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Maareesan

2026-05-01T10:43:32Z

JungPapst1287: started first info first draft

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Sudheesh Sankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maareesan
| image = Maareesan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudheesh Sankar]]
| writer = V. Krishna Moorthy
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vadivelu]]
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]
}}
| cinematography = Kalaiselvan Sivaji
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = [[Romeo Pictures]] 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|7|25}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=''Maareesan'' (2025) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/108B0616004F097E |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹15 crores
| gross = ₹6.53 crore
}}

'''''Maareesan''''' ({{translation|[[Maricha]]}} or figuratively, imposter) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama thriller film]] directed by [[Sudheesh Sankar]], written by V. Krishna Moorthy, and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] for [[Super Good Films]]. It stars [[Vadivelu]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]]. The film's music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].

''Maareesan'' was released in theatres on 25 July 2025. The film received positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=வடிவேலுக்கு இந்த நிலையா?: மாரீசன் காட்சிகள் ரத்தான பரிதாபம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131437 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta |archive-date=7 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807163541/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131437 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Dhayalan "Dhaya" is a petty thief who has been arrested multiple times but never changes his ways. After being released from [[Palayamkottai]] prison following his latest theft, he immediately steals a motorcycle and breaks into a house in [[Kanyakumari]]. Inside, he finds an old man, Velayudham Pillai "Velan", chained to a window. To Dhaya’s surprise, Velan is not alarmed but warmly calls him “Kumar.” Confused, Dhaya warns him to stay quiet while he searches for valuables.

Realizing Dhaya is not Kumar, Velan explains that he has [[Alzheimer's disease]] and his son Kumar locks him up daily before leaving for work to prevent him from wandering off. Velan tells Dhaya there is nothing valuable in the house, but offers him ₹25,000 from his bank account if he releases him. Dhaya agrees, and they go to a nearby ATM. When Dhaya notices Velan’s account holds millions of rupees, he decides to exploit him further. Even after receiving the promised money, Dhaya stays with Velan under various pretexts. The two embark on a road trip to [[Tiruvannamalai]] to meet Velan's brother-in-law MARKETING. Along the way, Velan’s memory lapses often cause him to mistake Dhaya for Kumar.

Dhaya contacts his crime partner “Network” Ganesh, who lives in [[Erode]]. Ganesh suggests that Dhaya photograph Velan’s ATM cards to duplicate them and obtain the PIN codes. Winning Velan’s trust proves difficult, as even Velan struggles to remember the codes. Dhaya begins to act like a friend, accompanying Velan to different places, and a bond slowly develops between them. Meanwhile, police investigate a murder in the house where Dhaya first encountered Velan. The crime appears linked to a serial killer who lures victims with phone calls and switches off the device after each murder. Authorities begin monitoring the phone’s activity.

Later, Ganesh joins Dhaya and Velan at a party in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Velan spikes their drinks, rendering them unconscious. That same night, the serial killer’s phone reactivates, and the police trace it to Velan, who calls Siva Selvam, a corrupt schoolteacher, to demand a meeting. Velan confronts Siva about sexually exploiting his underage students and kills him. Before dying, Siva admits he has a partner named Arun and provides Velan with his number. By the time the police arrive, Siva is already dead, and no other clues are found.

A flashback reveals that Velan’s wife Meenakshi was a child psychologist who counseled troubled children. During her work, she discovered that several girls had been abused but were too afraid to confide in their parents or the police. Meenakshi gathered evidence and filed a case, but her Alzheimer’s symptoms left her unable to testify coherently in court, leading to the case’s dismissal. Distraught, she commited suicide. Heartbroken, Velan vowed to avenge the victims, using her diary of abusers to track and kill them. It is also revealed that Velan does not have Alzheimer's or memory issues. He has been feigning memory loss, imitating his wife’s condition to cover his actions.

In the present day, Velan and Dhaya visit Dhaya’s mother at his native village in Salem before leaving for [[Palakkad]] to visit Velan's adopted daughter Krishnaveni. During their halt in [[Coimbatore]], Dhaya discovers a stash of SIM cards in Velan’s wallet, which makes him suspicious. Checking Velan's phone, Dhaya finds Velan's messages to Arun asking for underage girls. Unaware that this is Velan's plan to lure Arun out, Dhaya misunderstands the situation and assumes Velan himself is a [[Pedophilia|pedophile]]. He follows Velan after pretending to have fallen asleep, only to find Velan waiting for Arun at a location where they shared. No one shows up, and a disappointed Velan returns to his room. Dhaya witnesses everything and confides it to Ganesh.

Dhaya and Ganesh plot to kill Velan at Ganesh’s farmhouse in [[Coimbatore]]. They invite him under the pretence of a party. On the way, Velan realizes the car they are traveling in has the same hanging decor as was in “Arun's" contact profile picture. Velan remembers seeing the same model car the day before while waiting for Arun to show up. Putting two and two together, Velan realises Arun is Ganesh and confronts him at the farmhouse. A fight breaks out, and Ganesh easily overpowers Velan until Dhaya arrives. Having learned the truth, Dhaya sides with Velan, and together, they kill Ganesh.

In the final reveal, it is shown that Dhaya delivered the fatal blow, but Velan takes the blame. The scene where Dhaya saw Velan the first time, in which Velan was chained to the window, also has nothing to do with Kumar or Alzheimer's. Velan was after his first target, a former jail warden turned pedophile, and got handcuffed by him in a struggle, but managed to kill him with the chain. When he saw Dhaya approaching, he started his ruse with Dhaya's help.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vadivelu]] as Velayudham Pillai “Velan”
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Dhayalan “Dhaya”
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Fareeda Begum [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Dr. Meenakshi, Velan's wife and a [[NGO]] based [[child psychologist]]
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Chaari, Velan's brother-in-law
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as “Network” Ganesh (Arun)
* [[P. L. Thenappan]] as Inspector Kanagaraj
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Shanthi, Dhayalan's mother
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Judge
* Rajapandi as Parotta Shop Owner
* Madhumita as Madhumita
* Haritha Mutharasan as Sangeetha, Madhumitha’s mother
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Siva Selvam, a teacher
* Telephone Raja as Farmer
* Srinivas
* Ram Kalaitharan as Prison Warden
* Agathiyan as Theft Phone Owner
* Siva Balan as Business Guy
* Vaishak Pavanan as Showroom Sale Representative
* S. Rajapandi as Parota Shop Owner
* Sivaganesan as [[ATM]] Security Guard
* Jai Krishna as [[Nagercoil]] [[Head Constable]]
* Sharmila as Farida's daughter
* Guru Lakshmanan as Kumar
* Vaidehi Amarnath as a dancer in the song "Nethu Oruthara" (Cameo Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Maamannan]]'' (2023), [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Vadivelu]] were rumoured to collaborate in another project produced by [[R. B. Choudary|R. B. Choudary's]] [[Super Good Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Fasil and Vadivelu to star together again after Maamannan? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelu-to-star-together-again-after-maamannan/a9308115bf653 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111802/https://www.ottplay.com/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelu-to-star-together-again-after-maamannan/a9308115bf653 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the yet-to-be-titled film's cast and crew were not revealed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2023 |title=After 'Maamannan', Vadivelu and Fahadh Faasil to collaborate on a comedy film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-maamannan-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasil-to-collaborate-on-a-comedy-film/articleshow/104081420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007104159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-maamannan-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasil-to-collaborate-on-a-comedy-film/articleshow/104081420.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 1 January 2024, Super Good Films officially announced their 98th project with Fahadh and Vadivelu in the lead roles and to be directed by [[Sudheesh Sankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu join hands for the second time after 'Maamannan' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelu-join-hands-for-the-second-time-after-maamannan-2483226-2024-01-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207063430/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelu-join-hands-for-the-second-time-after-maamannan-2483226-2024-01-02 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In late-January 2024, the title of the film, ''Maareesan'' was released.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu's next film titled 'Maareesan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-next-film-titled-maareesan/articleshow/107049921.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427003919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-next-film-titled-maareesan/articleshow/107049921.cms |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The technical team consists of music composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematographer Kalaiselvan Sivaji and editor Sreejith Sarang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=4 June 2025 |title=Maareesan Teaser: Vadivelu and Fahadh Faasil's film promises to be a wacky thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/maareesan-teaser-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-film-promises-to-be-a-wacky-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606013534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/maareesan-teaser-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-film-promises-to-be-a-wacky-thriller |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film reunites Vadivelu and [[Kovai Sarala]] following their collaboration in ''[[Mersal]]'' (2017), directed by [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Maareesan Trailer: Vadivelu and Fahadh Faasil go on an unforgettable journey |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/14/maareesan-trailer-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasil-go-on-an-unforgettable-journey |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Apart from the lead cast, the film also features [[Vivek Prasanna]], Sithara, [[P. L. Thenappan]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]], [[Saravana Subbiah]], Krishna, Haritha, and Telephone Raja in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maareesan teaser: Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu's reunion promises an intriguing tale of two men |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maareesan-teaser-fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-reunion-promises-an-intriguing-tale-of-two-men/20268f8f6d651 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618205053/https://www.ottplay.com/news/maareesan-teaser-fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-reunion-promises-an-intriguing-tale-of-two-men/20268f8f6d651 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began on 22 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu's next titled 'Maareesan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-next-titled-maareesan/article67769110.ece |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123185939/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-next-titled-maareesan/article67769110.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In early-April 2024, it was reported that about 50% of the filming had been completed and will resume once Fahadh completes his portions for ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maareesan update - Here's a progress report on the shooting of Vadivelu and Fahadh Faasil's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-maareesan-completes-50-percent-of-shooting/15b1ab2451264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424155645/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-maareesan-completes-50-percent-of-shooting/15b1ab2451264 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The next schedule began on 24 October 2024 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu's film 'Maareesan' next schedule starts today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-film-maareesan-next-schedule-starts-today/articleshow/114542746.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305174410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-film-maareesan-next-schedule-starts-today/articleshow/114542746.cms |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maareesan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|2025|7|31}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=9|s=37}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Paranthu Po]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Mr Zoo Keeper]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Maareesan
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = FaFa Song
|single1date = 9 July 2025
|single2 = Maareesa
|single2date = 19 July 2025
}}
}}

The film has soundtrack and background composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=31 October 2024 |title=Maareesan makers release special poster for Diwali |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/31/maareesan-makers-release-special-poster-for-diwali |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522171056/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/31/maareesan-makers-release-special-poster-for-diwali |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single "FaFa Song" was released on 9 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=യുവന്‍ ശങ്കര്‍ രാജയുടെ സംഗീതം; 'മാരീചനി'ലെ 'ഫഫ സോംഗ്' എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/fafa-song-lyrical-from-maareesan-fahadh-faasil-yuvan-shankar-raja-vadivelu-articleshow-z9wz355 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> The second single "Maareesa" was released on 19 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-20 |title=Second single 'Maareesa' from Fahadh Faasil, Vadivelu's travel thriller 'Maareesan' released |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/second-single-maareesa-from-fahadh-faasil-vadivelus-travel-thriller-maareesan-released/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = FaFa Song
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = Mathichiyam Bala
| title2 = Maareesa
| length2 = 3:18
| lyrics2 = Sabarivasan Shanmugam
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title3 = Ore Oru
| length3 = 2:44
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vadivelu
| title4 = Theme of Maareesan
| length4 = 1:05
| length1 = 3:29
}}In addition to the above tracks, the song "Nethu Oruthara" composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja's father [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the 1990 film ''[[Puthu Paatu]]'' was remastered and reused in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-12-28 |title=CE Year In Review 2025: Jukebox 2025, A year of earworms |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Dec/28/ce-year-in-review-2025-jukebox-2025-a-year-of-earworms |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Maareesan'' was released in theatres on 25 July 2025 alongside the Tamil film ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-05 |title=Fahadh Faasil-Vadivelu starrer Maareesan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/05/fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-starrer-maareesan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717192933/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/05/fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-starrer-maareesan-gets-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser of the film having Vadivelu and Fahadh embarking on a road journey through different landscapes, with them singing the song "Aaha Inba Nilavinile" from the film ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) was released on 4 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2025 |title='Maareesan' teaser: Fahadh Faasil, Vadivelu reunite in an intriguing road thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-teaser-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-reunite-in-an-intriguing-road-thriller/article69656545.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604121957/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-teaser-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-reunite-in-an-intriguing-road-thriller/article69656545.ece |archive-date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Romeo pictures acquired the film's theatrical distribution rights in [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[AP International Films]] acquired the theatrical rights for Worldwide Distribution.

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 22 August 2025 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date= |title=Maareesan to stream on Netflix from this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/17/maareesan-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820230101/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/17/maareesan-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date |url-status=live |date=17 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> The film Maareesan had 6.6 million watch hours globally on Netflix in the week ending August 31, 2025, and ranked as the seventh most-watched non-English film worldwide during that period. It also ranked among the top ten most-watched films in 12 countries, including India, Sri Lanka, and Singapore.

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Maareesan works best when it lets its contradictions breathe - two criminals finding kinship in their damaged moral compasses, each justifying their crimes through different lenses."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maareesan Movie Review: Slow burn pays off in moral grey zones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maareesan/movie-review/122864049.cms |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "'Maareesan' is a comedy thriller that can make you smile, hold you on the edge of your seats and support the morally flawed characters. If we look past the convenient writing, especially with the flashback and post-intermission, there’s a lot to love in 'Maareesan'."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Maareesan review: Fahadh-Vadivelu's road trip takes wrong turn post-interval |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mareesan-review-fahadh-faasil-vaduvelu-road-trip-takes-wrong-turn-post-interval-2760648-2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725160518/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mareesan-review-fahadh-faasil-vaduvelu-road-trip-takes-wrong-turn-post-interval-2760648-2025-07-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''Maareesan'' is pregnant with premises of two perfectly engaging yet tonally different films, which could have worked on their own. The unfortunate chimera we did end up with serves only to show what happens when filmmaking overpowers storytelling, when the need to accentuate drama, the fixation on conforming to screenplay structures, and the hyper-awareness of genre tropes all come in the way of a story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-07-25 |title=Maareesan Movie Review: A pleasant ride derailed by a string of unpleasant surprises |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jul/25/maareesan-movie-review-a-pleasant-ride-derailed-by-a-string-of-unpleasant-surprises |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806011256/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jul/25/maareesan-movie-review-a-pleasant-ride-derailed-by-a-string-of-unpleasant-surprises |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "While the first half is a slow burn, reminiscent of many Malayalam films for its pace and sweet nothing-ness, an arresting interval block sets things up nicely for a thriller. [...] ''Maareesan'' explores this aspect in good measure by taking up a protagonist who has dementia. That itself is a triumph — because forgetfulness is a big ordeal."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2025-07-24 |title='Maareesan' movie review: Vadivelu, Fahadh Faasil steal the show in this slow-burn suspense flick |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-movie-review-vadivelu-fahadh-faasil-steal-the-show-in-this-slow-burn-suspense-flick/article69849566.ece |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724171914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-movie-review-vadivelu-fahadh-faasil-steal-the-show-in-this-slow-burn-suspense-flick/article69849566.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajagopalan Venkataraman of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' wrote that "The second half ditches everything it had built in the first half and goes in for a different tone. You’d be forgiven for rubbing your eyes and wondering if you entered the wrong theatre. It shifts gears, yes, but that feels too abrupt."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=Rajagopalan |date=26 July 2025 |title='Maareesan' movie review: Fahadh Faasil, Vadivelu salvage this slow-burn thriller |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/maareesan-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-salvage-this-slow-burn-thriller |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819150143/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/maareesan-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-salvage-this-slow-burn-thriller |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Films about pedophilia]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films set in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Films set in Salem]]
[[Category:Films set in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruvannamalai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Akram Vignan Movement

2026-04-29T14:46:11Z

JungPapst1287: done

{{Short description|Religious movement originating in India in the 1960s}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Akram Vignan Movement
| image =
| image_size = 100px
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1960s|df=yes|p=y}}
| founder = [[Dada Bhagwan]]
| type = [[New spiritual movement]]
| status =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =
| location =
| region_served =
| membership =
| leader_title = Leaders
| leader_name = [[Deepakbhai Desai]], Kanubhai Patel<ref name="Wiley2009" />
| main_organ = ''Dadavani'', ''Akram Vignan''<ref name="Wiley2009" />
| affiliations =
| remarks =
}}
The '''Akram Vignan movement''', also spelled '''Akram Vijnan''', is a [[new spiritual movement|new religious movement]] originated in 1960s in [[Gujarat]], India. It was founded by [[Dada Bhagwan]] and later spread to [[Maharashtra]] and Gujarati diaspora communities around the world. After death of Dada Bhagwan, the movement split in two factions: one led by [[Niruben Amin]] and the other led by Kanubhai Patel.

The principal doctrine of the Akram Vignan movement is ''gnan bhakti'' which means devotional surrender (''samarpan'') to [[Simandhar Swami]] and his interlocutor Dada Bhagwan to gain knowledge of salvation.

==Fundamentals==
[[File:Shri Simandhar Swami.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Simandhar Swami]] at Trimandir, the temple at [[Adalaj]]]]
The Akram Vignan movement draws some principles from [[Jainism]] and teaches about two paths. Jains believe that liberation ([[Kevala jnana]] and [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]) is not possible in current times as no suitable condition for liberated being exists which is based on [[Jain cosmology|Jain cosmological assumption]]. This is believed in dominant ''Kramik'' or step-by-step path of Jainism. By contrast, ''Akramik'' or stepless path believes that the moksha can be achieved directly by grace (''kripa'') of [[Simandhar Swami]], the present Jain [[Tirthankara]] who lives in mythical land of Mahavideha in Jain cosmology. The Akram Vignan movement claims to offer 'instant salvation' by a medium (''nimitta'') or interlocutor who directly connects to Simandhar Swami through magical means.<ref name="Laycock2015">{{cite book|author=Joseph P. Laycock|title=Spirit Possession around the World: Possession, Communion, and Demon Expulsion across Cultures: Possession, Communion, and Demon Expulsion across Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQWrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|date=26 May 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-590-9|page=175}}</ref> The principal medium was A. M. Patel who was known as ''[[Dada Bhagwan]]'' who founded the movement.<ref name=FPeter>{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7438/1/Present_Lord_2003.pdf|title=Present Lord: Simandhara Svami and the Akram Vijnan Movement|last=Flügel|first=Peter|work=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in the Indic Religions|publisher=Orient Longman|year=2005|isbn=9788125028017|editor-last=King|editor-first=Anna S.|location=New Delhi|pages=194–243|editor-last2=Brockington|editor-first2=John}}</ref>

The principal doctrine of the Akram Vignan movement is ''jnan bhakti'' which means devotional surrender (''samarpan'') to Simandhar Swami and his interlocutor Dada Bhagwan to gain knowledge of salvation.<ref name=FPeter/>

In contrast to traditional Jainism, it rejects or is indifferent to scriptural knowledge, physical asceticism, rituals and practices in favour of self-knowledge (''atma-jnan'') through direct grace of Simandhar Swami and devotion to his medium (''gurubhakti'').<ref name=FPeter/><ref name="Wiley2009" />

The followers are required to consume a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet.<ref name="Ahimsa">[https://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/spiritual-science/non-violence-and-spiritual-awareness/ "Non Violence (Ahimsa) and Spiritual Awareness"]. dadabhagwan.org. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/spiritual-science/non-violence-and-spiritual-awareness/is-milk-vegetarian/ "Is Milk Vegetarian or Nonvegetarian?"]. dadabhagwan.org. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref>

Flügel regards the movement to be a form of Jain-[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] syncretism, a development analogous to the [[Mahayana]] in [[Buddhism]].<ref name=FPeter/>

==History==
[[File:Akram Vignan followers gathering 2017.jpg|thumb|Followers of Akram Vignan Movement gathered on occasion of [[Guru Purnima]] at Trimandir temple, Adalaj near Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. July 2017.]]
===Early years===
The movement was founded by [[Ambalal Muljibhai Patel]] who had achieved self-realization in June 1958 as described in his discourses or conversations. He is known as ''Atmagnani'' or ''Dada Bhagwan'' by his followers though he had differentiated between self and his empirical self as Patel and Dada Bhagwan. Initially he had not revealed his experiences to public but some of his close relatives and friends knew it. In 1962, during conversation with him, a person named Chandrakant Patel from [[Uganda]] experienced sudden self-realization. Such experience is described in traditional Jainism as ''kshayaka samyatva'' which is only achieved in presence of Tirthankara. Kanubhai K. Patel was the second person, who was also his business partner, who received instant knowledge in 1963 from Dada Bhagwan.<ref name=FPeter/>

===Expansion===
Between 1962 and 1968, very few close people received "knowledge" through Dada Bhagwan. Following 1968, he bestowed "knowledge" who requested to be blessed. This is the foundation of the movement. He said that he was initially reluctant due to fear of public opinion as in case of [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] but after his visit to a [[Rishabha]] temple in [[Khambhat]] he decided to public performance of ''Gyanvidhi'', a practise to transfer of "knowledge" for self-realisation. In 1968, the first ''Gyanvidhi'' was held at [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). Over the years, the ''Gyanvidhi'' became more elaborate and achieved its present form in 1983. He continued to give religious discourses. He emphasised contact of "knower" (''jnani'') to gain knowledge over scriptural or ritual knowledge. His followers were initially spread in his hometown [[Vadodara]] and Bombay. The movement expanded in 1960s and 1970s to southern Gujarat and Maharashtra and in Gujarati diaspora in East Africa, North America and UK. In 1983, he had reportedly around 50,000 followers. When he died in 1988, his funeral was attended by about 60000. In 1999, their magazine ''Akram Vignan'' claimed to have 3,00,000 followers.<ref name=FPeter/><ref name="Wiley2009">{{cite book|last=Wiley|first=Kristi L.|title=The A to Z of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|date=17 June 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8|pages=167–168}}</ref>

Jay Sachchidanand Sangh, the major organisation of Akram Vignan movement, was founded under the auspices of Dada Bhagwan in Mumbai. Khetsi Narsi Shah, a head of local Dada Bhagwan Vitarag Trust, was appointed as the first ''sanghpati'', the community leader of it. He was succeeded by G. A. Shah of [[Ahmedabad]]. The organisation manages activities and movements of religious leader and his chief followers called ''Aptaputra''s and ''Aptaputri''s (celibate disciples who are invited around the world). It also manages community funds and supervises building activities along with publication of books and magazine, ''Akram Vignan'' (first published in 1979). Now the organisation is led by local ''sanghpati''s in Ahmedabad, Surat, Mumbai, London and US.<ref name=FPeter/>

===Successions===
[[Niruben Amin]], a [[gynecologist]] was one of the followers of Dada Bhagwan. When Dada Bhagwan suffered from fractured leg and required constant medical attention, she joined him to serve him with her medical knowledge and continued to tour with him including his foreign visits from 1982 to 1987. During the same period, Kanubhai had continued to operate a company in which Dada Bhagwan was partner before he attained self realization.<ref name=FPeter/><ref name="Wiley2009"/>

Soon after death of Dada Bhagwan, the movement split in two factions. One led by Kanubhai Patel and backed by Jay Sachchidannad Sangh and other led by [[Niruben Amin]]. Niruben claimed that she was instructed and trained in Gyanvidhi by Dada Bhagwan. Niruben formed her own organisations; first Dada Bhagwan Foundation Trust of Ajit Patel in [[Chennai]] and Ahmedabad, and later Simandhar Swami Aradhana Trust in Ahmedabad and Mahavideh Foundation in Mumbai. She became popular leader of movement and was addressed as Niruma by her followers from 1999.<ref name=FPeter/><ref name="Wiley2009"/> After death of Niruben Amin in 2006, she was succeeded by [[Deepakbhai Desai]].

Kanubhai Patel, also known as Kanudada, was close to Dada Bhagwan before 1978. He claims succession and presents a recorded tape in which Dada Bhagwan had instructed about it (succession). He is seen as future [[Tirthankara]] by his many followers. His faction refers their teaching of ''Akram Vignan'' as ''Vitrag Vignan''.<ref name=FPeter/><ref name="Wiley2009"/> He was accused of duping his followers of money. The police case was filed against him and his family members. He was removed as the leader of Jay Sachchidanand Sangh following the case. He moved to US where he died on 9 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=વડોદરા : દાદા ભગવાન પંથનાં ગુરૂ કનુદાદા અને જમાઈ સામે 5.54 કરોડની છેતરપિંડીની ફરિયાદ|url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/gujarat/vadodara/vadodara-dada-bhagwan-guru-kanubhai-patel-and-his-son-in-law-dilip-patel-5-crore-fraud-with-mumbai-couple-kp-962526.html|access-date=2021-09-17|website=News18 Gujarati|date=March 2020 |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-22|title=કનુદાદાનું સ્થાન પુત્ર ભાવેશે લઈ લેતાં વિરોધનું વાવાઝોડું|url=https://www.loksattanews.co.in/news/kanudada-s-place-was-taken-by-his-son-bhavesh|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Loksatta Jansatta|language=gu}}</ref> His son Bhavesh Patel declared himself the successor.<ref name=":0" />

==Doctrines==
Niruben Amin organised the movement by publishing the discourses of Dada Bhagwan, formalising Gyanvidhi, construction of temples and composing ritual worship (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'').<ref name=FPeter/>

Niruben Amin had tape-recorded the discourses of Dada Bhagwan between 1974 and 1988 which amount to about 4000 tapes. These tapes are transcribed, compiled and published as ''Aptavani'' (Words of Truth). The fourteen volumes are published. The first one and half volume was compiled by Niruben Amin and Kanubhai Patel together. The first volume was published by Jay Sachchidanand Sangh in 1974. After 1983, almost all of volumes are based on tapes recorded by Amin. Other texts of Dada Bhagwan include ''Swarup Vignan'', the collection of ''satsang'' notes by Natubhai Patel 'Vasudev', published in 1980s.<ref name=FPeter/>

These printed compilations are not used in any rituals as Dada Bhagwan refused to write religious texts. He only wrote two short ritual texts, ''Namaskar Vidhi'' (1971–73) and ''Nav Kalamo'' (1977). ''Namskar Vidhi'' is a devotional hymn which includes all beings worthy of worship; [[Panch Parmeshthi]] of Jain ''[[Namokar Mantra]]'' to [[Krishna]] to Dada Bhagwan himself in descending order. ''Nav Kalamo'' (Nine Precepts) is a prayer to Dada Bhagwan which is considered as 'the essence of all scriptures'. ''Tri-mantra'' (Three-fold [[mantra]]) is modified version of Jain Namokar Mantra which also includes respect to [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]], [[Krishna]] and [[Shiva]] which is used at the opening of every religious event. ''Nishchay-Vyavahar Charan Vidhi'' (Intentful-Behaviour Basic Process) written by Vanubhai Patel in 1968 at the request of Dada Bhagwan and Amin is an important text used in daily worship as well as in Gyanvidhi. The opening chants of Gyanvidhi currently used were composed by Navneet Patel, a songwriter from Mumbai, in 1970. Niruben Amin has also composed an [[aarti]] dedicated to Simandhar Swami.<ref name=FPeter/>

Jay Sachchidanand Sangh, led by Kanubhai, published several books including volumes of ''Aptasutra'' and ''Aptavani'' (Vol. 1 to 9), ''Anubhav Gnan Sutra''s, ''Panch Agna Paramarth'', poetry of Navneet Sanghvi.<ref name="FPeter" />

==Temples==
[[File:Adalaj_Trimandir_Temple.jpg|thumb|Trimandir at [[Adalaj]], Gujarat]]
After initial reluctance, Dada Bhagwan agreed to build a temple, ''Trimandir'', which included images of Simandhar Swami, Krishna and Shiva to present message of universal religion. In 1993, a temple and ''dharmashala'' (rest house) was constructed in [[Surat]] managed by the Mahavideh Tirthdham Trust. It had all three images and has a chamber underneath a temples which had photos of A. M. Patel (Dada Bhagwan) and Kanubhai Patel. It is managed by the Jay Sachchidanand Sangh.<ref name=FPeter/>

Mahavideh Tirthdham, a Trimandir was also built by Niruben Amin in Ahmedabad in 1999.<ref name=FPeter/> More than 20 Trimandirs were built later by the Dada Bhagwan Foundation.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.gnanipurush.org Gnanipurush Dada Bhagwan]
* [http://www.dadabhagwan.org/ Dada Bhagwan Foundation]

{{Akram Vignan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism in Asia]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Shrimad Rajchandra]]

Chhotelal Kharwar

2026-04-27T08:07:46Z

JungPapst1287: adding initial stub needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chhotelal Kharwar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = Pakaudi Lal Kol
| successor1 = Pakaudi Lal Kol
| constituency1 = [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]]
| occupation = Agriculturist
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2024-present)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014-2024)
| spouse = {{marriage|Muniya Devi|1988}}
| father = Ramdhani
| mother = Udasi Devi
| children = 2 sons, 4 daughters
| website =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4859&lastls=16
}}
'''Chhotelal''' '''Kharwar''' is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He won the [[2014 Indian general elections]] from the [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]] constituency on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket. He was {{when|date=October 2023}} a National Council member of the Bharatiya Janata Party from Sonbhadra. He recontested and won again in Robertsganj in the [[2024 Indian general elections]] on a [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4859|title=Chhotelal|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-threw-me-out-dalit-bjp-lawmaker-complains-to-pm-modi-1833078|title=Yogi Adityanath Threw Me Out," Dalit BJP Lawmaker Complains To PM Modi|publisher=ndtv|date=5 April 2018|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/bjp-dalit-mp-could-face-refusal-of-ticket-in-2019-polls-for-launching-attack-of-party/states/news/1202252.html|title=BJP Dalit MP could face refusal of ticket in 2019 polls for launching attack of party|publisher=uniindia|date=17 April 2018|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/politics/yogis-casteism-will-make-dalits-desert-party-bjp-mp-chhote-lal-kharwar-2/47435/|title=Yogi's 'casteism' will make Dalits desert party: BJP MP Chhote Lal Kharwar|publisher=theprint|date=5 April 2018|access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thewirehindi.com/39174/cm-yogi-threw-me-out-says-bjp-dalit-mp-chhote-lal-kharwar/|title=मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ मुझे डांटकर भगा देते हैं: दलित सांसद छोटेलाल खरवार|publisher=thewirehindi|date=18 February 2019|access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharwar, Chhotelal}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Chandauli]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Y. R. Meena

2026-04-23T04:18:17Z

JungPapst1287: Created new data more to come

{{Short description|Indian judge (1946–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Y.R Meena
| office1 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start1 = 3 February 2007
| term_end1 = 30 June 2008
| appointer1 = [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]]
| office2 = [[Justice (title)|Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 2006
| term_end2 = 2 February 2007
| appointer2 = [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]]
| office3 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Patron-in-Chief]] of [[Rajasthan State Judicial Academy]]
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| term_start3 = 22 October 2004
| term_end3 = 11 October 2005
| office4 = [[Judge|Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start4 = 5 November 2001
| term_end4 = 3 April 2006
| appointer4 = [[K.R Narayanan]]
| office5 = [[Judge|Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start5 = December 1997
| term_end5 = 4 November 2001
| appointer5 = [[K.R Narayanan]]
| office6 = [[Additional Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start6 = 20 July 1990
| term_end6 = December 1997
| nominator6 = [[Ranganath Mishra]]
| birth_date = 1 July 1946
| death_date = 21 March 2023
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
}}

'''Y. R. Meena''' or Yad Ram Meena (1 July 1946 — 21 March 2023) was an Indian judge and the former Chief Justice of the [[Gujarat High Court]].

==Early life==
Born on 1 July 1946 in [[Alwar]], he completed his B.A. Degree from B R College Alwar. Then completed his [[LL.B]]. degree from [[University of Rajasthan]], [[Jaipur]].

==Career==
Justice Y.R. Meena, son of Ramkripal Meena was born in 1946. He passed B.A. [[LL.B]]. and enrolled as an advocate in 1968. He practised in Civil, Criminal and Revenue Matters, appointed a Law Officer of the [[Law Commission of India]] in 1973. Justice Meena was appointed Deputy Legislative Counsel and Additional Legislative Counsel in [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Delhi]] in 1976 and 1979 respectively. In 1980 he became a Member of [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]]. On 20 July 1990 he was appointed an additional Judge of [[Rajasthan High Court]] and transferred to [[Calcutta High Court]] in December 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/122|title=The Hon'ble Justice Y. R. Meena|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> In 2001 Meena was transferred to the Rajasthan High Court and took charge of the Acting Chief Justice since 2004. He was a Patron in Chief of Rajasthan State Judicial academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajasthanjudicialacademy.nic.in/past_pat_in_chief.html|title=LIST OF PAST HON'BLE PATRON-IN-CHIEF|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181633/http://rajasthanjudicialacademy.nic.in/past_pat_in_chief.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elevated in the post of the Chief Justice of High Court of Gujarat on 3 February 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/y-r-meena-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-gujarat-hc_351849.html|title=Y R Meena appointed as Chief Justice of Gujarat HC|date=3 February 2007|publisher=Zee News|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> Justice Meena retired on 30 June 2008 from the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=420|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Y. R. MEENA|website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> After the retirement he joined in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in October 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-28 |title=Senior Congress leader, ex-chief justice join BJP |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/senior-congress-leader-ex-chief-justice-join-bjp/articleshow/3648168.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He died on 21 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice YR Meena, Former CJ Gujarat High Court passed away |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/justice-yr-meena-former-cj-gujarat-high-court-passed-away |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Y. R. Justice}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)

2026-04-22T16:34:14Z

JungPapst1287: started some stub basic info!

