publisher=Xlibris Corp.|location=[S. l.]|isbn=978-1453535721|page=Hinduism 5}}</ref> or mirror of the absolute Supreme,<ref>T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin vazvum Sinthanaiyum'', pp. 60–61.</ref> which provides the textual basis and metaphor for the [[Ayyavazhi rituals#Worship in front of a mirror|mirror's role in Ayyavazhi worship]]. Human and all other souls are restricted and limited by the evil of Kali. This is why individual souls are not able to attain supreme bliss, and so are secondary to Ekam. Once a soul overcomes the influence of maya, it becomes one with Ekam. Its individuality is gone, and thereby it is Ekam.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?, p. 14</ref> On the other hand, this supreme consciousness is personified as [[Paramatma]] (oversoul) by which, God is the "Husband", while all other souls are his "consorts",<ref name= "Unifying souls as Thirukkalyana Ikanai" >Ari Sundara Mani, Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayan Urai, p. 534</ref> symbolised by [[Thirukkalyana Ekanai]], where Vaikundar marries the individual souls.<ref name= "Unifying souls as Thirukkalyana Ikanai" /> Also, the Ayyavazhi philosophy applies a common formula for the [[Creation myth|creation]] of [[human beings]] and the rest of the universe. Thus whatever exists externally to human beings exists also internally.<ref>P. Sundaram Swamigal and K. Ponnumani, ''Ucchippadippu'', pp. 32–33.</ref> [[File:The Palliyarai of Swamithope Pathi.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Elunetru]] instead of idols in the [[Palliyarai]] of [[Swamithoppe]] [[pathi]].]] Ayyavazhi explicitly condemns the [[caste]] based inequalities in its social teachings.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Chapter 5, p. 114 ''" Other verses from Akilattirattu like, 'throw the eighteen castes and the demons into the mountain and the sea', 'do not discriminate between the powerful and powerless', 'the caste would disappear by itself', etc., point to the fact of a considerable indoctrination against the inequalities of Castes."''</ref> It denounces the caste discrimination rather than the 'caste system' itself. From its inception, Ayyavazhi has doubly served as an engine of social reform, particularly in the area of Travancore, which was previously noted for its strong caste system.<ref>Cf. Ward and Conner, Geographical and Statistical Memoir, p. 133; V. Nagam Aiya, The Travancore State Manual, Volume-2, p. 72.</ref> In this context, the mingling of castes in Ayyavazhi centers was a vital element in the transformation of society.<ref>''Cf. Ponneelan'', ''Vaikunta Cuvamiyum Avar Kalamum'', Mimeograph note, p. 6.</ref>

From a sociological perspective, Ayya Vaikundar was the first<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/29/stories/2004082904420400.htm|title= The Hindu |access-date=7 February 2007 |format= The Sree Narayana effect|work=Credit to reformers: "The first of the social revolutionaries was Vaikunta Swami (1809–1851)." |location=Chennai, India |date=29 August 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070305164930/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/29/stories/2004082904420400.htm| archive-date= 5 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> to succeed as a social reformer<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/19/stories/2006031900640200.htm|title= The Hindu|access-date=7 February 2007 |format= Communalism an important factor in politics|work=Great reformers|location=Chennai, India|date=19 March 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070111132234/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/19/stories/2006031900640200.htm| archive-date= 11 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070612160300.htm|title= The Hindu – India's National Newspaper|access-date= 16 September 2007|format= Around the City|work= AIR programme|location= Chennai, India|date= 6 July 2004|archive-date= 10 July 2004|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040710151050/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070612160300.htm|url-status= dead}} This link about a programme by '[[All India Radio]]' includes [[Ayya Vaikundar]] as a [[Social reformer]].</ref> in launching political struggle,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850300800.htm|title= The Hindu – India's National Newspaper|access-date=23 January 2008 |format= Stargazing|work=Ayya's story|location=Chennai, India|date=28 September 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080214111454/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850300800.htm| archive-date= 14 February 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> social renaissance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter9.pdf |title=www.education.kerala.gov.in |access-date=23 January 2008 |format=Towards Modern Kerala |work=10th Standard Text Book, Chapter 9, p. 101. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217193847/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter9.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/2008MAR03/general_tn7.asp |title=Dinamalar |access-date=3 May 2008 |format=Silently spreading Love-flag |work=Dinamalar (Leading Tamil Daily), 3 March 2008. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202150511/http://dinamalar.com/2008MAR03/general_tn7.asp |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnuniv.ac.in/tansche/reports/History%20Education%20in%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129185218/http://www.tnuniv.ac.in/tansche/reports/History%20Education%20in%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2007 |title=www.tnuniv.ac.in |access-date=16 September 2007 |format=Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education, Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu from 1529 to Present day |work=Reform Movements and National Movement, p. 27}}</ref> as well as religious reformation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/cb-ug-his.pdf |title=History of Tamil Nadu from 1800 AD to the Present Day |access-date=23 January 2008 |format=Bharathidasan University |work=B.A. History – Course Structure under CBCS, Core Course – V, p. 9. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129185219/http://www.bdu.ac.in/cb-ug-his.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/cb-pg-his.pdf |title=www.bdu.ac.in |access-date=7 February 2007 |format=SOCIAL REFORMERS OF MODERN INDIA |work=Unit IV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128094048/http://www.bdu.ac.in/cb-pg-his.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2005 }}</ref> Vaikundar was the pioneer of the social revolutionaries of Tamil Nadu<ref>M. Ilanchezhiyan, ''Pandiyarkula Nadrakal Kulamurai Kilathal'', p. 197.</ref> and Kerala.<ref name = "Sreedharamenon"/> Research scholars regard Vaikundar as a teacher, healer and also a miracle worker.<ref>George D. Chryssides, ''Historical dictionary of new religious movements'', (Publisher: Lanham, Md., Scarecrow Press) 2012, Page 48, Ayyavazhi.</ref> He was also said to be the forerunner of all social reformers of India.<ref name= "Immanuel:First Reform Movement">Immanuel, ''Kanniyakumari: Aspects and Architects'', Chapter 11, pp. 115–116.</ref> Akilam displayed sympathy for the laboring classes, and opposed to the often excessive taxes they were forced to pay.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kuttyjapan.com/nadar/nadar-what-they-do.asp|title= Nadars of South India|access-date= 23 January 2008|format= www.nadar.org|work= Vaikunda Swamy opposed the excessive taxes and corvee labour imposed on ...|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080110121900/http://www.kuttyjapan.com/nadar/nadar-what-they-do.asp|archive-date= 10 January 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref> From the beginning the followers, fortified by the teachings, have also taken a strong stand against political oppression. This is most clearly seen in Akilam, where the Thiruvithkanur king is identified as Kalineesan, (one who is a captive of Kali) and the British are identified as [[Venneesan]] (the white neesan) in the social sense.<ref>''Akilattirattu Ammanai'', published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, pp. 214, 266</ref><ref>''Akilattirattu Ammanai'', published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, pp. 119, 120 and 121.</ref> Ayyavazhi was in the forefront of movements for Human Rights and Social Equality.<ref name= "Immanuel:First Reform Movement" /> Ayyavazhi also effected many social changes in southern India,<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda Swamigal Ore Avataram'', p. 152</ref> resulting in the emergence of a series of social and [[self-respect movement]]s such as ''Upper cloth agitation'',<ref name = "Sreedharamenon">A. Sreedhara Menon, ''A Survey of Kerala History'', p. 314</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1064574.ece|title= The Hindu|access-date=3 March 2011 |format= Jayalalithaa to visit Kanyakumari tomorrow|work=' "He (Vaikundar) spearheaded the thol seelai struggle..." ' 3 March 2011.|date= 8 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Republic-day-parade :: Tamil Nadu tableau showing women without blouses draws criticism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/republic-day-parade-tamil-nadu-tableau-showing-women-without-blouses-draws-criticism/articleshow/67705502.cms |access-date=8 February 2019 |agency=Times of India}}</ref> [[Temple Entry Proclamation|Temple entry agitation]] and other movements including those of [[Narayana Guru]],<ref name= "Selvister:First Reform Movement" >Selvister Ponnumuthan, (1996), ''The spirituality of basic ecclesial communities in the socio-religious context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India'', {{ISBN|88-7652-721-4}}, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, pp. 77–78</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nairs.org/?a086 |publisher=nairs.org |title=Are the Travancore Kings Nairs? |access-date=9 September 2007 |quote="It is worth mentioning here that Chattambi Swamikal and Sreenarayana Gurudevan were ardent devotees of Lord Muruka, so also their predecessor Ayya Vaikuntar." This statement says that Chattampi Swamikal and Narayana Guru are the (predecessors or disciples) of Vaikundar |archive-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921000503/http://www.nairs.org/?a086 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Chattampi Swamikal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nairs.org/?a083 |title=Marutwamala: Heritage Site Threatened |access-date=23 January 2008 |format=www.nairs.org |work=as two of the great sages and social reformers Chattambi Swamikal and Shree Narayana Gurudevan, born in the leading [[Nair|Nayar]] and [[Ezhava]] communities, lived and did penance here before embarking on their mission of liberating the caste ridden people. They were believed to be influenced by the teachings of Ayya. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229044754/http://www.nairs.org/?a083 |archive-date=29 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Arutprakasa Vallalar Chidambaram Ramalinga Swamigal|Vallalar]]<ref name= "Ponnu:First Reform Movement" >R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda swamigal Ore Avataram'', p. 178.</ref> and [[Ayyankali]].

==Worship centers==

{{Main|Worship centers of Ayyavazhi}}
[[File:Nelli Nintra Vilai Thangal.png|thumb|left|A [[Nizhal Thangal of Nelli-ninra Vilai|Nizhal Thangal]] near [[Marthandam]], Tamil Nadu]]
The followers of Ayyavazhi established ''Pathis'' and ''Nizhal Thangals'', which are centers of worship and religious learning in various parts of the country.<ref name ="Worship Centers">G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', pp. 116–117</ref> They serve as centres for propagation of the beliefs and practices of Ayyavazhi.<ref name ="Worship Centers" /> There are thousands of ''Nizhal Thangals''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_3251.shtml |title=Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi (Preview about the Film 'Ayyavazhi') |access-date=23 January 2008 |format=www.tamilstar.com |work=Now there are thousands of temples erected in honour of Vaigundaswamy. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818154224/http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_3251.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/nallakannu-watches-ayyavazhi/|title= Nallakannu Watches Ayyavazhi|access-date=9 June 2008 |format= www.kollywoodtoday.com|work=Now there are thousands of temples erected in Honour of Vaigundaswamy.}}</ref> throughout India,<ref>C. Paulose, ''Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal'', p. 24, "To propagate his teachings and ideas he opened up 7 Pathis and 7 Tangs (The Primary Nizhal Thangals) in Travancore as well as hundreds of small pagodas (Nizhal Thangals) throughout India." Accrediting the [[Worship centers of Ayyavazhi]] across [[India]] and so the Ayyavazhi followers.</ref><ref>R. Shanmugam, ''Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avatharam'', p. 192, "நாடெங்கும் உள்ள நிழல் தாங்கல்களுக்கெல்லாம் தலைமைப் பதி, குமரி மாவட்டதில் முன்கூறிய சாமிதோப்பு என்ற ஊரில் இருக்கிறது." ("The headquarters of all these Nizhal Thangals which are found across the country, is at the place called Swamithoppe as told earlier.")</ref> mostly in South India.<ref name="Ponnu Ayyavazhi followers"/> There more than 7000 worship centres in South India mainly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>Tha. Krishna Nathan's, ''Ayyaa vaikuNdarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum'' (Tamil), Chapter 4, p. 83: "இதற்கு ஆதாரமாக அய்யா வைகுண்டரைத் தெய்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட சுமார் 8000 – க்கும் மேற்பட்ட அய்யாவழிப் பதிகள் தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப்பகுதிகளில் இயங்குவதைக் கூறலாம்." (This citation is from a Tamil Wikipedia article)</ref> Reports from the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS) of the mid-19th century also speak of ''Nizhal Thangals''.<ref>From the following reports: ''James Town Mission District'' for 1863, ''Neyoor Mission District'' for 1869, ''Santhapuram Mission District'' for 1858, ''Nagercoil Mission District'' for 1864, from the ARTDC for the respective years.</ref> Since Ayyavazhi is not centrally organised, ''Swamithope pathi'' serves as the religious headquarters for all. The ''Pathi''s earn more importance among the worship centers.<ref name ="Worship Centers" />

The seven ''[[Pathi]]''s,<ref name="Dr. Paulose's book" /> obtain their significance from the fact that Vaikundar and his activities were historically associated with these centers of worship.<ref name ="Worship Centers" /> The ''Swamithope pathi'', though considered the religion's headquarters, does not officially control the rest of the religious centers. All ''Pathis'', except itself, are managed by independent committees.<ref>N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'', pp. 41–44</ref> The five ''Pathis'' known as [[Pancha pathi]] are considered foremost among Pathis.
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boundaries|first1=Beyond|title=Hindu-Christian Relationship and Basic Christian Communities|date=2009|publisher=ISPCK|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8184650013|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYlC_qF_eB0C&q=Ayyavazhi|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>
[[Nizhal Thangal]]s, compared with ''Pathis'', are simple small structures built for worship and for learning the teachings of Vaikundar. They also served as centers of school education during the early days.<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikundacuvamikal Valvum Valikattalum'', p. 71.</ref> Food and shelter are offered to the needy in these centres.<ref>P. Sarvesvaran, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamikal – A Forgotten Social Reformer'', p. 8.</ref> Some of them were established when Vaikundar was alive. Among them Arul Nool, specifies seven Thangals,<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'' Chapter 5, p. 118. Vaikuntacami is said to have established seven of these nilaltankalkal at Chettykudiyirrupu, Agastisvaram, Palur, Chundavilai, Vadalivilai, Kadampankulam and Pampankulam.</ref> and these are considered primary over the others. Today, charity is one of the main activities conducted in these centers.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'' Chapter 5, p. 118.</ref>

These centers emerged as the abode of Dharma.<ref>''Journal of Dharma'' (1985), Published by 'Center for the Study of World Religions', Dharmaram College, Bangalore.</ref> The Nizhal Thangals form an important institution in the socio-religious life of the people of Ayyavazhi. Panividai may be conducted up to three times daily, but all worship centers provide [[Panividai]] at least once daily.

==Ethics==
[[File:Flag mast of Swamithoppe.jpg|170px|thumb|right|The flag mast of [[Swamithoppe]] with Ayyavazhi symbol at the top]]
{{Main|Ayyavazhi ethics}}
The ethics of Ayyavazhi, integrated with the meta-narrative mythology, are found throughout the primary scripture, ''Akilattirattu Ammanai''.<ref name="Ayyavazhi ethics">T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', p. 112.</ref> Regarding ethics, Arul Nool is an accumulation of the core concepts found in Akilam.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern agency'', Chapter 5, p. 120</ref> In Akilam, the ethical abstracts are pointed out as "told by God" at several places at different situations to lesser [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[saint]]s, etc. whenever asked by them.

[[Neetham]] is the primary virtue of Ayyavazhi. This shows how society, its people, the ruling king, etc., lived in absolute harmony with nature, placing the power of Almighty in all their works, deeds and activities during early ages. In return, nature and the divine beings protect the society which follows the Neetham. Chastity and life in ultimate union with nature form the central theme, an ethical form that is to be followed. As in Akilam, [[Vinchai to Vaikundar|Vinchai]] is the rules and regulations provided by God (Narayana) to Vaikundar. There are three such Vinchais. Acts found there also fit to humans to improve their moral code. The first ''Vinchai of Tiruchendur'' forms the largest ethical accumulation found in Akilam.<ref name="Ayyavazhi ethics" />

To an extent, the [[Ayyavazhi Dharma|Dharmic teachings in Ayyavazhi]] are also considered as ethics. Charity in social ethics and "attempting to realise the ultimate truth of oneness" in spirituality are the ethical codes under the banner of Ayyavazhi dharma. Akilam also gives separate ethics for [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] also.<ref name="Dharma for devas" >Mani Bharathi, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Vilakka Urai (Part – 2)''.</ref> It is notable that the Ayyavazhi ethics undergo a vast deviation from the incarnation of Vaikundar since a universal change took place then.<ref name="Dharma for devas" /> Over all, as the foremost ethical code, people are advocated to overcome the evil force [[kalimayai]] with the weapons of love, forbearance and peace, since Kaliyan as [[Maya (illusion)|maya]] rules the minds of people.

