Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)

2026-05-08T06:33:19Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitti Babu
| birth_name = Punyamurthula Suryanarayana Murthy<ref>{{cite web |title=నవ్వులకు రారాజు.. మా అన్నయ్య రాజబాబు |url=https://www.theleonews.com/chittibabu-talks-about-his-brother-rajababu/ |website=Leo News |language=te |date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Amalapuram, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| yearsactive = 1973–2013
}}
'''Punyamurthula Suryanarayana Murthy''', also known by his stage name '''Chitti Babu''', is an Indian actor and comedian, known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the brother of noted comedians [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] and [[Ananth Babu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessoftollywood.com/2013/09/best-comedians-of-tollywood-1/ |title=Best Comedians of Tollywood 1 |publisher=Business of Tollywood |date=24 September 2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205173722/http://businessoftollywood.com/2013/09/best-comedians-of-tollywood-1/ |archivedate=5 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chitti Babu was born in [[Amalapuram]] Andhra Pradesh, to Punyamurthula Umamaheswara Rao and Ramanamma as SuryaNarayana Murthy. His elder brother is well-known Telugu comedian [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]<ref>{{cite web |author=y. sunita chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/art-imitates-life/article3902231.ece |title=Art imitates life |work=The Hindu |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135102/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/art-imitates-life/article3902231.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and his younger brother, [[Ananth Babu]], is also a [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] comedian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugugo.com/ananth-babu |title=Ananth Babu | Telugu Go |publisher=Archive.is |date=27 November 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203194152/http://telugugo.com/ananth-babu |archive-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He has campaigned for the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] by staging plays in Nalgonda in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/actors-get-down-to-business/article343036.ece |title=Actors get down to business |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2009 |accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Palleturi Bava]]'' || Rickshawala ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975
|''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aadavalu Apanindhalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
|''Monagadu''
|Chittigadu
|
|-
|''[[Alludochadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alludochadu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RHO |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Garudachalam's servant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|''Bangaru Bommalu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]''
|Nandulu
|
|-
|1980
|''Bhola Shankarudu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''[[Anuraga Devatha]]''
|Mallayya's assistant
|
|-
|''Prathikaram''
|Govind
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''[[Sree Ranga neethulu|Sree Ranga Neethulu]]'' || Daivaaeenam ||
|-
|''[[Bezawada Bebbuli]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Adavalle Aligithe|Adavallu Aligithe]]'' || Damodaram ||
|-
| ''[[Pichi Pantulu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)|Pelli Choopulu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
| ''[[Kanchu Kagada]]'' || ||
|-
|''Aparadhi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1985
|''[[Jwala (1985 film)|Jwala]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vintha Mogudu''
|
|
|-
|''Muddula Chellelu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kotha Pelli Koothuru]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi 1985 film|Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=MAA INTI MAHALAKSHMI {{!}} TELUGU FULL LENGTH MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} RADHA {{!}} TELUGU CINEMA ZONE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSwf-d26n-Y |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en}}</ref>
|Chinthakayala Chittibabu
|
|-
|[[Puli (1985 film)|''Puli'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Donga (film)|''Donga'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Pratighatana]]''
|
|
|-
|''Devalayam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Paripoyina Khaideelu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Babai Abbai]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1986 || ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhairyavanthudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aruna Kiranam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''Patnam Pilla Palleturi Chinnodu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chanakya Sapatham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETV |title=ETV Win - Watch Latest Shows, Telugu Serials, Events {{!}} Telugu Movies {{!}} ETV News |url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/chanakya-sapatham/srilakshmi-and-suthivelu-comedy-scene-2 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=ETVWin |language=en}}</ref>
|Kaky
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1987 || ''Idha Prapancham'' || ||
|-
|''[[Muddayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muddayi (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABZZ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Thadivelu
|
|-
|''[[Aha! Naa Pellanta!!|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''
|
|
|-
|''Punya Dampathulu''
|
|
|-
|''Veera Viharam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Agni Putrudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Hanthakudi Veta''
|
|
|-
|''Daada''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ajeyudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Naaku Pellam Kavali''
|
|
|-
|''Alludu Kosam''
|Anji
|
|-
|''Krishna Leela''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1988
| ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || ||
|-
|''Bandipotu''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR9eRF3Zgkw |title=BANDIPOTU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} GOWTHAMI {{!}} KALPANA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-04-21 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Pickpocket
|
|-
|''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Sagatu Manishi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raktabhishekam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aanimuthyam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Donga Kollu]]'' || Constable||
|-
|''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1989 || ''[[Hai Hai Nayaka]]'' || Sanskrit Teacher turned Rickshaw Puller
|
|-
|''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha|Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagartha]] ''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bala Gopaludu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Chennapatnam Chinnollu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennapatnam Chinnollu movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/chennapatnam-chinnollu-1989}}</ref>
|Gafoor Khan
|
|-
|''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Chudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ayyappa Swamy Mahatyam''
|
|
|-
|''Pape Maa Pranam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ontari Poratam]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990 || ''[[Kodama Simham]]'' || Thelu ||
|-
|''Jayasimha''
|Chitti
|
|-
|''Padmavathi Kalyanam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Alludugaru]]''
|
|
|-
|''Maa Inti Katha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]] ''
|
|
|-
|''[[E. V. V. Satyanarayana|Chevilo Puvvu]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991
|''[[Parishkaram]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bhargav''
|
|
|-
|''Srisaila Bhramarambika Kataksham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalikalam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Siva Sakthi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992
|''Agreement''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chitram! Bhalare Vichitram!!|Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]''
|Swapna's servant
|
|-
|''Valu Jada Tolu Beltu''
|
|
|-
|''Jagannatham & Sons''
|
|
|-
|''Srimaan Brahmachari''
|
|
|-
|''[[President Gari Pellam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Killer (1992 film)|Killer]]''
|
|
|-
|''Repati Koduku''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1993
|''[[Allari Priyudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pelli Gola''
|
|
|-
|''Adivaram Amavasya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nippu Ravva]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Allari Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Shh Ghup Chup''
|
|
|-
|''Asale Pellaina Vaani''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1994 || ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yamaleela]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bobbili Simham]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nannagaru''
|
|
|-
|''Palletoori Mogudu''
|
|
|-
|''Kurradhi Kurradu''
|Chitti Babu
|
|-
|''[[Madam (film)|Madam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1995 ||''Leader''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pokiri Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Alibaba Adbhuta Deepam''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7XFc5qZm4A |title=ALI BABA ADBHUTA DEEPAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} ALI {{!}} SUBHASHRI {{!}} SRI SHANTHI {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-04-01 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Gandharva
|
|-
|''[[Sisindri]]''
|
|
|-
|''Love Game''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ketu Duplicate]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ghatothkachudu]] ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996
|''[[Bombay Priyudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mummy Mee Aayanochadu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1997
|''[[Pattukondi Chuddam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Super Heroes''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Egire Paavurama]]'' || ||
|-
|''Priyamaina Srivaru''
|
|
|-
|''Kaliyugamlo Gandargolam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Priyaragalu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1998 || ''[[Kante Kuthurne Kanu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Daddy Daddy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavitra Prema]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa..!]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pelli Peetalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bala Veerulu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)|Iddaru Mithrulu]]''
|Jacky
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azaad]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vijayaramaraju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Evadra Rowdy]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Raa (film)|Raa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2002 || ''[[Vachina Vaadu Suryudu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|title=Combining art with a cause|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184750/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003 || ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)|Palanati Brahmanaidu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2004 || ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Enjoy (2004 film)|Enjoy]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Nenunnanu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Aaptudu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Andhrudu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Hungama (2005 film)|Hungama]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Radha Gopalam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Hanumanthu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]'' || Music troupe member ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Itlu Nee Vennela]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Aatadista]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Pandu Rangudu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu]]'' || Swathi's grandfather ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Koothuru Kosam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Circus Circus (film)|Circus Circus]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jagadguru Sri Shirdi Sai Baba]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Buridi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Subapradam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Prema Pilustondi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bongaram]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sevakudu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Plan''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Manasa Thulli Padake]]''|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Julayi]]'' || ||
|}

=== Hindi films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Hindi films and roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984
|''[[Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar]]''
|
|
|-
|[[John Jani Janardhan (1984 film)|''John Jani Janardhan'']]
|
|
|-
|| 1995 || ''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==Television==
* [[Janaki Kalaganaledu]] as Kanna Rao
* "Paan Parakasta" episodes of [[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.maastars.com/chitti-babu-profile/ MaaStars.com]
* [http://telugucinemainfo.com/(S(zjdlrk4azyho23cy1ab4vcox))/Pages/ViewBiographies.aspx?pid=709 TeluguCinemaInfo.com]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Chitti}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

P. Sathyabama

2026-05-07T20:44:49Z

JustineLaguerre: starting initial stub nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Sathyabama
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[N. Kayalvizhi]]
| successor =
}}

'''P. Sathyabama''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=NDTV Elections - Sathyabama.P |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-candidates-list-2026/sathyabama-p-22101-1 |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Castes in [[Tiruppur district]], representing [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=AIADMK Election Winners List 2026: Check full list of winning candidates across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-election-winners-list-2026-check-full-list-of-winning-candidates-across-tamil-nadu-puducherry/articleshow/130760290.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dharapuram]] seat on AIADMK ticket. She polled 81,100 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Indirani. T. of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 16,727 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dharapuram Election Result 2026 Live: AIADMK's Sathyabama.P wins Dharapuram with 81100 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dharapuram-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905754-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22101.htm</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyabama, P.}}

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]

Manas Dhamne

2026-05-05T18:20:08Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up Entry

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Manas Dhamne
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Manas Dhamne
|country = {{IND}}
|residence =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|12|29|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], India
|height = {{convert|1.83|m|abbr=on}}
|turnedpro = 2023
|plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)<ref name=ATP>{{cite web|title=Manas Dhamne|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/manas-manoj-dhamne/d0ji/overview|work=[[ATP Tour]]|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123035124/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/manas-manoj-dhamne/d0ji/overview|url-status=live}}</ref>
|college =
|coach = [[Riccardo Piatti]]
|careerprizemoney = US $83,061
|singlesrecord = 0–1 (at [[ATP Tour]] level, [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, and in [[Davis Cup]])
|singlestitles = 0
|highestsinglesranking = No. 384 (4 May 2026)
|currentsinglesranking = No. 384 (4 May 2026)
|AustralianOpenresult =
|AustralianOpenjuniorresult = 2R ([[2023 Australian Open – Boys' singles|2023]])
|FrenchOpenresult =
|FrenchOpenjuniorresult = 1R ([[2025 French Open – Boys' singles|2025]])
|Wimbledonresult =
|Wimbledonjuniorresult = 2R ([[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' singles|2023]])
|USOpenresult =
|USOpenjuniorresult =
|doublesrecord = 0–0 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup)
|doublestitles = 0
|highestdoublesranking = No. 1,429 (31 March 2025)
|currentdoublesranking = No. 2,170 (4 May 2026)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult =
|AustralianOpenDoublesjuniorresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult =
|WimbledonDoublesresult =
|WimbledonDoublesjuniorresult =
|USOpenDoublesresult =
|USOpenDoublesjuniorresult =
|updated = 4 May 2026
}}

'''Manas Dhamne''' (born 29 December 2007) is an Indian professional [[tennis]] player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/manas-dhamne/d0ji/overview|title=Manas Dhamne | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618061253/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/manas-dhamne/d0ji/overview|url-status=live}}</ref> He has a career-high [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] singles ranking of No. 384 achieved on 4 May 2026 and a doubles ranking of No. 1,429 reached on 31 March 2025.

==Personal life==
Dhamne is from Pune in [[Maharashtra]]. He was previously coached in [[Pune]] by coach Ravindra Pandey at RPTA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/manas-dhamne-is-going-to-be-the-torch-bearer-for-indian-tennis-in-the-years-to-come-gaurav-natekar-101674110374634-amp.html|title=Manas Dhamne is going to be the torch-bearer for Indian tennis in the years to come': Gaurav Natekar|website=Hindustantimes.com|date=19 January 2023|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123035911/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/manas-dhamne-is-going-to-be-the-torch-bearer-for-indian-tennis-in-the-years-to-come-gaurav-natekar-101674110374634-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He left India to train with [[Riccardo Piatti]] at the [[Piatti Tennis Center]] in [[Bordighera]], Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2022/01/17/training-is-top-priority-and-i-am-getting-a-lot-of-support-at-the-piatti-tennis-centre-manas-dhamne/|title="Training is top priority and I am getting a lot of support at the Piatti Tennis Centre" – Manas Dhamne|website=Indiantennisdaily.com|date=17 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/manas-dhamne-trains-with-riccardo-piatti/article34590095.ece/|title=Manas Dhamne trains with Riccardo Piatti|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 May 2021|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Kamesh|archive-date=23 January 2023|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041026/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/manas-dhamne-trains-with-riccardo-piatti/article34590095.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022 he became the youngest Indian to win a junior title at the ITF Asian B1 championships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/local-lad-manas-dhamne-15-gets-wildcard-for-pune-atp-250-has-chance-to-make-history-8355464/lite/|title=Local lad Manas Dhamne, 15, gets wildcard for Pune ATP 250, has chance to make history|website=Indian Express|date=January 2023 }}</ref>

==Junior career==
Despite his early focus on [[ITF Men's World Tennis Tour|Professional Tour]], Dhamne had good results on the [[ITF junior circuit]], maintaining a 57–37 singles win-loss record and reached an [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior combined ranking of No. 43 on 2 January 2023.<ref>{{cite |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/manas-dhamne/800564420/ind/jt/s/overview/ |title=Manas Dhamne Junior Results}}</ref>

==Professional career==

===2023: ATP debut===
In January 2023, Dhamne made his ATP Tour debut at the [[2023 Tata Open Maharashtra – Singles|2023 Tata Open Maharashtra]] as a wildcard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/manas-dhamne/800564420/ind/jt/s/overview/|title=Manas Dhamne|website=ITFTennis|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080851/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/manas-dhamne/800564420/ind/jt/s/overview/|url-status=live}}</ref> In doing so, he became the first player born in 2007 to play a main draw match on the tour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/for-hitherto-obscure-teen-manas-dhamne-tata-open-offers-road-to-recognition-101672686644364-amp.html|title=For hitherto obscure teen Manas Dhamne, Tata Open offers road to recognition|website=Hindustantimes|date=3 January 2023|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111041627/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/for-hitherto-obscure-teen-manas-dhamne-tata-open-offers-road-to-recognition-101672686644364-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supertennis.tv/News/Campioni-internazionali/Manas-Dhamne-il-baby-prodigio-alla-corte-di-Piatti|title=MANAS DHAMNE, THE CHILD PRODIGY AT PIATTI'S COURT|website=SuperTennis.TV|date=2 January 2023|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041454/https://www.supertennis.tv/News/Campioni-internazionali/Manas-Dhamne-il-baby-prodigio-alla-corte-di-Piatti|url-status=live}}</ref>
He lost to American [[Michael Mmoh]] in the first round in straight sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/manas-dhamne-15-year-old-india-maharashtra-open-2023-michael-mmoh-2316329-2023-01-02|title=Tata Open Maharashtra: 15-year-old Manas Dhamne impresses on debut, goes out fighting in 1st round|website=India Today|date=2 January 2023|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130235312/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/tennis/story/manas-dhamne-15-year-old-india-maharashtra-open-2023-michael-mmoh-2316329-2023-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Playing in the Boys' singles at the [[2023 Australian Open – Boys' singles|2023 Australian Open]] Dhamne was the youngest player to win a first round match when he defeated Jeremy Zhang in straight sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/olympic-sports/2023-01-tennis-australian-open-2023-manas-dhamne-youngest-progress-round-2-juniors-boys-singles|title=Manas Dhamne becomes youngest to progress through to R2 in Australian Open Juniors singles|website=Khelnow.com|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123042113/https://khelnow.com/olympic-sports/2023-01-tennis-australian-open-2023-manas-dhamne-youngest-progress-round-2-juniors-boys-singles|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2025: Masters qualifying debut===
Dhamne received a wildcard for the qualifying draw of the Masters 1000 [[2025 Mutua Madrid Open]], marking his debut at this level.{{cn|date=February 2026}}
At 17 years old, ranked No. 775 and the fifth-highest-ranked player under 18,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indiantennisdaily.com/2025/03/10/manas-dhamne-not-just-another-17-year-old/|title= Manas Dhamne: Not just another 17 year old|date=10 March 2025}} </ref> he lost to Italy's [[Luca Nardi]] in the first round in straight sets, 4–6, 4–6, in a match lasting 1 hour and 15 minutes.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

He practiced with 2014 US Open finalist [[Kei Nishikori]].

===2026: First Challenger Final===
Dhamne reached the final of the [[2026 Shymkent Challenger II – Singles|Shymkent Challenger II]]. As a result, he reached top 400 at No. 384 on 4 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/3894851-teen-titan-manas-dhamne-makes-mark-in-atp-challenger|title=Teen Titan Manas Dhamne Makes Mark in ATP Challenger|publisher=devdiscourse.com|date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

==Performance timeline==
{{Performance key|short=yes}}

===Singles===
''Current through the [[2026 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's singles#Qualifying|2026 Madrid Open]].''

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Tournament!![[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]!![[2026 ATP Tour|2026]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win%
|-
| colspan="6" align="left" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left| [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
!{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0 / 0
|0–0
|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="left" |'''Career statistics'''
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|Tournaments
|1
|0
|colspan="3"|'''1'''
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Overall win–loss
|0–1
|0–0
|0 / 1
|0–1
|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}}
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|'''Year-end ranking'''
|588
|–
|colspan="3"|
|}

==ATP Challenger Tour finals==

===Singles: 1 (runner-up)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class="wikitable" style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:moccasin;"
|ATP Challenger Tour (0–1)
|}
|
|}

{|class="wikitable nowrap"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|0–1
|[[2026 Shymkent Challenger II – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2026}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2026 Shymkent Challenger II|Shymkent Challenger II]], Kazakhstan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Buvaysar Gadamauri]]
|6–7(6–8), 4–6
|}

==ITF World Tennis Tour finals==

===Singles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner-up)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class="wikitable" style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|- style="background:#cffcff;"
|ITF WTT (3–1)
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (3–1)
|-
|Clay (–)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable nowrap"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Feb 2025}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 Monastir, Tunisia
|style="background:#cffcff;"|WTT
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Lorenzo Carboni
|2–6, 6–0, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Sep 2025}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 Monastir, Tunisia
|style="background:#cffcff;"|WTT
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} César Bouchelaghem
|6–2, 6–0
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|2–1
|{{dts|Dec 2025}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 Monastir, Tunisia
|style="background:#cffcff;"|WTT
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Petr Nesterov|Pyotr Nesterov]]
|1–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|3–1
|{{dts|Feb 2026}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 Zahra, Kuwait
|style="background:#cffcff;"|WTT
|Hard
|{{flagicon|MON}} Rocco Piatti
|7–5, 6–3
|}

==See also==
*[[Tennis in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{ATP|d0ji}}
* {{ITF|manas-dhamne/800564420/ind}}
* {{ESPN Tennis}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Top male singles tennis players by country|IND}}
{{Portal bar|Tennis|India|Biography|Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhamne, Manas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category: 2007 births]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Munir Hussain (commentator)

2026-04-30T04:58:37Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up A Entry

{{short description|Cricket commentator}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Munir Hussain
| image = Munir_Hussain.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|11|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|7|29|1929|11|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 12
| bat avg1 = 6.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 10
| deliveries1 = 174
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 32.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/64
| catches/stumpings1= 0/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/41912.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 26 August
| year = 2013
}}

'''Munir Hussain''' (29 November 1929 – 29 July 2013) was a [[cricket commentator]], administrator, and journalist from Pakistan who also played a [[first-class cricket]] match for [[Kalat cricket team|Kalat]] in the 1969–70 season. He was the first to introduce [[Urdu]] commentary to cricket, and was the founder of the first Urdu cricket magazine, ''Akhbar-e-Watan''.<ref name="SS">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/659447.html|title=A servant of cricket|first=Saad|last=Shafqat|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=6 August 2013|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="dawn2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1032837|title=Legendary commentator Munir Hussain passes away|agency=Agencies|author=Reporter|date=30 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|work=Dawn}}</ref> During the 1970s, Hussain commentated on the game for [[Pakistan Television]] (PTV) and [[Radio Pakistan]], and wrote weekly columns on cricket for the ''[[Daily Jang]]'' for many years. He received many accolades for his work for cricket. [[ESPNcricinfo]] writer Saad Shafqat described him as "a pioneering commentator, groundbreaking publisher, [[Karachi City Cricket Association]] (KCCA) mandarin, and sagacious elder presence in the nation's cricket circles".<ref name="SS"/> He also served as the president of the [[Karachi City Cricket Association]] (KCCA).

==Career==

===Cricket===
Hussain was a good seamer with pace who played a lot of club cricket.<ref name="SS"/> He made his single first-class appearance, during the 1969–70 [[Quaid-i-Azam Trophy]] for Kalat against [[Quetta cricket team|Quetta]].<ref name="espncricinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/656237.html|title=Urdu commentator Munir Hussain dies|first=Umar|last=Farooq|date=29 July 2013|access-date=29 July 2013|publisher=ESPNricinfo}}</ref> [[Captain (cricket)|Captaining]] his team, he scored 12 [[Runs (cricket)|runs]] in the match. As a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast bowler]], Hussain took 2 [[wicket]]s for 64 runs. Former [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] captain [[Imran Khan]] praised his "nip and direction" – once he bowled to Khan in the practice during the 1980s.<ref name="SS"/>

===Commentator===
The late 1960s, Radio Pakistan and PTV were broadcasting commentary only in English, which was not clearly understandable to most Pakistani cricket fans. Hussain was the first to put forward the idea of having [[Urdu]] commentary.<ref name="SS"/> He started commentating in Urdu during the 1969 Jang Gold Cup final, a match between National Sports and Clifton Gymkhana played at the Youth Centre, Nazimabad; in the match 13 [[Test cricket|Pakistani Test cricketers]] were playing.<ref name="Dawn1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/710517/flashback-over-to-munir-hussain|title=Flashback: 'Over to Munir Hussain …'|date=14 April 2012|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}</ref> Hussain started commentating in Urdu commentary which distinguished him from his contemporaries.<ref name="SS"/><ref name="nation">{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/30-Jul-2013/cricket-commentator-munir-hussain-dies|title=Cricket commentator Munir Hussain dies|author=Staff Reporter|date=30 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|work=The Nation|location=Pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828061502/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/sports/30-Jul-2013/cricket-commentator-munir-hussain-dies|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> His distinguished Urdu commentary career spanned several decades, from the 1970s to the 2000s.<ref name="dunya">{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Cricket/185574-Legendary-cricket-commentator-Munir-Hussain-passes|title=Legendary cricket commentator Munir Hussain passes away at 83|date=30 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|publisher=[[Dunya News]]}}</ref>
For cricket coverage between the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]] and [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cups]], he travelled almost every Test cricket nation.<ref name="dawn2"/><ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013\07\30\story_30-7-2013_pg2_3|title=Pakistan's famous cricket commentator Hussain dies|author=Staff Report|date=30 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|work=Daily Times|location=Pakistan}}</ref>

[[File:Munir Hussain (middle) during commentary.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Munir Hussain (middle) during commentary]]

===Administration and journalism===
Hussain remained the president of the KCCA for two terms, and a member for many years.<ref name="SS"/><ref name="nation"/> He also headed Pakistan Cricket Commentators Club (PCCC) in 2013.<ref name="USA">{{cite web|url=http://pakistantimesusa.net/pakistan/?p=3052|title=Renowned Urdu commentator 'Munir Hussain' dies at the age 84|date=29 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|work=Pakistan Times (USA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230117/http://pakistantimesusa.net/pakistan/?p=3052|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was one of the founders of Jang Cricket Club. Cricket commentator, Chishty Mujahid, paid tribute to his services and said that he was a multifaceted personality as a cricket administrator, commentator, journalist, critic, analyst, organizer and much more.<ref name="dawn2"/>

Hussain's first passion was journalism; his earliest successful magazine was ''Filmasia'', dedicated to the Indian and Pakistani film industries.<ref name ="SS"/> ''Akhbar-e-Watan'', a monthly Urdu cricket magazine, was edited by him from 1977 to 2010.<ref name="news30">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-10-193202-Legendary-commentator-Munir-Hussain-passes-away|title=Legendary Comentator Munir Hussain passes away|work=[[The News International]]|location=Pakistan|date=30 July 2013|access-date=18 August 2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801191504/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-10-193202-Legendary-commentator-Munir-Hussain-passes-away|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/594295/munir-hussain-a-loss-for-pakistan-cricket/|title=Munir Hussain: A loss feo Pakistan cricket|date=29 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="ppi">{{cite web|url=http://ppinewsagency.com/129662/pakistan-cricket-board-condoles-death-of-munir-hussain/|title=Pakistan Cricket Board condoles death of Munir Hussain|date=29 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|agency=PPI News Agency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915161733/http://ppinewsagency.com/129662/pakistan-cricket-board-condoles-death-of-munir-hussain/|archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> Hussain continuously wrote weekly cricket columns for the ''[[Daily Jang]]'', the Pakistan's largest and oldest circulation newspaper, for almost four decades.<ref name="SS"/><ref name="tribune"/>

==Awards==
Hussain received the Best Urdu Commentator of the Decade Award for 1985–95.<ref name="espncricinfo"/> The [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC) presented him the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="dawn2"/><ref name="nation"/> On the tenth anniversary of the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], won by [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], he was also one of the recipients of the PCB's World Cup Legends Award.<ref name="espncricinfo"/><ref name="SAMAATV">{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/newsdetail.aspx?ID=69673|title=Legendary cricket commentator Munir Hussain dies|date=29 July 2013|access-date=27 August 2013|publisher=[[Samaa TV]]|author=Staff Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108132202/http://www.samaa.tv/newsdetail.aspx?ID=69673|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Munir Hussain (left on bottom row), a pioneer of Urdu commentary in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|Munir Hussain (left on bottom row), a pioneer of Urdu commentary in Pakistan]]

==Personal life==
Hussain was born in November 1929 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]] (now [[India]]).<ref name="news30"/> At a very young age, he moved to [[Karol Bagh]] – a neighbourhood of [[Delhi]] – where he spent the early years of his life. He migrated from Amritsar to Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="SS"/> Hussain was married and had four children, two daughters and two sons.<ref name="dawn2"/> Iqbal Munir, one of his sons, is a cricket [[photojournalist]].<ref name="SS"/>

==Death==
Hussain suffered from ulcers and underwent blood transfusion 60 times.<ref name="tribune"/> Despite suffering from [[knee arthritis]], that limited his mobility, his health was good.<ref name="SS"/> Before his death on 29 July 2013, Hussain watched the second [[Twenty20 International]] played between Pakistan and the [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]].<ref name="SS"/> He died at the age of 83 from a heart attack in [[Karachi]].<ref name="nation"/><ref name="dunya"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu commentary legend Munir Hussain dies|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-111509-Urdu-commentary-legend-Munir-Hussain-dies|date=29 July 2013|access-date=29 July 2013|work=The News International|location=Pakistan}}</ref> His funeral was offered at Abu Bakar Siddiq mosque, DHA Phase-II, and he was buried at Gizri graveyard later that day.<ref name="dawn2"/> Hussain's granddaughter, Khizra, said at his death that "he was so loved that at the funeral we weren't given a chance to cry because people kept telling us stories about him and his generosity."<ref name="tribune"/>

Former captains of the Pakistan cricket team [[Javed Miandad]], [[Wasim Bari]], [[Rashid Latif]], cricket commentator Chishti Mujahid, former KCCA president Sirajul Islam Bukhari, and many other ex-Test cricketers attended his funeral.<ref name="dawn2"/> Miandad, offering his condolences, said that "Hussain had a fan following of his own and served the game with distinction."<ref name="nation"/> The interim chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]], [[Najam Sethi]], said that "he was an informed, easygoing and affable personality; his death will be widely mourned by the journalist and broadcast community as well as the cricketing fraternity across the country".<ref name=espncricinfo/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=41912}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Munir}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricketers]]
[[Category:Kalat cricketers]]
[[Category:Writers from Amritsar]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Cricket writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Burials at Gizri Graveyard]]

Meghna Pant

2026-04-29T04:38:20Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up New Post

{{short description|Indian author, journalist and speaker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Meghna Pant
| image = Meghna Pant (3) (cropped).JPG
| caption = Pant at the Mumbai book launch of her novel ''One & A Half Wife''
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| education = Masters in Business Administration
| alma_mater = St. Xaviers College,Mumbai Nanyang Business School, Singapore) University of St Gallen, Switzerland
| language = English
| genres = [[Novels]], [[Short Story]], [[Screenplays]], [[Feminism]]
| occupation = Author, Journalist, Screenwriter
| notable_works = ''Boys Don't Cry'',''One & A Half Wife'', ''How To Get Published in India'',''Happy Birthday!'', ''Feminist Rani'', ''The Trouble With Women''
| website = {{URL|www.meghnapant.com}}
}}

'''Meghna Pant''' is an Indian author, journalist, and speaker. She has won a variety of awards for her contribution to literature, gender issues, and journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Take: Meghna Pant |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/quick-take-meghna-pant-718592.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she won the Muse India National Literary Awards Young Writer Award for her debut novel ''One-and-a-Half Wife''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Meghna |date=2017-05-07 |title=Q&A with Meghna Pant {{!}} Q&A with Meghna Pant |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/070517/qa-with-meghna-pant.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Her collection of short stories, ''Happy Birthday and Other Stories'' was long-listed for the [[Frank O'Connor International Award|Frank O’Connor International Award]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/author-meghna-pant-s-new-book-deals-with-women-violence-and-feminism/story-vLA6IJOGdNlLR2PtGHysFN.html|title=Author Meghna Pant's new book deals with women, violence and feminism|date=1 September 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=Author Meghna Pant’s new book deals with women, violence and feminism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/author-meghna-pant-s-new-book-deals-with-women-violence-and-feminism/story-vLA6IJOGdNlLR2PtGHysFN.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Pant previously worked as a business news anchor with [[Times Now]], [[NDTV]] and Bloomberg-UTV in [[Mumbai]] and New York City.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Divyamody |title=25 witty, sharp and fearless women to follow on Twitter |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/25-witty-sharp-and-fearless-women-to-follow-on-twitter/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=[[SheThePeople.TV]] |date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Roy 2018" /> She reported from the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) during the 2008 financial crisis.<ref name="auto2"/> She quit in 2013 to pursue writing full-time,<ref name="auto2"/> and returned to India.<ref name="Roy 2018" />

Her debut novel ''One & a Half Wife'' (Westland, 2012) won the national ''Muse India Young Writer Award'' (2014) and was shortlisted for the ''Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghna Pant |url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/meghna-pant/ |website=Penguin Random House India |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>

Pant's debut collection of short stories ''Happy Birthday''<ref name="auto2"/> (Random House, 2013) was long-listed for the ''Frank O'Connor International Award'' (2014).<ref name="auto">[https://www.openroadreview.com/2016/10/01/interview-meghna-pant/ Interview – Meghna Pant] 1 October 2016, Openroadreview.com</ref> Her second short story collection ''The Trouble With Women'' was published in 2016.

In 2015, she began curating a monthly panel discussion in Mumbai called "Feminist Rani", featuring interviews with a wide range of Indian feminists.<ref name="Roy 2018">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Lachmi Deb |title=Gender Is Not In Your Genitals But In Your Mind: Meghna Pant |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/interview-writer-author-meghna-pant-says-gender-is-not-in-your-genitals-but-in-your-mind/316722 |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Outlook |date=18 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/Green-and-bear-it/articleshow/49558718.cms|title=Green and bear it|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> After three years of the discussions, she published a collection of the interviews in her first non-fiction book ''Feminist Rani'' in 2018,<ref name="Roy 2018"/> co-authored with Shaili Chopra.<ref name="DC 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/300818/penguin-releases-shaili-chopra-and-meghna-pants-feminist-rani.html|title=Penguin releases Shaili Chopra and Meghna Pant's Feminist Rani|date=30 August 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Her second non-fiction book was ''How To Get Published in India'' in 2019, based on interviews with publishing industry insiders and authors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dyuti |title=Authors are vying with Pokémon and Taylor Swift: Meghna Pant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/authors-are-vying-with-pokmon-and-taylor-swift-meghna-pant/article26606836.ece |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

Pant has written on issues including consent, rape,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/save-yourself-from-rape/|title=Save Yourself From Rape|first=Meghna|last=Pant|date=8 June 2015}}</ref> domestic violence,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pant |first1=Meghna |title=Why societal violence of women must stop |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/why-societal-violence-of-women-must-stop/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=[[SheThePeople.TV]] |date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024103059/https://www.shethepeople.tv/why-societal-violence-of-women-must-stop/ |archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> miscarriage,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/unpregnant-1553234890426.html|title=Unpregnant|first=Meghna|last=Pant|date=23 March 2019|website=Livemint}}</ref> surrogacy, body-shaming<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/are-mannequins-making-us-too-thin/|title=Are Mannequins Making Us Too Thin?|first=Meghna|last=Pant|date=20 August 2015}}</ref> and public safety for women for various publications, including ''The [[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/domestic-violence-can-be-stopped-only-if-we-speak-out-against-it-meghna-pant/story-08u0DJBv4U13Q0bRqU7n5L.html|title=Domestic violence can be stopped only if we speak out against it: Meghna Pant|date=4 March 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Art Attack: Comedians, Prepare To Be Killed For Your Art |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/meghna-pant/art-attack-comedians-prep_b_6710976.html |website=HuffPost India |language=en |date=20 February 2015}}</ref> and was the Features Editor at ''[[SheThePeople.TV]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-videos/driving-change-with-feminism-and-her-books-meghna-pant/|title=Driving change with feminism and her books: Meghna Pant|first=S. T. P.|last=Team|date=29 October 2015}}</ref> In 2018, she was awarded the Laadli Media Award for her writing on gender equality.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Meghna-Pant-Wins-Laadli-Media-Award/18-09-2018-160258|title=Meghna Pant Wins Laadli Media Award|first=BW Online|last=Bureau|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>

As a survivor of domestic violence, she has also spoken on several platforms, including TEDx,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYIE_mE_EBI] Stop The Violence, Stop The Silence | Meghna Pant | TEDxXLRI</ref> on her personal experience, urging women to speak out against domestic violence.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="HT 2017">{{cite news |last1=HT Correspondent |title=Five gutsy women make powerful personal statements |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/five-gutsy-women-make-powerful-personal-statements/story-ZNJ2gB7TwB3K6CXnNuFWfL.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 March 2017}}</ref> She has also spoken at literary festivals and conferences, including the Jaipur Literature Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/meghna-pant-2/|title=Speaker – Meghna Pant|date=17 September 2013|website=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]]}}</ref> Tata Literature Live!,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/mid-day/20191009/281651076859371|title=Mid-Day|date=9 October 2019}}</ref> Kala Ghoda Literature Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avidlearning.in/programmes/2016/e-103-kala-ghoda-art-festival-2016/|title=E-103 – Kala Ghoda Art Festival 2016 | Avid Learning|website=www.avidlearning.in}}</ref> Pune International Literary Festival,<ref>[http://thepunekar.com/2013/09/pune-literary-festival-schedule/ Pune Literary Festival Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027075124/https://thepunekar.com/2013/09/pune-literary-festival-schedule/ |date=27 October 2021 }} September 2013, ThePunekar.com</ref> Young Makers Conclave, #RiseWithTwitter, and The UN Feminist Conference. In 2018, Pant moderated panel discussions at the #MeToo Conversations event hosted by ''[[Firstpost]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/firstposts-metoo-conversations-how-must-sexual-harassment-at-the-workplace-be-dealt-with-5404991.html|title=Firstpost's #MeToo Conversations: How must sexual harassment at the workplace be dealt with? |date=18 October 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Pant's short stories have been published in ''Avatar Review'',<ref name="avatar">{{cite web |url=http://www.avatarreview.net/AV14/meghna-pant |title=Avatar Review |publisher=avatarreview.ne |accessdate=2013-08-05 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075057/http://www.avatarreview.net/AV14/meghna-pant |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Wasafari'', ''Eclectica'',<ref name="electica">{{cite web|url=http://www.eclectica.org/v15n3/pant.html |title=Eclectica |publisher=eclectica.org |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> and ''QLRS'',<ref name="QLRS">{{cite web|url=http://www.qlrs.com/contributor.asp?id=Meghna%20Pant |title=QLRS |publisher=qlrs.com |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> and her story "Boonthing" was published in the anthology ''The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-27 |title=Meghna Pant shares tips on book publishing at this event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/meghna-pant-shares-tips-on-book-publishing-at-this-event/articleshow/68592546.cms |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She also anchors various women-centric shows for the news portal FirstPost.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/living/first-lady-paralympian-deepa-malik-is-first-guest-on-our-new-show-with-meghna-pant-3078524.html] Deepa Malik on First Lady.</ref><ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/first-lady-nimrat-kaur-meghna-pant-discuss-the-joy-of-living-life-on-your-own-terms-3111810.html] Nimrat Kaur on First Lady.</ref>

In 2019, Pant appeared as an expert on the show Kaun Banega Crorepati with Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-11-day-17-written-update-amitabh-bachchan-guides-another-contestant-to-signifi-2098829|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 11, Day 17 Written Update: Amitabh Bachchan Guides Another Contestant To Significant Victory|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In 2020, Pant became a podcaster with a show about personal finance called SHOW ME THE MONEY, for Amazon's [[Audible (store)|Audible]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-tuesday-dossier/22754282|title=Mumbai Diary: Tuesday Dossier|date=28 April 2020|website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
According to Michelle D'Souza of the ''[[Khaleej Times]]'', her "works come with strong feminist leanings, and showcase multi-dimensional characters, especially women."<ref name="D'Souza 2021">{{cite news |last1=D'Souza |first1=Michelle |title=Scripting Success |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/supplements/20210815/scripting-success |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=15 August 2021}}</ref>

Her short story collection ''The Trouble With Women'' was reviewed by Aditya Mani Jha of ''[[The Hindu Business Line|Business Line]]'', who writes that in the book, Pant "shows us how it’s done, how a skilled writer uses journalistic base to create a convincing, sensitive fictional scenario," and references her previous story collection ''Happy Birthday'' as an additional example.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/a-sociological-continuum-of-remarkable-women/article21987594.ece1|title=A sociological continuum of remarkable women|first=Aditya Mani|last=Jha|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016 }}</ref>

''Feminist Rani'' was praised by [[Kamla Bhasin]] as "A powerful, sensitive and thought-provoking book that is a must-read for anyone who thinks that women and men are equals, and for those who don’t."<ref name="DC 2018"/>

Her story "Boonthing" was referred to as "sparkling" in a review by Abdus Salam of the anthology ''The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east'' in ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-himalayan-arc-journeys-east-of-south-east-review-zero-shun-game/article23853809.ece|title='The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east' review: Zero-shun game|first=Abdus|last=Salam|date=12 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and she was described as one of the authors that 'shines through' by Prannay Pathak of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/the-himalayan-arc-takes-a-long-hard-look-at-the-uneasy-realities-of-the-region/story-AKVXvooCBE8DhRRVNU13JK.html|title=The Himalayan Arc takes a long, hard look at the uneasy realities of the region|date=23 May 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Tanvi Trivedi of ''The Times of India'' described ''How To Get Published in India'' as "sure to answer many questions nestling in the minds of aspiring authors."<ref name="Trivedi 2019">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Meghna Pant shares tips on book publishing at this event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/meghna-pant-shares-tips-on-book-publishing-at-this-event/articleshow/68592546.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

After Pant retold the epic poem [[The Mahabharata]] in one hundred tweets, Sian Cain of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "Somehow, Meghna Pant has managed to contain all of the dynamics of power struggle, war, love, lust and greed in her 140 character tidbits."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/twitter-fiction-festival-2014|title=#Twitterfiction festival 2014: what you are and are not missing|first=Sian|last=Cain|date=14 March 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Shakti Award (2025) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakti Awards 2025 for Women Empowerment and Recognition |date=22 March 2025 |url=https://cxquest.com/shakti-awards-2025-for-women-empowerment-and-recognition/}}</ref>
* SheThePeople Powerful Women Award (2024) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|title=SheThePeople 40 over 40 Awards: Meet the Winners |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/women-entrepreneurs/shethepeople-40-over-40-awards-winners-4479310}}</ref>
* Laadli Media Award (2023) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honored to receive the UNFPA's LAADLI MEDIA AWARD in Jaipur by the phenomenal Bhanwari Devi and Dolly Thakore for my article on Shraddha Walkar and the pressing issue of domestic violence. Grateful… | Meghna P. | 10 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/meghna-pant-49b9747_honored-to-receive-the-unfpas-laadli-media-activity-7123576042471968768-nqwy}}</ref>
* Society Achievers Award (2022) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmycharcha.com/entertainment/events/the-society-achievers-awards-2022-hosted-in-maharashtra-was-a-huge-success/ |title=The SOCIETY ACHIEVERS AWARDS 2022 hosted in Maharashtra was a huge success |date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>
* The Oxford Bookstore Book Cover Prize (2022) – Longlist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1040188/the-oxford-bookstore-book-cover-prize-reveals-its-2023-longlist-of-21-books |title=The Oxford Bookstore Book Cover Prize reveals its 2023 longlist of 21 books |date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>
* FICCI Young Achiever's Award (2019) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifp.world/creator/meghna-pant/ |title=Know More About Meghna Pant | IFP |date=4 February 2021 }}</ref>
* Laadli Media Award (2018) – Winner<ref name="auto4"/>
* Bharat Nirman Award (2017) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kitaab.org/2017/04/28/author-meghna-pant-wins-bharat-nirman-award/|title=Author Meghna Pant wins Bharat Nirman Award|date=28 April 2017}}</ref>
* FON (Fellows of Nature) South Asia Short Story Award (2016) – Winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ruralmarketing.in/industry/social/kumaon-literary-festival-revives-nature-writing/|title=Kumaon Literary Festival revives Nature Writing|first=B. K.|last=Jha|website=ruralmarketing.in|date=26 April 2022|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724091355/https://ruralmarketing.in/industry/social/kumaon-literary-festival-revives-nature-writing|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Muse India Young Writer Award (2013) – Winner<ref name="Muse Awards">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/muse-india-awards-for-pant-sinha/article4275220.ece |title=Muse India Awards for Pant, Sinha |work=The Hindu|date=4 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web |url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=05-01-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Hyderabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00605&publabel=TOI |title=Muse India awards announced |work=The Times of India |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820011127/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=5 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]] (2018) – Longlist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/storizen-magazine/20180620/281500751973213|title=Storizen Magazine|website=20 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award]] (2014) – Longlist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frankoconnor-shortstory-award.net/site/?page_id=334 |title= 2014 Longlist | the Frank O'Connor|website=www.frankoconnor-shortstory-award.net |access-date=25 June 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218021848/http://www.frankoconnor-shortstory-award.net/site/?page_id=334 |url-status=dead }}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref><ref>[[Staff writer]] (10 June 2014). [http://kitaab.org/2014/06/10/singaporeans-nepalese-and-indian-writers-long-listed-for-the-frank-oconnor-short-story-award/]. ''KITAAB''. Retrieved 10 June 2014</ref>
* The Cinnamon Press Novel Writing Award (2012) – Shortlist<ref name="vervoline">{{cite web|url=http://www.verveonline.com/111/people/meghna.shtml |title=For debutant author Meghna Pant, inspiration comes from unearthing the stories people make up about themselves or others, and discovering the truth behind them |publisher=Verve |accessdate=2012-06-14}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
'''Novels'''
* ''One & A Half Wife'' (2012). New Delhi: Westland. {{ISBN|978-9381626481}}.
* ''The Terrible, Horrible, Very Bad Good News'' (2021). Penguin Random House. {{ISBN|978-0143453543}}.
* ''Boys Don't Cry'' (2022). Penguin Random House. {{ISBN|978-0143455097}}.
* ''The Man Who Lost India'' (2024). Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-8194643098}}.

'''Short Stories'''
* ''Happy Birthday!'' (2013). London: Random House. {{ISBN|978-8184004038}}.
* ''The Trouble With Women'' (2016). Juggernaut.
* ''The Holy 100: The Little Book of Big Epics'' (2019). Rupa Publications. {{ASIN|B07W43RSJF}}.

'''Non-Fiction'''
* ''Feminist Rani'' (2018). Penguin Random House. {{ISBN|978-0143442875}}.
* ''How to Get Published in India'' (2019). Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|978-9388271066}}.

'''Children's Books'''
* ''JoJo & Moni: Happy Place'' (2024). Niyogi Books. {{ISBN|8119626699}}.

==Personal life==
Born in [[Shimla]], to Sujata and Deep Chandra Pant––both of whom worked in the [[Indian Revenue Service]] and retired as Chief Commissioners of Income Tax from Mumbai and Kolkata respectively in 2012,<ref name="meghnapant">{{cite web|url=https://www.meghnapant.com/bio |title=Bio }}</ref> Pant is the sister of stand-up comedian [[Sorabh Pant]].<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1875922/report-sibling-speak |title=Sibling Speak|publisher=[[DNA India]] |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref> She lives in Mumbai with her two daughters.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web|url=https://arcus-www.amazon.in/Boys-Dont-Cry-Meghna-Pant/dp/0143455095 |title=Boys Don't Cry: A Novel: SOON TO BE a MAJOR MOTION PICTURE : Pant, Meghna: Amazon.in: Books }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.meghnapant.com/}}
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/meghna-pant/ Meghna Pant] at [[Penguin India]]

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[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Journalists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Indian business and financial journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Women business and financial journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

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JustineLaguerre: starting a info nd citations

{{Short description|Business software company in India}}
'''Octaware Technologies''' is a software development company based in [[Mumbai]], India. It was incorporated in 2005. It is India's first company claiming [[sharia]] compliance that has been listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the listing happened on 3 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/octaware-technologies-becomes-176th-company-to-list-on-bse-sme-902058-2017-04-04|title=Octaware Technologies becomes 176th company to list on BSE SME|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/india-s-first-fully-sharia-compliant-company-octaware-technologies-limited-lists-on-the-bse-news-equity-reep6ddagdeia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405104100/http://www.sify.com/finance/india-s-first-fully-sharia-compliant-company-octaware-technologies-limited-lists-on-the-bse-news-equity-reep6ddagdeia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-04-05|title=India's first fully sharia compliant company' Octaware Technologies Limited, lists on the BSE|work=Sify|access-date=2017-04-12|language=en}}</ref> It received approval for listing in early 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/sharia-compliant-octaware-technologies-gets-bse-nod-to-list/articleshow/51139059.cms|title=Sharia-compliant Octaware Technologies gets BSE nod to list|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/sme/india%25E2%2580%2599s-first-sharia-compliant-company-gets-bse-sme-approval_5658861.html|title=India's first Sharia compliant company gets BSE SME approval|website=www.moneycontrol.com |date=February 26, 2016 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sharia-compliant-octaware-technologies-gets-bse-nod-to-list-116022500468_1.html|title=Sharia-compliant Octaware Technologies gets BSE nod to list|date=2016-02-25|work=[[Business Standard]]|quote=The company has appointed a Sharia consultant to oversee the compliance of the Company's operations.|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sharia-compliant-octaware-technologies-gets-bse-nod-to-list-562314-2016-02-25|title=Sharia-compliant Octaware Technologies gets BSE nod to list |newspaper=[[India Today]] |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=321216297|title=Octaware Technologies Limited: Private Company Information|website=Businessweek.com|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref> The company operates domestically and internationally with [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] registered in United Arab Emirates, United States, and India. It has marketing offices in Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.<ref name=":0" />

== Profile and products ==
The company is SEI-CMMI Level 3, ISO 9001:2008 and rated “SE-2A” High Performance Capability and High Financial Strength by [[National Small Industries Corporation|NSIC]]-[[CRISIL]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmmiinst.com/pars_detail.aspx-a=21942.htm|title=Published Appraisal Results|website=www.cmmiinst.com|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110235/http://www.cmmiinst.com/pars_detail.aspx-a=21942.htm|archive-date=2016-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/octaware-technologies-appraised-by-sei-cmmi-maturity-level-3-certified/39251|title=Octaware Technologies – Appraised by SEI CMMI – Maturity level 3 and Certified NSIC- CRISIL Rating of 'SE 2A'|publisher=[[Business Wire]] India|website=businesswireindia.com|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=39251|title=Octaware Technologies – Appraised by SEI CMMI – Maturity level 3 and Certified NSIC- CRISIL Rating of 'SE 2A'|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qatarday.com/blog/information/top-8-it-companies-in-qatar/1642?pg=4|title=Top 8 IT Companies in Qatar|website=Qatarday|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref> Octaware is a member of the [[List of Indian government agencies|Electronics and Software Promotion Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://observatorio.bcn.cl/asiapacifico/noticias/empresas-tecnologicas-india-empresarios-chilenos|title=Observatorio Asiapacifico|last=Chile|first=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de|date=2014-04-15|website=Observatorio Asiapacifico|language=es|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref>

Octaware provides specialized software application and product development services in the areas of healthcare, finance, and e-government industry. The company has proprietary products for domestic as well as international markets, such as PowerERM – Human Capital Relationship Management, Hospice – Healthcare and Citizen services, and {{Proper name|iOnAsset}} – Inventory management and tracking System etc. These products are available as packaged products as well as software-as-a-service model integrated with legacy system.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=321216297|title=Software: Company Overview of Octaware Technologies Limited|date=2016-03-10|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P]]|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref>

== People ==
Aslam Khan is Chairman and CEO of the company. Aslam Khan is a member of [[NASSCOM]] Foundation's Business Responsibility Forum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasscomfoundation.org/get-engaged/business-responsibility-forum/steering-committee-for-regional-forums.html|title=Steering Committee For Regional Forums|website=NASSCOM Foundation|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering]], and worked in Japan and the US before his return to India in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|title=قیمتیمعلوماتکےساتهصابوصدیقاسکولمےکریرءفیسٹکامیابیکےسآتهاختتامپزیر|last=Ansari|first=Shahab|date=2011-01-17|newspaper=[[The Inquilab]]|language=ur|trans-title='Career fest' culminates with the provision of valuable information at Saboo Siddik School}}</ref> [[Shariq Nisar]], academic, activist and finance professional is a non-executive independent director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=321316927&privcapId=321216297&previousCapId=321216297&previousTitle=Octaware%20Technologies%20Limited|title=Shariq Nisar: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref>

== CSR initiatives ==
Octaware Technologies has designed material for a training programme at the National Association for the Blind's Employment and Training (NABET) centre, which enables NABET personnel to train those with sight impairment in software testing; it has also provided trainee opportunities to work on professional assignments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasscom.in/inclusion-and-social-transformation?fg=330232|title=Inclusion and Social Transformation-NASSCOM|website=www.nasscom.in|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112733/http://www.nasscom.in/inclusion-and-social-transformation?fg=330232|archive-date=2016-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> CEO Khan is the founder of a school for children with special needs and a multi-speciality hospital in Mumbai. These are based on the social entrepreneurship model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icmgworld.com/corp/events/architecture_world_12_Bangalore/2012/profile_aslam_khan.asp|title=iCMG Architecture World '12 – Profiles – Aslam Khan|website=www.icmgworld.com|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref> Khan has been invited to speak with students so as to acquaint them with the opportunities available in the software industry in terms of employment and entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Seminar on 'Career guidance' held|date=2015-04-09|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Seminar on Career Guidance at Urdu Varsity|date=2015-04-09|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=اردویونیورسٹی پالیٹیکنیک مےکیریرءگائیڈنس پروگرام|date=2015-04-09|newspaper=[[Sahara India Pariwar#Media and entertainment|Rashtriya Sahara]]|language=ur|trans-title=Career guidance programme in Urdu University – polytechnic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=اردویونیورسٹیپالیٹیکنیکمےکیریرءگائیڈنسپروگرامکاانعقاد|date=2015-04-09|newspaper=[[Indian Etemaad|Etemaad]]|language=ur|trans-title=Career guidance programme arranged in Urdu university}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Business software companies]]

Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station

2026-04-27T08:57:00Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Sir M Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Rao Tula Ram Marg, Block A, South Moti Bagh, New Delhi,110021
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|double-track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|8|6|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus|right=Bhikaji Cama Place}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''[[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah]] Moti Bagh metro station''' is located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC – Majlis Park – Shiv Vihar|access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> The station was opened on 6 August 2018. Moti Bagh metro is situated on the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]].
[[File:Vishveshvarayya in his 30's.jpg|216x216px|thumb|Sir Vishweshwariah, after whom the station is named]]

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[Bhikaji Cama Place metro station|Bhikaji Cama Place]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Bhikaji Cama Place}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[ESI - Basaidarapur metro station|ESI - Basaidarapur]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Shakurpur metro station|Shakurpur]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus}} '''''Change at the next station for connecting to {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dhaula Kuan}} under '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
|Sector-12 R.K. Puram ||South Moti Bagh
|-
|Sector-9 R.K. Puram ||Shanti Niketan
|-
|K.D. Colony ||
|-
|North Moti Bagh ||
|-
|Aradhana Enclave ||
|}

==Connections==

===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] and [[DIMTS|Delhi Transit (Cluster Buses)]] provides service to bus routes number 392, 392B, 398, 448EXT, 479, 479CL, 529SPL, 543A, 567, 567A, 568, 568A, 569, 588, 611A, 711, 724, 724C, 724EXT, 780, 794, 794A, 864, 874, 984A, AC-479, AC-711, AC-724, AC-724A, TMS (-), TMS-Azadpur-Lajpat, TMS-LajpatNagar, TMS-PBagh serves the station from nearby North Moti Bagh bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |website=delhi.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[South Extension]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Moti+Bagh+Metro+Station/@28.578551,77.175699,317m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390d1d746d617719:0x5bc925c8063fefe0!2sMoti+Bagh+Metro+Station!8m2!3d28.5785135!4d77.175727!3m4!1s0x390d1d746d617719:0x5bc925c8063fefe0!8m2!3d28.5785135!4d77.175727|title= Moti Bagh metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in New Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

St.Thomas School

2026-04-22T23:15:52Z

JustineLaguerre: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[St. Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram]]

Banwari Munshi

2026-04-20T12:47:54Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|Zamindar of Chougachi (1848 - 1917)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = [[Babu (title)|Babu]]
| name = Banwari Munshi
| native_name =
| post-nominals = [[Chougachi Estate|Zamindar of Chougachi]]
| image = Babu Banwari Charan Munshi, zamindar of Chougachi.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait attributed to Babu Banwari Charan Munshi
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1848
| birth_place = [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara Babu Bari]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Kadirpara Union]], [[Bangladesh]])
| baptised =
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 24 June 1917
| death_place = [[Chougachi Estate|Chougachi Kachari Bari]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Sreepur Upazila, Magura]], [[Bangladesh]])
| death_cause =
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| term =
| predecessor = Babu Achyut Charan Munshi
| successor = [[Amulya Munshi|Babu Amulya Munshi]]
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = Four, including Anukul Munshi and [[Amulya Munshi]]
| mother =
| father = Babu Hari Charan Munshi
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
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| website = 
| module =
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}}

'''[[Babu (title)|Babu]] Banwari Charan Munshi'''{{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with Bonwari Munshi of [[Munshibari family of Ulipur]].}} (Bengali: বনওয়ারীচরণ মুন্সী; 1848 - 24 June 1917) was an Indian Bengali [[landlord]], [[philanthropist]] and [[businessman]], who served as the [[Chougachi Estate|Zamindar of Chougachi]]. He was widely admired for his gentle demeanor and his spirit of hospitality.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=48}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari.jpg|thumb|Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari, the birthplace of Munshi]]
Munshi was born in [[Kadirpara Union|Kadirpara]] in 1848. He lost his father Babu Hari Charan Munshi at a very young age. From childhood, he displayed a strong sense of responsibility and practical knowledge, particularly in matters of land and property. After the partition of the joint [[taluq]] of the [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara]] [[Munshi family|Munshi]]s, he assumed the responsibility of caring for his siblings. In 1865, at the age of only seventeen, he left Kadirpara and settled permanently in [[Chougachi Estate|Chougachi]].<ref name="auto1"/> In this village, his kinsman, [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Achyut Charan Munshi, served as the [[Munshi]] of Mr. Hodgson, the local indigo planter, and later came into possession of vast landed property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Waliuzzaman |first=Mir |date= 24 Oct 2010 |title=পুনরপি পদ্মাপার |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/arts/3151 |trans-title= |work= |language=Bengali |location= |publisher=[[Bdnews24.com]] |access-date= 24 Oct 2010}}</ref> Through the individual efforts of Banwari Munshi, the family was able to establish its control over extensive estates in Chougachi. During his tenure, 21 [[mouza]]s were incorporated into the estate, each consisting of 3 to 4 villages.<ref name="auto1"/> He initiated collective farming on his own lands by engaging the local peasants. Because of his affable conduct and cordial nature, he became highly respected and popular among the local community. Guided by the principle “prosper through cultivation”, he personally organized the peasants of Chougachi village to work on his lands.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=49}}</ref> He also attained notable success as an indigo trader, and his indigo factory later came to be known locally as the ''Kuthibari''. His son, [[Babu (title)|Babu]] [[Amulya Munshi]], subsequently renamed the village of Chougachi as ''Kuthi Chougachi''.<ref name="auto2"/> His estate manager was Jasimuddin. During Munshi's lifetime, no inhabitant of the village reportedly suffered from a shortage of food or clothing. Whenever he heard of anyone lacking garments, he instructed Jasimuddin to provide clothing from the estate. In order to promote education in the locality, he entrusted his eldest son, [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Anukul Munshi (who later gained recognition as a [[mother-of-pearl]] artist<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhāratera bhāskara o citraśilpī (Sculptors and Painters of India)|last=Kamal Sarkar|date=1984 |publisher=yogamaya prakashani|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bh%C4%81ratera_bh%C4%81skara_o_citra%C5%9Bilp%C4%AB/ZSbRAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE&dq=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE&printsec=frontcover|page=4}}</ref>) with the responsibility of establishing a primary school on land adjacent to the family residence. However, the school did not remain in operation for long.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=50}}</ref> Later, [[Amulya Munshi]] established the first ever school in his memory in the village of Chougachi.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://www.choumabe.edu.bd/aboutus/about-our-school/
|title=About Chougachi High School |website=Chougachi High School |access-date=2025-08-18 |language=bn}}</ref> Munshi was the grandfather of the Indian [[commercial artist]] [[Annada Munsi]] and [[mother-of-pearl]] artist [[Manu Munsi]]. He played significant role for the early education of Annada Munsi.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite book|title=কুড়িয়ে বাড়িয়ে|last=Majumdar|first=Kaushik|publisher=Sristisukh Prokashan|location=Kolkata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwPoDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF&pg=PA171|page=171|isbn=9789388887526}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=45}}</ref>
Munshi died on 24 June 1917 at the [[Chougachi Estate|Chougachi Kachari Bari]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Babu Amulya Munshi of Chougachi.jpg|thumb|Babu [[Amulya Munshi]], son of Banwari Munshi]]
To his legacy, his son Amulya Munshi later established a school in Chougachi in 1936, named the Banwari Charan Memorial M.E. School, believing that without it, both Hindu and Muslim communities could not be free from ignorance. Prior to its establishment, there was no formal school in Chougachi with primary aim to promote education. The school's name was subsequently changed to the Pupils’ Academy of Chougachi (also known as the Chougachi B.M. Pupils’ Academy). Babu Prithvis Chandra Munshi served as the school's headmaster.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=55}}</ref> The school continued to operate successfully until 1947; however, following the [[Partition of India]] and the departure of the zamindar family to [[Calcutta]], it suffered from a lack of sufficient support and was ultimately closed in 1954. Despite this closure, the local community remained committed to promoting education. In 1966, villagers took the initiative to establish a new institution, which was recognized from its inception as a secondary school and began functioning as Chougachi High School. In 2014, the school gained recognition under the Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP) of the [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)]], and in 2016, it was honoured as the best school in [[Sreepur Upazila, Magura]] during National Education Week.<ref name="auto3"/> His life and works were published in the book ''Munshianany Chollis Purush'' edited by Santanu Ghosh, which primarily focuses on the contributions and achievements of [[Munshi family|the Munshis]] in various fields. A review of the book was published in Anandabazar Patrika in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 Sep 2016 |title=নানা রঙের ক্যানভাসে আলোছায়ার কাহিনি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/story-of-colors-of-many-shades-1.483560 |trans-title=Story of Colors of Many Shades |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>
{{Zamindars of Bengal}}
[[File:Chougachi.jpg|thumb|Students at the playground of Chougachi High School]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]

K. M. M. Metha

2026-04-19T22:08:04Z

JustineLaguerre: Added First Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madras State Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| predecessor = [[P.K. Mookiah Thevar]]
| constituency = [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| office1 = Chairman Of Periyakulam Municipality
| term_start1 = 1969
| term_end1 = 1975
| name = K. M. M. Metha
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|6|23}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|01|24|1926|6|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Periyakulam
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| other_party = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Sabiraammal
}}

'''K. M. M. Metha''' was an Indian politician who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Periyakulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Periyakulam constituency]] in the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election later he moved to Kodaikanal with his family, and even during his struggle during the MISA period he focused on his political party more than his family which was taken care of his eldest son in his youngest age with 5 sisters and 2 brothers and his mother Mrs.metha, THE 1st Son Of Mr.metha - mr.Abdul Saleem -the lion|1967 elections]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whoiswho_1967/page/138/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Madras Legislative Assembly Who's Who 1967 |publisher=Madras Legislative Assembly Department |year=1968 |location=Madras |pages=138 |language= |oclc=1779825 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=தொகுதி ஓர் அறிமுகம்: பெரியகுளம்(தனி) - 199 |trans-title=Volume Introduction: Periyakulam (Single) - 199 |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-madurai/theni/2016/apr/13/தொகுதிஓர்-அறிமுகம்-பெரியக-1312937.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Agashe

2026-04-19T16:16:22Z

JustineLaguerre: creating the stub with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Agashe''' ([[IAST]]: ''Āgāśe'') is an [[Indian surname]] used by [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Chitpavan]] [[Brahmins]] of the [[Kaushik]] [[gotra]] from the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India.{{sfn|Ranade|1974|pages=6–17}}

==People==
*[[Ashutosh Agashe]] (born 1972), an Indian cricket player and businessman.
*[[Chandrashekhar Agashe]] (1888 – 1956), founder of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]]
*[[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] (1942 – 2009), an Indian businessman, cricketer, cricket administrator and philanthropist
*[[Sheetal Agashe]] (born 1977), an Indian businesswoman and former actress
*[[Shripad Narayan Agashe]] (born 1939), an Indian [[botanist]] and [[palynologist]]
*[[Mandar Agashe]] (born 1969), an Indian music director and businessman
*[[Mohan Agashe]] (born 1947), an Indian theatre and film actor
*[[Panditrao Agashe]] (1935 – 1986), Indian businessman

==Places==
*[[Panditrao Agashe School]], a private, co-educational day school in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
*[[Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education]], sports college in Pune.