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ryan Williams
| image = Ryan Williams 21-12-2013 1.jpg
| caption = Williams with [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] in 2013
| fullname = Ryan Dale Williams<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/siteassets/image/201920/general-news/efl-squad-numbering-06.09.2019.pdf |title=Notification of shirt numbers: Portsmouth |publisher=English Football League |page=56 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Subiaco, Western Australia|Subiaco]], [[Perth]], Australia
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| currentclub = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| clubnumber = 7
| youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–2010
| youthclubs1 = [[ECU Joondalup]]
| youthyears2 = 2010–2011
| youthclubs2 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| years1 = 2011–2012
| clubs1 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| caps1 = 4
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2012–2015
| clubs2 = [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]
| caps2 = 2
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2013
| clubs3 = → [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] (loan)
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2013–2014
| clubs4 = → [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] (loan)
| caps4 = 36
| goals4 = 7
| years5 = 2014–2015
| clubs5 = → [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] (loan)
| caps5 = 5
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2015–2017
| clubs6 = [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]]
| caps6 = 21
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2017–2019
| clubs7 = [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]]
| caps7 = 81
| goals7 = 5
| years8 = 2019–2021
| clubs8 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| caps8 = 67
| goals8 = 8
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]]
| caps9 = 33
| goals9 = 2
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]
| caps10 = 24
| goals10 = 4
| years11 = 2023–
| clubs11 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps11 = 40
| goals11 = 10
| nationalyears1 = 2012–2013
| nationalteam1 = [[Australia national under-20 association football team|Australia U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 12
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2015
| nationalteam2 = [[Australia men's national under-23 soccer team|Australia U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2019
| nationalteam3 = [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]]
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2026–
| nationalteam4 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps4 = 1
| nationalgoals4 = 1
| club-update = 16:53, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 20:12, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
}}

'''Ryan Dale Williams''' (born 28 October 1993) is a professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. Born in Australia, and a former [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australian]] international, he plays for the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Early life==
Williams was born in [[Perth]], [[Australia]]. His mother Audrey was born to an [[Anglo-Indian]] family from [[Mumbai]], India, and his father Eric was born in [[Kent]], England.<ref name=intro>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/NewsDetail/0,,1~1074267,00.html|title=Introducing Rhys Williams|publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.|access-date=2009-05-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920190645/http://www.mfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C1~1074267%2C00.html|archive-date=20 September 2007}}</ref> His maternal grandfather Lincoln "Linky" Grostate played for [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/M85lVacju3EPDwwj9X71nI/From-Linky-Grostate-to-Aryn-Williams-An-Aussie-football-fam.html |title=From Linky Grostate to Aryn Williams: An Aussie football family's Indian homecoming |publisher=Mint |date=1 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/880046/from-perth-to-imphal-a-very-indian-homecoming-for-australian-aryn-williams |title=Football: From Perth to Imphal, a very Indian homecoming for Australian Aryn Williams |publisher=Scroll.in |date=24 May 2018 }}</ref> His mother Audrey Williams (née Grostate) also played football in England and then in Australia where she represented [[Western Australia state soccer team|Western Australia]] in the national championships in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryan Williams - Indian football’s new hope from Down Under|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/who-is-ryan-williams-indian-football-player-overseas-foreign-origin-australia|website=olympics.com|date=1 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State Teams (Women's) 1980-1984|url=https://www.waoveryonder.au/state-team-womens-1980-1984/|website=waoveryonder.au|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> His father [[Eric Williams (football coach)|Eric Williams]] is a football manager who has coached clubs across Australia and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Williams follows in father's footsteps|url=http://footballwest.com.au/williams-follows-in-fathers-footsteps/|website=footballwest|date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110914/footballwest.com.au/williams-follows-in-fathers-footsteps/|archive-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Portsmouth===
Williams joined [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] in July 2010, signing a scholarship with the clubs' academy side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/Squadnews/academy-news--fixtures/Pompey-Unveil-New-Scholars-1130.aspx |title=Pompey Unveil New Scholars |publisher=[[Portsmouth F.C.]] |access-date=21 May 2014 |date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922170302/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/Squadnews/academy-news--fixtures/Pompey-Unveil-New-Scholars-1130.aspx |archive-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> There were initial issues concerning international clearance, with the FFA (Football Federation Australia) failing to release vital paperwork to allow Williams to play,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/aussie-trio-on-target-for-pompey-1-2298504 |title=Aussie trio on target for Pompey |publisher=Portsmouth.co.uk |access-date=21 May 2014 |date=28 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521192621/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/aussie-trio-on-target-for-pompey-1-2298504 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> but this was eventually resolved on 12 November.<ref>[http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/RulesandRegulations/~/media/Files/PDF/TheFA/PlayerRegistrations/RegListDec10.ashx/RegListDec10.pdf The FA: Player Registrations] ''[[The FA]].com''</ref> He played his first match for Portsmouth on 6 August 2010, in a friendly against [[Farnborough F.C.|Farnborough]].<ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/great-matches/pompey_ease_to_friendly_victory_at_farnbrough_1_2299316 Pompey ease to friendly victory at Farnbrough] ''Portsmouth.co.uk''</ref> His first competitive academy match for Portsmouth was a 4–1 loss to [[Chelsea F.C. Reserves and Academy|Chelsea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/Squadnews/academy-news--fixtures/Pompey-Academy-1-Chelsea-Academy-4-1649.aspx |title=Portsmouth Academy 1 – 4 Chelsea Academy |publisher=[[Portsmouth F.C.]] |access-date=21 May 2014 |date=24 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102154926/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/Squadnews/academy-news--fixtures/Pompey-Academy-1-Chelsea-Academy-4-1649.aspx |archive-date=2 January 2011 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

Williams was promoted to training with [[Steve Cotterill]]'s first-team upon returning for the [[2011–12 Portsmouth F.C. season|2011–12]] season. This cumulated with Williams' making his first appearance with the first-team in a 4–0 win over [[Havant & Waterlooville F.C.|Havant & Waterlooville]], in which he produced a lively display, contributing an assist.<ref>[http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hawks-0-Pompey-4-2314.aspx Hawks 0 Pompey 4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224939/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Hawks-0-Pompey-4-2314.aspx |date=13 July 2011 }} ''[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]''</ref> He went on to feature against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Pompey-0-Chelsea-1-2336.aspx |title=Pompey 0 Chelsea 1 |publisher=[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] |access-date=21 May 2014 |date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200526/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Pompey-0-Chelsea-1-2336.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> and travelled to the US with the first-team.<ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/great-matches/young_blues_duo_are_coming_to_america_1_2871581 Young Bluews duo are coming to America] ''Portsmouth.co.uk''</ref> Cotterill indicated that he was ready to promote Williams to the Portsmouth first-team squad,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/great-matches/winger_williams_no_loan_ranger_1_2876566 |title=Winger Williams is no loan ranger |publisher=Portsmouth.co.uk' |access-date=21 May 2014 |date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722113438/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/great-matches/winger_williams_no_loan_ranger_1_2876566 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey-past/great-matches/blues_ready_to_fast_track_aussie_1_2900010 Blues ready to fast track Aussie] Portsmouth.co.uk</ref> and Williams was selected to be on the bench for the [[Football League Championship|Championship]] match against [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] with the 17 jersey.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14351907 Middlesbrough vs. Portsmouth] [[BBC Sport]]</ref><ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/aussie_ace_set_for_boro_bow_1_2933815? Aussie ace set for Boro bow] ''Portsmouth.co.uk''</ref>

He made his professional debut in the opening-day match against Middlesbrough, on 6 August 2011, after he came off the bench to replace [[Hermann Hreiðarsson]] in the 63rd minute, playing against his older brother [[Rhys Williams (soccer, born 1988)|Rhys]], who scored in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14351907|title=Middlesbrough 2–2 Portsmouth|work=BBC Sport |date=5 August 2011 |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref>

===Fulham===
On 31 January 2012, Fulham announced the transfer deadline day signing of Williams from [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] for an undisclosed fee, having impressed during a reserve game against [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] the previous night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2012/january/31/ryan-williams-joins-ffc |title=Ryan Williams Joins FFC |publisher=Fulham FC |access-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419204047/http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2012/january/31/ryan-williams-joins-ffc |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

On 13 May 2014, following the relegation of Fulham and his conclusion to his loan spell, Williams signed a new two-year contract with the club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Williams signs new Fulham deal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2897/championship/2014/05/13/4815887/williams-signs-new-fulham-deal|publisher=Goal.com|date=13 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

Williams signed for [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] in [[Football League Two|League Two]] on a one-month loan deal on 14 February 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/article/ryan-williams-signing-feb-14-657142.aspx |title=Williams Signs on Loan |publisher=Gillingham FC |access-date=14 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053007/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/article/ryan-williams-signing-feb-14-657142.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> but failed to make an appearance for the Kent club before being recalled by Fulham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentnews.co.uk/sport/fulham_recall_williams_from_gills_1_1966009|title=Fulham recall Williams from Gills|work=Kent News |access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

On 3 August 2013, Williams joined [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] on loan until 1 January 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oufc.co.uk/news/article/00030813-williams-965339.aspx|title=Williams Signs|publisher=Oxford United|date=3 August 2013|access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> and made his debut against [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] at [[Fratton Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23474968|title=Portsmouth v Oxford Utd|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 August 2013|access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> He scored his first senior goal on 28 September 2013 in a [[Football League Two|League Two]] win over [[Hartlepool United F.C.|Hartlepool United]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24185141|title=Hartlepool 1–3 Oxford Utd|publisher=BBC Sport|date=28 September 2013|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> On 19 December 2013, Fulham agreed to extend his loan deal until the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oufc.co.uk/news/article/00191213-ryan-williams-1245276.aspx|title=Ryan Williams To Stay|publisher=Oxford United FC|date=19 December 2013|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> After making 35 appearances and scoring six times, Williams made his final appearance for the club against relegation battlers [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]]. Williams scored his seventh goal of the season to give his team the lead. However, towards the end of the first half he was sent off for kicking [[Ricky Ravenhill]]. Northampton Town subsequently took the lead and went on to win 3–1, which led to Northampton Town surviving relegation and Oxford United missing out of the play-offs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Northampton Town 3–1 Oxford United|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27168032|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

After being included in two matches for Fulham at the start of the 2014–15 season, Williams joined Barnsley on an initial one-month loan on 2 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/fulham-winger-ryan-williams-joins-barnsley-on-loan-1981878.aspx|title=Fulham Winger Ryan Williams Joins Barnsley on Loan|publisher=Barnsley F.C.|date=2 October 2014|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205232224/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/fulham-winger-ryan-williams-joins-barnsley-on-loan-1981878.aspx|archive-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Williams made his Barnsley debut ten days later on 12 October 2014, in a 3–1 win over [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Barnsley 3 – 1 Bradford City|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29494986|publisher=Barnsley F.C.|date=12 October 2014|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Having made seven appearances, Williams' loan spell was extended until 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Williams extends Barnsley stay|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11713/9582020/williams-extends-barnsley-stay|publisher=Sky Sports|date=27 November 2014|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> However, Williams' first team appearances were soon reduced due to his international commitments<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/match-preview-barnsley-v-colchester-united-2082503.aspx|title=Match Preview: Barnsley v Colchester United|publisher=Barnsley F.C.|date=13 November 2014|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124221351/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/match-preview-barnsley-v-colchester-united-2082503.aspx|archive-date=24 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and he suffered a groin injury<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/barnsley-v-doncaster-rovers-match-preview-2118243.aspx|title=Barnsley v Doncaster Rovers: Match Preview|publisher=Barnsley F.C.|date=2 December 2014|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208205631/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/barnsley-v-doncaster-rovers-match-preview-2118243.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> before returned to his parent club.

===Barnsley===
On 26 July 2015, Williams re-joined [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]], but this time on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themillers.co.uk/news/2017/june/signing--williams-makes-millers-move/|title=SIGNING | Williams makes Millers move|publisher=Rotherham United F.C.|access-date=20 June 2017|date=20 June 2017}}</ref> His first and what turned out to be only goal for Barnsley was a late winner in a 4–3 win at [[Cardiff City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38271833|title=Cardiff 3–4 Barnsley|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 June 2017|date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

===Rotherham United===

On 20 June 2017, Williams moved across South Yorkshire to join [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33669143|title=Ryan Williams: Fulham winger joins Barnsley on two-year deal|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=27 July 2015|date=26 July 2015}}</ref> On 30 May 2019 it was announced that he would leave at the end of the season, upon expiry of his contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/sport/view,jon-taylor-ryan-williams-and-richie-towell-leaving-rotherham-united_32170.htm|title=Jon Taylor, Ryan Williams and Richie Towell leaving Rotherham United|publisher=Rotherham Advertiser|date=30 May 2019}}</ref>

===Return to Portsmouth===
On 26 June 2019, Williams re-signed for his first club, [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48780205|title=Ryan Williams: Portsmouth to re-sign Australia winger from Rotherham United|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

===Return to Oxford===
On 9 June 2021, Williams rejoined former club [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] when his contract expired at Portsmouth. He signed a two-year deal.<ref name="oxford2">{{cite news |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/19360626.oxford-united-sign-ex-portsmouth-winger-ryan-williams/ |title=Oxford United sign ex-Portsmouth winger Ryan Williams |first=James |last=Roberts |newspaper=Oxford Mail |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

===Perth Glory===
In June 2022, Williams left Oxford United to return to Australia, joining [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]] for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year contract. He was welcomed back to [[Perth]] scoring an absolute stunner out of the box goal against [[Western United]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/20213043.oxford-uniteds-ryan-williams-leaves-australian-a-league-side-perth-glory/|title=Oxford United's Ryan Williams leaves for Australian A-League side Perth Glory|newspaper=[[Oxford Mail]]|first=James|last=Roberts|date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://perthglory.com.au/news/glory-pull-off-transfer-coup-to-sign-attacking-midfielder-williams|title=Glory pull off transfer coup to sign attacking midfielder Williams|website=[[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]|first=Gareth|last=Morgan|date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Bengaluru FC ===
On 28 July 2023, Williams signed a one-year contract with [[Indian Super League]] club [[Bengaluru FC]], with an option for a further year.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Alex |title=ISL: Bengaluru FC sign Ryan Williams from Perth Glory |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-bengaluru-fc-sign-ryan-williams |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref> In his debut season, he scored three goals, earning the club's Player's Player of the Season award.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=bengalurufc |number=1793991691210281237 |title=Our squad favourite Ryan Williams bagged the BFC Players' Player Of The Season award as the Blues' bought the 2023-24 season to a close.}}</ref>

In his second season, Williams scored seven goals and provided four assists as the club reached the [[2025 ISL Cup final]], where they lost to [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] in extra time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Report: Mohun Bagan Super Giant pip Bengaluru FC to win the ISL Cup |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mohun-bagan-super-giant-pip-bengaluru-fc-to-win-the-isl-cup |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was named Fan's Player of the Year at the end of the season.
<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=bengalurufc |number=1916062405043585249 |title=Ryan Williams is named the BFC Fans’ Player of the Year.}}</ref>

On 24 October 2025, Bengaluru FC announced that Williams had extended his stay at the club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ryan-williams-extends-bengaluru-fc-contract-super-cup-2025-26-news-isl/article70197466.ece |title=Ryan Williams extends Bengaluru FC contract|date=24 October 2025 |work=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==International career==
Born in Australia to an Anglo-Indian mother and an English father, Williams was eligible to represent Australia, England, Wales, and India.<ref name=intro />

Williams played for the under-20 and under-23 sides, representing Australia at [[Australia national under-20 association football team|U20]] level at the [[2012 AFC U-19 Championship]] in [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-23 |title=Paul Okon names Qantas Young Socceroos squad for AFC U-19 Championship |url=https://footballnsw.com.au/2012/10/23/paul-okon-names-qantas-young-socceroos-squad-for-afc-u-19-championship/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Football NSW |language=en-US}}</ref> and at the [[2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Turkey 2013™: Australia |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u20/turkey2013/teams/1888243 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en}}</ref> He was called up to the [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] senior squad in May 2019 for the friendly game against [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]] on 7 June.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.themillers.co.uk/news/2019/may/read--williams-receives-first-call-up-to-socceroos-squad/|title=READ {{!}} Williams receives first call-up to Socceroos squad|publisher=Rotherham United Official Site|date=23 May 2019}}</ref> He made his international debut as a second-half substitute in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=3014466|title=Korea Republic 1–0 Australia|publisher=scoresway|date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

In November 2025, Williams acquired [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizenship]] and had to surrender his Australian citizenship, as dual nationality is prohibited by India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-07 |title=Aussie footballer Ryan Williams gives up citizenship to play for India; set for national debut in Asian Cup qualifiers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aussie-footballer-ryan-williams-gives-up-citizenship-to-play-for-india/articleshow/125142392.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 18 November 2025, [[Football Australia]] issued him a [[No Objection Certificate|No Objection Certificate (NOC)]], allowing him to officially represent India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ryan-williams-not-to-play-india-vs-bangladesh-afc-asian-cup-qualifier-dhaka-news/article70293812.ece |title=Ryan Williams receives late NOC, will miss India vs Bangladesh AFC Asian Cup qualifier |work=Sportstar |date=18 November 2025 }}</ref> On 19 November 2025, his request to switch international allegiance to India was approved by [[FIFA]].<ref name="FIFA-CAP">{{cite news |url=https://knowledge.fifa.com/change-of-association-platform |title=FIFA Change of Association Platform |website=knowledge.fifa.com |date=19 November 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> On 13 November 2025, he debuted with India in a 6–1 unofficial friendly win over [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]], where he scored a goal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/india-cruise-past-bhutan-6-1-in-closed-door-friendly-ahead-of-asian-cup-qualifier/|title=India Cruise Past Bhutan 6–1 in Closed-Door Friendly Ahead of Asian Cup Qualifier|first=Chandler|last=D'silva|date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

Williams played his first official match for India against [[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]] on 31 March 2026 in the final third round match of the [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round|2027 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers]]. He scored his first international goal in the fourth minute, becoming the fastest debutant goal-scorer for India, surpassing the sixth-minute scoring record of [[K. Appalaraju]] and [[Mehtab Hossain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India end Asian Cup qualifiers on a high with first ever win in Kochi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-end-asian-cup-qualifiers-on-a-high-with-first-ever-win-in-kochi |publisher=AIFF |date=31 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/portsmouth-fc/portsmouth-fc-williams-india-australia-fulham-6531419|title='Stuff of dreams': Ex-Portsmouth man's stunning second international debut after controversially switching countries}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Williams is the younger brother of [[Rhys Williams (soccer, born 1988)|Rhys Williams]] and the twin brother of [[Aryn Williams]], who are both also professional footballers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/soccer/perth-glory/brothers-rhys-and-aryn-williams-looking-forward-to-playing-together-at-perth-glory-ng-b68dd5bc39473cd3b8034a7c81a9da92|title=Brothers Rhys and Aryn Williams looking forward to playing together at Perth Glory|first=Braden|last=Quartermaine|date=September 24, 2016|work=Perth Now}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 5 April 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|new_id=williams-ryan/rykSJSUh}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, country and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[AIFF Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|{{nowrap|[[2011–12 Portsmouth F.C. season|2011–12]]}}<ref name="RW11">{{soccerbase season|61160|2011|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|4||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||6||0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]
|[[2011–12 Fulham F.C. season|2011–12]]<ref name="RW11"/>
|[[Premier League]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|[[2012–13 Fulham F.C. season|2012–13]]
|Premier League
|0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Fulham F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name="RW14">{{soccerbase season|61160|2014|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>
|Championship
|2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||3||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!2!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0
|-
|[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] (loan)
|[[2012–13 Gillingham F.C. season|2012–13]]
|[[EFL League Two|League Two]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Oxford United F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name="RW13">{{soccerbase season|61160|2013|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
|League Two
|36||7||4||1||1||0||1<ref group=lower-alpha name="FLT">Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy|Football League Trophy]]</ref>||0||42||8
|-
|[[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Barnsley F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name="RW14"/>
|[[EFL League One|League One]]
|5||0||1||0||0||0||1<ref group=lower-alpha name="FLT"/>||0||7||0
|-
|rowspan=3|Barnsley
|[[2015–16 Barnsley F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref name="RW15">{{soccerbase season|61160|2015|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>
|League One
|5||0||0||0||0||0||1<ref group=lower-alpha name="FLT"/>||0||6||0
|-
|[[2016–17 Barnsley F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref name="RW16">{{soccerbase season|61160|2016|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>
|Championship
|16||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||17||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!21!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0!!23!!1
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]]
|[[2017–18 Rotherham United F.C. season|2017–18]]<ref name="RW17">{{soccerbase season|61160|2017|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>
|League One
|42||4||1||0||1||0||3<ref group=lower-alpha>Appearances in [[2017–18 EFL League One#Play-offs|2017–18 EFL League One play-offs]]</ref>||0||47||4
|-
|[[2018–19 Rotherham United F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref name="RW18">{{soccerbase season|61160|2018|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref>
|Championship
|39||1||1||0||1||0||0||0||41||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!81!!5!!2!!0!!2!!0!!3!!0!!88!!5
|-
|rowspan=3|Portsmouth
|[[2019–20 Portsmouth F.C. season|2019–20]]
|League One
|26||3||4||0||1||0||6||0||37||3
|-
|[[2020–21 Portsmouth F.C. season|2020–21]]
|League One
|41||5||3||0||2||0||2||0||48||5
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!67!!8!!7!!0!!3!!0!!8!!0!!85!!8
|-
|Oxford United
|[[2021–22 Oxford United F.C. season|2021–22]]
|League One
|33||2||2||0||0||0||1<ref group=lower-alpha name="FLT"/>||0||36||2
|-
|[[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]
|[[2022–23 Perth Glory FC season|2022–23]]
|[[A-League Men]]
|24||4||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|–||24||4
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|16||3||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||18||3
|-
|[[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|18||6||1||1||colspan=2|—||7{{efn|Four Appearances and one goal in [[2025 ISL Cup playoffs]], three appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}
|1||26||8
|-
|[[2025-26 Bengaluru FC season|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|6||1||3||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||9||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!40!!10!!6!!3!!0!!0!!7!!1!!53!!14
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!313!!37!!24!!4!!8!!0!!22!!1!!367!!42
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===International===
{{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|74508}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]]
|2019||1||0
|-
|[[India national football team|India]]
|2026||1||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total||2||1
|}

{{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}
:''India score listed first, score column indicates score after each Williams goal''<ref name="NFT"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Ryan Williams
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| align=center| 1 || 31 March 2026 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], Kochi, India || align=center| 1 || {{fb|HKG}} || style="text-align:center"| 1–0 ||style="text-align:center"|2–1|| [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round|2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Barnsley'''
*[[EFL Trophy]]: [[2015–16 Football League Trophy|2015–16]]
*[[EFL League One play-offs]]: [[2016 Football League play-offs#League One|2016]]

'''Rotherham United'''
*[[EFL League One play-offs]]: [[2018 English Football League play-offs#League One|2018]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44186999 |title=Rotherham United 2–1 Shrewsbury Town |first=Ged |last=Scott |website=BBC Sport |date=27 May 2018 |access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

'''Portsmouth'''
*[[EFL Trophy]] runner-up: [[2019–20 EFL Trophy|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56320947 |title=Portsmouth 0–0 Salford City |first=Adam |last=Williams |website=BBC Sport |date=13 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>

'''Bengaluru'''
*[[Indian Super League|ISL Cup]] runner-up: [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Mohun Bagan win their first ISL league-cup double with extra time win over Bengaluru FC |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/44630832/mohun-bagan-vs-bengaluru-fc-live-score-updates-commentary-2024-25-isl-final |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Soccerbase}}
*{{NFT player}}

{{Bengaluru FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Ryan}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Soccer players from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Australian men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Australia men's international soccer players]]
[[Category:Australia men's youth international soccer players]]
[[Category:Indian people of Australian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of English descent]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]]
[[Category:Perth RedStar FC players]]
[[Category:Fulham F.C. players]]
[[Category:Portsmouth F.C. players]]
[[Category:Gillingham F.C. players]]
[[Category:Oxford United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Barnsley F.C. players]]
[[Category:Rotherham United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Perth Glory FC players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Dual internationalists (men's football)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian sportsmen]]

Sunil Kushwaha

2026-04-12T13:52:36Z

JungPapst1287: Created a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Sunil Kumar (born 1957)|Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar Kushwaha|Sunil Kumar Pintu }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunil Kumar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = VILL-Warispur, Dharmwana Bishanpur, Muhchhti, P.O-Lagma Aajam Gadh, P.S-Dumra, DISTT- Sitamarhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImRLeWxwV2wzaDlpaUFlc0ZObjBMV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTN5K1RWNDRBUmtNUnJIR0tZVDZvdz09IiwibWFjIjoiY2FkNDQ0MjlkYjY2NzFlNTYzYWQ3ZjQyNmMxYTc1MGU1NDIyNjJjMjFmNjZhYWM0ODA0ZjVjYTc0Nzg5ZTY2ZCJ9/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|title=Sunil Kumar Election Affidavit|access-date=2023-09-10|archive-date=2023-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910101430/https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImRLeWxwV2wzaDlpaUFlc0ZObjBMV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTN5K1RWNDRBUmtNUnJIR0tZVDZvdz09IiwibWFjIjoiY2FkNDQ0MjlkYjY2NzFlNTYzYWQ3ZjQyNmMxYTc1MGU1NDIyNjJjMjFmNjZhYWM0ODA0ZjVjYTc0Nzg5ZTY2ZCJ9/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|url-status=live}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| preceded =
| succeeded = [[Mithilesh Kumar]]
| term_start = 2015
| predecessor = [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| term_end = 2020
| succeeded1 =
}}
'''Sunil Kumar''' also called '''Sunil Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/sitamarhi/news/shaheed-ramphal-mandal-the-heritage-of-the-country-and-society-confessed-to-hanging-himself-in-the-freedom-fight-127591480.html|title=श्रद्धांजलि:शहीद रामफल मंडल देश व समाज के धरोहर, आजादी की लड़ाई में हंसते-हंसते फांसी पर चढ़ना कबूल किया|website=bhaskar.com|accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082302/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/sitamarhi/news/shaheed-ramphal-mandal-the-heritage-of-the-country-and-society-confessed-to-hanging-himself-in-the-freedom-fight-127591480.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://firstbihar.com/news/sunil-kushwaha-ne-chalaya-jansampark-abhiyan-511813|title=घर-घर जाकर लोगों से वोट मांग रहे सुनील कुशवाहा, सीतामढ़ी को सबसे विकसित विधानसभा बनाने का किया वादा|accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101034614/https://firstbihar.com/news/sunil-kushwaha-ne-chalaya-jansampark-abhiyan-511813|url-status=live}}</ref> is a former Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency]].He is district President of Rashtriya Janta Dal Sitamarhi .He was elected to Bihar Assembly from this constituency in 2015 Bihar Assembly elections, as a candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. In this election, he defeated the second runner-up, [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. In the 2015 elections, Kumar secured 81,557 votes, and the margin of his victory was nine percent votes more than his opponent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/elections/bihar%20assembly%20election/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-sitamarhi-constituency-rjds-sunil-kumar-up-against-bjps-mithilesh-kumar-10019239|title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2020, Sitamarhi Constituency: RJD's Sunil Kumar up against BJP's Mithilesh Kumar|website=Jagran.com|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305200339/https://english.jagran.com/elections/bihar%20assembly%20election/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-sitamarhi-constituency-rjds-sunil-kumar-up-against-bjps-mithilesh-kumar-10019239|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2566|title=My neta Sunil Kumar|website=Myneta.info|accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820025612/https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2566|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 Bihar Assembly elections]], Kumar was pitted against Mithilesh Kumar of Bhartiya Janata Party; latter was able to defeat him with a margin of 11,475 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/sitamarhi-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-on-bjp-mithilesh-kumar-and-rjd-sunil-kumar-with-voting-percentage-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-sitamarhi-vidhan-sabha-winning-mla-results-news-rjv|title=Sitamarhi Election Result 2020: सीतामढ़ी में भाजपा के मिथिलेश ने राजद के सुनील को..|website=prabhat khabar|date=10 November 2020 |accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124120222/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/sitamarhi-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-on-bjp-mithilesh-kumar-and-rjd-sunil-kumar-with-voting-percentage-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-sitamarhi-vidhan-sabha-winning-mla-results-news-rjv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/sitamarhi-assembly-seat-election-2020-rjd-jdu-bjp-nda-1131608-2020-09-18|title=सीतामढ़ी विधानसभा सीटः क्या जनता फिर जताएगी आरजेडी पर भरोसा?|website=Aajtak|date=18 September 2020 |accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000120/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/sitamarhi-assembly-seat-election-2020-rjd-jdu-bjp-nda-1131608-2020-09-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-age-of-sitamarhi-mla-reduced-he-was-39-years-old-in-2015-assembly-election-and-this-time-during-assembly-nomination-he-told-his-age-42-years-20876134.html|title=सीतामढ़ी विधायक की कम हो गई उम्र! 2015 विधानसभा चुनाव में थे 39 वर्ष के, इस बार नामांकन के दौरान अपनी उम्र बताई 42 वर्ष|website=jagran.com|accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117001913/https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-age-of-sitamarhi-mla-reduced-he-was-39-years-old-in-2015-assembly-election-and-this-time-during-assembly-nomination-he-told-his-age-42-years-20876134.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was believed by the poll strategists that Kumar would get the votes from [[Other Backward Class]] and Muslims, while his opponent would be supported by [[Forward Caste]]s. However, in the final counting of votes, Kumar was defeated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-and-rjd-fight-in-3-sitamarhi-assembly-seats/articleshow/78939799.cms|title=JD(U) and RJD fight in 3 Sitamarhi assembly seats|editor=Shyam Kishore Singh|website=Times of India|date=30 October 2020 |accessdate=5 March 2023|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228044317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-and-rjd-fight-in-3-sitamarhi-assembly-seats/articleshow/78939799.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Kailash Kharwar

2026-04-10T04:00:12Z

JungPapst1287: adding stub

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kailash Kharwar
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chakia Assembly constituency|Chakia]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sharada Prasad]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|3|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bikapur]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Teacher]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = Govt LT College Varanasi
| father = Munnan
| spouse = Chandravati Devi
| children = 3
}}
'''Kailash Kharwar''' (born 4 March 1960) is an Indian [[politician]], [[teacher]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Chakia Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18383/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |access-date=2 June 2024 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="on">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kailash-kharwar/ |title=Kailash Kharwar, BJP MLA from Chakia |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="on"/>

==Early life==

Kailash Kharwar was born on 4 March 1960 in [[Bikapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Munnan.<ref name="upla"/> He married Chandravati Devi on 25 May 1983, and they have three children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

He completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] at Govt LT College Varanasi in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4497 |title=Kailash(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHAKIA (SC)(CHANDAULI) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharwar, Kailash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Andhra State Act, 1953

2026-04-07T16:55:12Z

JungPapst1287: new

{{Short description|Indian Act of Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Andhra State Act, 1953
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to provide for the formation of the State of Andhra, the increasing of the area of the State of Mysore and the diminishing of the area of the State of Madras, and for matters
connected therewith.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2176/1/195330.pdf Act No. 30 of 1953]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| date_assented = 14 September 1953
| date_commenced = 1 October 1953
| date_effective =
| bill_history_url =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by =
| date_introduced =
| repeals =
| related_legislation =
| status =
}}

The '''Andhra State Act, 1953''' is an [[Parliament of India|Act of Indian Parliament]] that formed [[Andhra State|State of Andhra]] by splitting the [[Madras State|State of Madras]] and transferring parts of Madras to the [[Mysore State|State of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andhra State Act, 1953 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(tysy4lnogxpqadcfzenom2ln))/ViewPDF.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420090856/https://egazette.gov.in/(S(tysy4lnogxpqadcfzenom2ln))/ViewPDF.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref> It formed Andhra on the basis of language. It had an impact on the State Reorganisation Act, 1956 which was result of rising demand for states on the basis of languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1823 Andhra State [ COUNCIL Bill, 1953 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/897488/1/01_IV_14-08-1953_p39_p54_PII.pdf |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=rsdebate.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra State Bill 14 AUGUST 1953 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/897488/1/01_IV_14-08-1953_p39_p54_PII.pdf |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=eparlib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=HT This Day: March 26, 1953 -- Andhra state from Oct 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-march-26-1953-andhra-state-from-oct-1-101679763592631.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322090959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-march-26-1953-andhra-state-from-oct-1-101679763592631.html |archive-date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012-03-26 |others=HRIDAY NATH KUNZRU, PRATUL CHANDRA MITRA, RAMA RAO, CHAIRMAN, BIMAL COMAR GHOSE, SURENDRANATH DWIVEDY, K.S. HEGDE, INAITULLAH KHAWAJA, B.R. AMBEDKAR, C.G. REDDY, P. SUNDARAYYA, HAR PRASAD SAKSENA, MAHENDRA SINGH RANAWAT, NARAYAN, BAIDYANATH RATH, RAJGOPAL NAIDU, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN, T.V. KAMALASWAMY, M. GOVINDA REDDY, SURENDRANATH DWIVEDY, S. MAHANTY |title=THE ANDHRA STATE BILL, 1953 |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/588187 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226222146/https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/588187 |archive-date=2022-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1569 Motion re Deapi of Dr. S. 26 AUGUST 1953 Andhra |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/893977/1/01_IV_26-08-1953_p27_p79_PII.pdf |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=25 March 1953 Parliament Debates |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/994790/1/01_III_25-03-1953_p31_p33_PII.pdf |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=eparlib.nic.in}}</ref>

The Act provided elaborate provisions for the creation of Andhra, such as reallocation of parliamentary and legislative representation, division of assets and liabilities, judiciary adjustments (such as creating a separate High Court for Andhra), and service provisions for civil servants.

It provided amendments to the First and Fourth Schedules of the Constitution to adjust the new state boundaries and representation. The Act also facilitated continuity in administration, law, and finances at the time of transition, and made provisions for shared projects like the [[Tungabhadra Dam|Tungabhadra Project]]. Further, it instituted mechanisms to adjudicate disputes and granted the President power to handle any problems in implementation.

== Territories ==
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|The districts of Madras number 1 to 11 were carved as Andhra and number 12 was partitioned between Andhra and Mysore.]]
Andhra was formed as Part A State by carving out [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[Cuddapah District|Cuddapah]] and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] districts and Alur, Adoni and Rayadrug taluks of Bellary district in the State of Madras. Taluks of Alur and Adoni were included in, and became part of, Kurnool district, and the taluk of Rayadrug was included in, and became part of, Anantapur district.