Arul Nool constitutes the major role in forming the rules and regulations of Ayyavazhi, including ethics. It gives separately the social as well as divine ethics. The [[Sivakanta Athikarappatthiram|Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram]] here is the section especially dedicated to teach the ethics. The rituals, especially [[circumambulation]]s, are to be followed to wash-out the sin committed out of immoral thoughts and acts.

==Religious studies==
{{Main|Ayyavazhi religious studies}}
[[File:Tamarai-Namam glossy.png|thumb|left|The Holy [[Symbol of Ayyavazhi]]]]
It is difficult to give a clear-cut listing to Ayyavazhi concepts because of the relation the Ayyavazhi scriptures maintains with the [[Hindu scriptures]]. Akilam primarily says the central themes of the existing scriptures (that of Hindu) had gone awry by the advent of Vaikundar.<ref name="G. Patrick, p.119">G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern agency'', 'The Religious Phenomenon of Ayya Vali', p.119.</ref> It also narrates that Akilam was given to mankind as an alternative because Kaliyan destroyed the original Vedas and Shastras, and at the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]], several additions were given to the previous scriptures by him.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, pp. 120–121.</ref> Both of these view points give the views of Akilam on Hindu scriptures, and place them as reasons for rejecting them.

The philosophy, terms and mythology of the Ayyavazhi scriptures are the basis of religious study on [[Ayyavazhi theology]].<ref>P. Sundaram Swamigal and K. Ponnu Mani, ''Ayya Vaikunta Nathar Jeevacharithram'', pp. 20–21</ref> But several terms quoted in Akilam couldn't be understood wholly unless by referring to the descriptive details of those terms in Hindu scriptures.<ref name= "Hindu keys to Akilam">N. Vivekanandan, ''Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?'', pp.10–20.</ref> For example, if the 96 [[tatvas]] are understood, then the [[Kaliyan]] is understood. Therefore, theologians and philosophers today turn to Hindu scriptures to further their understanding of the tatvas as properties of the human body, which are not elaborated upon in Akilam.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', pp. 190–191.</ref> However, to understand Akilam and its philosophy, one should have a basic knowledge over the [[Hindu]] ideas and concepts.<ref name= "Hindu keys to Akilam" /> Since Akilam have no different view in this matter from Hindu scriptures, it was left to be gathered from there.

On [[myth]]ical studies, Akilam covers almost the entire main [[Hindu mythology|mythology of Hinduism]], including [[Mahabharata]], [[Ramayana]], Kantha Purana and [[Vishnu Purana]], but with limited details.<ref>T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', p.62.</ref> It includes only the main events that are directly linked to the mainstream story flow. But to undergo a detailed study on each, the appropriate [[Hindu scriptures]] that include those events in detail need to be referred. Akilam provides all these collectively in brief with an overall story line, which make it unique.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern agency'', 'The Social Discourse of Ayya Vali', pp.151.</ref> Many philosophical concepts from Hinduism are found in Akilam; some of them are completely accepted,<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern agency'', 'The Social Discourse of Ayya Vali', p.155.</ref> some are regenerated,<ref name="G. Patrick, p.119"/> while others are rejected.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern agency'', 'The Social Discourse of Ayya Vali', pp.130–131.</ref>

Generally it was considered that once a particular concept is not found well-described in Ayyavazhi scriptures, such as Akilattirattu Ammanai or Arul Nool (as detail as in Hindu scriptures), and instead simply was quoted, then that particular conception is accepted as in Hindu scriptures for religious studies.<ref name="Ayyavazhi and Hindu scriptures" /> But once Akilam has different views over something from that of the existing (Hindu) scriptures, then it would be found deeply described in Akilam itself and hence no need for referring other scriptures.<ref name="Ayyavazhi and Hindu scriptures">''Arisundara Mani'', Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, p. (additional) v. ''To be noted, Whole contents of this book is written including the heavy details to 'mere noted' Akilam concepts from Hindu scriptures.''</ref>

==Theology==

{{Main|Ayyavazhi theology}}
The theology of Ayyavazhi is complex<ref>{{cite book |last1=S. Weiss |first1=Richard |title=The Emergence of Modern Hinduism: Religion on the Margins of Colonialism |date=2019 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520307056 |pages=7–8 |edition=First}}</ref> and differs considerably from other [[monism|monistic]] religions.<ref>V.T. Chellam, Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum, Chapter 12, p. 493</ref> It speaks of Ekam, the Oneness from which all that exists formed, and also an ultimate oneness that exists behind all differences. The Ekam, which is articulated as the supreme divine power itself, is supposed to remain unaffected by maya deep inside every changeable matter as an [[Absolute (philosophy)|absolute]] constant. In theological terms, God is, in the highest sense, formless, [[Infinity|infinite]], genderless and beyond time and space. The term ''Ekam'' in Tamil language give simply the meanings, ''one'', ''absolute'',<ref>M. Winslow (1869), ''A Comprehensive Tamil and English Dictionary'', American Mission Press ([[Madras]]), {{ISBN|81-206-0001-0}}, p. 185</ref> ''the whole which exists''<ref>V.T. Ramasupramaniyam, ''Thirumagal Thamizhagarathi'', p. 210</ref> and ''the incomparable'';<ref>''Narmadavin Thamizh Agarathi'', p. 173.</ref> all give some sort of direct monistic definition about God from Ayyavazhi theology.

Narrating through mythology, The ''Sivam'' and the ''Sakthi'' are the first to get evolved from Ekam. The ''Natham'' (voice), Trimurthi, other lesser gods and the entire universe further evolved. The Trimurthi are greater among the personified [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s. Siva, one among the Trimurthi, was the supreme power until [[Kali Yuga]]. Vishnu is the supreme from the advent of Kali Yuga. Then, from the incarnation of Vaikundar, again the powers of all god-heads, including that of Vishnu, are transformed to Vaikundar. Ekam, the supreme oneness as one among the [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|Trinity]] takes a place within Vaikundar for the present age. Therefore, Vaikundar is said to be the only worshippable and supreme power. However, a quote from [[Akilam thirteen]] says this supreme oneness (Ekam) itself is [[Creation myth|created]] by Vaikundar, who is a personified God. In this regard, Ayyavazhi being centered on Vaikundar, is more [[monotheism|monotheistic]] rather than monistic. No other god-heads, even the Father of Vaikundar, Narayana, have gained an equal or greater status than Vaikundar. Vaikundar is a [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|triune power]] who includes the qualities of the Santror, Narayana and Ekam within himself.

In Ayyavazhi mythology, Kroni, a primordial evil manifestation,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Devil What Does He Look Like?|date=2012|publisher=Millennial Mind Pub|isbn=978-1589826625|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&q=Ayyavazhi|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> was fragmented into six and each fragment took birth and plays an anti-Vishnu role throughout the successive six yugas. He was finally destroyed by a final judgment which is followed by the god-ruled Dharma Yukam. This narration gives some dualistic dimension to Ayyavazhi theology. But since the focus of Arul Nool, the accumulation of Ayyavazhi teachings is extremely monistic and since the final fragment of Kroni itself is called ''Kalimayai'' (a conception rather than a physical or material incarnation), it was commonly accepted that the 'Maya' is symbolised in such a way<ref>Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Chapter 1, p. 36, "Kroni is nothing but a subtle revelation of spiritual ignorance."</ref> that contrasts the [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]] view on Ayyavazhi. Apart from all these, there are also separate quotes in Ayyavazhi scriptures which give [[Pantheism|pantheistic]] and [[Panentheism|panentheistic]] definition to Ayyavazhi theology.

==Festivals and rituals==
[[File:Kodiyetru Thirunal.jpg|thumb|left|The flag hoisting fest during [[Kodiyettru Thirunal]] in [[Swamithope pathi]].]]
{{Main|Ayyavazhi festivals|Ayyavazhi rituals}}
There are two yearly festivals for Ayyavazhi. The [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram]] is celebrated on the twentieth day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month ''Masi'' (Feb – March). This is the only Ayyavazhi festival to be celebrated as per the [[Solar calendar]].<ref>Tha. Krishna Nathan, ''Ayyaa vaikundarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum'', Chapter 4, p. 74.</ref> The mass procession conducted on this day from [[Nagercoil]] to [[Swamithoppe]] is a popular one in this part of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dinamalar.com/2007mar05/district/kanyakumari.asp#3%20(Dinamalar)|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021744/http://www.dinamalar.com/2007mar05/district/kanyakumari.asp|url-status= dead|archive-date= 27 September 2007|title= Dina Malar|access-date=5 March 2007 |format= Kanyakumari District|work=Ayya Vaikundar Avathara Dina Vizha}}</ref> The [[Thiru Edu-Vasippu]] is a festival of seventeen days celebrated in the Tamil month of Karthigai (November–December).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ayyavazhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=30|title= www.ayyavazhi.org|access-date=11 November 2007 |format= Festivals|work=Thiru Edu Vasippu
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071224221645/http://ayyavazhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=30| archive-date= 24 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> This celebration of textual reciting as a festival itself is a unique feature to Ayyavazhi. Apart from this, there is a tri-yearly celebration of [[Kodiyettru Thirunal]] in Swamithope. Another unique feature is the celebration of every day as a festival in Swamithope,(exclusive to Swamithope) called as '' 'Nitham Thirunal' ''.<ref>Tha. Krishna Nathan, ''Ayyaa vaikundarin vazhvum sinthanaiyum'', Chapter 4, p. 70.</ref>

In addition to the philosophical concepts and mythology, the rituals of Ayyavazhi evolved in their own way. Most of the rituals have different operational and historical meanings.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, p. 19</ref> Historically, the rituals were used or viewed as an attempt to break the caste-based inequalities prevailed in the society of the time, and to strengthen and uplift the sociologically downtrodden and ill-treated. Examples of this include the charity on food as '' 'Anna Dharmam' '', physical as well as spiritual [[cleanliness]] through Thuvayal Thavasu,<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zBa2AAAAIAAJ&q=Sami+thope The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629181101/https://books.google.com/books?id=zBa2AAAAIAAJ&q=Sami+thope&dq=Sami+thope&pgis=1 |date=29 June 2016 }}'' (1986), Published by 'Mythic Society', Bangalore, India, v.77 (1986).</ref> eliminating untouchability through Thottunamam, self-respect and courage through headgear,<ref name="Krishnanathan's Ayyavazhi practices" >''T. Krishnanathan'', ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', pp. 93–96.</ref> and unifying various castes through Muthirikkinaru.<ref>Akilathirattu p. 252: "the eighteen castes gathered in one place and bathed from the same well."</ref>
[[File:Churul.jpg|thumb|right|A '' 'churul' '' prepared to be offered for Panividai]]
But they also reveal, however, high philosophical ideas preached in a ritual language. The [[Muthirikkinaru]] and Thirunamam are treated religiously as if the ''Patham'' and ''Namam'' of them have the power to heal all sorts of mental<ref>''N. Amalan'', ''Ayya Vaikundar Punitha Varalaru'', Akilam Publications, 86–87: "முத்திரிபுகளை (மும்மலம்) போக்க முத்திரிக்கிணற்றில் பதம் விட்டுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்".</ref> as well as physical illness.<ref name="Krishnanathan's Ayyavazhi practices" /><ref>The [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] Report for the year ''1847'', pp. 88–89: ''"They take no medicine; but rub ashes on the forehead and drink cold water as the cure for all their diseases."''</ref> Thuvayal thavasu is suggested as a training to reach the ultimate aim of Dharma Yukam.<ref>''A. Ari Sundaramani'', ''Akilathirattu Ammani Parayana Urai'', p. 485.</ref> The [[Ayyavazhi religious practices#Wearing of headgear during worship|use of the crown]] reveals that "all are kings", visualising an ideology similar to ''advaita''. Also, Ayyavazhi scriptures succeeded very much in helping to understand these philosophical ideas to the common mass which is very much unusual. The individual rituals, the ecstatic religiosity and the ritual healing, which are the features of Ayyavazhi worship, contributed to the formation of an idea of emancipation and a social discourse.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', p. 137.</ref> Rituals attempt to uplift and treat the disenfranchised. Another important thing to be noted is the [[Ayyavazhi rituals#A distinct language|alternative phrases]] religiously used in Ayyavazhi universe different from Hinduism, to represent certain practices.

==Inclusiveness and exclusivity==
{{Main|Inclusiveness and exclusivity in Ayyavazhi}}
The formula of [[Inclusivism|inclusiveness]] and [[Exclusivity (religion)|exclusivity]], as applied in the religio-cultural universe of Ayyavazhi, is unique because both the theories are mixed up in Ayyavazhi scriptures. The inclusive theory accepts the views of different religions for a certain period of time, and from then onwards exclusively rejects all of them in its narrative.
[[File:Ten Incarnation door.jpg|thumb|left|The door of [[Swamithoppe]] [[Palliyarai]] with the [[Dashavatara|ten avatars of Vishnu]] carved on it]]
Ayyavazhi accepts different god-heads of several religions, like the concept of [[Allah]] and almost all the god-heads of Hinduism.<ref name = "Gods in Ayyavazhi">T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', pp. 61–65.</ref> It also says that the one and the same God incarnates in different parts of the world at different time for rescuing the people from sufferings.<ref name = "Gods in Ayyavazhi" /> But due to the advent of Kaliyan and because of the [[Boons offered to Kaliyan|cruel nature of his boons]], for the first time, the supreme power Ekam incarnates in the world as Vaikundar,{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} and so all the lesser god-heads and previous scriptures<ref>Pon. T. Dharmarasan, ''Akilathirattu'', Chapter 3, p. 30.</ref> had lost their substances. So after the time of the Vaikunda [[Avatar]], Vaikundar was said to be the only worshippable God and hence, the theology of Ayyavazhi was channeled towards exclusivism. The manner in which Akilam treats the scriptures of different religions is complicated. For instance, while there is no direct reference to the terms 'Christ' or 'Bible' anywhere in any of the Ayyavazhi texts, there is an indirect reference in [[Akilam thirteen]] which is supposed to be an implication that Christ was an incarnation of Narayana,<ref name = "Gods in Ayyavazhi" /> but it was widely thought that it did not recognise the [[Books of the Bible|Bible composition]]. It seems the view of Akilam on Bible is "it was created with the intention of man and not that of God".<ref>"He created a Veda (scripture) of his own intention". – Akilam5:571</ref> In common, creation of religions and shaping individualities for them are heavily criticised. The concepts 'God' and 'Religion' are kept poles apart in Akilam, and it seems to maintain an ideology something like '' 'Accept God; Reject religion' ''.<ref>Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'' p. 470.</ref>

Ayyavazhi accepts various [[incarnation]]s in Hinduism, but necessarily rejects the so-called '''Hindu''<nowiki/>' scriptures. It initially accepts Vedas.<ref>Akilam 12:151 – "Poorana Vetha Purana mun akamangkal"</ref> Later since Kaliyan had bought the Vedas as [[Boons offered to Kaliyan|boon]] they also lost their substance by the advent of Kaliyan, and so had gone invalid. It also says that he (Kaliyan) had performed several additions and had hidden some of their content. And hence God incarnated as Vaikundar. So for the present age, Akilam is said to be the only '' 'Book of Perfection' ''. By this Ayyavazhi rejects all other scriptures and follows only [[Ayyavazhi scriptures|its own]]. Akilam highly condemns the creation of religions especially exclusivistic religious and theological ideas. It shows them as the foremost ''Kali mayai'' (evil of Kali).<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda Swamikal Ore Avataram'', pp. 114–116.</ref> The scriptures teach sensibly and symbolically that God and his activities are beyond the reach of religions. It also preaches about universal oneness.<ref name= "Ayyavazhi belief system" />