==See also==
*{{look from}}
*{{in title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Ranade|first=Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstWAAAAMAAJ |title=चितपावन कौशिक गोत्री आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Agashe Family belonging to the Kaushik Gotra |date=1974 |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=74903020 |oclc=20388396 |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Trupti |last2=Agashe |first2=Gopal. |editor1-last=Wad |editor1-first=Mugdha |title=आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Agashe Family |date=2006 |publisher=Surbhi Graphics |location=[[Hyderabad]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |edition=2nd |language=mr |isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahqswEACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}

{{Surname}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]

Fazle Haque

2026-04-19T07:59:40Z

JustineLaguerre: started first pg first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fazle Haque
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1937|2|9}}
| birth_place = [[Cooch Behar State]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Minister of State for Home Ministry, Government of West Bengal
| term_start = 20 March 1972
| term_end = 30 April 1977
| constituency = [[Sitai]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Anthony Lancelot Dias]]
| office2 = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1967–1977, 1996–2001, 2006
| term_end2 = 2011
| constituency2 = [[Sitai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitai]]
| predecessor2 =
| predecessor3 = Nripenra Nath Roy
| predecessor4 = Dipak Sengupta
| successor4 = Keshab Chandra Roy
| successor3 = Nripenra Nath Roy
| successor2 = Dipak Sengupta
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]] [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta]]
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Mohammed Fazle Haque''' is an Indian politician and also was the past Minister of State for Home Ministry as well as Public Works in the [[government of West Bengal]]. He was also an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Sitai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitai]] constituency in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 West Bengal legislative assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Successful Candidates - West Bengal |url=http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520105555/http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |archive-date=20 May 2006 |access-date=2024-11-21 }}</ref>
He served 6 terms as an MLA.

==Early life and education==
Haque was born on 9 February 1937 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Nashya Shaikh]]s in the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]]. He is the son of Haji Hossain Ali Bepai and Javeda Bewa. Ali completed his education at the [[Dinhata High School]] and the [[Scottish Church College]] in [[Calcutta]]. He graduated with an [[MBBS]] from [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta]].<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=229|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|year=2006}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Haque married Ayesha Haque, daughter of Abul Hossain Bepai. They have three sons and two daughters.<ref name=bio/>

==Career==
Haque is a medical practitioner (doctor) and a former president of the [[Okrabari Alabakash High School|Okrabari Alabakhsh High School]].<ref name=bio/> He contested in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[Sitai Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1967/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1967|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Haque subsequently joined the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, and from 2003 to 2006, served in the Committee on Privileges and the Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare.<ref name=bio/> He was re-elected from the same constituency at the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]], [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]] and [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]] legislative assembly elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1969/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1969|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1971/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1971|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1972/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1972|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

Haque contested in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]], [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]] and [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] elections, but lost to [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] candidate [[Deepak Sengupta]] on all of these occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1982/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1982|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1987/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1987|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1991/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1991|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He was elected to the Sitai constituency for a fifth term at the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], defeating Forward Bloc candidate [[Nripendra Nath Ray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1996/sitai/|title=Sitai, 1996|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He lost to Ray in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] elections, but defeated him in the following elections in [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], where he completed his sixth term as MLA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2001/sitai/|title=Sitai, 2001|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2006/sitai/|title=Sitai, 2006|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Fazle}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

ITS Dental College

2026-04-18T09:37:29Z

JustineLaguerre: Added First Stub Basic Info

{{short description|Dental institute in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = ITS Dental College Logo.png
| name = ITS Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre Greater Noida
| motto = Service, Dedication, Humanity, Sacrifice
| type = Private
| established = 2006
| former_names =
| officer_in_charge =
| founder = Durga Charitable Society
| campus = 25 acres
| nickname = ITSDCGN
| director =
| chairperson = R. P. Chadha
| principal = Sachit Anand Arora
| academic_staff = 65
| students = 528
| postgrad = 78
| coordinates = {{coord|28.475273|77.484817|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=title}}
| colors = White & Maroon {{color box|#FFFFFF}} {{color box|#800000}}
| city = [[Greater Noida]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University ]], [[Dental Council of India]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[NABH]], IAO
| website = {{URL|https://www.itsdentalcollege.edu.in}}
}}
'''ITS Dental College''' is a private, self-financing, [[co-educational]] institution, good hospital and [[research centre]] located in [[Greater Noida]], in the northern [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]], [[Lucknow]]. It was founded in 2006 by Durga Charitable Trust.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alam |first1=Shafaque |title=ITS Dental College holds annual convocation {{!}} Noida News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/ITS-Dental-College-holds-annual-convocation/articleshow/51980250.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
ITS Dental College [[Greater Noida]] was established in 2006 by Durga Charitable Trust. It is part of the ITS Education group was founded in 1996 by Dr. R.P. Chadha. The group provides teaching and learning practices in the areas of Dental, Engineering, Management and Pharmacy Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITS Dental College |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/its-dental-college-2 |website=Collegedekho}}</ref> The institute is accredited with [[NABH]] and [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].

==Academics==
The college provides the following courses:<ref>{{cite web |title=ITS Dental College Courses |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/i-t-s-dental-college-hospital-and-research-centre-greater-noida-65013?&rf=searchWidget&landing=ilp |website=Shiksha.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ITS Dental College 2020:Admission, Fees Structure, Seats, Cutoff and Ranking |url=https://www.bdsadmission.in/tag/its-dental-college-fees-structure/ |website=bdsadmission.in}}</ref>
* [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] (BDS): It is a five-years full time degree program that leads to a Bachelor Of Dental Surgery.
* [[Master of Dental Surgery]] (MDS): It is a three years full time Post-graduate degree program available with the streams like Oral Surgery, Public Health Dentistry, Oral Medicine, Orthodontics, Periodontics, Conservative Dentistry, Prosthodontics and Pedodontics.

==Campus==
[[File:ITS Dental College Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|ITS Dental College]]
ITS Dental College is a four storied building with attached [[ITS Dental Hospital]].<ref>{{Citation |title=ITS Dental Hospital |date=2023-09-30 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITS_Dental_Hospital&oldid=1177886116 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-09-30 |language=en}}</ref> College has four audio-visually equipped Lecture halls with 100 students capacity. An aesthetically designed Auditorium is built within the College building which provides space to organize various cultural events. College also had an attached 100 bed general hospital "ITS Surya Hospital". All departments have separate clinical section for both UG and PG. College has two spacious & hi-tech Pre-Clinical labs each for Prosthodontics and Conservative Dentistry. An air-conditioned library is available for students.

The college campus has facilities for all types of Indoor and Outdoor sports. It has a Cricket ground, Basketball court, Open court for Throwball, Volleyball, and Badminton. Campus has a common room for Indoor Games such as Table Tennis, Foosball, Pool, Carom and Chess. College has a modern gym with a physical instructor. An aesthetic Infinity Café is located within the campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITS Dental College |url=https://www.univariety.com/college/ITS-Dental-College-Hospital-and-Research-Center/3f8cee37 |website=univariety.com}}</ref>

===Hospital===
ITS Dental College has a dedicated teaching hospital – ITS Dental Hospital, attached to its main building. Being only dental hospital to serve Gautam Buddha Nagar & numerous villages splattered around this area.

The college is also attached to the 100+ bedded General Hospital, for additional clinical training of the students on OT facilities for the oral & maxillofacial surgeries and General Medicine and General Surgery Hospital training for Under Graduates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dental College Hospital Ghaziabad |url=https://www.careerindia.com/colleges/i-t-s-centre-for-dental-studies-and-research-greater-noida-uttar-pradesh-cp18788/ |website=CareerIndia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ITS Dental Hospitals |url=https://www.itsdentalhospitals.com/its-dental-college |website=itsdentalhospitals}}</ref>

=== Accommodation===
College has separate hostel facilities for UG & PGs. It also has quarters for college staff, a bungalow for Principal and a Guest House within the campus.

== {{anchor|Reputation and rankings}}Rankings ==

In 2019 the college ranked 30 in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "Top 40 Dental Colleges In 2019",<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Top 40 Dental Colleges In 2019 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/business-news-top-30-dental-colleges-in-2019/301753 |website=Outlook}}</ref> 25 in ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s "Best Dental Colleges 2019"<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Dental Colleges 2019: List of Top Dental Colleges 2019 in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2019/ranks/1807541?page=24 |website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> and 18 out of 22 dental colleges by ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best colleges: THE WEEK-Hansa Research Survey 2019 |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/06/07/best-colleges-the-week-hansa-research-survey-2019.html |website=Theweek}}</ref>

==Social Initiatives==
ITS Dental College has undertaken a "Go Green" initiative. Its main focus is on reduction of carbon footprints, solid waste management, alternative energy resources, etc. Dr. R P Chadha, Chairman of ITS Education group contributed for "PM Cares Fund" and "CM Covid Funds" and cheque has been handed over to Hon'ble General V. K. Singh, Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. since 1995, ITS - The Education Group has been contributing to the help in natural disasters such as 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Tragedy of Kedarnath, Kargil War and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=आई टी एस एजुकेशन ग्रुप द्वारा कोरोना से लडने के लिए पीएम व सीएम राहत कोष मे 11 लाख रुपये की सहायता राशि दी |url=https://tennews.in/its-education-group-donated-11-lakh-to-fight-with-corona/ |website=tennews.in: National News Portal - Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features |date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Express |first1=Samvad |title=आईटीएस एजूकेशन ग्रुप ने पीएम केयर फंड में 5.51 व मुख्यमंत्री केयर फंड में 5.51 लाख दिया सहयोग – SAMVAD EXPRESS (संवाद एक्सप्रेस) |url=http://www.samvadexpress.com/archives/4677 |website=www.samvadexpress.com |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615111549/http://www.samvadexpress.com/archives/4677 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==MoU==
The institute signed a MoU with [[Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia]] Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=शिक्षण कार्य के साथ छात्रों को शोध पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत-डॉ. अरोरा – SAMVAD EXPRESS.COM |url=http://www.samvadexpress.com/archives/5998 |work=samvadexpress.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*"Rashtriya Shiksha Shiromani Award" For Contribution In The Field Of Education At All India Achiever Conference International Conclave.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Engineering College: Shaping The Future Of Engineers With Skill-Based Education {{!}} TheHigherEducationReview |url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/its-engineering-college-shaping-the-future-of-engineers-with-skillbased-education-QOLS930574353.html |website=thehighereducationreview.com}}</ref>
*Better India Education Award 2019 for best dental college of the year
*Most preferred UG/PG institute of the year 2019. Award was conferred by 13th president of India Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
*ED-TECH Higher Education Award<ref>{{cite web |title=E-Magazine 2020 {{!}} Shape your Education with TheHigherEducationReview |url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/emagazines/2020/ |website=thehighereducationreview.com}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Occlusion Fest.jpg|thumb|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] in ITS Dental College during Occlusion annual Fest in 2019]]
*Annual Cultural Fest – Occlusion: Bollywood Celebrities such as Randeep Hudda, Kanika Kapoor, Badshaah and many more visited the college for their movie promotion.<ref>{{cite web |title=बादशाह के गीतों पर झूमे छात्र |url=https://tricitytoday.com/news/3686/Bollywood-singer-Badshah-performs-in-Greater-Noida-ITS-dental-College |website=tricitytoday |date=29 Dec 2019}}</ref>
*Nukkad naatak was being held at the campus with a message onNo Tobacco Day<ref>{{cite web |title=RALLY BY I.T.S DENTAL COLLEGE ON WORLD NO TOBACCO DAY |url=https://tennews.in/rally-by-i-t-s-dental-college-on-world-no-tobacco-day/ |website=tennews.in: National News Portal - Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features |date=30 May 2015}}</ref>
*Mata Ki Chowki event organizes every Year at the college campus<ref>{{cite news |title=सेक्टर-151ए में बनने वाले हेलीपोर्ट की जगह बदलेगी |url=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/imageview_59835_93767436_4_156_23-02-2020_2_i_1_sf.html |work=epaper.livehindustan.com |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521031824/https://epaper.livehindustan.com/imageview_59835_93767436_4_156_23-02-2020_2_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Express |first1=Samvad |title=आईटीएस इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज में माँ भगवती की चौकी का भव्य आयोजन – SAMVAD EXPRESS (संवाद एक्सप्रेस) |url=http://www.samvadexpress.com/archives/4235 |website=www.samvadexpress.com }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Greater Noida]]

S. K. Sikka

2026-04-18T05:09:27Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|Indian nuclear physicist (1941–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. K. Sikka
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|11|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jhang Maghiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2023|6|21 |1941|02|22 |df=yes}}
| occupation = Nuclear Condensed Matter physicist [[Crystallography|Crystallographer]]
| known for = [[India and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons|Indian Nuclear Weapons Programme]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia award]] MRSI-ISCS Superconductivity and Materials Science Annual Prize M. M. Chugani Award of Indian Physics Association for applied physics [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]] Medal of INSA Homi Bhabha Lifetime Achievement Award of Indian Nuclear Society Meghnad Saha Medal of National Academy Sciences [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] Lifetime Achievement Awards}}
'''Satinder Kumar Sikka''' (22 November 1941 – 21 June 2023) was an Indian [[Nuclear physics|nuclear]] [[Condensed matter physics|condensed matter]] [[physicist]], [[Crystallography|crystallographer]]<ref name="World Directory of Crystallographers">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIHsCAAAQBAJ&q=satinder+kumar+sikka&pg=PA291 | title=World Directory of Crystallographers | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | first=Yves | last=Epelboin | year=2013 | pages=291 of 298 | isbn=9789401736978}}</ref> and a former Scientific Secretary to the [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India]].<ref name="Hydrogen Bonding and Transfer in the Excited State">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtcuBWnQj1oC&q=satinder+kumar+sikka&pg=PP31 | title=Hydrogen Bonding and Transfer in the Excited State | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | first1=Ke-Li | last1=Han | first2=Guang-Jiu | last2=Zhao | year=2011 | pages=970 | isbn=9781119972921}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear South Asia">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsFcCgAAQBAJ&q=satinder+kumar+sikka&pg=PA256 | title=Nuclear South Asia | publisher=Routledge | first1=Rajesh | last1=Rajagopalan | first2=Atul | last2=Mishra | year=2015 | pages=256 of 326| isbn=9781317324768 }}</ref> He was known to have played a crucial role, along with [[Raja Ramanna]], [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]] and [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri]], in the design and development of a [[Hydrogen Bomb|hydrogen bomb]] by India,<ref name="Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XQrAQAAQBAJ&q=satinder+kumar+sikka&pg=PA224 | title=Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | first=Jeffrey | last=Richelson | year=2007 | pages=224 of 734 | isbn=9780393329827}}</ref> which was tested at the [[Pokhran Test Range]] in May 1998, under the code name, [[Pokhran-II|Operation Shakthi]].<ref name="India releases pictures of nuclear tests">{{cite web | url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150902155554/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 September 2015 | title=India releases pictures of nuclear tests | publisher=CNN News | date=17 May 1998 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> He was also involved in the [[Smiling Buddha]] tests, conducted in 1974.<ref name="Our hydrogen bomb test was certainly not a fizzle">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19981012-our-hydrogen-bomb-test-was-certainly-not-a-fizzle-827199-1998-10-11 | title=Our hydrogen bomb test was certainly not a fizzle | publisher=India Today | date=12 October 1998 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> He was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], by the Government of India, in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Satinder Kumar Sikka was born in [[Jhang|Jhang Maghiana]] (now in Pakistan) in undivided India on 22 November 1942,<ref name="IAS Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows | title=IAS Fellows | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> three months after the [[Quit India Movement]] was launched.<ref name="Our hydrogen bomb test was certainly not a fizzle" /> He graduated (BSc) from the [[Punjab University, Chandigarh, India|Punjab University]] in 1960 after which he started his career by joining the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] Training School.<ref name="INSA Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N88-1008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813015210/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N88-1008 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=INSA Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> While at BARC, he did research under [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]], the renowned nuclear physicist who would later become his associate in the Pokhran tests, and secured a doctoral degree (PhD) from [[Mumbai University]] in 1970. His research during this period were centered around the topics of [[neutron diffraction]], [[X-ray crystallography]], and high pressure and [[shock wave]] physics.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He served BARC till 2002, holding several key positions such as that of the Director of Atomic and [[Condensed Matter Physics]] Group. In 2002, he was appointed as the Scientific Secretary to [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Adviser]] to the [[Union government of India|Union Government]] and he continued his association with the office, even after his superannuation, first as a Scientific consultant to the Principal Scientific Adviser and then, as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C).<ref name="Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet">{{cite web | url=http://psa.gov.in/scientific-advisory-committee/members | title=Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet | publisher=Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015 | archive-date=6 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106202105/http://psa.gov.in/scientific-advisory-committee/members | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] Chair Professor at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] from 2010 to 2013. He died on 21 June 2023.

== Legacy ==
Sikka's early research on [[neutron diffraction]] and his studies of the [[Phase problem]] employing [[Scattering theory|anomalous and direct scattering]] methods have been accepted by the [[International Union of Crystallography]] and has been incorporated in their teaching aids.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> In 1969, he was included in the team of scientists for the [[India and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons|Indian Nuclear Weapons Programme]] and was a member of the [[Smiling Buddha]] team which successfully tested the first Indian nuclear bomb on 18 May 1974.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He continued his involvement with the team and was the head of the thermonuclear device development team of the [[Pokhran-II]] test of 1998.<ref name="Operation Shakti: 1998">{{cite web | url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html | title=Operation Shakti: 1998 | publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive | date=30 March 2001 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> It is reported that [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]], his mentor at BARC, entrusted the responsibility of the development of the [[Thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear test device]] to Sikka,<ref name="India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC&q=satinder+kumar+sikka&pg=PA172 | title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation | publisher=University of California Press | first=George | last=Perkovich | year=2001 | pages=172 of 641 | isbn=9780520232105}}</ref> after consultation with the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name="The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998">{{cite web | url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html | title=The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998 | publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive | date=30 March 2001 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> Sikka, receiving the instructions, set up a laboratory with facilities for static pressure generation employing diamond anvil cells and shock waves generation with gas guns, the first such laboratory in India.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> The research here assisted in the development of computer codes for ''design, simulation and yield estimates of nuclear explosives''<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> and, aided by these work, he is known to have developed a freshly designed device ''using a boosted fission bomb primary'', to be used on a ballistic missile.<ref name="The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998" /> His research has been documented by way of over 150 articles,<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> published in national and international peer reviewed journals.<ref name="ResearchGate profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/72882156_S_K_Sikka | title=ResearchGate profile | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IUCr list">{{cite web | url=http://www.iucr.org/cgi-bin/newiucrsearch?query=Sikka&submit=search | title=IUCr list | publisher=International Union of Crystallography | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Sikka served as a member of the Executive Committee of the ''International Association for Advancement of Research and Technology under High Pressure'' from 1997 to 2000 and as a consultant to the ''Commission on High Pressure'' of [[International Union of Crystallography]] from 2002 to 2006.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He has chaired the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] committees for the [[International Union of Crystallography]] and [[Committee on Data for Science and Technology]] and has served as a member of the Asia Pacific Academy of Materials and the editorial board of ''High Pressure Research'' journal.<ref name="INSA Fellow" />

== Awards and honours ==
Sikka holds the honorific title of the ''Distinguished Scientist'' of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him as their Fellow in 1988.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> Two years later, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] followed suit and elected him as a Fellow.<ref name="IAS Fellows" /> In 1998, he was awarded the [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia award for Excellence in Science and Technology]],<ref name="H. K. Firodia Awards for Excellence in Science & Technology">{{cite web | url=http://hkfmindq.org/awards.html# | title=H. K. Firodia Awards for Excellence in Science & Technology | publisher=H. K. Firodia Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021034138/http://hkfmindq.org/awards.html | archive-date=21 October 2015 }}</ref> one year before he received the fourth highest Indian civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He was selected for the ''MRSI-ISCS Superconductivity and Materials Science Annual Prize'' in 2001 and the Indian Physics Association awarded him the ''M. M. Chugani Award for Excellence in Applied Physics'' in 2002,<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> before the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as their Fellow in 2003.<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> Indian National Science Academy honoured him with [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]] Medal for Experimental Physics in 2005. Indian Nuclear Society gave him the Homi Bhabha Lifetime Achievement Award of in 2007.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> The National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad gave him Meghnadh Saha Medal in 2010. The [[Department of Atomic Energy]] awarded him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011.<ref name="PM’s remarks on the occasion of the conferment of DAE’s Lifetime Achievement Awards 2011">{{cite web | url=http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/all-citations_1.pdf | title=PM's remarks on the occasion of the conferment of DAE's Lifetime Achievement Awards 2011 | publisher=Department of Atomic Energy | date=15 January 2013 | access-date=31 October 2015 | archive-date=3 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903002402/http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/all-citations_1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Smiling Buddha]]
* [[Pokhran-II]]
* [[Raja Ramanna]]
* [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]]
* [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikka, S. K.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian crystallographers]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]

Nanjangud Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:01Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up Article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nanjangud
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 214
| map_image = 214-Nanjangud constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Vidhana Sabha constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:220420}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Darshan Dhruvanarayana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = B. Harshavardhan
}}
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]
'''Nanjangud Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mysore district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || M. Linganna || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| M. Madaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || P. Mahadevaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 elections in India#Mysore|1957 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1957}} || J. B. Mallaradhya || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || N. Rachaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || L. Srikantaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | K. B. Shivaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || M. Mahadev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || D. T. Jayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || M. Mahadev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || D. T. Jayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || M. Mahadev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || D. T. Jayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Srinivasa Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Karnataka|2017 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 20 October 2016}} || Kalale. N. Keshavamurthy
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || B. Harshavardhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Darshan Dhruvanarayana]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Nanjangud">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Nanjangud |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10214.htm?ac=214 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329040557/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10214.htm?ac=214 |archive-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Nanjangud Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Nanjangud Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/nanjangud-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99065311.cms |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615184635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/nanjangud-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99065311.cms |archive-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Darshan Dhruvanarayana]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 109,125 |percentage = 62.05% |change = {{increase}}22.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Harshavardhan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,518 |percentage = 34.98% |change = {{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,452 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,607 |percentage = 27.07% |change = {{increase}}19.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,171 |percentage = 79.93% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,864}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,420 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Harshavardhan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,030 |percentage = 47.59% |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalale. N. Keshavamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,551 |percentage = 39.98% |change = {{decrease}}15.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanandamurthy. H. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,679 |percentage = 8.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,947 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddaswamy |party = Ambedkarite Party of India |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,479 |percentage = 7.61% |change = {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,305 |percentage = 78.57% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,979}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,121 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2017 elections in India#Karnataka|2017 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kalale. N. Keshavamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,212 |percentage = 55.75% |change = {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Srivinasa Prasad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,878 |percentage = 41.95% |change = {{increase}}36.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,665 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,334 |percentage = 13.80% |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,315 |percentage = 77.45% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,650}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,826 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Srinivasa Prasad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,784 |percentage = 39.73% |change = {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalale. N. Keshavamurthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 41,843 |percentage = 32.74% |change = {{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mahadevaiah |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 28,312 |percentage = 22.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shivarama |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,074 |percentage = 5.53% |change = {{decrease}}28.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shivaram Mulluru |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,651 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srikanta |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 1.76% |change = {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangothry Rangaswamy |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Karnataka) |votes = 1,667 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrungara Sarja |party = Hindusthan Nirman Dal |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rukmini |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,128 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,941 |percentage = 7.00% |change = {{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,057 |percentage = 76.21% |change = {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,812}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,095 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Srinivasa Prasad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,867 |percentage = 34.77% |change = {{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mahadevaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,159 |percentage = 34.19% |change = {{increase}}12.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Keshavamurthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,551 |percentage = 20.72% |change = {{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Mahadevappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,513 |percentage = 3.66% |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrungara Sarja |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,069 |percentage = 2.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Madeshan |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,044 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Mallesha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,143 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Shivananda |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Puttaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 937 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.57% |change = {{decrease}}17.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,430 |percentage = 71.99% |change = {{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,301}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,450 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 46,068 |percentage = 42.90% |change = {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,483 |percentage = 24.66% |change = {{decrease}}12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somashekara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,045 |percentage = 21.46% |change = {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraju. N |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,357 |percentage = 6.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandini Gowda. D. R |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,491 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Shivashankar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,944 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,585 |percentage = 18.24% |change = {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,389 |percentage = 76.02% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,265 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,701 |percentage = 36.83% |change = {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,703 |percentage = 28.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. N. Shivayogi |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 23,399 |percentage = 24.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. C. N. Mruthyunjayappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,818 |percentage = 4.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Srikanta |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,944 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sunder |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,900 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Shivashankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,355 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,998 |percentage = 8.49% |change = {{decrease}}23.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,985 |percentage = 75.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,216}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,733 |percentage = 5.73% |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,742 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}23.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 56,513 |percentage = 60.49% |change = {{increase}}29.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,097 |percentage = 29.00% |change = {{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Yogesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,655 |percentage = 4.98% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Narasimha Swamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,332 |percentage = 3.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,416 |percentage = 31.49% |change = {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,406 |percentage = 78.57% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,423}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,421 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,176 |percentage = 47.63% |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,525 |percentage = 30.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Y. Puttanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,007 |percentage = 14.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Yogesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,001 |percentage = 2.63% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghupati Naika |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 563 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,651 |percentage = 16.66% |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,102 |percentage = 75.41% |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,956}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,146 |percentage = 7.49% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,868 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,644 |percentage = 49.49% |change = {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Linganna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,382 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,512 |percentage = 5.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Siddappa Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 830 |percentage = 1.39% |change = {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidda Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 534 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,262 |percentage = 7.11% |change = {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,370 |percentage = 70.87% |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,902}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,598 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,124 |percentage = 38.62% |change = {{increase}}23.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Narasegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,079 |percentage = 38.53% |change = {{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Lingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,635 |percentage = 9.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,852 |percentage = 7.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mada Setty |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 845 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katoor Siddanaika |party = Independent politician |votes = 502 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Raja Iyyanagar |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 342 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45 |percentage = 0.09% |change = {{decrease}}12.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,978 |percentage = 64.51% |change = {{decrease}}9.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,515}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,463 |percentage = 2.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,024 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Shivaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,639 |percentage = 37.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaveer Tharak |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,854 |percentage = 24.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Linganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,724 |percentage = 18.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Jayakumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,760 |percentage = 14.91% |change = {{decrease}}33.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,244 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 738 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,785 |percentage = 13.04% |change = {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,859 |percentage = 74.13% |change = {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,030}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,829 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,650 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Shivaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,334 |percentage = 48.16% |change = {{increase}}19.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Slrikantaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,212 |percentage = 27.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javakariah Sosale |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,484 |percentage = 19.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 5.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,122 |percentage = 21.00% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,294 |percentage = 58.36% |change = {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,918}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,475 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. Srikantaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,787 |percentage = 41.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rachaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,695 |percentage = 28.34% |change = {{decrease}}23.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. S. Aradhya |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 6,513 |percentage = 21.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttarangiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 3.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,045 |percentage = 3.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeviah |party = Independent politician |votes = 499 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,092 |percentage = 13.34% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,551 |percentage = 62.37% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,683}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,797 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rachaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,855 |percentage = 51.36% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Srikantaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,070 |percentage = 41.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Raja Iyengar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,996 |percentage = 6.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,785 |percentage = 9.63% |change = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,130 |percentage = 61.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,921}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,782 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 elections in India#Mysore|1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Mallaradhya |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,304 |percentage = 54.15% |change = {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rachaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,110 |percentage = 45.85% |change = {{decrease}}17.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,194 |percentage = 8.31% |change = {{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,414}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mahadevaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,391 |percentage = 63.22% |change = {{increase}}34.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. S. Aradhya |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,955 |percentage = 36.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,436 |percentage = 26.44% |change = {{increase}}25.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,346 |percentage = 55.78% |change = {{decrease}}13.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,346}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,650 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}43.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}42.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nanjangud <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Linganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,122 |percentage = 20.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. S. Aradhya |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,778 |percentage = 20.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,565 |percentage = 16.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Madaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,930 |percentage = 13.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Biligiri Rangaiah |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,277 |percentage = 11.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Lingappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 5,114 |percentage = 9.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,322 |percentage = 8.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 344 |percentage = 0.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,108 |percentage = 34.43% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,115 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mysore district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.11|76.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Vile Parle Andheri Versova Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:47Z

JustineLaguerre: made basic info initial version!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vile Parle Andheri Versova
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 53,501
| mla = Shah, Shantilal Harjivan
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Vile Parle Andheri Versova Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shah, Shantilal Harjivan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vile Parle Andheri Versova <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shah, Shantilal Harjivan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,373 |percentage = 44.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parekh, Abdusatar Musa |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,606 |percentage = 27.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawde, Gangaram Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,745 |percentage = 9.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vora, Jaggannath Damodar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,183 |percentage = 7.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma, Jwalaprasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,871 |percentage = 6.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai, Mukund Narsilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 429 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mody, Gokuldas Jadhavji |party = Independent politician |votes = 364 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,767 |percentage = 17.29% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,571 |percentage = 51.53% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,571}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,501 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

2024 NEET controversy

2026-04-03T19:24:04Z

JustineLaguerre: creating the stub needs work

{{Short description|Controversy in conduct of NEET(UG) 2024}}

The '''2024 NEET-UG controversy''' was caused by multiple discrepancies, irregularities and alleged malpractices during the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)]]. As one of India's largest exams in terms of applicant numbers, NEET-UG is the sole nationwide test for admission to undergraduate medical programs and is conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA).

On 5 May 2024, NEET-UG faced allegations of question paper leaks. While social media posts claimed the exam questions were leaked, the NTA denied these allegations. In [[Patna]], Bihar, police arrested 13 people, including four examinees, who had allegedly paid {{INRConvert|30|l}} to {{INRConvert|50|l}} to obtain the question paper beforehand. In [[Godhra]], Gujarat, a raid at an exam center revealed that a teacher, who was also the deputy superintendent, instructed students not to answer questions they didn’t know, promising to fill in the answers. Five people were arrested, and it was discovered that candidates from multiple states had taken the exam at this center. The cases were handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).

The examination results, suddenly announced on 4 June 2024, also sparked controversy due to an unusually high number of top rankers. Many students received scores that appeared mathematically impossible, triggering widespread complaints and legal challenges. This led to nationwide protests, with demands to cancel the exam and conduct a re-test.

On 23 July 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] acknowledged that at least 155 students had directly benefited from the paper leak. However, it ruled that there was no evidence of a systemic failure beyond isolated incidents. The Court also rejected claims of a large-scale NEET-UG 2024 paper leak and declined to order a re-examination, citing a lack of credible proof of widespread irregularities.

== Background ==
{{See also|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)}}
Introduced in 2013, succeeding the [[All India Pre Medical Test]], [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET-UG]] is the mandatory and sole examination for admission to medical courses in India. On 5 May 2024, approximately 2.4 million candidates across India took the examination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY CUM ENTRANCE TEST (UG) |url=https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605191018/https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/#:~:text=Similarly%2C%20as%20per%20Section%2014%20of%20the%20National,in%20all%20Medical%20Institutions%20governed%20under%20this%20Act |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[National Testing Agency]]}}</ref> There has been a general trend of increasing applicant numbers over the years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-applications-surge-for-9th-year-in-a-row-record-24l-for-2024-25/articleshow/108659338.cms |title=NEET-UG Applications Surge For 9th Year In A Row, Record 24L For 2024-25 |first=Manash |last=Pratim Gohain |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613135605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-ug-applications-surge-for-9th-year-in-a-row-record-24l-for-2024-25/amp_articleshow/108659338.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the previous year, out of 2.04 million students who registered for the exam, nearly 1.14 million qualified for admission to undergraduate medical institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET UG Result 2023 Updates: Over 11.45 lakh students cleared the exam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-result-2023-live-updates-nta-released-results-topper-ranks-cutoff-counselling-neet-nta-nic-in-8659951/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607113955/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-result-2023-live-updates-nta-released-results-topper-ranks-cutoff-counselling-neet-nta-nic-in-8659951/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Paper leak and use of unfair means ==
On 5 May 2024, the day of the NEET-UG examination, several social media posts alleged that the exam questions had been leaked in advance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/article/education/neet-ug-nta-paper-leak-rajasthan-bihar |title=NEET: NTA Says 'No Paper Leak' in Rajasthan; Patna Police File FIR |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060542/https://thewire.in/article/education/neet-ug-nta-paper-leak-rajasthan-bihar |url-status=live }}</ref> The NTA denied these allegations but issued a public notice stating that an incorrect distribution of papers had occurred at the Girls Higher Secondary Model Vidya Mandir examination center in [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-2024-paper-leaked-heres-what-nta-says-9309506/ |title=NEET UG 2024 paper leaked? Here's what NTA says |date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505124932/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-2024-paper-leaked-heres-what-nta-says-9309506/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Some students had left the examination center despite the invigilators’ efforts to stop them. The notice emphasized that this was an "isolated incident" and that the integrity of the examination process at other centers had not been compromised.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Fair%20Conduct%20of%20NEET%20(UG)%202024%20Examination,%205%20May%202024.pdf |title=Public Notice: National Testing Agency Ensures Fair Conduct of NEET (UG) Examination. |date=5 May 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[National Testing Agency]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729055221/https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Fair%20Conduct%20of%20NEET%20(UG)%202024%20Examination,%205%20May%202024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The NTA reconducted the examination for the 120 candidates who had taken the exam at the center where the incorrect distribution of question papers had occurred on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/incorrect-distribution-of-neet-papers-at-rajasthan-centre-exam-reconducted-for-120-candidates-3008773 |title='Incorrect distribution' of NEET papers at Rajasthan centre, exam reconducted for 120 candidates |date=5 May 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060629/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/incorrect-distribution-of-neet-papers-at-rajasthan-centre-exam-reconducted-for-120-candidates-3008773 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Patna and Hazaribagh ===
The exam paper was allegedly leaked 1 day before the examination held in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. On 5 May 2024, a few hours before the examination, [[Patna Police|Patna police]] were informed by a whistle-blower about a scandal involving the examination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/didnt-expect-tip-off-to-open-neet-pandoras-box-mystery-call-on-safe-house-put-bihar-cops-on-neet-trail/articleshow/111176689.cms |title='Didn't expect tip-off to open NEET Pandora's box': Mystery call on 'safe house' led Bihar cops to crack NEET leak case |first=Kshitiz |last=Singh |date=22 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/didnt-expect-tip-off-to-open-neet-pandoras-box-mystery-call-on-safe-house-put-bihar-cops-on-neet-trail/articleshow/111176689.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The police registered a [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) under Sections 407, 408, 409 (criminal breach of trust), and 120B (criminal conspiracy) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and arrested 13 people, including four examinees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/city-police-lodge-fir-in-neet-paper-leak-case/articleshow/109867617.cms |title=NEET paper 'leak': Patna Police detains 7 people |first=Faryal |last=Rumi |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729060835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/city-police-lodge-fir-in-neet-paper-leak-case/articleshow/109867617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-paper-leak-allegations-patna-arrests-9313718/ |title=As NEET 'paper leak' allegations swirl, Patna police arrest 13, including 4 who took test |first=Santosh |last=Singh |date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507120613/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-paper-leak-allegations-patna-arrests-9313718/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 11 May 2024, the Economic Offences Unit (EOU) of [[Bihar Police]] took over the case after discovering the involvement of several organized gangs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |title=NEET UG 2024 paper leak case: Economic Offences Unit of Bihar Police springs into action, new revelations come to fore |first=Avinash |last=Kumar |date=11 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608185251/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The EOU found that some medical aspirants had paid large sums of money, ranging from {{INR}}30 to {{INR}}50 [[lakh]], to brokers involved in the racket for obtaining the question paper before the examination. The arrested candidates told the police where they had obtained the question papers and confirmed that the questions in the actual NEET UG question paper were similar to the ones they had received from the broker the day before the examination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-probe-shows-neet-aspirants-paid-up-to-rs-50-lakh-for-question-papers-cops/articleshow/110061398.cms |title=Bihar probe shows NEET aspirants paid up to Rs 50 lakh for question papers: Cops |first=Faryal |last=Rumi |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729061011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-probe-shows-neet-aspirants-paid-up-to-rs-50-lakh-for-question-papers-cops/articleshow/110061398.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The case was subsequently transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). In its submissions to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 23 July 2024, the CBI reported that the leak had occurred on the morning of the examination, 5 May 2024, in contrast to the earlier investigation by the Patna Police, which had stated that the leak occurred on 4 May 2024. During the investigation, CBI had found burnt scraps of the photocopy of the NEET-UG 2024 question paper in Patna with a serial number corresponding to Oasis Public School in Hazaribagh. They traced this back to a girl examinee who had received the paper with a torn seal. The girl informed the CBI that she had noticed the torn seal but did not report it to the invigilator.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Srishti |date=24 July 2024 |title=How NEET paper leak happened: Detailed breakdown of what CBI told Supreme Court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/neet-ug-examination-paper-leak-patna-hazaribagh-cbi-enquiry-solved-paper-supreme-court-2570974-2024-07-24 |access-date=24 July 2024 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> According to the CBI, the center superintendent of Oasis Public School in [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]] had left the back door of the strong room, where exam papers were stored, open. At 8:02 am, the accused, Pankaj Kumar, also known as Aditya, entered the room with his toolkit, opened the locker, removed the seal from a question paper, took photographs of it, and then resealed it using a lighter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angad |first1=Abhishek |title=CBI's big revelations in NEET case: Leak at Hazaribagh school on morning of test, principal 'took money', mastermind entered strongroom |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-case-cbi-big-revelations-hazaribagh-school-leak-9470686/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 July 2024 |language=en |location=[[Ranchi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=23 July 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024: Supreme Court rejects plea for re-examination |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-rejects-plea-reexamination |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Bar and Bench |language=en }}</ref> By 9:23 am, the photos had been forwarded to a co-conspirator at a guest house in Hazaribagh. This co-conspirator had printed out the photos, and 7-8 solvers completed the Botany and Zoology papers by 10:15 am and the Physics and Chemistry papers by 10:40 am. The solved papers were then shared with another location in Hazaribagh and two centers in Patna, where some examinees were made to memorize the answers.<ref name="toipaperleak">{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |title=Strongroom was breached, papers photographed hours before NEET: CBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/strongroom-was-breached-papers-photographed-hours-before-neet-cbi/articleshow/111969954.cms |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2024 |language=en |location=[[Ranchi]]}}</ref> The city coordinator for Hazaribagh was the Principal of Oasis Public School, Ehsanul Haque, while the center superintendent was the school's Vice Principal, Imtiaz Alam.<ref name="iearrest" />

The CBI arrested the solvers and conspirators.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit |title=CBI arrests Jharkhand school principal, vice-principal in NEET paper leak case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-arrests-jharkhand-school-principal-vice-principal-in-neet-paper-leak-case/article68345205.ece |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |date=28 June 2024 |location=Patna |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Santosh |last2=Angad |first2=Abhishek |title=NEET leak: 4 AIIMS Patna students 'travelled to Jharkhand to solve paper'; RIMS student is latest arrest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-leak-4-aiims-patna-students-jharkhand-solve-paper-rims-student-9463994/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2024 |location=Patna |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723052200/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-leak-4-aiims-patna-students-jharkhand-solve-paper-rims-student-9463994/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="iearrest">{{cite news |title=CBI arrests 'mastermind', two more 'solvers' in NEET-UG case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-ug-paper-leak-mastermind-arrested-cbi-9465703/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 July 2024 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> The CBI identified 155 students who have directly benefited from this paper leak; however, only two of these candidates scored more than 570 marks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court: No NEET-UG retest, but 4 lakh candidates to lose 5 marks each |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-no-neet-ug-retest-but-4-lakh-candidates-to-lose-5-marks-each/articleshow/111969731.cms |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723222048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-no-neet-ug-retest-but-4-lakh-candidates-to-lose-5-marks-each/articleshow/111969731.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The CBI stated that the accused had destroyed the mobile phone used to take pictures of the exam paper; however, about 18 other phones were recovered and sent for forensic analysis. The solvers were not allowed to carry their mobile phones during this exercise because the conspirators did not want to benefit those who had not paid.<ref name="toipaperleak" /> The solvers were MBBS students from [[AIIMS Patna]], [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|RIMS Ranchi]], and a medical college in Bharatpur. Pankaj Kumar is a 2017 batch civil engineer from [[NIT Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Somendra |title=CBI Uncovers NEET UG 2024 Paper Leak; 36 Arrested, Including School Officials And MBBS Students |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/cbi-uncovers-neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-36-arrested-including-school-officials-and-mbbs-students |date=25 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Godhra ===
On 5 May 2024, the district education department of [[Panchmahal district]] raided a NEET UG exam center at Jai Jalaram School in [[Godhra]], [[Gujarat]]. During the raid, they seized a list of students from a schoolteacher who had allegedly promised to help these students. An FIR was filed by the Godhra Police on charges of criminal breach of trust, cheating, and criminal conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/gujarat-teacher-2-others-arrested-for-malpractice-in-neet-ug-exam-893311 |title=Get a NEET-UG rank for 10 lakh! Godhra police uncover cheating racket |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630230129/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/gujarat-teacher-2-others-arrested-for-malpractice-in-neet-ug-exam-893311 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2024 |title=Racket to 'help' NEET-UG aspirants busted in Godhra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/racket-to-help-neet-ug-aspirants-busted-in-godhra/articleshow/110005845.cms |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630230128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/racket-to-help-neet-ug-aspirants-busted-in-godhra/articleshow/110005845.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The police arrested five people in connection with the alleged cheating.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-police-unearths-neet-exam-scandal-in-godhra-centre/article68290666.ece |title=Gujarat Police unearth NEET 'scam' at Godhra centre, arrest five |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-police-unearths-neet-exam-scandal-in-godhra-centre/article68290666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the police, the teacher, who was also the deputy superintendent of the exam center, had instructed the candidates not to answer questions they didn’t know, assuring them that he would answer them after collecting their answer sheets. The police also recovered ₹7 lakh from the teacher's car, who had reportedly charged ₹10 lakh from each student for filling their answer sheets.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-neet-ug-exam-students-offer-lakhs-to-teachers-for-solving-papers-arrested-godhra-2537391-2024-05-10 |title=Case against Gujarat teacher, others for accepting Rs 10 lakh to solve NEET exam |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075417/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-neet-ug-exam-students-offer-lakhs-to-teachers-for-solving-papers-arrested-godhra-2537391-2024-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days later, it was revealed that 16 of at least 26 students whose names were on the list seized from the school teacher hailed from Odisha, Jharkhand, [[Maharashtra]], and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/neet-fraud-16-students-travelled-more-than-1000-km-to-godhra-exam-centre-court-told-9322905/ |title=NEET fraud: 16 students from Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka, MP chose Godhra exam centre, court told |first=Aditi |last=Raja |date=12 May 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626080104/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/neet-fraud-16-students-travelled-more-than-1000-km-to-godhra-exam-centre-court-told-9322905/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite repeated requests by the investigating officer, the NTA did not provide the OMR sheets of the candidates involved in this case.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/godhra-neet-scam-gujarat-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-accused-9409706/ |title=Godhra NEET scam: Gujarat court rejects bail plea of accused, says 'unfortunate' that NTA not responded to police requests |date=23 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075928/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/godhra-neet-scam-gujarat-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-accused-9409706/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discrepancies in result ==
The NEET-UG 2024 results were unexpectedly declared on 4 June 2024, ten days earlier than the originally scheduled date, coinciding with the announcement of the [[2024 Indian general election]] results. A total of 67 students achieved perfect scores, a significantly higher number than in previous examinations, which raised controversy. The NTA clarified that the increase in top scorers was due to 44 of the 67 students incorrectly answering a physics question but still being awarded marks because of an error in an older version of the [[NCERT]] textbook.<ref name="iecontro">{{cite web |last1=Teri |first1=Deeksha |title=Why is there controversy around NEET this year? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-a-controversy-around-neet-this-year-9378906/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 July 2024 |language=en |date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081115/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-a-controversy-around-neet-this-year-9378906/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Sonali |title=NEET-UG 2024 Controversy Explained: How 44 students became toppers even after giving wrong answer |url=http://businesstoday.in/education/story/neet-ug-2024-how-44-students-became-toppers-even-after-giving-wrong-answer-433186-2024-06-13 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |publisher=[[India Today Group]] |access-date=4 July 2024 |language=en |date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613131949/https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/neet-ug-2024-how-44-students-became-toppers-even-after-giving-wrong-answer-433186-2024-06-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NTA awarded these marks after about 13,000 students challenged the answer key released prior to the results.<ref name="ie topper">{{Cite news |date=7 June 2024 |title=How 44 are NEET UG toppers because of a wrong answer and wrong textbook |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-results-67-all-india-rank-1-but-only-one-topper-nta-explains-9373672/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160829/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-results-67-all-india-rank-1-but-only-one-topper-nta-explains-9373672/ |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> On 22 July, the Supreme Court ordered [[IIT Delhi]] to submit a report on the controversial question. On 23 July, the Court followed the report's recommendations and ruled that the NTA could not award marks due to an error in the textbook. It upheld only one correct answer for the question, resulting in the number of toppers being reduced to 17.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarda |first1=Kanu |title=NEET ranks of over 4 lakh students to change as court orders revision of results |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/neet-ranks-of-over-4-lakh-students-to-change-as-court-orders-revision-of-results-2570975-2024-07-24 |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=24 July 2024 |location=New Delhi |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724015443/https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/neet-ranks-of-over-4-lakh-students-to-change-as-court-orders-revision-of-results-2570975-2024-07-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The re-revised result was declared on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title="NTA Declares the Re-revised Result / NTA Scores / Rank of the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test NEET UG 2024" |url=https://www.nta.ac.in/Download/Notice/Notice_20240726213317.pdf |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=NTA}}</ref>

Several examinees received scores of 718 or 719, which students argued was mathematically impossible under the exam marking scheme. The NTA later clarified that 1,563 examinees,<ref name="hindustan1">{{cite web |last1=Ifitkhar |first1=Fareeha |title=Wider NEET retest not on the cards: Education minister Dharmendra Pradhan |url=http://hindustantimes.com/india-news/wider-neet-retest-not-on-the-cards-minister-101718391053594.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=4 July 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172435/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wider-neet-retest-not-on-the-cards-minister-101718391053594.html |url-status=live }}</ref> including six top scorers from the same center, were awarded compensatory marks for lost time. The NTA awarded these marks based on a normalization formula established by the Supreme Court of India in a 2018 judgment.<ref name="iecontro" /> Examinees at some centers in Haryana, Delhi, and Chhattisgarh complained that they were given less than the allotted time to complete their examination and filed writ petitions before the High Courts of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana]], [[Delhi High Court|Delhi]], and [[Chhattisgarh High Court|Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="iecontro" /> However, after the intervention of the Supreme Court, the NTA decided to withdraw the grace marks and held the examination again for those 1,563 candidates on 23 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=NEET 2024: NTA issues notice on re-exam. Check exam and result dates and other details |url=http://economictimes.com/jobs/exams-results/neet-2024-nta-issues-notification-on-re-exam-check-exam-and-result-dates-and-other-details/articleshow/111014014.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |language=en |date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616172436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/exams-results/neet-2024-nta-issues-notification-on-re-exam-check-exam-and-result-dates-and-other-details/articleshow/111014014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindustan1" /> Out of these, 813 students took the retest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakil |first1=Marya |last2=Achom |first2=Debanish |title=750 Of 1,563 Students Skipped NEET-UG Retest: Exam Body NTA |url=http://ndtv.com/india-news/750-of-1-563-students-skipped-neet-ug-retest-exam-body-nta-5952815 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623142900/http://ndtv.com/india-news/750-of-1-563-students-skipped-neet-ug-retest-exam-body-nta-5952815 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 June 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Petitions filed in the Supreme Court ==
Several petitions were filed in the High Courts of various states and the Supreme Court of India regarding multiple issues related to the conduct of the examination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohain |first=Manash Pratim |date=8 June 2024 |title=Neet aspirants move to court at several places over anomalies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-aspirants-move-court-at-several-places-over-anomalies/articleshow/110806357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609064322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-aspirants-move-court-at-several-places-over-anomalies/articleshow/110806357.cms |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 17 May 2024, the Supreme Court denied the petition to stay the publication of exam results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court refuses to stay declaration of NEET results over alleged paper leak: Report |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/education/supreme-court-refuses-to-stay-declaration-of-neet-results-over-alleged-paper-leak-report-19413967.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527092308/https://www.cnbctv18.com/education/supreme-court-refuses-to-stay-declaration-of-neet-results-over-alleged-paper-leak-report-19413967.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 June 2024, while hearing the petition to cancel the exam, the Supreme Court stated that the "sanctity [of the exam] has been affected" and "we need answers." However, the court refused to stay the counseling process, which was scheduled to commence on 6 July.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ananthakrishnan G |title=Supreme Court issues notice to NTA over NEET-UG 2024 paper leak allegations: 'we need answers' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-supreme-court-nta-response-9384968/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627175703/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-supreme-court-nta-response-9384968/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 June 2024, the Supreme Court of India allowed the cancellation of the scorecards of the 1,563 candidates who were given grace marks and ordered a re-test for those candidates.<ref name="hindustan1" />

On 8 July, a Supreme Court bench consisting of [[Chief Justice of India]], Justice [[DY Chandrachud]] and Justices [[J. B. Pardiwala]] and [[Manoj Misra]] observed that the exam had been compromised by a paper leak. The court stated that the decision to conduct a re-examination could not be made without determining whether it was a widespread leak or an isolated incident. It also ordered the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to submit a report on the investigation status before the next hearing, which was scheduled for 11 July.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-hearing-july-8-live-updates/article68380881.ece |title=NEET-UG 2024 Hearing highlights {{!}} SC says exam compromised, orders CBI to submit report on status of probe |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709041110/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-hearing-july-8-live-updates/article68380881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court later postponed the hearing to 18 July. On 18 July, the Supreme Court ordered the NTA to publish the results of the entire exam, including center and city-wise results, by 12 noon on 20 July, while keeping the identity of the students hidden. The court announced it will resume the hearing on 22 July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2024 |title=NEET-UG exam 2024: SC directs NTA to publish results on July 20 by 12 pm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-hearing-live-updates-july-18-2024/article68416604.ece |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729061042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-hearing-live-updates-july-18-2024/article68416604.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 July, the Supreme Court established that, while there was no denying that a paper leak occurred where 155 students directly benefited from it , said that there was no indication that it was widespread enough to affect the exam as a whole. Therefore, the court upheld the examination and ruled that a retest was not necessary. Additionally, the Supreme Court transferred any and all individual petitions to the respective jurisdictional High Courts, barring those which were disposed off or resolved by its judgment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2024|title=NEET 2024 LIVE Updates from SC: NO Re-NEET, Supreme Court Rules Out Widespread Paper Leak|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-hearing-nta-neet-exam-cancellation-verdict-live-updates-liveblog-111912999|access-date=23 July 2024|website=[[Times Now]]|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729061043/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/neet-exam-2024-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-nta-neet-exam-paper-leak-cancellation-liveblog-111912999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No NEET Re-Exam, Supreme Court Says "Can't Conclude Sanctity Breached" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/there-will-be-no-neet-re-exam-rules-supreme-court-6170722 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024 SC hearing LIVE Updates: SC refuses to cancel exam, says there is no material to show systemic breach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-hearing-2024-live-updates-july-23/article68435264.ece |access-date=23 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723025033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-hearing-2024-live-updates-july-23/article68435264.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== National Testing Agency and Government ===
The National Testing Agency (NTA) initially denied the allegations of a paper leak, acknowledging only that an incorrect paper had been distributed at an exam center in Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan. After the results were announced, the NTA issued a clarification regarding the inflated ranks and the higher number of toppers. The NTA conducted an investigation into the paper leak allegations and released a public notice declaring these claims to be "completely baseless and without any ground."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regarding NEET (UG)-2024: Posts circulating on Social Media |url=https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Press%20Release%20Regarding%20NEET%20(UG)2024%20Posts%20circulating%20on%20Social%20Media.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609054437/https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Press%20Release%20Regarding%20NEET%20(UG)2024%20Posts%20circulating%20on%20Social%20Media.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[National Testing Agency]]}}</ref> On 6 June 2024, the NTA issued an official clarification notice refuting the suspicions of a paper leak and justified the early results declaration.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Regarding queries of candidates on NEET (UG) 2024 Result declared on 04 June 2024 |date=6 June 2024 |url=https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Press_Release_NEET%202024_06.06.2024.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607070945/https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/Press_Release_NEET%202024_06.06.2024.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[National Testing Agency]]}}</ref>