Taluks of Bellary district other than Alur, Adoni and Rayadrug in the State of Madras was transferred to State of Mysore. These territories continued as [[Bellary district]].

== Representation ==
The number of members representing Madras in Council of States was reduced to 18 from 27. And the 9 members were assigned to Andhra and an additional 3 members were allotted. So, the total number of seats went up to 148 from 145 for Part A states.

The number of members representing Madras in House of People was reduced to 75 from 46. 28 members were assigned to Andhra, and one seat was transferred to Mysore, raising its number to 12 from 11.

The number of members in Madras Legislative Assembly was reduced from 375 to 320. The total number of seats in Andhra Legislative Assembly were 140. The number of seats in Mysore Legislative Assembly were raised to 104 from 99.

The number of members in Madras Legislative Council was reduced from 72 to 51. In the Constitution article 171 clause (3) sub-clauses (a)1/3rd – local authorities (b)1/12th – graduates (c)1/12th – teaches (d)1/3rd – elected by members of legislative assembly (e)remaining members nominated by governor.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Seats in Madras Legislative Council
!Sub-clause
!Members elected by
!Before Andhra formation
!After Andhra formation
!After 21 April 1954
|-
|(a)
|1/3rd – local authorities
|24
|14
|14
|-
|(b)
|1/12th – graduates
|6
|4
|6
|-
|(c)
|1/12th – teaches
|6
|4
|4
|-
|(d)
|1/3rd – by members of
legislative assembly
|24
|18
|18
|-
|(e)
|1/6th – nominated by governor
|12
|11
|9
|-
| colspan="2" |Total
|72
| colspan="2" |51
|}

In Mysore Legislative Council, after this act the Chitaldrug (Local Authorities) constituency was made into Chitaldrug-cum-Bellary (Local Authorities) constituency. And member from the Mysore (Graduates) constituency or the Mysore (Teachers) constituency was to represent inclusive of Bellary.

== High Courts ==
A separate high court was established for Andhra under the name of the High Court of Andhra. The judges of the [[High Court of Madras]] determined by the [[President of India|President]] ceased to be judges there and became judges at the Andhra High Court. The jurisdiction over the Andhra was transferred to Andhra High Court from Madras.

The territories transferred to Mysore came under the jurisdiction of the [[High Court of Mysore]].

Initially Andhra was under the jurisdiction of Madras High Court, with provisions in this act to establish a High Court for this state. Under section 28 of this act the president up on receiving a resolution from the state [[Andhra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] to form a separate high court was to do so by official notification before 1 January 1956. The high court was established on 5 July 1954. It was located at [[Guntur]] till the state was merged and formed [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APPELLATE SIDE RULES |url=https://aphc.gov.in/docs/Appellate_side_rules.pdf |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=aphc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://tshc.gov.in/documents/2024_06_21T21_36_39_aaa.pdf |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=tshc.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2176 Andhra State Act, 1953] at India Code.

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1953]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:1950s in Madras State]]
[[Category:1950s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka (1947–present)]]

Shoghi, Shimla

2026-03-30T11:46:44Z

JungPapst1287: Created initial article w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shoghi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Shoghi town and road.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shimla-Chandigarh Highway passing through Shoghi
| map_caption = Location of Shoghi near [[Shimla]]
| mapframe-caption = Location of Shoghi near [[Shimla]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Shoghi near [[Shimla]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31.04|77.12|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1256
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] [[Keonthali dialect|(Keonthali)]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171219 <ref>{{cite web |title=Shoghi Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Shoghi, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/himachal-pradesh/shimla/shoghi |website=[[India TV]] |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
| registration_plate = HP-51
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_total_ha = 95.21
| elevation_ft = 5873
}}

'''Shoghi''' is a suburb adjacent to [[Shimla]] city of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The suburb is situated 7 km away from Shimla main city Entry Gate at [[Taradevi railway station|Taradevi]]. According to [[2011 Census of India|15th Indian Census]] the suburb has a total population of 1,256 peoples with 685 male population and 571 female population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Himachal Pradesh - Series 03 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Shimla |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/483 |website=[[Government of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
Shoghi is known as the region of temples.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Panchali |title=Exploring Shogi, the hidden beauty in the lap of Himalayas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/exploring-shogi-the-hidden-beauty-in-the-lap-of-himalayas/photostory/83370464.cms?picid=83370494 |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India|Times of India Travel]] |date=June 10, 2021}}</ref>

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total Population
|1,256
|685
|571
|-
|Literate Population
|1,000
|561
|439
|-
|Illiterate Population
|256
|124
|132
|}

== Tourism ==
Located at 5873 feet above the sea level, Shoghi is a place of tourist attraction for [[Tara Devi Temple]], [[Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala|Shri Hanuman Mandir]], [[Mahunag|Mahunag Temple]], Kali Mata Temple and others. Tourists can reach Shoghi from Shimla and [[Kalka]] by boarding the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway#Trains|Himalayan Queen]]. People also can travel via taxis and buses available from Shimla.<ref>{{cite news |title=For those looking for a relaxed weekend getaway with absolutely nothing to do but plunge into the lap of nature, Shoghi, an unfrequented paradise in Himachal is the perfect place to be |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/47252/quick-guide-shoghi-himachal-pradesh |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=May 4, 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Shimla]]

Basilica of the Holy Rosary, Bandel

2026-03-29T17:10:51Z

JungPapst1287: details

{{Infobox church
| name = Bandel Church
| fullname = The Basilica of the Holy-Rosary, [[Bandel]]
| image = Bandel Basilica, Hooghly (West-Bengal).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption = The [[façade]] of the Bandel Church
| pushpin map =
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| latd =
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| osgraw =
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| location = [[Bandel]], West Bengal
| country = India
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| tradition =
| membership =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
| consecrated date =
| people =
| status = [[Minor basilica]]
| founded date = 1599
| functional status =
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| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]]
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| diocese start =
| province =
| archbishop = [[Thomas D'Souza]]
| bishop =
| dean =
| provost =
| canon =
| deanery = Hoogly
| precentor =
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}}
The '''Basilica of the Holy Rosary''' (commonly known as '''Bandel Church''') is one of the oldest [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]]es in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Situated in [[Bandel]], [[Hooghly district]] of West Bengal, it stands as a memorial to the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] settlement in [[Bengal]]. Founded in 1599, it is dedicated to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Our Lady of the Rosary]]. It is also a [[parish church]], part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Calcutta Archdiocese : HOWRAH & HOOGLY DEANERY|work= The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta | url = http://www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in/deaneries-hwh.html | access-date = 2014-08-26 }}</ref> It is one of the most prominent historical churches in West Bengal as well as in India.

==History==
[[File:Our Lady of Happy Voyage - Shrine - Rooftop - Bandel Basilica - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7789.JPG|thumb|left|160px|Our Lady of Happy Voyage Shrine, rooftop Bandel Basilica.]]
[[File:Statue of Mother Mary (Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Our Lady of the Rosary) with Jesus at the Basilica of the Holy Rosary in Bandel, Hooghly, West Bengal, India, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty on October 12, 2017.jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Mother Mary (Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Our Lady of the Rosary) with Jesus at the church.]]
{{quote box
|quote=…the Portuguese church, which is now the great sight of modern Bandel. This, the oldest Christian place of worship in Bengal, India, was founded in 1599, the year in which [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] sanctioned the establishment of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]]. It was burnt in the sack of Hooghly by the Moors in 1632, but the keystone with the date 1599 was preserved and built into the gate of the new church erected by John Comes de Soto in 1661. It is dedicated to Nossa Senhora di Rosario and contains a monastery once occupied by Augustinian friars, the last of whom died in 1869… Some 380 [[Bigha|bigghahs]] of land, out of the 777 granted rent-free by [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jehan]], are still enjoyed… Every November the church is thronged with pilgrims during the Novena of Notre Dame de Bon Voyage.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, pp. 820–821, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>
|source= ''[[H. E. A. Cotton|Cotton, H.E.A]]'' (1909)
| width = 320px
}}
Around the middle of the 16th century, the Portuguese began using Bandel as a [[port]]. During or around 1571, they were given permission by [[Akbar]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], to build a town in [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]. As they began settling around the area, their [[priest]]s began to [[baptism|baptise]] the natives — by 1598, [[Catholic Church in India|Catholics]] in Hooghly numbered around five thousand, including natives and mixed races.

In 1579, the Portuguese built a port on the banks of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], as well as a [[fort]] named Fort Ugolim, and enlisted the services of a band of [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[friar]]s, then the largest religious body in [[Goa]]. The following year, Captain Pedro Tavares obtained the emperor's full permission to preach the Catholic faith publicly, and erect churches. Thus the Bandel Church came to be constructed in 1599.<ref>{{cite news|last=Datta|first=Rangan|title=Next Weekend You Can Be At Bandel|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110109/jsp/calcutta/story_13409563.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116055400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110109/jsp/calcutta/story_13409563.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2011|access-date=6 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph Kolkata|date=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Santoro2011">{{cite book|author=Nicholas J. Santoro|title=Mary In Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and Their Place In Marian Devotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXWRgP-0KBkC&pg=PA380|date=2011|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4620-4022-3|pages=379–380}}</ref>

This first church was burnt down during the sacking of Hooghly by the Mughals in 1632. A newer church, constructed by Gomez de Soto (also spelt John Comes de Soto), was built over the ruin in 1660. The [[keystone (architecture)|keystone]] of the older church can still be seen on the eastern gate of the monastery, bearing the date 1599.<ref name="Santoro2011"/><ref>{{cite web | title =Bandel Church: Description | work =Hooghly district official website | url =http://www.hooghly.gov.in/description.htm | access-date =2014-08-26 | archive-date =2020-02-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181510/http://hooghly.gov.in/description.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref>

On November 25, 1988, Pope [[John Paul II]] declared the sanctuary a [[minor basilica]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Basilica Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary, Bandel | url = http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1221.htm | access-date = 2014-08-26 }}</ref>

==Layout==
A ship's mast stands in front of the church; it was presented to the church by the captain of a vessel that had encountered a storm in the [[Bay of Bengal]], whose rescue was attributed to Mary's intercession. The church has three [[altar]]s, several tombstones, a [[pipe organ]], and a shrine to Mary.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bandel Church}}
* [https://bandelbasilica.com Official site]
* [http://hooghly.nic.in/description.htm Hooghly District Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100110180221/http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/west-bengal/bandel-church.html Bandel Church - India Temples Portal]
* [http://www.hooghlydistrict.info/hooghly-district-park-and-picnic-spot-bandel-church.html Bandel Church - Hooghly]

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Basilicas in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22.9190|N|88.3952|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Basilica churches in India|Holy Rosary, Bandel]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:1590s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1599 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1599 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hooghly district]]

Rabhasa

2026-03-29T13:24:34Z

JungPapst1287: started a details v1!

{{short description|2014 film by Santhosh Srinivas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rabhasa
| native_name =
| image = Rabhasa poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer = Santosh Srinivas
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] [[Pranitha Subhash]] [[Brahmanandam]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| director = [[Santosh Srinivas]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| producer = [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions]] Sri Sai Ganesh Productions
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|08|29}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| budget = {{INR|45}} [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Tollywood is nearly broke |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141226/nation-current-affairs/article/tollywood-nearly-broke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329171038/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141226/nation-current-affairs/article/tollywood-nearly-broke |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
| gross = ₹27.75 crores [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2014 |title=Rabhasa Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=641&cid=6&fid=803 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rabhasa''''' ({{Translation|Chaos}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Santosh Srinivas]]. It was produced by [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] and Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu for [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions]] and stars [[Jr NTR]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Pranitha Subhash]] and [[Brahmanandam]] while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Raghu Babu]] and [[Sayaji Shinde]] play supporting roles.<ref name="Lead Cast" /> [[S. Thaman]] composed the music for the film.<ref name="Thaman" /> While [[Shyam K. Naidu]] handled the cinematography; [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] provided the editing and the Art Director by A. S. Prakash for the film.

The story revolves around US return student Karthik, who pledges to marry his uncle Dhanunjay's daughter Indu, which was his mother's wish. A small family feud ends with both the families getting separated. He joins Indu's college to convince her to marry him but mistakenly assumes Bhagyam is Dhanunjay's daughter. Later, Karthik realizes that Indu is his cousin, but she is already in love with another man. He gets entangled in a risky situation when he tries to help a stranger. The rest of the story is all about how he controls the damage and fulfills the wish of his mother.

The film was launched on 13 February 2013 in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="Launch" /> The [[principal photography]] started on 2 August 2013 at [[Banjara Hills]] in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The majority of the film was shot in [[Annapoorna Studios]], [[Ramanaidu Studios]], [[Ramoji Film City]], and the outskirts and suburbs of Hyderabad, while substantial parts of the film were shot in [[Jaipur]] and [[Pollachi]]. After shooting a song in [[Switzerland]], the film's shooting came to an end on 23 July 2014 in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Director [[V. V. Vinayak]] provided [[voice-over]]s for a few sequences in the film.<ref name="voice-over">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Vinayak gives his voice-over for Rabhasa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vinayak-gives-his-voice-over-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/40854417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017010013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vinayak-gives-his-voice-over-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/40854417.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=24 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film released in theaters worldwide on 29 August 2014, the eve of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chathurthi]], to mixed reviews from critics, with most of them labelling it as a regular mass film. The film was a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NTR Jr disappointed with Rabhasa - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntr-jr-disappointed-with-rabhasa/articleshow/42965937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329171516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntr-jr-disappointed-with-rabhasa/articleshow/42965937.cms |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-29 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Karthik & Kishore returns to India after completing his graduation in the United States, and his mother decides to have him marry her brother Dhanunjay's daughter Indu. When Karthik's father goes to Dhanunjay's house to ask the same, he gets insulted. Dhanunjay plans to be a mayor and Karthik decides to teach him a lesson and marry his daughter. Firstly, he kills the possibilities of Dhanunjay becoming a mayor. Later he joins Indu's college to somehow convince her for the marriage, where he encounters Bhagyam who falls in love with him whom he misunderstood as Dhanunjay's daughter. Conflicts arise between Karthik and Indu. By the time he learns that Indu is his cousin and not Bhagyam, he has broken up with Bhagyam because of Indu & Upendra’s revenge.

Karthik ends up challenging Dhanunjay & Yeddula, who then approaches a gangster with Raghava & Obul Reddy. Indu acts as if she loves Karthik & Shrinivas so that she can escape from there and find her lover whom she never saw. That person helped her friend elope with her lover on the night of her marriage and neither Indu nor that person knows each other's features and looks. On seeing Karthik's photograph, Obul Reddy asks his whereabouts as he was that person who helped his brother's fiancée who actually was Indu's friend who eloped with her lover that night. Meanwhile, Karthik and Indu escape from there and on learning her love story, Karthik decides to help her and gives up his word given to his mother. Meanwhile, Karthik saves Peddi Reddy from Gangi Reddy's men and Indu poses as Karthik's lover who eloped with him as her parents did not approve their marriage and also a gangster is looking for them. As an act of gratitude, Peddi Reddy takes them to their house where they are kept in safe custody. But shockingly they find out that Obul Reddy is Peddi Reddy's son and Indu's friend actually was Gangi Reddy's daughter.

The person who helped Gangi Reddy's daughter that night from her marriage was Karthik himself and he is unaware that the person who spoke to him in a phone to help that girl was Indu. Indu is unaware that Karthik, & Raghava was that person whom she loves. Dhanunjay uses this situation and introduces Nandu as that person who actually is the son of a rich millionaire with whom Indu's marriage was planned by him. Obul Reddy and his brothers bring a liar named Raju and misrepresent him as the person who helped the bride run away that night. But he is not killed instantly as the bridegroom, Obul Reddy's brother Bulli Reddy who is in a coma due to Karthik, has to kill him once he recuperates. He is cheated on several occasions by Karthik, who meanwhile manages to create a good impression in Indu when he unites Gangi Reddy and Peddi Reddy, thus rescheduling the marriages, and saves Nandu from Peddi Reddy when he broke the house's ancestral statue by taking the blame himself. Indu proposes Karthik to marry her and declares that she cannot live without him.

But he is not in a position to accept her proposal as Dhanunjay warned him before that if he makes Indu fall in love, he would reveal that Karthik helped Gangi Reddy's daughter to escape thus breaking the newly formed bond between the two families. Thus he rejects her proposal and sacrifices his love for the welfare of the two families. After an unexpected fight with Obul Reddy, Karthik is confronted by Peddi Reddy and Gangi Reddy, who now know the truth. They forgive him and the marriage of Peddi Reddy's daughter happens as scheduled, with Karthik and Indu getting married in the presence of their parents on the same day at the same venue. The families of Gangi Reddy and Peddi Reddy are united and all are happy.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jr NTR]] as Karthik, Dhanunjay’s sister's son, Indu's love interest
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Indu, Dhanunjay’s Daughter, Karthik’s Cousin (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]).
* [[Pranitha Subhash]] as Bhagyam
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Raju
*[[Rao Ramesh]] As Raghava, Karthik’s father
* [[Jayasudha]] as Karthik's mother
*[[Sameer Hasan]] As Karthik’s uncle & Indu’s relative
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ramachandrayya, Karthik's father
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Dhanunjay, Indu’s Father
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] As Police Officer
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Peddi Reddy "Pedayya" & Raghava’s father in law
* [[Nagineedu]] as Gangi Reddy
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Karthik's friend, a fake CBI officer
* [[Bramhaji]] as Damodar
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Prithviraj, Dhanunjay’s brother
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Obul Reddy
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Dhanunjay's henchman
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Dhanunjay's henchman
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Obul Reddy's brother
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Obul Reddy's brother
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Ganeshan, Dhanunjay's henchman
* [[Bharath Raju]] as Diwakar
* Sravan as Bulli Reddy
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Palli Babu
* [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] as Vamsi,
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Indu's aunt <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabhasa review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - NTR, Samantha, Praneetha & Brahmanandam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rabhasa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090411/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rabhasa.html |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Peddi Reddy's wife
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Gangi Reddy's wife
* Surekha Vani as Obul Reddy's wife
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Lawyer, Raghava’s uncle
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Karthik's friend
* [[Madhunandan]] as Karthik's friend
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Karthik's friend
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as College Principal
}}

==Production==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2024}}

===Development===
After the film ''[[Kandireega]]'' became a critical and commercial success at the box office, it prompted the makers to make a sequel.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Thus they wanted to sign the protagonist of ''Kandireega'', [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]] and actress [[Shruti Haasan]] to play the lead roles in the sequel during the pre-release time of Ram's ''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} However, reports emerged that [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] would replace Ram in ''Kandireega 2''. Later the makers officially confirmed that the film was shelved and they decided to make a film with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in the direction of Santosh Srinivas and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] was selected as the heroine, who too signed a three-film-deal contract with Suresh with ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' being the first one and this film being the second.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was titled ''Rabhasa'' and it was said that it was a film in city backdrop and is not the sequel to ''Kandireega''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jr.NTR next film titled Rabasa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/news-interviews/36062896_1_santosh-srinivas-film-rabasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/news-interviews/36062896_1_santosh-srinivas-film-rabasa |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was launched at Hyderabad on 13 February 2013. N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Santosh Srinivas, Bellamkonda Suresh, Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu and others attended the film's launch.<ref name="Launch">{{Cite web |title=NTR – Santosh Srinivas film launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-ntr-santoshsrinivas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092315/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-ntr-santoshsrinivas.html |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=13 February 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Later in September 2013, it was reported that the film's title had been changed as the makers felt that the title ''Rabhasa'' didn't suit the film's story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabhasa title to be changed? |url=http://www.chitramala.in/news/rabhasa-title-to-be-changed-131340.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912231444/http://www.chitramala.in/news/rabhasa-title-to-be-changed-131340.html |archive-date=12 September 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |publisher=chitramala.in}}</ref> It was also reported that the film was titled as ''Joru''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jr NTR chooses 'Joru' over 'Rabhasa' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131102/entertainment-tollywood/article/jr-ntr-chooses-joru-over-rabhasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108011702/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131102/entertainment-tollywood/article/jr-ntr-chooses-joru-over-rabhasa |archive-date=8 November 2013 |access-date=2 November 2013 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

However, in December 2013, Bellamkonda Suresh confirmed that ''Rabhasa'' was the working title of the film and added that he would announce the official title later.<ref name="March release">{{Cite news |title=NTR's Rabhasa to release in March |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-to-release-in-March/articleshow/26908483.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntrs-rabhasa-to-release-in-march/articleshow/26908483.cms? |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=5 December 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> At the end of January 2014, it was reported that [[Koratala Siva]] was directing a part of the film since Santosh Srinivas was suffering from [[jaundice]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratala Siva handling Rabhasa! |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/46513/Koratala-Siva-handling-Rabhasa-/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131054137/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/46513/Koratala-Siva-handling-Rabhasa-/ |archive-date=31 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref> The announcement of Koratala Siva and N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s film in early November 2013 added fuel to the rumors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi director Koratala Siva and Jr NTR to team up |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131106/entertainment-tollywood/article/mirchi-director-koratala-siva-and-jr-ntr-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305160831/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131106/entertainment-tollywood/article/mirchi-director-koratala-siva-and-jr-ntr-team |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=6 November 2013 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> However, in early February 2014, Koratala Siva clarified to the media that he was not directing ''Rabhasa'', was not a part of the film in any way, and was busy with other projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratala Shiva shocking tweet on Rabhasa |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/46986/Koratala-Shiva-shocking-tweet-on-Rabhasa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302070722/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/46986/Koratala-Shiva-shocking-tweet-on-Rabhasa |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref> At the end of April 2014, it was said that the selection of title might take some time as the makers had a strong belief in [[numerology]], making it an important basis for the title selection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jr NTR looks for a lucky title |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Jr-NTR-looks-for-a-lucky-title/articleshow/34123245.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025235/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Jr-NTR-looks-for-a-lucky-title/articleshow/34123245.cms |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> However, in early May 2014, the title ''Rabhasa'' was registered by the producers.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Santosh Srinivas later revealed that he had received a few suggestions from N. T. Rama Rao Jr. for improvements to the script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2014 |title=NTR Jr made me comfortable: Santosh Srinivas |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-Jr-made-me-comfortable-Santosh-Srinivas/articleshow/38550593.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719171704/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-Jr-made-me-comfortable-Santosh-Srinivas/articleshow/38550593.cms |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In late August 2014, Telugu director [[V. V. Vinayak]] provided [[voice-over]]s for a few sequences in the film.<ref name="voice-over" />

===Casting===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2024}}
[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] was signed on to play the main protagonist. It was stated that he would play a role of 4 shades, one of them being a playboy and another being a responsible family member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR Jr to turn playboy for Rabhasa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-19/news-interviews/40678546_1_ntr-jr-rabhasa-rabasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801033958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-19/news-interviews/40678546_1_ntr-jr-rabhasa-rabasa |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> To complement the role, it was reported that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would undergo a style makeover with a different hairdo as one of them. It was stated that Santosh wanted to change the hairdo of N. T. Rama Rao Jr. to make it one of the differentiating factors in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR to sport new hairdo for Rabasa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/news-interviews/40656636_1_ntr-rabasa-santosh-srinivas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004030440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/news-interviews/40656636_1_ntr-rabasa-santosh-srinivas |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] was selected as the heroine of the film, marking her third collaboration with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. after ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' and ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''. It was reported that she would sport a bikini in the film, to which she responded that it was just a rumor but she added that she didn't mind being glamorous.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

It was reported that prominent Tamil actress [[Nazriya Nazim]] was recruited to play one of the main characters, thus marking her Telugu debut.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} However, it was reported that Nazriya Nazim backed out of the film due to creative differences with the producers. Sources added that Nazriya was not comfortable to participate in a shoot of intimate scenes and the director's decision not to remove those scenes from the film made her walk out from the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} When questioned, Nazriya responded that they all were rumors and she wasn't approached by any producer for a Telugu film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} [[Pranitha Subhash]], who rose to fame with [[Trivikram Srinivas]]'s directorial ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'', was signed in as the other heroine of the film. Coincidentally, both of them were the lead actresses in ''Attarintiki Daredi''.<ref name="Lead Cast">{{Cite web |title='Attarintiki Daaredhi' success lands Pranitha a film with Junior NTR |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/attarintiki-daaredhi-success-lands-pranitha-a-film-with-junior-ntr/430935-71-177.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103829/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/attarintiki-daaredhi-success-lands-pranitha-a-film-with-junior-ntr/430935-71-177.html |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref>

Santosh added that she would portray the role of a typical Andhrite girl and that her role was a vital one in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranitha signs NTR film |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Pranitha-signs-NTR-film/articleshow/24886676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213725/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Pranitha-signs-NTR-film/articleshow/24886676.cms |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> However, it was also said that there would be no combination scenes of Pranitha Subhash and Samantha Ruth Prabhu in the film. Sources added that Pranitha Subhash would appear in the second half possibly while Samantha Ruth Prabhu would appear in the first half of the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} But in early February 2014, the above news was reported to be false. As per production sources, it was said that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would have a romantic track with both the heroines in the film and the second half would have some nice scenes between the three actors; they added that Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Pranitha Subhash would be fighting with each other for the hero in this film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Since early March 2014, it was reported that Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]] would have a prominent cameo in the film, marking his return to Telugu cinema after a [[cameo appearance]] in ''[[Gandeevam]]'', which had released in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal spreads his wings, now to do a Telugu movie with Junior NTR ? |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/mohanlal-spreading-his-wings-now-to-do-a-telugu-movie-with-junior-ntr-7900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308063703/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/mohanlal-spreading-his-wings-now-to-do-a-telugu-movie-with-junior-ntr-7900 |archive-date=8 March 2014 |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=metromatinee.com}}</ref> However, when contacted, the source close to the development said, "The news is fake and Mohanlal is not doing any role in Rabhasa".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2014 |title=Mohanlal not in Telugu movie Rabhasa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-not-in-Telugu-movie-Rabhasa/articleshow/31719239.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501042329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-not-in-Telugu-movie-Rabhasa/articleshow/31719239.cms |archive-date=1 May 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> At the end of April 2014, [[Brahmaji]] said in an interview to a leading daily that he was playing a negative character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2014 |title=A busy year for Brahmaji |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140425/entertainment-tollywood/article/busy-year-brahmaji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425114042/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140425/entertainment-tollywood/article/busy-year-brahmaji |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In early May, it was confirmed that the film was going to feature N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in two very different ways and one of them would be a hilarious one.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In mid-June 2014, it was reported that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. had choreographed the introduction song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=NTR Jr to compose dance moves for Rabhasa? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/NTR-Jr-to-compose-dance-moves-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/36935427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621123234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTR-Jr-to-compose-dance-moves-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/36935427.cms |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The same was confirmed by Santosh Srinivas in mid-July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=NTR Jr turns choreographer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140716/entertainment-tollywood/article/ntr-jr-turns-choreographer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090449/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140716/entertainment-tollywood/article/ntr-jr-turns-choreographer |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===Filming===
The principal photography started on 2 August 2013 at [[Banjara Hills]] in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Later some action sequences were shot near Tellapur, which is located in the outskirts of Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} With this, the first schedule of the film's shoot was wrapped up.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} After the completion of the schedule of ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'', N. T. Rama Rao Jr. joined the sets of the film and the shooting commenced in [[Ramoji Film City]], where some action scenes were shot in a house set erected in Ramoji Film City. After the completion of the action sequence, a song was shot with the leads there.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Then the unit proceeded to Pollachi in [[Tamil Nadu]] for a couple of weeks schedule shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR's Rabhasa to be shot in Pollachi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-to-be-shot-in-Pollachi/articleshow/24480354.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024025518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news-interviews/43249339_1_ramayya-vasthavayya-ntr-s-rabhasa-santhosh-srinivas |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The shooting continued in November 2013 at Ramoji Film City where a fight sequence between N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Sayaji Shinde's gang was shot.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} After a brief gap due to ill health, Samantha Ruth Prabhu joined the sets of the film in early December and some vital scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot at Hyderabad in that schedule.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} After wrapping up the schedule there in first week of December, the unit proceeded to Jaipur for a month-long schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR's Joru to be shot in Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/NTRs-Joru-to-be-shot-in-Jaipur/articleshow/26579707.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202092051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-29/news-interviews/44574567_1_santhosh-srinivas-young-tiger-ntr |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later in the second week of December 2013, after shooting some important scenes at Ramoji Film City,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR Jr joins the sets of Rabhasa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/NTR-Jr-joins-the-sets-of-Rabhasa/articleshow/27473195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news-interviews/45254984_1_ntr-jr-santhosh-srinivas-rabhasa |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the shooting continued at the Gandharva Mahal set in Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabhasa at Bhoot bungalow |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/42307/Rabhasa-at-Bhoot-bungalow-/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218223609/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/42307/Rabhasa-at-Bhoot-bungalow-/ |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref> where scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Brahmanandam and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR's Rabhasa progressing briskly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-progressing-briskly/articleshow/27684956.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226015637/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416284_1_kandireega-fame-santhosh-srinivas-rabhasa-ntr |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later on in early January 2014, the shooting continued at Manikonda in Hyderabad, where a huge set was erected for this purpose.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

After taking a break on account of Sankranti, the new schedule started at Gandharva Mahal set at Manikonda from 18 January 2014 where a family song was shot in which the leads participated.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The introduction song of the hero was shot with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and few dancers at Pollachi in the end of January 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In early February 2014, romantic tracks on the leads were shot at Pollachi.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In mid-February 2014, it was reported that a song on the leads would be shot at Annapurna Studios and Ramoji Film City using the choreography of [[Raju Sundaram]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The song shoot was completed on 18 February 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} A song was shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu at Ramanaidu Studios from 26 February 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It was announced that 4 of 5 songs had been shot completely and that Santosh Srinivas would continue directing the talkie part after the remaining song's shoot, as he had been suffering from jaundice for the previous few months.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} When the song shoot continued in Hyderabad, the shooting was disrupted due to unexpected rains.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On 5 March 2014, a press note was released which stated that the film's foreign schedule would start on 16 March and that schedule, along with the last song's shoot, would continue for 40 days which would end the film's principal photography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR – Bellamkonda film last schedule from 16 March |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/ntr-bellamkonda-lastschedule.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090415/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/ntr-bellamkonda-lastschedule.html |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=5 March 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Due to unknown reasons, the final schedule started on 10 April at the Aluminium Factory in Gachibowli at Hyderabad. There the introduction fight sequence of the hero was shot using the choreography of Ram-Lakshman and [[FEFSI Vijayan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The schedule continued till 10 May and Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Pranitha Subhash and others partook in the shoot. It was said that by the end of the schedule, 80% of the film's talkie and songs would be completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR fighting for Rabhasa Introduction |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/53127/NTR-fighting-for-Rabhasa-Introduction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412103550/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/53127/NTR-fighting-for-Rabhasa-Introduction/ |archive-date=12 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref> In a week's time, some family scenes were shot in Hyderabad along with the introduction fights.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Later, crucial scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot at Gandharva Mahal set near Manikonda in the third week of April.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In the first week of May, the climax sequences were shot in and near Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On 11 May, Samantha Ruth Prabhu rejoined the shoot of the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} At Ramoji Film City, a song was shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu for a couple of days under extreme heat which was tweeted by the latter in her micro blogging page at Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR, Samantha groove in RFC for Rabhasa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTR-Samantha-groove-in-RFC-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/35263751.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517141526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTR-Samantha-groove-in-RFC-for-Rabhasa/articleshow/35263751.cms |archive-date=17 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After a break due to shoot of ''[[Kaththi]]'', Samantha Ruth Prabhu rejoined the sets of the film on 1 June 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} By the second week of July 2014, the complete shooting was wrapped up except for a song and some patch work scenes.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Some comic scenes were shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and few other comedians at a five-star hotel in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Rabhasa team heads to Italy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140710/entertainment-tollywood/article/rabhasa-team-heads-italy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712082309/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140710/entertainment-tollywood/article/rabhasa-team-heads-italy |archive-date=12 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> For the shoot of the last song, the film's unit traveled to Italy for the last schedule.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Because of Visa issues, the team chose Switzerland to shoot the last song and the shoot started on 16 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Rabhasa's song shoot to commence in Swiss |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rabhasas-song-shoot-to-commence-in-Swiss/articleshow/38422383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705122527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rabhasas-song-shoot-to-commence-in-Swiss/articleshow/38422383.cms |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film's team returned from Switzerland on 22 July 2014 and the final shot featuring all the actors and actresses was shot at Ramoji Film City Hyderabad on 23 July 2014 thus wrapping up the entire principal photography.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Rabhasa (soundtrack)}}
[[S. Thaman]] was signed as the music director of the film since Santosh Srinivas and [[Anoop Rubens]] failed to be on the same page.<ref name="Thaman">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2013 |title=Exit Anoop, enter Thaman |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-09-11/Exit-Anoop-enter--Thaman--71463 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001419/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-09-11/Exit-Anoop-enter--Thaman--71463 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |publisher=The Hans India}}</ref> In mid-February 2014, reports emerged that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would sing a song in this film thus turning a singer again after singing in his previous films ''[[Yamadonga]]'', ''[[Kantri]]'' and ''[[Adhurs]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hat-Trick For NTR Jr |url=http://metroindia.com/Details.aspx?id=22542 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219152520/http://metroindia.com/Details.aspx?id=22542 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=metroindia.com}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was released by hosting a promotional event on 4 August 2014 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad through [[Aditya Music]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2014 |title=Rabhasa audio unveiled |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rabhasa-audio-unveiled/articleshow/39477384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914135709/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rabhasa-audio-unveiled/articleshow/39477384.cms |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
Rabhasa has been Pre-sold for {{INRConvert|45|c}} to Distributors but the film collected {{INRConvert|30|c}}(share) in its lifetime.
It is rumored that NTR was paid {{INRConvert|16.5|c}} Remuneration for the film
In early December 2013, it was reported that the film would release on 28 March 2014.<ref name="March release" /> In the end of January 2014, it was reported that the film's release was postponed to 9 May 2014 and it would release on that day in a grand scale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2014 |title=NTR's Rabhasa to release in May |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-to-release-in-May/articleshow/29499103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntrs-rabhasa-to-release-in-may/articleshow/29499103.cms? |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=19 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In early May 2014, it was reported that the film would release in July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Jr NTR's Rabhasa set for July release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Jr-NTRsRabhasa-set-for-July-release/articleshow/34525618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506171044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Jr-NTRsRabhasa-set-for-July-release/articleshow/34525618.cms |archive-date=6 May 2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It was said then that delay in the film's shoot was a reason for the postponement of the release.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} But on 19 May 2014 a press note was released which stated that the film would release on 14 August 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On 29 July 2014 it was confirmed that the film's release has been postponed to 15 August 2014 which is the [[Independence Day of India|68th Independence Day of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2014 |title=NTR Jr's Rabhasa releasing on August 15 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-Jrs-Rabhasa-releasing-on-August-15/articleshow/39352290.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803060606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTR-Jrs-Rabhasa-releasing-on-August-15/articleshow/39352290.cms |archive-date=3 August 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> There were reports that the film may be postponed to a future date which was confirmed on 5 August 2014 that the film would release on 29 August 2014 on the eve of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chathurthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2014 |title=NTR's Rabhasa postponed to August 29 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhasa-postponed-to-August-29/articleshow/39687390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806133110/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhasa-postponed-to-August-29/articleshow/39687390.cms |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> There were many speculations that the film would be postponed but the makers later confirmed that there will be no change in the film's release date.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was awarded an 'A' certificate without any cuts by [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 20 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=NTR's Rabhsa gets an A certificate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhsa-gets-an-A-certificate/articleshow/40578854.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824041108/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhsa-gets-an-A-certificate/articleshow/40578854.cms |archive-date=24 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> 90 screens were booked in USA for the film's release there which was a less number when compared to N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s previous films ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' (108 screens) and ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' (115 screens).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