==Mythology==

{{Main|Ayyavazhi mythology}}
The mythology of Ayyavazhi narrates that the essence of this vision is an account of a history – a past, a present and a future – meant by weaving together of empirical facts, historical events as well as mythical accounts.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern agency Chapter 6, p. 151, "A reading of the mythography of AV makes explicit the fact that the essence of this vision is an account of a history – a past, a present, and a future – constructed by weaving together of empirical facts as well as mythical accounts."</ref> It moves around three axiomatic typologies, namely [[The Santror|Santror]], Kali Yukam and Dharma Yukam, placing their base on the concepts and events of previous yugas that are associated also with [[Hindu mythology]]. The basic concepts give a symbolic vision which is at once religious and social.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern agency Chapter 6, p. 151, "It is fitting to analyse and see how these basic concepts have been woven together to give a symbolic vision which is at once religious and social."</ref>

It is closely linked to that of Hinduism. Akilam talks about the previous yugas and the evolution of [[Kroni]] through them. Events, mythical characters, and concepts are shared with Hinduism, though they may be engendered in different form. The number of Yugas and Avatars differs in Ayyavazhi from Hinduism.<ref>Pon. T. Dharmarasan, Akilathirattu, Introduction, p. 1.</ref> The personification of the entity of Evil for the current yuga, [[Kaliyan]], is unique to Ayyavazhi. Akilam says that the true concepts were destroyed, so that all previous scriptures had lost their substances due to the advent of Kali.<ref>Akilam8:Thiru Nadana Ula −6th&11th Venpaas (a species of verse).</ref>

The book also speaks of God incarnating in the world in the Kali Yukam (the present age) to destroy the evil spirit, the final and the most serious manifestation of [[Kroni]]. God incarnates as Vaikundar, and since Vaikundar lived recently, he was well known in history. So in the second part of the mythology many mythical as well as historical facts were woven together. Most of the events such as Muthirikkinaru,<ref>Samuel Zecharia (1826–1906), one of the prominent pastors of the London Mission Society, testifies to the existence of this well in his book titled The London Missionary Society in South Travancore 1805–1855, Nagercoil: LMS Press, 1897, p. 201.</ref> Wearing of Headgear during worship,<ref>M.S.S. Pandiyan, Meanings of 'Colonialism and 'Nationalism p. 180.</ref> Thuvayal Thavasu<ref>LMS Report for 1838, p. 71 says "About 70 families of this sect, having subsequently established a community of goods, removed under the guidance of a man of some influence to a part of the seashore of Tinnevelly, where they erected huts, performed frequent ablutions, and often assembled to hear the dreams and vision of their leader and to witness the miracles he was said to perform."</ref> all were noted in history.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 3 auto;" align="center"
|+ Avatars and asuras through the yugas 
! No
! [[Yuga]]
! [[Asuras|Asura]]
! [[Avatar]]
! [[Chakras|Chakra*]]<ref name="Yugas as Chakras" /> (Metaphor)
! [[Geologic time scale|Geology*]]<ref>A. Rajagopal(2004), Vaikundar Narayanarin Santravar Avataram, Page 3-4</ref> (Metaphor)
! End of Yugas (in Geological terms)<ref>A.S Ahimohanan(2012), Susupthi Masika, A Study on the Sacred Book Akilathirattu Ammanai —- the secrets of the universe decoded. Pages 40–41</ref>
|-
| 1
| [[Neetiya Yuga]]
| [[Kroni]]
| [[Narayana]]
| [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]
| [[Hadean|Late Hadean]], [[Archean]], [[Proterozoic]] eons
| [[Cambrian Explosion]] **
|-
| 2
| [[Chathura Yukam]]
| [[Kundomasali]]
| [[Narayana|Mayon]]
| [[Muladhara]]
| [[Ordovician period]]
| [[Ordovician–Silurian extinction event]]
|-
| 3
| Netu Yukam
| [[Thillai mallalan]] and [[Mallosivahanan]]
| [[Thirumal]]
| [[Swadhisthana]]
| [[Devonian period]]
| [[Late Devonian extinction]]
|-
| 4
| [[Kretha Yukam|Kretha Yuga]]
| [[Surapadman]] and [[Iraniyan]]
| [[Muruga]] and [[Narasimha]]
| [[Manipura]]
| [[Permian period]]
| [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]]
|-
| 5
| [[Treta Yuga]]
| [[Ravana]]
| [[Rama]]
| [[Anahata]]
| [[Triassic period]]
| [[Triassic–Jurassic extinction event]]
|-
| 6
| [[Dvapara Yuga]]
| [[Duryodhana]]
| [[Krishna]]
| [[Vishuddha]]
| [[Cretaceous period]]
| [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]]
|-
| 7
| [[Kali Yuga]]
| [[Kaliyan]]
| [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|Trinity]]
| [[Ajna]]
| [[Pleistocene]], [[Holocene]] epochs (Late [[Quaternary Period]])
| [[Holocene extinction]]
|-
| 8
| [[Dharma Yukam|Dharma Yuga]]
| none
| [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
| [[Sahasrara]]
| –
| –
|}

:::: * Chakras: The yugas assumed as chakras & as geological time periods above, are philosophical and geological metaphors respectively and are not mentioned directly so in Akilam. 
:::: ** Cambrian Explosion: As per [[Akilam]] the [[Kroni]] is fragmented into six and each of the fragments took birth in each subsequent yugas. So the death of Kroni as in the Akilam narrative is to be considered as the [[Cambrian Explosion]], where the diversification of life begins, in spite of it being listed as an extinction in the context of the destruction of Kroni. . 

Though there are quotes in Arul Nool to accredit the ten [[Avatars of Vishnu]], it seems that they are not seen in equal status with these incarnations (as in the table). It was considered secondary to the primary avatars, who are associated with the destructions of the fragments of Kroni. This view is not inconsistent with Hinduism, as only [[Narasimha]], Rama and Krishna are considered the primary avatars who are still worshipped. The other avatars are considered secondary avatars who are not worshipped.

==Santror and Dharma yukam==
[[File:Borassus shape.jpg|thumb|right|[[Borassus|Palmyra]], the tree cursed to provide celestial [[nectar]] in the form of Palm-juice for [[The Santror|Santror]] until the closure of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.]]
{{Main|The Santror|Dharma Yukam}}
[[The Santror]] is the subject of the religious vision of Ayyavazhi.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, p. 151 "Canror (Santror) is a name that stands for a people who are the subject of the religious vision of AV (Ayyavazhi)"</ref> There is both a religious and a social category in its connotation.<ref name="Chanar">G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, pp. 151–152.</ref> In the social sense, it is believed that the term Santror fits rightly to the early "Chanars", who were called by the Arabs as "Al Hind", and known in biblical times as the "People of Five Rivers"; they are now scattered with more than 250 branches throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://nadar.kuttyjapan.com/nadar-who-are-they.asp| title= Nadar Community – Who Are they| access-date= 23 January 2008| format= Nadars – Where they live? what they do? reason behind their success| work= "Nadars are one of the earliest inhabitants of our land, Bharat, which was later called by the Arabs as 'Al Hind'. In biblical times they were known as the 'People of Five Rivers'."| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080127144306/http://nadar.kuttyjapan.com/nadar-who-are-they.asp| archive-date= 27 January 2008| url-status= dead}}</ref> But in turn, in ideological sense and from the literary meaning of the term "Santror" in Tamil, it represents one who is noble and lives with dignity<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India'', p. 23, line 5.</ref> and supreme knowledge,<ref>A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Chapter 3, p. 92.</ref> giving an inclusive character and universal reach. Historians account that in ancient dravidian cultures, zealous devotees of God were called as 'Chanars'.<ref>Pon. T. Dharmarasan, ''Akilathirattu'', Chapter 3, p. 25.</ref> A quote from Akilam also reads, "Chanars (Santror) are those who have the ability to see 'the invisible' constantly."<ref name="Chanar" />

The Santror are given a historical background in Ayyavazhi mythology as seven boys who were made to be born in the mythical garden [[Ayotha Amirtha Gangai|Ayodha Amirtha Vanam]] ''(supposed to be between present-day [[Srirangam]], Tamil Nadu and Triconamalee, [[Sri Lanka]])'' by using the seven seeds from seven upper worlds, by [[Thirumal]], to the seven virgins. Theologians interpret that these 'Seven boys' refer to the ancestors of the whole human race, and hence the term "Santror" refers to the entire [[human|human race]].<ref>A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Chapter 3, p. 90.</ref> Their lineage started at the end phase of [[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara Yukam]] and continued through the Kali Yukam into the Dharma Yukam. It is believed that Kali is being destroyed continuously by the activities of the Santror in the Path of Vaikundar, and so the Dharma Yukam unfolds eventually. In this sense they have a considerable roll in the destruction of Kali, the foremost evil.

The Ayyavazhi proposes an emancipatory utopia under the banner of [[Dharma Yukam]].<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, p. 159 says, "AV, having emerged in a context of distress, proposes an emancipatory utopia under the banner of tarmayukam."</ref> The basis of the belief is that [[Ayya Vaikundar]] had come to establish and rule as the everlasting king<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, p. 109 says, "Akilattirattu begins its narration by stating that the account contained in it is the story of God coming into this kaliyukam to transform it into tarmayukam and to rule over it."</ref> over the Dharma Yukam in the place of [[Kali Yukam]]<ref>G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, p. 159 says, "The core of the proposal was that Vaikuntacami had come to establish and rule over a tarmayukam in the place of the kaliyukam."</ref> after sentencing Kroni to hell by a final judgment from the Lion-throne of ''Dwaraka pathi'', the rising mythical landmass (which was sunken at the end of [[Dvapara Yuga]] by [[Krishna]]) located south east of present-day Kanyakumari.<ref>{{cite book|first1=SM. |last1=Ramasamy|title=Geomatics in tsunami|date=2006|publisher=New India Publ. agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=8189422316|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&q=Ayyavazhi|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> The Dharma Yukam is narrated as beyond the limits of time and space.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, p. 161, "Yet another point to be taken note of in the symbolic vision of AV is its conception of time. AV gives a list of seven aeons, and, at the end of it, postulates a tarmayukam that is to exist eternally ..."</ref> It is often related to [[Moksha]]—the personal liberation, and to the state of 'Oneness' too.<ref>Ari Sundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', pp. 657–658</ref><ref>Mani Bharathi, Akilathirattu Vilakka Urai (Part 2), pp. 300–301</ref>

==Relation with Hinduism==
[[File:Kailash Tibet.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mount Kailash|Kailash]], where the [[Boons offered to Kaliyan|boons]] were offered to [[Kaliyan]] by [[Shiva|Siva]], is sacred in Ayyavazhi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Courtney|first1=Tom|title=Walkabout Northern California : hiking inn to inn|date=2011|publisher=Wilderness Press|location=Birmingham, AL|isbn=978-0899976587|page=196|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQZLAQAAQBAJ&q=Ayyavazhi|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Adventure|first1=National Geographic|title=World's Best Hikes: Epic Trails|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/lists/hiking-backpacking/worlds-best-grail-trails/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507151039/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/lists/hiking-backpacking/worlds-best-grail-trails/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2017|website=www.nationalgeographic.com|date=31 July 2012|publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Ayyavazhi and Hinduism}}
The Hindu and Ayyavazhi ideologies are closely tied to each other. The place where Ayyavazhi and Hinduism depart from each other is at the advent of Kali Yuga. Akilam says that until the advent of Kali Yuga, the Vedas and all other [[Hindu scriptures]] remained with Divinity. Each of the [[Hindu gods|gods]] referred to in the scriptures (Hindu) also remained with all their powers. But from the beginning of Kali Yuga, they and all their virtues collapsed.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', p. 214</ref> Kaliyan was a part of the mundane primordial manifestation who spread [[Maya (illusion)|maya]] or illusion upon the existing scriptures and Devas.<ref>T. Kirushnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazvum Sinthanaiyum'', p. 63.</ref> In Kali Yuga, all true scriptures are bound to [[Maya (illusion)|maya]] and are unhelpful.

The reason, as stated in [[Akilam]] for the disintegration of the entire system is that, towards the end of [[Dvapara Yuga]], there in [[Mount Kailash]], Siva believing the words of devas, created Kaliyan without discussing to Vishnu, who had the responsibility to destroy Kaliyan as per previous deeds.<ref>T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundar Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', p. 106</ref> So Vishnu refused to take birth in the world to destroy Kaliyan.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Part 1, p. 315</ref> So [[Shiva|Siva]] and [[Brahma]] surrendered all their powers to Vishnu.<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Part 1, p. 321</ref> Until this event, Siva was the supreme power as per Akilam. It is notable that this is a theological idea something similar to [[Shaivism]], where Siva is supreme to all. Then onwards, however, Vishnu is the supreme power.<ref>Pon. T. Dharmarasan, Akilathirattu, p. 52</ref> Here the ideology changes similar to that of [[Vaishnavism]]. This supremacy of Vishnu remains like this from the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]] until the incarnation of Vaikundar, from where it changes further.
[[File:Kumbas is Swamithope.PNG|thumb|right|The '' 'Tri-Kumbas' '' over the [[Swamithope pathi|Swamithope]] [[Palliyarai]], symbolizing the presence of [[Hindu trinity|Trinity]] within [[Ayya Vaikundar|Ayya]], revealing his supremacy.]]
During the incarnation, Vishnu himself can not incarnate directly in the world to destroy Kaliyan, since he (Kaliyan) had [[Boons offered to Kaliyan|bought as boon]] the power of Devas, including Vishnu's, and spread it all over the world as maya. So God needs to be incarnated with a new set of rules and with unique importance. A total universal transformation of the power relation of god-heads, the rules of scriptures, the dharma, etc., took place, and Vaikundar was given birth by taking in the power of Ekam, by [[Lakshmi]] and Vishnu conjoining together inside the sea.<ref>A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai'', pp. 270–271</ref>

And from now onwards all the powers were handled over from Vishnu to Vaikundar inside the sea. Siva, Vishnu and [[Brahma]] therefore form a part within Vaikundar.<ref name="Arisundara mani Supremacy of Vaikundar" >A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai'', pp. 288–289</ref> This ideology about [[Trimurthi]] (three are equal in power) is similar to that of Smartism. Vishnu alone forms a double role; one, within Vaikundar, and the other, as the father of him, remain inside the sea and regulating Vaikundar through [[Vinchai]]s.<ref name="Arisundara mani Supremacy of Vaikundar" /> After Vaikundar was given birth to, by assuming the Power of Ekam, Vaikundar was supreme to Vishnu and all other God-heads, though Vishnu playing the role of Father to Vaikundar. However, Vaikundar had to obey the order of Vishnu, since Vaikundar was given birth to perform the duties of Vishnu, which he (Vishnu) could not do. Vaikundar (and scriptures given by him) is the manifestation of the supreme Ekam so, in Ayyavazhi spirituality, he is the only worshippable universal power.<ref>A. Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai'', pp. 290–291</ref>

Regarding scriptures, the first part of Akilam is summed-up events of the previous yugas, which are present in Hindu scriptures.<ref name="Akilathirattu parts" >G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', p. 119</ref> The second part says about the universal transformation and the uniqueness of Vaikundar and his incarnational activities.<ref name="Akilathirattu parts" /> So as a summary, till the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]], what is Hinduism, that is Ayyavazhi. From then onwards for a series of reasons, Akilam says that 'Hindu' scriptures and its ideology had lost its purity and was destroyed,<ref>N. Vivekanandan, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Part 1, p. 427</ref> and so the [[Ayyavazhi Dharma|Dharma]] was re-configured in the name of Akilam and Vaikundar and the 'Hindu' ideas were re-formed.