[[File:NTA press conference on NEET.jpg|thumb|300px|Press conference by the National Testing Agency on NEET.]]
On 8 June 2024, the NTA and the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] announced in a press conference that a four-member committee would be formed to investigate the results of the 1,563 students who were given grace marks. NTA Director General Subodh Kumar Singh denied any irregularities in the results during the press conference. He explained that the grace marks and a relatively easier paper compared to previous years were the reasons for the 67 top rankers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Teri |first1=Deeksha |title=NEET UG: Govt, NTA form panel to review results of 1,500 students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-2024-moe-nta-form-committee-to-re-check-neet-result-of-1500-students-9379863/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709041109/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/neet-ug-2024-moe-nta-form-committee-to-re-check-neet-result-of-1500-students-9379863/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 June 2024, [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education (India)]], [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] rejected the allegations of a paper leak as baseless, stating that "the allegations of corruption in the NTA are unfounded."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iftikhar |first1=Fareeha |title=Education minister Dharmendra Pradhan calls NEET-UG paper leak charges baseless |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-calls-neet-ug-paper-leak-charges-baseless-101718276183154.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701220148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-calls-neet-ug-paper-leak-charges-baseless-101718276183154.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 June 2024, the Education Ministry cancelled the [[UGC–NET]] June 2024 examination which was conducted on 18 June 2024 in pen-paper (OMR) mode following inputs from the [[Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre]] (I4C) suggesting that the exam's integrity may have been compromised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Ministry announces cancellation of UGC-NET; CBI probe ordered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/education-ministry-orders-cancellation-of-ugc-net/article68309323.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705134513/https://www.thehindu.com/education/education-ministry-orders-cancellation-of-ugc-net/article68309323.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, in a press conference, Pradhan revealed that the question paper had been leaked on the [[Darknet]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Anuja |title=UGC-NET question paper was leaked on darknet: Centre day after exam cancelled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ugc-net-question-paper-leaked-on-darknet-education-minister-day-after-exam-cancelled-2555864-2024-06-20 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620143210/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ugc-net-question-paper-leaked-on-darknet-education-minister-day-after-exam-cancelled-2555864-2024-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Addressing the NEET issue, he took moral responsibility for the loss of faith among students. Regarding the exam cancellation, he emphasized that the future of many candidates from rural areas should not be held hostage due to isolated incidents. He also announced that a high-level committee would be formed to review the structure and functioning of the NTA.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Ritika |last2=Harigovind |first2=Abhinaya |title=Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan takes 'moral responsibility' for NEET 'errors', sets up high-level panel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-takes-moral-responsibility-for-neet-errors-sets-up-high-level-panel-9405459/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702232451/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-takes-moral-responsibility-for-neet-errors-sets-up-high-level-panel-9405459/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This committee, headed by former [[ISRO]] chairman [[Koppillil Radhakrishnan]], also included former [[AIIMS]] director [[Randeep Guleria]], among others.<ref name="IEcommittee">{{cite web |last1=Harigovind |first1=Abhinaya |last2=Chopra |first2=Ritika |last3=Dutt |first3=Anonna |title=NTA chief moved out, Govt sets up panel under ISRO ex-chief to plan exam reforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nta-chief-moved-out-govt-sets-up-panel-under-isro-ex-chief-to-plan-exam-reforms-9409139/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706093827/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nta-chief-moved-out-govt-sets-up-panel-under-isro-ex-chief-to-plan-exam-reforms-9409139/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dharmendra Pradhan June 2024.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Union Minister of Education Dharmendra Pradhan addressed a press conference on the NEET issue on 20 June 2024.]]
On 21 June 2024, the [[Government of India]] implemented the [[Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024]], an anti-cheating law originally passed by Parliament in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre notifies anti-paper leak law amid NEET, NET row: Rs 1 crore fine, jail up to 10 years for offenders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ugc-net-paper-leak-anti-cheating-laws-dharmendra-pradhan-neet-paper-leak-rregularities-in-exams-9407650/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703155733/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ugc-net-paper-leak-anti-cheating-laws-dharmendra-pradhan-neet-paper-leak-rregularities-in-exams-9407650/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The NEET 2024 controversy led to the cancellation or postponement of several other examinations. On the same day, the NTA announced the postponement of the CSIR-UGC NET examination, citing unavoidable circumstances and logistical challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=NTA postpones joint CSIR-UGC-NET citing 'logistical issues' |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/nta-postpones-joint-csir-ugc-net-over-unavoidable-circumstances-logistical-issues/article68317570.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628194008/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nta-postpones-joint-csir-ugc-net-over-unavoidable-circumstances-logistical-issues/article68317570.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, the government postponed the [[NEET PG|NEET (PG)]] examination a day before it was scheduled from 23 June 2024 to 11 August 2024, as a precautionary measure due to recent allegations concerning the integrity of competitive examinations. The [[Common University Entrance Test|CUET-UG]] 2024 result scheduled on 30 June 2024 was postponed to 28 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET-PG postponed, health ministry to assess exam process robustness |url=http://business-standard.com/health/neet-pg-postponed-health-ministry-to-assess-exam-process-robustness-124062200756_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706093830/https://www.business-standard.com/health/neet-pg-postponed-health-ministry-to-assess-exam-process-robustness-124062200756_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 June 2024, the government dismissed NTA's Director General Subodh Kumar Singh from his position and handed the case related to NEET (UG) irregularities to the CBI.<ref name="IEcommittee" /> On 27 June 2024, President of India [[Droupadi Murmu]], in her address to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], stated,
<blockquote>Regarding the recent instances of paper leaks in some examinations, my government is committed to a fair investigation and ensuring strict punishment for the culprits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Smriti Kak |title=President's focus on Emergency, NEET kicks off row in Parliament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prez-focus-on-emergency-neet-kicks-off-row-in-parl-101719513571728.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701215636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prez-focus-on-emergency-neet-kicks-off-row-in-parl-101719513571728.html |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote>

===Public response===
Following the announcement of the exam results, [[hashtag]]s protesting the outcomes began trending on social media. Students called for an investigation into the examination process and urged a re-examination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=NEET-UG 2024 result: Online campaign builds up pressure for re-examination |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-ug-2024-result-online-campaign-builds-up-pressure-for-re-examination-2550372-2024-06-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607130152/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-ug-2024-result-online-campaign-builds-up-pressure-for-re-examination-2550372-2024-06-07 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Several public educators and [[educational technology]] companies raised debates in the media, questioning the authenticity of the exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physics Wallah's Alakh Pandey breaks silence over controversial NEET scores, says 'need more...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-physics-wallah-s-alakh-pandey-breaks-silence-over-controversial-neet-scores-says-need-more-3092429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607055214/https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-physics-wallah-s-alakh-pandey-breaks-silence-over-controversial-neet-scores-says-need-more-3092429 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NEET Results: NV Sir Files PIL In Supreme Court; Demands Re-Exam Or Removal Of Grace Marks |url=https://news.abplive.com/education/neet-results-nv-sir-files-pil-in-supreme-court-demands-re-examination-or-removal-of-grace-marks-1694728 |website=[[ABP News]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152658/https://news.abplive.com/education/neet-results-nv-sir-files-pil-in-supreme-court-demands-re-examination-or-removal-of-grace-marks-1694728 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Four-member govt panel to review grace marks for 1500 NEET students |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/four-member-govt-panel-to-review-grace-marks-for-1500-neet-students/20240608.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152700/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/four-member-govt-panel-to-review-grace-marks-for-1500-neet-students/20240608.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>.This had led to nation-wide protests where several student organizations protested against the NTA, demanding the cancellation of NEET and a re-examination. They also called for the resignation of Education Minister Pradhan. The [[Indian Youth Congress]] (IYC), the youth wing of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), held a protest at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] in New Delhi. The [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI), the student wing of the Congress party, also held protests against the exam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathew |first1=Sophiya |title=NEET-NET row: Jantar Mantar sees detentions and lathicharge on day 2 of anti-NTA stir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nta-neet-ug-delhi-jantar-mantar-protest-9418164/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705115746/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nta-neet-ug-delhi-jantar-mantar-protest-9418164/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A delegation of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), met with the education minister, demanding a CBI probe into the matter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Lalmani |last2=Tiwary |first2=Deeptiman |last3=Pathak |first3=Vikas |title=UGC-NET cancellation, NEET 'paper leak': Unease in Sangh, ABVP says when people ask questions, govt must answer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ugc-net-cancellation-neet-paper-leak-unease-sangh-abvp-people-questions-govt-answer-9404936/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en |date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620160840/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ugc-net-cancellation-neet-paper-leak-unease-sangh-abvp-people-questions-govt-answer-9404936/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Rahul Gandhi with NEET aspirants.png|thumb|300px|Leader of the Opposition, Rahul Gandhi, meeting with NEET aspirants.]]
General Secretary of the Indian National Congress, [[Priyanka Gandhi]], questioned the government about ignoring student complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEET irregularities: Congress leader Priyanka demands probe into legitimate complaints |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/07/neet-irregularities-congress-leader-priyanka-demands-probe-into-legitimate-complaints |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607234553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/07/neet-irregularities-congress-leader-priyanka-demands-probe-into-legitimate-complaints |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 June 2024}}</ref> [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] in the Lok Sabha, [[Rahul Gandhi]], criticized the government on this issue, assuring students, "I will become your voice in Parliament and strongly raise the issues related to your future."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi to NEET aspirants: 'I will be your voice in Parliament' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-gandhi-to-neet-aspirants-i-will-be-your-voice-in-parliament/article68269199.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en |date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618095425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-gandhi-to-neet-aspirants-i-will-be-your-voice-in-parliament/article68269199.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Congress President [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] also attacked the government, accusing it of covering up the NEET scam. Congress spokesperson [[Pawan Khera]] likened the NEET scam to [[Vyapam scam]], claiming that the Modi government wants to whitewash it.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEET scam is Vyapam 2.0; why is PM Modi silent: Cong |url=https://theprint.in/india/neet-scam-is-vyapam-2-0-why-is-pm-modi-silent-cong/2131308/ |website=[[The Print]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en |date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709041110/https://theprint.in/india/neet-scam-is-vyapam-2-0-why-is-pm-modi-silent-cong/2131308/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 June 2024, Rahul Gandhi released a video on his social media, showing him meeting with NEET aspirants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi shares video of meet with NEET aspirants: 'INDIA is with you' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/neet-ug-paper-leak-row-rahul-gandhi-congress-parliament-101718983146018.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en |date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623050747/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/neet-ug-paper-leak-row-rahul-gandhi-congress-parliament-101718983146018.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 July 2024, during his speech in the Lok Sabha, Gandhi referred to the exam as a "commercial exam" rather than a "professional one," arguing that "it is designed to suit rich students."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Deepak |title=LoP Rahul Gandhi attacks Modi govt, says NEET designed to suit 'rich students', it's a 'commercial exam' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/neet-designed-to-suit-rich-students-its-a-commercial-exam-rahul-gandhi-attacks-modi-govt-congress-bjp-parliament-11719833947502.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en |date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705081240/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/neet-designed-to-suit-rich-students-its-a-commercial-exam-rahul-gandhi-attacks-modi-govt-congress-bjp-parliament-11719833947502.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 July 2024, during the [[2024 Union budget of India|budget session]] of the Lok Sabha, Gandhi again questioned the government on the [[NEET (UG)]] issue, accusing it of lacking accountability and transparency. Pradhan defended the NTA, stating that over the past seven years, more than 240 exams had been conducted without controversy. He assured the students that there would be a transparent investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=Nothing to hide on NEET-UG exam row: Education minister Dharmendra Pradhan in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nothing-to-hide-on-neet-ug-exam-row-education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-in-parliament/articleshow/111926675.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729061730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nothing-to-hide-on-neet-ug-exam-row-education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-in-parliament/articleshow/111926675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Testing Agency controversies]]
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)]]
* [[Medical education in India]]
* [[Vyapam scam]]
* [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:May 2024 in India]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Bihar]]
[[Category:Corruption in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2024]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]

Prabhakar Sinari

2026-03-29T07:59:53Z

JustineLaguerre: starting a data initial version

{{Short description|Indian IPS officer (born 1928)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhakar Sinari
| image = Prabhakar Sinari.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sinari in 2017
| birth_name = Prabhakar Vitthal Prabhu Sinari
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1928|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ribandar]], [[Tiswadi taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname = [[Che Guevara]] of Goa
| spouse = Vilasini
| children =
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer
| organisation = [[Azad Gomantak Dal]]
| years_active =
| known_for = {{plainlist |
* [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
* Former assistant director of the [[R&AW]]
}}
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| alma_mater =
| notable_works = ''From Darkness to Dawn''
| awards = Tamrapatra Award
}}
'''Prabhakar Vitthal Prabhu Sinari''' (born 23 November 1928) is an Indian freedom fighter, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, former Inspector General of Police and former assistant director of the [[R&AW]]. A founding member of the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]], he was part of the [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. After the [[Liberation of Goa]], he became its first IPS officer and later became [[Goa]]'s [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]] and then the assistant director of the R&AW.

== Early and personal life ==
Prabhakar Vitthal Prabhu Sinari was born on 23 November<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=333–335}}</ref> 1928<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21">{{Cite news |last=Malkarnekar |first=Gauree |date=2021-12-19 |title=Revolutionaries take the road less travelled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/revolutionaries-take-the-road-less-travelled/articleshow/88366797.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{efn|Aged 93 in 2021–22}} in [[Ribandar]], [[Tiswadi taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]], to Vitthal Purushottam Prabhu Sinari. He completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree. From a young age, he became involved in the freedom movement, actively participating in activities since 1946.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> Sinari's brothers, Purushottam and Dinkar, were also active in the Goa liberation movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purushottam Vitthal Prabhu Sinari |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4176 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref>

Sinari is married to Vilasini and lives in [[Caranzalem]] as of 2021.<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21" />

== Goa Liberation Movement ==
Sinari was an active participant in Goa's struggle for liberation from Portuguese rule. He organized processions, rallies, and public campaigns, often affixing posters to promote the movement. He was arrested on three occasions, during which he faced physical abuse, including having his head shaved as a punitive measure.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Aged 15 in June 1946, then a student at the Escola Moderna, Sinari was encouraged by a schoolteacher, Sadanand Apu Manapat, to join a peaceful protest against the arrest of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], amidst the events of [[Goa Revolution Day]]. However, the peaceful protestors were brutally attacked by the Portuguese police, convincing the young Sinari that the Portuguese only understood aggression.<ref name="KulkarniUprisingDadra24">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Neelesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wk_EQAAQBAJ |title=Uprising: The Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli |date=2024 |publisher=Westland Non-Fiction |isbn=978-93-6045-865-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Sinari became a founding member of the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), which broke away from the peaceful National Congress Goa (NCG) on 18 June 1947.<ref name="KulkarniUprisingDadra24" /> Sinari and six other young men—[[Dattatraya Deshpande]], Jaiwant Kunde, Tukaram Kankonkar, Betu Naik, Narayan Naik, and leader [[Vishwanath Lawande]]—pledged to liberate Goa through [[guerrilla tactics]].<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhune-Nayak |first=Manaswini |date=19 December 2017 |title=गोवा राज्य दिन : भारताला स्वातंत्र्य मिळाल्यानंतरही गोवा मुक्त व्हायला 14 वर्षं का लागली? |trans-title=Goa Liberation Day: Why Did Goa Take 14 Years to Gain Independence After India? |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-42403310 |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=BBC News मराठी |language=mr}}</ref>

In July 1947, AGD attempted to attack and steal from the Portuguese treasury, Fazenda, in [[Mapusa]]. The only sentry guarding the Fazenda managed to defeat them, resulting in one Portuguese policeman being badly injured. Following this, the AGD unsuccessfully tried to rob bags of a cash from an officer of the Portuguese overseas bank, [[Banco Nacional Ultramarino]], while in a bus at [[Porvorim]]. These actions led to increased persecution by Portuguese authorities.<ref name="HappyMalkarnekarToI22">{{Cite news |last=Malkarnekar |first=Gauree |date=2022-08-15 |title='We were happy with the freedom, but no one could celebrate in Goa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-were-happy-with-the-freedom-but-no-one-could-celebrate-in-goa/articleshow/93564896.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sinari was known for his use of guerrilla tactics and leadership in armed operations, earning him the nickname "[[Che Guevara]] of Goa" for his revolutionary activities and strategic acumen.<ref name="CheNT17">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-11 |title=Che Guevara of Goa: Prabhakar Sinari |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/12/11/opinions/opinion/che-guevara-of-goa-prabhakar-sinari/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Navhind Times}}</ref>

Sinari was arrested for his involvement in these revolutionary actions. Following a trial by the Portuguese Tribunal Militar Territorial, he was sentenced to 13 years of imprisonment. While in detention, he endured [[solitary confinement]], inhumane treatment, and torture for refusing to recognize or respect the [[Portuguese flag]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Fearing his impending deportation, Sinari escaped from prison in Panaji in October 1952, four years after his imprisonment. In his previous attempt, he had tried to jump over the fifty-metre-high wall of the jail at [[Reis Magos Fort]], but misjudged the fall and was recaptured and tortured. He was also later denied permission to attend his father's funeral. Over the next few days, he made his way across [[Taleigão]], [[Ribandar]] and finally to Poira, near the Indian border. From there, he crossed the border in the jungle and reached Maneri village. From there, he went to [[Belgaum]], where the AGD had an office. Inspired by his presence there, the volunteers planned for the liberation of [[Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="KulkarniUprisingDadra24" />

Sinari later founded an offshoot of the AGD called the Rancour Patriótica.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=78-79 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

== Leadership in armed operations ==
Sinari became the leader of the Northern Command, orchestrating several armed attacks against Portuguese authorities. Notable actions under his leadership included:
* The attack on the Ravan police outpost in Satari on 19 March 1955.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />
* The damage inflicted on a railway engine at Caranzol on 16 April 1955.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />
* The raid on the Salem customs post in Pernem, resulting in the seizure of arms on 26 May 1955.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

He also led significant operations, including dynamiting the Shirgaon mines in October 1955 and launching a series of coordinated assaults on police outposts across Goa. These actions escalated between 1956 and 1957, with notable incidents such as:
* The February 1956 attack on the Ravan police outpost, resulting in the deaths of two policemen.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />
* The March 1956 raid on a trolley carrying money, which included the killing of a guard.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />
* The destruction of a police van transporting arms in March 1956.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Sinari also organized attacks on mines and police outposts in late 1957, under a newly formed organization based in Belgaum.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

The Portuguese authorities declared a reward of ₹1 lakh for Sinari, dead or alive, and made several attempts to capture or eliminate him, including employing mercenaries. Despite being injured multiple times in armed encounters, he remained committed to the cause of Goa's liberation.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Post-Liberation of Goa ==

After the [[Liberation of Goa]], Sinari was awarded the Tamrapatra by the Central Government for his contributions to the freedom struggle. His associates included notable people like [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Dattatraya Deshpande]], Narayan Hari Naik, Mukund Kamat Dhakankar, [[Mohan Ranade]], and others.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 2017, Sinari published a book detailing his 16-year involvement in the Goa Liberation Movement, providing a factual account of his participation as a freedom fighter. The book is titled, ''From Darkness to Dawn''.<ref name="SaluteHerald17">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-19 |title=THE SINARI SALUTE TO FREEDOM FIGHTERS |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/the-sinari-salute-to-freedom-fighters/124247 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

Sinari later pursued a career as an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, continuing his commitment to public service.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He is considered as Goa's first IPS officer, and then became the [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP) for Goa.<ref name="SaluteHerald17" /> He later went on to become the assistant director of the [[R&AW]], through which he was responsible for the security of then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21" /> He also had an important role against the insurgency in Punjab.<ref name="KulkarniUprisingDadra24" />

==Awards and accolades==
Sinari was awarded the Tamrapatra by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 2020, a photo panel featuring Sinari's life and career was set up at the GRP Camp of the Goa Police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=SP proposes to include 'Golden Chapter of Goa's Liberation' in PTS syllabus |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/SP-proposes-to-include-%E2%80%98Golden-Chapter-of-Goa%E2%80%99s-Liberation%E2%80%99-in-PTS-syllabus/161595 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''From Darkness to Dawn'' (2017)

==Notes==
{{Notes}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinari, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:1928 births]]

Acalyptris heteranthes

2026-03-28T23:44:32Z

JustineLaguerre: creating basic details added tags

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Acalyptris heteranthes
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Acalyptris heteranthes''''' is a [[species]] of [[moth]] of the family [[Nepticulidae]]. It was described by [[Edward Meyrick]] in 1926. It is known from [[Karwar]], [[India]].<ref>[http://nepticuloidea.info/category/nepticuloidea/acalyptris/acalyptris-platani-group/acalyptris-heteranthes ''Acalyptris heteranthes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602143843/http://nepticuloidea.info/category/nepticuloidea/acalyptris/acalyptris-platani-group/acalyptris-heteranthes |date=2012-06-02 }} at Nepticulidae.info.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4671753}}

[[Category:Acalyptris|heteranthes]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1926]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Acalyptris-stub}}

Kandukur

2026-03-17T07:02:46Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandukur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kandukuru
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|15.2166650|N|79.9042|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Parkasam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Kandukuru Municipal Council]]
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Vacant
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairman
| leader_name2 = Vacant
| leader_title3 = [[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = Inturi Nageswar Rao ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| leader_title4 = [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name4 = [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]] ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 33.06
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Kandukuru, Nellore district|url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Kandukuru%2C+Praksam+district&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes|access-date=12 August 2014}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 57,246
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=624635|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812143502/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=624635|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of towns in Andhra Pradesh|26th (Towns in AP)]]
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/ANDHRA_PRADESH/PRAKASAM/Kandukur_PINCODE 523 105]
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kandukur''', natively known as '''Kandukuru''', is a town in [[Prakasam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[municipality]] and the headquarters of [[Kandukur mandal]] as well as [[Kandukur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prakasam District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 January 2015|pages=166, 180}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kandukuru (earlier known as Skandapuri) is located at {{Coord|15.2165|N|79.9042|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kandukur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kandukur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|13|m|ft}}.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01175/13VZONGREG2ROAD_GK_1175706f.jpg kandukur road]</ref>
Kandukur was a part of the erstwhile [[Nellore]] district and was then included in the newly carved out [[Prakasam District]] in 1970. Later as a part of the districts reorganization in 2022, it is now merged with the residual SPSR Nellore district. The total geographical area of Kandukur Municipality is 37.63 km2.

== Demography ==
'''Population Distribution'''

Kandukur Mandal, is the 3rd most populous Mandal in Prakasam. {{As of|2017}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Prakasam District has a total population of 33,97,448 which is 6.84% of total population of Andhra Pradesh.Out of the total population of Prakasam District, 27,32,866 is in a rural area which is 80.44% of the total district, whereas 6,64,582 is in urban areas, which is 19.56%.
There are a total of 56 Mandal in the Prakasam District. Kandukur Mandal has a total population of 98,769 which is 2.9% of the total district. There is only one urban area in Kandukur Mandal which is Kandukur Municipality. It has a population of 57,246 which is 57.96% of the Kandukur Mandal. The rural population in KandukurMunicipality is 41,523 which is 42.04% of the Kandukur Mandal. Among them, 28,644 (50.04%) are males and 28,602 (49.96%) are females.

'''Population Growth Rate'''

Kandukur Municipality is the second largest municipality in Prakasam District and was formed in 1987. population projections, the population trends for the last 3 decades are reviewed and analysed. The population trends and growth rate of the town as per the past trends, it is observed that Kandukur had a population of 32,370 in 1981 which increased to 41,336 with a growth rate of 27.70 in the year 1991. From 1991 to 2001 the population increased from41,336 to 50,336 with a growth rate of 21.75% and from 2001 to 2011 the population increased from 50,336to 57,246 with a growth rate of 13.75%. It can be thus incurred that though the population has increased population growth rate has declined.

'''Sex Ratio'''

Kandukur Municipality has a sex ratio of 999, meaning there are 999 females per 1000 males. The sex ratio for Kandukur Mandal is 989 which is less than the Kandukur Municipality. The sex ratio for Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh state and India are 981, 993 and 943 respectively. Thus, the sex ratio in the Kandukur municipality area is higher than that compared to Mandal, district, state and all over India.

'''Literacy Rate'''

Kandukur Municipality has a total literacy rate of 67.31% which is higher than the total literacy rate of Kandukur Mandal and Prakasam District. However, the literacy rate is less than the literacy rate of India. Also, a gap is observed between the male and female literacy rate in Kandukur Municipality. The male literacy rate is 73.75% and the female literacy rate is 61.09%. Thus, the literacy gap between males and females in Kandukur Municipality is 12.44%.

== Governance ==

===Civic administration===

[[Kandukuru Municipal Council]] is the seat of the local government which administers [[Kavali]] town. Kandhukur is a 2nd-grade municipality and 3rd largest Municipality in the Prakasam district, with 57315 populations with an extent of 60.32 km2. It is the Mandal headquarter for the Kandukur Mandal. Kandukur Municipality is divided into 30 wards. Among them, ward no.28 is highly populous with an area of 8.15 km2.

===Planning===

The Master Plan for Kandukur was approved with a plan period of 20 years, for an area of 60 km2. Kandukur is a Municipality Town and also a Mandal Headquarter in Prakasam District which provides it with the opportunity to grow further. Around 60% of the Mandal population resided in the town. The maximum area is Residential and Urbanisable Use. In Kandukur Town, out of the total, around 55% area is open Land, 37% area is Agriculture Land and only 5% area is under Built-up. It will give land availability for future development. The majority of agriculture in Kandukur is for "Jamboil" which is a major component in the production of paper. With upcoming industrial areas in the proximity (Krishnapatnam port and surrounding), there are better scopes for development in terms of Infrastructure as well as employment generation. To achieve the Goal of Electronic Governance for all the Services of the ULBs, large Scale and detailed GIS Base Maps have been required. To achieve this purpose, the Government have already prepare GIS Base Maps for all 110 Urban Local Bodies of Andhra Pradesh under AMRUT Scheme. Kandukur is one of the selected ULBs under GIS based Master Plan. DT&CP has taken the initiative to prepare a [https://www.dpc.co.in/gis-based-master-plan-kandukur-town-andhra-pradesh Revised Master Plan for the year 2041], and selected [https://www.dpc.co.in/ Design and Planning Counsel, Ahmedabad] through tender. The overall objective of the Kandukur Master Plan is to create enabling spatial and land use planning framework to achieve the Vision of Kandukur Master Plan in order to promote, guide and rationalize planned development, to encourage existing economic activities to grow by providing adequate infrastructure in terms of the road network and preservation of other natural features. Also, to formulate infrastructure projects addressing the needs of water, solid waste collection, drainage etc.

==Economy==

===Socio-Economic Profile===

The total number of Households in Kandukur Municipality as per the 2011 census is 13,934. The average household size in Kandukur Municipality is 3.8 persons per household. The majority of the population in Kandukur Municipality is Hindu which is 315 (67%). Other religions are Muslim and Christian which are 108 (23%) and 50 (10%) respectively. Maximum households are engaged in other daily wage activities. They do not have permanent jobs or their own businesses. Maximum households have monthly income within a range of Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 20,000.

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> There are a total of 26 schools in Kandukur, out of which 19 are private schools and 7 are government.
Zilla Parishad Girls High School is a government secondary school in Kandukur. The school provides education as per the state syllabus and implements government welfare schemes such as the Mid-Day Meal Programme to support students’ nutrition. The institution aims to improve access to education for girls in the region.implements the Mid-Day Meal Programme<ref>{{cite web |title=Mid Day Meal Scheme |url=OFFICIAL_GOVERNMENT_WEBSITE |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==

Kandukur (earlier known as Skandapuri) is located on the Southern side of Vijaywada in Prakasam District. It is connected by State Highway to Kanigiri by SH 35 which connects Kandukur to Kanigiri on the Western side and links to NH16 towards the East. Kandukur is connected by 2 other State Highways which connect Kandukur to Pamur towards the South-West side by Kandukur-Pamur Road and Gudluru and Thettu by Kandukur-Gudluru-Thettu road towards the Southern side.

[[National Highway 167B (India)|National Highway 167B]], which starts at Mydukuru passes through the town and eventually terminates at [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] which is part of [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway network on the outskirts of Singarayakonda.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways Development Project Map|url=http://nhai.org/NH5_Kolkata_chennai_english.htm|publisher=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033110/http://nhai.org/NH5_Kolkata_chennai_english.htm|archive-date=2017-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/189795.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> APSRTC is a major Bus station in Kandukur.

The nearest Railway Station to Kandukur is Singarayakonda. This Railway Station is classified as a B–category station in the Vijayawada Railway Division of the South Central Railway Zone. Singrayakonda is connected 10 km by road. The other nearest railway station is - Markapur - 60 km far by road. Ongole is about 45 km and Singarayakonda is 15 km
away from Kandukur. A new Railway Station is coming up in Kanigiri under the new Railway Line project of the Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section.

[[Vijayawada Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/vijayawada |title=Vijayawada |publisher=Airports Authority Of India |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> is the closest airport to Kandukur, around 210 km. Other International Airports nearby airports are Hyderabad, Tirupati and Chennai. All these airports have good connectivity with major Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Banglore and other International Cities. There is a proposal for a Green Field Domestic Airport at Ongole, which is near around 45 km away from Kandukur.

== See also ==
* [[List of towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Prakasam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Prakasam district]]

Seamanship

2026-03-14T02:47:13Z

JustineLaguerre: small changes

{{Short description|Art, competence, and knowledge of operating a craft on water}}
{{Redirect|Seafaring|other uses|Sailor{{!}}Seafarers}}

[[File:Seamanship_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943552.jpg|thumb|right|An example of a seamanship training establishment at the [[Glasgow College of Nautical Studies]] in the United Kingdom]]

'''Seamanship''' is the [[skill|art]], [[competence (human resources)|competence]], and [[knowledge]] of operating a [[ship]], boat or other craft on water.<ref name=ASA>{{cite web |url=https://asa.com/news/2020/09/10/seamanship/ |title=What is Seamanship |website=American Sailing Association |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> The'' [[Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford Dictionary]]'' states that seamanship is "The skill, techniques, or practice of handling a ship or boat at sea."<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/seamanship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930173714/https://www.lexico.com/definition/seamanship |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-09-30 |title=seamanship |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

It involves topics and development of specialised skills, including [[navigation]] and international [[Admiralty law|maritime law]] and regulatory knowledge; [[weather]], [[meteorology]] and forecasting; [[watchkeeping]]; ship-handling and small boat handling; operation of deck equipment, anchors and cables; [[ropework]] and line handling; [[communication]]s; [[sailing]]; [[engines]]; execution of evolutions such as towing; cargo handling equipment, dangerous cargoes and cargo storage; dealing with emergencies; survival at sea and [[search and rescue]]; and [[fire fighting]].

The degree of knowledge needed within these areas is dependent upon the nature of the work and the type of vessel employed by a [[sailor|seafarer]].<ref name="21stCenturya">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=1-269 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Maritime history}}Before the 1600s, Seamanship skills were taught by hands-on instruction, after the 1600s, and 1700s, seamanship started being taught by literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davids |first=Karel |date=2024-08-01 |title=Changing ways to learn seamanship in Europe circa 1600–1920: Books, institutions and sociopolitical contexts |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714241262174 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=EN |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=570–593 |doi=10.1177/08438714241262174 |issn=0843-8714|hdl=1871.1/a231f628-1897-4e82-be18-566978270f20 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=February 2022}}

==Ship knowledge, ship stability, and cargo operations==
[[File:Cargo ship being loaded (2929265311).jpg|thumb|right|Seamanship involves loading cargo, calculating its effect on ship stability and ensuring it is correctly stowed and secured, such as on this car carrier.]]

Seamanship on a [[merchant navy|commercial level]] involves a knowledge of all the different ship types (such as [[bulk carrier]]s, [[container ship]]s, [[oil tanker]]s, [[cruise ship]]s, [[platform supply vessel]]s, and others), including a basic knowledge of ship recognition, a basic understanding of nautical terms, ship structure and [[naval architecture]] and cargo operations, specific to the vessel the seafarer is working on.<ref name="21stCenturya"/><ref name="Knightix">{{cite book |last=Noel |first=John V |date=1991 |title=Knight's Modern Seamanship |publisher=Wiley |page=ix-x |isbn=9780471289487}}</ref> Some ship types will have specialist cargo equipment and tools; for example, a bulk carrier may have gantry cranes or grabs for cargo or a container ship may have container lashings.<ref name="21stCenturya"/> Cargoes should be properly stowed and secured to prevent shifting while at sea.<ref name="21stCenturya"/> Oil tankers and [[gas carrier]]s can be somewhat complex due to the hazardous nature of their cargoes, and therefore a greater degree of seamanship may be necessary for some vessel types compared to others.<ref name="21stCenturya"/>

Seamanship involves paying close attention to the [[Ship stability|stability]] of the vessel at all times.<ref name="21stCenturyg">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=579-674 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> This involves calculation of the vessel and the effects of its cargo at various stages of the voyage (on departure, at sea and on arrival in port) to allow for safe passage and prevent [[capsizing]] (where a vessel turns on to its side or is upside down).<ref name="21stCenturyg"/> This includes familiarity and application of the [[International Convention on Load Lines|Load Line Convention]], where a vessel can only be safely loaded to its markings to ensure residual stability for the likely weather conditions.<ref name="21stCenturyg"/> Seafarers should regularly inspect their vessel and ensure the hull is in good condition for navigation.<ref name="21stCenturyg"/>

Seamanship skills apply to the safe use of various types of lifting gear, whether for cargo operations or for bringing on board stores, supplies, and provisions.<ref name="Techniques105">{{cite book |last=House |first=David |date=1994 |title=Seamanship Techniques |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |page=105-149|isbn=978-0750622035}}</ref> These example [[Derricks]], Union purchase arrangements, midship or aft [[Crane (machine)|cranes]], heavy lifting gear, rigging other sheer legs etc.<ref name="Techniques105"/> This should include knowledge of calculations of stresses and effects on stability.<ref name="Techniques105"/>

==Navigation==
{{Main|Navigation}}

Navigation is the art and science of safely and efficiently directing the movements of a vessel from one point to another. Piloting uses water depth and visible references, while dead reckoning uses courses and distances from the last known position.<ref>Chapman Piloting & Seamanship, 64th edition page 48.</ref> More than just finding a vessel's present location, safe navigation includes predicting future location, route planning, and collision avoidance. Nautical navigation in Western nations, like [[air navigation]], is based on the [[nautical mile]]. Navigation also includes electronics such as [[GPS]] and [[Loran-C|Loran]] (Long Range Navigation). [[Celestial navigation]] involves taking sights with a [[sextant]] on the planets, moon, stars, and sun, and using the data, along with a [[nautical almanac]] and sight reduction tables, to determine position. Accurate time information is also needed. After [[nautical dusk]], navigation at sea referencing the horizon is no longer possible, and after [[Nautical Dawn|nautical dawn]] such navigation again becomes possible.<ref>Duttons Navigation and Piloting, U.S. Naval Institute</ref> [[Ice navigation]] involves navigating and operating a ship within [[sea ice]] conditions.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |date=2010 |title=The Ice Navigation Manual|edition=1st |url=http://www.witherbyseamanship.com/the-ice-navigation-manual.html |access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref>

Along with general navigation, seamanship involves being able to respond to weather at sea.<ref name="21stCenturyi">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=513-526 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> For example, the onset of heavy or rough weather may require an alternative passage plan (or weather routeing) for the ship, as well as the use of an alternative heading to keep the vessel from rolling ([[Heaving to]]).<ref name="21stCenturyi"/> Additionally, heavy weather precautions onboard, such as lashing furniture in the accommodation or keeping crew off the deck, are considered good seamanship when navigating in heavy weather.<ref name="21stCenturyi"/>

Navigation and seamanship also involve a working knowledge of correct marine communications and the [[Global Maritime Distress and Safety System]].<ref name="Knight178">{{cite book |last=Noel |first=John V |date=1991 |title=Knight's Modern Seamanship |publisher=Wiley |page=178 |isbn=9780471289487}}</ref>

Seamanship also involves recognition of and navigation with [[Buoys]] including [[International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities|IALA maritime buoyage]] such as [[Lateral mark]]s, [[Cardinal mark]]s, [[Safe water mark]]s, [[Special mark]]s and [[Isolated danger mark]]s.<ref name="Knight617">{{cite book |last=Noel |first=John V |date=1991 |title=Knight's Modern Seamanship |publisher=Wiley |page=617-626 |isbn=9780471289487}}</ref>

==Ship-handling and pilotage==
[[File:US Navy 060125-N-8907D-105 Line handlers assigned the amphibious transport dock ship USS San Antonio (LPD 17) prepare the mooring lines after pulling into her new homeport of Naval Station Norfolk.jpg|thumb|Sailors aboard {{USS|San Antonio|LPD-17|6}} handle [[Mooring (watercraft)|mooring lines]].]]
A fundamental skill of professional seamanship is being able to manoeuvre a vessel safely with accuracy and precision both at sea and also in port and during [[piloting|pilotage]].<ref name="Williamson">{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=Paul |date=2013 |title=Ship Manoeuvring Principles and Pilotage |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781856095860}}</ref> Unlike land based vehicles, a ship afloat is subject to the forces of the water in which it floats, as well as the resistance and effects of marine weather.<ref name="Williamson"/> A complicating factor is that the mass of a ship that has to be accounted for when stopping and starting, as the inertia of large vessels may take large distances to stop and therefore ship-handlers must be aware of basic [[Hydrodynamics]] and the [[Nautical chart|charted area]], including the depth of water in which their ship is navigating.<ref name="Williamson"/>

Ship-handling in coastal areas may involve arriving and departing a berth, anchorage, or [[buoy]], maneuvering in confined channels and [[harbours]], and in proximity to other ships, whilst at all times navigating safely.<ref name="Williamson"/> Seamanship also involves safe navigation in restricted waterways, for example, in river and canal transits, e.g., along the [[Suez canal]].<ref name="21stCenturyh">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=395-416|isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> Crew should be able to keep the vessel from collisions, moor the vessel during canal lockgate operations, and also respond to local currents and river conditions while on passage.<ref name="21stCenturyh"/> Two other types of operations, berthing alongside another ship (usually for [[Ship-to-ship cargo transfer]] and replenishment at sea, are occasionally included in ship-handling seamanship for some vessel types. In addition to being fully conversant with the principles of ship-handling, a good shiphandler or pilot will have developed their sense of 'situational awareness' to a point well beyond that of an ordinary member of a ship's crew; their reactions will appear instinctive, positive, and always safe.<ref name="Williamson"/>

A key ability for a ship-handler with good seamanship is to possess an understanding of how [[wind]], [[tide]], and [[Swell (ocean)|swell]] influence vessel movement, along with passing vessels and the shape of the nearby seabed (the interaction effect).<ref name="Williamson"/> These must also be combined with an understanding of a specific vessel's performance, including its propulsion and stopping distance, to allow safe handling.<ref name="Williamson"/> Fundamental to low-speed maneuvering of most vessel types is an understanding of the configuration and handedness of the [[propeller]](s). An effect known as [[propeller walk]] will kick the stern of the vessel to port or starboard, depending on the configuration and the type of propeller, when large variations in propeller rotation speed or changes in propeller rotation direction take place. (In single-screw vessels where the rotation of the propeller is reversed on an astern bell, a standard was established that the propeller would turn clockwise when viewed from astern. This would mean that the propeller would turn counterclockwise when going astern, and the stern would walk to port. This aided docking operations, where "port side to" was preferred; the vessel would be brought to the dock with a small bow-in angle, and backing would flatten the angle, slow or stop the vessel, and walk it alongside. An exception to this is vessels that use a controllable-pitch propeller, where the pitch, not the direction of rotation, is reversed to go astern. These propellers rotate counterclockwise at all times, and so the "walk" is "normal".

Other variations on propulsion include what are known as bucket rudders and [[Ducted propeller|Kort Nozzles]], where instead of a conventional rudder, a pair of dish-shaped rudders, one on either side of the propeller, can be swivelled vertically to direct the propeller thrust through 360 degrees. Thus, to put the vessel into astern mode, the rudder can be rotated through 180 degrees without altering the speed and direction of the engine. Since with the conventional propeller or rudder configuration, the propeller is designed to operate at maximum efficiency when going ahead, it produces far less thrust when going astern. But with the Kort Nozzle, the ahead and astern thrust is the same. Other advantages of the nozzle are that the ship can be steered astern, which a conventional rudder cannot, and that it can be brought to a standstill under full control by switching between ahead and astern modes, giving complete control over speed.

===Mooring and anchoring===
Seamanship applies to general [[Mooring]] practices and [[Anchor|anchoring]] (anchors are a device used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting) and established marine procedures for anchoring (anchorwork).<ref name="21stCenturyd"/> This also includes the use of [[Drogue|drogues]] as applicable.

Anchor work includes understanding and awareness of anchor types, anchor marks, cable, and shackles.<ref name="Techniques25">{{cite book |last=House |first=David |date=1994 |title=Seamanship Techniques |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |page=25-57 |isbn=978-0750622035}}</ref> It includes learning established procedures for securing anchors and cable, use of windlasses, how to prepare the anchors/clearing away anchors for letting go, letting-go (dropping) the anchor, keeping an anchor watch, clearing a foul [[Hawsehole|Hawse]], weighing anchor and securing anchors for sea.<ref name="Techniques25"/>

===Pilotage===
[[File:Darryl Brown, commanding officer of USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG 49), talks with a Nigerian pilot while navigating into Lagos.jpg|thumb|right|Navigation on a US naval vessel in Nigerian waters with a local pilot.]]
Most commercial vessels in excess of size limits determined by local authorities are handled in confined areas by a [[Maritime pilot|maritime (or marine) pilot]].<ref name="Williamson"/> Marine pilots are seafarers with extensive seafaring experience and are usually qualified master mariners who have been trained as expert ship-handlers. These pilots should be conversant with all types of vessels in their local waters and possess a good knowledge of the different propulsion systems, as well as handling ships of all sizes in all weather and tidal conditions.<ref name="Williamson"/> They are also experts in the geographical areas they work.<ref name="Williamson"/> In most countries, the pilot takes over the 'conduct' of the navigation from the ship master. This means that the master and crew should adhere to the pilot's orders in respect of the safe navigation of the vessel when in a compulsory pilotage area. However, the master may, with good cause, resume 'conduct' of the vessel's navigation, but this is not done lightly. In some countries and areas (e.g., the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States of America]]), the pilot's role is as an advisor. However, in practice, they are likely to have the vessel's conduct, especially on larger ships, assisted by tugboats. In some places, specifically in the [[Panama Canal]], a pilot assumes command of a vessel and is not classed as "an advisor". Other instances may include crossing the sill of a [[drydock]] or any port in Russia (or ex-Soviet States). This distinction is important because when a pilot is in command, the master cannot take any action and is limited to advising the pilot on any circumstance that he considers dangerous.

==Regulatory knowledge==
A working knowledge of the relevant rules and regulations, including those of the [[International Maritime Organization]], is good seamanship as it ensures compliance with international, flag, and port State requirements. For example, the [[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea]] are the principal international rules for navigation between vessels at sea. Rule 2<ref name="COLREGS">{{cite book |date=2003 |title=Collision Regulations Convention (COLREGS) |location=London |publisher=International Maritime Organization |isbn=9789280141672}}</ref> sets out responsibility for safe navigation by stating

{{Blockquote
|text=Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel or the owner, master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution, which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
}} The ordinary practice of seamen is seen as equivalent wording for seamanship.<ref name="Knight505">{{cite book |last=Noel |first=John V |date=1991 |title=Knight's Modern Seamanship |publisher=Wiley |page=505-605 |isbn=9780471289487}}</ref> Other accepted practices of seamanship relating to the COLREGs include maintaining a proper look-out (Rule 5), proceeding at a safe speed (Rule 6) and taking correct actions to avoid collision (Rule 8).<ref name="COLREGS"/>

==Maintenance and dry-docking==
[[File:US Navy 030121-N-6651N-003 using a needle gun to removes layers of paint.jpg|thumb|right|Preparation for painting on a ship with a needle gun to remove previous paint layers]]
Seamanship involves the correct and adequate maintenance of the ship’s structure and equipment to keep the vessel [[Seakeeping|seaworthy]]. This involves knowledge of tasks such as painting, greasing, and renewing ropes, wires, and other equipment.<ref name="21stCenturyb">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=881-934 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> Seamanship also involves a working knowledge of the relevant wires, ropes, chains, shackles, and slings onboard. This includes mooring ropes used to keep the vessel secure in port.<ref name="21stCenturyd">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=335-362 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> Seamanship on some vessel types may involve being able to maintain and use marine cranes and lifting equipment if fitted on a ship. Larger ship types usually have a crane for cargo operations and to bring on board stores, provisions, and supplies for the crew.<ref name="21stCenturye">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=1181-1202 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref>

Seamanship knowledge and experience are an integral part of [[Dry dock|Dry-docking]]. This includes careful planning (of all jobs, tasks, and repairs), adequate preparations (e.g., painting), dry-dock calculations (primarily stability and upthrust), safety within the dry-dock, and checks upon departure (e.g., plugs returned and sealed).<ref name="21stCenturyc">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=475-504 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref>

Lifeboat, rescue boat, and survival craft maintenance and operation are an essential part of seamanship.<ref name="21stCenturyk">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=935-970 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> This involves being able to operate survival craft in emergencies, but also to be able to maintain them effectively to operate in accordance with [[SOLAS Convention|SOLAS]] requirements.<ref name="21stCenturyk"/> The [[STCW Convention]] requires that modern seafarers be familiar with emergency operations, including fire fighting. Personnel at sea are required to undertake firefighting training at shore-based training establishments.<ref name="21stCenturyl">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=971-1040 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> It is a statutory requirement and considered good seamanship to regularly practice (drill) these skills when at sea.<ref name="21stCenturyl"/> Other emergency skills include the [[Man overboard rescue turn]].

==Traditional seamanship skills==
[[File:Swedish fid.png|thumb|right|A Swedish fid, used [[ropework]] techniques and a traditional aspect of seamanship.]]
Historic or traditional seamanship skills are less frequently used on modern commercial ships. However, they are usually still practiced in training colleges and used on smaller ships, fishing vessels, and leisure craft.<ref name="21stCenturyf">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |pages=1137–1154 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> These include [[ropework]] (included tying knots, [[rope splicing]], wire splicing, [[Lashing (ropework)|lashings]] and [[Whipping knot|whippings]]), as well as rigging of a stage, rigging of a bosuns ladder, [[canvas]] work, use of [[Hoist (device)|chain blocks]] and pulleys, etc.<ref name="21stCenturyf"/> Other traditional practices apply to life onboard, such as forms of address to the Captain and in use of marine flag, including courtesies and flag signalling.<ref name="21stCenturyf"/> Specifically, these include items such as flag signalling terms, single and double letter meanings according to the International Code of Signals, flag maintenance, the use of ensigns, and also [[Morse code]] procedure and practice.<ref name="Techniques244">{{cite book |last=House |first=David |date=1994 |title=Seamanship Techniques |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |page=244-260 |isbn=978-0750622035}}</ref>

In the days of [[Sailing ship|sailing ships]], an able seaman was expected to be able to "hand, and reef, and steer" and to [[Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#know_the_ropes|"know the ropes"]], the basic knowledge on the identity of the many ropes with different functions. This latter knowledge was essential for both safety and efficient working - those without it would be dismissed or derated at the first opportunity.

Training is more formal in the merchant navy and naval forces, but still covers the basics of traditional seamanship. Smaller vessel types may have traditional seamanship methods unique to them, for example, [[Turtling (sailing)|turtling]] on dinghies and small sailing boats.

Boatwork is a traditional seamanship skill.<ref name="Techniques165">{{cite book |last=House |first=David |date=1994 |title=Seamanship Techniques |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |page=165-201 |isbn=978-0750622035}}</ref> On commercial ships, this is usually limited to rescue boats and lifeboats, however, yachts and other vessels such as passenger ships may have tenders and small boats for transporting people between ship/shore.<ref name="Techniques165"/> Boatwork includes knowledge and operation of different types of boats, launching procedures, recovery of boats (in normal and in heavy weather conditions), how to beach a boat if possible, the use of oars or sails, as well as basic sail theory, sail terminology, and markings on sails.<ref name="Techniques165"/>

One other aspect of traditional good seamanship is [[housekeeping]] on the vessel.<ref name="21stCenturyj">{{cite book |date=2015 |title=21st Century Seamanship |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |page=859-880 |isbn=9781856096324}}</ref> This involves correct stowage of stores, supplies, crew personal effects, etc.<ref name="21stCenturyj"/> It also involves keeping the decks, engine room and accommodation clean and free of debris or spills.<ref name="21stCenturyj"/> This reduces the chances of fire at sea and reduces the chance of injury, e.g., due to slips, trips, and falls.<ref name="21stCenturyj"/>

==Progression in seamanship==
[[Image:Aloft2.jpg|thumb|right|An able seaman climbs a [[kingpost]] to perform maintenance aboard a general [[cargo ship]] or [[Cargo ship|freighter]].]]
Officers and Masters must pass formal examinations to demonstrate their knowledge at various levels, in accordance with national laws and the [[STCW Convention]]. These examinations have a progression based on the size and complexity of the ship, including its sailing area, as well as by rank. Globally, most seafarers are required to possess a basic seamanship certificate. In the U.S., the progression begins with what is known as "the six pack", a license that allows fishing guides to operate with up to six passengers. In the [[United Kingdom]], all seafarers, both deck officers and crew, must complete an Efficient Deck Hand (EDH Course) at an approved training provider under direction of the UK [[Merchant Navy Training Board]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.witherbyseamanship.com/course-criteria-for-efficient-deck-hand.html |title=Course Criteria for Efficient Deck |website=Witherby Publishing Group |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-navigationalengine-room-ratings-certificate |title=Apply for Navigational/Engine Room Rating Certificate |website=UK Gov |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

The crew of a large ship will typically be organized into "divisions" or "departments", each with its own specialty. For example, the deck department is responsible for navigation, ship handling, and general maintenance, while the engineering division is responsible for propulsion and other mechanical systems. Crew members start on the most basic duties, and as they gain experience and expertise, they advance within their area. Crew who have gained proficiency become "able seamen", "petty officers", "rated", or "mates", depending on the ship type and organisation.

On smaller commercial craft, there is little or no specialisation. The deck crew performs all boat-handling functions. The officers of the ship are responsible for navigation, communication, and watch supervision.

==See also==
* [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]]

{{Maritime academies in the United States |state=expanded}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''Admiralty Manual of Seamanship'', {{ISBN|0-11-772696-6}}.
* ''[[Bowditch's American Practical Navigator]]''
* ''Knight's Modern Seamanship'' Wiley. p. ix-x. {{ISBN|9780471289487}}.
* ''Naval Shiphandler's Guide'' / James Alden Barber — [[Naval Institute Press]], 2005 — {{ISBN|1-55750-435-0}}.
* ''Royal Navy'' (Book of Reference) BR67.
* ''Seamanship: A Guide for Divers'' / Kris Pedder, BSAC, {{ISBN|0-9538919-7-6}}.
* ''Seamanship Techniques'' Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 25-57. {{ISBN|978-0750622035}}.
* ''21st Century Seamanship'', [[Witherby Publishing Group]], 2015, {{ISBN|1-85609632-7}}.

==External links==
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Seamanship}}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3223 "The Benefits from Knowing the Basics and Rules of Seafaring"] is a collection of eight documents about seafaring by Ibn Mājid al-Julfārī al-Sa‘dī, in the 15th century.

{{Boats and boating}}
{{Seamanship}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal|Oceans|Transport}}

[[Category:Skills]]
[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Maritime transport]]

Anil Kapoor

2026-03-06T14:42:27Z

JustineLaguerre: improved article

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (b. 1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Kapoor
| image = Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg
| caption = Kapoor in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Bombay State, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 1977–present
| works = [[Anil Kapoor filmography|Full list]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunita Bhavnani|1984}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Sonam Kapoor|Sonam]]|[[Rhea Kapoor|Rhea]]|[[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor|Harsh Varrdhan]]}}
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Kapoor family (of Surinder Kapoor)|Surinder Kapoor family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Anil Kapoor|Full list]]
| father = [[Surinder Kapoor]]
}}

'''Anil Surinder Kapoor''' (born 24 December 1956) is an Indian actor and producer who works primarily in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]], in addition to Indian television and international films.<ref name="DOB" /> In a career spanning over 40 years as an actor and since 2005 as a producer, Kapoor has appeared in more than [[Anil Kapoor filmography|100 films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title=Anil Kapoor: I have been part of more than 100 movies, and yet, I can’t say that I’ve been there, done that |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-kapoor-i-have-been-part-of-more-than-100-movies-and-yet-i-cant-say-that-ive-been-there-done-that/articleshow/68232729.cms |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Anil Kapoor|several accolades]], including two [[National Film Awards]] and seven [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Born to film producer [[Surinder Kapoor]], Anil made his Bollywood debut with a small role in the romance ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]'' (1979) before starring in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980) and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''[[Pallavi Anupallavi]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web|title=బాపు 'వంశవృక్షం'కు 40 ఏళ్ళు|trans-title=40 years for Bapu's Vamsa Vruksham|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/babu-vamsa-vruksham-completed-40-years-2020111908520787|access-date=21 June 2021|website=[[Andhra Jyothy]]|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |title=Mani Rathnam on Film-making: No compromise, only balance |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1399998114887467008/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803035428/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1399998114887467008/photo/1 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> His first two successes were ''[[Woh 7 Din]]'' (1984) and ''[[Meri Jung]]'' (1985), which made him a star.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/how-woh-7-din-gave-birth-to-the-anil-kapoor-legend/20200624.htm|title=Some milestones in your life you should not forget'|date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Top Actors">{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> He went onto establish himself as an actor with highly successful ventures, throughout the 1980s and 1990s, such as ''[[Saaheb]]'' (1985), ''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]'' (1985), ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986), ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987), ''[[Tezaab]]'' (1988), ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (1989), ''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]'' (1989), ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990), ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'' (1992), ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' (1994), ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' (1997), ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997), ''[[Deewana Mastana]]'' (1997), ''[[Biwi No.1]]'' (1999), ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' (1999) and ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/why-we-love-anil-kapoor/20161223.htm|title=Why We Love Anil Kapoor!|date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Filmography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=75|title=Anil Kapoor Filmography|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> After the leading role in hit ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' (2000), he had a series of flops and made a comeback with the multi-starrers ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005) and ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007), both of which were superhits. This was followed by supporting roles in ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008), ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013), ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' (2013), ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019) and ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023).<ref name="Filmography"/>

Kapoor's first international film role was in [[Danny Boyle]]'s acclaimed drama ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/nov/23/3042/after-24-anil-kapoor-set-to-feature-in-international-web-series|title=After 24, Anil Kapoor set to feature in international web series|date=23 November 2016|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203219/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/nov/23/3042/after-24-anil-kapoor-set-to-feature-in-international-web-series|url-status=live}}</ref> He has since starred in the [[24 (season 8)|eighth season]] of the action series ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' in 2010 and played a brief role in ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-trying-to-get-24-to-india_100308370.html |title=Anil Kapoor trying to get '24' to India|author=Subhash K Jha |work=Thaindian News |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=23 May 2012|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312012538/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-trying-to-get-24-to-india_100308370.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=K Jha|first=Subhash|title=Anil Kapoor outstages his '24′ co-stars, gets rave reviews|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-outstages-his-24co-stars-gets-rave-reviews_100307820.html|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=7 December 2010|date=22 January 2010|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120031948/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/anil-kapoor-outstages-his-24co-stars-gets-rave-reviews_100307820.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Indian television, he has starred in the remakes ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' (2013–2016) and ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]'' (2023).