It was also dubbed in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] under the title ''The Super Khiladi 2'' by [[Goldmines Telefilms]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhasa-opens-to-decent-reviews/articleshow/41194609.cms "NTR's Rabhasa opens to decent reviews"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830225025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/NTRs-Rabhasa-opens-to-decent-reviews/articleshow/41194609.cms |date=30 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India''. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref>

===Distribution===
On 30 June 2014, Classics Entertainments issued a press note that they purchased the entire overseas theatrical screening rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=Rabhasa Overseas by Classics entertainments |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/rabhasa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707074930/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/rabhasa.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=Press Note : Rabhasa Overseas by CLASSICS entertainments |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/press-note-rabhasa-overseas-by-classics-entertainments.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> On 2 July 2014 Errabus issued a press note that they are distributing this film in UK and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=RABHASA UK & EUROPE BY ERRABUS |url=http://www.errabus.com/movie-news/ntr-s-rabhasa-uk-europe-by-errabus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130609/http://www.errabus.com/movie-news/ntr-s-rabhasa-uk-europe-by-errabus |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=errabus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title="RABHASA" UK & EUROPE BY ERRABUS |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/abroad/rabhasa-uk-europe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708165443/http://idlebrain.com/abroad/rabhasa-uk-europe.html |archive-date=8 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Dil Raju]] bought the Nizam Distribution Rights for {{INR}}12 crores and the Ceded region rights were sold for {{INR}}7.5 crores while Nellore rights fetched {{INR}}1.9 crores. Alankar Prasad acquired the Krishna area rights for an undisclosed high price and the Karnataka Rights of the movie were sold for {{INR}}4.75 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2014 |title=NTR's Rabhasa stunning pre-release business |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-stunning-pre-release-business/articleshow/37717821.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708003300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/NTRs-Rabhasa-stunning-pre-release-business/articleshow/37717821.cms |archive-date=8 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film did a total pre-release business of {{INRConvert|56|c}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''Rabhasa'' received mixed reviews from critics.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} ''idlebrain.com'' gave 3 out of 5 and concluded, "First half of the film is a little disappointing. Second half is better. A few of Brahmanandam's scenes are handled well. Plus points of the film are NTR's performance and a few of Brahmi's episodes in 2nd half. The minus point of the film is lack of freshness and a complicated screenplay. This film is made with mass orientation and the success will depend on how masses take it!".<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rabhasa.html "Rabhasa: Review by Jeevi"]. idlebrain.com. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref>

Karthk Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, " If you aren't a NTR fan you might just regret leaving home to watch this one.", and rated the movie 2.5 out of 5.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Rabhasa/movie-review/41200486.cms "Rabhasa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901202038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Rabhasa/movie-review/41200486.cms |date=1 September 2014 }}. The Times of India. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref> ''APherald.com'' gave 2 out of 5 and wrote, "If you're Jr NTR fan, then Rabhasa comes with a one watch tag. But if you are looking for something different, it's better to wait for its home edition."<ref>[http://www.apherald.com/MOVIES/Reviews/58323/Rabhasa-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/ "REVIEW: RABHASA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831084417/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/58323/Rabhasa-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/ |date=31 August 2014 }}. APherald.com. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref>

===Box office===
''Rabhasa'' recorded a "good" opening all over the South for early shows, which started as early as 4 am. The film collected a share of around {{INRConvert|9.05|c}} in Andhra Pradesh on its opening day, marking the biggest opening of 2014 and the third biggest opening of all time in the AP/Nizam area (later surpassed by ''[[Aagadu]]'').

''Rabhasa'' collected a total share of ₹27.75 crore by the end of its theatrical run and was declared as a ''disaster'' as its theatricals were sold for ₹44.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Rabhasa Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=641&cid=6&fid=803 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3916762}}

[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Srinivas]]

Anurag Singh (director)

2026-03-25T19:23:03Z

JungPapst1287: expand page and improved wording

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1975)}}
{{For|the documentary filmmaker|Anurag Singh (filmmaker)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anurag Singh
|image = Director Anurag Singh Border 2 Teaser Launch.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Singh in 2025
| birth_name = Anurag Singh Thind
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|11|17}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer}}
| years_active = 1997-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|Madhurjeet Sarghi|2005}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Anurag Singh Thind''' (born 17 November 1979), is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer who mainly works in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. He is known for his [[Comedy film|comedy]] and [[War film|period war]] genre films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-28 |title=Directors who took Punjabi cinema to another level |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/directors-who-took-punjabi-cinema-to-another-level/photostory/64357160.cms?picid=64357189 |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Anurag Singh was born to Dr. Charan Singh Thind and Dr. Baljit Kaur. Singh, a medical student, travelled to Australia to study film. He grew up in Jalandhar and is currently living in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

He married his childhood sweetheart Madhurjeet Sarghi, a theatre artist and actress who also hails from Jalandhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nandita-das-is-the-most-sorted-woman-i-have-ever-met-says-manto-actor-madhurjeet-sarghi-1771563.html|title=Nandita das is the Most Sorted Woman I Have Ever Met, Says Manto Actor Madhurjeet Sarghi|date=7 June 2018}}</ref> In 2016, Singh and Sarghi had a child together.

==Career==
During his early career, he assisted Bollywood director [[Raj Kanwar]] for several years before directing a Bollywood film of his own for Kanwar's production house. The film ''[[Raqeeb]]'' starring [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Sharman Joshi]], and [[Tanushree Dutta]] was a commercial letdown. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kini |first1=Nandan |title=Bollywood loves Shakespeare... but sadly not everyone can pull off a Haider|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bollywood-loves-shakespeare-but-sadly-not-everyone-can-pull-off-a-haider-1741081.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |date=4 October 2014}}</ref> Upon release, it received mixed-to-negative reviews and was a box office flop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Bole Hadippa To Release on September 18th|publisher= Box Office India| date = 19 June 2009 | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=956&nCat=news}}</ref>

Singh began working in Punjabi cinema and directed his debut film ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]'' with actor [[Arya Babbar]] in the lead role. The coming of age comedy film emerged as a breakout project for Singh as it was declared a 'hit' by Box Office India. He established himself in Pollywood with the movie ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/blink/watch/jatt-juliet-and-jameen/article6062038.ece | title=Jatt, Juliet and jameen | work=The Hindu Business Line | date=30 May 2014 | accessdate=6 July 2014 | author=Dharminder Kumar}}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140330/spectrum/main11.htm | title=Hit machine | work=The Sunday Tribune | date=30 March 2014 | accessdate=6 July 2014 | author=Jasmine Singh}}</ref> Starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], it followed the rivalry and eventual friendship of the two characters played by the pair of actors, while navigating foreign life. The romantic comedy turned out to be a blockbuster and emerged as the highest grossing Punjabi film up to that point. It was also awarded several accolades.<ref name="PTC">{{cite news|last=Punjab|first=Cine|title=PTC Film Awards 2013|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/03/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2013.html|access-date=23 September 2012|publisher=indiatimes.com|date=1 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305085722/http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/03/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2013.html|archive-date=5 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jatt and Juliet has the Biggest Punjabi Film Opening|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4630&nCat=|access-date =2 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707164551/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4630&nCat=|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the success of ''Jatt & Juliet'', he worked exclusively with Diljit Dosanjh in several films in the Punjabi language, which achieved record-breaking success, including the comedies ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' (2013) and ''[[Disco Singh]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Jatt and Juliet 2 makes a record collection at the box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Jatt-and-Juliet-2-makes-a-record-collection-at-the-box-office/articleshow/21364477.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title='Disco Singh' dances its way to the box-office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Disco-Singh-fares-well-at-box-office-Disco-Singh-makes-money/articleshow/33786153.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the period drama ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab 1984 Emerges BLOCKBUSUTER - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=486 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> and the superhero comedy ''[[Super Singh]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Don |title=Indian B.O.: Slow Start For 'Cars 3' While Punjab Comedy 'Super Singh' Beats 'Bank-Chor' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/06/18/indian-b-o-slow-start-for-cars-3-while-punjab-comedy-super-singh-beats-bank-chor/?c=0&s=trending#1cb6a3761365 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> He also produced ''[[Shadaa]]'' (2019) starring Dosanjh, another major success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi Films Dominate Overseas - Shadaa Ardaas Karaan Chal Mera Putt - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5287 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> These films won him the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|PTC Punjabi Film Award]] for Best Director three times. His film ''Punjab 1984'' won the Best Feature Film in Punjabi award at [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 24, 2015 |title=National Awards: Punjab 1984 is best Punjabi film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/national-awards-punjab-1984-is-best-punjabi-film/story-CgRYalB9erxroUCz67NUMK.html |access-date=Aug 23, 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="India 2014">{{cite web | author=India | title=New Age filmmakers bring hope to Punjabi cinema | website=The Indian Express | date=28 November 2014 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/beyond-balle-balle/ | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Punjabi Mania 2013">{{cite web | title='Me & My whole team are exempted from Challans for life' – Anurag Singh | website=Punjabi Mania | date=18 July 2013 | url=http://punjabimania.com/anurag-singh-interview/ | accessdate=2 May 2016 | archive-date=7 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023417/http://punjabimania.com/anurag-singh-interview/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KBR 2015">{{cite web | last=KBR | first=Upala | title=Irrfan Khan, Tabu pair up for the third time in Anurag Singh's next! | website=dna | date=21 September 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-irrfan-khan-tabu-pair-up-for-the-third-time-in-anurag-singh-s-next-2127326| accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=In the direction of Bollywood | website=tribuneindia.com | date=2 May 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/in-the-direction-of-bollywood/60252.html | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mander 2015">{{cite news | last=Mander | first=Harsh | title=Barefoot: Resisting erasure | website=The Hindu | date=30 May 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Harsh_Mander/barefoot-resisting-erasure/article7264367.ece | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref>

Singh made his return to Bollywood with the 2019 war film ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'', which is based on the historic [[Battle of Saragarhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE - 'Akshay Kumar gave a nod to 'Kesari's' subject even before it was offered to him': Director Anurag Singh |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-exclusive-akshay-kumar-gave-a-nod-to-kesari-s-subject-even-before-it-was-offered-to-him-director-anurag-singh-2781689 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The film featured [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]] in the lead roles, supported by an ensemble cast, and was co-produced by [[Karan Johar]] and [[Zee Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-18 |title=Akshay Kumar's Kesari movie: Check out trailer, box office prediction, songs, cast |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/akshay-kumar-kesari-movie-check-out-trailer-box-office-prediction-songs-cast-177249-2019-03-18 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Upon its release, ''Kesari'' received mixed reviews<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kesari</ref> but achieved significant commercial success. It earned ₹201 crore and became the highest-grossing film of Singh's career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kesari - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5617 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Hits 2019 - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&year=2019 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2021, he produced the Punjabi romantic comedy ''[[Puaada]]'', starring [[Ammy Virk]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]]. Similar to his previous films, it was well received, and became the first Indian box office hit of the year following the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-17 |title=After ruling the box office, 'Puaada' is now out on digital platforms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/after-ruling-the-box-office-puaada-is-now-out-on-digital-platforms/articleshow/86291731.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2022, he penned the story for Bollywood film ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |title=JugJugg Jeeyo Movie Review: "Kuku Ki Dulhania?", "Saini & Sons?" Or "Dil Dhadakne Do Dobara?", Call It Anything But It'll Entertain You! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/movie-reviews/jugjugg-jeeyo-movie-review-kuku-ki-dulhania-saini-sons-or-dil-dhadakne-do-dobara-call-it-anything-but-itll-entertain-you/ |access-date=Aug 28, 2024 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>

Singh next directed ''[[Border 2]]'', the sequel to the cult classic [[Border (1997 film)|''Border'']] (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-08-23 |title=Varun Dhawan Joins Sunny Deol in Cast of Bollywood War Epic 'Border 2' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/varun-dhawan-sunny-deol-border-2-1236116099/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Variety}}</ref> It stars [[Sunny Deol]], who was previously offered the lead role in ''Kesari'' (2019), but turned it down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 films Sunny Deol rejected, including two blockbusters |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/bollywood/7-films-sunny-deol-rejected-blockbusters-gadar-2-kesari-deewana-koyla-trimurti-jaanwar-pukar-1702037311860 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> It also features [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]], marking Dosanjh's first collaboration with Singh since ''Shadaa'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2024-06-14 |title=Sunny Deol's highly anticipated 'Border 2' to hit screens in January 2026, announces release date |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/sunny-deol-s-highly-anticipated-border-2-to-hit-screens-in-january-2026-announces-release-date-2024-06-14-936999 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ananya |date=6 September 2024 |title=Diljit Dosanjh joins Border 2 after Varun Dhawan, fans say Sunny Deol is assembling desi 'Avengers' for his movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/diljit-dosanjh-joins-sunny-deols-border-2-as-fauji-101725606527662.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 September 2024 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Work
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Language
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Raqeeb]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
!scope="row" | ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
!scope="row" | ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]''
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
!scope="row" | ''[[Jatt and Juliet 2]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 2014
!scope="row" | ''[[Disco Singh]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017
!scope="row" | ''[[Super Singh]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 2019
!scope="row" | ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|Hindi
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{no}} || {{no}} ||{{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2021
!scope="row" |''[[Puaada]]''
| {{no}} || {{no}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022
!scope="row" |''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
| {{no}} || {{Yes}} || {{no}}
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2026
!scope="row" |''[[Border 2 (film)|Border 2]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|}

''' Assistant director '''
* ''[[Ab Ke Baras]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' (2006)

==Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Award|| Year || Category || Nominated work || Result || Ref(s)
|-
!scope="row" | [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2020
| The 100 Crore Club
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{ Cite news|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/prabhas-manages-to-bag-his-first-ever-bollywood-award-for-saaho/|title=ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2020|date=17 February 2020|work=Koimoi|access-date=17 February 2020|language=en}}</ref>

|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2018
| Best Film
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Super Singh]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2018|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2020
| Best Film
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2020|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[National Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film ({{small|Punjabi}})]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/national-awards-punjab-1984-is-best-punjabi-film/story-CgRYalB9erxroUCz67NUMK.html|title=Punjab 1984 is the best Punjabi film}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=13| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3| 2012
| Best Director
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3| ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinokino.com/2012/02/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2012-winners.html|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Best Screenplay

| {{nom}}
|-

| Best Dialogues

| {{nom}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| Best Director
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.adgully.com/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2013-winners-announced-53598.html|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards winners|date=March 6, 2013}}</ref>
|-

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| 2014
| Best Director
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/jatt-juliet-2-wins-best-movie-at-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2014/articleshow/31396420.cms|title=Jatt & Juliet 2 wins best movie at PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014|website=TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref>
|-

| Best Screenplay

| {{nom}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=7| 2015
| Best Director
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=5| ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=7 | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2015-winners-results/articleshow/46631183.cms|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015 winners|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-

| Best Director ({{small|Critics}})

| {{won}}
|-

| Best Story

| {{won}}
|-

| Best Screenplay

| {{nom}}
|-

| Best Dialogues

| {{nom}}
|-

| Best Screenplay
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| ''[[Disco Singh]]''
| {{nom}}
|-

| Best Dialogues

| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999
| Ogawa Shinsuke Prize
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Kaise Jeebo Re!''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="cdc">{{cite journal
| last = Lamant
| first = Ludovic
| title = Words from a festival programmer
| journal = [[Cahiers du cinéma]]
| issue = May 2008 Special Issue
|page=20
| location = [[Cannes]]
| issn = 0008-011X
}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm5326250}}
{{Anurag Singh (director)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anurag}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

H. K. Venkatram

2026-03-24T15:13:33Z

JungPapst1287: adding new details

{{short description|Indian Carnatic classical vocalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = H. K. Venkatram
| image = Hkvenkat.jpeg
| alt = H.K. Venkatram at a concert
| caption = H.K. Venkatram at a concert
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering]] in [[Electronics and Communication]])
| children = 2
| parents = {{unbulleted list|Prof. H. V. Krishnamurthy|Sarala Krishnamurthy}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Triveni Saralaya|1993}}
| honours = {{plainlist|
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2023)
}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = person
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]
* [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]
* [[Jugalbandi]]
}}
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| website = {{URL|www.hkvenkatram.com}}
}}
}}

'''H. K. Venkatram''' is an [[Indian classical music]] violinist and [[Philanthropist]]. Venkatram has been an active violinist for over 30 years in India and abroad. He is known for his classical style of play and maturity on the violin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/hkvenkatram|title=Stories, Ideas and Perspectives | 300+ Inspirational talks by remarkable people from INK events -}}</ref>

==Career==
H.K. Venkatram started learning violin from his father, Prof H.V. Krishnamurthy at the age of 7. He gave his first concert at the age of 11 with his brother. Venkatram is one of the most sought after violinists and is frequently seen in classical concerts in India and abroad. He is known for understanding the nuances of Carnatic Music and stressing on strictly following the classical approach to playing the violin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov072004/ac3.asp|title=An artist who creates new idioms of music|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=9 November 2014|archive-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109114602/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov072004/ac3.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has performed alongside renowned artistes like [[Balamurali Krishna]], [[U. Srinivas|Mandolin U. Srinivas]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman|Umayalpuram Sivaraman]], [[T.M. Krishna]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[R K Srikanthan|RK Srikanthan]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy|KV Narayanaswamy]], [[D. K. Pattammal|DK Pattammal]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari|Dr M L Vasanthakumari]], [[Kadri Gopalnath]], [[N. Ramani|Dr N Ramani]], [[TN Seshagopalan]], [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan|TV Sankaranarayanan]], [[Trichur V. Ramachandran]], [[Chitravina N. Ravikiran]] among many others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hkvenkatram.com/profile.html |title=H K Venkatram – Profile |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107014803/http://hkvenkatram.com/profile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1999, Venkatram released a CD on Tyagaraja’s "Ghana Raga Pancharatnam" during the [[Thyagaraja Aradhana|Tyagaraja Festival]] held in Cleveland, USA. Venkatram has also published a book called "Tyagaraja Vachanamrita" which is based on the compositions of [[Thyagaraja]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov072004/ac3.asp|title=An artist who creates new idioms of music|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=9 November 2014|archive-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109114602/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov072004/ac3.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Venkatram is also part of a famous [[Veena (instrument)|Veena]] [[Flute|Venu]] [[Violin]] trio which consists of Ashwin Anand (Veena) and G. Ravikiran (Flute). The trio have performed in many concerts and their music is very well received.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/passion-and-precision/article4197694.ece|title=Passion and precision|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref>

==Shabda==
Venkatram along with [[T.M. Krishna]] and [[R. K. Shriramkumar]] is the co-founder of a project called "Shabda" which is aimed at creating an online archive of the various aspects pertaining to the Indian Performing Arts. It was founded in 2010. The initiative recognizes that a lot of valuable knowledge content on Indian performing arts is either unavailable or not in the proper form of documentation, and aims to make it otherwise. Each speaker will beading with a specific aspect of their art in an analytical and comprehensive manner. The lectures are for a duration of 20 minutes to ensure that it is focused.

The scope of Shabda in the present performing arts scene includes videography of lectures by eminent artists, scholars and researchers, widening the scope of content availability through internet and using technology to provide high quality content and preservation to avoid inaccuracy in documentation and retrieval. This helps to provide a useful wealth of knowledge for artists, performers, students, and connoisseurs alike. Shabda has conducted 12 lectures across 2 day-long events held at Kalakshetra, Chennai and Bangalore Gayana Samaja in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

==Prathyarpana Foundation==
Prathyarpana Foundation was founded as a charitable initiative by Vijaya College of Music, a music college run by Venkatram and his wife, Triveni Venkatram. The institution is based in Bangalore and was inaugurated on 5 July 2015. The foundation aims to use the [[Performing Arts]] for social causes. The foundation also aims to nurture and showcase new talent in the field of music and channel it towards social causes. The collections from every event will be donated to [[Non-profit organisations]] that work towards women and child welfare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/giving-back-to-society/article7378865.ece|title=Giving back to society|work = The Hindu|accessdate = 6 July 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
H. K. Venkatram was the recipient of the prestigious [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for the year 2023 for his contribution to carnatic violin. He received the award from [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] at an investiture ceremony in [[Vigyan Bhawan]] on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/sangeetnatakakademi/p/C4IKR_0BzKG/|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi (Official Instagram)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2011701|title=PIB Press Release, March 05, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ashok-saraf-rajeev-verma-bombay-jayashri-to-receive-sangeet-natak-akademi-award-2914742|title=Deccan Herald, February 28, 2024}}</ref>

Venkatram has been awarded the "Best Violinist" award in the Annual Conference of the prestigious [[Madras Music Academy]], "Parur Sundaram Iyer Award for Senior Violinist" in 2002 and "Ganakala Shree" by the [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat]] for his achievements in the field of Carnatic Music in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nadabrahmasabha.com/Events.aspx|title=Nadabrahma Sangeetha Sabha}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Venkatram retired as senior director at [[Intel Corporation]] year 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=29-04-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00212&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109132704/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=29-04-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00212&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2014|title=Techies make music for Bangalore|work=The Times of India|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> He lives in [[Bangalore]] and is married to Triveni of Saralaya Sisters fame.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sister-act/article1046474.ece|title=Sister act|work=The Hindu|accessdate = 9 November 2014}}</ref> Venkatram and his wife manage their own music institute called Vijaya College of Music in Bangalore. The college was set up in 1953 by his father.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3218872.ece|title=He gave the violin a voice|work = The Hindu|accessdate = 9 November 2014}}</ref> They have a son and daughter together. His daughter, Bhargavi, is an upcoming vocalist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/407917/music-dance-reviews.html|title=Music and dance reviews, Budding artistes shine|work = Deccan Herald|accessdate = 9 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McQVokEVaLc H.K. Venkatram at INKTalks 2012 held at Pune]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatram, HK}}
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Frostbite

2026-03-20T21:55:59Z

JungPapst1287: expanded references as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Effect of low temperature on skin and other tissues}}
{{About|a medical condition}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Frostbite
| synonyms = Frostnip
| image = Frost bite.jpg
| caption = Frostbitten toes two to three days after mountain climbing
| field = [[Dermatology]], [[emergency medicine]], [[orthopedics]]
| symptoms = Numbness, feeling cold, clumsiness, pale color<ref name=Han2017/>
| complications = [[Hypothermia]], [[compartment syndrome]]<ref name=Mc2014/><ref name=Han2017/>
| onset =
| duration =
| types = Superficial, deep<ref name=Mc2014/>
| causes = Temperatures below freezing<ref name=Han2017/>
| risks = [[Ethanol|Alcohol]], smoking, [[mental health problems]], certain medications, prior cold injury<ref name=Han2017/>
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms<ref name=Sin2014/>
| differential = Frostnip, [[pernio]], [[trench foot]]<ref name=Fer2018/>
| prevention = Avoid cold, wear proper clothing, maintain hydration and nutrition, stay active without becoming exhausted<ref name=Mc2014/>
| treatment = Rewarming, medication, surgery<ref name=Mc2014/>
| medication = [[Ibuprofen]], [[tetanus vaccine]], [[iloprost]], [[thrombolytic]]s<ref name=Han2017/>
| prognosis =
| frequency = Unknown<ref name=Au2011/>
| deaths =
}}

'''Frostbite''' is an [[injury]] to [[skin]] or other living tissue that is allowed to [[freezing|freeze]],<ref name=Han2017/> especially affecting the [[finger]]s, [[toe]]s, [[nose]], [[ear]]s, [[cheek]]s and [[chin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frostbite - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656|access-date=19 February 2021|website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Most often, frostbite occurs in the hands and feet,<ref name="Handford 7">{{Cite journal|last1=Handford|first1=Charles|last2=Buxton|first2=Pauline|last3=Russell|first3=Katie|last4=Imray|first4=Caitlin EA|last5=McIntosh|first5=Scott E|last6=Freer|first6=Luanne|last7=Cochran|first7=Amalia|last8=Imray|first8=Christopher HE|date=22 April 2014|title=Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management|journal=Extreme Physiology & Medicine|volume=3|article-number=7|doi=10.1186/2046-7648-3-7|issn=2046-7648|pmc=3994495|pmid=24764516 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Millet|first1=John D.|last2=Brown|first2=Richard K. J.|last3=Levi|first3=Benjamin|last4=Kraft|first4=Casey T.|last5=Jacobson|first5=Jon A.|last6=Gross|first6=Milton D.|last7=Wong|first7=Ka Kit|date=November 2016|title=Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management|journal=Radiographics|volume=36|issue=7|pages=2154–2169|doi=10.1148/rg.2016160045|issn=0271-5333|pmc=5131839|pmid=27494386}}</ref> often preceded by '''frostnip''', a paling or reddening of a body part as its blood vessels constrict that [[tingling|tingles]], feels very cold, or simply feels [[numbing|numb]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Frostbite and Frostnip in Children |url=https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/frostbite-and-frostnip-in-children |website=UMass Memorial Health |location= |publisher=UMass Memorial Health Care |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=Mc2014/><ref>{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Laura |date=3 January 2025 |title=What cold weather does to the body and how to protect yourself this winter |url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2025/01/03/what-cold-weather-does-to-the-body-and-how-to-protect-yourself-this-winter#:~:text=Cold%20and%20the%20cardiovascular%20system,blood%20around%20the%20body's%20core. |website=American Heart Association |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref> This may be followed by the clumsiness and white or bluish, waxy-looking skin that evidence full-blown frostbite.<ref name=Han2017/><ref>{{cite web |title=Frostbite |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/symptoms-causes/syc-20372656 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref> Swelling or [[Blister|blistering]] may occur following treatment.<ref name=Han2017/> Complications may include [[hypothermia]] or [[compartment syndrome]].<ref name=Mc2014/><ref name=Han2017/>


People who are exposed to low temperatures for prolonged periods, such as winter sports enthusiasts, military personnel, and the [[Homelessness|homeless]], are at greatest risk.<ref name="Handford 7"/><ref name=Han2017/> Other risk factors include drinking [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[smoking]], [[mental health problems]], certain medications, and prior injuries due to cold.<ref name=Han2017>{{cite journal|last1=Handford|first1=C|last2=Thomas|first2=O|last3=Imray|first3=CHE|title=Frostbite.|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|date=May 2017|volume=35|issue=2|pages=281–299|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006|pmid=28411928}}</ref> The underlying mechanism involves injury from ice crystals and [[blood clot]]s in small [[blood vessel]]s following thawing.<ref name=Han2017/> Diagnosis is based on symptoms.<ref name=Sin2014>{{cite book|last1=Singleton|first1=Joanne K.|last2=DiGregorio|first2=Robert V.|last3=Green-Hernandez|first3=Carol|title=Primary Care, Second Edition: An Interprofessional Perspective|date=2014|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-7147-4|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJCKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172}}</ref> Severity may be divided into superficial (first and second degree) and deep (third and fourth degree).<ref name=Mc2014/> A [[bone scan]] or [[MRI]] may help in determining the extent of injury.<ref name=Han2017/>


Prevention consists of wearing proper, fully-covering clothing, avoiding low temperatures and wind, maintaining [[management of dehydration|hydration]] and nutrition, and sufficient physical activity to maintain [[Human body temperature#Core temperature|core temperature]] without exhaustion.<ref name=Mc2014/> Treatment is by rewarming, immersion in warm water (near body temperature), or body contact, and should be done only when a consistent temperature can be maintained so that refreezing is not a risk.<ref name=Mc2014/><ref name=Han2017/> Rapid heating or cooling should be avoided since it could potentially cause burning or heart stress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frostbite and Hypothermia|url=https://portal.ct.gov/dph/communications/crisis-and-emergency-risk-communication/frostbite-and-hypothermia|access-date=2 July 2021|website=CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website}}</ref> Rubbing or applying force to the affected areas should be avoided as it may cause further damage such as [[Abrasion (medicine)|abrasions]].<ref name=Mc2014/> The use of [[ibuprofen]] and [[tetanus vaccine|tetanus toxoid]] is recommended for pain relief or to reduce swelling or inflammation.<ref name=Han2017/> For severe injuries, [[iloprost]] or [[thrombolytic]]s may be used.<ref name=Han2017/> Surgery, including [[amputation]], is sometimes necessary.<ref name=Han2017/><ref name=Mc2014>{{Cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=Scott E.|last2=Opacic|first2=Matthew|last3=Freer|first3=Luanne|last4=Grissom|first4=Colin K.|last5=Auerbach|first5=Paul S.|last6=Rodway|first6=George W.|last7=Cochran|first7=Amalia|last8=Giesbrecht|first8=Gordon G.|last9=McDevitt|first9=Marion|date=1 December 2014|title=Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2014 update|journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine|volume=25|issue=4 Suppl|pages=S43–54|doi=10.1016/j.wem.2014.09.001|issn=1545-1534|pmid=25498262|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Evidence of frostbite occurring in humans dates back 5,000 years.<ref name="Han2017" /> Evidence was documented in a pre-Columbian mummy discovered in the Andes.<ref name="Handford 7"/> The number of annual cases of frostbite is unknown.<ref name=Au2011>{{cite book|last1=Auerbach|first1=Paul S.|title=Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3356-9|page=181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&pg=PA181}}</ref> Rates may be as high as 40% a year among those who [[mountaineer]].<ref name=Han2017/> The most common age group affected is those 30 to 50 years old.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=502}}</ref> Frostbite has also played an important role in a number of military conflicts.<ref name=Han2017/> Its first formal description was in 1813 by [[Dominique Jean Larrey]], a physician in [[Napoleon]]'s army, during its [[French invasion of Russia|invasion of Russia]].<ref name=Han2017/> Frostbite reports were largely military until the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zonnoor |first=Bobak |date=29 February 2024 |title=Frostbite |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview#:~:text=When%20external%20warmth%20is%20applied,resulting%20in%20greater%20tissue%20loss. |website= Medscape |publisher= WebMD LLC|access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Frostbite.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Frostbite]]
Areas that are usually affected include cheeks, ears, nose and fingers and toes. Frostbite is often preceded by frostnip.<ref name=Mc2014/><ref>{{cite web |title=Frostbite and Frostnip in Children |url=https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/frostbite-and-frostnip-in-children |website=UMass Memorial Health |location= |publisher=UMass Memorial Health Care |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref> The symptoms of frostbite progress with prolonged exposure to cold. Historically, frostbite has been classified by degrees according to skin and sensation changes, similar to burn classifications. However, the degrees do not correspond to the amount of long-term damage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical|title=Frostbite Clinical Presentation|website=emedicine.medscape.com|access-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302113905/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> A simplification of this system of classification is superficial (first or second degree) or deep injury (third or fourth degree).<ref name=Zaf2012 />

===First degree===
* First-degree frostbite is superficial, surface skin damage that is usually not permanent.
* Early on, the primary symptom is loss of feeling in the skin. In the affected areas, the skin is numb, waxy, and possibly swollen, with a reddened border.
* In the weeks after injury, the skin's surface may slough off.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Right foot third degree frostbite.png|thumb|Third-degree frostbite developing. Doppler arterial ultrasound showed adequate perfusion to the foot with no blood flow to the toes. Gangrene was still demarcating, i.e., separating dead from living tissue.]]

===Second degree===
* In second-degree frostbite, the skin develops clear [[blister]]s early on, and its surface hardens.
* In the weeks after injury, this hardened, blistered skin dries, blackens, and peels.
* At this stage, lasting cold sensitivity and numbness can develop.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Left foot third degree frostbite.png|thumb|Third-degree frostbite. No surgical interventions recommended as the gangrenous portion of the wound was still demarcating.]]

===Third degree===
* In third-degree frostbite, the layers of tissue below the skin freeze.
* Symptoms include blood blisters and "blue-grey discoloration of the skin".<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Zonnoor B | title = What are the characteristics of third-degree frostbite? | publisher = Medscape | date = 29 July 2019 | url = https://www.medscape.com/answers/926249-117029/what-are-the-characteristics-of-third-degree-frostbite | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref>
* In the weeks after injury, pain persists and a blackened crust ([[eschar]]) develops.
* There can be long-term [[ulcer]]ation and damage to [[Epiphyseal plate|growth plates]].