==Phenomenology==
{{Main|Ayyavazhi phenomenology}}
[[File:Prajapathi Adikalar.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bala Prajapathi Adikalar|Prajapathi Adikalar]], Last Descendant of the [[Payyan dynasty|Payyan]] family of [[Swamithope pathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dhyanapeetam.org/web/padayatra2009_kanyakumari_4.asp|title= www.dhyanapeetam.org|access-date= 20 February 2009|format= Peace Walk (Pada Yatra) by Swamiji – Tamil Nadu – 12 January 2009 onwards|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090303104019/http://dhyanapeetam.org/Web/padayatra2009_kanyakumari_4.asp|archive-date= 3 March 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>]]
''[[Akilam]]'' points out its basis as a regeneration of Dharma in the form of an entirely new ideology.<ref>Akilam8:Thiruvasakam – 1 (As per Akilam this Thiruvasakam is written down by Sarasvathi because the previous religious ideas and scripture were destroyed by Kaliyan.)</ref> But today, most of the followers of Ayyavazhi address Vaikundar merely as the incarnation of Vishnu. Likewise, most of the Nizhal Thangals were called ''Narayana Swami Pathi'' or ''Narayana Swami Temple'', similar to Hindu [[Vaishnavism]]. Most of the followers also worship Hindu deities such as [[Kali]], [[Hanuman]] and other folk deities in spite of the anti-[[polytheistic]] ideas based on Ayyavazhi scripture.<ref name= "Nizal Thangal activities">Vaikundar Seva Sangham's,''Ayya Vaikundar 170th Avathar-Special Edition'', The activities of Nizhal Thangals, pp. 2–4.</ref>

Some followers of Ayyavazhi include Vaikundar as part of the ten [[Avatar]]s of Vishnu as [[Kalki]], while some denominations strongly advocate moksha, the personal liberation, though it is not stated directly in Akilam. Some even reject the [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|Trinity]] conception in Ayyavazhi and believe Narayana to be the supreme universal power.<ref>Arisundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Chapter 1, p. 1, ''"Sreehari who is known as Athi Narayana is praised as Ayya."''</ref> The unique monotheistic belief which is the central theme of Akilam is completely unknown among most of the followers today.<ref name= "Nizal Thangal activities" /> Deviating far away from the strict monotheistic teachings of Akilam, some thangals provides ''panividais'' for other lesser gods too.<ref name= "Nizal Thangal activities" />

The spread of Ayyavazhi among the common people was mainly due to the practice of [[Shamanism in Ayyavazhi|Shamanism]]. Being similar to Hindus in almost all aspects Ayyavazhi followers are hard to be identified. The only sign to distinguish the practitioners of Ayyavazhi is the fact that they wore the Thirunamam (a sign on their forehead).<ref name= "Shunmugam's Ayyavazhi Palliyarai">R. Shunmugam, ''Nadar Kulathi Narayanar Avataram'', pp. 189–191</ref> The Nizhal Thangals are identified among the other temples by the fact that idols are replaced by mirrors in the [[Palliyarai]].<ref name= "Shunmugam's Ayyavazhi Palliyarai" /> Only the recitations of a handful of scholars educated in the Ayyavazhi scriptures point out the real facts and concepts of Akilam and the philosophical and ideological deviation of Ayyavazhi from Hinduism.<ref>Samithopu Ayya Vaikunda Suvami 172-vathu avathara thina vizha, Thina Malar vazangkum Avathara Thina vizha Sirappu Malar, p. 3, " ... but it is questionable that how many people know that. Every one who came to know newly about Ayya wonders and ..." Bala Prajapathi Adikalar writes about Vaikundar.</ref> Not even the [[Payyan dynasty|Payyans]] from the headquarters are able to portray the Akilam-based ideology clearly.<ref>Court Judgement, District Court, Nagercoil, Case: O.S. No.80/1110, '' "The doctrines and the philosophic basis of this cult are not clearly known. Not even the 2nd defendant who is one of the hereditary high priests in the temple (Swamithope Pathi) and who enjoys the Gurusthanam of the community is able to throw much light on the question, whether there are any essential or fundamental differences between the Narayanaswamy margom (Ayyavazhi) and the Popular Hinduism"''</ref> All these philosophical, ideological and religious variations in the society of Ayyavazhi make them hard to be identified and differentiated as a separate belief and instead taken as a Hindu sect.

There is a common belief that Ayya Vaikundar is a [[prophet]] and he had made many prophecies during his earthly years. On the contrary, there are no implications in [[Akilam]] or other books of [[Arul Nool]] that Vaikundar himself foretold anything, except in [[Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi)|Thiruvasagam 4]], Akilam:12. The common mis-understanding is because, the Akilam and Arul Nool includes hundreds of [[Prophecies]] and the contents of both the books is being divinely revealed to the [[Seedars]] by Vaikundar and the Seedars brought them to the written form. So, instead of the prophecies in both the books being considered that of Seedars it is mis-understood that the prophecies is of Vaikundar. [[Robert Caldwell]], one among the very few historians of the contemporary period (whose views are always overwhelmingly negative on Vaikundar, since himself being a [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] [[Christian missionary]]), also referred to the then belief that seedars (disciples) profess to foretell events.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|title=Ritual, caste, and religion in colonial South India|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-9380607214|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=Ayya+Vaikundar&pg=PA136|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>

==Social structure==

{{Main|Structure of Ayyavazhi}}
[[File:Avatara oorvalam.jpg|thumb|right|The Great Masi Procession from [[Nagercoil]] to [[Swamithope]]]]

Ayyavazhi worship was marked by its simplicity. The absence of idol worship and priestly mediation, and inclusion of alternate type of centres of worship, the [[Pathi]]s and [[Nizhal Thangal]]s, were other characteristics of Ayyavazhi worship. Rituals of Ayyavazhi are a reform or revolutionary activity, focusing upon social equality, deviating from Hinduism. The [[Ayyavazhi rituals|rituals]] are also characterised and bound by religious beliefs that give them an alternative spiritual meaning.<ref>G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', "Rituals", p. 98.</ref> Its scriptures cover basic elements and ideas throughout Hinduism. They refer to [[Shastras]], [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], [[Vedas]] and [[Puranas]].<ref>Akilattirattu Ammanai (T. Palaramachandran Nadar), p. 180.</ref> But address them all to be gone awry by the Advent of Vaikundar,<ref name="All previous gone awry after Vaikundar" /> from where Ayyavazhi scriptures forms negative ideas over all other traditions. Though Ayyavazhi shares many god-heads with Hinduism, it weaves unique ideology and power assumption for them. Ayyavazhi can be portrayed as a ''Hindu renaissance''.<ref>T. Krishnanathan, ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', pp.62–63.</ref> Ayyavazhi is viewed as a reform movement too,<ref>R. Ponnu, ''Vaikunda Swamikal Ore Avataram'', pp.163–178.</ref> as it brought many social changes there in the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and [[Kerala|Keralite]] society during the 19th century.

The religious structure evolved in the path of Ayyavazhi scriptures and, as a result, it transfigured itself as an alternative religio-cultural system in the social category. The Ayyavazhis addressed their system as ''"Path of God"'' with the phrase ''"Ayya Vazhi"''. On one hand, they believe that their tradition had come to replace all old traditions (religions), but on the other hand, they believe that Ayyavazhi is the synopsis of the world's religious knowledge. On one hand, they believe that [[Vaikundar]] unified all deities within him; on the other, as all the previous had gone awry by the advent of Vaikundar.<ref name="All previous gone awry after Vaikundar">G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, '' "Ayya Vali – A New and Singular Religious Phenomenon" '', p. 120.</ref> Apart from this, Ayyavazhi has separate [[Ayyavazhi theology|theology]], [[Ayyavazhi mythology|mythology]], [[Ayyavazhi holy sites|holy places]], [[Worship centers of Ayyavazhi|worship centres]], and ethics of its own.

Though many new papers, academic researchers<ref name= "Historical Dictionary of Shamanism">Graham Harvey and Robert J. Wallis, (2007), ''Historical Dictionary of Shamanism'', {{ISBN|0-8108-5798-7}}, Scarecrow Press, pp. 101</ref> and some of its followers consider it as a separate religion, many of the followers are even of the opinion that this is but a Hindu sect rather than an autonomous religion.<ref>See {{cite web|last = Bagavathikan|first = M. Raj|title = Ayya Vaikuntar|date = 10 February 1999|url = http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/index.htm|access-date = 13 January 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214072150/http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/index.htm|archive-date = 14 February 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> They indulge in the mystic practices of possessions and divinations similar to the tribal religions of Tamil Nadu. Also, many of its core beliefs are similar to some Hindu sects such as Advaita and Smartism.

Regarding demographics, Ayyavazhi followers are highly concentrated in South India though found across [[India]], comparatively in less numbers. In Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], it is very hard to find a village without a [[Worship centers of Ayyavazhi|worship centre of Ayyavazhi]].<ref name="Ponnu Ayyavazhi followers" /> Apart from the listings from the religious headquarters (though it is evident that Ayyavazhi followers are spread across the India from university papers)<ref name="Paulose: Spread of Ayyavazhi" /><ref name="Ponnu Ayyavazhi followers">R. Ponnu, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India'', p. 100.</ref> there are no official figures for the number of followers of Ayyavazhi because they are considered [[Hindu]]s in the census.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
* [[Bengali Renaissance]]
* [[Dharmic religions]]
* [[Eastern religions]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[Outline of Ayyavazhi]]
* [[Religion in India]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}

* T. Krishnanathan (2000), ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], Thinai Publications, [[Nagercoil]].
* C. Paulose (2002), ''Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal'', Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Ayya Vaikunta Nather Sidhasramam, Pothaiyadi.
* R. Ponnu (2000), ''Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India'', [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], Ram Publishers, [[Madurai]].
* R. Ponnu(1987), A Social Revolution in the South, Thenkumari Publishers, Nagercoil.
* R. Ponnu,(1985)"Vaikunda Swamigal: A Case Study of Socio Religious Awakening in South India", Journal of Dharma, Vol. X, No. 2, Bangalore
* R. Ponnu(1985), "Vaikunda Swamigal - a Forgotten Reformer of South India", Ithihas, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Hyderabad, 1985
* R.Ponnu,(1983) "Sri Narayanaswamy Sect in Tamil Nadu", Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society, Vol. LXXIV, No. 3, Bangalore
* R. Ponnu (2002), ''Vaikunda Swamikal Ore Avataram'', Ram Publishers, Madurai.
* N. Vivekanandan (2003), ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'' (Part 1 & 2), Vivekananda Publications, [[Nagercoil]].
* A. Arisundara Mani (2002), ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Publications, Nagercoil.
* R. Shunmugam (2001), ''Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avataram'', Nadar Kuladeepam Publications, Karankadu.
* A. Manibharathi (2003), ''Akilathirattu Vilakka urai'', Thirunamappukazh Publications, [[Chennai]].
* Samuel Mateer (1871), ''The Land of charity: a descriptive account of Travancore and its people, Asian Educational Services'', {{ISBN|81-206-0319-2}}
* G. Patrick (2003), ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Department of Christian Studies, [[University of Madras]], [[Chennai]]
* ''Akilathirattu ammanai Arappadanool'' (First grade), Vaikundar Seva Sangam (Organisation), Attoor
* N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango (1997), ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'', (Published by the authors)
* V.T. Chellam (2002), ''Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum'' (The History and Culture of Tamil Nadu), Manickavasakar Publications, Chennai
* N. Vivekanandan (2001), ''Arul Nool Moolamum Uraiyum'', Vivekananda Publications, Nagercoil
* Thechanathu Thuvaraga pathi, ''Akilathirattu Akakkorvai'', Published by Thechanathu Thuvaraga pathi
* [[Madanjeet Singh]] (2005), ''The Sasia Story'', France, {{ISBN|92-3-103992-X}}
* P. Sundaram Swamigal and K. Ponnumani (2000), ''Ucchippadippu'', Ayyavaikunta Nather Sidhasramam, Pothaiyadi
* P. Sundaram Swamigal and K. Ponnumani (2001), ''Ayyavaikundanathar Jeevacharithram (Biography of Ayya Vaikunta Nathar)'', Ayyavaikuntanathar Siddasramam Publications, Pothaiyadi
* V. Nagam Aiya (1989), ''The Travancore State Manual'', Volume-2, [[Asian Educational Services]], {{ISBN|81-85499-33-0}}
* Ward and Conner (1860), ''Geographical and Statistical Memoir of the Survey of Travancore and Cochin States'', [[Travancore]] Sircar Press, [[Trivandrum]]
* Ponneelan's, ''Vaikunta Cuvamiyum Avar Kalamum'', Mimeograph note
* ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' (1989), (published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar), 9th impression
* P. Sarvesvaran, ''Sri Vaikunda Swamikal – A Forgotten Social Reformer''
* V. T. Ramasupramaniyam (2001), ''Thirumagal Thamizhagarathi'', Thirumagal Nilayam, Chennai
* N. Amalan (2000), ''Ayya Vaikundar Punitha Varalaru'', Akilam Publications, Swamithoppu
* Samuel Zecharia (1897), ''The London Missionary Society in South Travancore 1805–1855'', [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] Press, Nagercoil.
* M. S. S. Pandiyan (1992) ''Meanings of 'colonialism' and 'nationalism''': an essay on Vaikunda Swamy cult, Sage Publications
* Vaikundar Seva Sangam (2002), (An organisation) ''Ayya Vaikundar 170th Avathar-Special Edition'', Attoor.
* Elango Rajagopal(1984), ''Vaikatru'', TTK Publications, Chennai.
* N. Vivekanandan (1988), ''Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?'', Vivekananda Pathippakam, Nagercoil.
* M. Ilanchezhiyan (1999), ''Pandiyarkula Nadrakal Kulamurai Kilathal'', Chezhiyar Publications, [[Virudhunagar]].
* A. Sreedhara Menon (1967), ''A Survey of Kerala History'', D.C. Books, Kottayam, {{ISBN|81-264-1578-9}}
* Pon. T. Dharmarasan (1996), ''Akilathirattu'', Pon Publications, Chennai.
* Dr. M. Immanuel (2007), ''Kanniyakumari: Aspects and Architects'', Historical Research & Publications Trust, Nagercoil, {{ISBN|978-81-901506-2-0}}
* Sm. Ramasamy (2006), ''Geomatics in Tsunami'', Centre for Remote Sensing, [[Bharathidasan University]], India – Department of Science and Technology, New India Publishing, {{ISBN|81-89422-31-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Ayyavazhi}}
* [http://ayyavazhi.org/ Ayya Vaikundar The Spiritual light]

{{Ayyavazhi large|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Hindu reform movements}}
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}}

[[Category:Ayyavazhi| ]]
[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]
[[Category:Nirguna worship traditions]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:1840 establishments in British India]]

M. V. Govindan

2026-01-26T19:41:16Z

JyothikaSahoo:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. V. Govindan
| image = MV Govindan master 2024 at Kollm 02.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Morazha]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]
| termstart1 = 31 August 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
| successor1 =
| office = Member of the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| termstart = 31 October 2022
| predecessor = [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
| successor =
| office3 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart3 = 2 May 2021
| termend3 =
| constituency3 = [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
| predecessor3 = [[James Mathew]]
| office2 = Minister for [[Local government in Kerala|Local Self Governments]] and [[Kerala Excise|Excise]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| termstart2 = 20 May 2021
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| termend2 = 5 September 2022
| predecessor2 = [[A. C. Moideen]] (Local Self Governments) [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]] (Excise)
| successor2 = M. B. Rajesh
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = P. K. Shyamala
| parents = K. Kunjambu M. V. Madhavi
| children = 2
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| residence =
| alma_mater = Government College of Physical Education, Kozhikode
| profession =
| religion =
| website =
| footnotes =
| nickname = '''Govindhan Master'''
}}

'''M. V. Govindan''', popularly known as '''Govindan Master''', is an Indian politician from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], and is the current Kerala State Secretary and the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|party's Politburo]] member since 2022. He previously served as the State Minister for Local Self-Governments and Excise in the [[Second Vijayan ministry|Second Vijayan Ministry]] from 2021 to 2022.