== Early life ==
Kapoor was born into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sonam-kapoor-anil-kapoor-arjun-kapoor-karan-johar-sridevi-mohit-and-antaras-wedding/201091 |title=Sonam Kapoor, Anil Kapoor and Arjun Kapoor are the perfect baraatis for Mohit and Antara's wedding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222301/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sonam-kapoor-anil-kapoor-arjun-kapoor-karan-johar-sridevi-mohit-and-antaras-wedding/201091 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> affiliated with the [[Arya Samaj]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasisht |first=Divya |date=13 April 2003 |title=Boney Kapoor: A retake of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/boney-kapoor-a-retake-of-life/articleshow/43204832.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210093509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/boney-kapoor-a-retake-of-life/articleshow/43204832.cms |archive-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=I am a God-fearing person, but not a ritualistic one. My grandparents were followers of Arya Samaj values and pujas were never a regular feature at home.}}</ref> on 24 December 1956<ref name="DOB">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/my-dad-is-a-liar-sonam-kapoor/story-85noueENZiI8YE4Ru0AnyK.html |title=My dad is a liar: Sonam Kapoor |date=23 March 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328220448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/my-dad-is-a-liar-sonam-kapoor/story-85noueENZiI8YE4Ru0AnyK.html |url-status=live |quote="He is 1956 born."}}</ref><ref name="News18" /> in [[Chembur]] to Nirmal Kapoor and film producer [[Surinder Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://celebsid.com/anil-kapoor/|title=Anil Kapoor Age|access-date=6 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101258/https://celebsid.com/anil-kapoor/|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Kapoor recalls working as spot boy at 17 after his father fell sick: 'I loved waking up actors, looking after them' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-recalls-working-as-spot-boy-at-17-after-his-father-fell-sick-101657795189267.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Initially decided to do what no other Kapoor was doing: Anil Kapoor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/initially-decided-to-do-what-no-other-kapoor-was-doing-anil-kapoor-6133750/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DOB" /><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Sonam Shares Heartfelt Birthday Post for Daddy Anil Kapoor; His Reply Will Make You Teary-Eyed |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sonam-kapoor-ahuja-shares-heartfelt-birthday-post-for-dad-anil-kapoor-his-reply-will-make-you-teary-eyed-1983029.html |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=News18 |date=25 December 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821093234/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sonam-kapoor-ahuja-shares-heartfelt-birthday-post-for-dad-anil-kapoor-his-reply-will-make-you-teary-eyed-1983029.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The family belongs to the greater [[Kapoor family|Kapoor show business family.]] He is the second of four children. His elder brother, [[Boney Kapoor]] is a film producer and younger brother [[Sanjay Kapoor]] is an actor. Actress [[Sridevi]] and the producer [[Mona Shourie Kapoor]], both Boney's wives, were his sisters-in-law, and Sandeep Marwah,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sandeepmarwah.com/|title=Sandeep Marwah {{!}} Renowned International Media Personality|language=en-US|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226191348/http://sandeepmarwah.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> founder of the [[Noida Film City]] and owner of Marwah Studios, is his brother-in-law. The film actors [[Arjun Kapoor]], Mohit Marwah and [[Ranveer Singh]] are his nephews, while actresses [[Janhvi Kapoor]] and [[Khushi Kapoor]] are his nieces. [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] was his father's cousin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Kareena Kapoor and Sonam Kapoor are related? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-kareena-kapoor-and-sonam-kapoor-are-related-101616659696678.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Kapoor was educated at [[Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School]], [[Chembur]],<ref>{{cite news |first1=Gita |last1=Hari |date=14 August 2010 |title=Anil Kapoor gets nostalgic about Chembur |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/anil-kapoor-gets-nostalgic-about-chembur/articleshow/16043537.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> and at the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Kapoor: Get Latest News, Photos and Videos along with latest updates on Anil Kapoor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/Anil-kapoor |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Kapoor made his debut in films in 1970, playing a younger version of [[Shashi Kapoor]]'s character in ''Tu Payal Mein Geet''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anil Kapoor in Tu Payal Mein Geet|url=http://ww.itimes.com/photo/anil-kapoor-in-tu-payal-mein-geet|publisher=itimes.com|access-date=6 September 2015|date=9 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001234959/http://ww.itimes.com/photo/anil-kapoor-in-tu-payal-mein-geet|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film, however, did not release theatrically.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Kapoor, Anil|date=16 August 2015|title=Anil Kapoor – The Anupam Kher Show – Season 2 – 16th August 2015|language=hi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jqix8yWEJlo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Jqix8yWEJlo |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2015|location=India|publisher=[[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== 1979{{endash}}1980s===
Anil Kapoor made his [[Hindi film]] debut with Umesh Mehra's ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]'' (1979), in a small role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rishita Roy |date=26 January 2022 |title=Anil Kapoor recalls where his journey began as debut film Hamare Tumhare clocks 43 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anil-kapoor-recalls-where-his-journey-began-as-debut-film-hamare-tumhare-clocks-43-years-1904625-2022-01-26 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He then starred as a lead actor in the 1980 [[Telugu film]], ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' directed by veteran [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title=Anil Kapoor talks about his Hyderabad connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/anil-kapoor-talks-about-his-hyderabad-connection/articleshow/58809462.cms |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same year, he also appeared in two more Hindi films – ''[[Ek Baar Kaho]]'' and ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]''. In 1981, he appeared in [[M. S. Sathyu]] 's ''Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/my-friendship-with-anil-kapoor-has-survived-over-30-years/20161226.htm|title=My friendship with Anil Kapoor has survived over 30 years|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221640/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/my-friendship-with-anil-kapoor-has-survived-over-30-years/20161226.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After playing a small role in ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' (1982), he made his [[Kannada film]] debut with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s debut directorial ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2019 |title=Anil Kapoor remembers the shooting days of his first and only Kannada film 'Pallavi Anu Pallavi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anil-kapoor-remembers-the-shooting-days-of-his-first-and-only-kannada-film-pallavi-anu-pallavi/articleshow/69574206.cms |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He played his first Hindi film leading role in ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983) which was directed by Bapu and featured [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2025 |title=Sanjeev Kumar gave Rs 1.25 lakhs to Boney Kapoor to buy the rights of Anil Kapoor's 'Woh 7 din': 'And he was infamously termed kanjoos' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjeev-kumar-gave-rs-1-25-lakhs-to-boney-kapoor-to-buy-the-rights-of-anil-kapoors-woh-7-din-and-he-was-infamously-termed-kanjoos/articleshow/124978810.cms |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He gained recognition in [[Bollywood]] with [[Yash Chopra]]'s action drama ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984) as a ''[[Tapori (word)|tapori]]'', for which he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. His ''tapori'' persona and [[Designer stubble|stubble]] look was considered unconventional at the time, but would become fashionable in India many years later.<ref>{{cite web|last=Naval-Shetye|first=Aakanksha|title=I was called the ganda hero: Anil Kapoor|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_i-was-called-the-ganda-hero-anil-kapoor_1681762|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=28 April 2012|date=28 April 2012|archive-date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051141/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_i-was-called-the-ganda-hero-anil-kapoor_1681762|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor's 1985 releases included ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' and ''[[Saaheb]]''. ''Yudh'' featured him uttering his iconic line "Ek Dum Jhakaas". But it was ''[[Meri Jung]]'' (1985), wherein he played the role of an angry young lawyer fighting for justice that earned him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=24 December 2017 |title=Birthday Special: Anil Kapoor's 10 'jhakas' films that elevated his stardom |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/birthday-special-anil-kapoors-10-jhakass-films-elevated-stardom-1502550662.html |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

He then played a comic tapori again in ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986), the biggest hit of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918080016/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Also in 1986, Kapoor played the role of a carefree playboy in the hit ''[[Janbaaz]]'', co-starring [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Janbaaz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126010244/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Janbaaz |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Janbaaz box office, news, reviews |publisher=Ibosnetwork.com |access-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review: Janbaaz |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Jaanbaaz/ |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616184424/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Jaanbaaz/ |archive-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref> Kapoor's other release of 1986, ''[[Insaaf Ki Awaaz]]'' with [[Rekha]], was a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Insaaf+Ki+Awaaz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126041643/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Insaaf+Ki+Awaaz |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Insaaf Ki Awaaz – box office, news, reviews |publisher=Ibosnetwork.com |date=14 November 1986 |access-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> In the same year, [[Basu Chatterjee]] directed ''[[Chameli Ki Shaadi]]'' where he was seen doing a comedic role and the film was a success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=040306105630 |title=Chameli Ki Shaadi – movie review by Shahid Khan |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616185212/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=040306105630 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was the protagonist in [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s sci-fi film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987), the biggest hit of the year.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125191608/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=1987 Top Grosses by Decades and Years – 1987]. Ibosnetwork.com</ref> The film became one of his biggest box-office hits and shot him to superstardom.<ref name="boxofficeindia1">[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125 Top Earners 1980–1989] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118013258/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125 |date=18 January 2008 }}. Boxofficeindia.com</ref> In 1988, he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film, ''[[Tezaab]]'', the biggest blockbuster of 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075941/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year also saw the release of ''[[Kasam (1988 film)|Kasam]]'', an action drama directed by [[Umesh Mehra]]. Anil proved to be the only saving grace in commercial failures like ''[[Ram-Avtar]]'' and [[Vijay (1988 film)|''Vijay'']].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Avtaar – Movie review by Akshay Shah |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041706041039 |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919215923/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041706041039 |archive-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref> The following year, he delivered ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (which became the second-highest box office earner of 1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ== |title=Box Office 1989 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075549/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> featuring [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the chartbuster song ''One Two Ka Four''. In ''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]'', Kapoor played the role of a tapori, and the film was declared a success.<ref name="boxofficeindia1" /><ref>[https://archive.today/20130126081929/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Rakhwala Rakhwala: Film details]. Ibosnetwork.com</ref> Kapoor's portrayal of an autistic man in ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' (1989) was well-received and established his versatility as an actor, earning him his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Eeshwar |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125181401/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Eeshwar |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Eeshwar box office, news, reviews |publisher=Ibosnetwork.com |date=24 February 1989 |access-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
The year 1990 saw him play a dual role, as twin brothers in the highly successful action comedy ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' and the same year, he further attained reasonable box-office success with ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075203/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kapoor came up with a critically acclaimed performance in ''[[Awaargi]]''. Many critics called that his best performance ever but the film flopped at the box office. Also films like ''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]'' and ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]'', which were remakes of South Indian films, didn't go on to become huge hits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awaargi – Film Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Awaargi/ |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830113105/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Awaargi/ |archive-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This was followed by a highly praised performance as a middle-aged man in Yash Chopra's intergenerational musical romantic drama ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), opposite [[Sridevi]], which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], with Kapoor earning his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. The film proved to a landmark film of Indian cinema and Yash Chopra's best work to date. It was the first film in which he appeared without a moustache. Although the film was an underwhelming success at the domestic box-office, it proved to be a major success overseas. Anil Kapoor's 1991 releases, ''[[Benaam Badsha]]'' was accorded average status at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075225/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1992, Kapoor received his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his hard-hitting performance in Indra Kumar's ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'' – the biggest blockbuster of the year opposite [[Madhuri Dixit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918074946/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kapoor was highly impressive with his comic act in ''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]'' and his comic timing was one of the highlights of the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khel – Film Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Khel/ |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074805/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Khel/ |archive-date=16 November 2010 }}</ref> In 1993, Boney Kapoor's much-delayed mega-budget, ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' was a disaster at the box-office and damaged Kapoor's reputation as the industry's biggest star at the time. The only major success in these years was ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' (1994) again alongside [[Sridevi]], a film produced by Nitin Manmohan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Laadla |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907150857/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Laadla |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |title=Laadla – box office, news, reviews |publisher=Ibosnetwork.com |date=25 March 1994 |access-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> Kapoor gave a splendid performance as a simpleton lover in the musical romantic drama ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' opposite [[Manisha Koirala]]. Kapoor earned his sixth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. His other 1994 release, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Andaz (1994 film)|Andaz]]}}, opposite [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]], was also a success. His 1995 release, ''[[Trimurti]]'' was a box-office disaster, though Kapoor's performance was positively received, earning him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review: Trimurti|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/trimurti.html|publisher=Planet Bollywood|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918071345/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/trimurti.html|archive-date=18 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kapoor came up with a decent performance in the moderate critical and commercial success ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]'' (1998), opposite [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review – Gharwali Baharwali |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/gbwali.html |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616190201/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/gbwali.html |archive-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref>

After a few box-office failures, he had successes with films like ''[[Loafer (1996 film)|Loafer]]'' (1996), opposite [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202|title=Box Office 1996|access-date=18 January 2010|archive-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731203414/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'', Kapoor's depiction of a loving husband torn between his two wives was appreciated and the film fared well at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review – Judaai |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/judaai.html |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616190538/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/judaai.html |archive-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Deewana Mastana]]'' (1997), ''[[Biwi No.1]]'' (1999) and ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' (1999) were also box office hits, with ''Biwi No. 1'' earning him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]].<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203 Box Office 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130538/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203 |date=11 January 2012 }}. Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> Kapoor's unusual characterisation of a zealous, crooked musical superstar in ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999) shocked both audience and critics alike, earning him rave reviews, in addition to his second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205 Box Office 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010125326/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |date=10 October 2012 }}. Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> He again won rave reviews for his performance in ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997), a remake of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film, ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992), in which he played [[Kamal Haasan]]'s role. The film proved to be a major box office success, and earned him his first [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics)]], in addition to his seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. He also starred in the unsuccessful ''[[Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kaate]]'', which was filmmaker [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s last directorial, along with [[Juhi Chawla]]. He shaved his moustache once again for the second half of the film.

=== 2000s===
[[File:Tom Cruise visits the Taj Mahal with Anil Kapoor.jpg|thumb|Kapoor with [[Tom Cruise]] at [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]]|260x250px]]
Anil Kapoor's first release of 2000 was ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'', in which he played a double role, showing restraint and maturity as the elder Thakur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stars save the day|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/07bula.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 September 2010|author=Sukanya Verma|archive-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625222933/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/07bula.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He won his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], in addition to his eighth nomination for the [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Actor for his performance in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s critically acclaimed ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' (2000). Kapoor again achieved critical and commercial success with ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' (2000).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Kapoor performed as Rajeev in the much delayed ''[[Karobaar]]'' (2000), a film directed by [[Rakesh Roshan]], where Kapoor's dialogue delivery was appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karobaar – Movie Review|url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Karobaar-69842-1.html|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-date=14 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614162000/http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Karobaar-69842-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He delivered a powerhouse performance in Shanker's ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'' (2001), which is considered to be his career-best performances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nayak – The Real Hero (2001) – Review |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/lavender/ridleyford/1007/nayak.html |access-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035052/http://www.fortunecity.com/lavender/ridleyford/1007/nayak.html |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

In 2002, Kapoor performed in the role of a fat man in ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'', a takeoff from the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] hit, ''[[The Nutty Professor (1996 film)|The Nutty Professor]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} He performed in the [[Indra Kumar]] directed film ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} In ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]'', he gave a performance described as "first-rate" by one critic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6918/index.html |title=Om Jai Jagadish : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 July 2002 |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210101631/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6918/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kapoor shared the screen with Bollywood actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for the first time in ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'', and played the character of a neurosurgeon.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In his 2003 release, ''[[Calcutta Mail]]'', according to PlanetBollywood.com, he delivered "one of his best performances. His character was defined with ample scope to perform in this screenplay-driven performance and in spite of the strong supporting cast, this really came out as Kapoor's one-man show."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/CalcuttaMail/ |title=Film Review – Calcutta Mail |publisher=[[PlanetBollywood.com]] |date=5 September 2003 |access-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424000240/http://planetbollywood.com/Film/CalcuttaMail/ |archive-date=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05mail.htm |title=Anil's cleverly packaged one-man show |work=Rediff.com |access-date=9 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100714205235/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05mail.htm| archive-date= 14 July 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Bollywood Hungama]], he "ignited the silver screen with an authoritative performance" in ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' alongside [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Koena Mitra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7305/index.html |title=Musafir : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 December 2004 |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503075635/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7305/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Musafir/ |title=Bollywood – Film Review – Musafir |publisher=[[PlanetBollywood.com]] |date=10 December 2004 |access-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403032911/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Musafir/ |archive-date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> Kapoor performed as the stricken husband in the thriller ''[[My Wife's Murder]]'', which he also produced.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Wife's Murder: Movie review by Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7248/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 August 2010|archive-date=17 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617060325/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7248/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor's A Series Of Unfortunate Events |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/19raja.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=21 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921182302/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/19raja.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anees Bazmee]]'s super-hit comedy ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005), followed for Kapoor that year. The film went on to become the highest-grossing film of the year, earning him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Comedian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211|title=Box Office 2005|access-date=18 January 2010|archive-date=29 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229131030/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also in the film [[Bewafaa (2005 film)|''Bewafaa'']], playing a rich businessman who is forced to marry the sister of his wife after she passes away in childbirth.

Kapoor played a grey character in the 2005 thriller, ''[[Chocolate (2005 film)|Chocolate]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=13941564&ctid=5&cid=2425 |title=Movie Review:Chocolate |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119165306/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=13941564&ctid=5&cid=2425 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anil's first release of 2007 ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]'' was a box office hit in overseas though a flop in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918081046/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Anees Bazmee's ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'', which released on 21 December 2007 was declared the biggest success of the year, earning him his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Grosses by Decades and Years – 2007 |url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208194810/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/topgrossersbyyear.asp?year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=IBOS |access-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> Kapoor's understated performance in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]]'' was highly lauded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black & White is a relevant watch|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07black.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=9 August 2010|archive-date=2 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802152854/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07black.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His first release in 2008, Abbas Mustan's thriller, ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' became a box-office hit. Vijay Krishna Acharya's ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'' marked Anil's comeback to [[Yash Raj Films]], but failed to do well at the box-office.

His first English language film, ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', which was released on 12 November 2008. ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' was released on 21 November 2008. ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'', with [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], failed to do well at the box-office. On the other hand, ''Slumdog Millionaire'' has won a number of international awards and received rave reviews from critics, costing only US$15 million to produce, but pulling in more than $352 million worldwide. In January 2009, he attended the [[66th Golden Globe Awards]] ceremony along with the team of ''Slumdog Millionaire'', which won four [[Golden Globe Awards]]. Kapoor demonstrated his well-known enthusiasm after ''Slumdog'' won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] (one of eight awards). He also received a nomination for Best Ensemble at the [[Black Reel Awards of 2008]] and has won the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]].

=== 2010–present ===
[[File:Anil Kapoor at ’24’ game launching event.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|273x273px|Anil Kapoor at [[24 (Indian TV series)|24]] game launching event]]
In 2010, Kapoor starred in the [[24 (season 8)|eighth season]] of the American television series ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', portraying [[Omar Hassan (24 character)|Omar Hassan]], President of the fictional [[Islamic Republic of Kamistan]]. In October of that year he was cast to play a villain in both ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (released in December 2011) and ''[[Power (2012 film)|Power]]''.<ref name="Pradhan Singh, Manisha">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17087 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt & Ajay Devgn starrer Power begins shooting |access-date=8 October 2010 |author=Pradhan Singh, Manisha |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=BusinessofCinema |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107160755/http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17087 |archive-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> ''Power'' was to be directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] but was shelved for unknown reasons.

Anil Kapoor's only release of 2012 ''[[Tezz]]'' earned him favourable reviews from critics; Taran Adarsh wrote that "...it's a treat watching Anil Kapoor on screen. Though the actor has been an integral part of so many movies in the past, you can never accuse him of repeating himself. Besides, he may be in his early 50s, but that hasn't deterred Anil from performing the high-octane action stunts with flourish."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/537946 |title=Tezz (2012) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326060023/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/537946 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His performance in ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' was highly acclaimed by critics; [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Anil Kapoor is first-rate, revelling in a tailor-made role as a no-nonsense cop, reminding us of the superstar he used to be in the Eighties."<ref>{{cite news |author=sudhish kamath |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-guns-girls-and-goggles/article4683455.ece |title=Shootout at Wadala: Guns, girls and goggles |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207235944/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-guns-girls-and-goggles/article4683455.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2013 Kapoor became the first Indian actor to be invited for a special segment; "In conversation", at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], an honour which is reserved for actors having considerable body of work.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Anil-Kapoor-heads-to-Toronto-film-festival/Article1-990919.aspx |title=Anil Kapoor heads to Toronto film festival |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326073343/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Anil-Kapoor-heads-to-Toronto-film-festival/Article1-990919.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Honoured-to-attend-Toronto-Fest-Anil-Kapoor/articleshow/18074799.cms |title=Honoured to attend Toronto Fest: Anil Kapoor |date=19 January 2013 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106063615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36416274_1_anil-kapoor-toronto-fest-invitation |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 2013, he starred in the lead role of Jai Singh Rathod in the [[24 (Indian TV series)|Indian remade series of ''24'']].

In 2015, he starred alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Shefali Shah]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s family comedy-drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'', which proved to be a commercial success and received positive reviews, earning Kapoor his third Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In September 2015, Kapoor made an appearance as himself in an ad for the ''[[Angry Birds Friends]]'' tournament Champions for Earth. Amazon cast Kapoor in its pilot ''[[The Book of Strange New Things]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/anil-kapoor-cast-amazon-pilot-book-strange-new-things-949754/|title=Anil Kapoor Cast in Amazon Pilot 'The Book of Strange New Things'|first=Bryn|last=Sandberg|date=21 November 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> to play the role of Vikram Danesh, the authoritative head of the base on Oasis.<ref>{{cite book|title=Book of strange new things.|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofstrangenew0000fabe|url-access=registration|date=2014|publisher=Hogarth Pr|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-0-553-41884-2}}</ref> Kapoor reprised his role of Majnu Bhai in the crime comedy ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' (2015), the sequel to ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Throwback: Why Feroz Khan Was Irreplaceable In Welcome Back |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/throwback-why-feroz-khan-was-irreplaceable-in-welcome-back-article-113065932 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Featuring an ensemble cast that included reprising actor [[Nana Patekar]] and new additions [[John Abraham]] and [[Shruti Haasan|Shruti Hassan]] among others. It opened to mixed reception but emerged as another success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 September 2015 |title=Welcome Back Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/welcome-back/box-office/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, he starred with his nephew, [[Arjun Kapoor]], in [[Anees Bazmee]] directed romantic comedy ''[[Mubarakan]]''. Kapoor played dual roles, one of which was a turbaned [[Sikhs|Sikh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=19 June 2017 |title=Anil Kapoor's 'Mubarakan' first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anil-kapoors-mubarakanfirst-look-out/article19103842.ece/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The following year, he appeared in ''[[Race 3]]'' (2018), the third instalment in [[Race (film series)|''Race franchise'']]. Although Kapoor was in the first two films, his ''Race 3'' character was new to the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Race 3: Salman Khan Introduces Anil Kapoor As Shamsher, 'His Boss' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/race-3-salman-khan-introduces-anil-kapoor-as-shamsher-his-boss-1828377 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was moderately successful despite generally negative reception.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Producer Ramesh Taurani defends Race 3's box office collection: 'Salman Khan is a mass hero, so people point fingers' - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-ramesh-taurani-defends-race-3s-box-office-collection-salman-khan-is-a-mass-hero-so-people-point-fingers-exclusive/articleshow/112616927.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same year, Kapoor portrayed the titular character in ''[[Fanney Khan]]'', a remake of Belgian film ''[[Everybody's Famous!]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2017 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to play a glamorous singer in Fanney Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-play-a-glamorous-singer-in-fanney-khan/story-olWzYWCgCsPMH0hiTolLDP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103080200/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-play-a-glamorous-singer-in-fanney-khan/story-olWzYWCgCsPMH0hiTolLDP.html |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Alternatively, he voiced [[Baloo]] for the Hindi dub version of ''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2018 |title=Anil Kapoor jokes that the reason he signed on to voice Baloo, the bear in Netflix's Mowgli, thanks to his hairy past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/anil-kapoor-jokes-he-won-t-need-makeup-to-play-baloo-in-netflix-s-mowgli-thanks-to-his-hairy-past/story-ubW75hHwDU5SjZtjfGuzdK_amp.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

2019 was a busy year for Kapoor as he played supporting roles in the coming-of-age romantic dramedy ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCahill |first=Mike |date=2 February 2019 |title=Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga review - lesbian groundbreaker is crowdpleaser |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/02/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-review-lesbian-groundbreaker-is-crowdpleaser |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> adventure comedy ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Total Dhamaal box office collection prediction: Ajay Devgn, Anil Kapoor starrer set for double-digit opening |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-total-dhamaal-box-office-collection-ajay-devgn-anil-kapoor-madhuri-dixit-arshad-warsi-87112 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref> sports drama ''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=Sonam Kapoor and Dulquer Salmaan's The Zoya Factor to release in April next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dulquer-salmaan-sonam-kapoor-the-zoya-factor-5095937/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and starred in the action comedy ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=Anil Kapoor and John Abraham to feature in Anees Bazmee's multi-starrer Pagalpanti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-john-abraham-anees-bazmee-pagalpanti-5570740/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In ''Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga'' and ''The Zoya Factor'', he worked alongside his daughter [[Sonam Kapoor]], with the former's screenplay being selected by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] for its library's core collection, due to its concept of [[female homosexuality]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screenplay of Sonam Kapoor's Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga To Be Part of Oscars Library |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/screenplay-of-sonam-kapoors-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-to-be-part-of-oscars-library-2030659.html |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On the other hand, ''Total Dhamaal'' became a hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Dhamaal - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5607 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Kapoor kicked off the decade alongside [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] in the prison thriller ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2019 |title=Fresh on-screen pairs to look forward to |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/fresh-on-screen-pairs-to-look-forward-to/photostory/50962080.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kapoor played a corrupt police inspector and was praised for his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malang Movie Review : 'Malang' is good blend of glam, games and thrills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/malang/movie-review/73966538.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Malang became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=7 February 2020 |title=Malang Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/malang/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He next played a fictional version of himself in black comedy ''[[AK vs AK]]'', alongside [[Anurag Kashyap]]. The names "AK" in the title are the initials of the two leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=On AK vs AK release day, Anurag Kashyap dedicates a note to true Janbaaz Anil Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/on-ak-vs-ak-release-day-anurag-kashyap-dedicates-a-note-to-true-janbaaz-anil-kapoor-1752657-2020-12-24 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Directed by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], the film was released on [[Netflix]] to positive reviews, with Kapoor's performance receiving particular praise as one of the best of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AK vs AK's Audacious Premise and Self-Awareness About Bollywood Ultimately Falls Short |url=https://thewire.in/film/ak-vs-ak-netflix-movie-review |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=24 December 2020 |title=Movie Review: AK vs AK : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/movie-review-ak-vs-ak/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This also marked Kapoor's first time working with his son [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="I'm Not Actually Like That": Harshvardhan Kapoor On His Character In AK vs AK |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/im-not-actually-like-that-harshvardhan-kapoor-on-his-character-in-ak-vs-ak-2344218 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Kapoor starred with Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor in the western thriller ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]'', produced by Netflix. His portrayal of a 1980s police inspector, earned high praise despite mixed reviews for the film,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=7 May 2022 |title='Thar' movie review: Anil Kapoor shines, but Netflix slow-burn thriller offers little else |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thar-movie-review-anil-kapoor-shines-but-netflix-slow-burn-thriller-offers-little-else/article65391101.ece/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> earned him the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners#84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930180842/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> He played a hedonistic, unfaithful husband and irresponsible father in the family dramedy ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''. Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' called him the film's standout performer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=JugJugg Jeeyo Movie Review: Varun Dhawan, Anil Kapoor's father-son act is jhakkas in this family entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jugjugg-jeeyo-movie-review-varun-dhawan-anil-kapoor-s-father-son-act-is-jhakkas-in-this-family-entertainer-1966123-2022-06-24 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> while [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' deemed him "flawless," noting his skilful balancing of dramatic highs and lows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Jugjugg Jeeyo Movie Review: Jugjugg Jeeyo balances drama, humour and emotions seamlessly. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jugjugg-jeeyo/critic-review/jugjugg-jeeyo-movie-review/jugjugg-jeeyo-balances-drama-humour-and-emotions-seamlessly/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> This role earned him his record setting fourth Best Supporting Actor award at the [[68th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 - Winners List! {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190923/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kapoor co-produced and made a cameo in female sex comedy ''[[Thank You for Coming]]'' (2023), which premiered at the [[48th Toronto International Film Festival|2023 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)]] in the Gala Presentations section,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=10 August 2023 |title=Bhumi Pednekar and Shehnaaz Gill starrer Thank You For Coming to have its Gala World Premiere at Toronto International Film Festival 2023 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-shehnaaz-gill-starrer-thank-coming-gala-world-premiere-toronto-international-film-festival-2023/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> but turned out to be a financial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NO ONE COMING For Thank You For Coming - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8067 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> In the 2023 action film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'', directed by [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], Kapoor played a powerful industrialist and strict father to [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nana Patekar reviews Ranbir Kapoor starrer 'Animal'; says 'Only Anil Kapoor's performance in the film was restrained' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nana-patekar-reviews-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-says-only-anil-kapoors-performance-in-the-film-was-restrained/articleshow/115533418.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The controversial film became [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time]] and Kapoor's highest-grossing film to date,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Is Another ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8181 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=List Of Anil Kapoor Top 10 Box Office Movies (India Net) |url=https://list.sacnilk.com/article/List_Of_Anil_Kapoor_Top_10_Box_Office_Movies |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=list.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref> earning him another Filmfare Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

He then starred in [[Siddharth Anand]]'s ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'', alongside [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Kapoor joins the cast of 'Fighter' starring Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-kapoor-joins-the-cast-of-fighter-starring-hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukone/articleshow/88475949.cms |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The film fictionalises the 2019 military events between India and Pakistan, including the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]], the [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot airstrike]], and the subsequent border skirmishes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Fighter trailer: Hrithik Roshan's patriotic film references Pulwama attack and Balakot, warns of 'India occupied Pakistan' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-trailer-hrithik-roshans-patriotic-film-references-pulwama-terror-attack-balakot-warns-of-india-occupied-pakistan-9109856/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was a hit, topping overseas box office charts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=19 March 2024 |title=Fighter OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/hrithik-roshans-fighter-digital-streaming-on-netflix-885741 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=29 January 2024 |title=Bollywood Air Force Epic 'Fighter' Tops Global Box Office With $25 Million Weekend Haul |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-fighter-box-office-1235890138/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> He later starred in action thriller ''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]'' (2024), also featuring [[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya Khosla]] and [[Harshvardhan Rane]]. It was an adaptation of 2008 French film ''[[Anything for Her]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=31 May 2024 |title=Savi Movie Review: SAVI works due to the plot and performances. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/savi/critic-review/savi-movie-review/savi-works-due-to-the-plot-and-performances/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Kapoor appeared in the ''[[YRF Spy Universe]]'' film ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'' as the Chief of [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] Colonel Vikrant Kaul. He will reprise his role in the seventh instalment in the universe ''Alpha'' starring [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Sharvari]], and [[Bobby Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Kapoor to join the star cast of War 2, Alpha & Pathaan 2? Deets inside |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-to-join-the-star-cast-of-war-2-alpha-pathaan-2-deets-inside-article-12766769.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720195631/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-to-join-the-star-cast-of-war-2-alpha-pathaan-2-deets-inside-article-12766769.html |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other work ==
=== Producing ===
In 2002, Kapoor produced his first film, the comedy ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'', in which he also starred. It was followed by ''[[My Wife's Murder]]'' (2005), and ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007). ''Gandhi, My Father'' focuses on the relationship between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his son [[Harilal Gandhi]] and was awarded the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]]. He produced the film ''[[Shortkut|Shortkut: The Con Is On]]'' starring [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Arshad Warsi]]. In 2010, he produced ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' (2010), starring his daughter [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Abhay Deol]]. The film performed moderately at the box-office, grossing Rs. 155 million in its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office Earnings 06/08/10 – 12/08/10 (Archive) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=19 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918062027/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

He has acquired the remake rights for the American TV series, ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', reportedly for an amount of INR 1 billion. It took him about 1.5 years to license the rights to create an Indian rendition of the popular TV show.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?anil_kapoor_will_star_in_indias_version_of_24_17669.aspx | title = Anil Kapoor will star in India's version of 24 | publisher = Asia Pacific Arts | date = 9 November 2011 | access-date = 29 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180505205028/http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?anil_kapoor_will_star_in_indias_version_of_24_17669.aspx | archive-date = 5 May 2018 | url-status=dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Kapoor will be stepping into the protagonist's (Jack Bauer) role as well. Kapoor played the role of [[Omar Hassan (24 character)|President Hassan]] in the [[24 (season 8)|8th season]] of the original series aired on [[Fox Network]]. Kapoor co-produced the female sex comedy ''[[Thank You for Coming]]'' (2023).<ref name="auto"/>

=== Singing ===
Anil Kapoor has on rare occasions contributed to the soundtracks of his movies as a singer. One of his first playback songs was the title track of the 1986 Bollywood comedy ''[[Chameli Ki Shaadi]]''. The song was comic in nature and depicted the love story of the titular Chameli and her lover [[Charandas]], played by Kapoor. Chameli was portrayed by [[Amrita Singh]]. In the same decade, he was credited on the song "Tere Bina Main Nahin Mere Bina Tu Nahin" for the film ''[[Woh Saat Din]]''. He is also credited on the song "I Love You" from ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]''. In 2008, Kapoor provided a rhyme-like-dialogue to introduce his character in Yashraj's ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]''. His theme was titled "Bhaiyaji ka Tashan". His co-stars in the movie also had their introductions incorporated in the [[soundtrack]], which was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]]. [[Akshay Kumar]]'s theme was titled "Bachchan Pandey ka Tashan". Kareena Kapoor's was "Pooja ka Tashan". ''[[Saif Ali Khan]]'' was credited for "Jimmy ka Tashan". He had one full album, "Welcome" as a co-singer with [[Salma Agha]] in 1986. The album was scored by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

== Personal life ==
In 1984, Kapoor married Sunita Bhavnani, a costume designer with whom he has two daughters and a son.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nisha |title="Love Stories Fall Short In Front Of Ours": Anil Kapoor's Adorable Anniversary Wish For Wife Sunita |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/love-stories-fall-short-in-front-of-ours-anil-kapoors-adorable-anniversary-wish-for-wife-sunita-2444802 |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=NDTV |date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Bhavnani is the cousin of [[Ranveer Singh]]'s mother. Their elder daughter [[Sonam Kapoor]] (born 1985) is a former actress and their younger daughter [[Rhea Kapoor]] (born 1987) is a film producer while their son [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor]] (born 1990) is an actor. Kapoor is referred to as ‘AK’ by his children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Koffee With Karan with Sonam, Rhea and Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor: 6 things to expect from tonight's episode |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/koffee-with-karan-with-sonam-rhea-and-harshvardhan-kapoor-6-things-to-expect-from-tonight-s-episode/story-rRjGgPGZea5j3qQGcCLMrK.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |date=30 December 2018 |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/koffee-with-karan-with-sonam-rhea-and-harshvardhan-kapoor-6-things-to-expect-from-tonight-s-episode/story-rRjGgPGZea5j3qQGcCLMrK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

For financially exploiting his name, appearance, and voice, as well as the slogan "jhakaas" (the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word for wonderful), which became associated with him after he used it in one of his films, Kapoor sued a number of websites and platforms in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-hc-restrains-misuse-of-personality-attributes-of-actor-anil-kapoor/article67325963.ece |title=Delhi HC restrains misuse of personality attributes of actor Anil Kapoor |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=20 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=23 September 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz08y4ppvr5o |title=Bollywood stars fight for personality rights amid deepfake surge |work=BBC News |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Anil Kapoor filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Anil Kapoor}}

== Legacy ==

Kapoor is regarded as one of the most popular and successful actors of Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Known for his performance in films of various genres, he is also one of the few [[Indian people|Indian]] stars to make a mark in mainstream [[Cinema of United States|Hollywood]] with films like ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) and ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tom-cruise-shares-video-with-snippets-of-all-mission-impossible-movies-co-star-anil-kapoor-reacted-like-this-5041634|title=Tom Cruise's Mission: Impossible Showreel, Co-Star Anil Kapoor Left This Comment|date=12 February 2024}}</ref>

One of the most successful actors of the 1980s and 1990s, Kapoor appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list four times from 1988 to 1990 and 1992.<ref name="Top Actors"/>

In 2022, he placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

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Kalighat painting

2026-03-06T02:02:12Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|School of Indian painting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:India, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Two Aspects of Kali- Kali Enshrined - 1980.216.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|266x266px|A Kalighat painting of Goddess Kali. This is a representation of the idol installed in the Kalighat Temple, around which the Kalighat School of painting developed.]]
'''Kalighat painting, Kalighat Patachitra,''' or '''Kalighat Pat''' (Bengali: ''[[:bn:কালীঘাট পটচিত্র|কালীঘাট পটচিত্র]]'') is a style of Indian paintings which originated in the 19th century. It was first practiced by a group of specialized scroll painters known as the [[patua]]s in the vicinity of the [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] in Kolkata (formerly [[Calcutta]]), in the present Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Partha |title=Kalighat Paintings: A review |url=https://chitrolekha.com/kalighat-paintings-review/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=V&A · Kalighat painting |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/kalighat-painting |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |language=en}}</ref> Composed of bold outlines, vibrant colour tones, and minimal background details, these paintings and drawings were done on both hand-made and machine manufactured paper. The paintings depicted [[myth]]ological stories, figures of Hindu gods and goddesses, as well as scenes from everyday life and society,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> thereby recording a socio-cultural landscape which was undergoing a series of transitions during the 19th and early 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalighat paintings and drawings |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/traditional-craftsmanship/kalighat-paintings-and-drawings |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> when the Kalighat pat reached its pinnacle.

Today the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London hosts the single largest collection of Kalighat paintings in the world with 645 paintings, including watercolors, line-drawings, and hand-painted lithographs.<ref name=":1" />
==History==
The exact origin of Kalighat painting is a matter of debate among art critics and historians. There exists no historical account that records a specific date or traces the beginnings of this school, established by the ''patuas'' at Kalighat. Material evidence, such as the type of paper and colors used in the paintings, suggests that they belong to the first half of the 19th century. Furthermore, noting the dates of acquisition of these paintings by various European collectors, historians have concluded that the emergence of the paintings roughly coincides with the establishment of the present-day Kali temple at Kalighat in approximately the first or second quarter of the 19th century.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] website mentions, for instance, that the artworks in the museum were "created and collected over a period of 100 years from the 1830s to the 1930s".<ref name=":1" /> However, S. Chakravarti estimates “Kalighat paintings were in vogue not earlier than the 1850s”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalighat paintings in the Gurusaday Museum edited by Shyamalkanti Chakravarti |url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_868495 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200" mode="nolines" caption="Kalighat Paintings: Diversity of Themes">
File:The demon ravana fighting with the ape hanuman, 1880, kalighat school.jpg|[[Hanuman]] fights [[Ravana]], a scene from the epic Ramayana, {{circa|1880}}.
File:Kalighat Ganesha in the lap of Parvati.jpg|[[Ganesha]] in the lap of Parvati.
File:The goddess durga on her lion kills the demon mahishasura, 1880, kalighat school.jpg|[[Durga]] and [[Mahishasura]], {{circa|1880}}.
File:Kalighat pat (Anonymous).jpg|''Babu'' and ''Bibi'' in an intimate embrace.
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 4.jpg|Cat with Vaishnavite mark on forehead stealing a crayfish, perhaps a representation of a Bengali satire or proverb on religion.
File:Krishna and Balram, Kalighat Painting.jpg|Krishna and Balram
File:Yashoda coaxing baby Krishna, Kalighat Painting.jpg|Yashoda coaxing Baby Krishna
File:Shiva as Groom, Kalighat Painting.jpg|Shiva as Groom and fainted Mother-in-law
File:Lady and cat, Kalighat Painting.jpg|Lady and the cat
File:Kichak-Vadh, Mahabharat. Kalighat Painting.jpg|Kichak-Vadh from Mahabharat
File:Bengali Lady applying Kohl, Kalighat Painting.jpg|A lady applying kohl
</gallery>Moreover, it was by the early 19th century that Calcutta evolved as an economic centre driven by the commercial activities generated by the British and other European settlers which attracted immigrants looking for employment opportunities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Rise and Fall of Kalighat Paintings |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/rise-and-fall-kalighat-paintings |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> The Kalighat Temple, in the southern part of the city, became a popular destination which attracted hundreds of pilgrims, certain foreign visitors as well as the local people.<ref name=":1" /> The artisans and craftsmen, for whom the temple premises provided the perfect opportunity to sell their products. The artisans and craftsmen started migrating to the region with the hope of capitalizing on the new growing market. Among them were the ''patuas,'' the skilled artists who hailed from rural Bengal, especially from the areas of [[Midnapore]] and the [[24 Parganas]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> These artists would traditionally paint long narrative stories on scrolls of cloth or handmade paper, which often expanded to a length of 20 meters and beyond. Such an art form was known as ''patachitra'', each section was called the ''pat'' which explains why the artists were known as ''patuas''.<ref name=":0" /> The first mention of such a group of travelling folk painters appears in the thirteenth-century text, the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]''.<ref name=":2" /> These artists depicted conventional images of deities and scenes from the two Hindu epics, carrying their scrolls while moving from one place to another, and singing the scenes and episodes portrayed in the paintings in public gatherings or during festivals in villages.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Kalighat Temple, 1887.jpg|thumb|291x291px|The Kalighat Temple, and the river, ''Adi Ganga'', 1887.]]
Now, after having migrated to the Kalighat region, these artists, faced with the challenge to speed up their pace of production, and under the influence of different art forms around them, substituted their usual long linear, narrative style with single frames of ''chouko'' (square) ''pat'' showing one or two figures, they also eliminated unnecessary details, left the background plain and simple, and used a basic color palette, thereby evolving in due course of time the intrinsic features of the Kalighat genre. They were aided by the import of mill-made paper and readymade paints from Britain.<ref name=":1" /> These artists no longer had to travel to audiences, for now potential buyers came to them; and their way of conducting business changed as they became sellers of their works, instead of entertainers who earlier used to perform their piece. Hence, there was a complete shift in their style and perspectives from their rural days once they migrated and settled in the city from the mid-eighteenth century onwards.<ref name=":2" /> This "basic imperative of producing pictures cheaply, quickly, and in vast numbers to cater to the growing market of the city"<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Guha-Thakurta |first=Tapati |title=The making of a new "Indian" art : artists, aesthetics, and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850-1920 |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-39247-0 |location=Cambridge [England] |oclc=23976545}}</ref> served as the major motivation behind the changes in form and format of these paintings as has been pointed out by scholars from [[W.G. Archer]] to [[Tapati Guha-Thakurta]] and [[Jyotindra Jain]], until recently.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/kalighat-paintings-from-nineteenth-century-calcutta-in-maxwell-sommervilles-ethnological-east-indian-collection/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.penn.museum}}</ref> These artists would set up stalls and their settlements around the main shrine of [[Kali]], and along the ''[[ghat]]'' of the [[Adi Ganga]], referring to the old [[River channel migration|abandoned riverbed]] flowing beside the temple premises which was the ancient course of the [[Ganges]].<ref name=":2" />

However, notable art historian and museologist Jyotindra Jain holds a different view about the Kalighat artists. He notes that there are “certain inherent correspondences between Kalighat paintings and the traditions of making and painting clay figures, or painting storytellers’ scrolls by the ''patuas'', or between the ''[[Sutradhar (caste)|sutradhar]]'' carpenters’ sketches and wood carvings”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Jyotindra |title=Kalighat painting : images from a changing world |date=1999 |publisher=Mapin Pub. |isbn=1-890206-17-2 |location=Ahmedabad, India |oclc=41658405}}</ref> suggesting that the potters, carpenters and stoneworkers and the traditional craftsmen of Bengal were also associated with the creation of the paintings apart from the ''patuas''.

Not just with the local inhabitants and pilgrims, these paintings which were “perfect" and "easily portable and concise enough”<ref name=":1" /> were carried back home as ‘oriental’ or ‘exotic’ souvenirs by foreign travelers, colonial masters and Europeans who visited the city during this time. [[John Lockwood Kipling]], the father of [[Rudyard Kipling]], had in his collection some 233 paintings, which were donated by his son to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1917.<ref name=":1" /> These paintings also found a market among the working classes and the merchants from different parts of the country. Consequently, the market for the Kalighat paintings flourished in the nineteenth century.<ref name=":2" />

== Painting method ==
[[File:Annapurna.jpg|thumb|376x376px|A painting in process: [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] dispensing food to Shiva.]]
The method of drawing was simple yet meticulous, every stage definite and clearly defined, and the entire creative endeavour was managed by the family unit,<ref name=":0" /> similar to an assembly line production system.<ref name=":2" /> [[Mukul Dey]] describes the process in detail: "One artist would [be] in the beginning, copy in pencil the outline from an original model sketch, and another would do the modeling, depicting the flesh and muscles in lighter and darker shades. Then a third member of the family would put in the proper colours in different parts of the body and the background, and last of all the outlines and finish would be done in lamp black".<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Mukul |date=22 October 1933 |title=The Painters of Kalighat: 19th Century Relics of a Once Flourishing Indian Folk Art Industry Killed by Western Mass Production Methods |pages=19 |work=The Statesman, Calcutta, Sunday}}</ref> The colours were mixed with gum and ground on a round stone using granite [[:wikt:muller|mullers]], while the brushes were made from goat's tail or squirrel fur.<ref name=":0" /> Shading to indicate volume was achieved through a wash of colour from the dark shades on the outer periphery to the lighter central areas, while three-quarter profiles were also experimented with besides the more commonly portrayed front and side profile faces.<ref name=":3" />

A variety of colours have been used in these paintings starting from water-based colours to opaque-based pigments. The shades ranged from blue, indigo, yellow, green, carbon black, etc.<ref>B.N. Mukherjee, "Kalighat Patas", Indian Museum, Kolkata 2011.</ref><ref name=":5">S. Sinha and C. Panda (ed.) "Kalighat Paintings", V&A Publishing in association with Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad 2011.</ref> Silver and golden were used for ornaments and in jewellery, while colloidal tin<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Aditi Nath |title=Kalighat paintings |date=2000 |publisher=Roli Books |others=National Museums & Galleries of Wales |isbn=81-7436-135-9 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1008241898}}</ref> was used extensively to imitate the surface lustre of jewels and pearls. These colours were extracted from a variety of natural substances; for example the ''[[Clitoria ternatea|Aparajita]]'' flower was used to produce the blue colour, yellow came from [[turmeric]] root, and black was made with soot obtained from burning oil lamps. Imported factory-made water colours from Britain later substituted home-made colours, saving both time and effort. Gum made from the ''[[Aegle marmelos|bel]]'' fruit, and sometimes crushed [[tamarind]] seeds,<ref name=":5" /> was used for binding.

Art collector Ajit Ghose, who provided one of the earliest descriptions of these paintings, noted: "The drawing is made with one long bold sweep of the brush in which not the faintest suspicion of even a momentary indecision, not the slightest tremor, can be detected. Often the line takes in the whole figure in such a way that it defies you to say where the artist's brush first touched the paper or where it finished the work..." Ghose, who was impressed by the "exquisite freshness and spontaneity of conception and execution" of these paintings, compared them to Chinese [[calligraphy]].<ref>Ajit Ghose, 'Old Bengal Pantings', ''Rupam,'' Nos. 27&28 (July to October 1926), 98-104.</ref>

During this period, the British were strengthening their hold over the Indian territory, transforming themselves from merchants to the monarchs of the land, and this entailed a rapid Europeanisation of city's culture, intellectual sphere, and modes of life. It was during this time that these paintings attempted to create a specific Bengali identity in the colonial capital countering the European hegemony.<ref name=":3" /> The term "cosmopolitan folk culture"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Milton |title=Semiotics of Cities. |date=1991 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=3-11-085775-8 |location=Berlin |oclc=913094364}}</ref> as coined by [[Milton Singer]] aptly describes these paintings, which were partly modified from their village predecessors, while partly assimilated into the new urban mass culture of the city.

== Themes ==
Kalighat paintings depicted a variety of religious and non-religious themes; while portrayals of the pantheon of Hindu deities were most common, especially Kali, the Kalighat artists also responded to events of the day, and painted contemporary events, recording in their ''pats,'' the scenes of life and society of Calcutta in that period. After migrating from rural areas, these painters recorded subjects that piqued their interest in their new urban environment.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Religious themes ===
Pilgrims often bought these artworks as souvenirs, so Hindu gods and goddesses where a major theme: [[Shiva]], as Panchanan, or with [[Parvati]], perched on [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] or dancing with [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]'s lifeless corpse; [[Lakshmi]], either as [[Gajalakshmi]], or in her usual form; [[Chandi]] as [[Durga]], Kamalakameni & Mahishasuramardini. Other deities such as [[Kartikeya]], [[Ganesha]], [[Saraswati]], etc., and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] themes like the various [[Dashavatara|incarnations]] of [[Vishnu]], scenes from [[Krishna]]'s childhood days in [[Vrindavan]], images of [[Radha]], [[Balarama]], and even [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] populated these artworks.<ref name=":0" /> Carrying on the vestiges of the traditional Patachitra art, the Kalighat patuas represented with panache episodes from the two great Indian epics.<ref name=":0" /> {{ILL|Maxwell Sommerville|de}}, a Philadelphian publisher who travelled through [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Thailand]], [[Europe]], [[British Raj|India]] and [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] from the 1860s onwards, observed the mystical traditions of these places, and collected artifacts, among which were 57 Kalighat paintings, almost all of which depicted Hindu gods and goddesses. Sommerville's collections now form a part of the collection at the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]].<ref name=":3" /><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Kalighat paintings: Religious themes">
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 78.jpg|[[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].
File:Kalighat Savitri begs Yama not to take Satyaban.jpg|[[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]] begs [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] not to take Satyavan, a scene from the [[Mahabharata]].
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 16.jpg|Carnival float for the [[Islam in South Asia|Muslim]] holy day [[Muharram]], in the form of [[Buraq]], the beast on which [[Muhammad]] flew to heaven.
File:Peri.jpg|''[[Peri]]'', a fairy in the Persian tradition.
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 61.jpg|''Shadbhuja'' Chaitanya, the six-armed form of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].
File:Kalighat pictures Indian gods f.3.jpg|[[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]], goddesses of wealth and knowledge respectively.
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 54.jpg|[[Jagannath]] with his siblings, [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]].
File:Kalighat Shiva Parvati on Nandi.jpg|[[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] on the bull [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]].
File:Kalighat Panchmukha.jpg|Shiva as [[Panchamukha]].
File:Kalighat Krishna kills Putana.jpg|Krishna killing the demoness [[Putana]].
File:Kalighat Narasimha avatar.jpg|[[Narasimha]], one of the ten avatars of [[Vishnu]].
File:Ganga Kalighat 1875.jpg|Goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], personification of the river [[Ganges]].
</gallery>Interestingly, the portraits of these traditional deities have visible hints of the impact of British colonialism: [[Victorian era|Victorian]] crowns adorn the goddesses' heads, and they sit in the posture of English noblewomen, [[Violin|violins]] substitute for [[veena]]s, while heavy curtains like those of English [[Wendy house|playhouses]] formed the backgrounds.<ref name=":3" /> However, the Kalighat school would later be subjected to criticism for this very appropriate depiction of religious themes and figures, particularly from nationalist artists, collectors and elites, such as cultural anthropologist [[Gurusaday Dutt]], who couldn't locate the Indianness, or the emotional and spiritual authenticity in these paintings. Dutt, who was also a civil servant, denounced these paintings, exclaiming: <blockquote>One feels that something is missing; and that something is the inner spiritual motive or ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Gurusadaẏa |title=Folk arts and crafts of Bengal : the collected papers |date=1990 |publisher=Seagull |isbn=81-7046-045-X |location=Calcutta |oclc=24911783}}</ref></blockquote>

Although growing around the site of a Hindu temple, the Kalighat ''patuas'' also depicted subjects and icons from other religions including [[Islam in Bengal|Islam]], including prophets, angels and [[Tazia|taziyas]], and even [[Christianity in India|Christianity]]. A very popular piece is the image of the "Duldul Horse", riding on which Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s younger grandson [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussain]] met his death in the [[Battle of Karbala]]. A.N. Sarkar and C. Mackay notes "the presence of strong images from Islam and Christianity in the Kalighat repertoire. The painters sought to capture all slices of the truly cosmopolitan market available to them."<ref name=":6" />

=== Non-religious themes ===
Domestic pets, fishes such as ''[[Rohu|rui]]'', ''[[Channa striata|shol]]'', etc., and even birds, prawns and lobsters were represented by the Kalighat artists, probably influenced by the [[Mughal painting]] and contemporary British painters. Contemporary events, literary scenes from contemporary novels, popular proverbs, and genre scenes were also frequently drawn.<ref name=":0" /> The artists depicted the English rulers, the Bengali babus, the idiosyncrasies of the [[Bhadralok|middle]] and upper classes, domestic clashes and the changing positions and status of women, as well as the servant classes, including [[Prostitution in India|prostitutes]] and itinerant mendicants, transforming their canvas frames from mere religious folk paintings to mediums of social reflection and critique.<ref name=":3" /><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Kalighat paintings: Non-religious themes">
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 74.jpg|''[[Rohu|Rui]]'' fish.
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 58.jpg|Hiramohan Birds.
File:Kalighat Painting Shyamakanta wrestling with tiger.jpg|[[Soham Swami|Shyamakanta]] wrestling with a [[Bengal tiger]].
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 64.jpg|Moments before the fatal blow, a scene from the [[Tarakeswar affair|Tarakeshwar affair]].
File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - The Mutiny of the Heroine Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi - 2003.146 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmi Bai]] of Jhansi, one of the foremost leaders of the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny.]]
File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 47.jpg|A British company master in a duet with supposedly a native.
File:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar {{Circa|1929}}
</gallery>Kalighat folk art, as Mukul Dey observes, did not remain disjointed from life. In fact, "events of burning interest, social oddities and idiosyncracies, follies and foibles of people, and hypocrisies and meanness-these never escaped the Kalighat painters",<ref name=":4" /> who were extremely "keen observers of life, with a grim sense of humour",<ref name=":7">Mukul Dey, "Drawings and Paintings of Kalighat", ''Advance'', Calcutta, 1932.</ref> and often depicted the social evils and immoralities practiced by the wealthy [[zamindar]]s and the flamboyant ''babus'' in the form of repulsive caricatures that would caution the ordinary citizens from indulging in such pleasures.<ref name=":7" /> The Kalighat artists critiqued the rising [[Nouveau riche|nouveau-riche]] 'babu culture' of the late eighteenth century by caricaturing upper-class, [[Anglophile|westernised]], pretentious Bengali men in their typical style of the [[dhoti]], pleated and held in one hand, while chewing [[betel]] leaves or smoking the hookah, their hair nicely oiled as they were shown flirting with a courtesan.<ref name=":0" />

[[Soham Swami|Shyamakanta Banerjee]], who earned his fame during the 1890s for wrestling with tigers in the circus ring, captured the imagination of these artists and found his way into the ''chouko'' ''pats'', where his heroic and brave deeds were often represented.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Tarakeswar affair|Tarakeshwar murder case]] that became a public scandal in Calcutta being widely discussed by the common masses was also portrayed by the Kalighat artists. In this particular incident, in 1873, Nabinchandra Banerjee, after discovering his wife Elokeshi's affair with the chief priest of [[Tarakeswar|Tarakeshwar]] Shiva Temple, cut his wife's throat with a fish knife, or bonti. Nabin was sentenced to life imprisonment during the trial, while the priest was fined and incarcerated for 3 years. The Kalighat artists responded by producing scenes from the case details: Elokeshi and the priest's rendezvous at the temple; Elokeshi seeking Nabin's forgiveness; the gory scene of her murder by Nabin; the trial room scenes and the consequent imprisonment of the culprits were depicted in these paintings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Representation of women ===
Kalighat paintings became an active medium of subversion through which the artists depicted what they observed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=M.A in Anthropology student, Columbia University New York City. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Anuja |date=2020-03-27 |title=Kalighat Paintings: A National Artifact, the Folk and Counter Representation in the Making of Modern Art in Bengal |url=http://chitrolekha.com/v4n104/ |journal=Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.21659/cjad.41.v4n104|doi-access=free }}</ref> The figure of [[Kali]], the most widely drawn in these paintings, suggests the "image of a woman who is imagined, unreal and beastlike". If these artists were capable of painting beasts in such mutated anthropomorphic forms, therefore, the representation of ''Babus'' and ''Bibis'' could be interpreted as a shift from the unreal to the real, where the ''Babu'' stands for the "beastly characteristics" while the ''Bibi'' is similar to Kali, the "deviant, yet powerful beastlike goddess".<ref name=":13" /> Therefore, the patuas who produced images of deities in the pre-colonial times, were now "subverting his expression"<ref name=":13" /> by painting ''Babu'' and ''Bibi'' figures. Anuja Mukherjee notes: "''Bibi'' sometimes being a wife or a prostitute who was aggressively sexual, dominating and most importantly deviant matches the profile of the image of a [[deity]] [Kali] who facilitated the formation of the Kalighat style of paintings."<ref name=":13" />
{{Multiimage
|image1=Kali Trampling Upon Shiva, 1854-55.jpg
|caption1=[[Kali]], the deviant goddess, dancing on [[Shiva]].
|image2=Kalighat pictures sep sheets 44.jpg
|caption2=''Bibi'' fixing her hair.
|image3=Kalighat pictures Indian gods f.20.jpg
|caption3=A courtesan/actress with her admirer. Note how the ''Babu'', the admirer, is portrayed as a sheep.
|image4=Kalighat pictures sep sheets 7.jpg
|caption4=A woman, probably a courtesan, smoking a hookah.
|image5=Kalighat Painting Calcutta 19th Century - Woman Striking Man With Broom.jpg
|caption5=''Bibi'' hitting the ''Babu'' with a broom, a reflection of the changing social relations of the middle-class.
|image6=Kalighat pictures sep sheets 25.jpg
|caption6=A woman feeding her pets. Perhaps a commentary on the changing roles of women during the period. Note the different types of pets near her feet.
}}
Nineteenth century [[Bengal]] saw the status of women being questioned, as women's education occupied the space of public discussion and elite women managed to access education, changing their status from ''mahila'' to ''bhadramahila''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bagchi |first=Jasodhara |date=1993 |title=Socialising the Girl Child in Colonial Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4400259 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=41 |pages=2214–2219 |jstor=4400259 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The ''patua'' responded to these changes, and through his ''pat'' brought out the several contradictions of this project of an elite nationalism.<ref name=":13" /> One of the reasons the Kalighat school faced negative sensationalism was because the "new woman", educated and supposed to fit into the social norms, didn't live up to her image in these paintings.<ref name=":13" />

Mukherjee explains how the ''patua'' created "marked differences"<ref name=":13" /> in their representations of prostitutes and wives. Therefore, the folk artists were simultaneously portraying the metropolitan women subjected to these changes, while similar expectations were being imposed on the ''patua'', not to let his surroundings interfere with his work despite the change in them.<ref name=":13" /> The ''Babu'' and ''Bibi'' figures became recurring tropes in these paintings, to the extent that they served journalistic purposes such as in the Elokeshi scandal.<ref name=":13" /> Here, Mukherjee makes an interesting observation, establishing the subversion achieved by the patuas through the figure of the ''Babus'' and ''Bibis'', and the eventual decline of the school, she says: "When we think of how an art form died out, it is essential to realise the fluidity of an entire form practiced by at least a few hundred must have struck a chord that had to be silenced eventually but entirely".<ref name=":13" /> The Kalighat paintings became the platform through which the artists portrayed his ''self'', the ''other'' and the contradictions that the ''self'' and the ''other'' inhabited, and all this was achieved through the language of folk art, represented in the ''Babu-Bibi'' paintings.<ref name=":13" />

== Truly indigenous or Western influenced? ==
[[File:Kalighat pictures sep sheets 23.jpg|left|thumb|419x419px|A ''Babu'' with a hookah. Note the features of this painting - for Archer these features represented a Western influence, while other critics like Ajit Ghose defended the Kalighat School as a truly indigenous style.]]
Scholars are divided on whether the school represents an inherently indigenous art form, or has been influenced by European styles. In his 1953 book, "Bazaar Paintings of Calcutta: The Style of Kalighat", art historian and curator [[W.G. Archer]] argues that these Kalighat paintings were produced as a result of the Western influence on the immigrant ''patuas''. Archer noted the use of folio-sized paper-base instead of traditional cloth; the use of watercolour in rendering the background plain and simple so as to focus on the central figure more prominently; the depiction of urban themes; the particular method of shading, which later [[Jyotindra Jain]] explained as bold [[chiaroscuro]] and the starting phase of highlighting three dimensional figures;<ref name=":2" /> and how some artists signed their works following the Western model of claiming authorship — to reach his conclusion.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Victoria And Albert Museum London |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76475 |title=Bazaar Paintings Of Calcutta |date=1953}}</ref> This was also guided by his Eurocentric vision, and the discourse of orientalism, which held colonial culture superior to Indian art and values.<ref name=":10">Slaughter, Lauren M. "Reclaiming the Indigenous Style of Kalighat Paintings". ''Chrestomathy'', 2012, https://chrestomathy.cofc.edu/documents/vol11/slaughter.pdf</ref>

Ajit Ghose, on the other hand, emphasized on the view that the paintings represented a ‘truly indigenous Kalighat style’, while accepting European influence:

"Such a school, at once so Indian and yet so modern, compels us to face some unexpected facts, for, despite its marked dissimilarity from British art of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the style was actually a by-product of the British connection and can only be understood against the background."<ref name=":9" />

Archer pointed out how the Kalighat painters adopted the particular style of shading, left the background blank, and used watercolours, after European paintings reached the bazaars of Calcutta and were being sold there during the late eighteenth century. Archer argued, citing examples from Wellesley's folio, that the background style was influenced by British natural history paintings.<ref name=":10" />
{{Culture of Bengal}}

But from a mass production perspective, keeping the background simple was an economic choice that kalighat painters made often.<ref name=":10" /> Simple backgrounds existed prior to colonial rule, and can be spotted in the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]] manuscripts of the seventeenth-century, the eighteenth century [[Ramcharitmanas|Ramacharitmanas]] scripts, scroll paintings, and Rajput art.<ref name=":11">Mukherjee, B.N. "The Kalighata Style - The Theory of British Influence". ''Indian Museum Bulletin'' 19 (1984): 7-13.</ref> The shift from paper to cloth, as well as from the scroll-narrative format to a single-page layout was perhaps motivated by the need to increase the pace of production.<ref name=":8" /> As historian [[B. N. Mukherjee|B.N. Mukherjee]] elaborates, the use of watercolours was also not a unique feature - the artists of the kalighat ''pat'' had always used water to dilute the paints they manufactured themselves.<ref name=":11" /> Sumanta Banerjee, the art historian, challenges Archer's point regarding the use of shading — suggesting that these artists derived the idea of depth, and their knowledge of three dimensional figures, from clay modelling and by painting clay figures of deities.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |title=The parlour and the streets : elite and popular culture in nineteenth-century Calcutta |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-85742-617-8 |location=London |oclc=1033772064}}</ref> It is highly improbable that these kalighat artists had any direct contact with the ruling elites, which further problematises Archer's claims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Partha |title=Art and nationalism in colonial India, 1850-1922 : occidental orientations |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-44354-7 |location=Cambridge [England] |oclc=28024531}}</ref> In fact, these artists were very much the outsiders, and their art documented perhaps for the first time, the initial instances of deteriorating influence of the British rule on Indian life, society and culture.<ref name=":10" /> Furthermore, the signed pats from which Archer made his observations were personally collected by him from particular artists, the larger number of existing Kalighat ''pats'' remain unsigned and anonymous which once again raises questions about Archer's observations.<ref name=":8" />

However, Archer's notions gained currency among a large number of scholars who classified the paintings as [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]],<ref name=":2" /> but others, such as A.N. Sarkar and C. Mackay believed: "The Kalighat school of painting is perhaps the first school of painting in India that is truly modern as well as popular. With their bold simplifications, strong lines, vibrant colours and visual rhythm, these paintings have a surprising affinity to modern art."<ref name=":6" /> [[Tapati Guha-Thakurta]] agrees claiming that the Kalighat school should be celebrated as being authentically Indian. The artists were not just modifying the aesthetics that they had inherited from their predecessors, but they were also maintaining in their own way the traditional artform while living in a colonial urban location.<ref name=":8" />

The Kalighat paintings which depicted contemporary events with satirical humour, inspired many students, studying in imperialist art schools, to turn to indigenous art forms. [[Jamini Roy]] remains a popular example. Banerjee explains the relationship between Kalighat paintings and anti-colonial struggles, following [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon's]] arguments that "anti-imperial struggles revitalise the culture and traditions of indigenous classes in colonial settings—as native artists who once used to relate ‘inter episodes’ start bringing them alive with modifications to describe the new sociocultural context, modernising legends, naming heroes and their weapons."<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" />

== Decline ==
[[File:Chore Began Art Studio - Sri Sri Kali - late 19th-century.jpg|left|thumb|351x351px|A late-19th-century [[Chromolithography|chromolithograph]] of Goddess Kali, produced by the Chore Bagan Art Studio. Note the similarities between this image and the Kalighat paintings of Kali. Such cheap prints led to the decline of the Kalighat School. ]]
The fame and popularity of Kalighat paintings diminished gradually during the initial decades of the early 20th century onwards, as cheap printed reproductions of the themes of Kalighat infiltrated the markets. These cheap [[chromolithograph]]s annihilated the hand-crafted school, paralysed the production, and extinguished the artistic skill and creative impulse of the painters and they started migrating to other employment sectors, or back to the villages from which their ancestors had come.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Mukul Dey commented: “Cheap oleographs of all sorts from [[German Empire|Germany]] and from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] now take the field, some of them blatant imitations of Kalighat paintings”. Dey states: “When German traders found that these pictures had a very great sale throughout the country—for they were sold in thousands all over India—they imitated them and sent back glazed and coloured [[lithography|lithographed]] copies which flooded the country and drowned the original hand-painted pictures.”<ref name=":4" />

Unable to face the challenges of the machine-made productions, which were cheaper than their hand-made drawings and paintings, the children of these artists abandoned the practice and took up other professions.<ref name=":0" /> [[W.G. Archer]] located the final phase of Kalighat school somewhere around 1930.<ref name=":5" />

Categorising the paintings in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Suhasini Sinha has developed a chronology of three broad phases which could be applied to Kalighat painting school to understand their development and decline. Sinha understands the Phase I as being around 1800 and 1850 characterised by the origins of the school and the development of its unique features; the second Phase was somewhere around 1850 to 1890 which saw variations in style, form and colour scheme and the Kalighat painting reaching its finesse; the third and the final phase Sinha situated between 1900 and 1930 which denotes the steady decline of the school due to the onslaught of the lithographs.<ref name=":5" />

Today the painting is no longer practiced as it was done in the past, though in some rural pockets of Bengal, particularly in [[Midnapore|Medinipur]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], the tradition is kept alive by contemporary artists such as Anwar Chitrakar who continue the use of organic dyes, like the 19th century ''patuas'', to depict a mixture of secular and religious themes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Dey observed: “The old art has gone forever; the pictures are now finding their homes in museums and in the collections of a few art lovers”.<ref name=":4" />

== Jamini Roy and the Kalighat School ==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Jamini Roy and Kalighat Paintings">
File:Two cats holding a large prawn (6124606539).jpg|Two cats holding a large prawn, Jamini Roy.
File:Untitled (Cat Stealing Prawn).jpg|Cat stealing prawn, Kalighat Painting.
File:Kalighat Manasa.jpg|Manasa with Snakes, Kalighat School. The eyes of the figures are disengaging.
</gallery>These folk artists, residing in the city, painted the plight of the metropolitan beings, while [[Jamini Roy]] would take the folk back to its roots by portraying them from his specific class position.<ref name=":13" /> Roy, in his attempt to create the three women and ''Janani'' image, which by his time had become popular, acknowledged the debt of learning from Kalighat art,<ref name=":13" /> but "Roy rejected the Kalighat artists for having lost the rural ideal when they moved to Calcutta to serve an urban population".<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |date=1987 |title=Bogey of the Bawdy: Changing Concept of 'Obscenity' in 19th Century Bengali Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4377248 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |issue=29 |pages=1197–1206 |jstor=4377248 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> For Anuja Mukherjee, Roy was able to problematize the need to cater to a population which largely differed from the rural pristine exotic, and "Jamini Roy's efforts was to make the paintings local and national",<ref name=":13" /> and therefore, as he strived to hail back to the roots to undo the "hegemony of metropolitan on art",<ref name=":13" /> he ended up outdoing the same strata of the artisans he was working for.