=== Fourth degree ===
[[File:Human toes, 12 days post-frostbite.jpg|thumb|Frostbite 12 days later]]
* In fourth-degree frostbite, structures below the skin, like muscles, tendon, and bone, are involved.
* Early symptoms include a colorless appearance of the skin, a hard texture, and painless rewarming.
* Later, the skin becomes black and [[Mummy|mummified]]. The amount of permanent damage can take one month or more to determine. [[Autoamputation]] can occur after two months.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Frostbite dorsal surface feet.jpg|thumb|Fourth-degree frostbite in a homeless patient five days after freezing conditions. Patient developed [[trench foot]] and was unable to properly dry feet.]][[File:Frostbite palmar surface feet.jpg|thumb|Plantar surface of frostbitten feet five days after a freeze. Patient was homeless with poor footwear.]]

==Causes==
===Risk factors===
The major risk factor for frostbite is exposure to cold through geography, occupation and/or recreation. Inadequate clothing and shelter are major risk factors. Frostbite is more likely when the body's ability to produce or retain heat is impaired. Physical, behavioral, and environmental factors can all contribute to the development of frostbite. Immobility and physical stress (such as malnutrition or dehydration) are also risk factors.<ref name="Handford 7"/> Disorders and substances that impair circulation contribute, including [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[Raynaud syndrome|Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[tobacco]] and [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] use.<ref name=Zaf2012 /> Homeless individuals and individuals with some mental illnesses may be at higher risk.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

==Mechanism==
===Freezing===

In frostbite, cooling of the body causes narrowing of the blood vessels ([[vasoconstriction]]). Prolonged exposure to temperatures below {{convert|-2|C|F}} may cause ice crystals to form in the tissues, and prolonged exposure to temperatures below {{convert|-4|C|F}} may cause ice crystals to form in the blood.<ref name="knap">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knapik JJ, Reynolds KL, Castellani JW |title=Frostbite: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Journal of Special Operations Medicine|volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=123–135 |date=2020 |pmid=33320326 |doi=10.55460/PDX9-BG8G |s2cid=229171926 |url=}}</ref> Ice crystals can damage small blood vessels at the site of injury.<ref name=Zaf2012>{{Cite journal|last=Zafren|first=Ken|s2cid=3036889|title=Frostbite: Prevention and Initial Management|journal=High Altitude Medicine & Biology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–12|doi=10.1089/ham.2012.1114|pmid=23537254|year=2013}}</ref> Typically, prolonged exposure to temperatures below {{convert|-0.55|C|F}} may cause frostbite.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/ | title=Frostbite|publisher=UK National Health Service | access-date=16 July 2023|date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

===Rewarming===

Rewarming, though vital, causes tissue damage through [[reperfusion injury]], which involves [[vasodilation]], swelling (edema), and poor blood flow (stasis). [[Platelet|Platelet aggregation]] is another possible mechanism of injury. Blisters and spasm of blood vessels ([[vasospasm]]) can develop after rewarming.<ref name=Zaf2012 />

===Non-freezing cold injury===

The process of frostbite differs from the process of [[non-freezing cold injury]] (NFCI). In NFCI, temperature in the tissue decreases gradually. This slower temperature decrease allows the body to try to compensate through alternating cycles of closing and opening blood vessels ([[vasoconstriction]] and [[vasodilation]]). If this process continues, inflammatory [[mast cell]]s act in the area. Small [[Thrombus|clots]] (microthrombi) form and can cut off blood to the affected area (known as [[ischemia]]) and damage nerve fibers. Rewarming causes a series of inflammatory chemicals such as [[prostaglandin]]s to increase localized clotting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=Christoph|last2=Lehnhardt|first2=Marcus|last3=Daigeler|first3=Adrien|last4=Goertz|first4=Ole|date=1 March 2017|title=The Triaging and Treatment of Cold-Induced Injuries|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=112|issue=44|pages=741–747|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2015.0741|issn=1866-0452|pmc=4650908|pmid=26575137}}</ref>

===Pathophysiology===
The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage.<ref name = "WildernessMedical">{{cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=SE|last2=Opacic|first2=M|last3=Freer|first3=L|last4=Grissom|first4=CK|last5=Auerbach|first5=PS|last6=Rodway|first6=GW|last7=Cochran|first7=A|last8=Giesbrecht|first8=GG|last9=McDevitt|first9=M|last10=Imray|first10=CH|last11=Johnson|first11=EL|last12=Dow|first12=J|last13=Hackett|first13=PH|last14=Wilderness Medical|first14=Society.|title=Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2014 update.|journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine|date=December 2014|volume=25|issue=4 Suppl|pages=S43-54|doi=10.1016/j.wem.2014.09.001|pmid=25498262|doi-access=free}}</ref>

# Prefreeze phase: involves the cooling of tissues without ice crystal formation.<ref name="WildernessMedical" />
# Freeze-thaw phase: ice-crystals form, resulting in cellular damage and death.<ref name="WildernessMedical" />
# Vascular stasis phase: marked by blood [[coagulation]] or the leaking of blood out of the vessels.<ref name="WildernessMedical" />
# Late ischemic phase: characterized by inflammatory events, [[ischemia]] and tissue death.<ref name="WildernessMedical" />

== Diagnosis ==
Frostbite is diagnosed on the basis of signs and symptoms as described above, and by [[Medical history|patient history]]. Other conditions that can have a similar appearance or occur at the same time include:
* Frostnip, a precursor to frostbite with a similar appearance, but without ice crystal formation in the skin. Whitening of the skin and numbness reverse quickly after rewarming.
* [[Trench foot]], damage to nerves and blood vessels that results from exposure to cold wet (non-freezing) conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jurkovich |first=Gregory J. |date=February 2007 |title=Environmental cold-induced injury |journal=The Surgical Clinics of North America |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=247–267, viii |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2006.10.003 |issn=0039-6109 |pmid=17127131}}</ref> This is reversible if treated early.
* [[Chilblains|Pernio]] or chilblains, inflammation of the skin from exposure to wet, cold (non-freezing) conditions. They can appear as various types of ulcers and blisters.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Bullous pemphigoid]], a condition that causes itchy blisters over the body that can mimic frostbite.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/frostbite?diagnosisId=51593&moduleId=8|title=VisualDx - Frostbite|work=VisualDx|access-date=3 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123454/https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/frostbite?diagnosisId=51593&moduleId=8|archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> It does not require exposure to cold to develop.
* [[Levamisole-induced vasculitis|Levamisole toxicity]], a [[vasculitis]] that can appear similar to frostbite.<ref name=":4" /> It is caused by contamination of cocaine by [[levamisole]]. Skin lesions can look similar to those of frostbite, but do not require cold exposure to occur.

People who have [[hypothermia]] often have frostbite as well.<ref name=":2" /> Since hypothermia is life-threatening this should be treated first. [[Technetium-99m|Technetium-99]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MR]] scans are not required for diagnosis, but might be useful for prognostic purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/997.html|title=Frostbite|website=us.bestpractice.bmj.com|access-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193415/http://us.bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/997.html|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

== Prevention ==
[[File:CDC winter safety infographic.ogg|thumb|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] infographic video about frostbite prevention]]
The [[Wilderness Medical Society]] recommends covering the skin and scalp, taking in adequate nutrition, avoiding constrictive footwear and clothing, and remaining active without causing exhaustion. Supplemental oxygen may also be of use at high elevations. Repeated exposure to cold water makes people more susceptible to frostbite.<ref name="pmid26857732">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fudge J | title = Preventing and Managing Hypothermia and Frostbite Injury | journal = Sports Health | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–9 | date = 2016 | pmid = 26857732 | pmc = 4789935 | doi = 10.1177/1941738116630542 }}</ref> Additional measures to prevent frostbite include:<ref name=Mc2014 />
* Avoiding temperatures below −23 °C (-9 °F)
* Avoiding moisture, including in the form of [[Perspiration|sweat]] and/or skin [[Moisturizer|emollients]]
* Avoiding alcohol and drugs that impair circulation or natural protective responses
* Layering clothing
* Using chemical or electric warming devices
* Recognizing early signs of frostnip and frostbite<ref name=Mc2014 />

==Treatment==

Individuals with frostbite or potential frostbite should go to a protected environment and get warm fluids. If there is no risk of re-freezing, the extremity can be exposed and warmed in the underarm of a companion or the groin. If the area is allowed to refreeze, there can be worse tissue damage. If the area cannot be reliably kept warm, the person should be brought to a medical facility without rewarming the area. Rubbing the affected area can also increase tissue damage. [[Aspirin]] and [[ibuprofen]] can be given in the field<ref name="Handford 7"/> to prevent clotting and inflammation. Ibuprofen is often preferred to aspirin because aspirin may block a subset of [[prostaglandins]] that are important in injury repair.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Heil|first1=K|last2=Thomas|first2=R|last3=Robertson|first3=G|last4=Porter|first4=A|last5=Milner|first5=R|last6=Wood|first6=A|title=Freezing and non-freezing cold weather injuries: a systematic review.|journal=British Medical Bulletin|date=March 2016|volume=117|issue=1|pages=79–93|doi=10.1093/bmb/ldw001|pmid=26872856|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The first priority in people with frostbite should be to assess for [[hypothermia]] and other life-threatening complications of cold exposure. Before treating frostbite, the [[Human body temperature|core temperature]] should be raised above 35 °C. Oral or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous (IV)]] fluids should be given.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

Other considerations for standard hospital management include:
* [[History of wound care|wound care]]: [[blister]]s can be drained by needle aspiration, unless they are bloody ([[Bleeding|hemorrhagic]]). [[Aloe vera]] gel can be applied before breathable, protective [[Dressing (medical)|dressings]] or bandages are put on.
* [[antibiotics]]: if there is trauma, skin infection ([[cellulitis]]) or severe injury
* [[Tetanospasmin|tetanus toxoid]]: should be administered according to local guidelines. Uncomplicated frostbite wounds are not known to encourage tetanus.
* pain control: [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]] or [[opioid]]s are recommended during the painful rewarming process.

=== Rewarming ===
If the area is still partially or fully frozen, it should be rewarmed in the hospital with a warm bath with [[Povidone-iodine|povidone iodine]] or [[chlorhexidine]] [[antiseptic]].<ref name="Handford 7"/> Active rewarming seeks to warm the injured tissue as quickly as possible without burning. The faster tissue is thawed, the less tissue damage occurs.<ref name="mistovich506">{{cite book|title=Prehospital Emergency Care|last2=Haffen|first2=Brent|last3=Karren|first3=Keith|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2004|isbn=0-13-049288-4|location=Upsaddle River, NJ|page=506|last1=Mistovich|first1=Joseph}}</ref> According to Handford and colleagues, "The Wilderness Medical Society and State of Alaska Cold Injury Guidelines recommend a temperature of 37–39 °C, which decreases the pain experienced by the patient whilst only slightly slowing rewarming time." Warming takes 15 minutes to 1 hour. The faucet should be left running so the water can circulate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laderer|first=Ashley|title=How to treat frostbite and when you should seek emergency medical help|url=https://www.insider.com/how-to-treat-frostbite|access-date=30 September 2021|website=Insider}}</ref> Rewarming can be very painful, so pain management is important.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

=== Medications ===
People with potential for large amputations and who present within 24 hours of injury can be given [[Tissue plasminogen activator|TPA]] with [[heparin]].<ref name=Han2017/> These medications should be withheld if there are any contraindications. [[Bone scintigraphy|Bone scans]] or [[Computed tomography angiography|CT angiography]] can be done to assess damage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/frostbite|title=Frostbite|website=www.uptodate.com|access-date=3 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304120126/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/frostbite|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

Blood vessel dilating medications such as [[iloprost]] may prevent blood vessel blockage.<ref name="Handford 7"/> This treatment might be appropriate in grades 2–4 frostbite, when people get treatment within 48 hours.<ref name=":6" /> In addition to vasodilators, [[sympatholytic]] drugs can be used to counteract the detrimental peripheral [[vasoconstriction]] that occurs during frostbite.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first1=C|last2=Lehnhardt|first2=M|last3=Daigeler|first3=A|last4=Goertz|first4=O|title=The Triaging and Treatment of Cold-Induced Injuries.|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=30 October 2015|volume=112|issue=44|pages=741–7|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2015.0741|pmid=26575137|pmc=4650908}}</ref>

A systematic review and metaanalysis revealed that iloprost alone or iloprost plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) may decrease amputation rate in case of severe frostbite in comparison to buflomedil alone with no major adverse events reported from iloprost or iloprost plus rtPA in the included studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lorentzen|first1=Anne Kathrine|last2=Davis|first2=Christopher|last3=Penninga|first3=Luit|date=20 December 2020|title=Interventions for frostbite injuries|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=12|article-number=CD012980|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd012980.pub2|pmid=33341943|pmc=8092677|issn=1465-1858}}</ref>

===Surgery===

Various types of surgery might be indicated in frostbite injury, depending on the type and extent of damage. [[Debridement]] or amputation of [[Necrosis|necrotic]] tissue is usually delayed unless there is [[gangrene]] or systemic infection ([[sepsis]]).<ref name="Handford 7"/> This has led to the adage "Frozen in January, amputate in July".<ref name=2008rev>{{Cite journal | last1 = Golant | first1 = A | last2 = Nord | first2 = RM | last3 = Paksima | first3 = N | last4 = Posner | first4 = MA | title = Cold exposure injuries to the extremities. | journal = J Am Acad Orthop Surg | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 704–15 |date=Dec 2008 | pmid = 19056919 | doi = 10.5435/00124635-200812000-00003 | s2cid = 19274894 }}</ref> If symptoms of compartment syndrome develop, [[fasciotomy]] can be done to attempt to preserve blood flow.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

== Prognosis ==
[[File:Human toes, 3 weeks post-frostbite.jpg|thumb|3 weeks after initial frostbite]]
Tissue loss and [[autoamputation]] are potential consequences of frostbite. Permanent nerve damage including loss of feeling can occur. It can take several weeks to know what parts of the tissue will survive.<ref name=Zaf2012 /> Time of exposure to cold is more predictive of lasting injury than temperature the individual was exposed to. The classification system of grades, based on the tissue response to initial rewarming and other factors is designed to predict degree of longterm recovery.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

=== Grades ===
Grade 1: if there is no initial lesion on the area, no amputation or lasting effects are expected

Grade 2: if there is a lesion on the distal body part, tissue and fingernails can be destroyed

Grade 3: if there is a lesion on the intermediate or near body part, auto-amputation and loss of function can occur

Grade 4: if there is a lesion very near the body (such as the carpals of the hand), the limb can be lost. Sepsis and/or other systemic problems are expected.<ref name="Handford 7"/>

A number of long term sequelae can occur after frostbite. These include transient or permanent changes in sensation, [[paresthesia]], increased sweating, cancers, and bone destruction/[[arthritis]] in the area affected.<ref name=marx1866>{{cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |edition=7th |last=Marx |first=John |year=2010 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-323-05472-0 |page=1866}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the [[epidemiology]] of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30–49 are at highest risk, possibly because of occupational or recreational exposures to cold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2017|title=Frostbite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology |website=Medscape |publisher=Medscape, LLC|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview#a5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112845/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-overview#a5 |archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
Frostbite has been described in military history for millennia. The Greeks encountered and discussed the problem of frostbite as early as 400 BC.<ref name=Zaf2012 /> Researchers have found evidence of frostbite in humans dating back 5,000 years, in an Andean mummy. Napoleon's Army was the first documented instance of mass cold injury in the early 1800s.<ref name="Handford 7"/> According to Zafren, nearly 1 million combatants fell victim to frostbite in the First and Second World Wars and the Korean War.<ref name=Zaf2012 />

== Society and culture ==
[[File:Nigel Vardy Frostbite.jpg|thumb|Mountaineer [[Nigel Vardy]] in hospital after developing frostbite when benighted on [[Denali]] in 1999. His nose, fingers and toes were subsequently amputated.]]
Several notable cases of frostbite include:

* [[Lawrence Oates|Captain Lawrence Oates]], an English army captain and [[Antarctic]] explorer who in 1912 died of complications of frostbite<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/race_pole_01.shtml|website=BBC - History |title= British History in depth: The Race to the South Pole|access-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213052907/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/race_pole_01.shtml|archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Harold Bride]], the junior wireless operator of {{RMS|Titanic}}, who suffered severe frostbite on his feet as he and other survivors stood for over an hour on the back of a capsized lifeboat knee-deep in freezing water—Bride had to be carried off from the rescue vessel {{RMS|Carpathia}} after it arrived in New York
* Noted American rock climber [[Hugh Herr]], who in 1982 lost both legs below the knee to frostbite after being stranded on [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)]] in a blizzard<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2009/02/best-foot-forward-february/|title=Hugh Herr's Best Foot Forward {{!}} Boston Magazine|date=18 February 2009|work=Boston Magazine|access-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330102917/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2009/02/best-foot-forward-february/|archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Beck Weathers]], a survivor of the [[1996 Mount Everest disaster]] who lost his nose and hands to frostbite<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/movies/beck-weathers-says-fateful-everest-climb-saved-his-marriage/|title=Beck Weathers Says Fateful Everest Climb Saved His Marriage|date=16 September 2015|work=PEOPLE|access-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114431/http://people.com/movies/beck-weathers-says-fateful-everest-climb-saved-his-marriage/|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* Scottish mountaineer [[Jamie Andrew]], who in 1999 had all four limbs amputated as a result of sepsis from frostbite sustained after becoming trapped for four nights whilst climbing [[Les Droites]] in the [[Mont Blanc massif]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/28/biography.sportandleisure|title=I'll get there, even if it kills...|last=Heawood|first=Jonathan|date=27 March 2004|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 March 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304115505/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/28/biography.sportandleisure|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Research directions==
Evidence is insufficient to determine whether or not [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] as an adjunctive treatment can assist in tissue salvage.<ref>{{harvnb|Marx|2010}}</ref> Cases have been reported, but no [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized control trial]] has been performed on humans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Finderle Z, Cankar K |title=Delayed treatment of frostbite injury with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a case report |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=392–4 |date=April 2002|pmid=11952063 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Folio LR, Arkin K, Butler WP |title=Frostbite in a mountain climber treated with hyperbaric oxygen: case report|journal=Mil Med |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=560–3 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17521112 |doi=10.7205/milmed.172.5.560|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gage AA, Ishikawa H, Winter PM |title=Experimental frostbite. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on tissue survival |journal=Cryobiology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=1970 |pmid=5475096 |doi= 10.1016/0011-2240(70)90038-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weaver LK, Greenway L, Elliot CG |title=Controlled Frostbite Injury to Mice: Outcome of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=35–44 |year=1988 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4363 |access-date=20 June 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710074430/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4363 |archive-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ay H, Uzun G, Yildiz S, Solmazgul E, Dundar K, Qyrdedi T, Yildirim I, Gumus T |title=The treatment of deep frostbite of both feet in two patients with hyperbaric oxygen |journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med. |volume=32 |issue=1 Suppl |year=2005 |issn=1066-2936 |oclc=26915585 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/1629 |access-date=30 June 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915070147/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/1629 |archive-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref>

Medical [[sympathectomy]] using intravenous [[reserpine]] has also been attempted with limited success.<ref name=marx1866 /> Studies have suggested that administration of [[tissue plasminogen activator]] (tPa) either intravenously or intra-arterially may decrease the likelihood of eventual need for amputation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bruen|first=KJ|author2=Ballard JR |author3=Morris SE |author4=Cochran A |author5=Edelman LS |author6=Saffle JR |title=Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy|journal=Archives of Surgery|year=2007|volume=142|pages=546–51|doi=10.1001/archsurg.142.6.546 |pmid=17576891 |issue=6|doi-access=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 31167
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|33||t|33}}-{{ICD10|T|35||t|33}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|991.0}}-{{ICD9|991.3}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 000057
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 209
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|2815}} {{eMedicine2|derm|833}} {{eMedicine2|ped|803}}
| MeshID = D005627
}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Travelling in cold weather}}
*[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-frostbite/FA00023 Mayo Clinic]
*[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3522 Definition]

{{General injuries}}
{{Consequences of external causes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountaineering and health]]
[[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]]
[[Category:Thermal medicine]]
[[Category:Weather and health]]
[[Category:Causes of amputation]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wilderness medical emergencies]]

East Calcutta Wetlands

2026-03-04T16:49:52Z

JungPapst1287:

{{short description|Complex of natural and human-made wetlands lying east of Kolkata}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|article|date=December 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = East Calcutta Wetlands
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002
| designation1_number = 1208<ref>{{Cite web|title=East Calcutta Wetlands|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1208|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
[[File:Nalban Waterbody - 16-bit Two Stop Over Exposure - Kolkata 2015-08-13 2188.TIF|thumb|East Kolkata Waterlands]]
[[File:Nalban - Kolkata 2011-09-14 5172.JPG|thumb|Nalban, a part of the [[East Kolkata]] Wetlands.]]

The '''East Kolkata Wetlands''' (officially known as '''East Calcutta Wetlands''') (22 0 27' N 88 0 27' E), are a complex of natural and human-made [[wetland]]s lying east of the city of [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata), of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. The wetlands cover 125 square kilometres<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Pawan Kumar |last2=Jha |first2=Priyanka |last3=Joy |first3=Md Saharik |last4=Bansal |first4=Taruna |date=2024-08-01 |title=Ecosystem health assessment of East Kolkata Wetlands, India: Implications for environmental sustainability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030147972401795X |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=366 |article-number=121809 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121809 |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and include salt marshes, and agricultural fields, sewage farms and settling ponds. The wetlands are also used to treat Kolkata's sewage, and the nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture.

EKW treats about 60–80% of Kolkata's sewage naturally as the world's largest organic sewage management system, supporting around 50,000 agro-workers and supplying about one-third of Kolkata's fish requirement<ref>East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority and Wetlands International South Asia (2021). East Kolkata Wetlands Management Action Plan 2021–2026</ref>.

The name '''East Calcutta Wetlands''' was coined by late [[Dhrubajyoti Ghosh]], Special Advisory (Agricultural Ecosystems), Commission on Ecosystem Management, IUCN<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/dhrubajyoti-ghosh-5533a114 | title=Dhrubajyoti Ghosh | publisher=LinkedIn | access-date=28 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}, who reached this incredible but neglected part of the city when, while working as an engineer for the Government of West Bengal's Water & Sanitation Department, he was searching for an answer to the question: What exactly happens to the city sewage? These natural water bodies which were known just as fisheries provided the answer. Devised by local fishermen and farmers, these wetlands served, in effect, as the natural sewage treatment plant for the city. The East Kolkata Wetlands host the largest sewage fed aquaculture in the world. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

It's not widely known that Wetlands Day originated in Kolkata on June 16, 1990, seven years prior to the establishment of [[World Wetlands Day]] by the Ramsar Secretariat in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Wetlands Day on June 16 – Scope Kolkata |url=https://www.scopekolkata.org/celebrating-wetlands-day-on-june-16/#:~:text=Very%20few%20know%20that%20Wetlands,the%20Ramsar%20Secretariat%20in%201997. |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.scopekolkata.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUWKm7pVjH0 |title=Nagrikal Conversations on Wetlands: Beyond our current thinking |date=2024-04-07 |last=Nagrika |access-date=2024-05-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Protecting the East Kolkata Wetlands ==

In 1991 the West Bengal Government accepted an offer by a non-resident Indian to build a World Trade Centre and allotted 227 acres of wetlands for this purpose. As a result, the NGO People United for Better Living in Calcutta (PUBLIC) filed a public interest litigation in the Calcutta High Court arguing for the importance of the wetlands and why they should be left as they were. The order of Justice Umesh Chandra Banerjee on this matter is considered a landmark judgment.<ref>All India Reporter 1993 Calcutta 215</ref> Not only did it go into the definition of wetlands and a review of their status in countries such as Australia and the US, he also brought to bear his own research on their functional values and role in "maintaining micro-climatic conditions, absorbing pollution...habitat for aquatic flora fauna... providing a spill basin, and the fragility of the ecosystem." The outcome was that the proposal for the World Trade Centre was turned down in its original form and strict conditions were laid: "I do not find any justiciable reason to disagree with the opinion expressed by the environmentalists that wetland should be preserved and no interference or reclamation should be permitted.<ref>AIR 1993 Calcutta 231</ref>"

Following the order of the Calcutta High Court in 1992, to its credit, the State Government did not appeal but accepted the ruling. In fact, the Environment Secretary, Kalyan Biswas, applied for the East Calcutta Wetlands to be designated a "wetland of international importance" under the [[Ramsar Convention]]. This was obtained in 2002. Finally, in 2006, as a reflection of state and civil society partnership, the East Kolkata Wetlands (Management & Conservation) Act was passed - the first such case of a major environmental legislation being enacted by a state - as distinct from the central - government.

Over the years, these wetlands have faced continuing threats and encroachment. In many instances, the original petitioner, PUBLIC, has had to go to court (High Court, Supreme Court, the National Green Tribunal) to argue on the basis of the 1992 judgment and the later EKW Act to ward off project proposals that were in fact disguised attempts at land-grabbing. While minor encroachments continue even today, the East Kolkata Wetlands still survive.
Conservation Methods:
1. To demarcate the boundaries of the East Kolkata wetlands on the field.
2. To take measures or make an order to stop, undo and prevent any unauthorised development project in, or unauthorised use of, or unauthorised act on, the East Kolkata wetlands.
3. To make an order directing demolition or alteration of any hoarding, frame, post, kiosk, structure, neon-signed or sky-sign, erected or exhibited illegally for the purpose of advertisement on any land within the East Kolkata wetlands.
4. To make an order to prevent, prohibit or restrict any mining, quarrying, blasting, or other operations for the purpose of protecting or conserving the East Kolkata wetlands.
5. To take measures to abate pollution in the East Kolkata wetlands and conserve the flora, fauna and biodiversity in general.
6. To prepare action plans conforming to the resolutions taken and recommendations made, from time to time, under the Ramsar Convention and to update the land use maps of the East Kolkata wetlands.
7. To implement and monitor the activities specified in the action plans.
8. To promote research and disseminate findings of such research among the stakeholders;
9. To raise awareness about the utility of the wetlands in general and the East Kolkata wetlands in particular.
10. To promote basic conservation principles like sewage fed pisciculture and eco-tourism in the East Kolkata wetlands.
11. To enforce land use control in the substantially water body-oriented areas and other areas in the East Kolkata wetlands.
12. To detect changes of ecological character and in land use in the East Kolkata wetlands.
13. To establish network with other Ramsar Sites in India.
14. To conduct inquiry or scientific study within the scope of this project.
15. To constitute expert committee within the scope of this project.
16. To enter any land or premises, including to collect samples of air, water, soil and other biological resources, within the scope of this project.
17. To call for relevant records and documents and information from any department, organisation or local body within the scope of this project.
18. To do such act, or pass such order, which may be necessary and expedient for the purpose of conservation and management of the East Kolkata wetlands.

==Flora==
There are about 100 plant species, which have been recorded in and around the East Calcutta Wetlands, including
[[Sagittaria montevidensis|''Sagittaria montividensis'']], ''[[Cryptocoryne|Cryptocoryne ciliata]]'', ''Cyperus spp., [[Acrostichum aureum]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'', etc. The Sunderbans used to extend up to Patuli in the 1950s.

Several kinds of water hyacinths grow across these wetlands. Local farmers and fisher folk use water hyacinth to create a buffer between land and water to minimise erosion.

The area is also home to large numbers of coconut and betel nut trees. Many varieties of vegetables are farmed here, including cauliflower, eggplant, pumpkin, sunflower and sacred basil. Tracts of land are dedicated to paddy cultivation as well.

==Fauna==
Numerous species of fish are farmed in the sewage-fed ponds called ''bheris'' in the East Kolkata wetlands. These include [[silver carp]] and [[tilapia]].
The area is also home to the [[marsh mongoose]] and [[small Indian mongoose]]. [[Palm civet]]{{specify|reason=which species?}} and [[small Indian civet]] are significant in and around East Calcutta Wetlands. Approximately 20 mammals are reported from this region. Snakes found in the East Calcutta Wetland include the [[checkered keelback]] (''Fowlea piscator''), [[smooth water snake]] (''Enhydris enhydris''), [[buff striped keelback]] (''Amphiesma stolata'') and [[Dendrelaphis tristis|Common bronzeback or Daudin's bronzeback]] (''[[Dendrelaphis tristis]]''). It is the type locality of a mammalian species called the Salt Lake marsh [[mongoose]].{{specify|reason=which species?}} Over 40 species of birds can be spotted at the wetlands. The process of urbanisation however, is leading to the disappearance of many bird species from the area. (Ghosh, A.K., 2004)

== Sewage treatment ==

Kolkata is an example of how natural wetlands are sometimes being utilised in developing countries. Using the purification capacity of wetlands, the Indian city of Kolkata has pioneered a system of [[sewage]] disposal. Originally built to house one million (10 lakh) people, Kolkata is now home to over 10 million (over 1 crore) people, with nearly one-third of them living in slums. But the 8,000-hectare East Kolkata Wetlands Ramsar Site, a patchwork of tree-fringed canals, vegetable plots, rice paddies and fish ponds – and the 20,000 people that work in them – daily transform one-third of the city's sewage and most of its domestic refuse into a rich harvest of fish and fresh vegetables. For example, the Mudially Fishermen's Cooperative Society is a collective of 300 families that lease 70 hectares into which wastewater from the city is released. Through a series of natural treatment processes – including the use of [[Eichhornia crassipes]] and other plants for absorbing oil, grease and heavy metals – the Cooperative has turned the area into a thriving fish farm and nature park.

==Controversy==
Recently illegal [[landfills]] are on the rise and the wetlands are being slowly assimilated in the stream city. This unprecedented land development and urbanisation are creating concerns about the impact on the environment.
Wetlands are under threat due to exponential expansion of real-estate projects in eastern Kolkata especially in the Salt Lake and Rajarhat sectors. Nowadays, land encroachment and land alteration are the important aspect of threats for East Kolkata Wetland (EKW). Transformation from wetland to fishing pond, i.e., aquaculture field are become a potential threat to EKW (Ghosh et al. 2018).

==Microbial Biodiversity==
Microbial Diversity is an integral part of biodiversity which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and protists (Ghosh, A., 2007). East Kolkata Wetland shows an immense diversity of flora and fauna both at the macro and micro level. Microbial richness of a region is its unseen asset that needs to be explored and conserved. Soil samples collected from ECW shows the presence of various new strains of microbes which are not only ecologically important but also have commercial value (Ghosh, A., 2007). These include Actinobacteria which are responsible for the degradation of nitrophenol, nitroaromatic compounds, pesticides and herbicides; Proteobacteria related to the bioremediation of heavy metals, degradation and recycling of woody tissues of plants, oil contaminated soil and toxic compounds and nitrogen fixation along with the cyanobacters; other bacteria playing important roles in metal accumulation, oil degradation, antimicrobial compound production, enzyme production etc. (Ghosh, A., 2007).

==Role in climate change mitigation==
Sewage fed aquaculture based artificial wetland, like East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), is a robust example of potential [[carbon sink]] and spin-off. EKW can sequester ~1.9 Mg C/ha/year, mitigating at least ~118 Gg atmospheric {{CO2}}/year. Plus, carbon uptake by harvested fish crop corresponds to ~61 Gg {{CO2}}/year - rewarding US$3.6/kg blue C harvested.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s11273-019-09661-8|title = Carbon balance of a sewage-fed aquaculture wetland|journal = Wetlands Ecology and Management|volume = 27|issue = 2–3|pages = 311–322|year = 2019|last1 = Nag|first1 = Subir Kumar|last2 = Nandy|first2 = Saurav K.|last3 = Roy|first3 = Koushik|last4 = Sarkar|first4 = U. K.|last5 = Das|first5 = B. K.|s2cid = 108292654}}</ref>

==Conservation and Management Act==
The East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006 represents an important landmark as it paved way for establishment of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) for conservation and management of the EKW. The EKWMA is constituted under Section 3 of the Act, 2006. In 2017 Section 3(2) of the Act, 2006 has been amended and the composition of the EKWMA has been changed. The EKWMA is a thirteen (13) member body with the Chief Secretary, Government of West Bengal, Secretaries of different Departments of State Govt. as well as four experts nominated by the State Govt. under the chairmanship of Minister-in-Charge, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal.
The EKWMA is guided by the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006, the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2006, and the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ekwma.in/ek/|title = East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) | the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006 represents an important landmark as it paved way for establishment of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) for conservation and management of the EKW}}</ref> This is probably only wetland which has state enacted laws as well as Central enacted laws applicable.

==Sources==
1. Urban Wastewater: Livelihoods, Health and Environmental Impacts in India: The Case of the East Calcutta Wetlands by Gautam Gupta, Jadavpur University (see: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/ ... /Urban%20Wastewater%20WS_Kolkata.pdf ).

2. S.Ray Choudhury, A. R. Thakur. Microbial Genetic Resource Mapping of East Kolkata Wetland. Current Science, Vol. 91, No. 2, 2006 25 July.

3. Ghosh, A., Maity, B., Chakrabarti, K., Chattopadhyay, D. (2007). Bacterial diversity of East Calcutta Wet land area: possible identification of potential bacterial population for different biotechnological uses. Microb Ecol. Oct;54(3):452-9.