==Personal life==

He was born to late K. Kunjambu and late M. V. Madhavi Amma at [[Morazha]] in Kannur on 23 April 1953.<ref name='niyamasabha'>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m75.htm |title=KERALA LEGISLATURE - MEMBERS |date=2018-04-27 |access-date=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427130223/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m75.htm |archive-date=2018-04-27}}</ref> His spouse, P. K. Shyamala is the Chairperson of [[Anthoor]] Municipality and Kannur district committee member of CPI(M). They have two sons named Shyamjith & Rangeeth. He was working as a physical education teacher at Iringal UP School when he became active in politics and took voluntary retirement from the job.

==Political career==
[[File:MV Govindan master 2024.ogg|thumb|MV Govindan master 2024 at Kollam]]
He became a member of CPI(M) in 1970. He was one of the founding members of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]], the youth organisation associated with CPI(M). Prior to that he was KSYF Kannur President and Secretary. He was one of the five members from Kerala in the all India preparatory committee of DYFI formation. He became DYFI's first Kerala State President and later its secretary. He participated in 1986 Moscow Youth conference.

He was the [[Kasaragod]] area secretary of CPI(M) when it was still part of Kannur district. Govindan Master was arrested during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] and put in jail.<ref name='tnie0'>{{cite news |author= |date=2018-04-23 |title=M V Govindan's elevation highlights Kannur's importance for communist party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/23/m-v-govindans-elevation-highlights-kannurs-importance-for-communist-party-1805085.html |location=Hyderabad |work=Express News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427125209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/23/m-v-govindans-elevation-highlights-kannurs-importance-for-communist-party-1805085.html |archive-date=2018-04-27 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-27 }}</ref> In 1991, he became CPI(M) state committee member after the state conference in Kozhikkode. He was elected to CPI(M) state secretariat during 2006. He represented [[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Taliparamba]] in Kerala legislative assembly during 1996 and 2001. He was Kannur district secretary of CPI(M) between 2002 and 2006. He had also become Ernakulam district secretary of CPI(M). Also, he was the Chief Editor of [[Deshabhimani]], organ of CPI(M) Kerala.<ref name='tnie0' />

===Assembly election candidature history===
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="width:45%; border-collapse:collapse; border:2px #000 solid; font-size:94%;"
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Year
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Constituency
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Opponent
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Result
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Margin
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
|Satheesan Pacheni ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |17,617<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1996 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=20 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|K.Surendran ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |15,287<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2001 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=20 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Abdul Rasheed V. P. ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |22,689<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2021-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2021 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=20 May 2021}}</ref>
|}

After the historic [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 election of Kerala]], the [[Left Democratic Front|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]] retained power with 99 seats, 8 more than in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|previous election]], marking the first time that an alliance won consecutive terms in the state since the [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]]. Following the election M. V. Govindan was sworn in as the Minister for Local Self Governments and Excise. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Kerala Election Results 2021: CM Vijayan Says 'Historic' Win Belongs to People, Metro Man E Sreedharan Loses in Palakkad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kerala-election-results-2021-live-updates-counting-scheduled-to-begin-at-8-am-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-and-cpm-hopeful-of-come-back-3697505.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> On 28 August 2022, state secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]], [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]] stepped down from the position due to failing health and was succeeded by M. V. Govindan and was also included in the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-28 |title=Kodiyeri Balakrishnan steps down, MV Govindan Master is new CPM Kerala state secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kodiyeri-balakrishnan-steps-down-mv-govindan-master-is-new-cpm-8116975/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindan, M. V.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]

Descent from antiquity

2026-01-26T03:57:56Z

JyothikaSahoo: Creating initial post initial version - done

{{Short description|Claims of ancient ancestry}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=June 2011}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2008}}
}}

In European [[genealogy]], a '''descent from antiquity''' ('''DFA''' or '''DfA''') is a proven unbroken line of descent between specific individuals from [[ancient history]] and people living today. No such proven lines exist. The ancestry of many living individuals can readily be traced back to the [[Early Middle Ages]], but beyond that, all claimed lines to late classical antiquity have been shown to be speculative at best. Despite many ongoing efforts, no well-researched, historically-documented generation-by-generation genealogical descents from classical antiquity to modern persons of European or Eurasian descent are generally accepted in Western genealogical scholarship.

==Past claims==
The idea of descent from antiquity is by no means new to genealogy. Hellenistic dynasties, such as the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]], claimed ancestry from deities and mythical figures. In the Middle Ages, major royal dynasties of Europe sponsored compilations claiming their descent from [[Julius Caesar]], [[Alexander the Great]], and in particular the legendary heroes of [[Troy]] (see also [[Euhemerism]]). Such claims were intended as propaganda to glorify a royal patron's ancient and noble ancestry. These lines of descent included not only mythical figures but also outright invention, much of which is still in wide circulation today.

==Current efforts==
The distinguishing feature of a descent from antiquity compared to a traditional pedigree is the intent to establish a historically verifiable generation-by-generation descent, unlike the legendary descents found in medieval genealogical sources and modern [[pseudohistory|pseudogenealogy]] in books like ''[[The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail]]'' and ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''. DFA research has focused on the ancestries of royal and noble families, especially the possible genealogical links between the new dynasties of western Europe from which well-documented descents are known, such as the [[Carolingians]], [[Robertians]], [[House of Wessex|Cerdicings]], and the [[Astur-Leonese dynasty]], back through the ruling families of the post-Roman Germanic dynasties and Franco-Romans, all the way to the gentility of the Roman Empire, or in the Eastern Mediterranean linking the royal Armenian wives of some [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperors through the ruling families of the [[Caucasus]] to the rulers of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], and Roman-client kingdoms of the Middle East.

The phrase ''descent from antiquity'' was used by [[Tobias Smollett]] in the 18th-century newspaper ''[[The Critical Review (newspaper)|The Critical Review]]''. Reviewing [[William Betham (1749–1839)|William Betham]]'s ''Genealogical Tables of the Sovereigns of the World, from the earliest to the present period,'' he wrote "From a barren list of names we learn who were the fathers or mothers, or more distant progenitors, of the select few, who are able to trace what is called their descent from antiquity."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smollett|first=Tobias|journal=[[The Critical Review (newspaper)|The Critical Review]]|year=1798|volume=23|page=298|title=Pye's Naucratia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjkFAAAAYAAJ&q=%22descent+from+antiquity%22&pg=PA298}}</ref> The possibility of establishing a DFA as a result of serious genealogical research was raised in a pair of influential essays, by [[Iain Moncreiffe]] and [[Anthony Wagner]]. Wagner explored the reasons why it was difficult to do and suggested several possible methods. The following years have seen a number of studies of possible methods by which an appropriately documented ancestry might be found. These methods typically involve either linkages among the ruling dynasties of the post-Roman Empire Germanic states, or those between the ancient dynasties of the Caucasus and the rulers of the Byzantine Empire. Though based largely on historical documentation, these proposed methods have invariably resorted to speculation based on known political relationships and onomastics; for example, the tendency of families to name children in honor of relatives is used as evidence for hypothesized relationships between people bearing the same name. Proposed DFAs vary greatly both in the quality of their research and the degree to which speculation plays a role in their proposed connections.

No European DFA is accepted as established. The outlines of several ''possible'' ancestries that could become DFAs have been proposed, but they each lack crucial evidence. Nonetheless, the pursuit of DFAs has stimulated detailed inquiry into the [[prosopography]] of ancient and early medieval societies.

==See also==
* [[Descent from Genghis Khan]]
* [[Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent]]
* [[Imperial House of Japan]]
* [[Kohen]] – the ancient Jewish priesthood upon whom some make claims of direct patrilineal descent

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*I. Moncreiffe of that Ilk & D. Pottinger, ''Blood Royal'', (Nelson, London, 1956).
*T. S. M. Mommaerts-Browne, 'A Key to Descents from Antiquity', ''Journal of Ancient and Medieval Studies'' III, (1984–85) 76–107
*Walter Pohl, in Walter Pohl, ''et al.'', eds., "Genealogy: A Comparative Perspective from the Early Medieval West", in ''Meanings of Community across Medieval Eurasia: Comparative Approaches'', Brill, 2016, {{isbn|9789004315693}}, {{JSTOR|10.1163/j.ctt1w76w6c.15}}
*N. L. Taylor, "Roman Genealogical Continuity and the 'Descents from Antiquity' Question: A Review Article", ''[[The American Genealogist]]'', 76 (2001) 129–136. Also available at [http://www.nltaylor.net/pdfs/a_Continuite.pdf Roman Genealogical Continuity]
*[[Anthony Wagner|A. R. Wagner]], "Bridges to Antiquity" in ''Pedigree and Progress: Essays in the Genealogical Interpretation of History'' (Phillimore, London, 1975)
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Descent From Antiquity}}
[[Category:Descent from antiquity| ]]
[[Category:Genealogy]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent|Antiquity]]

Mahalaxmi Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:37Z

JyothikaSahoo: Starting first info from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahalaxmi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1972
| electors = 74,080
| mla = Jehangir Taleyarkhan Homi
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Mahalaxmi Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Taleyarkhan Homi Jrhangir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Jehangir Taleyarkhan Homi
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalaxmi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jehangir Taleyarkhan Homi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,768 |percentage = 58.49% |change={{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Sawalram Mirajkar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,009 |percentage = 17.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dara Dinshah Vania |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,577 |percentage = 16.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramakant Anant Paradkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 3.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalkaprasad Maikoo Dhobi |party=Independent politician |votes = 601 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Mukund Nagarkatty |party=Independent politician |votes = 280 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,759 |percentage = 40.99% |change= {{increase}}34.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,762 |percentage = 60.33% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,080 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalaxmi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Taleyarkhan Homi Jrhangir |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,136 |percentage = 53.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tembe Vishwanath Krishna |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,720 |percentage = 46.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,416 |percentage = 6.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,856 |percentage = 63.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,223 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Badri Datt Pandey

2026-01-04T15:21:43Z

JyothikaSahoo: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian historian, freedom fighter, Social Reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pandit Badri Datt Pandey
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1882|2|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Haridwar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|1|13|1882|2|15|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Historian, Freedom Fighter, Social Reformer, Politician
| known_for = [[Indian independence movement]] [[Coolie-Begar movement]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| term_start = September 1957
| term_end = 1962
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Pandit Badri Datt Pandey''' (15 February 1882 – 13 January 1965) was an Indian historian, [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], social reformer, and later a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]] in independent India.<ref name=gov>{{cite news |title=Badri Datt Pandey |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2794860 |publisher=Indianculture.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Badri Datt Pandey was born on 15 February 1882 in [[Haridwar]] to Vinayak Pandey, a [[Vaidya]] (traditional physician). After the death of his parents when he was seven years old, he moved to [[Almora]], where he received his education.<ref name=Jagran/>

== Work ==
In 1903, Badri Datt Pandey worked as a teacher before joining a government job in [[Dehradun]], which he later left for journalism. From 1903 to 1910, he worked for newspaper, ''Leader'' in Dehradun. In 1913, he founded Almora Akhbar, using it as a platform to support the independence movement.<ref name=Jagran/>

Along with [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], he was one of the foremost political leaders from [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], then a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] in [[British India]]. He was popularly known as "Kumaon Kesari", a title he earned following the [[Coolie-Begar movement]] in 1921.<ref name=gov/>

Almora Akhbar, where he served as editor, was shut down by British authorities due to its anti-government stance. Subsequently, he raised funds to start a new newspaper, Shakti, which was launched on 15 October 1918, the day of Vijayadashami.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt. P.G. College, Bageshwar|url=http://www.gpgcbageshwar.org/|website=gpgcbageshwar.org|accessdate=2015-09-04|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165513/http://www.gpgcbageshwar.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Shekhar |title=A hundred years ago, a fiery speech in Uttarakhand escalated the protests against forced labour |url=https://scroll.in/article/983754/a-hundred-years-ago-a-fiery-speech-in-uttarakhand-escalated-the-protests-against-forced-labour |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

During his time, Kumaoni society was affected by the practice of Nayak Pratha, in which member of Nayak caste used to sell their daughters into prostitution for their livelihood. Badri Datt Pandey actively campaigned against this practice, which eventually led to legislative action to abolish it.<ref>{{cite news |title=जानिए कौन थे कुमाऊं केसरी बद्री दत्त पांडे, जिनसे घबराते थे अंग्रेज – कुमाऊं केसरी बद्री दत्त पांडे |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/dehradun/pandit-badri-datt-pandey-indian-freedom-fighter/uttarakhand20211030063440901 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=30 October 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> Badri Datt Pandey was imprisoned for one year in 1921, 18 months in 1930, one year in 1932, and three months in 1941. He was also jailed during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942.<ref name=Jagran>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Skand |title=बद्री दत्त पांडे ने कुली बेगार प्रथा के खिलाफ आंदोलन को दी धार, चीन युद्ध के समय सबकुछ भेंट कर दिया सरकार को |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-who-is-badri-dutt-pandey-role-who-start-movement-against-kuli-begar-pratha-22946724.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

His book, ''Kumaon Ka Itihas'', is a comprehensive historical treatise on the Kumaon region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturaltrends.in/product/kumaon-ka-itihas|title = Kumaon ka Itihas}}</ref><ref name=gov/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Badri Datt}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]

{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Tiddim Road

2026-01-04T05:57:17Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding First Page With Sources

{{Short description|Historical military road in India}}The '''Tiddim Road''' (Tedim Road) is a historical road from [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]], to [[Tedim]] (Tiddim) in [[Chin Hills]] of [[Myanmar]]. It remains as a road connecting to highways today.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TIDDIM ROAD |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205225505 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref>

== Historical significance ==
Tiddim Road is around 265 kilometres (165 miles) long, starting from [[Imphal]], running through [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]] and [[Churachandpur]] before terminating at Tedim, in Myanmar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |date=2012-09-01 |title=Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2012.712387 |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=776–786 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.712387 |issn=0970-0161|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The road runs inside strategic valleys and forested hills, and was an essential military supply and retreat route during the [[Burma campaign|Burma Campaign in World War II]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tiddim Road {{!}} Battle of Imphal |url=https://www.battleofimphal.com/the-battle/the-fighting/tiddim-road |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.battleofimphal.com}}</ref> The other key invasion route was the [[Kohima Road]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Significance during World War II ==
[[File:Hawker Hurricane attack bridge in Burma.jpg|thumb|Hawker Hurricane Attack bridge in a Burmese settlement near Tiddim Road.]]

=== Japanese invasion ===
The Tiddim Road was the only southern invasion route for the Japanese [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Division]] during the [[Battle of Imphal]] (March–July 1944) under [[Operation U-Go]].<ref name="Allen152">Allen (1984), pp. 152–153</ref> The Japanese troops had advanced from the Chin Hills region of Burma and moved north along Tiddim Road toward Imphal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Imphal-Kohima |url=https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=188 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=WW2DB}}</ref>

The capture of '''Milestone 109''', perhaps the most significant strategic point along the route, occurred in early 1944 and cut off the rear supply line of Allied 17th Indian Division.<ref name=":3" /> The Japanese then established a large supply dump at Milestone 109, which was bombed heavily by the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Tiddim Road Milestone 109.jpg|thumb|Milestone 109 where the Japanese cut the road behind the 17th Indian Division in March 1944 and where they subsequently established a supply dump which was heavily bombed by the RAF.]]