Roy's language of nationalism was the exact preservation of the idyllic rural image, starkly in contrast to the migrated artisans who witnessed their immediate surroundings and reflected them on their pats.<ref name=":13" /> By employing motifs such as hut, tree, ''[[Alpana|alpona]]'', etc., Roy displaced the metropolitan paintings to the rural.<ref name=":13" /> Therefore, his idiom was apparently "confined to aesthetic parallelism. So it never rose to any degree of authenticity; it never had the earthiness and the verve (or sly humour) of its close folk prototypes, whether those of Kalighat or Puri".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Arup Kumar |date=1991 |title=A Discourse on Nineteenth Century Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397192 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=1/2 |pages=66–68 |jstor=4397192 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Bishnu Dey highlights how Roy's paintings were static as compared to the more vivacious and energetic Kalighat Pats, because of Roy's inability to understand the contemporary problems which the Patuas represented with a flair. In this process, Roy's paintings are stripped off the humour and the power of the female forms which are intrinsic features of the Kalighat school.<ref>Dey, Bishnu and John Irwin. ''Jamini Roy,'' Indian Society of Oriental Art, 1944.</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Ratnabali |date=1987 |title='The Original Jamini Roy': A Study in the Consumerism of Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517398 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.2307/3517398 |jstor=3517398 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Jamini Roy Signature.svg|thumb|288x288px|Jamini Roy, the artist's signature.]]
The most "lucrative motif"<ref name=":13" /> that Roy adapted was that of the eye, as Mukherjee notes, "and it was the difference in the painting of the eyes that accounted for the divide in popularity". Roy's figures have eyes which connect with the viewer, whereas in Kalighat paintings the eyes are self-engaged. Mukherjee explains: "What I am trying to say is that the women, the cat, ''durga'', ''ganesh'' and even ''asura'' stares back at the viewer with a dead pan expression, while the observed in the Kalighat paintings simply disengage themselves from the viewer".<ref name=":13" /> According to her, this helps us to understand how the elites viewed the subaltern in the nineteenth century. Therefore, the drawing of the eyes is a conscious choice made by the ''patuas'' who felt the elites, whom they represented in their ''pats'', didn't look back at the subaltern - hence, their gaze is self-engaged; representing how deeply the elites were concerned with carving their own new identity that they didn't attempt to connect with the subaltern painters. Thus, through Roy and his body of art we understand the importance of connecting with the subaltern.<ref name=":13" />

Here it is important to remember that art is derived, it is not created in vacuum, and Roy essentially overlooked this aspect in his attempt to create a dominant style to "preserve and therefore desexualise the body of folk by transforming it into spiritual".<ref name=":13" /> Sumanta Banerjee's idea of obscenity and folk culture<ref name=":14" /> helps us to see how Jamini Roy significantly changed the image of that which he was taking from, and his indebtedness therefore exists not for folk art itself, but for the imagination of folk art.<ref name=":13" />

== Kalighat paintings in museum collections ==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Goddess Lakshmi with a Rose and a Peacock.jpg|left|thumb|A lady holding a rose and a peacock. From the [[Brooklyn Museum]].]]
This process of collecting Kalighat paintings for museums began in the early 20th century when these Kalighat pats were elevated to the status of “art” validated by a certain [[Modernism|Modernist]] perspective, which was attracted to the school's economy of representation, bold lines, and brevity of style. Interestingly, this upgrade in its status occurred as the living traditions of these paintings declined during the 1930s. Furthermore, the European scholars who eventually became the early curators of South Asian art saw Kalighat paintings as having the potential to be included in museum collections such as those in British Museum, and elsewhere.<ref name=":3" /> [[Stella Kramrisch]] has defended the inclusion of these paintings in the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art|Philadelphia Museum]]’s collection, in her exhibition ''Unknown India'', by drawing successful parallels between Kalighat and major modernist painters. She states:

“Kalighat paintings…and brush drawings are monumental in their presentation on an otherwise mostly blank page. Preceding the work of [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], some of the brush drawings prefigure it. Out of Indian tradition and impressions of Western painting, the “bazaar” painters, descendants of low-caste and hereditary craftsmen, created forms as valid as, and akin to, some of the later work by leading artists in the West.”<ref>Kramrisch, Stella 1968. ''Unknown India: Ritual Art from Tribe and Village.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art.</ref>

This gradual transformation from their previous role of “bazaar paintings”, sold as souvenirs in the markets to tourists and pilgrims, to ethnographic collections in museums, marked the Kalighat paintings’ entrance into the ‘domain of art’ which by the middle of the 19th century was defined as a creative, pure and spontaneous sphere marked by polished sensibility and expressive “genius”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Keywords : a vocabulary of culture and society |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-939322-0 |location=New York, NY |oclc=953458999}}</ref> Anthropologist [[Igor Kopytoff]] describes this transformation of the objects’ cultural biography as “usinguiarization”, and such art done by groups, he states, “bears the stamp of collective approval, channels the individual drive for singularization, and takes on the weight of cultural sacredness”.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kopytoff |first=Igor |title=The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process |date=1986 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-life-of-things/cultural-biography-of-things-commoditization-as-process/3AD40A7B3A3BF10A57628A023587402D |work=The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective |pages=64–92 |editor-last=Appadurai |editor-first=Arjun |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511819582.004 |isbn=978-0-521-35726-5 |access-date=2022-12-02|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Several museums around the world have Kalighat paintings in their collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum has the single largest collection, and the [[Bodleian Library]] in Oxford features 110 Kalighat paintings. The [[India Office Records|India Office Library]], which is now under the [[British Library]], has 17 paintings, while 25 paintings are in the [[National Museum Cardiff|National Museum of Wales]] in Cardiff, while in Prague the [[Náprstek Museum|Naprstek Museum]] holds 26 pieces, the [[Pushkin Museum]] in Moscow has 62 pats, and the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia has 57 artworks.<ref name=":0" />

In India, the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata|Indian Museum]] in Kolkata has 40 paintings in its collection, and the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial Hall]] in Kolkata houses 24 pieces, while the [[Gurusaday Museum]] features more than 70 paintings and drawings. Also, the Birla Academy of Art and Culture, the Ashutosh Museum, and Shantiniketan's [[Kala Bhavana]] are home to important collections of paintings.<ref name=":0" />

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=A history of Indian painting: the modern period|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1994|location=New Delhi|pages=112–118|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6}}
*''Kalighat Paintings'' {{ISBN|81-7436-135-9}}, by Aditi Nath Sarkar and Christine Mackay
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152)

==See also==
*[[Indian painting]]
*[[Madhubani painting]]
*[[Bengal School of Art]]
*[[Mughal painting]]
*[[Arts of West Bengal]]
*[[Rajput painting]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Cite web |title=Kalighat Pattachitra |url=http://showroom.craftandartisans.com/kalighat-painting.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422121717/http://showroom.craftandartisans.com/kalighat-painting.html |archive-date=2008-04-22 |website=Showroom {{!}} Craft and Artisans of India: All About Indian Handicrafts |publication-place=[[Jaipur]], India}} 
* {{cite book |last=Som |first=Sovon |year=2012 |chapter=Kalighat Painting |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kalighat_Painting |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*[http://www.chitralekha.org/kalighatpainters.htm Drawings and Paintings of Kalighat by Mukul Dey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215033348/http://www.chitralekha.org/kalighatpainters.htm |date=15 December 2009 }}
* [http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-kali-painting.asp Showcase: Kalighat painting] at [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
*[http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/painters-kalighat-19th-century-relics-once-flourishing-indian-folk-art-industry-k The Painters of Kalighat: 19th Century Relics of a Once Flourishing Indian Folk Art Killed by Western Mass Production Methods by Mukul Dey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053640/http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/painters-kalighat-19th-century-relics-once-flourishing-indian-folk-art-industry-k |date=9 August 2011 }}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

[[Category:19th century in art]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Arts in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengal Patachitra]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]

Court (2014 film)

2026-03-04T09:46:42Z

JustineLaguerre: started the article added tags

{{short description|2014 film by Chaitanya Tamhane}}
{{For the|the 2025 Telugu film|Court (2025 film)}}{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Court
| image = Court (film) POSTER.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chaitanya Tamhane]]
| producer = [[Vivek Gomber]]
| writer = Chaitanya Tamhane
| starring = {{unbulleted list
|[[Vira Sathidar]]
|Vivek Gomber
|[[Geetanjali Kulkarni]]
|Pradeep Joshi
|Usha Bane
|Shirish Pawar
}}
| music = Sambhaji Bhagat lal
| cinematography = Mrinal
| editing =
| studio = Zoo Entertainment
| distributor = [[Zeitgeist Films]] Artscope Films Memento Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|04|[[71st Venice International Film Festival|Venice Film Festival]]|2015|4|17|India}}
| country = India
| runtime = 116 minutes
| language = {{unbulleted list
|Marathi
|Hindi
|Gujarati
|English
}}
| budget = {{INR|3.5}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31840&articlexml=Small-budget-Marathi-film-Court-Indias-Oscar-entry-24092015001070|title=Small-budget Marathi film 'Court' India's Oscar entry|last1=Rao|first1=Sushil|first2=Mithila|last2=Phadke|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 September 2015|access-date=22 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073749/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31840&articlexml=Small-budget-Marathi-film-Court-Indias-Oscar-entry-24092015001070|archive-date=23 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=suparna>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-court-delightful-contempt-court|title=Movie review 'Court': In delightful contempt of court|last=Sharma|first=Suparna|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201200001/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-court-delightful-contempt-court|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

'''''Court''''' is a 2014 Indian [[legal drama]] film, written and directed by [[Chaitanya Tamhane]] in his directorial debut. The film examines the [[Law of India|Indian legal system]] through the [[Mumbai]] [[Sessions Court]] trial of an aging [[Protest song|protest singer]], Narayan Kamble ([[Vira Sathidar]]), who is accused of encouraging a manhole worker to commit suicide through one of his folk songs. It also stars [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]], Pradeep Joshi and Shirish Pawar.

The film's music was composed by Sambhaji Bhagat while Mrinal Desai and Rikhav Desai served as its cinematographer and editor, respectively. Tamhane was curious to see the difference between the real courtrooms and the way they were depicted in films. He wanted to explore the "judicial nightmare" in an Indian setting after coming across several real-life cases. His friend [[Vivek Gomber]] agreed to produce the film and also acted in it. The crew consisted of newcomers and the actors were non-professionals. There are four languages spoken in the film: [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[English language|English]]. Most of the dialogue is in Marathi as it is set in [[Maharashtra]]. Laws are read out in English. The defense lawyer is a Gujarati and speaks Gujarati language.

''Court'' premiered at the [[71st Venice International Film Festival]] in 2014, where it won the Best Film in the Horizons category and the Luigi De Laurentiis award for Tamhane. The film went on to win 18 other awards at several film festivals. It premiered in India at the International competition section of the 2014 [[Mumbai Film Festival]] and was released theatrically on 17 April 2015. Upon release, the film received critical acclaim and went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Narayan Kamble is a teacher, social activist and [[Protest song|protest singer]]. He is arrested on the charge of prompting Vasudev Pawar, a manhole worker, to commit suicide. He allegedly committed suicide after being influenced by one of Kamble's protest songs. Lawyer Vinay Vora defends Kamble, who is tried in court and granted bail. Kamble admits to have sung several songs about suicide, but cannot remember if he sang any on the day of the suicide. He also denies any intention to provoke someone to commit suicide. A witness testifies that he saw the manhole worker singing Kamble's song.

On the next hearing of the case, the investigating officer links Kamble with an incarcerated man, Ashwin Bhagat, through a letter, accusing them of planning illegal activity in the city. Vora explains to the court that Bhagat was requesting Kamble to take care of his ailing mother while he was in jail. Nutan, the public prosecutor, informs the court that Kamble possessed two banned books. Vora replies that one book is on [[Yoga]] and the other is a critique of certain rituals of the Goyamari sect. Vora is later beaten by some Goyamaris.

Pawar's widow confesses in court that her husband used to clean the manholes without any safety equipment and had lost one eye from exposure to poisonous sewer gases. She further confesses that he was also an alcoholic, but never talked about committing suicide. She denies his intentions of suicide or having heard Kamble's name before. Vora reads the autopsy report which indicates Pawar died as a result of respiratory failure due to inhalation of [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]], with no sign of self-harm. He also says that the witness who testified against Kamble is a stock witness who has been testifying in several other cases.

Considering Kamble's deteriorating health and the lack of evidence, Kamble is granted bail in the amount of {{INRConvert|100000}}, which Vora pays on his behalf. Kamble is then subsequently arrested on charges of conducting seditious camps under the cover of folk-artist workshops, and is remanded to police custody. Kamble claims the charge and the evidence against him are fabricated and Vora pleads to reconsider the arrest as it will pose a severe risk to Kamble's health; the judge tells Kamble to appeal to the [[Bombay High Court|High Court]]. Later, the judge is shown enjoying a holiday with his family. Some children mischievously shout and wake him from his afternoon slumber, he slaps one of the kids as the rest run away.

== Cast ==
* [[Vira Sathidar]] as Narayan Kamble
* [[Vivek Gomber]] as Vinay Vora
* [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] as public prosecutor Nutan
* Pradeep Joshi as Judge Sadavarte
* Usha Bane as Sharmila Pawar
* Shirish Pawar as Subodh

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Director [[Chaitanya Tamhane]] made a short film called ''Six Strands'' at the age of twenty three, which was well received at several international film festivals. The project left him "broke and jobless" and under pressure to earn money, but he did not want to assist another director.<ref name=typical>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-wont-make-a-typical-bollywood-film/20150326.htm|title='I won't make a typical Bollywood film'|last=N|first=Patcy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=23 September 2015|access-date=19 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034109/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-wont-make-a-typical-bollywood-film/20150326.htm|archive-date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tamhane was watching a "typical" conventional courtroom drama on [[Doordarshan]] one day when he thought of making a real courtroom drama and started developing the idea for ''Court''.<ref name=interview>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Interview-with-Marathi-and-multi-lingual-film-Courts-director-Chaitanya/articleshow/46986888.cms|title=Interview with Marathi and multi-lingual film Court's director Chaitanya|last=Naidu|first=Rajesh|work=The Times of India|date=20 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203093902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Interview-with-Marathi-and-multi-lingual-film-Courts-director-Chaitanya/articleshow/46986888.cms|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Tamhane wanted to explore the "judicial nightmare" in an Indian setting after coming across the case of Jiten Marandi, a cultural activist from [[Jharkhand]]. Marandi was arrested as a suspect in the Chilkari massacre, which occurred on 26 October 2007, where nineteen people were killed by [[Naxalite]]s at a public function. Marandi became a suspect because his name was similar to the actual suspect whom the police could not find. He was arrested and tried, but was released in 2016 after proven not guilty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/fight-for-whats-left-the-story-of-jiten-marandi-the-jharkhand-activist/|title=Fight for what's left: The story of Jiten Marandi, the Jharkhand activist|last=Nagpaul|first=Dipti|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 January 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134546/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/fight-for-whats-left-the-story-of-jiten-marandi-the-jharkhand-activist/|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The action against activist singers of the cultural organisation, [[Kabir Kala Manch]] on allegations of links with the [[Far-left politics|left wing]] also inspired the film's narrative.<ref name=dna>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-court-had-to-undergo-censor-trial-says-director-chaitanya-tamhane-2076814|title='Court' had to undergo censor trial, says Director Chaitanya Tamhane|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=12 April 2015|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125140434/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-court-had-to-undergo-censor-trial-says-director-chaitanya-tamhane-2076814|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tamhane was curious by the idea of a realistic court trial unfolding in a [[lower court]] of [[Mumbai]] after attending some of them, recalling:
{{blockquote|It felt like the complete opposite of what I, as an audience, would expect from a courtroom film; the lawyers were not good orators, the documents were misplaced, the arguments were technical and redundant. I was amused by this setting, and decided to probe further.|Chaitanya Tamhane in 2014.<ref name=liz>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/interviews/chaitanya-tamhane-court/5081055.article|title=Chaitanya Tamhane, Court|last=Shackleton|first=Liz|work=[[Screen International]]|date=11 December 2014|access-date=16 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216152453/http://www.screendaily.com/features/interviews/chaitanya-tamhane-court/5081055.article|archive-date=16 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
Tamhane found the incidents that occur in a lower court to be "bizarre" and saw the potential for drama and humour.<ref name=Ray>{{cite news|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/next-satyajit-ray-gq-india/#chaitanya-geetanjali-and-vivek|title=They called him the next Satyajit Ray|last=Gupta|first=Nidhi|work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]|date=17 April 2015|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134908/https://www.gqindia.com/content/next-satyajit-ray-gq-india/#chaitanya-geetanjali-and-vivek|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another incident which prompted Tamhane to make the film was when a friend had gone to a police station for document submission and had to wait two hours for a printout because the constable did not know how to connect the cable of the printer.<ref name=interview />

In 2011, Tamhane met with his friend [[Vivek Gomber]], who he had directed in a theatrical play called ''Grey Elephants in Denmark'' in 2009.<ref name=liz /> Tamhane told Gomber that he wanted to write a courtroom drama but did not have the money to finance his project. Gomber then expressed his interest in producing the film and offered to pay him {{INRConvert|15|k}} a month to write the script.<ref name=huff>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/04/09/vivek-gomber-court-interview_n_7031202.html|title='Court' Exists Because of This Guy: Meet Vivek Gomber, India's Bravest Producer|last=Chatterjee|first=Suprateek|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193619/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/04/09/vivek-gomber-court-interview_n_7031202.html|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=typical /> Tamhane wrote the script in a year after interviewing several lawyers, academics and activists, reading books and newspaper clippings, and discovering "the world of protest music and the legal world".<ref name=typical /> Gomber found the script "very funny", he also mentioned that visiting courts for the film was "quite sad and disheartening".<ref name=inspiration>{{cite AV media|title=The Making of Court: Inspiration: Court (2015): Releasing April 17|publisher=Zoo Entertainment India|work=YouTube|date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

While Tamhane was writing the script, the character of the public prosecutor was male for a long time and he felt the film was "too male", with all main characters being men. Later, he changed that character to a woman.<ref name=indie /> Tamhane saw [[Anand Patwardhan]]'s documentary ''[[Jai Bhim Comrade]]'' (2011), when he was about to finish writing the script and cited it as an "invaluable resource" for the reference of the film.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} Tamhane had written all the scenes outside the courtroom but lacked the main case until he read about the condition of [[manhole]] workers in a [[Tehelka]] book, which he incorporated into the script.<ref name=indie>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/why-court-writer-and-director-chaitanya-tamhane-doesnt-think-you-can-judge-his-intentions-247837/|title=Why 'Court' Writer and Director Chaitanya Tamhane Doesn't Think You Can Judge His Intentions|last=Maheshwari|first=Laya|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=14 July 2015|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125135141/http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/why-court-writer-and-director-chaitanya-tamhane-doesnt-think-you-can-judge-his-intentions-247837/|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also read books of [[Fali Sam Nariman]], [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] and watched [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s 1966 short film ''[[The Office (film)|The Office]]'' for reference.<ref name=interview /> Tamhane wrote scenes about the domestic lives of the lawyers in the film as he was interested in depicting the kind of life they lived outside the courtroom while also juxtaposing their professional lives with their personal one.<ref name=interview />

In 2012, Tamhane submitted the script of ''Court'' to the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] for financing, but it was rejected.<ref name=mint>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zUCenOjbkfkdDvWurhrfLJ/Made-in-India-courted-abroad.html|title=Made in India, courted abroad|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=10 April 2015|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193557/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zUCenOjbkfkdDvWurhrfLJ/Made-in-India-courted-abroad.html|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He applied for the Hubert Bals Fund in 2012, given by the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] where his short film ''Six Strands'' was screened in 2011.<ref name=mint /> He received a sum of {{INRConvert|670000}} for script and project development. Gomber invested his own money for the remainder of the budget.<ref name=mint />

=== Casting ===
''Court'' took three years to complete.<ref name=irish>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/court-review-magnificent-maddening-drama-from-first-time-director-chaitanya-tamhane-1.2585651|title=Court review: magnificent, maddening drama from first-time director Chaitanya Tamhane|last=Brady|first=Tara|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=24 March 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125140543/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/court-review-magnificent-maddening-drama-from-first-time-director-chaitanya-tamhane-1.2585651|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's planning and pre-production was done in a year. The crew had to build court sets as shooting inside a real court is not allowed. Tamhane and casting director Sachit Puranik would sneak into the Bombay High Court and stay there for almost three hours a day. They researched and observed the real protest singers and activists, and made notes for references on the surroundings and costumes.<ref name=inspiration />

Tamhane did not want to make the film in a "conventional manner" and hence opted to have newcomers for the cast and crew. It was the first film for much of its crew, including the production designers, editor and casting director. The film's cinematographer, Mrinal Desai, had a documentary background. Tamhane had previously worked with the film's production designers, Pooja Talreja and Somnath Pal, on his play ''Grey Elephants in Denmark''. Tamhane chose to work with mostly newcomers as he did not wish to have anybody from a Bollywood background: "we wanted people with hunger and passion who would go out of their way to get things done."<ref name=typical /> The film also features first time actors like Pradeep Joshi, Usha Bane and Shirish Pawar.<ref name=variety>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-court-1201299771/|title=Venice Film Review: 'Court'|last=Weissberg|first=Jay|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=6 September 2014|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720151204/http://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-court-1201299771/|archive-date=20 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Vira Sathidar, the editor of Marathi magazine ''Vidrohi'', was cast in role of Narayan Kamble just three weeks before the shoot.<ref name=casting>{{cite AV media|title=The Making of Court: Casting: Court (2015): Now In Cinemas|publisher=Zoo Entertainment India|work=YouTube|date=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=vedict>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-verdict|title=The Verdict|last=Chaudhuri|first=Mohini|publisher=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|date=24 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193015/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-verdict|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gomber played the role of a defence lawyer and was selected after auditioning for the part. The rest of the cast were also selected after auditions including Geetanjali Kulkarni, who is an alumnus of the [[National School of Drama]]. The auditions were conducted over the course of nine months with nearly 1,800 people auditioning for several roles. Tamhane borrowed the idea of using non-professional actors from the Iranian filmmaker [[Abbas Kiarostami]].<ref name=vedict /> According to him, 80 percent of the cast were non-professional actors who had not been filmed before. Tamhane and his crew members went to banks, railway offices, schools, tea sellers, snack vendors, auto and taxi drivers, and asked people if they would like to act in the film.<ref name=typical />

=== Filming ===
''Court'' was shot in 45 days and recorded in [[sync sound]].<ref name=typical /><ref name=indie /> The entire film was shot without camera movements and background score for a realistic feel.<ref name=huff /> Tamhane and Desai chose real locations in Mumbai for shooting the film based on their look and feel and decided not to tamper with them.<ref name=inspiration /> He decided to shoot long takes with no cuts and scripted lines in a controlled manner.<ref name=typical /> Scenes involving the non-professional actors were shot in 30–35 takes on an average and some scenes even took 60 takes to shoot because of the actors inexperience.<ref name=indie /> Only one scene per day was shot due to the long takes that were done without any cuts or improvisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmlinc.org/daily/chaitanya-tamhane-court-new-directors-new-films-interview/|title=Meet the (New) Director: Chaitanya Tamhane, 'Court'|last=Giudice|first=Rachel Del|publisher=[[Film Society of Lincoln Center]]|date=25 March 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012325/https://www.filmlinc.org/daily/chaitanya-tamhane-court-new-directors-new-films-interview/|archive-date=2 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Kulkarni followed a real prosecutor's body language, mannerism and manner of speaking.<ref name=inspiration /> A scene in the film showed a public prosecutor cross-examining the accused, which is not allowed in real trials. Tamhane said that this was a deliberate decision as he had taken "creative liberty" to avoid "hampering the narrative of the film".{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} He also expressed his interest towards the essence of a scene instead of its technical detail.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

During production, members of the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad]] came on the sets claiming that there was a Naxalite from [[Nagpur]] in the film and searched for him. Sathidar was from Nagpur and, like his character, was a human rights activist thereby making him, according to Tamhane, "politically involved". The crew hid him as he had not finished shooting the film's main sequences, and they were worried that his arrest would prevent the film's completion. The ATS had mistaken Sathidar for a Naxalite.<ref name=verve>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/court-movie-chaitanya-tamhane|title=Judgement Day For Court|last=Chandarana|first=Nittal|work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|date=18 April 2015|access-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812151027/http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/court-movie-chaitanya-tamhane|archive-date=12 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Themes ==
When asked about whether ''Court'' is an actual depiction of the Indian judiciary or an exaggerated one, Tamhane said: "[the film] actually talks about the people who comprise the system; the people who run the system and the structural and human failings in not just the Indian judiciary but any institution, or any kind of a place with power dynamics."<ref name=verve /> According to him, the film also highlights the aspect of immigrants snatching the jobs of locals in Mumbai.<ref name=interview /> ''Court'' also has elements of [[black comedy]], like a scene where one of Vora's speeches is interrupted by a man putting a pedestal fan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/court-fort-impediment/293880|title=Court, Fort & Impediment|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=13 April 2015|access-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205073753/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/court-fort-impediment/293880|archive-date=5 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Republic]]'' called the film a welcome addition to critiques of the judiciary and favorably compared it to the novels ''[[Bleak House]]'' (1853) and ''[[The Trial]]'' (1925). He elaborated that the absurdity of the case is similar to ''The Trial''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/122323/black-comedy-indias-justice-system|title=The Black Comedy of India's Justice System|last=Thorndike Nicholson|first=Malcolm|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=17 July 2015|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] stated in his review that the film is about "teeming metropolis". He also noted the contrasting lives of Vora and Nutan, where one lives alone, speaks fluent English and drives a car; the other has a family, does not speak fluent English and uses public transport. Through this analysis, Rangan says that the film shows how people despite being from different genders, classes and ethnicities "converge in court."<ref name=rangan>{{cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/court-7978-58696-89837-3986-04/|title="Court"... An impressive achievement|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|publisher=[[Baradwaj Rangan|Baradwaj Rangan Wordpress]]|date=30 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012256/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/court-7978-58696-89837-3986-04/|archive-date=2 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film is multilingual, with four languages spoken in it: [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Most of the dialogues are in Marathi as it is set in [[Maharashtra]] and the laws are read out in English. The defence lawyer is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] and speaks Gujarati language. The Marathi lawyers for the prosecution speak in Marathi and English. Since the Gujarati lawyer does not understand Marathi, they speak with him in Hindi.<ref name=typical /> Tamhane said: "''Court'' is set in Mumbai where people speak all four languages, so it was natural to keep that in the film."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150417/jsp/t2/story_14911.jsp|title=The court is in session|last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=17 April 2015|access-date=25 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125135136/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150417/jsp/t2/story_14911.jsp|archive-date=25 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Premiere and release ==
[[File:Vivek Gomber, Chaitanya Tamhane, and Geetanjali Kulkarni at the trailer launch of Court.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1| Gomber, Kulkarni, and Tamhane at the film's trailer launch, 2015]]
Both Tamhane and Gomber had been applying to film festivals from March 2014 and were rejected by the [[Cannes Film Festival]], [[Locarno International Film Festival]] and [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]].<ref name=mint /> ''Court'' later had its world premiered at the [[71st Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name=venice>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/india-s-chaitanya-tamhane-on-venice-film-fest-jury/story-Lnr6DpEFpvjOVQnV34OxFM.html|title=India's Chaitanya Tamhane on Venice film fest jury|last=Bhaskaran|first=Gautaman|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 August 2016|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203180944/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/india-s-chaitanya-tamhane-on-venice-film-fest-jury/story-Lnr6DpEFpvjOVQnV34OxFM.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was screened at several festivals after its premiere including the Auteur Film Festival [[Serbia]],<ref name=Ray /> the Washington DC South Asian Film Festival,<ref name=dcsaff>{{cite web|url=https://dcsaff.com/court/|title=Court|date=9 September 2015 |publisher=Washington DC South Asian Film Festival|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235856/https://dcsaff.com/court/|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Kyiv International Film Festival "Molodist"]],<ref name="Magic">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/courting-magic-on-screen/|title=Courting magic on screen|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|work=The Indian Express|date=31 October 2014|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603203640/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/courting-magic-on-screen/|archive-date=3 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Listapad|Minsk International Film Festival]],<ref name=listapad>{{cite web|url=http://listapad.com/en/news/2015/01/chudesa-sud-i-riadom-s-nei-sredi-pobeditelei-festivalia-sovremennogo-nezavisimogo-kino-2morrow-zavtra/|title="The Wonders", "Court" and "Next to Her" are Among the Winners of the 2morrow/Zavtra Festival|publisher=[[Listapad]]|date=26 January 2015|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181414/http://listapad.com/en/news/2015/01/chudesa-sud-i-riadom-s-nei-sredi-pobeditelei-festivalia-sovremennogo-nezavisimogo-kino-2morrow-zavtra/|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Singapore International Film Festival]],<ref name=screen>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/festivals/court-wins-at-singapore-film-festival-/5081078.article|title=Court wins at Singapore film festival|last=Noh|first=Jean|work=Screen International|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181416/https://www.screendaily.com/festivals/court-wins-at-singapore-film-festival-/5081078.article|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[International Antalya Film Festival]],<ref name=indie /> [[BFI London Film Festival]],<ref name="Magic"/> [[Vienna International Film Festival]],<ref name=indie /> [[Hong Kong Asian Film Festival]], [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]],<ref name=aires>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/court-gets-triple-win-at-buenos-aires-film-fest/|title='Court' gets triple win at Buenos Aires film fest|work=The Indian Express|date=27 April 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925094525/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/court-gets-triple-win-at-buenos-aires-film-fest/|archive-date=25 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> FICUNAM International Film Festival and 2morrow Film Festival.<ref name=dcsaff/><ref name="Magic"/><ref name=listapad/>

''Court'' was acquired by Artscope Films of French producer-distributor-sales agent Memento Films in late August 2014, after producer Alexa Rivero saw the film.<ref name=mint /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/chaitanya-tamhan-court-1201293218/|title=Artscope Goes to 'Court' With Chaitanya Tamhane's Venice Player (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Hopewell|first=John|publisher=Variety|date=28 August 2014|access-date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216134444/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/chaitanya-tamhan-court-1201293218/|archive-date=16 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In December 2014, they sold the film in four countries: Canada, Greece, the Middle East, and Hong Kong.<ref name=liz /> On 3 February 2015, American independent film distributor [[Zeitgeist Films]] announced that they had acquired the film for exhibition in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/venice-champ-court-acquired-by-zeitgeist-films-20150203|title=Venice Champ 'Court' Acquired by Zeitgeist Films|last=Canfield|first=David|work=Indiewire|date=3 February 2015|access-date=16 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216144432/http://www.indiewire.com/article/venice-champ-court-acquired-by-zeitgeist-films-20150203|archive-date=16 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It had its US premiere at the 44th edition of the [[New Directors/New Films Festival]] at New York City on 18 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/new-directors-new-films-2015-sundance-1201410861/|title=Four Sundance Titles slated for New York's New Directors/New Films festival|last=Cox|first=Gordon|publisher=Variety|date=21 January 2015|access-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217144247/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/new-directors-new-films-2015-sundance-1201410861/|archive-date=17 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/films/1556|title=New Directors/New Films 2015|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807035130/http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/films/1556|archive-date=7 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Ron Mann]], a Canadian documentary filmmaker, who was one of the jury members at the Venice Film Festival, acquired the Canadian distribution rights for the film.<ref name=mint />

The film premiered in India at the international competition section of the 2014 [[Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref name=fpj>{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/court-chauranga-and-killa-bag-top-honors-at-16th-mumbai-film-festival-the-award-night-was-sponsored-by-star-india/465214|title='Court', 'Chauranga' and 'Killa' bag top honors at 16th Mumbai Film Festival|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=22 October 2014|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000652/http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/court-chauranga-and-killa-bag-top-honors-at-16th-mumbai-film-festival-the-award-night-was-sponsored-by-star-india/465214|archive-date=4 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was released independently by Gomber's Zoo Entertainment Pvt Ltd, with the assistance of Long Live Cinema.<ref name=huff /> A 33-second teaser of the film was launched on 13 March 2015.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Court (2015): Exclusive Teaser: Chaitanya Tamhane|publisher=Zoo Entertainment India|work=YouTube|date=13 March 2015|location=India}}</ref> It was followed by the launch of its theatrical trailer on 23 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/court-trailer-launch/articleshow/46672662.cms|title=Court: Trailer Launch|work=The Times of India|date=24 March 2015|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204002631/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/court-trailer-launch/articleshow/46672662.cms|archive-date=4 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] gave Tamhane a choice to cut or mute a dialogue from the film, which he decided to mute.<ref name=dna /> The film was released theatrically in India on 17 April 2015, across 150 screens in Maharashtra and select metro cities.<ref name=mint /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/festival-favorite-court-vying-for-best-foreign-film-at-oscars/article_bffca5c2-a459-11e5-a259-3fb9272b9850.html|title=Festival Favorite 'Court' Vying for Best Foreign Film at Oscars|last=Rathore|first=Reena|work=India-West|date=17 December 2015|access-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002940/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/festival-favorite-court-vying-for-best-foreign-film-at-oscars/article_bffca5c2-a459-11e5-a259-3fb9272b9850.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|35|m}} and collected an estimate of $22,898 domestically and $57,416 overseas.<ref name=suparna /><ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=court%0B.htm|title=Court|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181144/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=court%0B.htm|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Court (2014)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3717068/|website=IMDB}}</ref> ''Court'' was released on DVD on 16 December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Court-Usha-Bane/dp/B018S1O30K|title=Court|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235942/https://www.amazon.in/Court-Usha-Bane/dp/B018S1O30K|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was selected as India's official submission for the [[88th Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] category, but was not nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/india-out-of-oscars-race-court-jalam-rangitaranga-nachom-ia-kumpasar-fail-to-make-it-to-nominations-list-2584448.html|title=India out of Oscars race: 'Court', 'Jalam', 'RangiTaranga', 'Nachom-ia Kumpasar' fail to make it to nominations' list|publisher=Firstpost|date=14 January 2016|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006214749/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/india-out-of-oscars-race-court-jalam-rangitaranga-nachom-ia-kumpasar-fail-to-make-it-to-nominations-list-2584448.html|archive-date=6 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== India ===
''Court'' received mostly positive response from critics upon release. [[Mayank Shekhar]] described it as an "anti-genre film" and a "deeply humanistic account" of those who "comprise the system". He also listed it as his favourite Indian film of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/court-chalu-aahe|title=Court Chalu Aahe|last=Shekhar|first=Mayank|publisher=OPEN|date=9 January 2015|access-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210034243/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/court-chalu-aahe|archive-date=10 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Firstpost''{{'}}s Deepanjana Pal called the film "ludicrous, hilarious, and heartbreaking."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/court-review-venice-film-festival-favourite-shows-mumbais-lower-courts-black-comedy-1774869.html|title=Court review: Venice Film Festival's favourite shows how Mumbai's lower courts are a black comedy|last=Pal|first=Deepanjana|work=Firstpost|date=27 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231223538/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/court-review-venice-film-festival-favourite-shows-mumbais-lower-courts-black-comedy-1774869.html|archive-date=31 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Meenakshi Shedde reviewing for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', wrote: "Apart from highlighting our antiquated laws, Tamhane's strength lies in his even-handedness: he humanises and empathises with his protagonists, even as he lampoons them."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/justice----a-luxury-for-the-rich/15788155|title=Justice-A luxury for the rich|last=Shedde|first=Meenakshi|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=23 November 2014|access-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217142032/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/justice----a-luxury-for-the-rich/15788155|archive-date=17 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta, writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', gave the film four stars out of five, calling it an "unmissable film" and "the best you will see this year".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/court-film-review-it-is-a-searing-unmissable-film%E2%80%8B-the-best-you-will-see-this-year/|title=Court movie review: It is a searing, unmissable film, the best you will see this year|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|date=17 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012249/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/court-film-review-it-is-a-searing-unmissable-film%E2%80%8B-the-best-you-will-see-this-year/|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] praised the "[[Kafkaesque]] absurdity", the dark humour and realism of the film: "Compelling and all-too relevant, ''Court'' punches you hard in the gut. No rating can do this film justice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/have-you-seen-this/order-order/|title=Order, order!|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|publisher=[[Rajeev Masand|RajeevMasand.com]]|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606202045/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/have-you-seen-this/order-order/|archive-date=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]], in her positive review, wrote: "It's a lot to say in one film but Tamhane, who also wrote the film, does it with impressive economy and elegance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/anupama-chopra-s-review-court-room-drama/story-iSUtwNnvxXpKtk7qRw3PwK.html|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Court room drama|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 November 2014|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/anupama-chopra-s-review-court-room-drama/story-iSUtwNnvxXpKtk7qRw3PwK.html|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Suhani Singh of ''[[India Today]]'' called it the "finest film of 2015 so far", further writing: "Assuredly directed and intelligently written by debutant Chaitanya Tamhane, ''Court'' is a riveting watch."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/court-film-review-vivek-gomber-chaitanya-tamhane-geetanjali-kulkarni-vira-sathidar-pradeep-joshi-248962-2015-04-17|title=Court review: The compelling drama is the finest film of 2015 so far|last=Singh|first=Suhani|work=[[India Today]]|date=17 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193106/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/court-film-review-vivek-gomber-chaitanya-tamhane-geetanjali-kulkarni-vira-sathidar-pradeep-joshi-248962-2015-04-17|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] cited the film as an "exceptional cinematic achievement".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/court-movie-review-1117|title=Court Movie Review|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=26 February 2016|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193305/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/court-movie-review-1117|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'', mentioned in her review: "[''Court'' ] breaks the stereotypes in the most understated manner to give you the biting reality of our country's flawed judicial system".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/court/movie-review/46957731.cms|title=Court Movie Review|last=Vyavahare|first=Renuka|work=The Times of India|date=18 April 2016|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203095410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/court/movie-review/46957731.cms|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Writing for [[Reuters]], Shilpa Jamkhandikar termed it as a rare film "that creates drama out of the humdrum lives of ordinary people, whose limited world view and biases affect the lives of others in more ways than they can imagine."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/04/17/movie-review-court/|title=Movie Review: Court|last=Jamkhandikar|first=Shilpa|publisher=Reuters|date=17 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201162551/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/04/17/movie-review-court/|archive-date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A review carried by Suparna Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote: "''Court'' doesn't caricature our reality, nor does it harangue us with prescriptive chalk talk. It simply trains its lens on real-life parody as it plays out and shows us our world as is, without exaggeration or artifice."<ref name=suparna /> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found the film to be "an accomplished piece of work".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/court-examining-the-enemy/article7113686.ece|title=Court: Examining the enemy|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201194306/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/court-examining-the-enemy/article7113686.ece|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Surabhi Redkar of Koimoi called it the "best representation of a court room drama so far in India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/court-review/|title=Court Review|publisher=Koimoi|date=16 April 2015|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175411/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/court-review/|archive-date=5 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Contrary to the positive responses, some critics were concerned with the non-professional actors and the western treatment of the film. [[Raja Sen]] felt that the film was "better in parts than as a whole". He also pointed out the problem with the non-professional extras: "A constant problem with ''Court'', however, lies in just how ghastly the film's extras are, with almost every person in a non-speaking role doing a jarringly bad job."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-court-works-far-better-in-parts-than-as-a-whole/20150417.htm|title=Review: Court: Better in parts, than as a whole|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Rediff.com|date=17 April 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012427/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-court-works-far-better-in-parts-than-as-a-whole/20150417.htm|archive-date=2 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan felt that the "western eye" was evident in the filmmaking, with its wide shots: "In the absence of camera movement, we rely on other things to enliven the frames – people crossing roads and walking past doors, traffic on streets, the fluttering of paper flags above a stage, a boy practicing on Roman Rings."<ref name=rangan />

=== Overseas ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=98|count=61|average=7.8|consensus=''Court'' takes a penetrating, timely look at issues facing Indian society while serving as an excellent calling card for debuting writer-director Chaitanya Tamhane.|ref=yes |access-date=August 19, 2022}} {{Metacritic film prose| score=83 |count=12 |ref=yes |access-date=}}

Jay Weissberg of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote: "Managing to be both extremely rational and extremely humane, the film works so well thanks to an intelligent, superbly understated script and a feel for naturalism that extends beyond mere performance."<ref name=variety/> Neil Young of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' stated that the film was a "compellingly clear-eyed indictment of modern-day India's institutional dysfunction".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/court-antalya-review-743278|title='Court': Antalya Review|last=Young|first=Neil|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322104414/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/court-antalya-review-743278|archive-date=22 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[Le Monde]]'', [[Jacques Mandelbaum]] called it "a major movie on the worrying state of freedom of speech in the Indian democracy" and praised the "intelligence and sensitivity" of Tamhane.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2014/11/29/a-belfort-trois-joyaux-de-cinema_4531542_3476.html |title=A Belfort, trois joyaux de cinéma |last=Jacques |first=Mandelbaum |date=29 November 2014 |work=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180305163028/http://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2014/11/29/a-belfort-trois-joyaux-de-cinema_4531542_3476.html |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In his positive review of the film, Mike McCahill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' complimented Tamhane: "Here's a film-maker training a sharp, prosecutorial eye on those harsh homefront realities Bollywood has traditionally permitted audiences to escape."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/24/court-review-india-on-trial-in-sharp-courtroom-drama|title=Court review: India on trial in sharp courtroom drama|last=McCahill|first=Mike|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 March 2016|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012309/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/24/court-review-india-on-trial-in-sharp-courtroom-drama|archive-date=2 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Stephen Holden]], writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', gave a positive review to the film and wrote: "The wheels of justice grind slowly and mercilessly in ''Court'', Chaitanya Tamhane's quiet, devastating critique of the antiquated Indian legal system."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/movies/review-court-is-chaitanya-tamhanes-unsparing-look-at-justice-in-india.html|title=Review: 'Court' Is Chaitanya Tamhane's Unsparing Look at Justice in India|last=Holden|first=Stephen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 July 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193419/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/movies/review-court-is-chaitanya-tamhanes-unsparing-look-at-justice-in-india.html|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Laya Maheshwari of [[RogerEbert.com]] called it a "masterpiece" and "one of the best films of the year". She also noted that it offered none of the tropes of a courtroom drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/court-2015|title=Court|last=Maheshwari|first=Laya|publisher=[[RogerEbert.com|EbertDigital LLC]]|date=15 July 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193256/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/court-2015|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tara Brady of ''[[The Irish Times]]'' deemed the film to be a "magnificent, maddening drama" and said that the film reminded her of [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name=irish /> Ken Guidry of ''[[IndieWire]]'' mentioned in his review that ''Court'' "borders on brilliance" at times, adding: "Often, it's not about what's happening in the scene, but the implications behind it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/review-legal-drama-court-borders-on-brilliance-261988/|title=Review: Legal Drama 'Court' Borders On Brilliance|last=Guidry|first=Ken|work=IndieWire|date=15 July 2015|access-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193023/http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/review-legal-drama-court-borders-on-brilliance-261988/|archive-date=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Court'' won 18 awards in its screening at several film festivals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20150420-chaitanya-tamhane-court-cinema-director-818128-2015-04-09|title=Not everyone wins 18 global and national awards for their debut film. Chaitanya Tamhane, 28, has taken the festival circuit by storm with his gripping Court|last=Singh|first=Suhani|work=India Today|date=9 April 2015|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235721/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20150420-chaitanya-tamhane-court-cinema-director-818128-2015-04-09|archive-date=3 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the [[62nd National Film Awards]], the film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] Award.<ref>{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It received the Orizzonti Award and the Luigi De Laurentiis ({{langx|en|[[Lion of the Future]]}}) award at its premiere at the [[71st Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name=venice/> At its Indian premiere at the 16th [[Mumbai Film Festival]], ''Court'' was awarded the Golden Gateway of India for Best Film in the International Competition section and a Special Jury Mention for the cast.<ref name=fpj/> It won the Siyad International Feature Film Award at the 51st [[International Antalya Film Festival|International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival]],<ref name=dcsaff/> the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI Award]] at the 52nd [[Vienna International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fipresci.org/festival-reports/2014/vienna-international-film-festival|title=52nd Vienna International Film Festival|publisher=[[International Federation of Film Critics]]|access-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062101/http://www.fipresci.org/festival-reports/2014/vienna-international-film-festival|archive-date=10 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the New Talent Award at the [[Hong Kong Asian Film Festival]],<ref name=dcsaff/> The Best Picture and Best Screenplay Award at the 2morrow Film Festival, Best Film at [[Listapad]],<ref name=listapad/> and the FIPRESCI Prize and Best Actor for Gomber at the [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]].<ref name=dcsaff/><ref name=aires/> It also went on to win the Best Film Award and Best Director Award for Tamhane at the [[Singapore International Film Festival]],<ref name=screen/> the Grand Prix and FIPRESCI Prize at the Auteur Film Festival,<ref name=dcsaff/> and special mentions at the [[Kyiv International Film Festival "Molodist"]] and FICUNAM International Film Festival.<ref name=dcsaff/> [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] Won [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi]].

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=3717068}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|court|Court}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Court''
|list=
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film}}
{{Silver Screen Awards for Best Film}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s legal drama films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Zeitgeist Films]]

Utsavam (1975 film)

2026-03-03T20:56:52Z

JustineLaguerre: made initial post w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{for|the 2024 film of the same title|Utsavam (2024 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Utsavam
| image = Utsavam film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| writer = Sherif
| producer = Ramachandran
| starring = [[KP Ummer]] [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] [[Srividya]] [[Sankaradi]] [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] [[Sukumaran]] [[MG Soman]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| studio = Murali Movies
| released = {{Film date|1975|11|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Utsavam''''' ({{Translation|[[Utsava|Special occasion]]}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and written by Sherif. It is the directorial debut of Sasi. The film stars [[K. P. Ummer]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]], [[Srividya]], [[Sankaradi]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[M. G. Soman]] and [[Sukumaran]]. It was released on 21 November 1975.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=August 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*[[Sukumaran]]
*[[M G Soman]]
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Rani Chandra]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഉത്സവം (1975) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509172355/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1468 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aadyasamaagama Lajjayil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Ekaanthathayude Kadavil" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Karimbukondoru" || [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
| "Swayamvarathinu" || K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
|}

== Box office ==
The film was both a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2017 |title=I.V. Sasi reigned at the box office, and made classics too |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/he-reigned-at-box-office-but-made-classics-too/article62032558.ece/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041014/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/he-reigned-at-box-office-but-made-classics-too/article19912969.ece/amp/ |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=29 October 2017 |title=Ulsavam: 1975 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ulsavam-1975/article19947689.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830094332/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ulsavam-1975/article19947689.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1975 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

Rajamma @ Yahoo

2026-03-03T20:39:38Z

JustineLaguerre: updated details

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajamma @ Yahoo
| image = Rajamma at Yahoo poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Reghu Rama Varma
| producer = Shine Augustine Ramesh Nambiar Benny T. C. Babu
| writer = M. Sindhuraj
| narrator =
| starring =[[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = S. Kumar
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = MTM Wellflow Productions
| distributor = [[LJ Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|11|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|5.5|c|0}} (21 days)<ref name=7days/>
}}
'''''Rajamma @ Yahoo''''' (Read as ''Rajamma at Yahoo'') is a 2015 [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Reghu Rama Varma. It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]. The film was released on 11 November 2015 coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title='Rajamma at Yahoo' review by audience: Live updates of Kunchacko Boban-Asif Ali movie|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajamma-yahoo-review-by-audience-live-updates-kunchacko-boban-asif-ali-movie-655700|agency=[[International Business Times]]|accessdate=22 November 2015|date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two brothers – Michel Rajamma known as Rajamma and Vishnu Yohannan known as Yahoo. They are born to the inter-caste couple Yohannan and Rajamma, who fell in love during their college days. After the sudden demise of their parents, they live alone in their house, a bungalow under the care of Aimutty. After leading a carefree life, the duo plans to rent out parts of their bungalow to different families. One to Yahoo's girlfriend, Naseema and family, another to Pavitran, a village officer and another to Sherin, who came from Wayanad. The film follows Sherin and her problems, in which Rajamma and Yahoo intervenes.

==Cast==
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Michael Rajamma a.k.a. Rajamma
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Vishnu Yohannan a.k.a. Yahoo
**Master IIhan as Young Yahoo
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Mayor Abraham Pothen
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Sherin
* [[Anusree]] as Naseema a.k.a. Nessi
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as K. Pavithran Nair
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Aimoottikka
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Thattukada Chandran
* [[Parvathy Nambiar]] as Najumma
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Aby Thomas
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Manjapra Vasu
* [[Anil Murali]] as Kundara Surendran
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Antony, Pothan's son
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Yohannan
* [[Tessa Joseph]] as Rajamma
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]] as Indu
* Yoga Thinesh as Karindrum
* Manjusha Sajish
* [[Muthumani]] as Mary Thomas

==Production==
''Rajamma @ Yahoo'' is the directorial debut of Raghu Rama Varma, the former assistant of director [[Lal Jose]]. The film was shot in [[Kozhikode]]. The script was penned by M. Sindhuraj. Produced by Ramesh Nambiar, Shine Augustine, Benny and T. C. Babu under the banner of MTM Wellflow Productions.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|author=P. K. Ajith Kumar|title=Two of a kind|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/from-the-location-of-raghurama-varmas-rajammayahoo/article7711442.ece|accessdate=22 November 2015|agency=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2015|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref>

==Critical response==
Anu James of ''[[International Business Times]]'' rated 2 out of 5 stars and said "The first half is interesting, but there are a few boring moments in the second part, making it just an average entertainer. There are a few moments that might make you laugh, but the film lacks a strong script. The chemistry between Kunchacko and Asif is impressive, but they could have done more if the film had a strong script", she also criticised the music.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Rajamma at Yahoo review: Predictable, simple, average entertainer|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajamma-yahoo-review-predictable-simple-average-entertainer-655869|accessdate=22 November 2015|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

Navamy Sudhish of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "Though the film has a delightful first half, the post-interval part is in need of a little more briskness. The director and scenarist Sindhuraj have succeeded in making Rajamma a neat entertainer as the film is devoid of any melodrama or unbearable attempts at humour", and praised Kunchacko's performance.<ref>{{cite news|author=Navamy Sudhish|title=Rajamma@Yahoo: A Watchable Fare|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/RajammaYahoo-A-Watchable-Fare/2015/11/21/article3138418.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040453/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/RajammaYahoo-A-Watchable-Fare/2015/11/21/article3138418.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2015|accessdate=22 November 2015|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

Akhila Menon of ''[[One India|Filmibeat.com]]'' rated 2 out of 5 stars, she praised the lead performance and cinematography, but criticised the script, music and editing. She wrote "The first half was entertaining; while the second half and climax were weak and ineffective".<ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=Rajamma @ Yahoo Movie Review: A Comedy With Flaws|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/rajamma-at-yahoo-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-asif-ali-combo-205802.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|accessdate=22 November 2015|date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected {{INR Convert|1.78|c}} in 3 days of release and {{INR Convert|3.14|c}} in 7 days.<ref name=7days>{{cite web|author1=Aswini|title=ബോക്‌സോഫീസ് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട്: സുധിയും രാജമ്മയും ഒപ്പത്തിനൊപ്പം|url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/box-office-collection-report-su-su-sudhi-valmeekam-rajamma-at-yahoo-026059.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|accessdate=30 November 2015|date=28 November 2015}}</ref>

==Music==
Lyrics penned by [[Rafeeq Ahammed]], [[Anil Panachooran]], [[Santhosh Varma]] and D. B. Ajith Kumar have been tuned by [[Bijibal]], who also scores the [[background score]].<ref name=hindu/> Music released under the label [[Muzik247]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Our Correspondent|title=Kunchacko-Asif Ali's 'Rajamma @ Yahoo' songs out|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/songs-kunchacko-boban-rajamma-at-yahoo-asif-ali-bijibal.html|publisher=Manorama Online|accessdate=12 November 2015|date=12 November 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Title !! Artist (s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Meghamani" || [[Najim Arshad]] || 3:32
|-
| 2 || "Ullathu Chonnaal" || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], Sangeetha Sreekanth || 3:39
|-
| 3 || "Ottathoval" || [[Ganesh Sundaram]], [[Roopa Revathi]] || 2:56
|-
| 4 || "Maanaanivalude" || [[Alphons Joseph]] || 3:53
|-
| 5 || "Olivile Kalikal" || [[Bijibal]] || 2:42
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5202322}}
* {{facebook|RajammaatYahooOfficial}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamma at Yahoo}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]

Sunil Bohra

2026-02-12T03:02:17Z

JustineLaguerre: made the stub v1

{{short description|Indian film producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{COI|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sunil Bohra
|image =Sunil Bohra.jpg
|caption =Sunil Bohra
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation =
}}

'''Sunil Bohra''' is an Indian [[film producer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-accidental-prime-minister-on-screen-producer-sunil-bora-acquires-rights-to-film-on-manmohan-singh-2355990.html |title=The Accidental Prime Minister' on screen: Producer Sunil Bohra acquires rights to film on Manmohan Singh |work=firstpost.com |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/sunil-bohra-sees-films-in-books-115072401230_1.html |title=Sunil Bohra sees films in books |work=business-standard.com |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunil-Bohra-wants-to-touch-the-four-figure-mark-by-making-more-films/articleshow/34187751.cms |title=Mission is to touch four figure mark: Sunil Bohra on Bohra Bros |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunil-bohra-turns-director-with-film-on-dawood-ibrahim/ |title=Sunil Bohra turns director with film on Dawood Ibrahim |publisher=The Indian Express/ |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunil-bohra-to-make-a-two-hour-feature-film-on-seven-sins-directed-by-seven-directors/ |title=Sunil Bohra to make a two-hour feature film on seven sins directed by seven directors |publisher=The Indian Express |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> He has produced film like [[Gangs of Wasseypur]], [[Shahid (film)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/bombay-casting-is-calling-wannabe-bollywood-stars-1.98143/ |title=Bombay Casting is calling wannabe Bollywood stars |work=thenational.ae |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/7-directors-to-direct-a-feature-on-the-7-sins/articleshow/36876007.cms |title=Sunil Bohra has signed Anurag Kashyap, Hansal Mehta, Tigmanshu Dhulia, Sudhir Mishra and Vasan Bala to direct a 15-minute segment each, based on the seven cardinal sins |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-set-to-surprise-in-Gangs-Of-Wasseypur-2/articleshow/14670608.cms |title=Gangs Of Wasseypur 2. The film's encouraging opening has galvanized the film's producers Viacom 18 and Sunil Bohra |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-gets-a-thumbs-up-runs-houseful-354854.html |title=Gangs Of Wasseypur gets thumbs up, runs houseful |work=firstpost.com |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>
[[Tanu Weds Manu]], [[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]], [[Mastram]]. He was nominated for a [[Filmfare Award]] in the Best Film category for film [[Gangs of Wasseypur]] – Part 1 with [[Anurag Kashyap]].

Sunil Bohra was born to Shanti and Surendra Bohra in a third generation of Mumbai Film Industry producers. His grandfather, Sri Ram Bohra, established the Bohra Bros banner as a pioneer of the Mumbai Film Industry in 1947 and was also IMPAA ( Indian Motion Pictures Producers' Association ) for 13 years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0092169}}
*[http://www.bohrabros.com Bohra Bros' website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohra, Sunil}}
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Solipuram Madhusudhan Reddy

2026-02-12T02:48:14Z

JustineLaguerre: made initial data v1!