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;Specific
<references />

==External links==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703011437/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/east_calcutta_wetlands_.cfm East Calcutta Wetlands (World Wildlife Fund, India)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513152531/http://www.new-agri.co.uk/02-4/focuson/focuson5.html East Kolkata Wetlands (New Agriculturist)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/East-Kolkata-Wetlands/189007324504890 Facebook Group dedicated to East Kolkata Wetlands]
*[http://ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/india-calcutta-wetland-wastewater-agriculture-fishpond.html India – East Calcutta - Making the Most of It: Wastewater, Fishponds, and Agriculture]
*[http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/bulletin1-microdiversity.pdf CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032531/http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/bulletin1-microdiversity.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, National Biodiversity Authority, 2005
*[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/31651/1/SR%2052(6)%2026-28.pdf Bengal Food Bowl Under Threat, Science Reporter, June 2015 by Shakunt Pandey]
*[http://numerical.co.in/numerons/collection/58cc5a664e976264035a1d86 Bird species of East Kolkata Weltands - A photographic collection]

{{Ramsar sites in India}}

{{coord|22.555|88.451|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Constructed wetlands]]

Seetharamu

2026-03-03T22:24:06Z

JungPapst1287: quick rework layout for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetharamu
| image = Seetharamu.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| writer = M. D. Sundar
| producer = A. L. Abbaiah Naidu
| starring = [[Shankar Nag]] [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
| cinematography = P. Devaraj
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| released = {{Film date|1979|4|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Seetharamu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸೀತಾರಾಮು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[science fiction action film]] directed by [[V. Somashekhar]]. The film stars [[Shankar Nag]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] and [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]. It is based on a science fiction plot involving a [[brain transplant]]. The film was remade in Telugu as ''Seethe Ramudaithe'', again starring Shankar Nag, and in Hindi in 1995 as ''[[Diya Aur Toofan (1995 film)|Diya Aur Toofan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roychoudhury |first=Amborish |date=2022-06-12 |title=Once Upon a Cinema: The 'Karate King' who also directed Malgudi Days |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-upon-a-cinema-the-karate-king-who-also-directed-malgudi-days-10783801.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306030344/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-upon-a-cinema-the-karate-king-who-also-directed-malgudi-days-10783801.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=575}}</ref>

The song ''Ee Roopave Nannee Baalina'' was previously used by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] for the 1978 Telugu movie ''[[Annadammula Savaal]]'', which was a remake of the 1977 Kannada film ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]''.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=March 2023}}
Ramu ([[Shankar Nag]]), an artists arrives to his friend's (Dr. Dayal) village. Dr. Dayal is a researcher. After finding his house strange, Ramu decides to stay elsewhere in another guest house which belongs to Naganna ([[Thoogudeepa Srinivas|Thougudeepa Srinivas]]). He befriends Seetha, his neighbor. Dayal advises him to marry soon.

Soon, Ramu falls for Seetha, and she reciprocates as well. One night, he sees Bhairava, Dayal's servant, carrying a dead body to Dayal's house. It is then revealed that Dayal is working on a research to [[Cryogenics|bring back people from being dead.]]

Seetha's father approves Ramu's request to marry her.

In a fateful encounter, when cruel men try to [[gang rape]] her, Ramu arrives and saves her after which he cuts off their mustaches. On the day of Ramu and Seetha's marriage, Ramu is found dead in his house by his friend Dayal. Seetha flees to see him but she trips from the stairs and falls unconscious. When the police arrive to examine Ramu's body, he is nowhere to be found. After Dayal returns home, his servant says that, he retrieved Ramu's body and kept it in his lab. Dayal operates on him and removes his brain and keeps in a [[deep freezer]] for research purposes.

Elsewhere, Seetha is devastated about Ramu's death. Soon, Seetha's father also dies due to heart attack, unable to see his daughter's suffering. Seetha loses her mental state, due to depression. Dr Dayal tries his best to convince her that Ramu is no more. But she attempts to commit suicide, and falls to the water from a great height. After rescuing her, Dayal performs [[brain transplant]] to replace Seetha's brain with that of Ramu, a procedure he has never experimented before. After several weeks, Seetha wakes up and is shockingly seen to be behaving like Ramu. She also reveals what happened that night: When Ramu was getting ready on his marriage day, a killer ([[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]]) arrives and attacks him, who says that Muddanna, Linganna, Giriyappa, and Naganna bribed him to attack Ramu, to exact revenge. But the killer, stabs him and kills him.

Seetha (aka ''Seetharamu'') decides to take revenge on the culprits. Seetha begins to act as Ramu, thus people think that the dead Ramu's spirit has possessed her. She mimics all of Ramu's actions. Ramu eventually takes revenge cleverly on all the 4 culprits and surrenders to the police.

== Cast ==
* [[Shankar Nag]] as Ramu
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] as Seetha
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]]
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Dr. Dayal
* [[Shakti Prasad]]
* Arikesari
* [[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]]
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udayashankar|Chi Udayashankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 1979 |title=Seetha Ramu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/seetha-ramu/wo,KewOCnYQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307134104/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/seetha-ramu/wo,KewOCnYQ_ |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Onde Ondu Aasayu" became popular and was remixed in the 2006 film ''[[Jackpot (2006 film)|Jackpot]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2006 |title=Jackpot review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jackpot-review-kannada-movie-7846 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612203206/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jackpot-review-kannada-movie-7846 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hoovina Sogasu Ninagagi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Onde Ondu Aseyu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length2 =
| title3 = Bande Baruthane Rama
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length3 =
| title4 = Ee Roopave Nannee Baalina
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
The film was a success and made Shankar Nag popular among the masses.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=17 June 1979 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n257/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=Sunday |volume=17 |page=51 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230305152815/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n257/mode/2up |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{V. Somashekhar}}

[[Category:1979 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films about brain transplantation]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Ithramathram

2026-03-03T20:48:53Z

JungPapst1287: adding info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ithra Mathram
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. Gopinathan
| producer =
| writer = K. Gopinathan
| based_on = {{Based on|''Ithra Mathram''|[[Kalpatta Narayanan]]}}
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Swetha Menon]] [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1999)|Malavika Nair]] [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 98 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|14}}
| language = Malayalam
| gross = 
| country = India
}}
'''''Ithramathram''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by K. Gopinathan from a screenplay adapted from [[Kalpatta Narayanan]]'s novel of the same name. The film takes a closer look into the life of a 38-year-old woman living in a sleepy village in [[Wayanad]], on her death, from the memories of a few persons who were part of her life. The film stars [[Biju Menon]], [[Swetha Menon]] and Malavika in pivotal roles. The film was released on 14 September 2012 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/reviews/category/malayalam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312192903/http://www.sify.com/movies/reviews/category/malayalam/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2013|title=Movie Review: Ithra Maathram|date=|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> It won the [[FIPRESCI]] Award for Best Malayalam Film at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala#IFFK 2012|17th]] [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535|title=Curtains down on IFFK, Sta. Nina bags Suvarna Chakoram|date=14 December 2012|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama|Manoramaonline]]|accessdate=15 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130111052013/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535|archivedate=11 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Biju Menon]] as Vasudevan
* [[Swetha Menon]] as Sumithra
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Marlyamma
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Gowdar
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Poduval
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Dasan
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Kaaranavar
* [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1999)|Malavika Nair]] as Anasooya

==Awards==
;[[International Film Festival of Kerala|International Film Festival of Kerala - 2012]]
*FIPRESCI Award for Best Malayalam Film – (K. Gopinath)
;[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* Nominated—[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Swetha Menon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2574902}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Yagnam (1991 film)

2026-03-03T18:29:49Z

JungPapst1287: Created the info w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yagnam
| image =
| caption =
| writer = [[Kalipatnam Ramarao]]
| story =
| screenplay =
| producer = Vuppunuthula Purushotham Reddy
| director = [[Gutha Ramineedu]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bhanu Chander]]|[[P. L. Narayana]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Yagnam''''' ([[English language|English]]: The Offering) is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[social problem film]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} directed by [[Gutha Ramineedu]] based on a 1964 play by [[Kalipatnam Ramarao]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=yagnam+1992&pg=RA6-PA1994-IA10|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|first1=Ashish|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first2=Paul|last2=Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943257|via=Google Books}}</ref> The film has garnered the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]], and the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-g-ramineedu-is-no-more-news-telugu-kkfscxgiecasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905140856/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-g-ramineedu-is-no-more-news-telugu-kkfscxgiecasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-09-05|title=Director G.Ramineedu is no more|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0349202/|title=Ramineedu Gutha|website=IMDb}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
The film deals with the life of a poor farmer ([[P. L. Narayana]]) and his dysfunctional family. The farmer sacrifices his own son ([[Bhanu Chander]]) as an offering to overcome his debt.

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] - [[P. L. Narayana]]<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/katha-nilayam-first-stop-for-any-queries-on-telugu-short-stories/article8476059.ece|title=Touchstone to Telugu tales|first=K V|last=Kurmanath|date=15 April 2016}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - [[Gutha Ramineedu]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] - [[Kalipatnam Ramarao]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about farmers' suicides in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gutha Ramineedu]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen

2026-03-03T04:58:28Z

JungPapst1287: Created the pg v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Guru Dhanapal]]
| writer = Guru Dhanapal
| producer = G. D. Ramesh
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]]|[[Monisha]]}}
| cinematography = Guru Dhanapal
| editing = K. R. Ramalingam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sree Padmavathy Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|04|12}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen''''' ({{Translation|I thought of you, I recited a song}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Guru Dhanapal]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]] and [[Monisha]]. It was released on 12 April 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen / உன்னை நெனச்சேன் பாட்டுபடிச்சேன் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unna-nenachen-pattu-padichen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120061250/https://screen4screen.com/movies/unna-nenachen-pattu-padichen |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unnai Nenachen Pattu Padichen ( 1992 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1648 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820023419/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1648 |archive-date=20 August 2004 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Muthurasu and Periyasamy are brothers living with their father, the village headman, Nattamai, and their grandmother. When Nattamai learns that his niece Meenakshi is being married off without his knowledge, he confronts Meenakshi's father, Rathnasamy, insisting she be married to one of his sons, as per custom. Rathnasamy refuses, holding a long-standing grudge against Nattamai over past dowry disputes. Humiliated, Muthurasu and Periyasamy, following their father's advice, set out to abduct Meenakshi. Rathnasamy's men intercept them, but the brothers overpower and take Meenakshi away. During the escape, a spear is hurled from nowhere and fatally wounds Periyasamy.

Angered by the cancellation of his wedding, Meenakshi's groom, Maarithevan, confronts Muthurasu with his men. The villagers stop them at the village boundary, and just as violence threatens to erupt between the two villages, a police [[inspector]] intervenes. The issue is taken to the village panchayat, where Rathnasamy demands Meenakshi's return. On the inspector's suggestion, Meenakshi is asked for her choice. She declares she despises Maarithevan and threatens suicide if forced to marry him, choosing instead to stay in her uncle Nattamai's house. Maarithevan vows to marry her regardless. Nattamai arranges Meenakshi's marriage with Muthurasu, a union she accepts. Muthurasu, however, refuses marriage, burdened by the loss of his cousin Dhanam, who died years earlier. Without marriage, Meenakshi's stay in their home would tarnish her honor, yet Muthurasu remains firm. Curious, Meenakshi asks about Dhanam.

Muthurasu's grandmother recounts the past: Muthurasu and Dhanam loved each other deeply. One day, while hiding from the family, Dhanam concealed herself in a wooden box. Unaware, Nattamai locked the room, and the box latched shut. When Muthurasu returned, he discovered Dhanam had suffocated inside. Traumatized, he has since rejected the idea of marriage. Hearing this, Meenakshi develops respect and love for Muthurasu's unwavering devotion. Though unmarried, Meenakshi tries to win his affection. Maarithevan attacks Muthurasu through his henchman Azhagu, but Muthurasu defeats them. He buys Meenakshi new sarees, noticing she has none since her arrival.

Once, Meenakshi jumps into a well when Muthurasu refuses to eat her cooking, pretending to faint to evoke his concern. When Muthurasu learns of her act, he punishes her by hiding her clothes while she bathes in the river, but soon returns them. Muthurasu urges his father to find a groom for Meenakshi and even brings a family forward, but Nattamai insists she is destined only for him. Rathnasamy convenes the panchayat, demanding Meenakshi either marry Muthurasu as promised or be returned to him. Despite Meenakshi's wishes, the panchayat decides she should go with her father. As Rathnasamy forcibly takes her away, Muthurasu rescues Meenakshi. Rathnasamy demands an immediate marriage or her return. Unable to let go of Dhanam, Muthurasu refuses marriage. The inspector intervenes to allow Meenakshi to stay where she chooses, returning to Muthurasu's home, and advises Muthurasu to marry Meenakshi at least for her happiness.

Following Dhanam's mother, Vellathayi's advice, Meenakshi dresses and behaves like Dhanam to please him, but Muthurasu slaps her. The temple priest instructs Meenakshi to light a thousand lamps on a full-moon night to gain blessings, but even this fails. In despair, Meenakshi attempts suicide by setting her saree ablaze, only to be rescued by Muthurasu. She breaks down, confessing that just as he cannot forget Dhanam, she cannot forget him, either. Conflicted, Muthurasu dreams of Dhanam, who reassures him that Meenakshi's love mirrors her own and urges him to accept Meenakshi. Meanwhile, heavy rains cause the lake bund to breach, forcing villagers to evacuate. Also, Meenakshi is abducted by Maarithevan to forcibly marry her, but Muthurasu spots them, and in a fierce one-on-one battle, Muthurasu overpowers Maarithevan.

The floodwaters sweep everyone away into a raging river, separating Meenakshi from Muthurasu. Believing he has lost her, Muthurasu grieves—until Meenakshi reappears. As Muthurasu reaches out to embrace her, Meenakshi makes him tie the [[mangalsutra|thali]] taken from the deity's statue. Meenakshi embraces him, fulfilled at last, having won the love she fought for so relentlessly.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Muthurasu
*[[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]] as Meenakshi
*[[Monisha]] as Dhanam
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Periyasamy
*[[Anandaraj]] as Maarithevan, Meenakshi's groom
*[[Janagaraj]] as Duraikannu, [[Nadaswaram|nadaswara]] [[vidwan]]
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Inspector
*[[Senthil]] as Oththu Kuppusamy "Oththu"
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Nattamai, Muthurasu's father
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Rathnasamy, Meenakshi's father
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Muthurasu's grandmother
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Vellathayi, Dhanam's mother
*Vijaya Chandrika as Meenakshi's mother
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Shanthi
*Tiruppur Ramasamy as a villager
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Poosari
*Mannangatti Subramaniam as a [[thavil]] player
*Master Jeyan as Dhanam's brother
*Azhagu as Azhagu
*Mottai Seetharaman as Pannaiyar
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as the donkey's owner
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as a villager
*[[Singamuthu]] as a villager in the panchayath (uncredited role)}}

==Production==
The climax flood sequence was shot in a set at [[Hogenakkal, Dharmapuri|Hogenekkal]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=1 September 2019 |title=Direction Dreams: We have a lot to learn from Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/Sep/01/direction-dreams-we-have-a-lot-to-learn-from-malayalam-cinema-14001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260113223511/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/Sep/01/direction-dreams-we-have-a-lot-to-learn-from-malayalam-cinema-14001.html |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Nenaichen Paatu Padichen (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000217.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527182031/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000217.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Unna Nenachen Paattu Padichen |url=https://isaishop.com/product/shop/digital-albums/ilaiyaraaja/unna-nenachen-paattu-padichen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216054012/https://isaishop.com/product/shop/digital-albums/ilaiyaraaja/unna-nenachen-paattu-padichen/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=IsaiShop |language=en}}</ref> The song in the film "Ennai Thottu Alli Konda" has a cult following in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Veteran Tamil lyricist Piraisoodan passes away in Chennai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-tamil-lyricist-piraisoodan-passes-away-chennai-156311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020134301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-tamil-lyricist-piraisoodan-passes-away-chennai-156311 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=WATCH: மாலை நேரத்துல மழையை ரசிக்க.. இனிமையான 5 இளையராஜா பாடல்கள்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-watch-these-isaignani-ilayaraja-songs-for-this-evening-to-more-blissful-827733.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216054004/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-watch-these-isaignani-ilayaraja-songs-for-this-evening-to-more-blissful-827733.html |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Ennai Thottu" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=2|[[Piraisoodan]] || 4:54
|-
| "Kanna Un Kannil" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:49
|-
| "Vaanam Idi Idikka" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:59
|-
| "Mundi Mundi Nayaagare" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Ponnadiyan || 5:28
|-
| "Thottu Thottu Thukkipattu" || [[Minmini]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:58
|}

==Reception==
Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt only the first 13 minutes of the film were interesting, and the film later became boring.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=10 May 1992 |title=உன்னை நினைச்சேன் பாட்டுப் படிச்சேன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-10/page/n3/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230805145923/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-10/page/n3/mode/2up |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=3 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Guru Dhanapal}}
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about weddings]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guru Dhanapal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri

2026-02-28T19:32:10Z

JungPapst1287: Created basic data w/ sources.

{{Short description|Public Institute in Nilokheri, Karnal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Haryana Institute of Technology, Nilokheri
| former_name = Government engineering College (GEC Nilokheri)
| native_name = राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, निलोखेड़ी
| image =
| established = 2015
| coordinates = {{coord|29.83|N|76.93|E|type:edu|format=dms|display = inline,title}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Government agency]]
| chairman = Haryana Government; Haryana Technical Education Department
| director = T. R. Mudgal
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty = 50+
| students = 900+
| undergrad = 900+
| postgrad = 0
| city = [[Nilokheri]], [[Karnal]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Semi-urban
| other_names = SIET Nilokheri & GEC NLK
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], AICTE, NEW DELHI, HSBTE, Haryana
| website = {{URL|http://www.gecnilokheri.ac.in|Official Website}}
| Deputy Director =
}}

The '''State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri''' also known as '''Haryana Institute of Technology, Nilokheri''' (formerly Government Engineering College, Nilokheri) ([[Hindi]]: राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, निलोखेड़ी, abbreviated '''SIETN''') is a public government [[engineering]] institution in [[Nilokheri]]. It is one of the five [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana|engineering higher education Institute]] run by the [[Government of Haryana]], the others being Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa, [[State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari|Rao Bijender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari]], [[Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar]] and [[State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panchkula]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Physical Counselling-cum-Admission Notice for B.Tech. 1st year 2023-24 | url=https://gppanchkula.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/BTech-ADVERTISEMENT-_pkl_230829_204348.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830073533/https://gppanchkula.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/BTech-ADVERTISEMENT-_pkl_230829_204348.jpg | archive-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>

==History==
The concept of the diploma institute at [[Nilokheri]] as an engineering college was first introduced in year 2000. After many initial tries, college was supposed to open in 2010 but due to government and political policy, idea was rejected once again. The institute building was inaugurated by [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], who was the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] on 23 September 2012 which previously being used by the students of [[Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri]] (GPN)'s for attending classes of Diploma Ist year & later were shifted out en bloc to mark the beginning of SIET Nilokheri at its campus in new building. The Guru BrahmaNand Ji Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri (GBNGPN) is thus the mother institution of GEC Nilokheri. The institute was proposed to upgrade to the '''Haryana Institute of Technology, Nilokheri''' by [[Nayab Singh Saini]], the current [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] on March 17, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Budget 2025-26 | url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s386e78499eeb33fb9cac16b7555b50767/uploads/2025/03/202503221525770346.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814214239/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s386e78499eeb33fb9cac16b7555b50767/uploads/2025/03/202503221525770346.pdf | archive-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

==Foundation==
The institute was granted the status of [[engineering college]] on 30 April 2016 having named [[Government Engineering College, Nilokheri]] which was later changed to State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gecnilokheri.ac.in/History.aspx|title = S.I.E.T-Nilokheri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020207/ncr2.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - NCR stories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/notice-board/news/haryana-government-introduce-new-textbooks-for-primary-classes-47614.aspx|title=Haryana Government introduce new textbooks for Primary Classes|website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref> The institution have best record in placements of 2021 and 2020 batch. Up to 70% of CSE branch students were placed in [[multinational corporation]]s like [[TCS (logistics company)|TCS]], [[NIIT]], etc. Students of this institution show keen interested in open source development, competitive programming, data structure and algorithms, machine learning, artificial intelligence, etc.

== Recognition ==
State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri is affiliated to [[Kurukshetra University]] and is approved by [[All India Council of Technical Education]], New Delhi (AICTE) and the Department of Technical Education, Govt. of Haryana (DTE). Institution has establish an Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) as a post-accreditation quality sustenance measure.<ref>{{Cite web | title=S.I.E.T - Nilokheri | url=https://gecnilokheri.ac.in/IQAC.aspx | access-date=2025-06-15 | website=gecnilokheri.ac.in}}</ref>

==Admissions==
Admission in B.Tech. first year is given to students on the basis of their ranks in [[Joint Entrance Examination]]-Main.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bestcoursesindia.blogspot.in/2016/07/govt-engineering-college-nilokheri.html|title = Govt Engineering College Nilokheri Karnal BTech Admission Notification 2016}}</ref> Admission in second year though B.Tech. Lateral Entry scheme is done on basis of B.E./B.Tech Lateral Engineering Entrance Test exam conducted by Haryana State Technical Education Society.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Admission Brochure for ONLINE ENTRANCE TEST-B.E./B.Tech (LEET)-2016 |url=http://www.hstes.org.in:80/pdf/2016_pdf/Prospectus/B.Tech-LEET%20Brochure%20%202016-17%20final%20without%20highlight.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517031212/http://www.hstes.org.in:80/pdf/2016_pdf/Prospectus/B.Tech-LEET%20Brochure%20%202016-17%20final%20without%20highlight.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=hstes.org.in}}</ref>

==Departments==
* Applied Science
* Computer Science & Engineering
* [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]
* Electrical Engineering
* Electronics & Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

== Academic programs ==
State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri awards [[undergraduate]] [[B.Tech]] in various engineering fields in a four-year [[Engineering]] programme.
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Discipline !! Intake !!Full Time\Part Time
|-
| 1 ||[[Computer engineering|Computer Engineering]] || 90|| Full Time
|-
|2
|Computer Science Engineering (AI & ML)
|30
|Full Time
|-
| 3 ||[[Electronics and Communication engineering|Electronics and Communication Engineering]] || 60|| Full Time
|-
| 4 ||[[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]] || 60|| Full Time
|-
| 5 ||[[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]] || 60|| Full Time
|-
|6
|Electrical Engineering
|60
|Full Time
|-
|}

Institute began Masters [[Post-graduate]] [[M.Tech]] from session 2022-23 onwards. As per the Institute website information available, Mtech will be offered by Computer science engineering and Mechanical engineering department respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Discipline !! Intake !!Full Time\Part Time
|-
| 1 ||[[Robotics]] and [[Artificial Intelligence]] || 18|| Full Time
|-
| 2 ||Advanced Manufacturing [[Technology]] || 18|| Full Time
|-
|}

==Student life==
===Tech-Kriti Annual Fest===
The Institute along with its constituent clubs organizes its annual cultural fest Tech-Kriti-Fest. It is a Two-day-long event held in May every year.

===Ruksat===
The Institute along with its constituent clubs organizes its farewell program to bid farewell to its final year students.

===Annual Athletic Meet===
Annual Athletic Meet is organized since 2017 in the month of March Every Year.

===Alumni Meet===

Alumni Meet for former students are organised time to time strenthning the Industry and academic bond.

===Training and Placement Cell===
Training and Placement (T&P) Cell, has the primary aim of helping students to find Summer training, industry intraction visits, internships and find campus placement after completion of UG & PG academic Programme. It primarily works as a bridge between the industry and the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/company/training-and-placement-office-cell-siet-nilokheri|title=Training and Placement Cell, SIET Nilokheri | LinkedIn|website=in.linkedin.com}}</ref> It is a dedicated Cell managing training, internships, and placements under the supervision & Team work of Training and Placement Professor-in-charge Dr. Parveen Kumar Saini.
<ref>{{Cite web | title=S.I.E.T - Nilokheri | url=https://gecnilokheri.ac.in/OurTeam.aspx | access-date=2025-06-15 | website=gecnilokheri.ac.in}}</ref>

===National Service Scheme and NCC===
This institute also has [[National Service Scheme]] for better development of students enriching their overall personality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gecnilokheri.ac.in/fee_structure.aspx |title=Fee Structure | Government Engineering College Nilokheri |access-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814161342/http://www.gecnilokheri.ac.in/fee_structure.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
NCC has been introduced in the college from 21 to 22 session onwards.

==Campus==
The institute is in [[Nilokheri]], district [[Karnal, Haryana]]. It spreads over {{cvt|360|acre}}. The site has a strategic location in that it is {{cvt|143|km}} from National Capital [[New Delhi]] and 107 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]] on Delhi-Chandighar National Highway (NH-1). It is well connected by road and railway having Nilokheri railway station. The campus is also close to other educational, training and research institutions such as the [[Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri]], [[Central Tool Room Extension Center, Nilokheri]], [[National Dairy Research Institute]], [[University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University]], [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]], [[Govt. Polytechnic, Umri]], [[National Institute of Design, Kurukshetra]], [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Kurukshetra]] and [[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]].

==See also==
* [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] (AICTE)
* [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU)
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.gecnilokheri.ac.in}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170320232707/http://www.sbtetworld.co.in/hsbte-result/ HSBTE RESULTS]
*{{cite web | title=Govt Engineering College in Jhajjar | website=CRSSIET JHAJJAR | date=24 September 2021 | url=https://crssiet.weebly.com/ | access-date=11 October 2021}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nilokheri}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Education in Karnal]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University]]
[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Nilokheri]]

Muzaffarnagar

2026-02-22T17:33:30Z

JungPapst1287: page updated

{{About|the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Muzaffarnagar district}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muzaffarnagar
| official_name =
| settlement_type = City
| nickname = Sugar Bowl of Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|29.482|77.700|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
| established_title = First Settled
| established_date = 1399
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 1633
| established_title2 = Incorporated as City
| established_date2 = 1826
| founder = Syed Muzaffar Ali Khan
| named_for = Syed Muzaffar Ali Khan
| governing_body = Municipal Board of Muzaffarnagar
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Umesh Mishra
[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="dm-profile">{{Cite web|url=https://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/dm-profile/|title=Who's Who|website=muzaffarnagar.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name1 = [[Harendra Singh Malik]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 204.8
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 267
| population_total = 494,792
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011Cities>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=31 October 2023|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=2011UA>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122151653/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|15]] (In [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]])
| population_blank1_title = City
| population_blank1 = 351,838
| population_demonym = Muzaffarnagri
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title3 = Native
| demographics1_info3 = [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]
| demographics1_title4 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info4 = 85.16
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 251001
| postal2_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal2_code = 251002
| area_code = 0131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-12
| blank_name_sec1 = First newspaper
| blank_info_sec1 = ''Dainik Dehat'' (est. 1936)
| website = {{URL|muzaffarnagar.nic.in}}
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kapil Dev Agarwal]] ([[BJP]])
}}

'''Muzaffarnagar''' ({{IPA|hi|mʊzəfːəɾ.nəgəɾ}}, {{IPA|hi|mʊd͡ʒəp.pʰəɾ.nəgəɾ|also}}) is a city under [[Muzaffarnagar district]] in the Indian State of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is situated midway on the [[Delhi]] - [[Haridwar]]/[[Dehradun]] National Highway ([[NH 58]]) and is also well connected with the [[Indian Railways|national railway network]]. It is known as the sugarbowl of Uttar Pradesh.

The city previously called Sarwat and is located in the middle of the highly fertile upper [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]] region and is very near to New Delhi and Saharanpur, making it one of the most developed and prosperous cities of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the Saharanpur division. This city is part of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and [[Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor]] (ADKIC). It shares its border with the state of Uttarakhand and it is the principal commercial, industrial and educational hub of Western Uttar Pradesh.

==History==
[[File:The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi.jpg|thumb|Khan-i Jahan Muzaffar Barha (right) and Sayyid Mian Barha I (left)]]
The earliest settlers of Muzaffarnagar and the region around it were [[Brahmins]] and [[Rajputs]], followed by later migrations of [[Jat]] and [[Gurjar]] tribes.<ref name="Ross"/> The town was established in 1633 by the son of a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Commander Sayyid Muzaffar Khan Barha, otherwise known as Khan-i-Jahan,<ref>{{cite book |author=Cadell |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath&pg=RA4-PA31 |title=Settlement Report of the District of Muzaffarnagar: Including a Report on the Permanent Settlement of the Western Parganas of the District, and Also a Report on the Settlement of the Ganges Canal Tract |date=1873 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |page=31 |author-link=Alan Cadell}}</ref> during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. At the time Muzaffarnagar was part of the ''Barah country'' as it was intimately connected with the Indian Muslim kinship group called the [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barah Sayyids]],<ref name="Ross">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=snpCAAAAIAAJ&dq=muzaffarnagar+barha+country&pg=PA266 |page=266 |author= David Ross |title= The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh |date= 1883 }}</ref> who controlled the upper Doab.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=25MbAQAAIAAJ&dq=sayyid+barha+rural&pg=PA68 |title= The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Volume 10 |page=68 |author= William Wilson Hunter |date=1885 |publisher=the University of California |isbn= 978-81-7019-108-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SW45AAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffarnagar+barha+country |title= Islamic Culture:Volume 7 |page=439 |author= Marmaduke William Pickthall, Muhammad Asad |date=1933 }}</ref> From Muzaffarnagar, the influential [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyid brothers]] became de-facto rulers of the Mughal empire in the 1710s. The Indian Muslim inhabitants of [[Jansath|Barha]] especially from near the town of [[Jansath]] were heavily recruited in the Mughal army and in the personal cavalry of the [[Sayyid Brothers]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-VbRAAAAMAAJ&q=khafi+khan+the+syeds+barha+non-muslims |title= Discovery of Pakistan |author= Abdul Aziz |date= 1964 |publisher= the University of Michigan |page= 136 }}</ref>

In 1901, during the [[British Raj]], it was a district in the [[Meerut]] Division in [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_089.gif Muzaffarnagar District] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 18, p. 83.</ref> In 1947, when the country got independence [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] was hoisted for the first time in the Muzaffarnagar City.<ref name="imp93">{{cite web| title = Muzaffarnagar City|publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Digital South Asia Library, Volume 18|page= 93|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_099.gif|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

On 18 October 1976, during "[[The Emergency (India)#Forced sterilisation|The Emergency]], Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's suspension of democracy in India, between 25 and 30 people protesting against [[compulsory sterilisation]] were [[Homicide|killed]] when [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh police]] fired into the [[crowd]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/emergency-excesses-still-families-in-muzaffarnagar/article7371660.ece Emergency excesses still haunt Khalapar], by Mohammad Ali, ''The Hindu'' ([[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu), 1 July 2015</ref>

===2013 Muzaffarnagar riots===
The [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]] between Hindus and Muslims resulted in 62 deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-data-of-riot-victims-identifying-religion/articleshow/22998550.cms|title=Government releases data of riot victims identifying religion|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 September 2013|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

According to a May 2015 report in [[India Today]]:{{Blockquote|[[Shamli]] and adjoining Muzaffarnagar districts are considered sensitive ever since large-scale communal violence erupted in August and September 2013. More than 50 people had died and over 50,000 were rendered homeless ... The riot that ensued had engulfed many districts of western UP.<ref name="IT May 2015">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/western-up-violence-shamli-clashes-tablighi-jamaat-clerics-kandhla-station-bsp-sp-251281-2015-05-03|title=Western Uttar Pradesh tense after communal violence in Shamli|publisher=India Today|date=4 May 2015|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>}}

==Geography==
{{See also|List of cities in Uttar Pradesh}}

===Topography===
Muzaffarnagar is 272 meters above sea level<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Muzaffarnagar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Muzaffarnagar, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> in the Doab region of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. It is 125 kilometres north east of the national capital, [[New Delhi]], and 200 kilometres south east of [[Chandigarh]], and near to [[Roorkee]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Meerut]] & [[Bijnor]].

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}
Muzaffarnagar has a [[monsoon]] influenced [[humid subtropical]] climate characterised by much hot summers and cooler winters. Summers last from early April to late June and are extremely hot. The monsoon arrives in late June and continues until the middle of September. Temperatures drop slightly, with plenty of cloud cover but with higher humidity. Temperatures rise again in October and the city then has a mild, dry winter season from late October to the middle of March. June is the warmest month of the year.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

The temperature in June averages 30.2 °C. In January, the average temperature goes to as low as 7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The average annual temperature in Muzaffarnagar is 24.2 °C. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in Muzaffarnagar are {{convert|45|C|F}} on 29 May 1994 and {{convert|-2.6|C|F}} on 23 December 1990 respectively. The rainfall averages 929 mm. The driest month is November, with 8 mm of rain. Highest precipitation falls in July, with an average of 261.4 mm.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

According to the ''World Air Quality Report 2024'', Muzaffarnagar is one of the 20 most polluted cities in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-12 |title=With 13 of 20 most polluted cities, India ranks 5th globally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-13-of-20-most-polluted-cities-india-ranks-5th-globally/articleshow/118909491.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<div class="center">
{{Weather box|width = auto
| collapsed =
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Muzaffarnagar (1991–2020, extremes 1981–2020)
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 28.9
| Feb record high C = 31.5
| Mar record high C = 37.4
| Apr record high C = 42.6
| May record high C = 45.0
| Jun record high C = 44.4
| Jul record high C = 42.0
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 35.8
| Nov record high C = 33.1
| Dec record high C = 28.8
| year record high C = 45.0
| Jan high C = 19.0
| Feb high C = 23.0
| Mar high C = 28.2
| Apr high C = 34.8
| May high C = 37.6
| Jun high C = 36.2
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.5
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.1
| Nov high C = 26.5
| Dec high C = 21.5
| year high C = 29.7
| Jan low C = 5.8
| Feb low C = 8.7
| Mar low C = 12.9
| Apr low C = 18.1
| May low C = 22.4
| Jun low C = 24.3
| Jul low C = 25.0
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 22.6
| Oct low C = 16.2
| Nov low C = 10.1
| Dec low C = 6.3
| year low C = 16.5
| Jan record low C = -0.9
| Feb record low C = 1.5
| Mar record low C = 0.0
| Apr record low C = 6.2
| May record low C = 11.0
| Jun record low C = 15.4
| Jul record low C = 18.4
| Aug record low C = 17.4
| Sep record low C = 12.6
| Oct record low C = 7.0
| Nov record low C = 2.6
| Dec record low C = -2.6
| year record low C = -2.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 20.5
| Feb rain mm = 32.2
| Mar rain mm = 25.0
| Apr rain mm = 13.4
| May rain mm = 29.2
| Jun rain mm = 90.6
| Jul rain mm = 232.0
| Aug rain mm = 232.5
| Sep rain mm = 162.3
| Oct rain mm = 21.2
| Nov rain mm = 6.4
| Dec rain mm = 7.3
| year rain mm = 872.5
| Jan rain days = 1.7
| Feb rain days = 2.4
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 4.4
| Jul rain days = 9.2
| Aug rain days = 9.6
| Sep rain days = 5.7
| Oct rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 41.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 58
| Feb humidity = 50
| Mar humidity = 44
| Apr humidity = 32
| May humidity = 34
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 70
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 57
| year humidity = 53
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Muzaffarnagar Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 515–516
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
}}</div>

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Muzaffar Nagar municipality had a population of 351,838<ref name=2011Cities/> The municipality had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 897 females per 1,000 males and 12.01% of the population were under six years old.<ref name=2011Cities/> Effective literacy was 85.16%; male literacy was 88.83% and female literacy was 81.05%.<ref name=2011Cities/> The urban/metropolitan population is 494,792, of which 261,338 are males and 233,454 are females.<ref name=2011UA/>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Muzaffarnagar City (2011)<ref name="census2011"/>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 55.79
| color1 = darkorange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 41.39
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Jainism]]
| value3 = 1.76
| color3 = Brown
| label4 = Other
| value4 = 2
| color4 = Black
}}
The city has 55.79% [[Hindus]], 41.39% [[Muslims]], 1.7% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.67% [[Sikhs]], 0.67% [[Buddhist]]s and 0.17% [[Christians]]<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

===Language===
The [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] dialect is the native tongue of the city which resembles the Haryanvi dialect of adjoining [[Haryana]]. The official languages of Hindi, Urdu and English are also widely understood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Economy==
[[Sugar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar jaggery]] production are important industries in the district. As a result of the farming activities around, the city is an important hub of [[jaggery]] trading business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muzaffarnagar clashes sour its famed jaggery business|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news/42217995_1_muzaffarnagar-jaggery-arun-khandelwal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721011326/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news/42217995_1_muzaffarnagar-jaggery-arun-khandelwal|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2014|date=19 September 2013|access-date=10 July 2014|agency=India Times|publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Muzaffarnagar is an industrial city with [[sugar]], [[steel]] and [[paper]] being the major industries. District Muzaffarnagar has 8 sugar mills. More than 40% of the region's population is engaged in agriculture. According to Economic Research firm ''Indicus Analytics'', Muzaffarnagar has the highest agricultural GDP in Uttar Pradesh, as well as UP's largest granary.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

== Healthcare ==
Muzaffaranagar has both public and private healthcare system. The [[District hospital]] is the major government hospital in the city along with several general practitioners in the city. The city is also catered by a private medical college ([[Muzaffarnagar Medical College]]) on the outskirts of the city.