=== Allied defense and withdrawal ===
Tiddim Road saw bitter fighting as British and Indian forces tried to slow the Japanese invasion. The [[17th Indian Infantry Division]] was able to make a fighting withdrawal, pulling back along Tiddim Road toward Imphal, while trying to slow the enemy's advance. Fighting at [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]], Potsangbam and [[Nambol]] all occurred in this sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slim |first=William Joseph Slim |title=Defeat into victory |date=2009 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-330-50997-8 |series=Pan military classics |location=London |pages=296}}</ref>

== Film and photographic documentation ==
Several films and photographic records from the war - held at the [[Imperial War Museums]] - document operations along the Tiddim road including:

* Vehicle recovery, bridging, and resupply efforts by Allied engineers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Operations on the Tiddim Road |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060038321 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Imperial War Museums}}</ref>

* Engineering workshops and field repairs made by the Indian troops<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Engineer Workshop and scenes along the Tiddim Road |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060030997 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Imperial War Museums}}</ref>
* Indian Mountain Artillery using mules and gun carriages to navigate hilly terrain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Mountain Artillery in action |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060038320 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Imperial War Museums}}</ref>

== Cultural memory and tourism ==
Tiddim Road, a stretch close to Imphal, is now part of history battlefield tours. On this stretch of road there is '''Maibam Lokpa Ching''' (Red Hill), a site about 16 km south of Imphal, which is also currently a war memorial maintained by the government of Japan and the state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Hill – Maibam Lokpa Ching |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/places-to-see/ |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Manipur Tourism}}</ref>

Many organized battle field tours now line the mile of the road in order to visit the significant wartime sites and view those significant sites within the Imphal Campaign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiddim Road Tour |url=https://battleofimphal.com/tours/tiddim-road-tour |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Battle of Imphal Tours}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Manipur]]
[[Category:Roads in Myanmar]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar border crossings]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Logistics routes of World War II]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Burma]]

E. S. Raja Gopal

2025-12-27T04:08:36Z

JyothikaSahoo: started first details initial version.

{{Short description|Indian condensed matter physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = E. S. Raja Gopal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1936|5|12}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|11|15|1936|5|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| nationality =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]] | [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Burdwan University]] | [[University of Oxford]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[R. S. Krishnan]] [[Kurt Mendelssohn]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on rectilinear diameter law, [[Thermodynamics]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1978 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1980 ASI Sir C.V. Raman Award | 1984 NRDC Inventions Promotions Award | 1994 ASI Dr. S Bhagavantam Award | 1993 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal | 2004 BRSI Life Time Achievement Medal | 2005 ISOI Annual Award | 2008 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Distinguished Alumnus Award }}
}}
'''Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal''' (12 May 1936 – 15 November 2018) was an Indian [[condensed matter physicist]], a former professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and a former director of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]]. Known for his research in [[condensed matter physics]], Raja Gopal was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies – the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] – as well as a member of the [[Institute of Physics]]. He was a former [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] emeritus scientist, an alumnus of the [[University of Oxford]] and the author of three reference texts in [[condensed matter physics]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Physical Sciences in 1978.

== Biography ==
[[File:University of Madras New.JPG|thumb|235px|left|University of Madras]]
[[File:Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford.jpg|thumb|Clarendon Laboratory]]
Born on 12 May 1936 at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="curr_sci_obit">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/115/11/2166.pdf |title=Personal News: Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal (1936-2018) |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=2166–2167 |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref> E. S. Raja Gopal did his pre-graduate studies at [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]] and after earning a BSc (hons) from the [[University of Madras]],<ref name="Director's Address">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiests.ac.in/images/all_pdf2/DirectorsAddress.pdf |title=Director's Address |date=4 March 2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421100117/http://www.iiests.ac.in/images/all_pdf2/DirectorsAddress.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> he continued at the university to complete an MA in physics in 1956 and a second master's degree by research (MSc) in 1958.<ref name="About the Speaker">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/colloquiums/read/71/1.phpx |title=About the Speaker |date=2017 |publisher=IISER, Thiruvananthapuram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094210/http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/colloquiums/read/71/1.phpx |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to the neighboring state of [[Karnataka]] to pursue his doctoral studies at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Raja_Gopal,_Prof._Erode_Subramanian |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092113/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Raja_Gopal,_Prof._Erode_Subramanian |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> and secured a PhD in 1961 under the guidance of distinguished experimental physicist [[R. S. Krishnan]].<ref name="curr_sci_obit"/><ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N81-0588 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003552/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N81-0588 |archive-date=24 April 2017 }}</ref> He then undertook post-doctoral studies at the [[Clarendon Laboratory]] of the Department of Physics, [[University of Oxford]] under [[Kurt Mendelssohn]].<ref name="curr_sci_obit"/> Upon his return to India in 1964, he joined Indian Institute of Science (IISc) as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] pool officer at the department of physics, to commence an association which would last over 35 years. He held several positions at IISc during this period, where he became an assistant professor in 1965, a full professor in 1969 and the dean of the faculty of science in 1976. He chaired the department of physics during 1977–80 and Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre (present-day NMR Research Centre) from 1983 to 1989.<ref name="Director's Address" />

In 1991, Raja Gopal was appointed the director of [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] (NPL) but he continued his association with IISc as the MSIL chair professor from 1991 to 1994.<ref name="MSIL chair professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/about/endowed-chairs/endowed-chairs-for-the-faculty/ |title=MSIL chair professor |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513003017/http://www.iisc.ac.in/about/endowed-chairs/endowed-chairs-for-the-faculty/ |archive-date=13 May 2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|MSIL Chair professorship is an endowment from Mysore Sales International Limited, a [[Government of Karnataka]] undertaking}} He headed NPL till his retirement from official service in 1997 after which he remained with the laboratory as a CSIR emeritus scientist for a while before returning to Bengaluru to rejoin IISc holding the CSIR position<ref name="About the Speaker" /> and became an emeritus professor of the department of physics, a position he held until his death.<ref name="E.S. Raja Gopal Emeritus Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/people-faculty.php |title=E.S. Raja Gopal Emeritus Professor |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Physics, IISc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622204619/http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/people-faculty.php |archive-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref> At IISc, he held the position of a senior scientist of the Indian National Science Academy from 2001 to 2006 and was an honorary scientist of INSA since then.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Raja Gopal, who was a resident of [[Malleswaram]] in Bengaluru,<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130140/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> died on 15 November 2018.<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Raja_Gopal,_Prof._Erode_Subramanian |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=17 November 2018 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Argon ice 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Phase transition]] of [[Argon|Argon ice]] – transitions from solid to liquid to gas]]
Raja Gopal has worked on various aspects of condensed matter physics especially [[Critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] phenomena which assisted in understanding the [[Law of the Rectilinear Diameter]] and its breakdown.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=248 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093948/http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=248 |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> He studied [[electrical resistivity]] in relation to non-equilibrium critical point phenomena and elucidated its unusual behavior.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 April 2017 }}</ref> His studies of the ''liquid systems and [[Order and disorder|disordered]] materials'' with regard to their [[phase transitions]] returned precision measurements which helped in observing ''particle-hole asymmetry in the liquid-gas critical phenomena in binary liquid mixtures'' for the first time.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> [[Percolation threshold]] in covalently bonded [[chalcogenide glass]]es through precise measurements was another of his notable findings. He has published his research findings by way of over 250 articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} of which 167 have been listed in the article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Raja_Gopal=3AErode_Subramanian=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092514/http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Raja_Gopal=3AErode_Subramanian=3A=3A.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> He has also written three books: ''High Temperature Superconductors'',<ref name="SubramanyamGopal1989">{{cite book |author1=S. V. Subramanyam |author2=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=High temperature superconductors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxyaAAAAIAAJ |date=1 August 1989 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-21396-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxyaAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> ''Specific Heats at Low Temperatures'',<ref name="Gopal1966">{{cite book |author=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=Specific heats at low temperatures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAhRAAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Plenum Press |isbn=9780608057583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094824/https://books.google.com/books?id=jAhRAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> and ''Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter: Theory and Applications''<ref name="Gopal1974">{{cite book |author=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter: Theory and Applications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhZjAgAACAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Ellis Horwood |isbn=978-0-85312-054-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421111330/https://books.google.com/books?id=BhZjAgAACAAJ |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> and has supervised the studies of over 60 master's and doctoral scholars.<ref name="About the Speaker" />

Raja Gopal, the editor-in-chief of the ''Journal of the Instrument Society of India'', has also served as the chief editor of two science journals; ''[[Pramana]]'' journal of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1984–89) and the ''Journal of the Acoustical Society of India'' (1982–87)<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and was a member of the editorial advisory boards of the ''Indian Journal of Cryogenics''<ref name="Indian Journal of Cryogenics-Editorial Advisory Board Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iuac.res.in/reres/cryo/icc/journal.html |title=Indian Journal of Cryogenics-Editorial Advisory Board Members |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Journal of Cryogenics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094719/http://www.iuac.res.in/reres/cryo/icc/journal.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> and the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]''.<ref name="Indian Journal of Physics - Advisory board">{{Cite web |url=http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/ijp/ijp_july_2011_contents.pdf |title=Indian Journal of Physics – Advisory board |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Journal of Physics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421192654/http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/ijp/ijp_july_2011_contents.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> He served as the principal investigator of ''Design & development of a high pressure high temperature system and application'', a project of the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO)<ref name="Design & development of a high pressure high temperature system and application">{{Cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/boards/ardb/materials_processes_panel_projects_5.htm |title=Design & development of a high pressure high temperature system and application |date=2017 |publisher=Defence Research and Development Organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421095948/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/boards/ardb/materials_processes_panel_projects_5.htm |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> and has been a member of the committee of conveners of the IISc project to prepare an archives of the activities of the institute through 100 years.<ref name="Story of IISc to be relived through an archives cell">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Story-of-IISc-to-be-relived-through-an-archives-cell/article14772831.ece |title=Story of IISc to be relived through an archives cell |date=4 June 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321145015/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Story-of-IISc-to-be-relived-through-an-archives-cell/article14772831.ece |archive-date=21 March 2018 }}</ref> He was a member of Asia Pacific Academy of Materials (APAM),<ref name="APAM member">{{Cite web |url=http://store.niic.nsc.ru/apam/members/india/mi_disp.html |title=APAM member |date=2017 |publisher=Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092618/http://store.niic.nsc.ru/apam/members/india/mi_disp.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> an honorary member of the Indian Cryogenics Council,<ref name="Indian Cryogenics Council member">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indian-cryogenics.com/Show-Page.aspx?PageID=187 |title=Indian Cryogenics Council member |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Cryogenics Council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094934/http://www.indian-cryogenics.com/Show-Page.aspx?PageID=187 |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> a life member of the Indian Physics Association as well as Acoustical Society of India and a former council member of the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (1993–2003).<ref name="About the Speaker" /> He served as the president of the Indian Cryogenics Council (1986–88), Acoustical Society of India (1991–92),<ref name="ASI Handbook 2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |title=ASI Handbook 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100242/http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2017 }}</ref> Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry (1992–95), Ultrasonics Society of India (1993–98), Instrument Society of India (1993–97){{Refn|group=note|Sitting council member<ref name="ISOI Governing Council">{{Cite web |url=http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/gc.html |title=ISOI Governing Council |date=2017 |publisher=Instrument Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328040130/http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/gc.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 }}</ref>}} and Metrology Society of India (1994–98) and as the vice president of the Indian Physics Association (1985–87)<ref name="Executive Committees of IPA ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipa1970.org.in/pastexlist.php |title=Executive Committees of IPA |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Physics Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411060234/http://www.ipa1970.org.in/pastexlist.php |archive-date=11 April 2017 |access-date=20 April 2017 }}</ref> as well as the Acoustical Society of India (1989–90).<ref name="ASI Handbook 2014" /> He has been involved with the organization of science workshops such as ''Emerging Trends in Physical and Mathematical Sciences'' in connection with the IISc centenary conference of 2008<ref name="IISc centenary conference">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/dwork.shtml |title=IISc centenary conference |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022082113/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/dwork.shtml |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref> as well as ''National Workshop of preserving our scientific heritage'' organized by the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] in January 2008.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics workshop">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/archives/participants.html |title=Indian Institute of Astrophysics workshop |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092858/https://www.iiap.res.in/archives/participants.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> The international conferences he has been associated with as an advisory board member included ''CSIR-CEERI International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems (ICAES-2013)'',<ref name="International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ceeri.res.in/icaes2013/?page_id=22 |title=International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems 1 |date=2013 |publisher=Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093451/http://www.ceeri.res.in/icaes2013/?page_id=22 |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems 2">{{Cite journal |title=International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems 2 |date=2017 |publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/ICAES.2013.6659345 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET 20414)'' organized by a consortium which comprised [[University of Exeter]], [[University of Oslo]], [[Research Council of Norway]], [[Western Norway University of Applied Sciences]] and The Michelsen Center,<ref name="Organising Committees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icset.ex.ac.uk/Organisers.html |title=Organising Committees |date=2017 |publisher=ICSET |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112182028/http://www.icset.ex.ac.uk/Organisers.html |archive-date=12 November 2016 }}</ref> ''Biennial international conference on cryogenic engineering (ICEC 26 – ICMC 2016)'',<ref name="ICEC 26 - ICMC 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://icec26-icmc2016.org/advisory_committee.php |title=ICEC 26 – ICMC 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=ICEC 26 – ICMC 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508214043/http://icec26-icmc2016.org/advisory_committee.php |archive-date=8 May 2017 }}</ref> ''9th International Conference on Advances in Metrology – 2016'' <ref name="Advances in Metrology - 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://metrologyindia.org/AdMet-2016-Brochure.pdf |title=Advances in Metrology – 2016 |date=February 2016 |publisher=Metrology Society of India |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323032444/http://metrologyindia.org/AdMet-2016-Brochure.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> and ''International Educators Meet 2016'' of Anna University.<ref name="International Educators Meet 2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/pdf/IEM2016_Schedule.pdf |title=International Educators Meet 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Anna University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094753/https://www.annauniv.edu/pdf/IEM2016_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2017 |access-date=20 April 2017 }}</ref> He has also delivered a number of keynote addresses or invited speeches and the oration on ''Global Warming: A Scientist Looks at the Reality and the Myths'' at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]] on 1 April 2017 features among them.<ref name="About the Speaker" />

== Awards and honors ==
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Raja Gopal the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1978.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021146/http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |archive-date=9 April 2017 }}</ref> When the Acoustical Society of India (ASI) instituted an annual award for articles published in its official journal in 1980, an article co-written by Raja Gopal, ''Ultrasonic study of chromatin and DNA solution at High Pressure up to 3 kbar'', earned the inaugural Sir C.V. Raman Award;<ref name="Sir C.V. Raman Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/5_5_awards.html |title=Sir C.V. Raman Award |date=2017 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421100336/http://www.acousticsindia.org/5_5_awards.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> ASI would honor him again with the 1993–94 Dr. S Bhagavantam Award for ''contributions in the field of Acoustics''.<ref name="Dr. S Bhagavantam Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/5_1_awards.html |title=Dr. S Bhagavantam Award |date=2017 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421100217/http://www.acousticsindia.org/5_1_awards.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> In between, he received the Inventions Promotions Award of the [[National Research Development Corporation]] (NRDC) in 1984.<ref name="Director's Address" /> He received the Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1993<ref name="Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal ">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 |title=Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 |archive-date=16 September 2016 }}</ref> and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Biotech Research Society of India in 2004.<ref name="BRSI Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.brsi.in/awards/ |title=BRSI Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2017 |publisher=Biotech Research Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829234114/http://www.brsi.in/awards |archive-date=29 August 2017 }}</ref> He was also a recipient of the 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Instrument Society of India<ref name="ISOI Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/Awards.html |title=ISOI Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2017 |publisher=Instrument Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512203121/http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/Awards.html |archive-date=12 May 2015 }}</ref> and his alma mater, Indian Institute of Science, honored him with Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2008.<ref name="Distinguished Alumni conferred Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiscalumni.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IIScAA-newsletter-issue1_March-2009.pdf |title=Distinguished Alumni conferred Awards |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032846/http://www.iiscalumni.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IIScAA-newsletter-issue1_March-2009.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2017 }}</ref>