{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Solipuram Madhusudhan Reddy
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Solipuram1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
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| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|10|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
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| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names = S. M. Reddy
| pronounce =
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| citizenship = India
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| author_abbrev_bot = S.M.Reddy
| author_abbrev_zoo =
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}}

'''Solipuram Madhusudhan Reddy''' (popularly known as '''S M Reddy''') was born on 15 October 1940 to [[Smt.]] Peddamma and [[Sri]]. Laxma Reddy in [[Errambelli]] village of [[Bhuvanagiri, Telangana|Bhuvanagiri]] [[mandal]], [[Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]

He earned his [[bachelor’s]] in botany (1963), took his master's degree in botany from [[Osmania University]] (1965) and [[Ph.D.]] degree from [[Jai Narain Vyas University]] (1968). He did post-doctoral research in the [[Czech Academy of Sciences#Section 5: Biological and Medical Sciences|Institute of Microbiology]], [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]] during 1978-79 and visited different laboratories in [[Eastern Europe]].

He guided more than 40 research students of Ph.D. degree and published more than 500 research papers in various journals. He is a fellow of [[Indian Phytopathological Society]], [[Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology]], [[Indian Botanical Society]] and [[A. P. Academy of Sciences]].He is an elected President of Indian Society of Mycology and plant pathology. He has been awarded" Best-Teacher"by Government of Andhra Pradesh and distinguished Teacher of plant – pathology by Indian society of Mycology and plant pathology. He was honored with Dr. P.Maheswhari Medal by Indian Botanical Society. Indian Botanical Society recognized him by conferring editorial excellence award. He has been recognized as distinguished plant pathologist by Indian phytopathological society. He is also on the editorial board of various research journals.

Retired botany professor of [[Kakatiya University]], S.M. Reddy has been elected President of Indian Botanical Society for the year 2016. He took charge on October 27 as president at the annual conference of the society held at [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur from Prof. [[Ashok Bhatnagar]] of [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/elected/article7816973.ece|title=Elected|date=29 October 2015|access-date=2 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

He authored and co-authored 30 books in [[botany]], [[microbiology]], and [[plant pathology]].

{{botanist|S.M.Reddy|inline=yes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Solipuram Madhusudhan}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian mycologists]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vitashoka

2026-02-12T01:49:50Z

JustineLaguerre: brief expanded layout to improve readability and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox monarch
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Prince of [[Maurya Empire|Magadha]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 3rd century BCE
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]
| title =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| father = [[Bindusara]]
| mother = [[Subhadrangi]]
| religion = [[Jainism]] (later [[Buddhism]])
}}

'''Vitashoka''' or '''Tissa''' (born 3rd-century BCE) was a [[prince]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] as the only full-brother of [[Ashoka]],<ref name=strong /> and the only brother left alive by Ashoka. According to [[Divyavadana]], he was a follower of [[Jainism]] and used to criticize the [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monks]] for living a comfortable life. He was made to sit on the throne by the courtiers. Vitashoka became a monk and practised austerities rigorously.

In The Series Bharat Ek Khoj
Vitashoka/Tissa was portrayed by [[Lucky Ali]]

==Name==
Vitashoka is referred to as Tissa (or Tisya) in Sri Lankan texts.<ref>Yuan Chwang's travels in India
Volumes 14-15 of Oriental Translation Fund
Volume 2 of On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D, Stephen Wootton Bushell
Authors Thomas Watters, Vincent Arthur Smith
Editors Thomas William Rhys Davids, Stephen Wootton Bushell
Royal Asiatic Society, 1905
p. 95</ref><ref>Ashoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India, Volume 2
Volume 29 of Rulers of India,
Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor of India,
Vincent Arthur Smith,
Edition 2,
Clarendon Press, 1901, p. 162</ref> [[Theragatha]] commentary<ref>Ashoka, Radhakumud Mookerji, Edition 3, Motilal Banarsidass, 1995, p.7</ref> regards Tissa and Vitashoka as different individuals. Other sources call him '''Vigatāshoka''', '''Sudatta''', or '''Sugatra'''. The [[Mahavamsa]] later names him as '''Ekavihārika'''.<ref name=thapar>{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|authorlink1=Romila Thapar|title=Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198077244|edition=3rd|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-chapter-2|accessdate=9 January 2016|chapter=2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==In the Legends==
Fifth century legendary text [[Ashokavadana]] narrates a story of someone in [[Pundravardhana]] and then again at [[Pataliputra]] who drew a picture of the [[Buddha]] bowing before [[Mahavira]]. As a punishment, Ashoka ordered the [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]] to be put to death and declared a reward for killing of [[Jainism|Jains]]. Someone captured Vitashoka taking him to be a Jain. He was taken to Ashoka. After identifying that it was his own brother, Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions.<ref name=strong>{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | authorlink = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 | accessdate=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 | pages=222–233}}</ref>{{rp|232}}
However, according to the more authentic works based on Ashoka's life, Vitashoka's fate remains unknown after Ashoka became emperor. Some scholars suggested that Vitashoka must have become a general or a minister of Ashoka. According to the [[Dipavamsa]], it is stated that Ashoka killed 100 brothers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233422|title=The Making Of The Indian Nation|last=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale|publisher=Asia Publishing House, Bombay|pages=22|quote=... killed all his brothers save one and the number of brothers is stated to be 100...This story is obviously inspired by a desire to present a sharp contrast in the character of Ashoka before and after his conversion to Buddhism.}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Mahavamsa]] records that Ashoka killed 99 brothers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/TheHindusAnAlternativeHistoryWendyDoniger_201404|title=The Hindus An Alternative History|last=Wendy Doniger|publisher=The Penguin Press, New York|year=2009|pages=173|language=English|quote=Myths about Ashoka became current shortly after his own time, when Buddhist texts...this resulted in a fantasy that Ashoka killed his ninety-nine brothers.}}</ref> In Tibbetan Buddhist tradition, [[Taranatha]]’s 'History of Buddhism in India' state that Ashoka killed 6 brothers.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=25–26}} On the other hand, the Buddhist legend [[Ashokavadana]] mentions the killing of only one brother, Susima, without any reference to other brothers being killed.
These variations highlight the discrepancies and uncertainties that arises in interpreting historical events by sectarian Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=102}} Ashoka's Rock Edict V mentions his brothers and sisters, indicating they were alive during his reign and held noble positions. This contradicts Buddhist legends, which claim he killed all his brothers except one. The edict suggests that such accounts are likely exaggerated.
<ref>{{cite book | last = Olivelle | first = Patrick | title = Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2023 | isbn = 9780300270006 | page = 84 | url = https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Lives_Series_Book_1_Ashoka/LsXPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250823112410/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Lives_Series_Book_1_Ashoka/LsXPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en | archive-date = 23 August 2025 | quote = He refers to his sisters, along with his brothers, in Rock Edict V in the context of the duties of the dharma-mahamatras. | access-date = 12 June 2025 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mauryan dynasty]]
[[Category:Mauryan princes]]
[[Category:Family of Ashoka]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]

Nicole (actress)

2026-02-11T21:45:51Z

JustineLaguerre: starting a pg v1

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nicole
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2001{{endash}}2012
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Nicole''' is a former Indian actress who worked predominantly in Tamil-language films.

==Early life and career==
Her father Ricky D'Costa is a rhythm box player who worked under [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] before going on to work in several Kannada films. Her mother named her after [[Nicole Kidman]]. She made her acting debut playing the younger version of [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]'s character in ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' (2001).<ref name=":0" /> She did an acting and dancing course in Mumbai and took up a career in acting much to the dissatisfaction of her father. Nicole made her Tamil debut in a glamorous role in ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2012 |title=‘ I don’t mind glamorous roles’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/21/-i-dont-mind-glamorous-roles-34508.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> She worked on two more films throughout 2009: ''[[Aarumaname]]'' and ''[[Naai Kutty]]''. She took a brief hiatus from acting to get her driver's license when she was eighteen years old.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=Sindhu |date=2009-07-18 |title=What’s wrong with kissing: Nicole |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/whats-wrong-with-kissing-nicole/articleshow/4789830.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The shoot of her next film ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' was embroiled in controversy as she was only supposed to shoot for ten days but the film crew made her stay twenty days, out of which she only shot for five days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2011 |title=Nicole hits back |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/01/nicole-hits-back-305885.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' || Young Devayani || Tamil || child artist
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''Vidyarthi'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Nisha || rowspan="4"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aarumaname]]'' || Anandhi ||
|-
| ''[[Naai Kutty]]'' || Malli ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9632456}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicole}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tiruverkadu

2026-02-10T05:18:35Z

JustineLaguerre: updated page

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruverkadu
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = File:Side view of the Rajagopuram of Tiruverkadu Temple 05.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple|Karumariamman Temple]] at Tiruverkadu
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Thiruverkadu (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.073|N|80.127|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 28.50
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total = 62,289
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =600 077
| registration_plate = TN 12 (RTO, Poonamallee)
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''Thiruverkadu''' ({{IPA|ta| திருவேற்காடு |lang}}; literally 'a forest of holy herbs and roots') is a western suburb of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It comes under [[Thiruvallur district]] administration. It is famous for its [[Devi]] [[Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple|Karumariamman Temple]]. There is also [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar Temple]] in Thiruverkadu, where [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Goddess Parvathi]] are seen in their wedding pose inside the sanctum sanctorum. As of 2011, the town had a population of 62,289. It is a town with rich cultural heritage and also a fast-growing areas in the city.

Thiruverkadu Selection Grade Municipal town in Thiruvallur District is Located at a very close proximity to Chennai mega city. This town possesses the appearance and Character similar to many of the town in Tamil Nadu which bears the seal of Religion. The famous temple in this town is devoted to Lord Sri Devi Karumariamman Temple and Lord Siva Temple. This Temple on each new moon day attract a large number of people from all around. It is the nucleus for the development of this town and present development pattern has emerged from a small village at the beginning of 50 years. Thiruverkadu town was constituted as a Municipality from 2004 onwards, Thiruverkadu is functioning as a grade III Municipality with 28.50 Sq. km in extent.

This town consists of seven revenue villages namely Thiruverkadu, Sundarasozhapuram, Koladi, Perumalagaram, Ayanambakkam, Veeraragavapuram and Numbal. The town is divided into 18 wards. Thiruverkadu town is located at a distance of 16 km west of Chennai City. This lies on [[Chennai]]-[[Bangalore]] [[National highways of India|National Highway]] Road and Chennai [[Tirupati|Thirupathi]] Trunk road. It is situated 13 9” North latitude and 79 55” E longitude. The present extent of this town is 10.75 km2.

== Administration ==
[[File:Karumariamman.jpg|thumb|200px|Goddess [[Karumariamman]] who is believed to be the principal and guardian goddess of Thiruverkadu.|alt=Gateway tower with multiple storeys]]

Thiruverkadu is governed by [[Municipality]] of Thiruverkadu, coming under the [[Thiruvallur district]]. Thiruverkadu is selection grade Municipality. Thiruverkadu Municipality includes area of Thiruverkadu, Sundarasozhapuram, Koladi, Perumalagaram, Ayanambakkam, Veeraragavapuram and Numbal. Thiruverkadu Municipality is situated in the West [[Chennai]] of Tamil Nadu in Thiruvallur District. This town is surrounded with infrastructural facilities and it is near to visit Chennai Metropolitan Bus Terminal. The town's police comes directly under [[Chennai Metropolitan Police]] departments(Now comes under Avadi). On January of 2025, in a process of expansion, the Thiruverkadu Municipality was merged with the Avadi City Municipal Corporation.

'''RTO''': Thiruverkadu comes under RTO-Poonamallee (TN-12). Previously it was under Tiruvallur RTO (TN20).

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Tiruverkadu had a population of 62,824 with a sex-ratio of 977 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 7,189 were under the age of six, constituting 3,617 males and 3,572 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 22.86% and 0.37% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 74.35%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 15,863 households. There were a total of 25,245 workers, comprising 138 cultivators, 210 main agricultural labourers, 628 in house hold industries, 21,770 other workers, 2,499 marginal workers, 57 marginal cultivators, 81 marginal agricultural labourers, 156 marginal workers in household industries and 2,205 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Tiruverkadu|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=678922|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Tiruverkadu (M + OG) had 93.17% [[Hindus]], 1.36% [[Muslims]], 4.98% [[Christians]], 0.04% [[Sikhs]], 0.05% [[Buddhists]], 0.04% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.33% following other religions and 0.03% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The neighbourhood had remained a dense neem forest since the ancient times. This resulted in the locality being called ''Velakadu'', meaning "jungle of neem". The presence of a snake pit where goddess Karumari (Parvathi) is believed to be residing in the form of snake eventually gave the name ''Thiruverkaadu'', with ''thiru'' being the Tamil equivalent of the honorific Hindu term "Sri".<ref>{{cite news
| last = Tejas
| first =
| title = திருவேற்காடு கருமாரி அம்மன் கோயில் [Thiruverkadu Karumari Amman Temple]
| newspaper = FNews Now
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = ta
| publisher = FNewsNow.com
| date = 9 August 2024
| url = https://www.fnewsnow.com/news/spiritual/thiruverkadu-karumari-amman-temple
| access-date = 24 February 2025}}</ref>

== Location ==

The town is located 2 km from Chennai-Bangalore highway NH4 and 1.5 km from Avadi - Poonamalle road SH55. The town is 10.5 km from Chennai Metropolitan Bus Terminus CMBT. Nearby towns include Avadi, Porur, Kattupakkam, Iyyapantangal, Kumananchavadi, Karayanchavadi, Poonamalle, Paruthipattu, Ayapakkam, Ambattur, Vaangaram and Maduravoyal.

== Educational institutions ==

=== Colleges ===
* S.A Engineering College
* S.A Polytechnic College
* Mahalakshmi College Of Arts and Science
* Sindhi College Of Arts and Science
* Shenbaga Nursing College
* ACS Medical College and Hospital
* Saveetha Dental University
* Saveetha law college

=== Schools ===
* Government higher secondary schools
* Government primary schools
* S.K.D.J higher secondary school
* RMK CBSE School
* Sri Annai Vidhyashram Matric Higher Secondary School
* Ramakrishna Vidya Niketan higher secondary school
* The Pupil Saveetha Eco School
* Saraswathi matriculation higher secondary school
* Maharishi School of Excellence Senior Secondary
* Janet Matriculation school
* Narayana group of schools
* Velammal cbse school

== Hospitals ==
* Government primary health centre, veeraraghavapuram
* Gayathri hospital, Mgr nagar
* Abhishek hospital
* Rotary club clinic, sannathi street
* Saveetha Dental University, Velappanchavadi
* ACS Medical College and Hospital, Velappanchavadi
* Dr Mehtha's hospital, Velappanchavadi
* Aravind eye hospital
*E.J Health Care

== Temples ==

*[[Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple|Karumariamman Temple]]
*[[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar Temple]]

== Transport ==

=== Bus ===

Thiruverkadu is easily accessible from most parts of the city by bus. The Thiruverkadu bus terminus provides services to [[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]], [[Tambaram]], [[Vadapalani]], Iyapantangal, Ambattur Industrial Estate, [[Villivakkam]], [[Perambur]], Vallalar Nagar, [[Tiruvottiyur|Thiruvotriyur]], Broadway, Anna square, [[Mangadu]], [[Velachery]], [[Avadi]], [[Kilambakkam]].

'''Via Thiruverkadu'''
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|150
|Broadway
|Avadi
|Central, Aminjikarai, Arumbakkam, Koyambedu, Maduravoyal, Thiruverkadu, Paruthipattu
|-
|159
|Thiruverkadu
|Thiruvotriyur
|Maduravoyal, Nerkundram, Koyambedu, Arumbakkam, Aminjikarai, Kilpauk, Purasawakkam, Mint
|-
|63
|Thiruverkadu
|Villivakkam
|Koladi, Ayapakkam, Ambattur Estate, Padi
|-
|S24
|Thiruverkadu
|Iyyapanthangal
|Vaanagaram, Chettiyar Agaram, Srmc
|-
|72
|Thiruverkadu
|T.Nagar
|Maduravoyal, Cmbt, Vadapalani, Kodambakkam
|-
|29E
|Thiruverkadu
|Perambur
|Maduravoyal, Koyambedu, Aminjikarai, Kilpauk, Jamalia, Otteri
|-
|50
|Thiruverkadu
|Broadway
|Maduravoyal, Koyambedu, Aminjikarai, Central
|-
|59
|Thiruverkadu
|V.Nagar
|Maduravoyal, Koyambedu, Aminjikarai, Purasaiwakkam, Choolai, Regal
|-
|S59
|Thiruverkadu
|Mangadu
|Acs medical college, Saveetha, Kattupakkam
|-
|111
|Thiruverkadu
|Tambaram
|Maduravoyal, Cmbt, Vadapalani, Airport, Pallavaram
|-
|S52
|Thiruverkadu
|Avadi
|Paruthipattu, Govardhana Giri, Jb estate, Avadi market
|-
|S73
|Thiruverkadu
|Ambattur industrial Estate
|Mugappair West, Wavin, Ambattur Industrial Estate
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tiruvallur district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]

G. Dhinakar Raj

2026-01-27T23:39:43Z

JustineLaguerre: started basic entry w/ sources

{{short description|Indian veterinary scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = G. Dhinakar Raj
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Veterinary medicine]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] }}
{{ublist | [[Veterinary Incubation Foundation - TANUVAS]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Madras Veterinary College]] | [[Tamilnadu Agricultural University]] | [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]] | [[University of Liverpool]] | [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] | [[Pirbright Institute]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on diagnostics of veterinary diseases
| awards = {{ublist| 2006 ISVIB Dr. F. M. Burnett Award | 2007 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Gopal Dhinakar Raj''' is an Indian veterinary scientist, an academic and the project director of the ''Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals'', a partnership program between the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and the [[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]. Known for the development of diagnostic test kits for animal and poultry diseases such as [[Leptospirosis]] and [[Egg drop syndrome]], Raj is a member of the [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] Task Force on Animal Biotechnology. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2007.

== Biography ==
Born in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Dhinakar Raj did his undergraduate studies at [[Madras Veterinary College]] and obtained the degree of BVSc from the [[Tamilnadu Agricultural University]] in 1986, standing first in the university which earned him four gold medals.<ref name="TRPVB Staff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.trpvb.org.in/faculty.php |title=TRPVB Staff |date=2017-12-27 |website=www.trpvb.org.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please click on the link, ''Project Director'' to see the details}} Subsequently, he completed his master's studies in biotechnology at the [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]] in 1989 and moved to the UK for his doctoral studies on a Commonwealth Fellowship program to secure a PhD in 1997. His post-doctoral work was, at first, at the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] in 2001 and later at [[Pirbright Institute]] (then known as the Institute for Animal Health) in 2008. In between he joined the [[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] (TANUVAS) as an associate professor<ref name="Handbook of Universities">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&pg=PA822|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0608-6|pages=822–}}</ref> where he is a professor<ref name="Welcome to TAMILNADU VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(TANUVAS)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/mvc_abt.html |title=Welcome to TAMILNADU VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(TANUVAS) |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172637/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/mvc_abt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/faculty/dhinakarraj_g.html |title=Faculty profile |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172355/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/faculty/dhinakarraj_g.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and serves as the project director of the ''Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals'', a collaborative initiative between the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and TANUVAS.<ref name="TRPVB Staff" /> He currently serves as Director, Centre for Animal Heath Studies (CAHS) and Director, Veterinary Incubation Foundation @ TANUVAS,<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIF @ TANUVAS ( Veterinary Incubation Foundation - A Section 8 company of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University )|url=http://viftanuvas.org/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=viftanuvas.org}}</ref> a Section 8 company established by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.

== Legacy ==
[[File:FCO-brebis.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Bluetongue disease]] - an infected sheep]]
Raj, who specializes in animal biotechnology, focuses his work in the fields of molecular diagnostics and immunology and has carried out research on the development of diagnostic kits for various animal and poultry diseases.<ref name="TRPVB Staff" /> The team led by him at TANUVAS is reported to have developed a methodology for detecting [[Bluetongue disease]] which uses latex beads smeared with specially developed [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] by the team.<ref name="Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/research_products.html |title=Research |website=www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=21 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221020645/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/research_products.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, he led the team that developed a diagnostic kit for [[Leptospirosis]] (rat fever), a common disease spread by infected rats.<ref name="New diagnostic tool to test for leptospirosis">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-diagnostic-tool-to-test-for-leptospirosis/article7921384.ece |title=New diagnostic tool to test for leptospirosis |last=Sujatha |first=R. |date=2015-11-27 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-12-27 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The kit, jointly developed by scientists from TANUVAS and the department of microbiology of the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]], was cheaper by one-fifth of the price of similar kits available in the market at that time.<ref name="Affordable test kit for leptospirosis to be launched - Medical Dialogues">{{Cite news |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/affordable-test-kit-for-leptospirosis-to-be-launched/ |title=Affordable test kit for leptospirosis to be launched - Medical Dialogues |date=2015-11-28 |work=Medical Dialogues |access-date=2017-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> His contributions are also reported in the development and validation of a [[Peste des petits ruminants]] (PPR) Vaccine, sexing kits for [[emu]]s, [[biomarkers]] for chicken and [[nanoparticle]]-coupled vaccine for [[Newcastle disease]]. Molecular biological studies of the viruses that cause [[egg drop syndrome]], [[bronchitis]], [[rabies]] and [[chikungunya]] as well as immunological studies of the genetic resistance of Indian goats and buffaloes are some of his other contributions. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=VkogsdgAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 113 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gopal_Raj |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> Besides, he is the author of two books, ''Animal Biotechnology: Vaccines and Diagnostics-Markets and Investment Opportunities''<ref name="Animal Biotechnology: Vaccines and Diagnostics-Markets and Investment Opportunities">{{Cite book |title=Animal Biotechnology: Vaccines and Diagnostics-Markets and Investment Opportunities |last=G. Dhinakar Raj, S. Thilagar, S.R. Rao |publisher=Daya Publishing House |year=2017 |isbn=978-9351248309 |page=238}}</ref> and ''Monoclonal Antibodies Application in Disease and Health''.<ref name="Monoclonal Antibodies Application in Disease and Health">{{Cite book |title=Monoclonal Antibodies Application in Disease and Health |last=G. Dhinakar Raj |publisher=Studium Press |year=2012 |isbn=9789380012278 |page=372}}</ref> He holds an Indian patent<ref name="Indian Patents. 243290:A TEST STRIP FOR QUALITATIVE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANT VIRUS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allindianpatents.com/patents/243290-a-test-strip-for-qualitative-detection-of-antibodies-to-peste-des-petits-ruminant-virus |title=Indian Patents. 243290:A TEST STRIP FOR QUALITATIVE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANT VIRUS |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.allindianpatents.com |language=en |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> and eight of his patent applications are pending approval.<ref name="Department of Animal Biotechnology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/mvc_abt.html |title=Department of Animal Biotechnology |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172637/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/mvc_abt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a former member of the editorial board of ''Avian Pathology'' journal of [[Taylor & Francis]] and a member of the ''Task Force on Animal Biotechnology'' of the [[Department of Biotechnology]].<ref name="TRPVB Staff" /> He is also associated with the Indian Society For Veterinary Immunology And Biotechnology (ISVIB)<ref name="Returning Officer">{{Cite web |url=http://isvib.org/notice.pdf |title=Returning Officer |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.isvib.org |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232036/http://isvib.org/notice.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and serves as its vice president.<ref name="Office Bearers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isvib.org/obb.html |title=Office Bearers |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.isvib.org |access-date=2017-12-28 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Raj received the Dr. F. M. Burnett Award of the Indian Society For Veterinary Immunology And Biotechnology in 2006.<ref name="Dr. F. M. Burnett Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isvib.org/award.html#fisvib |title=Dr. F. M. Burnett Awardees |date=2017-12-28 |website=www.isvib.org |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171753/http://www.isvib.org/award.html#fisvib |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the Tata Innovation Fellowship of the DBT in 2012.<ref name="TRPVB Staff" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Animal Biotechnology: Vaccines and Diagnostics-Markets and Investment Opportunities |last=G. Dhinakar Raj, S. Thilagar, S.R. Rao |publisher=Daya Publishing House |year=2017 |isbn=978-9351248309 |page=238}}
* {{Cite book |title=Monoclonal Antibodies Application in Disease and Health |last=G. Dhinakar Raj |publisher=Studium Press |year=2012 |isbn=9789380012278 |page=372}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kavitha |first1=K. T. |last2=Latha |first2=B. R. |last3=Raj |first3=G. Dhinakar |date=2015-03-01 |title=Assessment of cell mediated immune response in rabbits immunized with affinity purified 35 kDa midgut antigen of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks |journal=Journal of Parasitic Diseases |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |doi=10.1007/s12639-013-0291-8 |pmid=25698868 |issn=0971-7196|pmc=4328015 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Vignesh |first1=A.R. |last2=Raj |first2=G. Dhinakar |last3=Dhanasekaran |first3=S. |last4=Tirumurugaan |first4=K.G. |last5=Raja |first5=A. |title=Comparative in vitro toll-like receptor ligand induced cytokine profiles of Toda and Murrah buffaloes—Identification of tumour necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphism |journal=Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology |volume=150 |issue=3–4 |pages=189–197 |doi=10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.037|pmid=23084344 |year=2012 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jeyathilakan |first1=N. |last2=Basith |first2=S. Abdul |last3=John |first3=Lalitha |last4=Chandran |first4=N. Daniel Joy |last5=Raj |first5=G. Dhinakar |last6=Churchill |first6=R. Richard |title=Evaluation of native 8kDa antigen based three immunoassays for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in sheep |journal=Small Ruminant Research |volume=116 |issue=2–3 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.012|year=2014 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Monoclonal antibody therapy]]
* [[Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?access_num=Dhinakar+Raj+G&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH&cmd=search&term=Dhinakar+Raj+G%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50 |title=Dhinakar Raj G [au] |date=2017-12-27 |journal=British Poultry Science |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=192–199 |doi=10.1080/00071668.2016.1262004 |access-date=2017-12-27|last1=Hudson |first1=G. H. |last2=Omprakash |first2=A. V. |last3=Premavalli |first3=K. |last4=Dhinakar Raj |first4=G. |pmid=28043159 |s2cid=29624964 }}
* {{cite book|author=Patricia Hester|title=Egg Innovations and Strategies for Improvements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LU7JDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA569|date=19 December 2016|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-801151-5|pages=569–}}
* {{cite book|author=Muhammad Munir|title=Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsuoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|date=2 December 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-662-45165-6|pages=252–}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, G. Dhinakar}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian veterinarians]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American inventors]]

Punjab Archives

2026-01-27T06:06:41Z

JustineLaguerre:

{{Short description|Archival agency of Government of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox archives
| name = Punjab Archives
| alternative_name =
| creation = 1924
| affiliation = Government of Punjab – Services and General Administration Department (Archives and Libraries Wing)
| title of director = Director
| director = Syeda Shamim Asghar Ali Jafri
| employees = 50-100
| building = Punjab Secretariat
| country = Pakistan
| city = Lahore
| address = Punjab Secretariat, Lahore
| coordinates = {{coord|31.5675649|N|74.3028609|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| site = {{URL|https://archives.punjab.gov.pk}}
}}

The '''Punjab Archives''' ({{IPA|pa|pəɲˈd͡ʒaːb aːɾˈkaːiːʋz}}) is a repository of the non-current historical and cultural records of [[South Asia]], located in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. It was established in 1924 under [[British Punjab]] and is currently under the jurisdiction of the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Shah |title=Punjab Archives Overview |url=https://alw.punjab.gov.pk/overview |website=Official Website}}</ref>

The records date back to the [[17th century]] and cover the [[History of Punjab#Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)|pre-colonial]], [[History of Punjab#Colonial period (1849 AD – 1947 AD)|colonial]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|post-independence]] era in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]]. The archival holdings number more than seven million files of unique documents and rare books. These records officially belong to the Government of Punjab, dating back to the year 1629. Its mission is to drive openness, cultivate public participation and make them available to Government officials. The access to the record will be expanded to general public through a system of nation-wide digitization.

It was established in 1924 by Lt. Colonel H. L. O. Garret under the [[Punjab Province (British India)|British administration of Punjab]] and then inherited by the Government of Punjab, following [[Pakistan movement|Pakistan's independence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1506809|title=Punjab archives dept digitising 'the biggest trove' of history documents in subcontinent|first=Intikhab|last=Hanif|date=September 23, 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

== Collection ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Punjab Archives Website link|url=https://archives.punjab.gov.pk/collections|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The Punjab Archives’ collection comprises over seven million documents and more than 70,000 rare books. This collection exists in a varying state of order and organization. Most of the collection is in great public demand so it was decided that the documents should be digitized through collaboration between PITB and Archives & Libraries Wing, S&GAD. A project of this scope has not yet been conducted in Pakistan. Thus it is important to operate on a low-risk level with a zero-tolerance policy of damage to documents.

The project is designed in phases. In the first phase five hundred thousand (500,000) documents, which are to be preserved, catalogued and digitized, are selected from the following collections:

* Mughal documents, 1629–1857. This collection contains 82 files.
* Records from the Delhi, Ludhiana, Karnal, Ambala, Lahore and North West Frontier Agencies and Residencies 1804–1849. These records are available in 247 bounded volumes, containing handwritten correspondence. Each volume is of an average 300 pages, bringing the size of the collection to 73,000 pages.
* Records from the Lahore Residency (1846–1849) and Punjab Province administration after annexation of 1849, covering the Home, Political, Revenue, Judicial, General and Military Departments 1849–1969. These records amount to roughly 34,045 files and each file is of an average of 14 pages. Thus this collection contains roughly 490,000 pages, which are to be catalogued and digitized.
* The record of the War of Independence, 1857. This collection contains 2100 files.

The above-mentioned records are either hand written or in manuscript form. Many of the documents and manuscripts are the only available copies in the world.

In the second phase, rest of the Archives documents are to be digitized. The project has been initiated with this conviction that all the documents within the possession of Archives will be digitized and available online to the scholars and general public of the world. It is also anticipated that this is going to be an important addition to the existing body of knowledge.

== Persian Record of Mughal and Sikh Period ==
[[File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg|thumb]]
The oldest official record kept in the Punjab Government Archives is related to the Mughal and Sikh era mostly in Persian language. The Mughal record dates back to 1629 while the Sikh record is available from 1799 to 1849. These original records are kept in files, bounded book volumes and loose sheets.

== Akhbar Darbar-I-Lahore (Persian) ==
The very rare official newspaper of Sikh period containing daily proceedings of the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his successors from 1835 to 1849, are available in Punjab Archives.

== Persian Record of Colonial Period ==
These papers are tied in bundles of cotton cloth, and are known as the bastas. These bastas are 300 in number and contain official documents in Persian. They are related to important historical junctures, including:

* Trade with Central Asia (1846–1875)
* Papers relating to Nepal (1815–1877)
* Papers relating to the Lahore Darbar (1839–1845)
* The Ludhiana Agency Papers (1809–1840)
* Papers relating to Mulraj and the Uprising of Multan (1848)
* Papers relating to the Second Sikh War, the Uprising of the Hazara under Sardar Chattar Singh and the rebellion of Bhai Maharaj Singh
* Papers relating to the First Afghan War (1827–1842)

== Old Persian newspapers ==

* Newspaper Lahore, Kashmir, Multan, Bahawalpur, Kabul and Kandhar, Peshawar and Tribal Areas, Hazara (1843–1844)
* Newspapers Kabul, Kandhar, Peshawar, Sindh, Natives States, Lahore, Kashmir, Awadh, Jesore, and Bahawalpur (1842–1844)
* Government Gazette, Calcutta (Persian) (1840–1844)
* Sadique-ul-Akhbar, Shahjahan Abad (1844)
* Akhbar-i-Bahawalpur (1843–1845)
* Akhbar-i-Kashmir & Kabul (1843–1844)

== English record ==
The Punjab Archives also has an extensive collection of official documents of British Raj in various areas of South Asia, including records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, which were transferred to Lahore after the War of Independence in 1857. Present-day KPK was then a part of Punjab, and all the record relating to the Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan Divisions and the Tribal Agencies, before the creation of a separate province in 1902, are also preserved here. The province of Sindh was annexed by Sir Charles Napier in 1843. Papers relating to Sindh, until it became a part of the Bombay Presidency, are also kept in the Punjab Archives. Besides, the Punjab Archives contain papers relating to the occupation of the tribal areas in Baluchistan. Records relating to the political relations of Jammu and Kashmir State, Afghanistan and Persia with certain Middle East Principalities in the nineteenth century, are preserved here as well. Therefore this record office is a rich repository of historical documents relating to the North Western part of the South Asian Sub-continent from 1809 onwards. The archives of Administrative Departments, from the time Punjab was annexed in 1849 to the present, is also stored at the Punjab Archives. In addition, these archives also house gazetteers, budget books, commission reports, inquiry reports, committee reports and census reports containing important historical data.

== Colonial Agencies record 1804 to 1849 ==

* Revenue Records of the Delhi Residency from 1807 to 1831.
* Political and miscellaneous Record of the Delhi Residency and Agency 1806–1857.
* Four Bundles of correspondence relating to the affairs in Afghanistan (i.e. 1st Afghan War) 1841–1842.
* Delhi Ludhiana and Karnal Agencies 1804–1816 Book No. 1-15.
* Ambala Agency from 1809 to 1815 Books Nos. 16–91.
* Ludhiana Agency from 1816 to 1840 Books Nos. 82–125.
* North-West Frontier Agency, letters received in from 1840 to 1845 Books Nos. 126–136.
* Ludhiana Agency-Letters Dispatched from 1831 to 1829 Books Nos. 137–147.
* North-West Frontier Agency Letters dispatched from 1840 to 1845 Books Nos. 148–167.
* Lahore Residency from 1846 to1847 Books Nos. 168 to 197.
* Miscellaneous Books Nos. 198–210.

== Record after Annexation, 1849 ==
After annexation in 1849, Punjab was given under the charge of a Board of Administration, constituted for the purpose. The 1st regular English record is related to the Board of Administration. With the settlement of affair and political peace, the regular offices were set up and the government work started under the proper departments as elsewhere in India. The Board of Administration was abolished in 1853 and Punjab was given the status of Chief Commissioner Province. After the War of Independence in 1857, Delhi and Hassar divisions were transferred to Punjab, which was given the status of Lieutenant Governor’s Province in 1858. In 1921, it was placed under a Governor’s Province.

Following table will indicate the regular English Records under different departmental heads preserved in the Punjab Archives:
{| class="wikitable"
!SR. No
!Name of department
!Years
|-
!1
|Political Department
|1849-1947
|-
!2
|Revenue Department
|1849 to 1947
|-
!3
|Finance Department
|1869 to 1946
|-
!4
|Public Health Department
|1928 to 1945
|-
!5
|Commerce and Industry
|1905 to 1921
|-
!6
|Local-Self Government
|1921 to 1947
|-
!7
|Education Department
|1849 to 1868
|-
!8
|Financial Department
|1862 to 1900
|-
!9
|Chief Commissioner Cis. and Trans-Sutlej Territory
|March 1848 to April 1849
|-
!10
|Forest Department
|1860 to 1900, 1872 to 1920
|-
!11
|Board and Committee Department
|1878 to 1888, 1888 to 1921
|-
!12
|
* Home Department
* Home General, Police, etc.
* Home Gazette
* Home Judicial
* Home Medical, Jail and Sanitary
|
* 1849 to 1900
* 1869 to 1887, 1888 to 1943
* 1888 to 1917
* 1882 to 1950
* 1882 to 1942
|-
!13
|Record after 1947 to 1990
|H-Block
|-
!14
|Record after 1990 to 2005
|Old IG Block
|}

== Record of Princely/Native States in Punjab ==
There were 44 Princely/Native States subordinate to the Punjab Government and prominent amongst them were Kashmir, Bahawalpur, Jind, Nabha, Patiala, Hunza, Chitral, Kalat, Maler Kotla, Patodi and Simla Hill States. The record pertaining to these states, from 1849 to 1947, is kept in Punjab Archives.

== Libraries under archives wing ==
There are approximately 70,000 rare books available in the following very old libraries of Punjab:

* Archives Library
* Secretariat Library
* Chief Secretary Library
* Board of Revenue Library.

== Record after Annexation, 1849 ==
To give in brief or specify the names of the departments, the records of which are available in our repository it would be appropriate to state that after annexation in 1849 the Punjab was given under the charge of a Board of Administration constituted for the purpose. The 1st regular English record relates to that of the Board of Administration. With the settlement of affair and political peace the regular offices were set up and the government work started under the proper departments as elsewhere in India. The Board of Administration was abolished in 1853 and Punjab was given the status of Chief Commissioner Province. After the War of Independence in 1857, the Delhi and Hassar divisions were transferred to the Punjab which was given the status of Lieutenant-Governor’s Province in 1858. In 1921, it was placed under a Governor’s Province.

The following table will indicate the regular English Records under different departmental heads preserved in the Punjab Archives:

In addition to these records, the Punjab Archives also has an extensive collection of official documents from the British Raj from various areas of South Asia, including records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, which were transferred to Lahore after the War of Independence in 1857. Present-day KPK was then a part of Punjab, and all the records relating to the Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan Divisions and the Tribal Agencies before the creation of a separate province for this area are also preserved here. The province of Sindh was annexed by Sir Charles Napier in 1843 and all papers relating to Sindh until it became a part of the Bombay Presidency are also kept in the Punjab Archives. Besides, the Punjab Archives contain all the papers relating to the occupation of the tribal areas in the Baluchistan. All records relating to the political relations of the Jammu and Kashmir State, Afghanistan and Persia commercial relations with certain Middle East Principalities in the nineteenth century are preserved here as well. The record office is, therefore, a rich repository of historical documents relating to the North Western portion of the South Asian sub-continent from 1809 onwards. The archives of all Administrative Departments from the time Punjab was annexed in 1849 are also stored at the Punjab Archives. In addition to this, the archive also houses gazettes and census reports containing important historical data. In total, it is estimated that the Punjab Archives house over 80,000 books and 700,000 official files.

== See also ==

* [[Punjab State Archives, Patiala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|https://archives.punjab.gov.pk/}}
{{Museums in Pakistan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archives in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Government Medical College, Kozhikode

2026-01-22T17:36:40Z

JustineLaguerre: slightly adjusted structure per standard format per standard format

{{Short description|Medical school in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Calicut medical college view from inside.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Government Medical College, Kozhikode
| established = {{start date and age|1957}}
| type = Public
| campus = Suburban, {{convert|1.1|km2|abbr=on}}
| free_label = Administration
| free = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| sports_nickname = CMC
| superintendent = Dr. Sreejayan
| principal = Dr. Sajeeth Kumar
| coor =
| city = [[Kozhikode]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| website = {{URL|govtmedicalcollegekozhikode.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
}}

'''Government Medical College, Kozhikode''' is a [[public university|public]] [[medical school|medical college]] in [[Kozhikode]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the largest hospitals in India by area, covering more than 270 acres of land in the outskirts of Kozhikode. Two fifth of Kerala's population depends on the hospital for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Medical College Kozhikode |url=https://www.govtmedicalcollegekozhikode.ac.in/aboutUs |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=}}</ref>

== History ==
The medical college was established in 1957 as the second medical college in Kerala by Dr. [[A. R. Menon]] MBBS, FRCH, Minister for Health, EMS ministry. It is one of India's largest hospitals by area, covering more than 270 acres of land in the outskirts of Kozhikode city. Formerly affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]], the college is now attached to the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] (KUHS).

== Publication ==
It publishes the ''[[Calicut Medical Journal]]''.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/13/stories/2005021307390300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216080343/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/13/stories/2005021307390300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2005 |title=Kerala / Kozhikode News : Innovative research programme draws acclaim |date=13 February 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/23/stories/2004022301700500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605024727/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/23/stories/2004022301700500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2004 |title=Cheaper drugs once again found effective for typhoid: study |access-date=12 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2004}}</ref> The [[Institute of Palliative Medicine (Kozhikode)|Institute of Palliative Medicine]] of Kozhikode is part of it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=Rohan |date=14 March 2020 |title=Palliative care in Kerala: a success story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/palliative-care-in-kerala-a-success-story/article31059335.ece |access-date=22 June 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Institutes ==

=== Institute of Maternal and Child Health ===
[[File:Kozhikode Medical College.3.jpg|thumbnail|Institute of Maternal & Child Health]]
The Institute of Maternal and Child Health (IMCH) is a 1100 bed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Medical College Kozhikode |url=https://www.govtmedicalcollegekozhikode.ac.in/aboutUs |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=govtmedicalcollegekozhikode.ac.in}}</ref> tertiary care center dedicated to maternal and child health care.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kabita |title=Kozhikode Medical College as a shining contrast to Gorakhpur |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/social-issues/kozhikode-medical-college-as-a-shining-contrast-to-gorakhpur-1.2191886 |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The Institute of Maternal and Child Health of Medical College is a regional diagnostic centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2019 |title=Diagnostic centre for primary immune deficiency disorders |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/diagnostic-centre-for-primaryimmune-deficiency-disorders/article26630968.ece |access-date=29 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This collaborative centre provides clinical care<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayanth |first=A. s |date=17 July 2017 |title=An anomaly that could kill |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/that-infection-in-your-child-could-be-fatal/article19291865.ece |access-date=29 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as well as genetic diagnosis for patients with [[primary immunodeficiency]] disorders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pediatric Immune Disorders / Govt. Medical College Kozhikode – Rare Disease Genomics India – GUaRDIAN {{!}} Genomics for Understanding Rare Diseases – India Alliance Network|url=http://guardian.meragenome.com/copid|access-date=29 August 2020|website=guardian.meragenome.com}}</ref> This collaborative centre is part of the Genomics for Understanding Rare Diseases India Alliance Network (GUaRDIAN) Initiative.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajaj |first1=Anjali |last2=Mathew |first2=Samatha |last3=Vellarikkal |first3=Shamsudheen Karuthedath |last4=Sivadas |first4=Ambily |last5=Bhoyar |first5=Rahul C. |last6=Joshi |first6=Kandarp |last7=Jain |first7=Abhinav |last8=Mishra |first8=Anushree |last9=Verma |first9=Ankit|last10=Jayarajan|first10=Rijith |last11=Nalini |first11=A. |date=25 September 2019 |title=Genomics of rare genetic diseases—experiences from India |journal=Human Genomics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=52 |doi=10.1186/s40246-019-0215-5 |issn=1479-7364 |pmc=6760067 |pmid=31554517 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Institute of Palliative Medicine ===
The [[Institute of Palliative Medicine (Kozhikode)|Institute of Palliative Medicine]] (IPM) is a WHO collaborative centre for Community participation in Palliative Care and Long term Care<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Palliative Medicine |url=https://www.instituteofpalliativemedicine.org/ |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=instituteofpalliativemedicine.org}}</ref> It was initially set up in 1993, as a pain relief clinic for terminal cancer patients, run by Dr [[M. R. Rajagopal]] and Dr Suresh Kumar. Today, it is the nodal institution for palliative care in Kerala, providing training to doctors, nurses and volunteers. Since the vast majority of India's palliative care sites – 841 out of 908 – are located in Kerala, the Institute of Palliative Medicine leads the largest palliative care network in India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Devi Vijay |date=18 May 2023 |title=Kerala: an exemplary story in palliative care |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/kerala-an-exemplary-story-in-palliative-care/article66861017.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ===
The [[Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (IMHANS) is an autonomous institute under the government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences |url=http://imhans.ac.in/ |access-date=1 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Government Women and Children hospital, Kozhikode ===
This was established in 1903 by [[S. Ramaswami Mudaliar|Raja Sir Savalai Ramaswamy Mudaliar]] and was handed over to the Government on 22 September 1903.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wckozhikode.com/about_us.html |title=Government Women and Children Hospital}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
The Kozhikode Medical College Alumni Association was established in 2003. The association publishes the ''Calicut Medical Journal'', an online [[open access]] [[medical journal]]. The journal is indexed by [[CAB International]]. It was established to provide local [[physicians]] an opportunity to report their research findings to an international audience.<ref name="Hindu1" /><ref name="Hindu2" />

Notable alumni include:
* [[Azad Moopen]], physician, Padma Shri (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=India confers Padma Shri on Dr Moopen. |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2011/January/theuae_January686.xml&section=theuae}}</ref>
* [[K. C. Joseph (Kuttanadu politician)|K. C. Joseph]], politician
* [[Khadija Mumtaz]], author
* [[M. K. Muneer]], former minister
* [[P. K. Sasidharan]], Doctor, Author, Social activist, Educator
* [[Vinod Scaria]], Indian Biologist, Medical Researcher<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2009 |title=After human genome sequence, scientist duo looks ahead |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/After-human-genome-sequence--scientist-duo-looks-ahead/552214/ |access-date=20 February 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Medical Education in Calicut]]
* [[Kovoor Town]]
* [[Kuttikkattoor]]
* [[Devagiri College, Kozhikode|Devagiri]]
* [[Chevayur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Educational Institutes in Kozhikode}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1957]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]

Dhayli

2026-01-05T04:47:39Z

JustineLaguerre: started first info first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Dhayli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.557075481706452|N|76.80453734467812|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhayli''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. DhayliVillage is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhayli(474291) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531636|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Prostitution in Mumbai

2026-01-01T01:59:34Z

JustineLaguerre: cleanup page for consistency and corrected details after review

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Internally renovated but externally unchanged,Heritage Brothel N0 25 in Kamatipura..JPG|thumb|A brothel in [[Kamathipura]]]]
[[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), is a city in [[India]] which contains the neighborhood of [[Kamathipura]], one of the largest [[red-light district]]s in Asia. India is regarded as having one of the largest commercial [[sex industry|sex trades]] globally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Dalla|first1=Rochelle L.|last2=Kreimer|first2=Lee M.|date=13 October 2016|title="After Your Honor is Gone…": Exploration of Developmental Trajectories and Life Experiences of Women Working in Mumbai's Red-Light Brothel Districts|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=21|issue=1|pages=163–186|doi=10.1007/s12119-016-9388-4|s2cid=146803616 |issn=1095-5143|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/famconfacpub/182|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These neighborhoods are so large and popular that Mumbai has been called the "ultimate destination" for [[sex tourism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Karandikar|first1=Sharvari|last2=Gezinski|first2=Lindsay B.|last3=Meshelemiah|first3=Jacquelyn C.A.|date=July 2013|title=A qualitative examination of women involved in prostitution in Mumbai, India: The role of family and acquaintances|journal=International Social Work|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=496–515|doi=10.1177/0020872811425804|s2cid=73000953 |issn=0020-8728}}</ref> The red-light districts or ''lal bazaars'' in Mumbai are inhabited by thousands of [[sex worker]]s including women, men, children, and transgender people.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Street Corner Secrets|last=Shah|first=Svati|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8223-5689-9|location=Durham, NC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Roli |title=Fewer child sex slaves in Mumbai brothels, but underground trade a concern: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fewer-child-sex-slaves-in-mumbai-brothels-but-underground-trade-a-concern-stud-idUSKBN1930YD/ |website=Reuters |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=12 June 2017}}</ref>

== History of Mumbai ==
Mumbai is the capital city of the state of [[Maharashtra]] and is one of the largest cities in India with an estimated population of over 18 million people. India is considered to be the global epicenter of sex work<ref name=":1" /> and has the largest commercial sex trade in the world.<ref name=":0" /> Mumbai is the largest city in the state of Maharashtra and is often referred to as the ultimate sex tourist destination.<ref name=":1" /> India is a country made up of people that celebrate and practice a variety of cultural and religious traditions, and the people that make up India come from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Although India is not unique in gender-discrimination based violence, it is a country that on one hand controls the sexuality of women yet is also home to one of the largest flourishing commercial sex trades.<ref name=":0" />

One of the red light districts in Mumbai emerged from [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in the middle of the nineteenth century. It was created out of a fear of British soldiers engaging in homosexual relations with other soldiers.<ref name=":5" /> The British also saw an additional reason for needing prostitution, especially amongst the military. It was seen as necessary to stave off boredom among soldiers and to reinforce imperial dominance through sexual control of Indian women.<ref name="tambe2005">{{cite journal|last=Tambe|first=Ashwini|title=The Elusive Ingenue:A transnational Feminist Analysis of European Prostitution in Colonial Bombay|journal=Gender and Society|date=19 February 2005|pages=160–79|doi=10.1177/0891243204272781|s2cid=144250345|volume=19 }}</ref> In creating a zone for British soldiers to engage in "safe heterosexual relations" British colonial administration held the power to separate the [[brothel]] area from the "respectable" residential areas which granted them power and control over the lives of the sex workers.<ref name=":5" />

Research into sex work in Mumbai originally drew attention to the [[HIV/AIDS]] patterns discovered there. Researchers have subsequently studied the state of sex work in Mumbai by interviewing and collecting the narratives of those involved in and affected by sex work.

== Terminology ==
Svati P. Shah, an anthropologist who studies gender and women in South Asia, says that the use of the term ''[[prostitution]]'' is a matter of context and argues against its use as a universal term that combines all forms of [[transactional sex]] into a singular conceptual framework.<ref name=":2" /> While those involved in current and past research concerning this issue typically employ the term ''sex work'', others argue that ''prostitution'' refers more to [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haak |first1=Debra M. |title=Who are we talking about when we talk about prostitution and sex work? |url=http://theconversation.com/who-are-we-talking-about-when-we-talk-about-prostitution-and-sex-work-88123 |website=The Conversation |access-date=3 March 2020 |language=en |date=14 January 2018}}</ref> Some supporters of the abolition of prostitution reject the use of the term ''sex worker'' as they argue that it legitimises prostitution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bindel |first1=Julie |title=Why prostitution should never be legalised {{!}} Julie Bindel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/11/prostitution-legalised-sex-trade-pimps-women |website=The Guardian |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> According to the anthropologist Susanne Asman there were vague terms used in Ichigyang to refer to women engaging in sex work; they were often described as "Bombay going" or "women doing that work".<ref name=":5" />

The terminology used to describe sex work in Mumbai depends on context.<ref name=":2" />

== State of sex work in Mumbai ==
Mumbai contains the largest red light district in Asia, in the neighborhood of Kamathipura. Kamathipura is estimated to have over five thousand sex workers, who are identified as male, female, and transgender.<ref name=":1" /> Of the estimated five thousand sex workers located in Kamathipura the majority are assumed to be victims of sex trafficking.<ref name=":1" /> However it is difficult to determine the exact number of those involved in trafficking in the red light districts of Mumbai due to the criminal nature of the issue and the scale of it.<ref name=":1" /> The victims are typically young girls, and are usually trafficked from the surrounding areas, but they are sometimes trafficked from neighboring countries<ref name=":1" /> such as [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Hijra (South Asia)|''Hijaras'']] can also be found working in the red light districts of Mumbai. It has been argued that ''hijaras'' are more likely to participate in high risk sex acts with [[Client (prostitution)|clients]] because it is believed they cannot contract or spread disease or illness.<ref name=":3" /> Sex workers in Mumbai at brothels and other commercial sex sites are visited by both men from the local area and those traveling to the area in search of employment.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Jerajani|first1=Hemangi|last2=Shinde|first2=Santosh|last3=Setia|first3=ManinderSingh|last4=Row-Kavi|first4=Ashok|last5=Anand|first5=Vivek|date=2009|title=Male sex workers: Are we ignoring a risk group in Mumbai, India?|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=41–6|doi=10.4103/0378-6323.45219|pmid=19172030|issn=0378-6323|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/48329|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Currently there are a large number of vague restrictions regarding the act of participating in sex work.<ref name=":5" />

== Sex workers in Mumbai ==
Many studies have indicated that sex workers in Mumbai enter into the sex industry for a range of reasons. Many of the interviews and studies that have been conducted demonstrate that when people enter or are forced into the industry it is usually as a result of some kind of crisis. Researchers have used interviews to study how and why women participate in sex work. Through these interviews it has been concluded that female sex workers typically end up in sex work for a variety of reasons ranging from but not limited to marital abuse, death of their husband, poverty, or death of a parent. Researchers have identified these scenarios as some of the most common.<ref name=":1" /> Ashwini Tambe, professor and scholar in gender and women studies, argues that in Mumbai the realm of sex work and the role of family are not separate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tambe|first=Ashwini|date=June 2006|title=Brothels as families: Reflections on the history of Bombay's1kothas|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|volume=8|issue=2|pages=219–242|doi=10.1080/14616740600612855|s2cid=145809503 |issn=1461-6742}}</ref> In studying the role of sex workers in Mumbai, it was also found that many women are sold into sex work by friends, acquaintances, or family members.<ref name=":1" /> Increased economic hardship can result in women such as housewives and daily laborers using sex work as a method of securing additional income to support themselves and/or their families.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Bandewar|first1=Sunita V S|last2=Bharat|first2=Shalini|last3=Kongelf|first3=Anine|last4=Pisal|first4=Hemlata|last5=Collumbien|first5=Martine|date=December 2015|title=Considering risk contexts in explaining the paradoxical HIV increase among female sex workers in Mumbai and Thane, India|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=16|issue=1|page=85|doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2737-2|pmid=26822805|pmc=4730760|issn=1471-2458 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to [[Robert I. Friedman|Robert Friedman]], an American investigative journalist, human rights organizations say that over 90% of female sex workers in Mumbai are considered indentured servants.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Robert I.|date=June 1998|title=India's shame: Sexual slavery and political corruption are leading to an AIDS catastrophe|journal=Trends in Organized Crime|volume=3|issue=4|pages=60–62|doi=10.1007/s12117-998-1059-x|s2cid=147071380 |issn=1084-4791}}</ref>

Traditionally research has usually concerned itself with the situation of female and child sex workers in Mumbai, ignoring the increasing proportion of male and transgender sex workers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Svati P.|date=November 2006|title=Producing The Spectacle of Kamathipura|journal=Cultural Dynamics|volume=18|issue=3|pages=269–292|doi=10.1177/0921374006071615|s2cid=145719487 |issn=0921-3740}}</ref> Including [[Male prostitution|male sex workers]] in discussions about the state of sex work in Mumbai is necessary, as male sex workers are considered a high-risk group for HIV infection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Ankur|last2=Goldbach|first2=Jeremy T.|date=28 January 2019|title=Pathways to Male Transactional Sex in Mumbai, India|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|language=en|volume=66|issue=2|pages=173–188|doi=10.1080/00918369.2017.1398018|pmid=29077538|s2cid=6380082 |issn=0091-8369}}</ref> As research has developed concerning the role of male sex workers in Mumbai it has been demonstrated through interviews that although these men's responses vary with their sexual identities, their soliciting practices, sex roles and clientele, they nevertheless indicate that they entered into sex work as a result of their poor economic status.<ref name=":1" />

As efforts have increased to enforce anti-human trafficking and HIV/AIDS prevention, brothels have become the main target of these preventive measures. This has increased the diversification of sex work occurring in Mumbai as clients have become more likely to seek services outside of brothels because they believe they are less likely to contract HIV/AIDS.<ref name=":6" />

=== Conditions of sex workers in Mumbai ===
Social workers have been given the responsibility of addressing the issues associated with sex trafficking in Mumbai, and the large number of young girls trafficked.<ref name=":1" /> As the industry continues to expand the demand for young girls has begun to rise. The brothels in the red light districts of Mumbai are patrolled by ''[[goonda]]s'', thugs who work for or are part of the mafia, to ensure that enslaved sex workers do not escape or run away.<ref name=":3" /> Police raids are said to target mostly girls from outside India and also underage girls, who are often kept out of view by brothel owners.<ref name=":6" />

Many of the young women who are sex workers in Mumbai work under madams or have [[pimp]]s <ref name=":3" />

The madams of female sex workers usually receive payment upfront for the female sex worker performing the sex act. From their wages the female sex workers typically have to pay for electricity, food, rent, interest, and bribes paid to local police.<ref name=":3" />

In recent years Mumbai has reported a dwindling number of brothels as a result of gentrification, heightened anti-trafficking efforts and police enforcement raids. This has resulted in the dispersal of sex workers, increasing their vulnerability.<ref name=":6" /> While efforts to encourage women sex workers to use [[condoms]] have been emphasized, their users often face stigmatization.<ref name=":6" /> Young girls who have been trafficked into sex work often have no autonomy and no choice as to whether or not they use condoms when engaging in sex work.<ref name=":6" /> Condoms are also not used when a girl is presented and sold to a client as a virgin – a practice known as ''sar dhaki'' – demonstrating that despite targeted efforts to ensure safer working conditions this remain an issue.<ref name=":6" />

=== HIV and AIDS patterns in Mumbai ===
Following the first case of HIV/AIDS identified in Mumbai, efforts to prevent the disease were undertaken. With the implementation of these efforts advocates recognized they had to understand the functioning of the sex industry.<ref name=":7" /> As efforts to engage with sex workers for HIV/AIDS prevention increased, many of these concentrated solely on female sex workers, neglecting male and transgender sex workers.<ref name=":7" /> From 2006 to 2009, Mumbai experienced an intensive HIV prevention campaign and there was increased use of safer sex in brothels and among street-based sex workers.<ref name=":6" /> Programs intended to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS range from but are not limited to efforts that include peer based education, condom distribution, increased screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections and diseases.<ref name=":6" /> Between the years 2006 and 2009 the rates of women with HIV in Maharashtra went from 26% to 27.5%, with a large proportion of these infection rates coming from Mumbai.<ref name=":6" /> According to Human Rights Watch more than half of the population of sex workers in Mumbai have contracted HIV.<ref name=":3" /> It is a characteristic of some Arab and Indian men to bid for and purchase virgin sex workers from Mumbai as it is believed that sex with a virgin can cure [[gonorrhea]] and [[syphilis]].<ref name=":3" /> Some female sex workers develop a relationship with their clients, considering them a lover or a partner. In this case they often will not use a condom with the partner, even if they are HIV positive.<ref name=":6" />

== Research ==
Svati P. Shah, the author of ''Street Corner Secrets'' and other works about research into the conditions of red light districts in Mumbai, has been working to broaden the discussion about the conditions there. Shah warns those interested in doing research work in Mumbai against sensationalizing the conditions of sex work and the patterns of HIV and AIDS.<ref name=":4" /> The anthropologist Susanne Asman has studied the lives of women sex workers who have returned to Nepal after working and living in Mumbai for some years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Bombay going: Nepali migrant sex workers in an anti-trafficking era|last=Åsman |first=Susanne|isbn=978-1-4985-5855-6|oclc=1052566705|date = 15 September 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> Over the course of ten years Susanne Asman collected information and conducted fieldwork concerning stories, lives and behaviour patterns of women sex workers returning to their home villages from Mumbai.<ref name=":5" /> As research has developed and more nuanced studies have been released many researchers still place much emphasis on the practices and politics of sex work.<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Asia]]
* [[Prostitution in Kolkata]]
* [[All Bengal Women's Union]]
* [[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]]
* [[Sonagachi]]
* [[Male prostitution]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 24600249 | doi=10.2147/HIV.S54062 | volume=6 | title=Addressing vulnerabilities of female sex workers in an HIV prevention intervention in Mumbai and Thane: experiences from the Aastha project | pmc=3933664 | year=2014 | journal=HIV AIDS (Auckl) | pages=9–18 | last1 = Ranebennur | first1 = V | last2 = Gaikwad | first2 = S | last3 = Ramesh | first3 = S | last4 = Bhende | first4 = A | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 32026610 | doi=10.1111/mcn.12963 | volume=16 | title=Structural vulnerabilities and breastfeeding among female sex workers in Mumbai | pmc=7296798 | year=2020 | journal=Matern Child Nutr | article-number=e12963 | last1 = Reno | first1 = R | last2 = Karandikar | first2 = S | last3 = McCloskey | first3 = RJ | last4 = España | first4 = M | issue=3 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 22760223 | doi=10.1136/jech-2011-200514 | volume=66 Suppl 2 | title=How effective is community mobilisation in HIV prevention among highly diverse sex workers in urban settings? The Aastha intervention experience in Mumbai and Thane districts, India | year=2012 | journal=J Epidemiol Community Health | pages=ii69-77 | last1 = Gaikwad | first1 = SS | last2 = Bhende | first2 = A | last3 = Nidhi | first3 = G | last4 = Saggurti | first4 = N | last5 = Ranebennur | first5 = V| doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 17320087 | doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.12.003 | volume=97 | title=Experiences of sex trafficking victims in Mumbai, India | year=2007 | journal=Int J Gynaecol Obstet | pages=221–6 | last1 = Silverman | first1 = JG | last2 = Decker | first2 = MR | last3 = Gupta | first3 = J | last4 = Maheshwari | first4 = A | last5 = Patel | first5 = V | last6 = Willis | first6 = BM | last7 = Raj | first7 = A | issue=3 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 25811484 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121014 | volume=10 | title=Is scale-up of community mobilisation among sex workers really possible in complex urban environments? The case of Mumbai, India | pmc=4374852 | year=2015 | journal=PLOS ONE | article-number=e0121014 | last1 = Kongelf | first1 = A | last2 = Bandewar | first2 = SV | last3 = Bharat | first3 = S | last4 = Collumbien | first4 = M | issue=3 | bibcode=2015PLoSO..1021014K | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 22043037 | doi=10.1093/infdis/jir540 | volume=204 Suppl 5 | title=Sex trafficking and initiation-related violence, alcohol use, and HIV risk among HIV-infected female sex workers in Mumbai, India | pmc=3247788 | year=2011 | journal=J Infect Dis | pages=S1229-34 | last1 = Silverman | first1 = JG | last2 = Raj | first2 = A | last3 = Cheng | first3 = DM | last4 = Decker | first4 = MR | last5 = Coleman | first5 = S | last6 = Bridden | first6 = C | last7 = Pardeshi | first7 = M | last8 = Saggurti | first8 = N | last9 = Samet | first9 = JH | issue=Suppl 5 }}
{{Refend}}

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Portal bar|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prostitution in Mumbai}}
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Red-light districts in India]]
[[Category:Women in Mumbai]]

Mahavir Balaji Temple Karharia

2025-12-18T11:47:09Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up Place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shree Shree 1008 Siya Ram Bhakt Mahavir Balajee Temple
|image=
|alt=
|caption=
|map_type=India Bihar #India
|map_caption=Location in Maldih Banka Bihar
|coordinates={{coord|25.24|N|86.58|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}} 
| native_name=Shri Shri 1008 Siya-Ram Bhakt Mahavir Balaji Mandir
|country=[[India]]
|state=[[Bihar]]
|district=Karharia Khesar Banka
|location=Maldih, [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]] near by [[Pipra High School]]
|elevation_m=
|deity=[[Hanuman]]
|temple_quantity=
|creator=
|website=www.karharia.blogspot.in
}}
'''Shri Shri 1008 Siya-Ram Bhakt Mahavir Balaji Mandir''' ([[Hindi]]/[[Hindi/angika|Banka]]: श्री श्री १००८ सिया राम भक्त महावीर बालाजी मंदिर करहरिया ) is a noted Hindu temple, otherwise known as a [[Mandir]], in the [[Banka district]] of [[Bihar]]. It is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] God [[Hanuman]]. The name Shri Shri 1008 Sitaram Bhakt Mahavir Balaji is applied to Shri [[Hanuman]] in several areas of India, because the childhood form of the Lord (''Bala'' in Hindi or [[Sanskrit]]) is especially celebrated there.