==Transportation==
[[File:Bada Darwaza (Front Gate) Kakrouli Muzaffarnagar.jpg|thumb|left|Bada Darwaza in vill. Kakrauli Front Gate]]
[[File:Shiv Murti.jpg|thumb|Shiv Chowk]]
[[File:St. John's Church.png|thumb|left|St. John's Church]]
[[File:Muzaffarnagar railway station.jpg|thumb|Railway Station]]
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}
Muzaffarnagar connected by road and railway networks. The [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] - [[Saharanpur]] line passes through the city. [[Indian Railways]] provides connections to [[New Delhi]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[South India]], and other parts of the country. [[Dehradun Shatabdi Express]] and [[Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express]] trains pass through and halt at the [[Muzaffarnagar railway station|Muzaffarnagar station]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
[[File:National Highway 58 (India).png|thumb|alt= NH-58 passing through Muzaffarnagar|NH-58 passing through M.Nagar]]
The National Highway - 58 (NH-58) passes through Muzaffarnagar city. This highway provides connections towards Delhi on the southern direction and upper reaches of the Himalayas in the [[Uttarakhand]] state in the northern direction. The highway is the backbone of road transportation for the Muzaffarnagar city as well as the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of Uttarakhand. Cities and areas of Hardwar, Rishikesh, Dehradun as well as [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]] are served by this highway.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

City transportation mostly consists of tricycles and 3-wheeled vehicles, rickshaws. An international airport, Muzaffarnagar International Airport, was proposed in the city in order to reduce the traffic at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], however, the same was transferred to the Jewar Airport.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Environmental concerns===
Muzaffarnagar lies approximately halfway on the road from Delhi to Uttarakhand [[Rishikesh]] (the [[National highways in India|NH]]-58). As a result, many roadside resorts and eateries have sprung up on the highway near the city. Especially, the town of [[Khatauli]] is famed for its canal side forest park named "Cheetal". Once visited for the sight of [[deer]] and [[rabbits]] and other wild animals, the Cheetal is now encroached by privately owned [[dhaba]]s and resorts thus sidelining the animals.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Notable people==
{{famous|date=January 2017}}


*[[Kapil Dev Agarwal]], politician, MLA from Muzaffarnagar City and state minister in Uttar Pradesh Government.
*[[Vijay Kumar Kashyap]], politician, Ex-MLA Charthawal and former Minister of State for Revenue, Flood
*[[Gourav Baliyan]], wrestler
*[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]], political figure, MLA from Budhana Assembly Seat.
*[[Sanjeev Balyan]], politician, former Minister of State for Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
*[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]], political figure<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/khatauli.html|access-date=18 May 2018|title=Elections: Uttar Pradesh Assembly}}</ref>
*[[Kamna Chandra]], Haryana film writer
*[[Sumit Jain]], entrepreneur, co-founder & CEO Opentalk.to | co-founder and ex-CEO of [[Commonfloor.com]]
*[[Divya Kakran]], wrestler
*[[Swami Kalyandev]] (1876–2004), an [[asceticism|ascetic]] in the fields of education and social reform, awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Indian government
*[[Amir Alam Khan]], former M.P. and Uttar Pradesh minister, chairman of Bharat groups of colleges
*[[Liaquat Ali Khan]], first Prime Minister of Pakistan (once lived in Muzaffarnagar)
*[[Nawazish Alam Khan]], former MLA from Bhudana Vidhansabha
*[[Nishu Kumar]], Indian professional football player, plays as full back at [[Kerala Blasters FC]] and [[India men's national football team|India]].
*[[Harendra Singh Malik]], Lok Sabha MP from Muzaffarnagar constituency
*[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]], political figure, MLA from Charthawal Assembly Seat.
*[[Alam Muzaffarnagari]], Indian Urdu writer
*[[Mithlesh Pal]], political figure, MLA from Meerapur(Muzaffarnagar) Assembly Seat falls in Bijnor constituency.
*[[Vishnu Prabhakar]], novelist, writer, journalist<ref>{{cite news|url= https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Prabhakar|title= Vishnu Prabhakar}}</ref>
*[[Sultan Rahi]], Pakistani actor
*[[Kadir Rana]], politician, former Lok Sabha MP from Muzaffarnagar constituency
*[[Shahnawaz Rana]], politician, former M.L.A from Bijnor constituency, Uttar pradesh
*[[Sumit Rathi]], Indian football player, plays for [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] and Indian U-17 Football Team
*[[Rajpal Singh Saini]], political figure
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], Bollywood actor
*[[Narain Singh (politician)|Narain Singh]], [[Gurjar]] leader and deputy chief minister of UP
*[[Brahma Singh]], scientist and agriculturist; awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Indian government.
*[[Shaukat Thanvi]], Pakistani author who wrote Qazi G
*[[Rakesh Tikait]], Farmer leader
*[[A. M. Turaz]], Indian poet, lyricist, and script writer



==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Muzaffarnagar}}

*[http://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/ Muzaffarnagar Official website]

{{Muzaffarnagar district}}
{{Saharanpur division topics}}
{{Muzaffarnagar district}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarnagar}}
[[Category:Muzaffarnagar| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sonpur Junction railway station

2026-02-22T11:44:20Z

JungPapst1287:

{{Short description|Railway station in Saran, Bihar, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|SONPUR JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Sonepur station.jpeg
| image_caption = Sonpur Junction railway station
[[File:Sonpur Junction railway station nameboard.jpg|thumb|Sonpur Junction railway station nameboard]]
| address = [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonpur]], [[Saran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|41|49|N|85|10|2|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|56|m|ft}}
| line = [[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 8
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SEE
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sonpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| services = 
| route_map = {{switcher
|{{Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section|inline=y}}
| Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section
|{{Barauni–Gorakhpur line|inline=y}}
| Barauni–Gorakhpur line
}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = East Indian Railway
| passengers = 50,000 per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Sonpur Junction
| map_caption = Location in [[Bihar]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Sonpur Junction''', station code '''SEE''', is a railway station and the headquarters of the [[Sonpur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]. Sonpur Junction is located in [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] city in [[Saran district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=sonpurrail.gov.in>{{cite web|title=Official Website of Sonpur Division of East Central Railway|url=http://www.sonpurrail.gov.in/|publisher=Government of India|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506225623/http://www.sonpurrail.gov.in/|archive-date=6 May 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{update|section|cat=Rail transport articles in need of updating|date=February 2015}}
In 2011, the Sonpur Junction was given a facelift with a wider approach roads and greenery in and around the station premises at the cost of {{INRConvert|20|m}}. The work on doubling of tracks on {{Convert|7|km}} tracks between Sonpur and Hajipur has been carried on since past few years and is set to be completed by the end of 2012.<ref name=facelift>{{cite news|title=Sonepur station getting Rs 2-cr facelift|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Sonepur-station-getting-Rs-2-cr-facelift/articleshow/7851881.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/patna/29373965_1_sonepur-booking-office-drm|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

=== Bridge ===
In 2009, the construction of India's longest road-cum-rail bridge, the [[Digha–Sonpur rail–road bridge]], was underway on the banks on the Ganges nearby, to connect Patna to [[Pahlejaghat Junction railway station|Pahleja Ghat]]. The bridge was completed by end of August 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-longest-rail-cum-road-bridge-to-come-up-in-Bihar/Article1-464170.aspx |title=India's longest rail-cum-road bridge to come up in Bihar |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023152514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-longest-rail-cum-road-bridge-to-come-up-in-Bihar/Article1-464170.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2010 }}</ref> It is {{convert|4.55|km|miles}} long and therefore the longest road cum rail bridge in India and one of the longest in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-bridge-cost-likely-to-jump-by-Rs-1000-cr/articleshow/9088951.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105053237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/patna/29732615_1_digha-rail-rail-bridge-guide-bund | url-status=live | archive-date=5 January 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Digha bridge cost likely to jump by Rs 3,000 cr | date=3 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=pataliputra>{{cite news|title=Pataliputra station likely by 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Pataliputra-station-likely-by-2015/articleshow/12499301.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/patna/31275094_1_pataliputra-station-phulwari-fci-terminal-station|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2012}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
There are 4 platforms at Sonpur Junction. The platforms are interconnected with [[foot overbridge]]s (FOB). The length of the platforms were increased in 2011 to accommodate 24-coach trains.<ref name=facelift/> The major facilities available are Waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, Vehicle parking.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=18 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has STD/ISD/PCO Telephone booth, toilets, tea stall and book stall. The passenger reservation system, booking counters and unreserved ticketing system are provided with air-conditioning facility.<ref name=facelift/>

In October 2016, Railways inaugurated a Happiness Junction at the Sonepur railway station, with an objective to provide books and several other entertainment tools to passengers waiting for trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/first-of-its-kind-happiness-jn-at-sonepur/articleshow/54944840.cms|title=First-of-its-kind Happiness Junction at Sonepur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229115252/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/First-of-its-kind-Happiness-Jn-at-Sonepur/articleshow/54944840.cms|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|File:Sonpur railway bihar, India.jpeg|Sonpur jn 1
||Sonpur jn 2
|}}

==Nearest railway stations==
The distance from nearby stations are:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! S.No
! Station
! distance (in km)
|-
| 1
| [[Patliputra Junction railway station|Patliputra]]
| 14
|-
| 2
| [[Pahlejaghat Junction railway station|Bharpura Pahlejaghat]]
| 3.81
|-
| 3
| Parmanandpur
| 7
|-
| 4
| [[Nayagaon railway station|Nayagaon]]
| 11
|-
| 5
| [[Hajipur Junction railway station|Hajipur]]
| 5
|-
| 6
| [[Digha Bridge Halt railway station|Digha Bridge Halt]] (DGBH)
| 9
|}

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Sonpur Junction are:
* [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|15|km}}
* [[Gaya Airport]] {{Convert|121|km}}
* [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]]

== See also ==
* [[Lichchavi Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|701}}
* [http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/ Official website of the Vaishali district]

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}
{{Sonpur Block, Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Saran district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sonpur railway division]]

Vishnu Pandya

2026-02-12T06:17:01Z

JungPapst1287: Created initial info initial version

{{Short description|Indian writer, journalist, biographer and poet}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2012}}
{{prose|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Pandya
| image =Vishnu Pandya.jpg
| caption = Pandya in 2017
| birth_date = 14 September 1945
| birth_place = [[Manavadar]], [[Junagadh]], British India
| other_names =
| known_for = Journalist, writer, historian, columnist
| education = M.A. L.L.B.
| spouse = Dr. Arti Pandya
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2017)
| children =
| signature = Autograph of Vishnu Pandya.jpg
}}

'''Vishnu Pandya''' is a journalist, biographer, poet, novelist, writer and political analyst from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>Fatima Rangvala,Ky to Human right implementation – Awareness, http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_key-to-human-rights-implementation-awareness_1623983</ref> He has been the chairman of [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] since 2017. Pandya writes articles on politics, history and historical places which are carried by several [[Gujarat]]i newspapers and magazines, are among the most widely read columns in the State.<ref>columnist, Vishnu Pandya, http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/abhivyakti/our_columnists/vishnu_pandya/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230003933/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/abhivyakti/our_columnists/vishnu_pandya/ |date=30 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>Columnist, Vishnu Pandya, http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/divyanew/vishnu.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094259/http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/divyanew/vishnu.html |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianjewishassociation.co.uk/jew_india/asianvoice.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 September 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025009/http://www.indianjewishassociation.co.uk/jew_india/asianvoice.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/suspended-cop-turns-poet-in-prison/482425/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He has been active in journalism for the last 40 years. Along with column writing in a Gujarati daily, he serves as General Secretary of Vishwa Gujarati Samaj.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vishwagujaratisamaj.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=4 |title=Office Bearers |website=www.vishwagujaratisamaj.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908021647/http://www.vishwagujaratisamaj.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=4 |archive-date=2012-09-08}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pandya was born in [[Manavadar]] in [[Junagadh State]] (now in [[Junagadh district]] of Gujarat). He was educated at Bahauddin College, Junagadh. His father had worked in South Africa before his return to India after [[World War II]]. He was the District officer – Education in Manavadar.

He married Arti Pandya. She died on 24 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=પદ્મશ્રી વિષ્ણુ પંડ્યાના પત્ની ડો.આરતી પંડ્યાનું અવસાન|date=25 January 2018|publisher=City Bhaskar - Divya Bhaskar|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

==Career==
Pandya started his career with ''Sadhana'' weekly, later became an editor of it at the age of 22.<ref>Nav Nirman movement, "When The Voice of the Nation Was Stifled During Emergency, Gujarat Was A Fertile Ground For Protests That Led To, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205252/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2008/06/25&ID=Ar00400]</ref><ref>Former Editor of Sadhan, Shri Vishnu Pandya, http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulese873.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=149&page=39 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205543/http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulese873.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=149&page=39 |date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> He was honored by the All Indian Newspapers Editor for protest on censorship during the [[Indian Emergency]]. He managed to publish the magazine and wrote against the censorship. He was appointed the chairman of the [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] in May 2017.<ref name="DeshGujarat 2017">{{cite web | title=Vishnu Pandya appointed Chairman of Gujarat Sahitya Akademi | website=DeshGujarat | date=2017-05-12 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2017/05/12/vishnu-pandya-appointed-chairman-of-gujarat-sahitya-akademi/ | access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>

Pandya as a '''Journalist''' :
* Sub Editor : Jansatta-Loksatta (Indian Express Group, Gujarat) 1981–1987
* Editor : Rangtarang-Chandni (Indian Express Group, Gujarat) 1981–1987
* Editor : Sadhana Magazine 1967–1980
* Editor : Samantar Magazine from 1987
* Editor : BIradar Patrika 1986–87
* Bureau chief : Nav Gujarat Times (Gujarati Daily Newspaper) 1994–1997
* Bureau chief : Dainik Mahanagar, Mumbai from 1996
* Columnist : Times of India (Gujarati Edition, 1992–93), Sandesh and Divyabhaskar

Pandya as a '''Lecturer'''

Pandya is teaching journalism in various colleges and universities of Gujarat at post graduate level, namely :
* Bhavan's College of Ahmedabad
* [[Bhavanagar University]]
* [[South Gujarat University]]
* [[Gujarat University]]
* [[Gujarat Vidhyapith]]
* Member of Board of Studies at [[M.S.University]]
* Gardi Vidhyapith<ref>http://www.gijmc.in/faculties.html {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Mass Communication and Journalism]]<ref>http://www.nimcj.org/images/NIMCJ2011.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Writing==
His writing has various subjects from political criticism and analytic to history research. He has written many biographies. Apart from these writings he is actively contributing to journalism, having written many books on the field of journalism. To this date he has written 101 books.

==Books==
Books on Journalism
* ''Patrakaratva no Itihas''
* ''Patrakartvani Vikasrekha''
* ''Patrakartvana Pravaho''
* ''Kalamna Sipahi''
* ''Patrakartva Dasha ane Disha''
* ''Akhabarnu Sampadan''
* ''PAtrakartva ane Kanun''
* ''Chandarvo 1–2''
* ''Sahitya Dainandini''
* ''Gujaratnu Swatrantrottar Patrakartva'' (Fellowship from Dr. Chaturvedi University, Bhopal)

Criticism on Political Issues
* ''Bhaarelo Agni''
* ''Seema Par Savdhan''
* ''Sarhadni Salagti Samshyao''
* ''Raktranjit Punjab''
* ''Algavni Aandhi''
* ''Rajkiya Zanzavati Varsho''
* ''Gujaratni Chutani Shantranj 1952–2001''
* ''Tasveer-e-Gujarat''
* ''Samayna Hastakshar''
* ''Swarnim Gujaratna Pachash Varsh''
* ''Gandhiji ane Bharat Vibhajan''

Biographies
* ''Rastrayagnana Rutvij''
* ''Lala Hardayal''
* ''Bhagvati Charan Varma''
* ''M.N.Roy''
* ''Jeevan Sadhakni Vimalyatra''
* ''Syamji Krishnavarma''
* ''Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay''

History Research
* ''Londonma 'Indian Sociologist' ''
* ''Rang De Basanti Chola''
* ''Gujaratna Sasatra Swatrantjangno Itihas''
* ''Pandit Shyamji Krishnavarma''
* ''Gujaratna Kranti Tirtho''
* ''Jaihind! Jaihind!''
* ''Ma, Tuje Pranam!''
* ''Viplavma Gujarat''
* ''Shahid katha''
* ''Gujarat: 1857''
* ''Sattavanthi Subhash''

Essays
* ''Shahmrug ane Devnama''
* ''Vasant ane Ihamrug''
* ''Padchinhopar Pachhavalta''
* ''Hathelinu Aakash''

==Recognition==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Vishnu Pandya, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2017.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the Padma Shri Award to Vishnu Pandya, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 30 March 2017]]

Pandya was imprisoned during Indian emergency of 1975–76. At that time his first book, ''Haheli nu Aakash'' (હથેળીનું આકાશ), was appreciated by the Gujarat Government and won a prize, but Pandya did not accept the prize.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} He received [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] from Narmada Sahitya Sabha for historical writing in 1991.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2017 for literature and history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/padma-stars-of-gujarat/articleshow/56787105.cms |title=Padma stars of Gujarat |website=Times of India |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> In 2019, he was awarded a [[D.Lit.]] by [[Gujarat University]].<ref name="The Times of India 2019">{{cite news|title=Seven honorary DLitt degrees to be awarded|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 February 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/seven-honorary-dlitt-degrees-to-be-awarded/articleshow/67967158.cms|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Vishnu}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Vikas Gupta

2026-02-12T06:13:00Z

JungPapst1287: Created the article added tags

{{short description|Indian screenwriter, host (born 1988)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikas Gupta
| image = Vikas Gupta at BCL 2019.jpg
| caption = Gupta in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|7|df=y}}<ref name="birthday">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Vikas Gupta: The lost boy who always finds his way into people's hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-vikas-gupta-the-lost-boy-who-always-finds-his-way-into-peoples-heart-5166511/ |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| education =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Producer|[[creative director]]|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| family = [[Siddharth Gupta]] (brother)
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]''
}}

'''Vikas Gupta''' (born 7 May 1988) is an Indian television producer, creative director, screenwriter and host. He is known for participating in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' and hosting ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-who-is-vikas-gupta-profile-biography-photos-and-video-4874460/|title=Who is Vikas Gupta?|date=4 October 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Life==
Gupta was born on 7 May 1988. He hails from [[Dehradun]].<ref name="birthday"/> His brother, [[Siddharth Gupta]], is an actor as well as a model.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalwani |first1=Vicky |title=Ekta Kapoor finds her hero by chance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Siddharth-Gupta-in-Kuku-Mathur-Ki-Jhand-Ho-Gayi-Siddharth-is-the-younger-brother-of-Vikas-Gupta-Siddharth-Gupta-beat-Paresh-Rawals-son-Aditya-and-Huma-Qureshis-brother-Saqib-Saleem/articleshow/35188665.cms |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-11-vikas-gupta-confirms-brother-left-his-house-wanted-to-come-out-shadow-1380066-2018-11-01|title=Bigg Boss 11's Vikas Gupta confirms his brother has left his house: He wanted to come out of my shadow|website=India Today|date=November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/watch-bigg-boss-11-finalist-vikas-guptas-brother-siddharth-reveals-the-true-side-of-his-brother/amp_articleshow/62473750.cms?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15701679865520&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=Watch: Bigg Boss 11 finalist Vikas Gupta's brother Siddharth reveals the true side of his brother|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2018 }}</ref>

In June 2020, Gupta [[Coming out|came out]] as [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] in an Instagram post.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 June 2020|title='With pride, I am bisexual': Vikas Gupta says he is done with years of 'hiding his emotions'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/with-pride-i-am-bisexual-vikas-gupta-says-he-is-done-with-years-of-hiding-his-emotions/story-J0l3lbULf2NQ5eXShXxMcI.html|access-date=21 June 2020|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Gupta is also one of the directors of an NGO called ''Lost Boy Welfare Association'' that helps poor children.

==Career==
Gupta started working at the age of 17 in Balaji Telefilms as an actor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 11 contestant Vikas Gupta's success story will motivate you to get out of your cocoon!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/bigg-boss-11-contestant-vikas-guptas-success-story-will-motivate-you-to-get-out-of-your-cocoon-2137935.html|date=1 September 2018|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> He was the creative head of [[Ekta Kapoor]]’s [[Balaji Telefilms]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 11: Who is Vikas Gupta? Profile, Biography, Photos and Video|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-who-is-vikas-gupta-profile-biography-photos-and-video-4874460/|date=4 October 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> for shows like ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''. Later, he started his own production studio ''Lost Boy Productions'' which has created popular television series like ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'', ''Warrior High'', ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]'', ''V The Serial'', ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' and ''[[MTV Webbed]]''. Gupta has also been the youngest programming head of [[MTV India]].

In October 2017, Gupta participated in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 11]]'' where he emerged as the second runner up of the season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 11 'mastermind' Vikas Gupta reveals why he didn't win the show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-mastermind-vikas-gupta-reveals-why-he-didn-t-win-the-show/story-ZWgo2EubMI52AcHbAhkazK.html |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Due to his performance, he was given the title of “Mastermind” on the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11s-mastermind-vikas-guptas-key-moments-in-the-show/articleshow/62473807.cms|title='Mastermind' Vikas Gupta's key moments in the show|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, he produced ''[[Class of 2017]]'' on [[ALTBalaji]].

In 2018, he hosted ''IIFA Buzz'' in Thailand for ''[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards 2018]]'' on [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-iifa-2018-thailand-vikas-gupta-mouni-roy-in-pictures-448630|title=Vikas Gupta is prepping up for IIFA 2018 with Mouni Roy in Thailand|date=21 June 2018|website=India TV|language=en}}</ref> Gupta also created and hosted his own reality show titled ''[[MTV Ace of Space|Ace of Space]]'' on [[MTV (India)|MTV India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Bigg Boss contestant Vikas Gupta to host MTV's Hunger Games-inspired reality show, Ace of Space|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/former-bigg-boss-contestant-vikas-gupta-to-host-mtvs-hunger-games-inspired-reality-show-ace-of-space-5309241.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Ace of Space' is all about shrinking spaces, hearts and minds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ace-of-space-is-all-about-shrinking-spaces-hearts-and-minds/articleshow/66414740.cms?val=3728&from=mdr |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019 he played [[Bigg Boss 13]] As a proxy

In 2019, he participated in Colors TV's ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'' in Argentina. He was disqualified from the show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/bharti-singh-to-vikas-gupta-meet-the-contestants-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-1414339-2018-12-21|title=Bharti Singh to Vikas Gupta: Meet the contestants of Khatron Ke Khiladi 9|website=India Today|date=21 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vikas Gupta admits taking drugs during 'Khatron Ke Khiladi 9': Yes, I was disqualified from the show and rightfully so |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-vikas-gupta-admits-taking-drugs-during-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-yes-i-was-disqualified-from-the-show-and-rightfully-so-2718933 |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=DNA India |date=12 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Next, he created ''[[Puncch Beat]]'' for on ALT Balaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/puncch-beat-first-impression-5583092/|title=Puncch Beat first impression: Good looking, aspirational and dramatic|date=14 February 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In March, he reunited with his co-contestants [[Bharti Singh]], [[Aly Goni]], Harsh Limbachiyaa among others to be a part of ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharti Singh, Harsh Limbachiyaa, Vikas Gupta reunite for new show |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bharti-singh-harsh-limbachiyaa-vikas-gupta-reunite-for-new-show/articleshow/68069044.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=20 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In May 2019, Gupta created anthology series ''Yeh Ishq Nahi Aasaan'' for [[Dangal TV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Sood, Divya Agarwal at the launch of Vikas Gupta's new show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/varun-sood-divya-agarwal-at-the-launch-of-vikas-guptas-new-show/videoshow/69166987.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2019, he returned as the host of MTV India's ''[[Ace of Space 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikas-gupta-to-be-back-as-mastermind-of-ace-of-space/articleshow/70467794.cms|title=Vikas Gupta to be back as mastermind of 'Ace of Space'|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2020, he created ''[[Class of 2020]]'' for ALTBalaji.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parth Samthaan-Vikas Gupta Ignore Each Other At 'Code M' Screening; Duo Not On Talking Terms? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/parth-samthaan-vikas-gupta-not-on-talking-terms-bigg-boss-11-contestant-ignores-kasautii-zindagii-kay-actor-at-jennifer-wingets-code-m-screening-1143438 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In November, he participated in Colors TV's ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'', this time as a challenger. When co-contestant [[Arshi Khan]] involved Gupta's family in a fight, he pushed her and was thus expelled from the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vikas Gupta releases video statement after being expelled from Bigg Boss 14 house; says, 'I was vulnerable and cried after watching myself' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikas-gupta-releases-video-statement-after-being-expelled-from-bigg-boss-14-house-says-i-was-vulnerable-and-cried-after-watching-myself/articleshow/79737890.cms|access-date=10 January 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en|date=15 December 2020}}</ref> He re-entered the show soon after.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2020|title=Bigg Boss 14: Vikas Gupta to re-enter the house, says 'not just my desire but need to win the show'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-14-vikas-gupta-to-re-enter-the-house-says-not-just-my-desire-but-need-to-win-the-show/story-UGUxxxjGDQZU46xabIf03I.html|access-date=10 January 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Producer
! scope="col" |Writer
! scope="col" |Creative Director
|-
|2005–2008
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi|Kyunki... Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi ...]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2006–2008
|''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2008–2010
|''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2009
| scope="row" |''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2010–2011
| scope="row" |''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)|Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
| 2012
| scope="row" |''The Serial''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2012–2016
| scope="row" |''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence|Gumrah End of Innocence]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2013–2014
| scope="row" |''[[MTV Webbed]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2014–2016
| scope="row" |''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
| 2014–2017
| scope="row" |''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]''
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2014–2015
| scope="row" |''[[MTV Fanaah]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015
| scope="row" | ''MTV Warrior High''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
| scope="row" |''Talaash''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Rani Mahal (TV series)|Rani Mahal]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2019
| scope="row" |''Yeh Ishq Nahi Aasan''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

=== Web series ===
* 2017: ''[[Class of 2017]]''
* 2019: ''[[Puncch Beat]]''
* 2020: ''[[Class of 2020]]''

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2015
|''Bad Company''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bad Company |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/bad-company/0-6-167 |website=Zee5 |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2018
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|Contestant
| 2nd runner-up
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Arushi |title=Bigg Boss 11: A look back at Vikas Gupta's masterstrokes which made him a much-deserved finalist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-vikas-gupta-see-photos-videos-5021830/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2018
|''[[19th IIFA Awards|IIFA Buzz]]''
| rowspan="2" |Host
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Shifa |title=Bigg Boss 11' Vikas Gupta's Unbelievable Fitness Transformation Will Make Your Jaw Drop |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/bigg-boss-11-vikas-guptas-unbelievable-fitness-transformation-will-make-your-jaw-drop-1796227.html |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=News18 |date=30 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ace of Space 1]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikas Gupta: Ace of Space is tougher than Bigg Boss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikas-gupta-ace-of-space-bigg-boss-5410585/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss 12]]''
| Himself
| Guest
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Arushi |title=Shilpa Shinde and Vikas Gupta save the sinking Bigg Boss 12 ship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shinde-vikas-gupta-bigg-boss-12-5426683/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''
|Contestant
| Disqualified
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Vikas Gupta explains why he was disqualified from Khatron Ke Khiladi 9, says he hid being on painkillers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-rohit-shetty-scolds-vikas-gupta-for-taking-steroids/articleshow/67938725.cms |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Vikas Gupta: I take calculated risks and don't just jump into anything |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikas-gupta-money-is-the-last-reason-for-me-to-choose-a-project-5638799/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kitchen Champion 5''
|
|-
|''[[Ace of Space 2]]''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ace-of-space-2-promo-host-vikas-gupta-makes-a-comeback-as-evil-mastermind-promises-to-scare-the-contestants/articleshow/70539410.cms|title=Ace of Space 2 Promo: Host Vikas Gupta makes a comeback as evil mastermind; promises to scare the contestants|date=5 August 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|Contestant
|Proxy for [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13: Vikas Gupta writes a heartfelt note to Sidharth Shukla; says he wants his smile back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-vikas-gupta-writes-a-heartfelt-note-to-sidharth-shukla-says-he-wants-his-smile-back/articleshow/73015003.cms |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
|Host
|Grand Finale
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mujhse Shaadi Karoge promo: Vikas Gupta enters the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mujhse-shaadi-karoge-promo-vikas-gupta-enters-the-house/articleshow/74692888.cms|date=18 March 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen]]''
|Panelist
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |title=Genelia, hubby Riteish Deshmukh to turn host for new show 'Ladies Vs Gentlemen' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/genelia-hubby-riteish-deshmukh-to-turn-host-for-new-show-ladies-vs-gentlemen-665542 |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=India TV News |date=17 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Contestant
| Challenger
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2012
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Serial
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence|Gumrah End of Innocence]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| 2013
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Story Writer
| {{nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vikas Gupta}}
*{{IMDb name|3815573}}

{{Bigg Boss 11}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Vikas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian bisexual men]]
[[Category:Bisexual male writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual screenwriters]]
[[Category:LGBTQ television producers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ broadcasters]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

The Hymn of Samadhi

2026-01-27T10:31:24Z

JungPapst1287: Created some info nd citations.

{{Short description|Song by Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = The Hymn of Samadhi (''Nahi Surjo, Nahi Jyoti'')
|image = Swami Vivekananda Madras 1897.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Vivekananda in Madras in 1887
|author =  [[Swami Vivekananda]]
|original_title = 
|translator = 
|first = 
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|country = India
|language = Bengali
|series = 
|subject = 
|genre = 
|publisher = 
|publication_date = 
|publication_date_en = 
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|lines = 
|pages = 
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|followed_by = 
}}
'''''The Hymn of Samadhi''''' or '''''A Hymn of Samadhi''''' is a song written by [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The song was originally written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Nahi surjo, nahi jyoti'' or ''Pralay''. Later the song was translated into [[English language|English]] and was added into "The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda" as ''The Hymn of Samadhi''.<ref name="Chakrabarti 47 48" /><ref name="Chakravarti1984">{{cite book|author=Surath Chandra Chakravarti|title=Mysterious samadhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4c6AAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 June 2013|year=1984|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=9780836411829}}</ref>

In this song, Vivekananda attempts to narrate the experiences of ''[[Nirvikalpa Samadhi]]'' and rediscover the [[real self]] (Known as [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] in Hindu [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedantic]] Philosophy) the "I".<ref name="Chakrabarti 47 48">{{Harvnb|Chakrabarti|1998|pp=47–48}}</ref><ref name="Vivekananda 57">{{Harvnb|Vivekananda|1976|p=57}}</ref> The song has been sung by various artistes. The song was used in the 2013 biopic ''[[The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]''.

== Song ==
{| width="60%"
|- 
! English
! Bengali
|-
|'''The Hymn of Samadhi''' (excerpt)
<poem>
Lo! The sun is not, nor the comely moon,
All light extinct; in the great void of space
Floats shadow-like the image-universe.