Raja Gopal, a National Lecturer of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] during 1974–75, has been awarded honoris causa doctorates by two Indian institutions, by the [[Burdwan University]] in 1999 and by the [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] in 2017.<ref name="Director's Address" /> All the three major Indian science academies elected him as a fellow, starting with Indian Academy of Sciences in 1974<ref name="Fellowship - IAS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/R |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=16 January 2018 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004534/http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/R |archive-date=27 January 2018 }}</ref> followed by Indian National Science Academy<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=20 April 2017 }}</ref> and National Academy of Sciences, India in 1981 and 1992 respectively.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> He was also an elected fellow of the [[Institute of Physics]], Indian Cryogenics Council, Metrology Society of India, Ultrasonics Society of India<ref name="USI fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/gview?url=http://www.ultrasonicsindia.org/Members.pdf&embedded=true |title=USI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=Ultrasonics Society of India |page=96}}</ref> and the Instrument Society of India.<ref name="ISOI Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/photos/ISOIFellows_2014.pdf |title=ISOI Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=Instrument Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421185534/http://isu.iisc.ernet.in/~isoi/photos/ISOIFellows_2014.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include the Lord Rippon Memorial lecture of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in 1987, P. A. Pandya Lecture of the Indian Physics Association in 1990,<ref name="P. A. Pandya Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipa1970.org.in/plist.php |title=P. A. Pandya Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Physics Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421100219/http://www.ipa1970.org.in/plist.php |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> Golden Jubilee lecture of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 1992, B. N. Singh Memorial lecture of the [[University of Delhi]] in 1992, Prof. S. Bhagavantham Memorial lecture of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences in 1994 and the Golden Jubilee Memorial lecture of the Indian Institute of Science on ''Metrology: New Vistas'' in 1998.<ref name="Golden Jubilee Memorial Lecture IISc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-lectures/golden-jubilee-memorial-lectures/ |title=Golden Jubilee Memorial Lecture IISc |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421095845/http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-lectures/golden-jubilee-memorial-lectures/ |archive-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |author=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=Specific heats at low temperatures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAhRAAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Plenum Press|isbn=9780608057583 }}
* {{cite book |author=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter: Theory and Applications |year=1974 |publisher=Ellis Horwood |isbn=978-0-85312-054-4}}
* {{cite book |author1=S. V. Subramanyam |author2=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |title=High temperature superconductors |date=1 August 1989 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-21396-4}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Raja Gopal Erode Subramanian |title=The Theory of the Dielectric Constant of Polydisperse Emulsions |journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Science |date=1958 |volume=40 |issue=4 |url=http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/view/3266}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Venkatachalam, S. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Gopal, E. S. R. |title=On the nature of the coexistence surface and the critical double point in a polymer plus poor solvent system |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=1995 |volume=103 |issue=15 |pages=6645–6654 |doi=10.1063/1.470394|bibcode=1995JChPh.103.6645V }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ramesh, K. |author2=Asokan, S. |author3=Sangunni, K. S. |author4=Gopal, E. S. R. |title=Electrical resistivity behaviour of Ag-Ge-Te glasses under pressure at different temperatures: the influence of bonding and topological thresholds |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |date=1999 |volume=11 |issue=19 |pages=3897–3906 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/11/19/309|bibcode=1999JPCM...11.3897R |s2cid=250813415 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ramesh, K. |author2=Asokan, S. |author3=Sangunni, K. S. |author4=Gopal, E. S. R. |title=Glass formation in germanium telluride glasses containing metallic additives |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |date=2000 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00239-5|bibcode=2000JPCS...61...95R }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ramesh, K. |author2=Ramesh Rao, N. |author3=Sangunni, K. S. |author4=Gopal, E. S. R. |title=Electrical resistivity of Cu doped As-Se glasses at high pressure |journal=Physica Status Solidi B |date=2003 |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=536–541 |doi=10.1002/pssb.200301617|bibcode=2003PSSBR.235..536R |s2cid=98098695 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ramesha, K. |author2=Asokan, S. |author3=Gopal, E. S. R. |title=Chemical ordering and fragility minimum in Cu-As-Se glasses |journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids |date=2006 |volume=352 |issue=26–27 |pages=2905–2912 |doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.03.076|bibcode=2006JNCS..352.2905R }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Devika Mudusu, Koteeswara Reddy Nandanapalli, Sreekantha Reddy Dugasani, Ramesh Karuppannan, Gunasekhar Kothakota Ramakrishna Reddy, Raja Gopal Erode Subramanian, Sung Ha Park |title=Metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs) using p-type SnS and nanometer-thick Al2S3 layers |journal=RSC Advances |date=2017 |volume=7 |issue=18 |pages=11111–11117 |doi=10.1039/C7RA00041C|bibcode=2017RSCAd...711111M |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Germanium telluride]]
* [[MISFET]]
* [[Relative permittivity]]
* [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite book |title=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |date=2017 |publisher=WorldCat |work=Author profile |oclc=490375745}}
* {{Cite book |title=Erode Subramanian Raja Gopal |date=2017 |publisher=WorldCat |work=Author profile – 2 |oclc=536566}}
* {{cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |date=2016 |access-date=12 November 2016}}
* {{cite book |title=Progress in Low Temperature Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=intmhmE-TJgC&pg=PA159 |date=22 September 2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087299-5 |pages=159–}}
* {{cite book |author=Petre P. Teodorescu |title=Treatise on Classical Elasticity: Theory and Related Problems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvVq1R9raogC&pg=PA308 |date=8 July 2014 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-2616-1 |pages=308–}}
* {{cite book |author=Yong Zhou |title=Symposia Mathematica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |date=12 May 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-1-4832-5883-6 |pages=377–}}
* {{cite book |title=Emulsion science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpNPAQAAIAAJ |year=1968| isbn=9780126395501 | last1=Sherman | first1=Philip | publisher=Academic Press }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Gopal, Erode Subramanian}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil physicists]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Physics]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]

A. T. M. Abdul Wahab

2025-12-19T17:44:17Z

JyothikaSahoo: expanded content

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abu Talib Muhammad Abdul Wahab
| office = Member of Parliament of [[Magura-1]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 30 December 2018
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Serajul Akbar]]
| successor = [[Saifuzzaman Shikhor]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|12|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Magura District|Magura]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| office2 = Chairman, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS)
| allegiance = {{PAK}} (before 1971) {{BAN}}
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}} {{army|Bangladesh}} {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]]
| serviceyears = 1969 – 2003
| unit = [[East Bengal Regiment]]
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major general (Bangladesh)|Major General]] [[File:BD Army Major General Star Plate.svg|20px]]
| commands = *Sub-commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector – VIII]]
* Station Commander, [[Comilla Cantonment|Comilla]]
* Commander of [[9th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|81st Infantry Brigade]]
* Deputy Director of [[Bangladesh Rifles]]
* Commander of [[Shahid Salahuddin Cantonment|309th Infantry Brigade]]
* GOC of [[Jessore Cantonment|55th Infantry Division]]
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
}}

'''A. T. M. Abdul Wahab''' ({{langx|bn|এ টি এম ‍আব্দুল ওয়াহাব}}) is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former member of parliament from [[Magura-1]].

==Early life==
Wahab was born on 29 December 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major General ATM Abdul Wahab (Rtd.) Biography |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/318/biography |website=Amarmp |accessdate=8 November 2018}}</ref> He fought in the Bangladesh Liberation war as the sub-sector commander of Sector Eight.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2016/05/01/149264.php |title=Tribute to a liberation war hero |work=The Daily Observer |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Wahab retired from [[Bangladesh Army]] with the rank of major general. He wrote a book, ''Mukti Bahini Wins Victory: Military Oligarchy Divides Pakistan in 1971'', about the history of the [[Bangladesh Liberation war]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Civilian FFs should have been entitled Bir Sreshtha' |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/21/d60321061574.htm |accessdate=9 November 2018 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109111934/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/21/d60321061574.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Wahab was elected to parliament in 2015 from Magura-1 as a candidate of the Bangladesh Awami League in a by-election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major General ATM Abdul Wahab (Rtd.) History |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/318/history |website=Amarmp |accessdate=8 November 2018}}</ref> The by-election were called after the death of the incumbent member of parliament, [[Muhammad Serajul Akbar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AL nominates Wahab for May 30 Magura-1 by-poll |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/al-nominates-wahab-may-30-magura-1-poll-79706 |accessdate=9 November 2018 |work=The Daily Star |date=29 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He was selected out of 17 potential candidates interviewed by Awami League Parliamentary Board.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abdul Wahab gets AL ticket |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2015/04/29/86278.php |accessdate=9 November 2018 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070906/http://www.observerbd.com/2015/04/29/86278.php |archive-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

In June 2021, [[Transparency International Bangladesh]] reported widespread corruption, mismanagement, and political interference at the [[Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-26 |title=It’s plagued by irregularities, corruption |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/its-plagued-irregularities-corruption-3355816 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630155517/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/its-plagued-irregularities-corruption-3355816 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The report blamed the chairman of the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society Wahab.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Bangladesh |portal3= Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahab, A. T. M. Abdul}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army generals]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Red Crescent Society chairmen]]
[[Category:Kushtia Government College alumni]]

Subhalekha Sudhakar

2025-11-30T14:42:22Z

JyothikaSahoo:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subhalekha Sudhakar
| image = Vinay With actor Subhalekah Sudhakar (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sudhakar in 2025
| birth_place = [[Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_name = Suravajhala Sudhakar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|11|19|df=y}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[S. P. Sailaja]]|1989}}
| children = 1
| occupation = Actor, voice actor
| years_active = 1982–present
| works = [[Subhalekha Sudhakar filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = {{unbulletedlist| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (brother-in-law)|[[S. P. Charan]] (nephew)}}
}}

'''Suravajhala Sudhakar''' (born 19 November 1960), known by his [[stage name]] '''Subhalekha Sudhakar''', is an Indian actor who worked in [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] and [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] language films. Sudhakar's first Telugu film ''[[Subhalekha]]'' (1982) gained him wide recognition through which he obtained his screen name.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=22 September 2013|title=Versatility is his forte|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/versatility-is-his-forte/article5154869.ece|access-date=14 August 2015|work=Neeraja Murthy|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> He went on to appear in a variety of roles in films such as ''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]'' (1983), ''[[Sitaara]]'' (1984), ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa pellanta!]]'' (1987), ''[[Siva (Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989), ''[[Prema Zindabad]]'' (1990), [[Nirnayam (1991 film)|''Nirnayam'']] (1992), ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1991)'','' ''[[Nesam]]'' (1997), [[Dongaata (1997 film)|''Dongaata'']] (1997), ''[[Chinnabbayi]]'' (1997), and ''[[Aa Naluguru]]'' (2004), ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2019), ''[[Masooda]]'' (2022), and ''[[Mad Square]]'' (2025)

Sudhakar has appeared in over 300 films in Telugu, in addition to a few in Tamil. Following his stint in cinema, he subsequently moved to television.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2010|title=My first Break – Subhalekha Sudhakar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-subhalekha-sudhakar/article145673.ece|access-date=14 August 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Some of his notable television series in Tamil include ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'', ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'', ''[[Thendral]]'' and ''[[Priyamanaval]]''. He received the [[Nandi Award|Nandi TV Award]] for the Telugu serial ''Mamathala Kovela.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 November 2012|title=Subhalekha Sudhakar gets TV Nandi|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1338573.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1338573.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=14 August 2015|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref>'' He also received an award for ''Thendral'', in which he played the female protagonist's father.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-awards/article2370774.ece | title=Drama Awards | work=The Hindu | date=19 August 2011 | access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Sudhakar was born as Suravajhala Sudhakar on 19 November 1960. After his graduation, he moved to [[Madras]] to pursue a full time career in films.

He gave several auditions and was selected for [[K. Viswanath]]'s film ''[[Subhalekha]]''. He gained recognition among the Telugu audience with ''Subhalekha'', thereby gaining his [[stage name|screen name]] "Subhalekha" Sudhakar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=భళారే… 'శుభలేఖ' సుధాకర్! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/shubaleka-sudhakar-birthday-special/ |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220113201956/https://ntvtelugu.com/shubaleka-sudhakar-birthday-special/ |archive-date=2022-01-13 |language=te |date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

He is noted for his comical and supporting actor roles in films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Entertainment/famous-tollywood-character-artist-subhalekha-sudhakar-biography.php | title=Subhalekha Sudhakar's Profile | publisher=www.altiusdirectory.com | access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married [[playback singer]] [[S. P. Sailaja]], sister of noted singer and actor [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], in December 1989, and the couple has a son.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2004 |title='We have our share of highs and lows' |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800560100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508023335/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800560100.htm |archive-date=8 May 2005 |access-date=14 August 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{main|Subhalekha Sudhakar filmography}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0004471|name=Subhalekha Sudhakar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakar, Subhalekha}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

Moondru Per Moondru Kadal (soundtrack)

2025-09-06T06:24:19Z

JyothikaSahoo: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal#Soundtrack]]

Litera Valley School, Patna

2025-09-01T10:58:45Z

JyothikaSahoo: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Patna]]

Revagupti

2025-08-05T09:27:36Z

JyothikaSahoo: typo fix

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Revagupti
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R1|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Revagupti''' (pronounced ''rēvagupti'') is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a pentatonic scale (''audava'' rāgam or ''owdava'' rāgam). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes).

It is a morning rāgam.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> The similar scales in [[Hindustani music]] are ''Rewa'' and ''[[Bibhas]]''.<ref name="raganidhi" />

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:Revagupti scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Revagupti'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Revagupti'' is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain ''madhyamam'' or ''nishādham''. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (''audava-audava'' ragam<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> in Carnatic music classification – ''audava'' meaning 'of 5'). Its ascending and descending scale (''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R1|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, shuddha rishabham, antara gandharam, panchamam'' and ''shuddha dhaivatham'', as per [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|Carnatic music]] notation and terms for the ''swaras''. ''Revagupti'' is considered a ''janya'' rāgam of ''[[Mayamalavagowla]]'', the 15th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam, though it can be derived from 5 other melakarta rāgams by dropping both the ''madhyamam'' and ''nishādham''.