The temple is dedicated to Shri Shri 1008 Sitaram bhakt Mahavir Balaji (another name for Shree Hanuman Jee). Unlike similar religious sites, it is located in a village rather than the countryside. Its reputation for ritualistic healing and exorcism of evil spirits attracts many pilgrims from [[Banka district|Banka]], [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] and [[Munger district|Munger]] [[List of districts of Bihar|districts]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{harvnb|Gold|1990|p=278}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kakar|1982|pp=53–88}}</ref> The old village, Karharia, is located near the west side of the small hill of Fullidumar, which is about 8 km away. It is located approximately 500 meters east of the mini block of Maldih [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] of Shambhunj main block. Local people worship this Hindu deity every day, and address this village square by the name of Bajrangali Chowk Karharia.

== Personnel ==
The temple is well-known, especially in the southern parts of Bihar. The temple's first ''[[mahant]]'' was Shri Ganesh Puri ji Maharaj. The present ''mahant'' is Shri Naresh Puri ji Maharaj strictly follows a vegetarian diet and reads holy books. His small business sells tea and betel.

== Aid ==
A person suffering from evil spirits (''sankatwala'') can receive relief through in various ways including ''Ghee'' Light (''Ghee Ka Diya''), Orange Color Vermilion (''sindoor''), Rice, ''Urad'', ''darkhast'', Pulse, donating and ''bhog'' of ''bundi ke laddu'' offering to Shri. Tuesdays and Saturdays are the days of Hanumanji.

The temple performs exorcisms from evil spirits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Temples-Taboos/articleshow/9342277.cms|title=Temples & Taboos|date=July 24, 2011|work=The Times of India|author=Shobha John|accessdate=2015-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-about-balaji-temple-in-rajasthan-a-place-to-exorcise-ghost-33696.html|title=Know about Balaji temple in Rajasthan, a place to exorcise ghosts|date=October 12, 2014|work=India TV News|accessdate=2015-07-09}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The temple is situated in [http://www.karharia.blogspot.in Karharia], [[Banka district|Karauli district]] near Most Powerful Goddess Shri Durga Mata. The village is situated at the middle of two district blocks- Shambhuganj and Fullidumar. It is 31.2 km from [[Sultanganj railway station|Sultanganj]], [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], 35.5 km from [[Banka Junction railway station|Banka railway station]] and 23.2  km from [[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur, Munger]].

Nearby temples include Shree Shitla Mata, Shree Kali Mata, Shre Durga Mata, Shri Jakhraj Baba Palace Shri and Narsingh Baba Palace.
== See also ==
* [[Salasar Balaji]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{citation|last=Dwyer|first=Graham|title=The Divine and the Demonic: Supernatural Affliction and its Treatment in North India|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415297494}}
* {{citation|last=Gold|first=Ann Grodzins |author-link=Ann Grodzins Gold|title=Fruitful Journeys: The Ways of Rajasthani Pilgrims|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520069595}}
* {{citation|last=Kakar|first=Sudhir|title=Shamans, Mystics and Doctors: A Psychological Inquiry Into India and Its Healing Traditions|year=1982|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226422798}}, Chapter 3, "Lord of the Spirit World"
* {{citation|last1=Satija|first1=D. C.|title=A psychiatric study of patients attending Mahnipur Balaji Temple|year=1981|last2=Singh|last3=Nathawat|last4=Sharma|first2=D.|first3=S. S.|first4=V.|journal=Indian J Psychiatry|volume=23|issue=3|pages=247–250|pmc=3012952|pmid=22058548}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bignetindia.com/travel/balaji-temple-mehandipur-information-history-location-timing/ Mehandipur Balaji Temple Information]
* [http://www.bignetindia.com/city-guide/address/mehandipur-balaji-temple Mehandipur Balaji Address Location]

{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]

Intinti Gruhalakshmi

2025-12-11T18:18:35Z

JustineLaguerre: Added Initial Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Telugu television series (2020–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Intinti Gruhalakshmi.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| num_episodes = 1158
| num_seasons =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Sri Sumamanohara Production Pvt Ltd
| producer = Malayaja Prabhakhar
| director = Vijay Krishna
| writer = Karunakar Adigarla
| screenplay = Giridhar Poola
| cinematography = Subash Donthi
| editor = Kanchi Ramakrishna
| starring = [[Kasthuri Shankar]] Harikrishna Indraneil
| open_theme =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| channel = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|01|20|df=y}}
| related = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sreemoyee]]|[[Anupamaa]]}}
}}

'''''Intinti Gruhalakshmi''''' ({{translation|''Goddess of Every House''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] television drama series that aired on [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Mother's Day, the best movies/ shows to watch on Disney+ Hotstar: From 'Baahubali' to 'Badhaai Ho'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-mothers-day-the-best-movies-shows-to-watch-on-disney-hotstar-from-baahubali-to-badhaai-ho/article31542436.ece|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Produced by Sri Sumamanohara Production Pvt Ltd, it premiered on 3 February 2020 and concluded on 20 January 2024, completing 1158 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New daily soap 'Intinti Gruha Lakshmi' to premiere on February 3 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/new-daily-soap-intinti-gruha-lakshmi-to-premiere-on-february-2/articleshow/73769896.cms|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=Gruhalakshmi January 20th Episode: 'Gruhalakshmi' serial ended today.. What is the climax? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/tulasi-happy-ending-lasya-feel-guilty-in-intinti-gruhalakshmi-2024-january-20-episode-preview/articleshow/107005527.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show is a remake of the Bengali television series ''[[Sreemoyee]]'' that was broadcast on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intinti Gruhalakshmi changes track to Anupamaa adaptation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/intinti-gruhalakshmi-now-adapts-anupamaa/story/xyz.html|website=The Times of India|access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>

==Plot==
Tulasi, a humble homemaker lacks the respect from few of her family just because she is uneducated. Her husband Nandagopal "Nandu" is romantically involved with his colleague Lasya who envies Tulasi. Tulasi wins a funfair at her daughter Divya's school and secures a job as cooking teacher but loses it due to unpunctuality caused by her family. Tulasi's elder son Abhi introduces his love interest Ankita, whose mother Gayatri opposes the marriage over Tulasi's incomplete degree and the family being joint and middle-class unlike them. However, Tulasi puts her great efforts to arrange the marriage rebukes Lasya for interfering with the family issues when she advises Nandu to break the marriage as Gayatri is arrogant. Tulasi's supportive younger son Prem stalks Sruthi for requesting her to be a singer in his band but she misunderstands him to be an eve-teaser and files a complaint against him. Clearing the misunderstandings, Tulasi gets Sruthi to join the band. Sruthi and Prem's boss Aswin lusts for her and offers a contract to Prem's band just for Sruthi. Tulasi's childhood friend Anjali returns to India for Abhi's marriage and dislikes the family's way of treating Tulasi and Nandu's more-than-enough closeness with Lasya. Anjali confides her doubts about Nandu and Lasya to Tulasi but she refuses to trust this, blinded by trust on her husband.

Though series of events, Lasya brands Tulasi as irresponsible to Nandu as the latter was all along having a soft corner for her. Furious on Tulasi due to Lasya's conspiracies, he leaves for a trip with her without informing his family about his location. After this, Divya gets abducted by a person who seeks revenge from Tulasi for helping a girl from being molested by him and exposing him. Tulasi and Anjali save Divya, who along with Abhi and Tulasi's mother-in-law Anasuya blame her for it. To cool an upset Tulasi, Anjali takes her to a trip in a resort where Nandu and Lasya stay. Upon learning about their affair, Tulasi feels excessively deceived but conceals it from her family fearing that Gayatri might break the marriage. Anjali leaves the house when Lasya and Nandu frame her but Tulasi continues to trust her. Aswin convinces Sruthi's father to arrange her marriage with him. Though Sruthi loves Prem, she accepts to marry Aswin as the latter abducts Prem and threatens to murder him. Tulasi's brother Deepak saves Prem but not before Sruthi marries Aswin. Abhi marries Ankita without Tulasi's presence as she cares for a hospitalized Prem. Eventually, Ankita realizes Tulasi's worth and treats her like a mother. Lasya dramatically enters Nandu's house with her son Lucky and Tulasi shelters her to hide about their affair from her aged parents-in-law. However, Nandu's father Parandamayya spots Nandu hugging Lasya and the family too learns of this. Unexpectedly, Anasuya favours Lasya as she is educated.

Nandu and Tulasi start procedures to get divorced and Nandu moves out of his house to Lasya's residence. Naïve about Lasya's intentions, Divya chooses to live with her father leaving Tulasi devastated. Eventually, Divya feels depressed as Lasya favours Lucky over her and outcasts her. She commits suicide and returns to Tulasi. Divya also convinces her school principal to give Tulasi another chance which she accepts and offers the job to Tulasi for a second time. Nandu and Lasya lose their jobs for having an affair in the office and Anasuya feigns a heart attack for convincing Tulasi to allow them into the household. Nandu suffers from a heart stroke and Tulasi cares for him. Nandu starts to realize his mistake while Rohith, Tulasi's childhood friend and Anjali's brother who had a crush on her returns to India as he had set up his office in Hyderabad and coincidentally meets Tulasi and offers her a job. Tulasi accepts and earns praise by representing an idea to reduce the company's losses due to plastic use in the office. Jealous, Nandu begins to hate her and accuses her of having an affair with Rohith but eventually realizes that it is not the case.

When Aswin attempts to force himself upon Sruthi, she gets separated from him and flees from her father's place when he persuades her to return to Aswin. Prem ends up arranging for her stay in his friend's house but Aswin takes her back using the loopholes of laws. This time when he tries to rape Sruthi, she hits his head hard and assumes him dead. Prem takes the blame to protect Sruthi but Tulasi manages to save him with Sruthi and Rohith exposing Aswin who was faking his death. Repenting for not understanding his daughter, Sruthi's father dies in his sleep leaving her devastated. Her house owner expects favours from Sruthi who is banished when she tries to expose this to his wife. Nowhere to live, Tulasi takes Sruthi home much to the chagrin of Nandu, Lasya, Anasuya, Ankita and Abhi. Jealous, Ankita leaves the house with Abhi upon being influenced by Gayatri. Nandu resolves to start a business while Divya becomes a medical student thanks to Tulasi. Nandu's sister Madhavi and her husband Mohan act as if the latter is leaving the former to make Nandu realize his mistake but Lasya exposes them. Misunderstanding Tulasi's involvement behind it, Nandu declares that Lasya would handle the household responsibilities and Tulasi has nothing to do with the family. Tulasi objects to it and has an emotional outburst telling that she deserves love and respect for her dedication to the family. Frustrated, Tulasi kicks Lasya out and Nandu leaves with her. Tulasi decides to operate a cottage industry of textile and Sruthi thwarts Anasuya and Lasya's attempts to stop it. Anjali returns and encourages Tulasi to live on her own terms. Prem receives an opportunity as music director for a soap opera. While at Gayatri's house, Ankita learns that she conceived but her parents suggest her to hide it from Abhi and abort it as they are not settled yet. Abhi, after perceiving that Ankita has aborted her child rebukes her and her parents and returns to Tulasi. Ankita too returns but plots to separate Abhi from his family.

Tulasi plans to celebrate 50th anniversary of Parandamayya and Anasuya and during the occasion, Lasya and Tulasi's co-sister Bhagya demean Saraswati, Tulasi's mother. Nandu and Tulasi get divorced. An aged lonely man Ramachandra requests Tulasi to be the owner of his textile industry to which she accepts, though after some resistance from Anasuya and Ankita. She wants some money to invest in the factory and Parandamayya suggests her to mortgage the house. Claiming legal right over the house, Nandu objects while Parandamayya suffers from a heart stroke due tensions in his family. Tulasi arranges money for surgery by mortgaging the house with Sasikala, a moneylender. The surgery is successful and Parandhaamaiah recovers. Nandu apologizes to his father who rejects the apology and rebukes him. In the same week, Ramachandra and Tulasi discuss the funds required to rejuvenate the factory and the lack of funding sources. Tulasi requests the garment company material supplier Mishra to supply the material without an advance and he agrees. Tulasi and her family rejoice but their happiness is short lived as Nandu meets with an accident after being depressed by his father's cold behaviour towards him. Fortunately, he sustains only minor injuries. Lasya takes advantage of this situation and plots to throw Tulasi out of the house. Anasuya supports her. Tulasi comes to Lasya's home to enquire about Nandu's well-being. But Lasya and Anasuya stop her from seeing Nandu and blame her for the accident. They demand that Tulasi take Nandu home so that he may emerge from the depression caused by leaving his family. A helpless Tulasi brings Nandu and Lasya to her home. Tulasi starts her factory as Mishra agrees to supply the material. But Nandu insults her as she is an undergraduate. A jealous Lasya joins hands with Giridhar, who wants to usurp Ramachandra's factory and establish his own business venture, to destroy Tulasi. However, Tulasi re-opens the factory by performing rituals with Nandu. However the electricity department officers cut power off due to a penalty which is actually fabricated by Giridhar. Tulasi figures the cause out, and electricity is restored.

Nandu had suffered a huge loss in his company due to unfinished work. This makes him irritated and depressed. A business magnate GK offers a huge deal to Nandu's bankrupt company, with the selfish intent of getting his daughter Akshara married to Nandu's younger son Prem. Prem however is in love with Sruthi who has not made her own mind up yet about Prem. Nandu and Lasya accept GK's deal and plan for Prem to marry Akshara and drive Sruthi out of their way. Nandu decides to marry Sruthi off to another person to get rid of her. But Prem expels the groom's family when Nandu arranges the engagement for Sruthi. Lasya provokes Nandu to blackmail Sruthi so that she won't express the feelings she has developed for Prem. On the same day Prem proposes to Sruthi in front of his family but she rejects him, succumbing to Nandu's blackmail. Nandu demands that Prem marry Akshara, and a helpless Prem agrees. Akshara and Prem prepare to marry but Tulasi learns that Sruti is being blackmailed to not express her love. Tulasi brings Sruthi to the function and at last GK and Akshara understand the situation and decide to marry Sruthi and Prem, frustrating Lasya and Nandu. Lasya demands that Tulasi pay the debt of Nandu's company which she agrees to. Finally Sruthi and Prem tie the knot. Ankita feels jealous of Sruthi and insults her while welcoming the married couple.

Sruthi and Prem decide not to consummate their marriage until they are financially secure, as they think it not fair to burden Tulsi upon who most of the family is dependent. Anasuya apologises to Tulasi after overhearing a conversation between Lasya and Bhahya about Anasuya being a burden and Lasya living in the house. Tulsi is revealed to be a victim of [[Ovarian cancer]] and is taken to a wellness centre run by Dr Advait Krishna, who befriends her. However, she does not know anything about her disease, nor does the family except Abhi and Nandu. However, the family learns the truth and begins to adore Tulasi, surprising her. Ankita too reforms and accepts Sruthi as well. She learns about her disease but decides to remain strong for the sake of the family. Ankita starts to become a caring family member. Lasya arranges her marriage in the same resort with Nandu. On the wedding day, Nandu leaves the resort, feeling suffocated, and Lasya threatens to incarcerate the family. Nandu returns to the resort and marries Lasya under compulsion. The same night, Tulasi falls unconscious after singing and is taken to hospital. A surgery is performed to save her. The family returns home and Lasya starts to torment the family, annoying Nandu. Lasya secures a job while Nandu fails to do so. Frustrated, Nandu successfully seeks work as manager of his friend's café, and receives support from the whole family except Lasya.

Meanwhile, Lasya appoints an arrogant maid Vasantha for herself and Nandu who troubles the family, especially Anasuya. Vasantha is sent out of the home but she leaves understanding Tulasi's kindness and promises to help her whenever she is in need. Abhi starts to party with his friends and is profligate, eventually becoming indebted. Unbeknownst to the family and Tulasi, Abhi mortgages Ankita's jewellery. Lasya, frustrated by Nandu's prioritizing his family over her, instigates him against Tulasi and the family. Nandu blames Tulasi for the children being irresponsible but realizes that he was wrong and he did nothing as a father, while indulging in an extra-marital affair. Tulasi starts her efforts to make her children responsible. The family sets out to celebrate [[Makar Sankranti]]. Abhi is cheated in the stock market by his friend who escapes with Abhi's money. After confronting his friend, Abhi accidentally kills his friend in a scuffle and escapes. The police torment Tulasi's family to learn Abhi's whereabouts. Tulasi eventually finds him but an abusive SI joins them and insults Tulasi by asking about her husband. Abhi fights with the SI, who feels aggravated and arrests him, but denies any arrest the next morning. After the issue is resolved, Prem demeans Lasya for insulting Tulasi and the latter asks him to leave the house with Sruthi. Ramulamma, the family maid shelters Prem while Anasuya scolds Tulasi for being harsh. Prem begins to live independently. Divya is initially angry with Tulasi but learns that she cares for Prem and wants him to be independent and free of issues created by Lasya. Nandu wants to leave the house and demands that Tulasi send his parents with him. Reluctantly, Tulasi asks Parandamayya and Anasuya to go with their son. Unwilling, they instead leave the house secretly and begin to live in an old age home. Tulasi is shattered and further breaks down when Lasya accuses her of hiding Nandu's parents. However, Lasya is slapped by an enraged Madhavi and berated by the family in return. Parandamayya and Anasuya return home after being found by Tulasi. Nandu leaves the house and rents an portion of another house to live with Lasya. For paying the loans she took for Parandamayya's surgery, Tulasi sells the house and leaves with her family to a rented house of Abhi's friend as its caretakers. Upon being emotionally blackmailed by Gayatri, Tulasi sends Abhi and Ankita with her. Prem and Sruthi, who live in a rented house struggles to make ends meet. Prem joins as an assistant for a music director who steals his lyrics for a song. When Prem protests in front of the director, he is offended and decides to give into the selfish world. He reluctantly accepts an offer to write songs for him in exchange for money. Tulasi's friend Pravalika, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer volunteers to help Tulasi's factory which is in litigation because of Lasya and Bhagya. Tulasi leaves the factory as it is being suffered due to her rivals. Upon being inspired by Pravalika, Tulasi becomes a music tutor. Pravalika is transferred to [[Delhi]]. A property of Ankita is legalized to her after a long period due to litigation. Lasya and Nandu eye the property and host Ankita's birthday party to impress her but in vain as she remains in support of Tulasi.

Tulasi overhears a conversation between Abhi, Gayatri, Nandu and Lasya when they talk that Tulasi is greedy for the property Ankita secured and she is devastated as her own son misunderstands her. She forbids Ankita from visiting her to avoid taunts from Gayatri. Ankita, however learns the truth and rebukes Abhi. Lasya schemes and influences Gayatri to the name to the property after Abhi to avoid Ankita's decision to name the property after Tulasi. However, on Tulasi's advice, Ankita's father Sharat names the property after Ankita as she learns about Lasya's conspiracies to influence Abhi to get the property. Abhi feels deceived and accuses Tulasi of being greedy for property.

[[Ankitha]] returns to Tulasi while Abhi stays with her parents. Abhi challenges Ankita that Tulasi would some day use her property and that day, he will take Ankitha away from Tulasi. Tulasi plans to apply for a loan and Bhagya leaks it to Lasya, who deceives Tulasi by bribing the broker into applying for loan with fake documents and later forging her signature to withdraw the loan amount of {{Indian rupee}}20,00,000. Tulasi, Ankitha and Divya try to find out of the culprit for getting back their money and saving Tulasi from getting arrested as she signed on fake bank documents for being influenced. They capture the broker and blackmail Lasya to give all the money; setting a deadline of 24 hours for her. While she plans to engineer another conspiracy, Nandu learns the truth and gives the money to Tulasi. He berates Lasya for cheating his family and tries to leave her but reconciles with her when she fakes a suicide attempt. Prem needs {{Indian rupee}}5,00,000 for sponsoring his music album and Tulasi reconciles with him, helps him win a music competition from which he wins price money to sponsor his album. The family gear up to celebrate [[Bonalu]]. Lasya tries to spoil Tulasi's "Bonam" by breaking the holy pots Divya is holding but Madhavi saves the day. Vasu and Sakshi (from [[Guppedantha Manasu]]) join Tulasi for Bonalu and help her achieve her task when Lasya gives sleeping pills to Tulasi believing that she would lose consciousness and break the Bonam.

Honey is the daughter of an extremely rich man named Samrat. When Honey meets with an accident caused by Nandu, Tulasi admits her in hospital. Nandu and Lasya leave Honey to attend an interview by Samrat that gets cancelled when he learns of Honey being missing. Misunderstanding that Tulasi abducted Honey, Samrat has Parandamayya and Anasuya apprehended and kept in jail. When Tulasi arrives, she is also jailed when she refuses to divulge that Honey wanted to tour the city and hid about her house's details from Tulasi for protecting her from Samrat's wrath.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Kasthuri Shankar]] as Tulasi – Saraswathi's daughter; Deepak's sister; Nandu's ex-wife; Abhi, Prem and Divya's mother; Rohith, Anjali and Pravalika's best friend; Anasuya and Parandamayya's daughter-figure (2020–2024)
* Harikrishna as Nandagopal aka Nandu: Anasuya and Parandamayya's elder son; Aravind and Madhavi's brother; Lasya's husband; Tulasi's ex-husband; Abhi, Prem and Divya's father; Lucky's step-father (2020–2024)
* Prashanti as Lasya – Shekar's former wife; Nandu's second wife; Lucky's mother; Abhi, Prem and Divya's step-mother; Tulasi's arch-rival (2020–2024)

===Recurring===
* Nikhil Nair / [[Ravisankar]] Rathod as Prem – Tulasi and Nandu's younger son; Lasya's step-son; Abhi and Divya's brother; Akshara's ex-fiancé; Sruthi's husband (2020–2022) (2022–2024)
* Lahari Vishnuwazhala as Sruthi – Sastri's daughter; Aswin's ex-wife; Prem's wife (2020–2024)
* Chaganty Sree Harsha / Venkat Chinthalapudi as Dr. Abhiram aka Abhi – Tulasi and Nandu's elder son; Lasya's step-son; Prem and Divya's brother; Ankita's husband (2020–2021) / (2021–2024)
* Sireesha Nulu / Uttara Reddy as Dr. Ankitha – Gayathri and Sarath's daughter; Abhi's wife (2020–2024)
* Poojitha Reddy / Inchara Shetty as Dr. Divya – Tulasi and Nandu's daughter; Lasya's step-daughter; Abhi and Prem's sister; Vikram's wife (2020–2023) / (2023–2024)
* Kalyan Reddy as Vikram – Rajalakshmi's son; Divya's husband (2023–2024)
* Indraneel as Samrat – A rich businessman and Tulasi's friend; Honey's father (2022-2023)
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Anjali – Rohith's sister; Tulasi's best friend (2020-2021)
* [[Babloo Prithviraj]] as Rohith – Anjali's brother; Tulasi's best friend and former one-sided lover (2021)
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Pravalika [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] – Tulasi's best friend (2022)
* Sailaja / Kanaka Durga as Anasuya – Parandamayya's wife; Nandu, Aravind and Madhavi's mother; Tulasi's mother-figure; Abhi, Prem and Divya's grandmother (2020–2024)
* Perraju as Parandamayya – Anasuya's husband Nandu, Aravind and Madhavi's father; Tulasi's father-figure; Abhi, Prem and Divya's grandfather (2020–2024)
* Indira Anand as Saraswathi – Tulasi and Deepak's mother; Abhi, Prem, Divya and Kalyan's grandmother (2020-2021)
* Kamudrani Siva as Deepak – Saraswati's son; Tulasi's brother; Sravani's husband; Kalyan's father (2020-2022)
* Unknown as Sravani – Deepak's wife; Kalyan's mother (2020)
* Unknown as Kalyan – Sravani and Deepak's son; Abhi, Prem and Divya's cousin (2020)
* Sreedhar as Dr. Sarath – Gayatri's husband; Ankitha's father (2020–2024)
* Bhargavi as Dr. Gayatri – Sarath's wife; Ankitha's mother (2020–2024)
* Girish as Aravind – Anasuya and Parandamayya's younger son; Nandu and Madhavi's brother; Bhagya's husband (2020-2021)
* Swapna as Bhagya – Aravind's wife (2020–2024)
* Madhavi Latha as Madhavi – Anasuya and Parandamayya's daughter; Nandu and Aravind's sister; Mohan's wife (2020-2022)
* Avinash as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mohan – Madhavi's husband; Tulasi's brother-figure (2020-2022)
* Sumit Roy as Aswin – Sruthi's ex-husband (2020-2021)
* Advaith Kona as Lucky – Lasya and Shekar's son; Nandu's step-son (2020–2024)
* JL Srinivas as Gopala Krishna aka GK – Akshara's father; Tulasi's namesake brother and helper (2021-2022)
* Shabeena as Akshara – GK's daughter; Tulasi's daughter-figure; Prem's ex-fiancée (2021-2022)
* Prathyusha as Sasikala – Money lender (2021-2022)
* Ramani Chowdhary as Ramulamma – Tulasi's family's former maid (2020-2022)
* Pavitra as Vasantha – Lasya's former personal maid (2021)
* [[Sreeya Remesh]] as Rajalakshmi (2023)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;" | Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;" | Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;" | Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;" | Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;" | Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;" | Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Sreemoyee]]'' ''শ্রীময়ী''
|10 June 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|19 December 2021
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Inthi Nimma Asha'' ''ಇಂತಿ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಆಶಾ''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-29 |title=Kannada daily soap 'Inti Nimma Asha' completes 500 episodes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-inti-nimma-asha-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/84849122.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|7 October 2019
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|8 January 2022
|rowspan="7"|Remake
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]'' ''आई कुठे काय करते!''
|23 December 2019
|[[Star Pravah]]
|30 November 2024
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Kudumbavilakku]]'' ''കുടുംബവിളക്ക്''
|27 January 2020
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|3 August 2024
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Intinti Gruhalakshmi'' ''ఇంటింటి గృహలక్ష్మి''
|3 February 2020
|[[Star Maa]]
|20 January 2024
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Anupamaa]]'' ''अनुपमा''
|13 July 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan="2"|Ongoing
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' ''பாக்யலட்சுமி''
|27 July 2020
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|''Shanti'' ''ଶାନ୍ତି''
|6 June 2022
|[[Star Kiran]]
|14 January 2023
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/intinti-gruhalakshmi/1260019998 ''Intinti Gruhalakshmi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|12612774}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]

Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology

2025-12-05T07:17:28Z

JustineLaguerre: further cleaned up article per standard format also and improved wording

{{Short description|Private university in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology
| image = Juet-logo.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| established = 2003
| city = [[Raghogarh, Guna, Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| undergrad = 1650<ref name=recogntn>[http://www.juit.ac.in/University/genesis.php Genesis and Recognition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083048/http://www.juit.ac.in/University/genesis.php |date=2011-06-05 }} of JUIT. Retrieved on 2008-08-30.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juet.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=juet.ac.in}}</ref>
| chancellor = [[Sh. Jaiprakash Gaur]]
| dean = Prof. Vipin Tyagi
| vice_chancellor = Prof. D. K. Rai
| website = {{URL|http://www.juet.ac.in}}
| colors = {{color box|#6396FC}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}} Blue and white
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4353|77.1609|region:IN_type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = JUET
| motto = Education, Enlightenment, Empowerment
| former_names = Jaypee Institute of Engineering and Technology
| campus = JUET Campus
| type = [[Private University|Private]]
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
}}

'''Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology''' ('''JUET'''), formerly '''Jaypee Institute of Engineering and Technology''', is a private [[engineering]] University located at [[Raghogarh, Guna, Madhya Pradesh]], India.

== University Status ==
Jaypee University of Engineering & Technology, Raghogarh, Guna (M.P.) has been established under Madhya Pradesh Private University (Sthapana Avam Sanchalan) Samsodhan Adhiniyam 2010 vide Act No. 23 of 2010 published in Madhya Pradesh Gazette (Extraordinary) Notification Sr. No. 420 dated 13 August 2010.

The university is approved by UGC under UGC Act, 1956, and is empowered to award degrees as specified under section 22 of UGC Act.

* JUET has been accredited with grade "A+" by NAAC
* JUET Ranked Amongst India's Top Private Universities : Seasonal Magazine 2015
* AICTE and UGC Approved University
* Approval/Membership - Association of Indian Universities

Establishment of university by Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 2010 - Madhya Pradedh Niji Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapna Avam Sanchalan) Sansodhan Adhiniyam, 2010

==Campus==
JUET is approved as a remote center of IIT Bombay under NME-ICT program of ministry of HRD.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Mission on Education through ICT|url=http://www.nmeict.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/wsmng/searchrc.php?search=Jaypee|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.nmeict.iitb.ac.in|archive-date=2020-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711072807/http://www.nmeict.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/wsmng/searchrc.php?search=Jaypee|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Departments==
The university includes the following departments:{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* Department of Computer Science and Engineering
* Department of Electronics and Communication Technology
* Department of Civil Engineering
* Department of Physics
* Department of Mathematics
* Department of Mechanical Engineering
* Department of Chemical Engineering
* Department of Chemistry
* Department of Humanities & Social Sciences
* Cement Research Development Centre
* Wind Engineering Application Centre

==Academics==
===Academic programmes ===
Institute offers undergraduate programs leading to a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree, postgraduate programs leading to a [[Master of Technology]] degree and PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree. Institute also offers BSc and MSc program.

===Programs offered ===
*Faculty of Engineering
**B.Tech.
***Chemical Engineering
***Civil Engineering
***Computer Science & Engineering
***Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
***Computer Science & Engineering (Data Science)
***Electronics & Communication Engineering
*** Electronics Engineering (VLSI Design & Technology)
***Mechanical Engineering
*** Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering (Additive Manufacturing)
**M.Tech.
***Chemical Engineering
***Civil Engineering
**** Construction Management
**** Environmental Engineering
****Structural Engineering
***Computer Science & Engineering (Specialization offered in (i) AI & DS (ii) AI & ML)
***Electronics & Communication Engineering (Specialization offered in (i) Microelectronics and VLSI Design (ii) Internet of Things)
***Mechanical Engineering
****Manufacturing Technology (Specialization offered in (i) Machine Design (ii) Thermal Engineering)
**Ph.D.
***Chemical Engineering
***Civil Engineering
***Computer Science & Engineering
***Electronics & Communication Engineering
***Mechanical Engineering
***Chemistry
***Humanities & Social Sciences
***Mathematics
***Physics
*Faculty of Mathematical Sciences
**B.Sc. Hons. (Mathematics)
**M.Sc. (Mathematics)
**Ph.D. (Mathematics)
*Faculty of Sciences
**B.Sc. (Hons.) in Chemistry
**B.Sc. (Hons.) in Physics
**M.Sc. (Chemistry)
**M.Sc. (Physics)
**Ph.D. (Chemistry)
**Ph.D. (Physics)
*Management
**Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
*Diploma
**Civil Engineering
**Mechanical Engineering

===Philosophy of teaching and examination===
The philosophy of teaching and examination aim to develop a number of qualities in students such as:

* Sustained Disciplined Work
* Self Learning
* Flexibility in Pace of Learning
* Design Orientation
* Quality Consciousness
* Co-operative working etc.
Accordingly, the course structure of each program have been prepared for credit based semester system. The Courses are designed to provide a strong blend of class room lectures, tutorials, laboratory work, hands-on practice oriented projects, design projects, plant visits and seminars. Provision of electives and flexibility of choosing extra credits give the students an opportunities to develop in areas of their interest.

The concept of transparent continuous evaluation is followed. The students have to appear in T-1, T-2 and T-3 examination in every semester, besides students are required to be regular in attendance. The results are announced within two weeks of examinations. Grade system is followed.

===Rankings===
JUET has been accredited with grade "A+" by NAAC in Cycle-2 w.e.f. 22 March 2023.
JUET has been recognised as an ‘Excellent University' by Madhya Pradesh Private University Regulatory Commission (MPPURC), Bhopal in October 2018.
JUET has been accredited with grade "A" by NAAC in Cycle-1 w.e.f. 5 November 2016
JUET Ranked Amongst India's Top Private Universities : Seasonal Magazine 2015

===Collaboration and international relations===
Jaypee University has international relations with [[University of Florida ]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign and National Collaborations - JUIT|url=http://www.juit.ac.in/foreign-collaborations|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.juit.ac.in}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Hostel===
The university has separate hostel facilities for boys and girls. Presently, there are 21 blocks of boy's hostels having the capacity to accommodate 2360 students. The girls hostel is having the capacity to accommodate around 424 inmates.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==See also==
*[[Jaypee Institute of Information Technology]]
*[[Jaypee University of Information Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.juet.ac.in JUET official website]

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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaypee University Of Engineering Technology}}
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Survivor (Hindi TV series)

2025-11-05T01:10:21Z

JustineLaguerre: made basic entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Reality Television Show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Survivor India
| image = SurvivorIndia–TheUltimateBattleLogo.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality competition]]
| editor = Umashankar Mishra
| runtime = 35–40 minutes
| creator =
| presenter = [[Sameer Kochhar]]
| executive_producer =
| creative_director = Anuradha Gakhar
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[StarPlus|STAR Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|1|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|3|17|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 22
| related = [[Survivor (franchise)#Survivor around the world|International versions]] 
}}

'''''Survivor Hindi''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[reality television]] show, which was originally based on Swedish show ''[[Expedition Robinson]]'' created in 1997 by [[Charlie Parsons]] and is part of ''[[Survivor India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/survival-of-the-fittest-3/|title=Survival of the fittest|website=The Indian Express|date=30 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/survivor-india-goes-beyond-bigg-boss-436353.html|title='Survivor India' goes beyond 'Bigg Boss'|website=[[News18 India]]|date=11 January 2012}}</ref> The series was filmed in the summer of 2011 and premiered on 6 January 2012 on [[Star Plus]]. The show was hosted by [[Sameer Kochhar]]. The show is produced by Miditech Pvt. Ltd. and is aired on weekend nights. Like many of its counterparts, the show has a set number of contestants stranded on an isolated area for a pre-determined number of days until one remains and is given the title ''Sole Survivor''. Aside from the title, the winner also receives ₹ 10 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/showcontestants.aspx?cid=720 |title=Survivor | "nri" sthitpragya |publisher=Starplus.startv.in |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>

'''''Survivor India: Caramoan Islands''''' is the first and only season of the series. It was shot on the islands of Caramoan in the [[Philippines]], from mid September to October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the camp: The low-down on the first few days of 'Survivor India'|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/01/06174831/Inside-the-camp.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=6 January 2012 }}</ref> Raj Rani was named the winner in the final episode on 17 March 2012, defeating [[Jamnadas Majethia|JD Majethia]] and Stithpragya in a 4–2–1 vote.

==Series details==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:97%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! Season !! Host !! Launch date !! Finale date !! Days !! Castaways !! Winner
|-
| '''[[Survivor India (season 1)|1]]''' || style="width:120px;"| [[Sameer Kochhar]] || style="width:100px;"|6 January 2012 || style="width:100px;"|17 March 2012||width="70"| 45||width="75"| 22|| style="width:100px;"| Raj Rani<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/shownewsdetailspage.aspx?nid=3067 |title=Raj Rani is elated to win Survivor India |publisher=Starplus.startv.in |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805070846/http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/shownewsdetailspage.aspx?nid=3067 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Raja-Rani-wins-Survivor-India/SP-Article1-833034.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401205036/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Raja-Rani-wins-Survivor-India/SP-Article1-833034.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2012 |title=Raja Rani wins Survivor India |work=Hindustan Times|date=30 March 2012 |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Season summary==
Twenty two castaways embarked on the journey of a lifetime in the pristine yet treacherous [[Philippines]]. The two tribes were pre-selected before the start of the show. The contestants were divided into two tribes by popularity, Catan, which consisted of castaways who were celebrities, and Tayak, which consisted of castaways who were ordinary people. Catan's inaugural victory in the reward challenge caused them to underestimate their opposing tribe's mettle. At the first tribal council faced by the Catan tribe, Sylvie was blindsided by her fellow mates and was voted off. With a great comeback the Catan tribe won the successive challenges gaining consecutive two immunity which resulted in eliminations of two of the female members of the Tayak tribe – Sanober and Gisele. From the tenth day on wards, Tayak dominated in challenges, while the depleted Catan lost Priyanka, Karan, Rishi and Shilpa. Priyanka was sent home for being too manipulative under the game-play adopted by the two masterminds of Catan – Shilpa and Rohit. Karan, due to his worsening health problems, became the first contestant in the history of Survivor India to quit. Ex-Tayak members (Rishi, Raj Rani, Shivam and Stithpragya) who joined Catan after the tribe switch saw a change in their alliance when Shivam voted against Rishi, hence, kicking him out of the game. Shivam decided to side with his initial allies after getting to know of Shilpa's intentions to vote against him. JD's vote against Shilpa resulted in her ouster from the island.

After Rishi's elimination, he was mysteriously secluded to a new island and was told to await further clues for his survival there. From that point on, the outcasts who were vote out of the game, formed a new tribe on the island of Ayunan with the same name. Rajesh and Evelyn were blindsided by their members at Tayak and Michael got voted out for engaging in too many verbal fights with fellow castaways. Soon the tribe consisted of a total of five eliminated contestants. A new twist revealed that the outcasts were being given a chance to make a comeback in the game. After an endurance challenge among the five of them, Michael emerged as the winner and was given the choice to pick one of the four remaining members to join the game again. Michael chose Shilpa for her determination and therefore the game ended for Rishi, Evelyn and Rajesh.

After making a surprise entry in the game, the two returnees are not very warmly welcomed by their ex-tribe mates. Shilpa and Michael, being immune, were safe from the outcome of the next immunity challenge which Tayak ended by losing and facing tribal council for the fourth time in a row. Preeti fell target to Rohit's game-plan and was voted out. Deprived of, almost, all of the rewards offered in the challenges, Tayak tribe members suffered from starvation while Catan enjoyed consecutive feasts. Standing against Munisha both Michael and Sai from Tayak were soon voted off. Shilpa was blindsided by her fellow mates, who vowed not to vote against her, and was sent home.

The ten survivors left witnessed a tribal merge and formed a new tribe named "Walo Walo".

==Tribes==
The two initial tribes were Catan, represented by a [[stingray]] and the color yellow, and Tayak, represented by a [[shark]] and the color red. Initially, the Catan tribe consisted of 11 celebrities and Tayak of 11 non-famous people chosen from all over India. Following the tribe switch, the first five eliminated members were mysteriously secluded to the island of Ayunan where they formed a new tribe, competing for a chance to return to the game. The final ten players merged into the Walo Walo tribe, represented by a [[snake]] and the color blue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=6&News_id=44850 |title=Star Plus begins promotion blitz for 'Survivor India' |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730190942/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=6&News_id=44850 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/01/star-plus-rides-on-innovative-marketing-activities-for-survivor-india/|title = STAR Plus rides on innovative marketing activities for 'Survivor India'}}</ref>

==Contestants==
[[File:Newswse.gif|220px|right|thumb|Logo for the Catan tribe depicting a [[stingray]].]][[File:Tayaktribe.gif|200px|right|thumb|Logo for the Tayak tribe depicting a [[shark]].]]
[[File:Munisha khatwani.jpg|170px|right|thumb|Munisha Khatwani came in seventh place and was the fourth jury member.]]
[[File:Payal Rohatgi Colors at Indian Telly Awards, 2012.jpg|170px|right|thumb|[[Payal Rohatgi]] came in sixth place and was the fifth jury member.]]

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
|-
! width="140"| Contestant
!width="90"| {{nowrap|Original tribe}}
! width="80"|{{nowrap|Switched tribe}}
! width="90"|{{nowrap|Outcast twist}}
! width="90"|{{nowrap|Merged tribe}}
! width="120"| Finish
|-
|align="left"|'''Sylvester "Sylvie" Rodgers''' Hair Stylist
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="darkgray"|
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="darkgray"|
|rowspan=14 bgcolor="darkgray"|
|1st voted out Day 4
|-
|align="left"|'''Sanober Pardiwala''' Stunt Artist
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|2nd voted out Day 6
|-
|align="left"|'''Gizele Thakral''' Supermodel
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|3rd voted out Day 8
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Priyanka Bassi]]''' Actress
| {{stribe|Catan}}
|4th voted out Day 10
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Karan Patel]]''' 28, Actor
|{{stribe|Catan}}
| Quit Day 12<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Patel-quits-Survivor-India/articleshow/11577258.cms|title=Karan Patel quits Survivor India|website=The Times of India|date=22 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|'''Rishi Raj''' 29, Fashion Stylist
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|rowspan=5 {{stribe|Ayunan}}{{efn|name=Ayunan|Upon being voted out of the game, the first five castaways after the tribal switch were taken to the Ayunan tribe for a chance to return to the game.}}
|5th voted out Day 15
|-
|align="left"|''[[Shilpa Saklani]]'' ''Returned to game''
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|6th voted out Day 17
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Rajesh Khera]]''' 43, Actor
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|7th voted out Day 19
|-
|align="left"|'''Evelyn Sayal''' 28, Call Center Employee
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|8th voted out Day 21
|-
|align="left"|''Michael Durairaj'' ''Returned to game''
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|9th voted out Day 23
|-
|align="left"|'''Preeti''' 24, DJ
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|10th voted out Day 25
|-
|align="left"|'''Michael Durairaj''' 43, Research Scientist
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}{{efn|name=Return|Michael and Shilpa returned to the game on Day 24. Upon their return to the game, Michael returned to the Tayak tribe and Shilpa to Catan.}}
|11th voted out Day 28
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Shilpa Saklani]]''' 29, Actress
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}{{efn|name=Return}}
|12th voted out Day 30
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Saiprasad Gundewar|Saiprasad "Sai" Gundewar]]''' 33, Actor
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|13th voted out Day 30
|-
|align="left"|'''Rohit Narang''' 45, Hotel chain owner
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
| rowspan=10 {{stribe|walo walo}}
|14th voted out 1st jury member Day 32
|-
|align="left"|'''Harrison James''' 35, Fitness Trainer
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|15th voted out 2nd jury member Day 35
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Sangram Singh]]''' 28, Wrestler
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|16th voted out 3rd jury member Day 37
|-
|align="left"|'''Munisha Khatwani''' 31, Tarot card reader
| {{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|17th voted out 4th jury member Day 39
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Payal Rohatgi]]''' 33, Actress / Model
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|18th voted out 5th jury member Day 41
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Abhinav Shukla]]''' 29, Actor
| {{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|19th voted out 6th jury member Day 42
|-
|align="left"|'''Shivam Singh''' 23, Student
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|20th voted out 7th jury member Day 43
|-
|align="left"|'''Sthitpragya Mohan''' 25, NRI Radio Jockey
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|2nd runner-up
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Jamnadas Majethia|Jamandas "JD" Majethia]]''' 45, Actor / Producer
| {{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|Runner-up
|-
|align="left"|'''Raj Rani''' 25, Field hockey player
|{{stribe|Tayak}}
|{{stribe|Catan}}
|{{stribe|catan}}
|Sole Survivor
|}
:''The '''Total Votes''' is the number of votes a castaway has received during Tribal Councils where the castaway is eligible to be voted out of the game. It does not include the votes received during the final Tribal Council.''

{{notelist}}

==Castaways status==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Sr
! scope="col" |Castaways name
! scope="col" |Day arrived on main island
! scope="col" |Day exited island
! scope="col" |Status of the castaways
|-
| 1
| Rani
| Day 1
| Day 50
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Sole Survivor
|-
| 2
| Jamandas
| Day 1
| Day 50
| style ="background:#D1E8EF;" |Runner up
|-
| 3
| Sthitpragya
| Day 1
|Day 50
| style ="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| 4
| Shivam
| Day 1
| Day 43
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| 5
| Abhinav
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 6
| Payal
| Day 1
| Day 41
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 7
| Munisha
| Day 1
| Day 39
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 8
| Sangram
| Day 1
|Day 37
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 9
| Harrison
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 10
| Rohit
|Day 1
| Day 32
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 11
| Saiprasad
|Day 1
| Day 30
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| 12
| Shilpa
| Day 1
| Day 30
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 13
| Michael
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 14
| Preeti
| Day 1
| Day 25
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 15
| Michael
| Day 1
| Day 23
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 16
| Evelyn
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 17
| Rajesh
| Day 1
| Day 19
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 18
| Shilpa
| Day 1
| Day 17
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 19
| Rishi
| Day 1
| Day 15
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 20
| Karan
| Day 1
| Day 12
|style="background:#fcf;"|Quit
|-
| 21
| Priyanka
| Day 1
| Day 10
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 22
| Gizele
| Day 1
| Day 8
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 23
| Sanober
| Day 1
| Day 6
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| 24
| Sylvie
| Day 1
| Day 4
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|}

==Season summary==
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 width="60"|Episode
!rowspan=2 width="125"|Air date
!colspan=2|Challenges
!rowspan=2 width="80"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
!rowspan=2 width="60"| Vote
!rowspan=2 width="150"|Finish
|-
!width="70"|Reward
!width="70"|Immunity
|-
|'''[[#Episode 1 (6 January)|1]]'''
|6 January 2012
|height="37" {{stribe|catan}}
|colspan=3 |None
|No Vote out
|-
|'''[[#Episode 2 (7 January)|2]]'''
|7 January 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|tayak}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|10–1
|1st Voted Out Day 4
|-
|'''[[#Episode 3 (8 January)|3]]'''
|8 January 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|tayak|Sanober}}
|8–2–1
|2nd Voted Out Day 6
|-
|'''[[#Episode 4 (14 January)|4]]'''
| 14 January 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|tayak|Gisele}}
|7–2–1
|3rd Voted Out Day 8
|-
|'''[[#Episode 5 (15 January)|5]]'''
| 15 January 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|tayak}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|6–2–1–1
|4th Voted Out Day 10
|-
|'''[[#Episode 6 (21 January)|6]]'''
| 21 January 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|tayak}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|catan|Karan}}
|No vote
|Quit Day 12
|-
|'''[[#Episode 7 (22 January)|7]]'''
| 22 January 2012
|height="37" {{stribe|Tayak}}
|colspan=3|None
|No Vote out
|-
|'''[[#Episode 8 (28 January)|8]]'''
| 28 January 2012
|None
|height="25" {{stribe|tayak}}
| {{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|5–3
|5th Voted out Day 15
|-
|'''[[#Episode 9 (29 January)|9]]'''
| 29 January 2012
|height="25" colspan=2 {{stribe|tayak}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|4–3
|6th Voted out Day 17
|-
|'''[[#Episode 10 (4 February)|10]]'''
| 4 February 2012
|height="25" {{stribe|tayak}}
| {{stribe|catan}}
| {{stribe|tayak|Rajesh}}
|4–4–1 4–3
|7th Voted out Day 19
|-
|'''[[#Episode 11 (5 February)|11]]'''
| 5 February 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|tayak|Evelyn}}
|7–1
|8th Voted out Day 21
|-
|'''[[#Episode 12 (11 February)|12]]'''
| 11 February 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
| {{stribe|tayak|Michael}}
|4–3
|9th Voted out Day 23
|-
|rowspan=2 |'''[[#Episode 13 (12 February)|13]]'''
|rowspan=2| 12 February 2012
|rowspan=2 |None
| {{stribe|ayunan|Michael, [Shilpa]}}
|rowspan=2 {{stribe|tayak|Preeti}}
|rowspan=2|4–3
|rowspan=2| 10th Voted Out Day 25
|-
| {{stribe|catan}}
|-
|'''[[#Episode 14 (18 February)|14]]'''
|18 February 2012
| colspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}{{ref|Combined Challenge|1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|Michael}}
|4–2
|11th Voted Out Day 28
|-
|rowspan=2|'''[[#Episode 15 (19 February)|15]]'''
|rowspan=2|19 February 2012
|rowspan=2 {{stribe|catan}}
|rowspan=2| None
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|6–1
|12th Voted Out Day 30
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|Sai}}
|3–2
|13th Voted Out Day 30
|-
|'''[[#Episode 16 (25 February)|16]]'''
|25 February 2012
|None{{ref|Merger|2}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Raj Rani}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Rohit}}
|6–4
|14th Voted Out 1st Jury Member Day 32
|-
|'''[[#Episode 17 (26 February)|17]]'''
|26 February 2012
|{{stribe|walo walo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Raj Rani}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Harrison}}
|5–4
|15th Voted Out 2nd Jury Member Day 35
|-
|'''[[#Episode 18 (3 March)|18]]'''
|3 March 2012
|Survivor Auction
|{{stribe|walo walo|JD}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Sangram}}
|5–1–1–1
|16th Voted Out 3rd Jury Member Day 37
|-
|'''[[#Episode 19 (4 March)|19]]'''
|4 March 2012
|{{stribe|walo walo|Shivam, [Sthitpragya]}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Munisha}}
|5–2
|17th Voted Out 4th Jury Member Day 39
|-
|'''[[#Episode 20 (10 March)|20]]'''
|10 March 2012
|{{stribe|walo walo|Abhinav}}, <nowiki>[Sthitpragya, Raj Rani]</nowiki>
|{{stribe|walo walo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Payal}}
|4–2
|18th Voted Out 5th Jury Member Day 41
|-
|rowspan=2|'''[[#Episode 21 (11 March)|21]]'''
|rowspan=2|11 March 2012
|rowspan=2 |None
|rowspan=1 {{stribe|walo walo|JD}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Abhinav}}
|4–1
|19th Voted Out 6th Jury Member Day 42
|-
|{{stribe|walo walo|Sthitpragya}}
|{{stribe|walo walo|Shivam}}
|2–2{{ref|5|3}}
|20th Voted Out 7th Jury Member Day 43
|-
|rowspan=3|'''[[#Episode 22 (17 March)|22]]'''
|rowspan=3 |17 March 2012
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|Jury Vote
|{{stribe|walo walo|Sthitpragya}}
|rowspan=3|4–2–1
|2nd Runner-Up
|-
|{{stribe|walo walo|JD}}
|Runner-Up
|-
|{{stribe|walo walo|Raj Rani}}
|Sole Survivor
|-
|}

{{note|Combined Challenge|1}} Combined Reward and Immunity challenge. 
{{note|Merger|2}} There was no Reward Challenge due to the tribal merge.
==Episodes==
===Episode 1 (6 January)===
* '''Reward Challenge''': Both teams had to divide their members into two groups of eighth and three. The group consisting of eighth people shall dive into the water and bring a wooden cart to the shore undergoing through an obstacle course while bringing it. Next they had to unlock two wheels tied to a pole to make the carriage easy to run. Then they had to unlock the cart to reveal puzzle pieces which shall be joined together by the other three members awaiting them to form a board with their tribe name printed on it.
:*'''Reward ''': Fire kit, ground nuts and pulses.
Sameer Kochchar, the host of Survivor India, welcomes 22 competitors who are to be marooned for 45 days in the exotic yet dangerous Caramoan islands in Philippines, without food, drinking water, shelter, technology and civilization. The competitors must salvage food and shelter and survive the island and each other. The 22 competitors are divided into two tribes of eleven, celebrities against ordinary people, and they will reside in two separate islands. The Catan tribe, with the yellow bandana, consists of Payal, Karan, Shilpa, Rohit, Rajesh, Sangram, Abhinav, JD, Priyanka, Munisha and Sylvie. The Tayak tribe, with the red bandana, consists of Raj, Rishi, Shivam, Michael, Preeti, Gisele, Sanober, Harrison, Evelyn, Sthitpragya and Sai. The two tribes face a reward challenge.

===Episode 2 (7 January)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': Due to Gisele's foot injury she was unable to participate in the challenge. Therefore, the Catan tribe had to exclude a member of their team from the Reward cum immunity challenge. Catan tribe chose Sylvie, hence Sylvie and Gisele did not take part in the challenge. Both tribes had to divide their team members into five groups of two. Each group shall one by one topple a block, with segments of their tribe name printed on each, from the many placed on the shore. Once all the required blocks were procured, the tribe had to assemble them to make a staircase in a way that their tribe name should appear correctly on the side of the stairs. Once constructed, all the members had to climb the staircase, reach the top and release their tribe flag. Winners were given a choice to choose from either a basket full of fruits or the fire kit. The tribe chose Fire kit.
:*'''Reward''': A fruit basket. (If Tayak wins, they get a choice between this and a fire kit)
In Tayak tribe, Preeti's tribemates allay her fear and convince her to stay in the competition. Michael accuses his tribemates of stealing his footwear to sabotage him. Failing to start a fire, Tayak tribe eats raw rice to survive. In Catan tribe, JD and Abhinav have a disagreement over boating. After 3 days, the two tribes meet for an Immunity cum Reward challenge. Gisele from Tayak tribe, abstains from participating in the challenge due to an injury. Tayak tribe wins the immunity challenge and chooses fire kit as their reward. Michael scares his tribemates with his tantrum. JD's tribemates find him domineering. After losing the immunity challenge, Catan tribe faced tribal council. Sylvie's incompetent skills in the challenges due to her old age lead to her vote out by 10–1.

===Episode 3 (8 January)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': After voting out Sylvie Catan tribe was left with ten members and in order to equal members on both sides Tayak tribe was told to exclude one member of their tribe from participating in the challenge. The task took place on an inclined field with obstacles during the course and numbered goal posts at the end. The task required both tribe to divide their team into three groups namely Throwers, Blockers and Callers. The throwers will toss a ball-shaped structure into the field hoping to throw it in a direction that it would land in one of the goal posts in order to receive points. The blockers were blindfolded and had to stop the ball of their opposing team from reaching a goalpost. The callers were giving the task to call out directions to the blocker of their team to assist them in successfully defending the goalpost. Winners were given a choice to choose from either a basket full of fruits or the fishing gear. The tribe chose to go with fruits.
:*'''Reward''': A basket of fruits containing Bananas and Pineapples.
Fourth night on the island and Michael's aggression gets to the Tayak tribemates. Meanwhile, the Catan tribemates try to salvage their clothes and food from pouring rain. Payal uses up clean water to bathe, leaving her tribemates without drinking water. Michael's generous eating habit depletes Tayak tribe's food ration. The two tribes meet for an immunity cum reward challenge. Catan tribe wins the challenge with the most game points and chooses fruit basket as their reward. While Catan tribe enjoys the delicious fruits, Tayak tribe decides to vote Michael or Sanober off the game. Enmity between Gisele and Sanober intensifies. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council and Sanober was voted out 8–2–1.

===Episode 4 (14 January)===
*'''Reward / Immunity Challenge''': Eight members from each tribe were to participate, hence, Payal and Munisha from Catan tribe and Gisele and Preeti from Tayak tribe were excluded from the challenge. The raft which was built by five tribe members from both the tribes prior to the challenge was to be used by two of the members who built it to reach out to four platforms situated far out on the sea. Traveling via the raft three tribe members, seated on the platforms, and sandbags, placed on the fourth, were to be boarded onto the raft and brought back to the shore. The sandbags were then to be thrown onto ten platforms by the remaining three members attempting to land the bags on them. The tribe to place the sandbags onto all platforms the fastest would win.
:*'''Reward''': Mats, Bed sheets and Pillows.
Pouring rain, dwindling food and rats take a toll on the two tribes. In Tayak tribe, Michael impressed his tribe mates by kindling fire in pouring rain. Catan tribe has a bad start when their precious watermelon decays. The two tribes form a five members team each and build a raft for their immunity challenge. Evelyn abstained from participating because of being overweight. Samir Kochchar imparts a tragic news to Gisele. Gisele was conflicted about leaving the competition for her sick grandmother, but eventually refused to quit the show. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Gisele's inability to take part in challenges because of her injury lead to her eventual vote out by 7–2–1.

===Episode 5 (15 January)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': After voting out Gisele, Tayak and Catan tribes were left with nine and ten tribe members respectively. Hence, to equal players on both sides, Priyanka was excluded from participating in the challenge. The task involved tribe members to, one by one, throw a ball into a goalpost which had to be guarded by one member from the opposing tribe standing on a short platform in the middle of the lake. The tribe to score five points the fastest would win the challenge. Rajesh and Shivam decided to be goalkeepers for their teams while others became throwers.
:*'''Reward''': Tea, Sugar, Cream and Chocolate chip Cookies.
Roosters flock the island and delight the non-vegetarians in both the tribes. Tayak tribe celebrates their first egg while Catan tribe dreams of chicken meat. Payal sets about cleaning the island to make a better impression on her tribe mates. Meanwhile, Karan and Priyanka form a close bond. Their relationship becomes a hot topic for gossip among the Catan tribe mates. The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Priyanka's tribe mates found her manipulative and she was voted out 6–2–1–1.

===Episode 6 (21 January)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': Both tribes had to divide their teams into two groups of four and five. The five tribe members had to throw coconuts into the opposing tribe's basket which shall be gripped and pulled by the four members of the opposite tribe. The tribe whose basket can no longer be gripped by their tribe mates and falls to the ground shall lose with the victory going to the opposite tribe.
:*'''Reward''': Spices and Onions. As the winning team, Tayak tribe was given an opportunity to make one of the member from the Catan tribe their servant for a 24 hours, Tayak chose Shilpa.
Day eleven in Tayak tribe, Michael finds sweet potatoes growing on the island. While his tribe mates savour the potatoes, Evelyn and Preeti have an altercation that ends in tears. Catan tribe splits into two after Priyanka is voted off the game. While Shilpa, JD and Payal rejoice Priyanka's departure, Karan forms a group with Rajesh and Abhinav. The two tribes meet for an immunity cum reward challenge. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Munisha's bad performance in challenges and Karan's deteriorating health, made them ideal candidates for the vote out, however, Karan's inability to cope with the living conditions that developed because of losing two reward challenges in a row leading to Catan running short of food forced him to quit the game, hence, no vote occurred for his removal.

===Episode 7 (22 January)===
*'''Reward Challenge''': After losing Karan, Catan was left with eight members hence, in order to equal participants on both sides, Evelyn was asked to sit out of the reward challenge. The challenge involved tribe members to slide on a slippery slope, against a member from the opposite tribe, both attempting to snatch a ball from the hanging clothes with numbers on them. At the start of the challenge Sameer would call a number from whose cloth the ball was to be snatched. After grabbing the ball, the tribe mate who successfully lands it into a basket wins a point. The tribe who goals eight points first wins the challenge.
:*'''Reward''': A lunch of ''Pakodas'' and Mint ''chutney'' prepared by a chef along with Chilled ice tea served on an exotic location.
*'''Tribe Switch''': The two tribes are asked to evaluate their tribe mates on paper to form new Tayak and Catan tribes. The new Tayak tribe consisted of Harrison, Rohit, Sai, Abhinav, Michael, Rajesh, Preeti, Munisha and Evelyn. The new Catan tribe consisted of Sangram, Sthitpragya, Shilpa, Shivam, JD, Raj Rani, Payal and Rishi. The two tribes received fresh food provisions for their new start.
Raj Rani impresses Shilpa with her spicy sweet potatoes. While Tayak tribe savours chicken soup, Catan tribe wallows in hunger and two consecutive defeats. Michael gifts a jar of salt to Shilpa. Day thirteen on the island, the two tribes met for an exclusive reward challenge.

===Episode 8 (28 January)===
*'''Immunity Challenge''': To equal tribe members on both tribes, Rajesh was asked to sit out of the challenge. The task required both tribes to send one of their team member into an open wrestling platform floating on the water while others stand out of the ring. The two opposing members had to wrestle each other using a pillow in an attempt to throw the other into the water. The member who does this successfully scores a point for their team. The team who collects five points the fastest wins.
Formation of new Tayak and Catan tribes evokes mixed feelings in the Survivor India contestants. Shilpa forms an alliance with the remaining celebrities in the new Catan tribe. JD finds Sthitpragya, Raj Rani and Shivam's youthful vigor refreshing. The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge. Shilpa's cheer for Tayak tribe upsets JD. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Rishi's new tribe mates found him weak in challenges and he was voted out 5–3. Rishi was then marooned on a secluded island called Ayunan to form a third tribe consisting of the eliminated tribe members after his vote-out onwards.

===Episode 9 (29 January)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': To equal participants to both sides, two tribe members from Tayak were told to sit out of the challenge. The task required both tribes to divide their team members into two groups of three and four. One castaway would be strapped into a wooden spherical cage and would have to guide two blindfolded castaways in rolling the cage through a maze through the forest to retrieve a steel ball situated at the end of the course and come back to give it two the four members to add it to a [[Labyrinth (marble game)|labyrinth]]-like table maze. The castaway inside the cage would then have to guide four blindfolded castaways in solving the table maze. The first tribe to finish the table maze would win. After a close competition.
:*'''Reward''': Milk and Chocolate cake.
Shivam's deceit by voting Rishi off the island leaves Raj Rani and Sthitpragya distressed. All alone in the Ayunan tribe, with no tribe mates or any other resources to survive, Rishi goes frantic. An immunity and reward challenge is set up between the two tribes. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Ex-Tayak members along with JD chose to blindside Shilpa and she was voted out 4–3. Like Rishi, Shilpa was also marooned on the discrete island of Ayunan and told to await further clues about her survival there.

===Episode 10 (4 February)===
* '''Reward Challenge''': Both teams had to construct a usable loo within five hours using the materials provided. The tribe with the most functional and beautifully crafted bathroom wins.
:*'''Reward ''': [[Garnier Fructis]] products including Shampoo, Conditioner and soap and toilet paper.
*'''Immunity Challenge:''' A tribe member would sit on a spinning platform at one end of the playing field. A tribe member from the opposing tribe would grab a rope and pull it to the starting line. The rope would be wound around the base of the platform, causing the platform to spin as the rope is unwound. When the "puller" returned to the finish line, the sitting tribe member, now dizzy, would have to race across a balance beam to the finish line. The tribes would race against each other in rounds with the first dizzy tribe member across the finish line scoring one point for their tribe. The first tribe to score three points would win.
After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. For the first time in the history of Survivor India, a tie resulted at the council after which a tie-breaker re-voting occurred between Rajesh and Michael. Rohit chose to betray his alliance with Rajesh and changed his vote from Evelyn to Rajesh. This resulted in Rajesh getting voted out and sent to the island of Ayunan.

===Episode 11 (5 February)===
In Tayak tribe, Abhinav doubts Rohit's intentions. In Ayunan tribe, Rajesh tells Shilpa about Rohit's betrayal. In Catan tribe, while JD forms an alliance with the non celebrities, Payal and Sangram's friendship grows stronger.
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': Each tribe gets ten puzzle pieces of which six may be floating in the sea and four buried in the soil. One tribe member at a time will swim out, dive down, unclip a puzzle piece, and bring it back to the puzzle frame or may choose to dig a piece out of the sand. Once the piece is collected, the next person can go out. When all ten of the puzzle pieces have been retrieved, two tribe members may start assembling the puzzle and form the desired result. First tribe to get it together correctly wins the Reward and immunity.
:*'''Reward''': Sandwich and Orange juice buffet.
After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Evelyn's proud nature despite her failing attempts at the challenges made her underestimate Munisha's bonding with her tribe members. With the vote of 7–1 Evelyn was blindsided by her fellow mates and was voted off the island and marooned to Ayunan with Rishi, Shilpa and Rajesh.

===Episode 12 (11 February)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': One at a time, a castaway would jump over a floating platforms and then swim across the sea, climb up a tower, and then jump off the tower to smash a tile. The smashed tile would release a number which the castaway would retrieve. Once five numbers were retrieved, one castaway would use the numbers to figure a code which would unlock a box that contained a two balls. One castaway would then toss one ball at a time to break five tiles. The first tribe to break all five tiles would win.
:*'''Reward''': A trip to a [[Karaoke]] bar and lunch consisting of burgers, potato wafers and cold drinks.
The Tayak tribe starves as their food stock dwindles. They utilize the preserved chicken to satiate their hunger. In Catan, Sangram receives birthday wishes from his tribe mates. Tayak and Catan meet for immunity cum reward challenge. Tayak tribe, in the beginning, took a heavy lead when Catan tribe members missed a couple of shots at smashing the tiles, however, a great comeback from the Catan tribe resulted in them becoming the winners of the challenge and the immunity. Munisha, due to her leg injury and to equal members on both sides, was asked to sit out of the challenge. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Rohit's strategy to eliminate the original Tayak members proved successful once again and with the vote of 4–3 against Preeti, Michael was voted out and sent to Ayunan.

===Episode 13 (12 February)===
*'''''Aar Ya Paar'' Challenge''': Ayunan tribe mates faced an endurance challenge to get back in the game. The castaways would brace themselves with their arms between two walls while standing barefoot on two foot pegs. Every 15 minutes, the castaways would move down to smaller foot pegs. When the castaways reached the third set of foot pegs, they would try to remain on them as long as they could. The last castaway to remain on their pegs would win. Michael wins the challenge and choose Shilpa to share the prize with, he opted to join the Tayak tribe, which put Shilpa back in Catan. After the end of the challenge Sameer congratulated both of the outcasts of their return in the game and presented each a bag of wheat and pickle to share with their tribe mates.
For Rishi, Evelyn and Rajesh it was the end of the road in Survivor India.
*'''Immunity Challenge''': One castaway from each tribe would be a caller to navigate their blindfolded tribe members through a maze to collect scattered puzzle pieces. Once all pieces were collected, the blindfolded members shall put off their blindfolds and assemble the pieces to form three puzzles. The first tribe to solve all puzzles would win.
The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge which the Catan tribe wins. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Rohit's manipulation of votes and Munisha's bonding with her tribe members proved successful once again and with the vote of 4–3 Preeti was voted off the island.

===Episode 14 (18 February)===
*'''Reward/Immunity Challenge''': One tribemate from each tribe would throw a fire ball using a pole into a square basket which would ignite once the fire ball lands on it. The first tribe to burst all the baskets would win.
:*'''Reward''': Raincoats and a feast on local [[Filipino cuisine]] in a nearby village.
Day twenty six, Tayak tribe is lacking food and stamina. JD tries to win back Payal and Sangram's trust. The two tribes are assaulted by incessant pouring rain throughout the night. The tribe meet for a challenge. To equal members on both tribes Shilpa from Catan sat out of the challenge. JD and Shivam play strong at the challenge accompanied by a score from Harrison from Tayak who accidentally threw the ball in Catan's basket. Catan wins the immunity cum reward challenge. For the first time in Survivor India, due to a cyclone, tribal council was held in Tayak Island where Michael was voted off the island 4–2.

===Episode 15 (19 February)===
*'''Reward Challenge''': The reward challenge required one tribemate from each tribe that would launch balls from a slingshot while the remaining tribemembers have to catch the balls with handheld nets. Catching a ball would score one point for their tribe. The first tribe to reach five points would win.
:*'''Reward''': Veg and Non-veg [[Kebab]]s, but to be eaten while watching the losing team's Tribal Council. However, one member will be voted out from the winning tribe before the reward is distributed.
After four days of cyclone, the two tribes return to their respective islands to witness nature's destruction. They set about re-building shelter and removing the debris. The survivors remain stoic in the face of destruction but break down on receiving letters from their beloved ones. As the tribes arrived for the Reward Challenge, Sameer shocked them, saying that whoever wins, both tribes would go to Tribal Council to vote someone out. To equal members on both tribes Payal and Raj Rani from Catan sat out of the challenge. Catan tribe won the challenge. Later at Catan Tribal Council, Shilpa was perceived as a manipulative politician and was again voted out 6–1. While watching Tayak's sixth straight Tribal Council, Catan tribe hungrily consumed the kebabs without any compunction. Sai fell target to the power of Rohit, Abhinav and Munisha's alliance and was voted out 3–2.

===Episode 16 (25 February)===
*'''Immunity Challenge''': In the first round, the castaways would race across a series of balance beams carrying a bag of puzzle blocks. The first six castaways to bring their bags would go to the second round in which each player must face a series of tricky balance beams. Half of the castaways move to the final round where each player has to stack all of their pieces like a line of domino tiles. Once all of the blocks were properly stacked, the castaway would start a chain reaction which would release a ball into a bucket and, hence, releasing their flag. The first castaway to raise their flag would win.
Day thirty two, Catan and Tayak tribes are united to form a new tribe called "Walo Walo" consisting of the existing ten survivors. After a fulfilling meal of Indian food, the survivors worry about forming new alliances. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for an individual immunity challenge which Rajrani wins. After a lot of deliberation, Rohit's tactics were soon figured out by his tribe mates and he was voted out 6–4.

===Episode 17 (26 February)===
*'''Reward Challenge''': Under a time pressure of ten minutes, tribe members were to dive into a mud pit and cover their body with as much mud as they could, then race back and scrape it off into a bucket. They may not carry mud in their arms or in their hands; they were to only use their body. Then [[Sameer Kochhar]] would weigh each bucket. The castaway that owned the heaviest bucket wins Reward.
:*'''Reward''': [[Garnier Fructis]] products, an exclusive lunch and the power to decide what the remaining castaways would eat.
*'''Immunity Challenge''': All castaways were to hold on to a totem pole using their hands and legs. After two hours of stay on the pole the difficulty level would be raised and the castaway shall only be allowed to use one of their hands to hold the pole. Touching the pole with both hands would result in disqualification from the challenge. The castaway to grab onto on the pole the longest would win individual immunity.
Day thirty four, WaloWalo tribe mates meet for an exclusive reward challenge. Sangram wins the challenge and is rewarded with cosmetics. The survivors are served a feast and Sangram is given the right to allot a specific dish to each of his tribe mates. For the second time in a row, Raj Rani wins the immunity challenge. After a lot of deliberation, the survivors face the tribal council where Rohit sits as the first jury member and Harrison is voted out of the game over Sthitpragya in a close 5–4 vote despite Sangram betraying his original alliance.

===Episode 18 (3 March)===
*'''Survivor Auction''': Each contestant will be given 10000. Highest bidder gets the item. Survivors may not share the item won unless allowed. The auction will end without notice.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Contestants
!Item(s)
|-
|Abhinav
|Nothing
|-
|JD
|Puri Bhaji ({{Indian Rupee}} 4600), A sealed container with a note that will help him at the next Immunity Challenge ({{Indian Rupee}} 4000)
|-
|Munisha
|Parathas and Lassi ({{Indian Rupee}} 6000)
|-
|Payal
|Samosas and Jaljeera ({{Indian Rupee}} 2000), Mango Cake to share with two other castaways ({{Indian Rupee}} 2000)
|-
|Raj Rani
| Son Papdi and a Bath with [[Garnier Fructis]] products ({{Indian Rupee}} 5000)
|-
|Sangram
|Nothing
|-
|Shivam
|Nothing
|-
|Sthitpragya
|Live Octopus ({{Indian Rupee}} 5000), Coconut Malaai ({{Indian Rupee}} 4000)
|}
*'''Immunity Challenge''': A rope having three knots was tied to a pole floating in the ocean. The castaways would start by holding on to the first knot and would advance to the next knot at specific time intervals. The individual to hold on to the last knot the longest would win individual immunity. JD, having the advantage of the item he had bought at the auction, would stay one knot ahead of the others. So, when the other castaways were holding on to the third knot, he would be holding on to the second knot.
Day thirty six, the remaining eight survivors were given ten thousand rupees to participate in a fun auction where Samir Kochchar auctions off food and cosmetics. JD wins an advantage for the immunity challenge in the auction. Payal breaks the alliance with JD's group after the blow up between Rajrani and her. To win back Rajrani's alliance, Sangram apologizes for voting against Sthitpragiya in the previous tribal council. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for a solo immunity challenge. JD wins the challenge and gains immunity. Sangram succeeds at professing his love to Payal, however, fails at convincing his tribe mates not to vote against him. Payal and Raj Rani indulge into a heated argument with each other. Eventually, Sangram was voted out 5–1–1–1 against Payal, Shivam and Raj Rani.

===Episode 19 (4 March)===
*'''Reward Challenge''': Each Castaway would form a team of two with their respective friends and family. The castaway must fill a bucket with sea water and throw it to their counterpart who would transfer the water into another bucket. The duo must attempt to fill the final bucket with water to the extent that it would raise a flag due to its new weight.
:*'''Reward''': Some time to spend with their friends and family on an exotic location accompanied by sandwiches, muffins and cupcakes.
*'''Immunity Challenge''': Each castaway shall construct a stable 9 ft. tower using a stack of tiles under the time pressure of 30 minutes, however if none of the castaways succeeds in reaching the desired height, the castaway with the highest tower would win solo immunity.
Day 38, the remaining seven survivors are overwhelmed when their family members come to meet them. The tribe mates and their families face an exclusive reward challenge. Shivam and his father win the challenge and are rewarded with a picnic at an exotic spot on the island. Shivam shares the picnic with Sthitpragiya and his brother. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for an immunity challenge, which Abhinav wins. The survivors face the tribal council and Munisha is voted out 5–2.

===Episode 20 (10 March)===
*'''Reward Challenge''': Each person will swim out to a long plank with seven symbols on it resting on the ocean floor. They will have to memorize the symbols in order and race back to the beach, where they will try to replicate those symbols, in order, on their answer board. The first person to solve the puzzle correctly wins Immunity.
:*'''Reward ''': A Chopper ride to an exotic resort and spa in Philippines, [[Misibis Bay Resort and Casino]].
Day forty, the remaining six survivors meet for an exclusive reward challenge. Abhinav wins the challenge and chooses to share his reward with Sthitpragya and Rajrani. While they indulge in the luxury, Payal, JD, and Shivam discuss elimination strategy. Raj Rani thanks Abhinav for giving her a memorable birthday. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for a solo immunity challenge. Abhinav wins immunity two times in a row. After a lot of deliberation, Payal is voted off the game 4–2.

===Episode 21 (11 March)===
*'''Immunity Challenge''': Each castaway would have to balanced a ball on a wooden disk. At regular intervals, a ball would be added until the castaway would be balancing three balls. Should any of the balls fall off the disk, the castaway would be out of the challenge. The last castaway to not drop a ball would win.

JD wins the immunity challenge on day 42. Raj Rani, JD, Shivam, and Sthitpragya remain loyal to their group and vote against Abhinav at the tribal council. On day 43, Sthitpragya wins immunity and becomes the first finalist of Survivor India. Sthitpragya and Shivam decide that Raj Rani is a threat and decide to vote against her. However, Sthitpragya, feeling sorry for Raj Rani, decides to tell her that he and others are going to vote her out. Raj Rani is upset by the news and cries. Shivam is angry at Sthitpragya for telling Raj Rani. JD, however, thought Raj Rani was the most deserving player to win Survivor and that it was unfair to vote her out. He secretly tells her to vote against Shivam. At tribal council, Raj Rani and Shivam tie with two votes each. Raj Rani wins the tie-breaker and Shivam is out of the game. Back at camp, Sthitpragya is upset at JD for his betrayal and gets into an argument with him. The top three finalists burn down their shelters to celebrate the end of their journey on the island.

===Episode 22 (17 March)===
Samir Kochchar, the host of Survivor India welcomes the 3 finalists, JD, Raj Rani, and Sthitpragya along with the 7 jury members to the Grand Finale. The 22 survivors reunite to relive their experiences, rivalries and alliances on the show during the 45 days on the Caramoan Islands. The finalists make their speeches before the 7 jury members cast their votes. Raj Rani wins Survivor India and walks away with one crore rupees.

==Voting history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; width:100%"
|-
!colspan="3"|
!colspan="5"|Original tribes
!colspan="10"|Switched tribes
!colspan="8"|Merged tribe
|-
!colspan="3"|Episode #
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!8{{efn|name=Outcast Twist|In a new twist the tribe member voted out in this tribal council was mysteriously taken to a separate island called ''Ayunan'' to form a new tribe.}}
!9{{efn|name=Outcast Twist}}
!colspan="2"|10
!11{{efn|name=Outcast Twist}}
!12{{efn|name=Outcast Twist}}
!13
!14
!colspan="2"|15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!colspan="3"| 21
|-
!colspan="3"|Eliminated
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|{{stribe|catan|Karan}}
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|{{stribe|none|Tie}}{{efn|name=Tiebreaker vote|The first Tribal Council vote resulted in a tie. Per the rules, a second vote was held where the castaways involved in the tie would not vote and the remaining castaways could only vote for those who tied.}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sai}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|none|Tie}}{{efn|name=Tiebreaker vote 2|The first Tribal Council vote resulted in a tie. As there were only four castaways remaining, the two tied castaways competed in a pole holding challenge to resolve the tie.}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|-
!colspan="3"|Votes
|{{stribe|catan|10–1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|8–2–1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|7–2–1}}
|{{stribe|catan|6–2–1–1}}
|{{stribe|catan|''Quit''}}{{efn|name=Karan|No vote; Karan chose to quit the game due to medical emergency.}}
|{{stribe|catan|5–3}}
|{{stribe|catan|4–3}}
|{{stribe|tayak|4–4–1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|4–3}}
|{{stribe|tayak|7–1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|4–3}}
|{{stribe|tayak|4–3}}
|{{stribe|tayak|4–2}}
|{{stribe|catan|6–1}}
|{{stribe|tayak|3–2}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|6–4}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|5–4}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|5–1–1–1}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|5–2}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|4–2}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|4–1}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|2–2}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|''Challenge''}}{{efn|name=Pole tiebreaker|Shivam lost to Raj Rani in pole holding tiebreaker challenge.}}
|-
!colspan="26" style="background:black;"|
|-
!colspan="3"|Voter
!colspan="23"|Vote
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
| {{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|{{stribe|none|Win}}{{efn|name=Pole tiebreaker}}
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
| {{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
| {{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
| {{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|{{stribe|none|Lose}}{{efn|name=Pole tiebreaker}}
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|Catan|Karan}}
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
| {{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sai}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
| {{stribe|catan|Shivam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sai}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Payal}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|{{stribe|catan|Shivam}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
| {{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|{{stribe|tayak|Sai}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|Tayak|Sai}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
| {{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
|
|{{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|{{stribe|catan|Shivam}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="4" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|JD}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="12" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
| align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|none}}{{efn|name=Michael and Rajesh|Michael and Rajesh were not eligible to vote in the second Tribal Council vote.}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="12" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|Tayak|Preeti}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|Tayak|Evelyn}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="13" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|catan|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|Tayak|Rajesh}}
| bgcolor="#FFE105"|Sylvie
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFE105"|Munisha
|
|
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|none|None}}{{efn|name=Michael and Rajesh}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="15" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|{{stribe|tayak|}}
|align="left" colspan="2" {{stribe|catan|Rishi}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Michael}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Shilpa}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="17" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|align="left" colspan="3" {{stribe|catan|Karan}}
|{{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Payal}}
|
|rowspan="1" colspan="18" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|align="left" colspan="3" {{stribe|catan|Priyanka}}
| {{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|
|
|{{stribe|catan|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="19" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|align="left" colspan="3" {{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|{{stribe|Tayak|Raj Rani}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="20" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|align="left" colspan="3" {{stribe|Tayak|Sanober}}
|
|{{stribe|Tayak|Gisele}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="22" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|align="left" colspan="3" {{stribe|catan|Sylvie}}
|{{stribe|catan|Munisha}}
|rowspan="1" colspan="25" bgcolor="darkgray"|
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
!colspan=4|Jury vote
|-
!Finalist
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|-
!Votes
|colspan=3 {{stribe|walowalo|4–2–1}}
|-
!Juror
!colspan="3"|Vote
|-
|bgcolor=black colspan=4|
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Shivam}}
|{{stribe|walowalo|Sthitpragya}}
|
|
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Abhinav}}
|
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Payal }}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
|
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Munisha}}
|
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Sangram}}
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|JD}}
|
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Harrison}}
|
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|-
|align="left" {{stribe|walowalo|Rohit}}
|
|
|{{stribe|walowalo|Raj Rani}}
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

== Reception ==
The show generally received positive reviews both from the media and the audience [[IBN Live]] credited the show as "bold and intriguing" and predicted it to go even beyond India's biggest reality show [[Bigg Boss]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/survivor-india-goes-beyond-bigg-boss/219948-44-124.html |title='Survivor India' goes beyond 'Bigg Boss' - TV - Indian TV - ibnlive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113185219/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/survivor-india-goes-beyond-bigg-boss/219948-44-124.html |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Survivor India'', in its very first week, found place in the Top 10 chart issued by TAM India, with 3.82 points. The show figured was placed No. 8 on the charts. What caught everyone’s attention is that the Star Plus reality show, adapted from the popular American format, scored high without any big Bollywood names on board. The show started on 6 January and its opening numbers beat the figures scored by the likes of [[Hrithik Roshan]] (3.7), [[Preity Zinta]] (3.3), [[Akshay Kumar]] (3.0) and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (2.6) over the last year with their shows ''[[Just Dance (Indian TV series)|Just Dance]]'', ''[[Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 4)|Khatron Ke Khiladi Torchaar]]'' and ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'' respectively.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117002314/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Survivor-India-takes-over-Bollywood/Article1-797046.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref>

===Indian Television ratings===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=60|
!width=160| Time Span
! width=80|Rating (average)
! width=80|Viewers (millions)
|-
!Opening
|6 January 2012
|3.82
|16.38
|-
!Week
! colspan=3 bgcolor="darkgray"|
|-
|'''1'''
|6 to 8 January 2012
|2.86
| 14.62
|-
| '''2'''
|14 to 15 January 2012
|1.29
| 13.52
|-
|'''3'''
| 21 to 22 January 2012
|0.76
|10.13
|-
| '''4'''
|28 to 29 January 2012
| 0.91
|12.67
|-
| '''5'''
|4 to 5 February 2012
|0.73
|13.81
|-
| '''6'''
|11 to 12 February 2012
|0.51
|13.06
|-
| '''7'''
|18 to 19 February 2012
|0.92
|14.12
|-
| '''8'''
|25 to 26 February 2012
|0.81
|13.87
|-
| '''9'''
|3 to 4 March 2012
|0.69
|13.80
|-
| '''10'''
|10 to 11 March 2012
|1.95
|14.56
|-
!Finale
|17 March 2012
|2.41
|17.78
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/ Official STAR Plus Survivor India Website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/SurvivorIndia Official Facebook page]
* [https://twitter.com/survivorindia Official Twitter account]

{{Survivor}}
{{Survivor India}}
{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Survivor (franchise)]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in the Philippines]]

National Highway 20 (India)

2025-10-28T11:33:32Z

JustineLaguerre: minor edit

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 20|National Highway 154 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|image=
|type=NH
|route= 20
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=290|zoom=6|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25352384|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 20}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes= National Highway 20 in Red on India map
|length_km=729
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Bakhtiyarpur]]
|destinations=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Panikoili]]
|junction=
|states= [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 19
| next_route = 21
|ahn={{Jct|country=IND|AH|20}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|42}}
}}

'''National Highway 20''' ('''NH 20''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]]. This highway originates from [[Bakhtiyarpur]] in Bihar and terminates at [[Panikoili]] in Odisha.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/166114.pdf|title=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:NH 33 Between Ramgarh and Chutupallu.jpg|thumb|National Highway 20 near [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]]]
[[Bihar]]:- [[Bakhtiarpur|Bakhtiyarpur]] - [[Bihar Sharif]] - [[Nawada]] - [[Rajauli]]

[[Jharkhand]]:- [[Kodarma]] - [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] - [[Padma, Hazaribagh|Padma]] - [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribag]] - [[Charhi]] - [[Kuju, Ramgarh|Kuju]] - [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] - [[Ormanjhi]] - [[Irba]] - [[Mesra, Ranchi|Mesra]] - [[Ranchi]] - [[Bundu, India|Bundu]] - [[Chandil]] - [[Saraikela]] - [[Chaibasa]] - Jagannathpur - Jaintgarh.

[[Odisha]]:- Champua - [[Parsora]] - Rimuli - [[Kendujhar|Kendujhargarh]] - [[Dhenkikote]] and terminating at [[Panikoili]].<ref name=":0" />

==Ongoing Works==
Shortening of the highway is in progress to connect Khunti with [[Chaibasa]] via [[Chakradharpur]] & to connect [[Chaibasa]] with Jaintgarh via Hat Gamharia. The highway is 4 laned in [[Bakhtiarpur|Bakhtiyarpur]] - [[Bihar Sharif]] - [[Nawada]], [[Kodarma]] - [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] - [[Padma, Hazaribagh|Padma]] - [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribag]] - [[Charhi]] - [[Kuju, Ramgarh|Kuju]] - [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] - [[Ormanjhi]] - [[Irba]] - [[Mesra, Ranchi|Mesra]] - [[Ranchi]], [[Chandil]] - [[Kandra]] & Rimuli - [[Kendujhar|Kendujhargarh]] - [[Panikoili]] stretches. 4 lane works is to be done on the [[Nawada]] - [[Rajauli]], [[Ranchi]] - [[Khunti]] - Tamar, [[Chaibasa]] - Hat Gamharia - Jaintgarh & Champua - [[Parsora]] - Rimuli stretches which will reduce the distance to {{convert|676|km|mi}} from current {{convert|729|km|mi}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11607961 NH 20 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH20 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]
[[Category:National highways in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:National highways in Odisha]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Umarwas, Rajasthan

2025-09-25T09:24:45Z

JustineLaguerre: made new info needs work!

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox village
| name = Umarwas
| native_name = उमरवास
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = 
| image_caption = 
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|20|30|N|73|42|59|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Rajasthan
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Rajsamand
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Kumbhalgarh
| population_total = 1,164
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 762.78
| postal_code = 313333
}}

'''Umarwas''' ({{lang|hi|उमरवास}}) is a village located in the [[Kumbhalgarh]] tehsil of [[Rajsamand]] district in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is situated 45 km away from the sub-district headquarters, Kumbhalgarh (tehsildar office), and 50 km away from the district headquarters, Rajsamand. According to the 2011 Census, the location code or village code of Umarwas village is 096824. Umarwas is also a gram panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umarwas Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Umarwas, Rajsamand, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/rajsamand/umarwas |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

The total geographical area of the village is 762.78 hectares. The village has a total population of 1,164 people, out of which the male population is 555, and the female population is 609. The literacy rate of Umarwas village is 40.21%, with 52.07% of males and 29.39% of females being literate. There are about 274 houses in Umarwas village.

Amet is the nearest town to Umarwas for all major economic activities, which is approximately 25 km away.

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Umarwas
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total Population || 1,164 || 555 || 609
|-
| Literate Population || 468 || 289 || 179
|-
| Illiterate Population || 696 || 266 || 430
|}

== Connectivity ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Connectivity of Umarwas
|-
! Type !! Status
|-
| Public Bus Service || Available within 5+ km distance
|-
| Private Bus Service || Available within the village
|-
| Railway Station || Available within 50+ km distance
|}

== Nearby Villages of Umarwas ==
* Mawa Ka Gurha
* Teja Ka Gurha
* Khara Asan
* Asan Bansa
* Bansa
* Bori

== Villages in Umarwas Gram Panchayat ==
* Asan Bansa
* Bansa
* Bori
* Choondawaton Ka Khera
* Dheeloria
* Kakariya
* Kharni Khera
* Kitela
* Mawa Ka Gurha
* Saras Ka Gurha
* Teja Ka Gurha

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajsamand district]]

1st Jharkhand Assembly

2025-09-18T16:39:42Z

JustineLaguerre: creating the article needs work

{{Short description|Indian state legislature (2000–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 5 years
| body =
| houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation = 15 November 2000
| disbanded =
| preceded_by = Established
| succeeded_by = [[2nd Jharkhand Assembly]]
| term_limits = 2000-2005
| new_session =
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governors of Jharkhand]]
| leader1 = [[Prabhat Kumar]]
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]]
| leader2 = [[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
| party2 = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[List of deputy speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Assembly]]
| leader3 = [[Bagun Sumbrai]]
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Ministers of Jharkhand]]
| leader4 = [[Babulal Marandi]]
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election4 =
| authority =
| salary =
| members = 82 (81 directly elected, 1 nominated)
| last_election1 = [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| next_election1 = [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| redistricting =
| political_groups1 =
| meeting_place = Old Secretariat
| session_room =
| session_res =
| website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
}}
The '''1st Jharkhand Assembly''' was constituted based on the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] after the formation of the new Jharkhand state. Jharkhand was created by carving out the southern districts of Bihar on 15 November 2000.

After the formation of Jharkhand on 15 November 2000, the first Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand was constituted by the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] elected in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], whose constituencies were in the newly formed Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1717/17170390.htm|title=Jharkhand, at last|date=1 September 2000|last=Chaudhuri|first=Kalyan|website=Frontline|accessdate=4 August 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724114939/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1717/17170390.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was a [[hung assembly]] and no single party or pre-election alliance got the majority.

The [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] was the first one being conducted in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rediff.com/election/2005/feb/03jhar1.htm|title=First-ever assembly election in Jharkhand|website=[[Rediff]]|date=3 February 2005|accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Member of Legislative Assembly (Jharkhand)
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! Rowspan=2|MLA Name
! Rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Party
|-
!#
!Name
|-
|1
| [[Rajmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| [[Arun Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2
| [[Borio (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borio]]
|[[Lobin Hembrom]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 3
| [[Barhait (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhait]]
|[[Hemlal Murmu]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 4
| [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
| [[Sushila Hansdak]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 5
| [[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
|[[Alamgir Alam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6
| [[Maheshpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshpur]]
|[[Devidhan Besra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7
| [[Sikaripara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shikaripara]]
| [[Nalin Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 8
| [[Nala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nala]]
| [[Bisheswar Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 9
| [[Jamtara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamtara]]
|[[Furqan Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10
| [[Dumka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
|[[Stephen Marandi]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 11
| [[Jama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jama]]
|[[Durga Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 12
| [[Jarmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jarmundi]]
| [[Devendra Kunwar (politician)|Devendra Kunwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13
| [[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
|[[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 14
| [[Sarath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarath]]
|[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 15
| [[Deoghar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deoghar]]
|[[Suresh Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|Rowspan=2| 16
|Rowspan=2| [[Poreyahat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poreyahat]]
|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[Prashant Kumar Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 17
| [[Godda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
|[[Sanjay Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 18
| [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]]
|[[:hi:अशोक कुमार (राजनीतिज्ञ)|Ashok Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19
| [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
|[[Annpurna Devi]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 20
| [[Barkatha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkatha]]
|[[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 21
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
| [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 22
| [[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]]
|[[Loknath Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|Rowspan=2| 23
|Rowspan=2| [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
|Shabbir Ahemad Quraishi
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 24
| [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]]
|[[Tek Lal Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 25
| [[Hazaribagh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Deo Dayal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 26
| [[Simaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simaria]]
|[[Yogendra Nath Baitha]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 27
| [[Chatra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
|[[Satyanand Bhogta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 28
| [[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]]
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 29
| [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
|[[Mahendar Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)}}
|-
| 30
| [[Jamua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamua]]
|[[Baldeo Hazra]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 31
| [[Gandey (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandey]]
|[[Salkhan Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 32
| [[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
|[[Chandra Mohan Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 33
| [[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]]
|[[Lalchand Mahto]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| 34
| [[Gomia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gomia]]
|[[Madhav Lal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| 35
| [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 36
| [[Bokaro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokaro]]
|[[Samresh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| 37
| [[Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandankiyari]]
|[[Haru Rajwar]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 38
| [[Sindri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sindri]]
|[[Fulchand Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 39
| [[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]
|Gurudas Chatterjee
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]
|-
| 40
|[[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
|[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 41
|[[Jharia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jharia]]
|[[Bacha Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| 42
|[[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]]
|[[Saba Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 43
|[[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
|[[Jaleshwar Mahato]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| 44
|[[Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharagora]]
|[[Dinesh Sarangi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 45
|[[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 46
|[[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
|[[Maneka Sardar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 47
|[[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]]
|[[Dulal Bhuiyan]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 48
|[[Jamshedpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur East]]
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 49
|[[Jamshedpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur West]]
|[[Mrigendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 50
|[[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichaghar]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 51
|[[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]]
|[[Anant Ram Tudu]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 52
|[[Chaibasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaibasa]]
|[[Bagun Sumbrai]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 53
|[[Majhgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majhgaon]]
|[[Badkunwar Gagrai]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 54
|[[Jaganathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaganathpur]]
|[[Madhu Koda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 55
|[[Manoharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manoharpur]]
|[[Joba Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
| 56
|[[Chakradharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakradharpur]]
|[[Chumnu Oraon]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 57
|[[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]]
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 58
|[[Tamar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamar]]
|[[Ramesh Singh Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| 59
|[[Torpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Torpa]]
|[[Koche Munda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 60
|[[Khunti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
|[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 61
|[[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
|[[Sudesh Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
| 62
|[[Khijri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khijri]]
|[[Sawna Lakra]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 63
|[[Ranchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
|[[C.P.Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 64
|[[Hatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatia]]
|Ramji Lal Sharda
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 65
|[[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
|Ram Chandra Nayak
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 66
|[[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
|Deo Kumar Dhan
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 67
|[[Sisai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sisai]]
|[[Dinesh Oraon]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 68
|[[Gumla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gumla]]
|[[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 69
|[[Bishunpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishunpur]]
|Chandresh Oraon
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 70
|[[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]]
|Neil Tirkey
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 71
|[[Kolebira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolebira]]
|Theodor Kiro
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 72
|[[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
|Sadhanu Bhagat
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 73
|[[Manika (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manika]]
|Yamuna Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 74
|[[Latehar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latehar]]
|[[Baidyanath Ram]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 75
|[[Panki (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panki]]
|Madhu Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| 76
|[[Daltonganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daltonganj]]
|[[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| 77
|[[Bishrampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishrampur]]
|[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 78
|[[Chhatarpur (Jharkhand Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Manoj Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 79
|[[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hussainabad]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 80
|[[Garhwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhwa]]
|Girinath Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 81
|[[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]
|Ramchandra Keshri
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|1st]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005| ]]

Naayak (soundtrack)

2025-09-06T20:17:25Z

JustineLaguerre: Put Up Pg

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Naayak
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover = Naayak album cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2012|12|17|df=y}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:57
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]
| next_year = 2013
}}'''''Naayak''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2013 film [[Naayak|of the same name]] directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] starring [[Ram Charan]]. The film's musical score is composed by [[Thaman S|S. Thaman]] and featured six songs under the lyrics of [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]], [[Bhaskarabhatla|Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]] and [[Sahithi]]. The soundtrack was released under the [[Aditya Music]] label on 17 December 2012.

== Development ==
[[S. Thaman]] composed the film's soundtrack and background score, in his first collaboration with both [[V. V. Vinayak]] and [[Ram Charan]].<ref name="South Scope" /> In April 2012, it was reported that Thaman was composing the film's songs with a focus on romantic songs featuring the two female leads.<ref name="South Scope">{{cite web |last=Shivakamal |first=Aravind G |date=11 April 2012 |title=Ram Charan Teja in a Dual Avatar |url=http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/ram-charan-teja-dual-avatar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201101645/http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/ram-charan-teja-dual-avatar |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=[[South Scope]]}}</ref> The song "Subhalekha Rasukunna", originally composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the soundtrack of the Telugu film ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990), was remixed for this film in mid-July 2012 without any alterations in the tune and lyrics written by Veturi.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title='Kondaveeti Donga' song in Charan's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-donga-song-in-charan-s-next-news-telugu-mhtqGVihahhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201120955/http://www.sify.com/movies/kondaveeti-donga-song-in-charan-s-next-news-telugu-mhtqGVihahhsi.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The lyrics of the remaining five songs were penned by Chandrabose, Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar and Sahithi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-17 |title=Naayak (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by S. Thaman |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/naayak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/924427901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119183754/https://music.apple.com/in/album/naayak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/924427901 |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Aditya Music]] acquired the audio rights for an undisclosed high price.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2012 |title=Nayak's audio sold for a record price |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Nayaks-audio-sold-for-a-record-price/articleshow/17532744.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201120957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayaks-audio-sold-for-a-record-price/articleshow/17532744.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The audio teasers were unveiled in mid-December 2012, and the official track list featuring six songs was unveiled on 14 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=14 December 2012 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak audio track list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-track-list/articleshow/17611566.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201120958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Nayak-audio-track-list/articleshow/17611566.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was launched on 17 December 2012, during a promotional event at [[Ramanaidu Studios]]. [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Allu Arjun]] and [[S. S. Rajamouli]] attended the function as the chief guests along with the film's principal cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-17 |title=Ram Charan's Nayak audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charans-nayak-audio-launched/articleshow/17663259.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602112807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charans-nayak-audio-launched/articleshow/17663259.cms |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' called it as a "solid masala soundtrack from Thaman".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2012-12-17 |title=Nayak (Music review), Telugu – Thaman S |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/18/nayak-music-review-telugu-thaman-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825152114/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/18/nayak-music-review-telugu-thaman-s/ |archive-date=2017-08-25 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A. S. Sashidhar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "the music is very peppy and has a dance feel to it."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=9 January 2013 |title=Naayak Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Naayak/movie-review/17956250.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201124859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Naayak/movie-review/17956250.cms |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}} {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Likewise, a reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' complimented four of the six songs and Thaman's background score,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=Ram Charan excels as Nayak |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-excels-as-nayak-review-telugu-15017419.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201130026/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-excels-as-nayak-review-telugu-15017419.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' considered it to be a plus and praised the picturisation of the songs; he chose "Laila O Laila", "Subhalekha Rasukunna" and "Hey Naayak" as his picks from the album.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=2013-01-09 |title=Naayak review |url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/naayak.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302142356/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/naayak.html |archive-date=2015-03-02 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' added that "the songs are good and the locales extremely beautiful."<ref>{{cite news |last=Prabhakaran |first=Mahalakshmi |date=12 January 2013 |title=Review: 'Naayak' (Telugu) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-naayak-telugu-1788247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201125745/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-naayak-telugu-1788247 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}} {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 25:57
| title1 = Laila O Laila
| headline =
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], Naveen Madhav
| length1 = 04:35
| title2 = Kathi Lanti Pilla
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[S. Thaman]], [[Shefali Alvaris]]
| length2 = 03:53
| title3 = Subhalekha Rasukunna
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 04:12
| title4 = Oka Choopuke Padipoya
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Bindu Mahima
| length4 = 04:46
| title5 = Nellorae
| lyrics5 = Sahithi
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]], [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
| length5 = 03:53
| title6 = Hey Naayak
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Naveen Madhav
| length6 = 04:38
}}

== Credits ==
{{div col}}
* Music composed, arranged and programmed by – S. Thaman
* Live drums – [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Anandan Sivamani]]
* Electric and acoustic guitar – [[Keba Jeremiah]], Kabuli
* Bass guitar – [[Aalap Raju]], Keba Jeremiah
* Strings – Keba Jeremiah, Kabuli (session conductor), Srinivasa Rajulu
* Trumpet and trombones – Babu, Maxwell
* Shehnai – Balesh
* Flute – Kiran
* Clarinet – Sax Raja
* Glass harmonica – Chinna, Kabuli
* Additional vocal programming – KC
* Additional vocal supervision – Muralidhar, Mallikarjuna Rao
* Harmonies – [[Geetha Madhuri]], Bindhu, Parnika, Deepthi, Srivardhini Kuchi, [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Ramya NSK]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[M. M. Manasi]], M. M. Monisha, Deepu, Krishna, KC, [[Rahul Nambiar]], Naveen Madhav, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Sam, Senthil, Belly Raj
* Recorded at TAAL Studios, Prasad Studios (Hyderabad) and NYSA Studios (Mumbai)
* Recording engineers – S. Chandru, [[Shadab Rayeen]], Muralidhar
* Mixing engineers – Shadab Rayeen, Muralidhar
* Studio assistance – Ranjith, Vinoth
{{div col end}}
== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[61st Filmfare Awards South|12 July 2014]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] (for the song "Hey Naayak")
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806153242/http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2014 |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806153419/http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|12–13 September 2014]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Thaman S|S. Thaman]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=21 July 2014 |title=SIIMA 2014 Telugu Nominations: Pawan Kalyan's 'Attarintiki Daredi' Nominated in 12 categories [List] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201152207/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=5 December 2014 |publisher=International Business Times India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=2014 SIIMA award winners list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125161032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA 2014 Winners |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910121244/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016 |publisher=siima.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] (for the song "Hey Naayak")
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Thaman S}}
[[Category:2012 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:Thaman S soundtracks]]

R. Champakalakshmi

2025-08-21T09:59:46Z

JustineLaguerre: starting the info added tags

{{Short description|Indian historian and social scientist (1932–2024)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox historian
| name = R. Champakalakshmi
| occupation = Historian and social scientist
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| discipline = South Indian history
| workplaces = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[T. V. Mahalingam]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1932}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|1|28|1932|df=yes}}
| relatives = [[Radha Jayalakshmi|R. Jayalakshmi]] (sister)
| image = Kalakshetra Foundation - R. Champakalakshmi, Romila Thapar, and N. Gopalaswami.png
| caption = Champakalakshmi (left) at the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] (2014)
| birth_place = [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
}}

'''Rangachari Champakalakshmi{{Efn|Though many of the bibliographic sources indicate Champakalakshmi's first name as Radha, her first name is most likely Rangachari (alternately spelled as Rangachary), a [[patronymic]] reference to her father's name.}}''' (1932 – 28 January 2024) was an Indian historian and social scientist whose work focused on the study of early and pre-modern [[South India|South Indian]] history. She served as a professor in the Centre for Historical Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU). In addition, Champakalakshmi was president of the [[Indian History Congress]].

== Early life ==
Champakalakshmi was born in 1932 to Pattammal (mother) and R. Rangachari (father) in a family from [[Srirangam]] in present-day Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research |url=https://kchr.ac.in/archive/359/Obituary-Professor-R-Champakalakshmi.html |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=kchr.ac.in |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203083141/https://kchr.ac.in/archive/359/Obituary-Professor-R-Champakalakshmi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Music Academy – TTK Awards |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/catalogue/files/journals/Vol.71_2000.pdf}}</ref> Her father was an advocate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. SESHACHARI Vs. THE SRIRANGAM CO-OPERATIVE BUILDING SOCIETY |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?caseId=217691523000&title=s-seshachari-vs-the-srirangam-co-operative-building-society |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=www.the-laws.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R RANGACHARI Vs. S SUPPIAH |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?caseId=005791443000&title=r-rangachari-vs-s-suppiah |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=www.the-laws.com}}</ref> Champakalakshmi obtained a doctorate in history from the [[University of Madras]]. Her doctoral dissertation under historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]], was on [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava iconography]] in Tamil Nadu, a topic that she continued to research later into her career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=An Era Called Champakalakshmi |url=https://thewire.in/history/an-era-called-champakalakshmi |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=The Wire |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202022023/https://thewire.in/history/an-era-called-champakalakshmi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Champakalakshmi started her academic career teaching at the University of Madras from 1959 to 1972, after which she joined the Centre for Historical Studies at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)]] as an associate professor of ancient history, where she continued to teach for the next 25 years, until her retirement in 1997.<ref name=":0" /> She started her research studying religion, specifically Jainism and Vaishnava Hinduism in ancient South India, and later expanded her research to include trade, economy, and emergence of urban centers in pre-medieval South India.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=30 January 2024 |title=Historian R. Champakalakshmi no more; former colleagues, students mourn death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-colleagues-students-mourn-the-death-of-historian-r-champakalakshmi/article67792608.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131032215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-colleagues-students-mourn-the-death-of-historian-r-champakalakshmi/article67792608.ece |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Some of her research was published in a book ''Vaishnava iconography'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marr |first=John R. |date=1985 |title=R. Champakalakshmi: Vaisnava iconography in the Tamil country. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1981. Rs. 175. [viii], 370 pp. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/r-champakalakshmi-vaisnava-iconography-in-the-tamil-country-new-delhi-orient-longman-1981-rs-175-viii-370-pp/E3F20F65E4354B46E4DEDA0B0A40CFAC |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=160 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00027415 |s2cid=161959104 |issn=1474-0699 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203083108/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/r-champakalakshmi-vaisnava-iconography-in-the-tamil-country-new-delhi-orient-longman-1981-rs-175-viii-370-pp/E3F20F65E4354B46E4DEDA0B0A40CFAC |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As a part of this work, she brought together evidence from [[Tamil Sangam literature]], the [[Bhakti movement]] of the ''[[Alvars]]'', the [[Agama (Hinduism)|''Agama'']] traditions, and combined this with extensive fieldwork to bring out the distinct medieval period [[iconography]] of the ''Vaishnavism'' faith.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last1=Mahalakshmi |first1=R. |date=2 February 2024 |title=R. Champakalakshmi's Abiding Legacy |url=https://thewire.in/history/r-champakalakshmis-abiding-legacy |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Wire |quote=With the passing of Professor Radha Champakalakshmi on January 28, 2024, we have lost a historian of JNU who helped to not only define historical scholarship in India but also painstakingly trained generations of students, who then went on to enrich their chosen fields.}}</ref>

Some of her later works studying the social, cultural, and economic history of early and medieval South India were published in ''Trade, Ideology and Urbanization'' (1996) and ''Religion, Tradition and Ideology'' (2011).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comeau |first=Leah E. |date=2014 |title=Review of Religion, Tradition, and Ideology: Pre-colonial South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24713674 |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=275–277 |jstor=24713674 |issn=1022-4556}}</ref> The latter was a collection of essays discussing the contribution of religious traditions to the social capital in pre-colonial south India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2011 |title=The Hindu : Front Page : South India's cultural past not confined to one religion: Prof. Champakalakshmi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/06/stories/2011040662630900.htm |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828054159/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/06/stories/2011040662630900.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comeau |first=Leah E. |date=2014 |title=Review of Religion, Tradition, and Ideology: Pre-colonial South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24713674 |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=275–277 |jstor=24713674 |issn=1022-4556}}</ref> She wrote about growth of urban centers under the [[Pallavas]] and [[Cholas]] including [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Thanjavur]] in the [[Cauvery delta]] region, and [[Kanchipuram]] in the [[Palar River|Palar valley]] among other centers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple Towns of South India |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55258/chapter/428631356 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=academic.oup.com |date=2023 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199468096.003.0003 |last1=Shankar |first1=Pratyush |pages=25–60 |isbn=978-0-19-946809-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532800 |title=Trade, Ideology And Urbanization |date=1996}}</ref>

In addition to serving as a professor at the JNU, Champakalakshmi also served as a president of the [[Indian History Congress]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bandopadhyay |first1=Arun |last2=Champakalakshmi |first2=R. |date=2009 |title=Appendix I: Indian History Congress 70 Th Session: Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147797 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=70 |pages=1273–1275 |jstor=44147797 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> She taught many famous students at her time at JNU, including [[Kesavan Veluthat]], [[Rajan Gurukkal]], [[Manu V. Devadevan]], and {{Ill|K. N. Ganesh (historian)|lt=K. N. Ganesh|ml|കെ.എൻ._ഗണേശ്}}.<ref name=":0" /> She was a script consultant for ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', a 1980s Indian television series based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doordarshan |url=http://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-BEK-00 |title=Bharat Ek Khoj, Contents |date=1988}}</ref> Many of Champakalakshmi's collections are held at the [[Roja Muthiah Research Library]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roja Muthiah Research Library – Internet Archive: Digital Library |url=https://archive.org/details/RojaMuthiah |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=archive.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Champakalakshmi's sister R. Jayalakshmi was a [[Carnatic music|carnatic musician]] and one half of the duo [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] with her cousin Radha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=28 May 2014 |title=Carnatic singer dead in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128110117/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Her other sister R. Vanaja was a [[numismatist]] with the [[National Museum of India]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu Images – Vijayanagara Coins Exhibition |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=110096134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=Radha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGTaAAAAMAAJ&q=Trade+ideology+and+urbanization |title=Trade, Ideology, and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563870-7 |language=en |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203083220/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGTaAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Trade+ideology+and+urbanization&q=Trade+ideology+and+urbanization&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Champakalakshmi died on 28 January 2024.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Select works ==

=== Books and monographs ===
* {{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOxX3N6lbqkC |title=Vaiṣṇava Iconography in the Tamil Country |date=1981 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-0-86131-216-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGTaAAAAMAAJ |title=Trade, Ideology, and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563870-7 |language=en |author-mask=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Champakalakshmi |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43ozPAAACAAJ |title=Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780195654424 |ol=9869061M}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Champakalakshmi |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9e5OAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hindu Temple |last2=Kris |first2=Usha |date=2001 |publisher=[[Roli Books]] |isbn=978-81-7436-094-6 |ol=18662304M |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWluAAAAMAAJ |title=State and Society in Pre-modern South India |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmobooks |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hsmkgAACAAJ |title=Religion, Tradition, and Ideology: Pre-colonial South India |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-807059-7 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}


=== Other works ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |date=1987 |title=Urbanisation in South India: The Role of Ideology and Polity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520287 |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=15 |issue=8/9 |pages=67–117 |doi=10.2307/3520287 |jstor=3520287 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |date=1994 |title=Patikam Pātuvār: Ritual Singing as a Means of Communication in Early Medieval South India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/025764309401000203 |journal=[[Studies in History]] |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=199–215 |doi=10.1177/025764309401000203 |s2cid=163010468 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |date=2009 |title=The Making of a Religious Tradition: Perspectives from Pre-Colonial South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147652 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |volume=70 |pages=1–24 |jstor=44147652 |issn=2249-1937}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=filYJjCmHx8|title=Urbanization: Pre Vijayanagara South India {{!}} Prof. R. Champakalakshmi}}
* {{YouTube|id=MTJ5ZQp07ps|title=Built Spaces: Thanjavur as Temple Town {{!}} Prof. R. Champakalakshmi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Champakalakshmi, R.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]

Babhnan

2025-07-27T23:42:46Z

JustineLaguerre: creating new details added tags

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Babhnan''' is an industrial town in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is located in northeastern Uttar Pradesh, approximately 30 kilometers from the district headquarters of [[Basti district|Basti]] and around 50 kilometers from [[Gonda district|Gonda]].

== Demographics ==
The Babhnan Bazar Nagar Panchayat has population of 14,282 of which 7,514 are males while 6,768 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhabnan Bazar Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801146-bhabnan-bazar-uttar-pradesh.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Bhabnan Bazar 2024 - 2025 Population Current estimated population of Babhna Bazar Nagar Panchayat in 2025 is approximately 20,600. The schedule census of 2021 for Babhnan Bazar city is postponed due to covid. We believe new population census for Babhnan Bazar city will be conducted in 2025 and same will be updated once its done. The current data for Babhnan Bazar town are estimated only but all 2011 figures are accurate.
The primary languages spoken are [[Hindi]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]. Agriculture and small-scale trade are the mainstays of the local economy.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Transportation ==
Babhnan is served by a [[Babhnan railway station]] that connects it to major cities like Gorakhpur, Lucknow, and Delhi.[[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway 28]] is 17km away from the town which is connected through a State Highway with Babhnan. Public and private bus services are available for commuters and travelers.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Economy ==
The town's economy is primarily agricultural, with [[sugarcane]] and [[rice]] being the main crops.
Babhnan has a unit of Balrampur Chini mills Ltd. since 1975 & Distillery since 2002 ,Town also has small factories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ChiniMandi |date=2024-11-09 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Babhnan sugar mill to start operations on November 21 |url=https://www.chinimandi.com/uttar-pradesh-babhnan-sugar-mill-to-start-operations-on-november-21/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=ChiniMandi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26|56|04|N|82|30|14|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

Peenya

2025-06-23T21:37:45Z

JustineLaguerre: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peenya
| other_name =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.03|N|77.514|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Lagoon
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560058
| registration_plate = '''KA-04'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peenya''' is an industrial area of the [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] city in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lack of infrastructure dogs Peenya industrial estate|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062904390500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109105906/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062904390500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2007|access-date=25 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka shuts down; loss pegged at Rs 2,000 cr|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/10/05/stories/2006100503340900.htm|access-date=25 November 2010|newspaper=Business Line|date=5 October 2006}}</ref> It is one of the biggest industrial areas in Asia.[1] Peenya lies on the Bangalore-[[Tumkur]] Highway (NH-4). It houses small, medium, and large-scale industries. The industrial area is known for engineering and electrical goods such as: [[CNC Machine tools / diecasting LPDC, Fabrications, HPDC, GDC dies & moulds|CNC Machine tools / diecasting LPDC, fabrications, HPDC, GDC dies & moulds]], [[transformer]]s, [[Electric motor|motors]] and [[Electric generator|generators]], textile (silk), hydraulics, machine tool industries and rubber moulding industries. The industrial area was established in the late 1970s.

Well known companies in India like [[3D Concept Tooling (P) Ltd.]], Sandur Fluid Controls Pvt Ltd, [[Jain Trade Center]], [[Siddhivinayak Industries]], [[Alfeni Metarc Ltd]].[[Mangalam Creations]], [[Cooltronics]], [[BPE BioTree (P) Ltd.]], [[Kardex Group|Kardex Remstar]], [[Wipro Technologies]], [[ABB Group|ABB]], Onnet Systems India have their establishments in the Peenya Industrial Area. Over the past few years, industries from this area are slowly being shifted to the outer parts of northern Bengaluru, because of the pollution that emanates from these factories impacting residential areas in the city.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Kitsübozou Ward

2025-06-21T20:56:02Z

JustineLaguerre: Added A Details Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Kitsübozou Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 1970
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.674820|N|94.111170|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kitsübozou Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 5 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/kitsubozou-panchayat-golden-jubilee/224652.html|title=Kitsubozou Panchayat golden jubilee|date=14 November 2020|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Kitsübozou Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%205%20-%20Kitsubozou%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 5|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Kitsübozou Government Primary School
* Oking Christian School
* Tabitha Enabling Academy School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map5.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 5]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Edakadathy

2025-06-09T07:54:52Z

JustineLaguerre: started some pg basic info

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Edakadathy
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|24|49.43|N|76|57|40.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayath]]
| governing_body = Erumely grama panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 102
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686510
| area_code = 04828
| registration_plate = KL-34, KL-62
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Erumely]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Edakadathy''' is a village located near [[Mukkoottuthara]] in [[Erumely]] [[gram panchayat]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is situated near the border of Kottayam district and [[Pathanamthitta district]], but officially recorded as a part of the former. It is located on the northern bank of [[Pamba River]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kottayam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

List of chief ministers of Assam

2025-05-26T17:44:00Z

JustineLaguerre: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
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