== Popular Compositions ==
Here are a few songs composed in ''Revagupti''.<ref name="ragas" />

*''Gopalaka Pahimam'' is popular krithi rendered in this raga nowadays, though originally it was set in the raga [[Bhupalam]] by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Rama Rama Pahi Rama'' by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Griha bala memi'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Sada vinata sadare'' and ''Sharavana bhava guruguham'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Ni vera ganidhi and Purushottamuda'' by [[Annamacharya]]
*''[[Varnam]]-Aravinda Malarkanna'' by ''Seetha Raman''
*''[[Varnam]]-Swayam Varenyam'' by ''Pallavi Subbayya Bhagavathar''
*''Shri Ganeshwara'' by [[N. Ravikiran]]

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Nee Palli Ezhundhaal
|[[Raja Mukthi]]
|[[C. R. Subburaman]]
|[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
|Panniner Mozhiyaal
|[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], Master Maharajan
|-
|Sugamana Sindhanaiyil
|[[Taxi Driver (1978 film)|Taxi Driver]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kozhi Koovum
|[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|Degam Pon Degam
|[[Anbulla Malare]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Bhoomiye Enga
|[[Puthu Paatu]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Vidinthatha Pozhuthu
|Pillai Paasam
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|Senthazham Poovil
|[[Mullum Malarum]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Kathiravanai Paarthu
|[[Pookkal Vidum Thudhu]]
|rowspan="2"|[[T. Rajendar]]
|-
|Ponmaanai
|[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Boobalam Arangerum
|Agni Theertham
|rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Paarthu Sirikithu Bommai
|[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Vaigai Neerada
|Chinnanchiru Kiliye
|[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kaalai Veyil Nerathile
|Then Chittugal
|Vijay Ramani
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|Kadhal Kavithai Paada
|[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Paadum Paravaigal Sangeetham
|Shenbagathottam
|[[Sirpy]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''[[Bhupalam]]'' rāgam differs from ''Revagupti'' only by the ''gāndhāram''. It uses ''sadharana gāndhāram'' instead of ''antara gāndhāram'' and its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R1 G2 P D1 S : S D1 P G2 R1 S<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" />
*''[[Bhauli]]'' rāgam uses an additional ''nishadam'' in descending scale, in comparison to ''Revagupti''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R1 G3 P D1 S : S N3 D1 P G3 R1 S<ref name="raganidhi" />
*''[[Karnataka Shuddha Saveri]]'' rāgam uses ''shuddha madhyamam'' in place of ''antara gandharam'' of ''Revagupti''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R1 M1 P D1 S : S D1 P M1 R1 S

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Shivgarh

2025-07-29T23:19:51Z

JyothikaSahoo: Adding A Details V1

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shivgarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Shivgarh block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Shivgarh CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.541677|N|81.250506|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.56
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2812
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 229308<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| registration_plate = UP-33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shivgarh''' is a '''Nagar Panchayat''' (Town '''Panchayat'''; <abbr>transl.</abbr> 'town council') or '''Notified Area Council''' (NAC) in [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=91–107 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 2,812, in 536 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 6 primary schools and 1 healthcare centre.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It hosts a [[Ramlila]] festival on [[Agrahayana]] Sudi 5-11, which involves a dramatic reenactment of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=144, 147, 166–7, 173, xii-xiii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> Vendors bring farm tools, [[earthenware]] pots, bamboo baskets, toys, and sweets to sell at the festival.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Shivgarh also hosts market weekly twice, on Thursdays and Sundays, which mostly deals in grain and [[Kirana store|kirana]].<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shivgarh (here spelled "Sheogarh") as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 952 people (475 male and 429 female), in 212 households and 175 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The area of the village was given as 395 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/> It had a hospital with 8 beds for males and 6 for females, and it was run by a local body at the time.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The Barkhandi Vidyapeeth in Sheogarh, a higher secondary school founded in 1950, had in 1961 a faculty of 23 teachers (all male) and a student body of 451 males and 8 females.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the Ramlila festival was recorded as about 3,000 people, while attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 300.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Shivgarh (here also spelled as "Sheogarh") as having a population of 1,588 people, in 351 households, and having an area of 159.86 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=38–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

The most busiest route in this town is Shivgarh Main Market route and best English medium School " M.P. Educational Academy" for students to gain knowledge

==Mallu ka purva==
Shivgarh CD block has the following 62 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Mawaiya]] || 288.8 || 898
|-
| [[Pindauli]] || 355.4 || 2,094
|-
| [[Bahuda Khurd]] || 123.6 || 1,852
|-
| [[Bahuda Kalan]] || 250.2 || 988
|-
| [[Deheli]] || 710.2 || 4,109
|-
| [[Chitwaniya]] || 329.1 || 2,314
|-
| [[Bedaru]] || 1,128.2 || 4,924
|-
| [[Banka Garh]] || 375.1 || 1,576
|-
| [[Surajpur, Raebareli]] || 295.8 || 2,018
|-
| [[Baiti, Raebareli|Baiti]] || 595.8 || 5,456
|-
| [[Kumbhi, Raebareli|Kumbhi]] || 446 || 3,547
|-
| [[Dhekwa]] || 194 || 1,594
|-
| [[Rampur Muligarha]] || 118 || 777
|-
| [[Pipri, Raebareli|Pipri]] || 102 || 1,263
|-
| [[Sivli]] || 271 || 3,366
|-
| [[Dahigawan]] || 544.1 || 4,230
|-
| [[Math Goshaee]] || 29.1 || 471
|-
| [[Masapur]] || 78.1 || 418
|-
| [[Kumharawan]] || 296.6 || 2,441
|-
| [[Badaver]] || 186 || 1,037
|-
| [[Kasna]] || 135.2 || 1,191
|-
| [[Rajapur, Shivgarh|Rajapur]] || 53.2 || 767
|-
| [[Shergarh, Raebareli|Shergarh]] || 77.4 || 548
|-
| [[Padariya]] || 173.3 || 869
|-
| [[Jaraw Ganj]] || 303.1 || 2,100
|-
| [[Rani Khera, Shivgarh|Rani Khera]] || 58 || 368
|-
| [[Jugrajpur]] || 77.2 || 375
|-
| [[Aimapur]] || 195 || 1,296
|-
| [[Gumawan]] || 388.2 || 2,482
|-
| [[Nerthuwa]] || 897 || 4,340
|-
| [[Riwan]] || 552.6 || 3,220
|-
| [[Variyarpur]] || 230.4 || 1,217
|-
| [[Basantpur Sakatpur]] || 786 || 2,831
|-
| [[Shahpur, Shivgarh|Shahpur]] || 112 || 966
|-
| [[Katkouli]] || 36.2 || 130
|-
| [[Achhai]] || 591.2 || 2,652
|-
| [[Raipur, Shivgarh|Raipur]] || 294 || 1,981
|-
| [[Siwan, Raebareli|Siwan]] || 926 || 3,437
|-
| [[Rajapur Mustsil Siwan]] || 123 || 1,059
|-
| [[Jamunipur]] || 103 || 402
|-
| [[Kamalpur Awadih]] || 153.3 || 680
|-
| [[Sarain Chhatradhari]] || 242 || 1,932
|-
| [[Bhawani Garh]] || 633.2 || 3,770
|-
| [[Dhodhawapur]] || 240.2 || 2,069
|-
| '''Shiv Garh''' (block headquarters) || 156 || 2,812
|-
| [[Rampur Khas]] || 163 || 1,386
|-
| [[Bansinghpur]] || 43 || 72
|-
| [[Natai]] || 34 || 345
|-
| [[Kotwa, Shivgarh|Kotwa]] || 307.2 || 1,613
|-
| [[Niyat Kunwar Khera]] || 33 || 165
|-
| [[Raipur Neruwa]] || 280.2 || 1,197
|-
| [[Jagdishpur, Shivgarh|Jagdishpur]] || 415 || 1,953
|-
| [[Basant Kunwar Khera]] || 41 || 290
|-
| [[Rampur Padumnath]] || 143 || 351
|-
| [[Bhausi]] || 359.3 || 2,594
|-
| [[Govindpur, Shivgarh|Govindpur]] || 435.7 || 1,884
|-
| [[Osah]] || 522 || 3,341
|-
| [[Rampur Tikara]] || 137 || 973
|-
| [[Bhawaniyapur, Raebareli|Bhawaniyapur]] || 57 || 134
|-
| [[Narayanpur, Shivgarh|Narayanpur]] || 508.3 || 1,634
|-
| [[Khajuron]] || 633.5 || 3,620
|-
| [[Gurha]] || 1,377.9 || 6,432
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Nemat Khana

2025-07-21T05:27:23Z

JyothikaSahoo: new initial data from scratch

{{Short description|2022 book by Khalid Jawed}}
{{Italic title}}
{{No plot|date=October 2024}}

'''Nemat Khana''' ([[Urdu]]: نعمت خانہ, [[Hindi]]: नेमत ख़ाना, [[English language|English]]: The Paradise of Food) is an Urdu-Language novel written by [[Khalid Jawed]]. It was first published in June 2014 by Arshia publication, Delhi. It has been translated in Hindi and English. The English translated work of Nemat Khana is titled as The Paradise of Food, which won the [[JCB Prize for Literature|JCB prize for literature]] 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-19 |title=The Paradise of Food wins JCB Prize for Literature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-paradise-of-food-wins-jcb-prize-for-literature/article66157895.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot & Themes ==
The novel is set against the 50-year lifespan of an orphan child named Zaheeruddin Babr alias Guddu Miyan. He lives in a middle-class joint family in the northern region. The storyline is running from his narration and provides the story in the form of a memoir.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Paradise of Food' Is a Sordid Saga of Onions and Garlic, Liver and Lungs, and Lust |url=https://thewire.in/books/khalid-jawed-the-paradise-of-food-nemat-khana-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> The story reveals unique habits of his family members with the changes in the societal framework. The kitchen and its tools are used as a metaphor for exploring the human attitude.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Memory, Violence, and Disgust: Khalid Jawed's Tale of Life and Loss |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/memory-violence-and-disgust-khalid-jaweds-tale-of-life-and-loss |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

The novel explored themes like Disgust & Desire, Kitchen as a battleground, Lust and Taboo. The narrative style of this Novel has explored the darkness of the human existence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahab |first=Zainab |date=2023-07-12 |title=Book Review: Kitchen As A Battleground In Khalid Jawed's 'The Paradise Of Food' |url=https://feminisminindia.com/?p=157782 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Translation and publication history ==
The Urdu novel was first published in June 2014 by Arshia Publication, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=nemat khana |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nemat-khana-khalid-javed-ebooks |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> Later, it was translated into English by Prof Baran Farooqi and published by Juggernaut Publications in 2022.<ref name=":0" /> The Hindi translation was done by Zaman Tarif and published by Surya Prakashan Mandir in 2022 only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Vimarsh |date=2025-06-18 |title=नेमतखाना खालिद जावेद द्वारा लिखा गया एक गहरा प्रतीकात्मक, दार्शनिक और विचलित करने वाला उपन्यास है। |url=https://vimarsh.org/nematkhana-is-a-deeply-symbolic-philosophical-and-disturbing-novel-written-by-khalid-javed-manoj-kumar-jha/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Vimarsh |language=en-US}}</ref> Once it received the critical acclaim in among the critics and readers, [[Rekhta Foundation]] also brought the Hindi translation of this Novel in 2024.

== Critical reception ==
Shuma Raha of [[Deccan Chronicle]] wrote "''The Paradise of Food'' is a complex work that will fill you with disquiet, but if you read it, it will likely leave an indelible impression on you.",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raha |first=Shuma |date=2023-01-22 |title=Book Review {{!}} Crime and punishment lurk as accidents in the kitchen corner |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/220123/book-review-crime-and-punishment-lurk-as-accidents-in-the-kitchen-co.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Chintan Girish Modi of [[Moneycontrol]] wrote "Pick up this book if you do not mind reading about worms in intestines, people spitting phlegm, lizards falling into boiling milk, and bloodstains that look like ''korma'' gravy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |title=Book Review: In 2022 JCB shortlisted translation of Khalid Jawed's Urdu classic 'The Paradise of Food', disgust follows delight |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle-trends/book-review-in-2022-jcb-longlisted-translation-of-khalid-jaweds-urdu-classic-the-paradise-of-food-disgust-follows-delight-9291121.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Saloni Sharma of [[Scroll.in]] wrote "Despite its eschewal of realism, this novel is a text cognisant of the political climate it has been written in.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saloni |title='The Paradise of Food': Horror lurks in kitchen corners in Khalid Jawed's fiction of hostility |url=https://scroll.in/article/1025443/the-paradise-of-food-horror-lurks-in-kitchen-corners-in-khalid-jaweds-fiction-of-hostility |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=4 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The book has been also reviewed by Ekram Khawar of [[The Indian Wire]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khawar |first=Ekram |title='The Paradise of Food' Is a Sordid Saga of Onions and Garlic, Liver and Lungs, and Lust |url=https://thewire.in/books/khalid-jawed-the-paradise-of-food-nemat-khana-urdu-literature |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[The Indian Wire]]}}</ref> Syed Saad Ahmed of [[Hindustan Times]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Saad |date=2022-07-06 |title=Review: The Paradise of Food by Khalid Jawed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-paradise-of-food-by-khalid-jawed-101657119979029.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Bindu Menon of [[The Tribune India]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Bindu |title='The Paradise of Food' by Khalid Jawed, a kitchen cabinet of memories |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-paradise-of-food-by-khalid-jawed-a-kitchen-cabinet-of-memories-389025 |website=[[The Tribune India]]}}</ref> and [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Micro review: 'The Paradise of Food' by Khalid Jawed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-the-paradise-of-food-by-khalid-jawed/articleshow/95739790.cms |access-date=2023-02-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Award ==
The English translation of this book titled as The Paradise of Food was awarded [[JCB Prize]] for Literature 2022.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Uddhav |date=2022-11-19 |title=Khalid Jawed's The Paradise of Food, translated into English from Urdu by Baran Farooqi, wins the 2022 JCB Prize for Literature |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/khalid-jaweds-the-paradise-of-food-english-urdu-baran-farooqi-wins-jcb-prize-8278045/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paradise of Food}}
[[Category:2022 Indian novels]]

{{2020s-novel-stub}}

Reddiyur, Tirupathur district

2024-09-30T03:34:58Z

JyothikaSahoo: new some place initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2008}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Reddiyur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|36|40|N|78|41|37|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Tirupathur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1401
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TN-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Reddiyur''' is a village in [[Tirupathur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place//@12.611111,78.693611,12z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0!5m1!1e4?hl=en | title=Google Maps }}</ref> It is located in the [[Yelagiri]] Hills, near [[Jolarpet]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupathur district]]


{{TamilNadu-geo-stub}}

Hyderabad Race Club

2024-08-27T02:26:04Z

JyothikaSahoo: further fixed content for consistency additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Thoroughbred racing association and track in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Racecourse
| Name = Hyderabad Race Club
| Image = Aerial view of Hyderabad Race Club.jpg
| caption = Aerial View of the Hyderabad Race Club
| Website = http://www.hydraces.com/
| Location = [[Malakpet]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| Coordinates =
| Owner = Hyderabad Race Club
| Opened = 1868
| Channel =
| CourseType = [[Flat racing|Flat]]
| NotableRaces = [[Deccan Derby]] President of India Gold Cup Nizam's Gold Cup
| Prev =
| Next =
}}

The '''Hyderabad Race Club''' is a [[thoroughbred]] racing association and the race track is at [[Malakpet]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/a-social-do/126061/0|title=A social do|date=6 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hyderabad-gears-up-for-monsoon-derby-event/762829.html |title=Hyderabad gears up for monsoon derby event, IBN Live News |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017223039/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hyderabad-gears-up-for-monsoon-derby-event/762829.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This race course is considered one of the top racecourses in India and was inaugurated by the 6th Nizam [[Mahbub Ali Khan]].

==History==
Horse racing in Hyderabad was started by the [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Nizam Asaf Jah VI]] in 1868 at [[Moula-Ali]]. In those days the races were called Deccan races and later the Hyderabad races. In 1886 the racing shifted to Malakpet by H.H [[Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan]], Nizam VI as he wanted the race course to be near his palace. Hyderabad Race Club started its operations in 1961<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/races/article2450352.ece|title=HRC to celebrate golden jubilee|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 September 2011}}</ref> in Secunderabad and shifted to Malakpet in 1968 when the racing was revived under Hyderabad Race Club.

==Deccan Derby==
{{main article|Deccan Derby}}

An annual event, ''Deccan Derby'' is held here which attracts the best 3 year olds in the country and is always run on 2 October.

==Other races==
The other prestigious races are the President of India Gold Cup and the Nizam's Gold Cup, the Fillies Championship Stakes, the Colts Championship Stakes, which are run during the Monsoon Racing Season. Racing will be conducted from July to October called as Monsoon races and from November to February called Winter races.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Hyd_RC_03.jpg|Racecourse view from main grandstand
File:Grand_Stand_Malakpet_1880.jpg|Grand Stand, Hyderabad Race Club. Photographed by [[Lala Deen Dayal]] in the 1880s.
File:Hyd_RC_01.jpg|Mounting enclosure at Hyderabad Race Club
File:Hyd_RC_02.jpg|Jockey Club Grandstand at Hyderabad Race Club
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hyderabad Race Club}}
* [http://www.hydraces.com/ Hyderabad Race Club official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030215/http://hydraces.com/ |date=26 October 2013 }}
* [http://www.indiarace.com/TurfClubs/Hyderabad/HTC.html Hyderabad Race Club history]

{{coord|17|22|48|N|78|30|28|E|type:landmark|display=t}}

[[Category:Horse racing venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1868]]
[[Category:1868 establishments in India]]

{{Horseracing-venue-stub}}
{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Greatest Bengali of all time

2024-04-01T00:32:24Z

JyothikaSahoo: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Greatest Bengali of All Time]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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