In the void of mind involute, there floats
The fleeting universe, rises and floats,
Sinks again, ceaseless, in the current "I".
</poem>
* Read '''[[:Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Poems/The Hymn of Samadhi|the full song]]''' at [[Wikisource]]
| <poem>
নাহি সূর্য নাহি জ্যোতিঃ নাহি শশাঙ্ক সুন্দর।
ভাসে ব্যোমে ছায়া-সম ছবি বিশ্ব-চরাচর॥
অস্ফুট মন আকাশে, জগত সংসার ভাসে,
ওঠে ভাসে ডুবে পুনঃ অহং-স্রোতে নিরন্তর॥
ধীরে ধীরে ছায়া-দল, মহালয়ে প্রবেশিল,
বহে মাত্র ‘আমি আমি’ — এই ধারা অনুক্ষণ॥
সে ধারাও বদ্ধ হল, শূন্যে শূন্য মিলাইল,
‘অবাঙমনসোগোচরম্’, বোঝে — প্রাণ বোঝে যার॥<ref name="A Song on Samadhi" />
</poem>
|}

== Theme ==
In the song Vivekananda tries to narrate the experiences of ''[[Nirvikalpa Samadhi]]''.<ref name="A Song on Samadhi">{{cite web|title=A Song on Samadhi|url=http://vedantadc.org/a-song-on-samadhi-swami-vivekananda|publisher=Vedanta Centre Greater Washington|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> To explain ''Nirvikalpa Samadhi'', he says, (during ''Nirvikalpa Samadhi''), he experiences an environment where he sees neither the Sun, nor the moon, nor any kind of light. He observes the whole universe as floating in the sky like a shadow. He sees the universe— rising, floating and sinking— and this goes on ceaselessly. Very slowly, the shadow-multitude enters the primal-womb, and only the current remains, which keeps on buzzing— "I am", "I am". Slowly, that current ceases too, "void merges into void" and he experiences a stage of ''samadhi'' which, he feels, is ''Abngmanasagocharam'' (beyond mind and speech).<ref name="Vivekananda 57" />

Vivekananda talked on ''Nirvikalpa Samadhi'' on another occasion—<ref name="Conversations And Dialogues/VI">[[Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Conversations And Dialogues/VI]]</ref>
<blockquote>If the creation is false, then you can also regard the Nirvikalpa Samadhi of Jiva and his return therefrom as seeming appearances. Jiva is Brahman by his nature. How can he have any experience of bondage? Your desire to realise the truth that you are Brahman is also a hallucination in that case -- for the scripture says, "You are already that." Therefore, "(Sanskrit)— this is verily your bondage that you are practising the attainment of Samadhi."</blockquote>

== Composition ==
The Bengali song is sung in ''[[Bageshri]]'' ''[[raga]]'' and ''Aara Theka'' ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''.<ref name="Poet Vivekananda">{{cite web|title=Poet Vivekananda|url=http://www.milansagar.com/kobi-vivekananda_kobita.html#3|publisher=Milan Sagar|access-date=22 June 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
The song has been performed by several artistes like Dr.K.J. Yesudas, [[Anup Ghoshal]], [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]], [[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Anup Jalota]] etc. The song was included in the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] audio CD ''Veer Vani''.<ref name="Veer Vani">{{cite web|title=Veer Vani|publisher=[[Ramakrishna Mission]]}}</ref>

The song was adapted in the 2013 film ''[[The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]''. In this film, the song was sung by [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]].<ref name="The Light: Swami Vivekananda soundtracks">{{cite web|title=The Light: Swami Vivekananda soundtracks|url=http://mymusic.tatadocomo.com/music-album-The%20Light%20Swami%20Vivekananda-424238#tracks|publisher=Tata Docomo|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

==References==
; Citations
{{Reflist}}

; Sources
*{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Mohit|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Poetic Visionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvsRcML8Ki4C|year=1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-075-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|title=Meditation and Its Methods: According to Swami Vivekananda|url=https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive|url-access=registration|year=1976|publisher=Vedanta Press|isbn=978-0-87481-030-1}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|The Hymn of Samadhi}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hymn of Samadhi}}
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Year of song missing]]
[[Category:Works by Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda songs]]

Naushadnama

2026-01-24T21:57:19Z

JungPapst1287: started a stub first draft

{{short description|Biography by Raju Bharatan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Naushadnama
| image = Naushadnama cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Raju Bharatan]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Naushad]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Hay House]]
| published = 2013
| media_type = Print
| pages = 356
| isbn = 978-93-81431-93-1
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 861739511
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Naushadnama''''' is a 2013 biography of the Indian composer [[Naushad]] by the journalist and critic [[Raju Bharatan]]. Consisting of 21 chapters, the book predominantly focuses on Naushad's musical career from his debut in 1940 with ''[[Prem Nagar (1940 film)|Prem Nagar]]'', his rise to stardom, up to his final release ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' (2005). It also slightly covers his personal life, such as his birth on the [[Christmas|Christmas day]] of 1919, his two-time marriages, and his death due to cardiac arrest in 2006.

Bharatan got to know Naushad in 1949 and, after their first meeting in [[Bandra]] six year later, developed an interest on the composer's work. Although Naushad had asked Bharatan to write a biography on him during his lifetime, the writing, however, was started only after his death. ''Naushadnama'' was met with varied reviews from critics, who praised the book's comprehensiveness but criticised it for giving an extra focus on Naushad's career rather than his personal life.

== Summary ==
''Naushadnama'' is a biography of the Indian music director [[Naushad]], primarily focuses on his career and divided into 21 chapters. He was born into a conservative [[Lucknow]]-based Muslim family on 25 December 1919, married two times, had nine children (three sons and six daughters), and died on 5 May 2006 by cardiac arrest. Naushad began his debut with the 1940 film ''[[Prem Nagar (1940 film)|Prem Nagar]]'', and composed soundtrack to several commercially and critically successful films, including ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952), ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957, the first Indian film [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|nominated]] at the [[Academy Awards]]), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960, one of India's highest-grossing films of all time), ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), and ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972).

== Development and writing ==
[[Raju Bharatan]] was a magazine editor, journalist, columnist, and historian who focused on cricket and Bollywood music. He first knew Naushad in 1949, but it was only in end-1955 that he met him at his studio in [[Bandra]]. He described the visits as his pivotal experience, helping him to know more about the Indian classical music. Writing for the book's foreword, Bharatan admitted that Naushad caught his attention to the type of music, and added, "Soon I divined that, without ever saying so, Naushad had begun making my music listening classically oriented. In this sense, he was my mentor. The fact that, even before we embarked upon such a journey, he was my favourite music director helped."{{sfn|Bharatan|2013|p=9}}

[[File:Naushadsaab1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Naushad asked Bharatan to write him a biography before his death in 2006]]
{{Blockquote
| quote = "For Naushad was something more than his music. His personality presented a study in career management. He worked like a beaver to sustain the status that he had attained as the number one music director in our films. Such a meteoric rise had to be backed by solid all-round effort to stay at the summit. Here Naushad never once relaxed his grip. He worked with the same assiduity on his career as he did on his music."
| source = Raju Bharatan on Naushad{{sfn|Bharatan|2013|p=10}}
}}

Naushad had asked Bharatan to write him a biography, but the request was fulfilled only after his death. According to Bharatan, it took him 50 years since their first meeting in Bandra "to fathom the full strength of his music".{{sfn|Bharatan|2013|pp=9, 11–12}} His motivation of writing the book is to surpass anything that had been written on the composer. For his research, Bharatan was helped by the historian Harish Raghuwanshi, whom Bharatan described as "close to being the best film historian in India today".{{sfn|Bharatan|2013|pp=9, 11–12}} Bharatan's book more focuses on Naushad's work rather than his personal life,{{sfn|Kusnur 2013, A must-read for fans}} but he claimed in its foreword that there is "not a single facet of Naushad’s life and times have I left unexplored".{{sfn|Bharatan|2013|pp=9, 11–12}}

== Critical reception ==
''Naushadnama'' generated mixed reviews from literary critics.{{sfn|''Deccan Herald'' 2013, Book rack}} Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', M. O. Badsha wrote that the book is full of anecdotes of Naushad's life and added that it deserves to be praised.{{sfn|Badsha 2013, Two legends}} The critic of [[Indo-Asian News Service]] complimented the book's "comprehensive and enthralling narrative—studded with rare nuggets of information", saying, "This volume, by one of India's greatest film critics, also throws light on the relations and interactions between him and his singers; his songwriters, and his unsung instrumentalists. The author draws upon his vast and varied experience to come up with a revelatory work which will evoke a medley of memories."{{sfn|IANS 2013, Spicing up the weekend}} Suresh Kohli, who reviewed ''Naushadnama'' for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', referred to it as "a mine full of authentic redeemed nostalgia: Carefully catalogued, nurtured and memorised."{{sfn|Kohli 2014, Musical journey}}

In the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Narendra Kusnur criticised the book for lacking information of Naushad's personal life, but commended its inside look at his musical career. "Tales like these make ''Naushadnama'' a must for fans of old music. Though the excessive detail may get taxing for those less familiar with his work, the hardcore fan will find plenty to pick up. Bharatan's analysis and depth, and the trivia, make this an extremely readable book", Kusnur concluded.{{sfn|Kusnur 2013, A must-read for fans}} Shreekant Sambrani of ''[[Business Standard]]'' found the book to be dull and panned Bharatan's "meandering and murderous" writing style.{{sfn|Sambrani 2013, Killjoy of odes}} The critic from ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' called it "a mine of information not only on the great Naushad but also on his professional colleagues and their respective attitudes towards him and each other in an environment as susceptible to gossip as it was conducive to the making of memorable film songs".{{sfn|''Frontline'' 2013, Two legends}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/two-legends-one-passion/article5300377.ece |title=Two legends, one passion |date=31 October 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Badsha |first=M. O. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104084103/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/two-legends-one-passion/article5300377.ece |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|Badsha 2013, Two legends}} |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad |date=2013 |last=Bharatan |first=Raju |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Hay House]] |isbn=978-93-81431-93-1}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/358529/book-rack.html |title=Book rack |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 September 2013 |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|''Deccan Herald'' 2013, Book rack}} |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023650/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/358529/book-rack.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/spicing-up-the-weekend-with-bollywood-ians-books-this-week-1140063.html |title=Spicing up the weekend with Bollywood (IANS Books This Week) |date=28 September 2013 |work=Firstpost |access-date=19 January 2022 |author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |ref={{Sfnref|IANS 2013, Spicing up the weekend}} |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023625/https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/spicing-up-the-weekend-with-bollywood-ians-books-this-week-1140063.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140223/spectrum/book2.htm |title=Musical journey |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|Kohli 2014, Musical journey}} |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726220319/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140223/spectrum/book2.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/naushadnama-a-must-read-for-fans-of-classic-hindi-film-music/story-am6ET2yGJaAqBC8LMFf0QI.html |title=Naushadnama: A must-read for fans of classic Hindi film music |date=14 November 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|Kusnur 2013, A must-read for fans}} |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621212206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/naushadnama-a-must-read-for-fans-of-classic-hindi-film-music/story-am6ET2yGJaAqBC8LMFf0QI.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/killjoy-of-odes-113091301103_1.html |title=Killjoy of odes |date=13 September 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |last=Sambrani |first=Shreekant |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|Sambrani 2013, Killjoy of odes}} |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023519/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/killjoy-of-odes-113091301103_1.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/two-legends/article5284615.ece |title=Two legends |date=15 November 2013 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=19 January 2022 |ref={{Sfnref|''Frontline'' 2013, Two legends}} |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210534/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/two-legends/article5284615.ece |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=mg09BAAAQBAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Hay House books]]

Super Singer 5

2026-01-16T23:16:41Z

JungPapst1287: Created some post added tags

{{Too many sections|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| caption = ''Airtel Super Singer'' logohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogout&returnto=Airtel+Super+Singer+5&returntoquery=action%3Dedit
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], & [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]
| judges = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[Usha Uthup]] & [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
}}
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|6|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|3|18|df=y}}
| num_episodes =
| next_season = [[Super Singer 6]]
}}

'''''Airtel Super Singer 5''''' – ''Thamizhagathil Brahmaanda Kuralukkaana Thedal'', the fifth season of the [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Airtel Super Singer]] show, is a [[reality|reality-based]] [[Television in India|Indian]] singing competition in [[Tamil language]] that aired on [[Vijay TV]]. It was designed to be a talent hunt to find the best voice of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The show premiered on 1 June 2015, and episodes were telecasted on weekdays each week at 9:30 pm. Persons above the age of 16 years were permitted to audition to showcase their talent on Vijay TV's platform. This program was sponsored by [[Airtel]].

The show was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]. For the performance rounds by the top 30 contestants, voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] appeared fairly regularly on the show. Playback Singers, [[Usha Uthup]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] and [[P. Unnikrishnan]] returned as permanent judges who appeared regularly throughout the show. The third permanent judge of the show consisted of appearances by either former junior season judge, [[Usha Uthup]], or current junior season judge, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], while the show necessarily continues to seek a suitable replacement. Following the request of viewers, [[Sujatha Mohan]] ceased her regular permanent judge appointment, but occasionally attended to judge contestant performances.

Special guest judges or guest performers who appeared on the show during the season consisted of a variety of eminent playback singers and music directors, including [[P. Susheela]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vairamuthu]], [[S.P. Sailaja]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[Sikkil Gurucharan]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[S. Sowmya]], [[T. L. Maharajan]], [[Gana Bala]], [[Velmurugan]], [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Vijay Prakash]], as well as stars from [[Airtel Super Singer Junior|the junior version of the show]], such as permanent judges [[K.S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Subha]], and former contestants of prior seasons of the show.

== Auditions ==
Ground auditions were held in the cities of [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Trichy]].<ref name="Times19Feb15">{{cite news|title=Chennai auditions of Super Singer 5 on air|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2015-06-18|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Chennai-audions-of-Super-Singer-5-on-air/articleshow/47716707.cms|accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Ground level auditions were telecast from 2 June 2015. Preliminary round auditions were telecast from 3 June 2015.

The auditions were held in various parts of Tamil Nadu, and were telecast until 3 July 2015. First round audition judges included season 3 winner [[Saicharan]], season 4 winner [[Diwakar]], and former contestants from those seasons such as [[Sathyaprakash]], Pooja Vaidyanath, Santhosh Hariharan, and Sonia. Second and third round audition judges included [[S. P. Charan]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[James Vasanthan]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[Sowmya]], and [[Pop Shalini|Shalini]]. Zonal audition judges were permanent judges from the junior version of the show, [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[K.S. Chithra]]. A total of 33 contestants were selected for the finals, including local, international, and former contestants.

==Finalists==
* '''[[Anand Aravindakshan]]''' (contestant ID SS05 Entered Finals)

{{Clear}}

* '''Fareedha M''' (contestant ID SS02 Entered Finals)

{{Clear}}

* '''Rajaganapathy G''' (contestant ID SS03 Entered Finals)

{{Clear}}

* '''Siyad K''' (contestant ID SS04 Entered Finals)
* '''Lakshmi Pradeep''' (contestant ID SS07 Entered Finals)

{{Clear}}

* '''Priya jerson''' (contestant ID SS06)

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

* '''Sowmya ''' (contestant ID SS12)

{{Clear}}

* '''Arjun adapalli ''' (contestant ID SS01)

{{Clear}}

* '''Nirujan S''' (contestant ID SS10)

{{Clear}}

* '''Latha Krishna R''' (contestant ID SS08)
* '''Arvind Mukundan''' (contestant ID SS09)

{{Clear}}

* '''Irwin Victoria Thomas''' (contestant ID SS11)

{{Clear}}

== Finals ==

=== Main Competition Performance Rounds ===

==== Judge Team Selection Round (7 July 2015 – 11 July 2015) ====

==== Top 30 Celebration Round (14 July 2015 – 18 July 2015) ====

==== Introduction Round (21 July 2015 – 25 July 2015) ====

==== Tribute to MSV Round (28 July 2015 – 1 August 2015) ====
* '''Special Guest Judge:''' [[Vani Jairam]]

==== Western Round (4 August 2015 – 8 August 2015 ====

==== Latest Hits Round (11 August 2015 – 15 August 2015 ====

==== Dance Attack Round: Top 25 Selection (18 August 2015 – 22 August 2015 ====

==== Hip Hop Disco Round (25 August 2015 – 29 August 2015 ====

==== Duet Round (1 September 2015 – 5 September 2015 ====

==== Top 20 Selection Round (8 September 2015 – 12 August 2015 ====

==== Folk Round Special (15 September 2015 – 19 September 2015 ====

==== One-on-One Challenge Round (22 September 2015 – 26 September 2015 ====

==== Dedication Round (29 September 2015 – 3 October 2015 ====

==== Round (6 October 2015 – 10 October 2015 ====

==== Top 15 Performance Round (13 October 2015 – 17 October 2015 ====

==== Sujatha Deva Round (20 October 2015 – 24 October 2015 ====

==== P Susheela's and LR Easwari Hit Songs Round (27 October 2015 – 31 October 2015 ====

==== SPB Special: Top 10 Selection Round (3 November 2015 – 7 November 2015 ====

==== Devotional Songs Round (10 November 2015 – 12 November 2015 ====

==== Classical Songs Round (12 November 2015 – 15 November 2015) ====
*'''Special Guest Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], & [[Sikkil Gurucharan]]
*'''Permanent Judge:''' [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]]

This round required the contestants to perform songs of a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical music]] genre. Viewers agreed with judges that the round held during this season outmatched previous seasons in terms of orchestra, judging panel, and overall talent.

==== Top 10 Selection Round (17 November 2015 – 21 November 2015) ====

==== Top 10 Celebration Round (24 November 2015 – 28 November 2015) ====

==== Jolly Folk Songs Round (1 December 2015 – 5 December 2015) ====

==== Gaana Folk Songs Round (8 December 2015 – 12 December 2015 ====

==== Special Round (15 December 2015 – 19 December 2015) ====

==== Chennai Flood Victims Tribute Round (22 December 2015 – 24 December 2015) ====

==== MGR Special Round (25 December 2015 – 26 December 2015) ====

==== Vairamuthu Special Round (29 December 2015 – 1 January 2016) ====

==== Top 6 Selection Round (5 January 2016 – 9 January 2016) ====

==== Top 5 Selection Round (12 January 2016 – 15 January 2016) ====

==== Top 5 Selection Round (12 January 2016 – 15 January 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

The top 6 remaining contestants were required to perform.

At the conclusion of the round, was eliminated.

==== Top 5 Celebration Round (19 January 2016 – 23 January 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

The top 5 remaining contestants performed against top 5 contestants from seasons 3 and 4, as well as seasons 2, 3, and 4 of the junior version of the show.

==== Quarterfinals (26 January 2016 – 30 January 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

==== Semi Finals Round (2 February 2016 – 11 February 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

==== Journey of Finalists (12 February 2016 – 13 February 2016) ====

=== Wildcard Rounds & SS Awards ===

==== Wildcard Entry Round (16 February 2016 – 17 February 2016) ====
* '''Host:'''

==== Wildcard Performance Round (18 February 2016 – 27 February 2016) ====
* '''Host:'''

==== Super Singer Awards & Wildcard Results (1 March 2016 – 9 March 2016) ====
* '''Host:'''

==== Wildcard Tiebreaker (9 March 2016 – 10 March 2016) ====
* '''Host:'''

=== Prefinal Rounds ===

==== Strings Unplugged Round (10 March 2016 – 11 March 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

==== Super Singers Perform Live (12 March 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:'''

==== Set Finals (14 March 2016 – 17 March 2016) ====
* '''Permanent Host:''' [[Makapa Anand]] & Priyanka Deshpande

===Live Grand Finale (18 March 2016)===
* '''Permanent Hosts:''' Priyanka Deshpande, [[Makapa Anand]], & Bhavana Balakrishnan
* '''Chief Guest:''' music director [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
* '''Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Sudha Ragunathan]], Mahanadhi Shobana Vignesh, Vinaya, Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], T. L. Maharajan, [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ramya NSK]], Gana Bala, [[Velmurugan]], [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Guest Performers:''' [[Sid Sriram]], [[Benny Dayal]], Rapper Dinesh Kanagaratnam with wildcard contestants Sowmya, Priya, and Nirujan (violin), 10-year-old Lidian Nadhaswaram (keyboard), [[Stephen Devassy]] (keyboard), and stars from previous seasons of the show.
* '''Chorus/vocal backing:''' Stars from previous seasons of the show, including notably Dhanyashree ([[Airtel Super Singer 3|senior season 3]]), Saivignesh ([[Airtel Super Singer 4|senior season 4]]), Haripriya ([[Airtel Super Singer Junior|junior season 3 & 4]]), Narayanan (senior season 4), Bharath (junior season 4), Sriisha (junior season 4), Soundarya Bala Nandakumar (senior seasons 3 & 4), and others
* '''Competition Performances:'''
The grand finale was held on 18 March 2016 at DB Jain College in Thuraipakkam, Chennai.<ref name="IBT19Mar16">{{cite news|title='Super Singer 5' grand finale live updates: Anand Krishnan wins the title|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=2016-03-19|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-singer-5-grand-finale-live-updates-fareedha-rajaganapathy-siyad-anand-lakshmi-pradeep-671187|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-19}}</ref> Telecast live from 7:30 pm (Indian Standard Time),<ref name="IBT19Mar16"/> the running time for the episode exceeded 5 hours, having concluded after 12:45 am on the following day,<ref name="IBT19Mar16"/> 19 March 2016. Various playback singers, performers, and music lovers attended the event.<ref name="TOI22Mar16">{{cite news|title=Anand Aravindakshan is the new 'Super Singer'|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2016-03-22|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Anand-Aravindhakshan-is-the-new-Super-Singer/articleshow/51509985.cms|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-22}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Order
!Contestant
!Song
!Original artist(s)
!Lyricist 
!Music director
!Movie(s) (year)
|-
| 1
|SS02 Fareedha
| "Gnyana Pazhathai" & "Pazham Neeyappa"
|[[K. B. Sundarambal]]
| [[Kannadasan]] 
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| [[Thiruvilaiyadal]] (1965)
|-
| 2
|SS03 Rajaganapathy
|"Arupadai Veedu Konda Thirumuruga"
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|Kannadasan
|K. V. Mahadevan
|[[Kandan Karunai]] (1967)
|-
| 3
|SS04 Siyad
|"Raasaathi En Usir" & "Vidukathaiyam Indha Vazhkai"
|[[Shahul Hameed]]
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Thiruda Thiruda]] (1993)
|-
| 4
|SS07 Lakshmi
|"Yenge" & "Margazhi Thinkal"
|[[K. S. Chitra]] & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]; [[S. Janaki]] & [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|Vairamuthu
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Kandukondain Kandukondain|Kandukondain]] & [[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]] (1999) 
|-
| 5
|SS05 Anand
|"Vedam Anuvilum Oru Nadam"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|Vairamuthu 
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Salangai Oli (soundtrack)|Salangai Oli]] (1983)
|-
| 6
|SS07 Lakshmi
|"Mona Mona"
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Neeti Mohan]], & [[Tanvi Shah]]
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Lingaa (soundtrack)|Lingaa]] (2014)
|-
| 7
|SS05 Anand
|"Anbin Vaasale"
|[[Haricharan]]
|Madhan Karky
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]] (2012)
|-
| 8
|SS03 Rajaganapathy
|"Aaluma Doluma"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]] & [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|[[Rokesh]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Vedalam]] (2015)
|-
| 9
|SS04 Siyad
|"Vidukathaiya"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|Vairamuthu
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]] (1995)
|-
| 10
|SS02 Fareedha
| "Saregame Padhanise" ("Secret of Success")
|[[Lucky Ali]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Blaaze]] & [[Vasundhara Das]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Pa. Vijay]] & [[Blaaze]]
|A. R. Rahman
| [[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]] (2003)
|-
|}

====Grand Final Results (Season 5)====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Position !! Prize
|-
|SS05 Anand || Winner || Apartment worth 7 million rupees
|-
|SS02 Faridha || First Runner-up || 1 million rupees cash prize
|-
|SS03 Rajaganapathy || Second Runner-up & Judge's Choice of the Day || 1 million rupees cash prize
|-
|SS07 Lakshmi Pradeep || 4th-placed || 300,000 rupees cash prize
|-
|SS04 Siyad || 5th-placed || 200,000 rupees cash prize
|}

==Controversy==
''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper and other media outlets reported that the [[Tamil language]] show, its winning contestant, and its telecasting channel [[Star Vijay]] landed in controversy after the finale;<ref name="Hindu23Mar16">{{cite news|author=Udhav Naig|title=Super Singer programme lands in controversy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2016-03-23|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/super-singer-programme-lands-in-controversy/article8386938.ece|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-23}}</ref> "trending on social media for all the wrong reasons".<ref name="Hindu23Mar16"/> Fans were enraged as details emerged that winning contestant Anand Aravindakshan already featured as a playback singer for at least ten songs in Indian films, including songs in Tamil films.<ref name="DNA23Mar16">{{cite news|title=Super Singer 5 controversy: audience knew, says Star Vijay|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-03-23|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-super-singer-5-controversy-audience-knew-anand-aravindakshan-is-a-playback-singer-says-star-vijay-2192836|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-23}}</ref> Actor and filmmaker, [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] wrote on Facebook that "this cannot have happened without the channel’s knowledge" and that "unethical practices have resulted in victimising not just Anand, but other participants and, of course, the audience, who spend time and money by sending SMSes to support talented youngsters."<ref name="Hindu23Mar16"/><ref name="DC23Mar16">{{cite news|author=Anupama Subramanian & S Subhakeerthana|title=Reality Show in hot soup|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2016-03-23|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/230316/reality-show-in-hot-soup.html|location=India|access-date=2016-03-23}}</ref> As the show has a reputation of finding budding singing talent and giving them the exposure and platform to enter the Indian film industry,<ref name="Hindu23Mar16"/><ref name="IBT23Mar16"/> social media users criticised the channel of not being upfront about the fact that a professional singer had participated as a contestant in the show and accused the channel of wrongdoing.<ref name="Hindu23Mar16"/>

According to media reports, the controversy arose after a Facebook post accused TV channel Star Vijay of flouting its competition rules, and hiding the contestant's true identity from the public.<ref name="DNA23Mar16"/> Star Vijay responded to the accusations in printed media to assert that it did not hide the contestant's identity and that the current rules permitted existing playback singers to participate in the competition.<ref name="IBT23Mar16">{{cite news|author=Prakash Upadhyaya|title='Super Singer 5:' Star Vijay reacts to Anand Aravindakshan's identity controversy|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=2016-03-23|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-singer-5-star-vijay-reacts-anand-aravindakshans-identity-controversy-671719|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-23}}</ref><ref name="TNMPheba">{{cite news|author=Pheba Matthews |title='No rule that playback singers can't be part of Super Singer, Vijay TV tells' |newspaper=The News and Minute |date=2016-03-22 |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-rule-playback-singers-anand-aravindakshan-cant-be-part-super-singer-vijay-tv-tells-tn |location=India |accessdate=2016-03-22 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Officials from the channel declared they see no need to disclose information to the public. The show's permanent judge and playback singer [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] also suggested it was unnecessary to rake up the past as the contestant won the most votes.<ref name="TOI23Mar16">{{cite news|author=TNN Staff|title=Singer Srinivas speaks out, says audience wanted Anand to win|newspaper=The News Minute|date=2016-03-22|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/exclusive-singer-srinivas-speaks-out-says-audience-wanted-anand-win-40641|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-22}}</ref>

Accusations of wrongdoing were also made against the winning contestant, who refuted the allegations and expressed his dismay in a Facebook post.<ref name="TOI27Mar16">{{cite news|author=TNN Staff|title=Last two days has been a nightmare for me: Anand Aravindakshan|newspaper=Times of India|date=2016-03-27|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Last-two-days-has-been-a-nightmare-for-me-Anand-Aravindakshan/articleshow/51570621.cms|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-22}}</ref> Viewers and social media users acknowledged that although the information was accessible on the contestant's Facebook and some other sites as refuted by the contestant,<ref name="Hindu26Mar16">{{cite news|author=S. Poorvaja|title=Super Singer winner refutes criticism|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2016-03-26|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/super-singer-winner-refutes-criticism/article8400852.ece|location=India|accessdate=2016-03-26}}</ref> the channel probably should have explicitly stated the information to be fair,<ref name="Hindu26Mar16"/> having failed to do so in at least 200 of its episodes. Social media users also noted that Star Vijay hid most of the show's episodes from audience scrutiny during the season; although almost all episodes from the season were made available for viewing-on-demand at the time of the finale, various episodes from its past seasons and spin-off seasons have been hidden from the public.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10793832}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]

Devendra Malviya

2026-01-15T05:38:37Z

JungPapst1287: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[2020 Delhi]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Mukta Sarvagod

2025-12-16T00:37:33Z

JungPapst1287: started basic stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian Dalit writer and activist (1922–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

'''Mukta Sarvagod''' (1922–2004) was an Indian [[Dalit]] writer and social activist from [[Maharashtra]]. She is known for her [[autobiography]] in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], ''Mitleli Kawade'' ({{Translation|Closed Doors}}), which is considered a significant work in the field of Dalit literature.

== Biography ==
Mukta Sarvagod was born in 1922 in the [[Mahar]] community of Maharasthra. Her father worked in the railyways.{{sfn|Kannabiran|Swaminathan|2017|p=|pp=59-60}}

Sarvagod was a dedicated activist associated with the [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite movement]] who belonged to an earlier generation of Dalit activists.<ref name="Deo2023">{{cite journal |last=Deo |first=Tejaswini |year=2023 |title=Self-Reflexivity in Dalit Women's Life Narratives in Maharashtra |url=https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/JCLA-45.3_Tejaswini-Deo.pdf |journal=Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=48–56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN HISTORY COLLECTIVE |url=https://indianhistorycollective.com/liberation-dalit-womens-narratives-ambedkar-phule-brahmanicalpatriarchy-castiesm/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=indianhistorycollective.com |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105205742/https://indianhistorycollective.com/liberation-dalit-womens-narratives-ambedkar-phule-brahmanicalpatriarchy-castiesm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a social worker, she was active in both urban areas like [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] and in rural parts of western Maharashtra,<ref name="Deo2023" /> and established 19 women's associations.<ref name="a518">{{cite book |last1=Arya |first1=Sunaina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVauDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mukta+Sarvagod&pg=PT90 |title=Dalit Feminist Theory: A Reader |last2=Rathore |first2=Aakash Singh |date=September 9, 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-65148-5 |page= |access-date=June 30, 2025}}</ref> She also did community service at Baba Amte’s ashram in Anandvan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fight of the Suppressed for Equality- Feminism among Dalit Women {{!}} Legal Service India - Law Articles - Legal Resources |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-5653-fight-of-the-suppressed-for-equality-feminism-among-dalit-women.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

Her autobiography, ''Mitleli Kawade'', details the experiences of Dalit women, including the hardships and cruelty they faced.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 2022 |title=Contribution of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in Women Empowerment |url=https://ijarasem.com/admin/img/45_Contribution.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Arts, Science, Engineering & Management |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=2 |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708071640/https://ijarasem.com/admin/img/45_Contribution.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Babasaheb of the Bahujans: B R Ambedkar lives on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/babasaheb-of-the-bahujans-ambedkar-lives-on-8309792/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111122641/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/babasaheb-of-the-bahujans-ambedkar-lives-on-8309792/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In her writing, Sarvagod explored the tensions between [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] and Ambedkarite political ideologies within the social work movements.<ref name="Deo2023" /> Her work is noted for its critique of internal community issues, such as superstition, alongside its protest against caste discrimination.<ref name="Deo2023" /><ref name="JanataWeekly">{{cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=Ambedkar in Dalit Women's Literature and Lives |url=https://janataweekly.org/ambedkar-in-dalit-womens-literature-and-lives/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Janata Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Pradipta |date=2021-01-01 |title=Major Trends in Dalit Women's Autobiographies in India |url=https://doi.org/10.18485/knjiz.2021.11.11.2 |journal=Књиженство: часопис за студије књижевности, рода и културе |volume=11 |issue=11 |doi=10.18485/knjiz.2021.11.11.2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''Mitleli Kawade'' has been analyzed by scholars in the context of Dalit feminism and life writing, and it is included in academic studies of the genre, such as [[Sharmila Rege|Sharmila Rege's]] ''[[Writing Caste Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonios|Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonios]]''.<ref name="Rege2014">{{cite book |last=Rege |first=Sharmila |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo16939632.html |title=Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonios |publisher=Zubaan |year=2014 |isbn=978-9383074679 |page=33}}</ref>

== Works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Sarvagauda |first=Mukta |title=Mitleli Kavade |publisher=Chetashri Prakashan |year=1983 |location=Amalner |language=mr |trans-title=Closed Doors}}<ref name="l212">{{cite book |last1=Poitevin |first1=Guy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHSvXRd7ZMwC |title=Indian Peasant Women Speak Up |last2=Rairkar |first2=Héma |date=1993 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-264-5 |page=33 |access-date=June 30, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Babytai Kamble]]
* [[Urmila Pawar]]
* [[Kumud Pawde]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

=== Books ===

* {{cite book |last1=Kannabiran |first1=Kalpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpguDwAAQBAJ |title=Re-Presenting Feminist Methodologies: Interdisciplinary Explorations |last2=Swaminathan |first2=Padmini |date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-80037-2 |access-date=July 1, 2025}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarvagod, Mukta}}
[[Category:Dalit women writers]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century autobiographers]]

Comedy Nights Live

2025-11-25T05:46:43Z

JungPapst1287: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Indian comedy TV show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy_Nights_Live.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| director = Nikul Desai<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishna Abhishek on replacing Kapil Sharma as 'Comedy Nights' host|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/krushna-abhishek-on-replacing-kapil-sharma-as-comedy-nights-host/16933188|work=Mid Day|accessdate=8 February 2016|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| writer = Dinesh Brigedier Raj Verma, [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]], Kousten Sahu, Khalid Azmi
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1XwumKHSg8|title=Comedy Nights Live episodes|publisher=Comedy Nights Live|date=20 May 2014|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 65 minutes approx.
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|1|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|8|21}}
| related = ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
}}

'''''Comedy Nights Live''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[stand-up comedy]] - [[humour]] [[television series]], which premiered on 31 January 2016, and was broadcast on [[Colors TV]]. The series aired on Sunday nights. The series replaced Colors TV's show ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-nights-with-kapil-to-be-replaced-by-comedy-nights-live/|title= Comedy Nights With Kapil to be replaced by Comedy Nights Live|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comedy-Nights-Live-to-replace-Comedy-Nights-with-Kapil/articleshow/50670073.cms|title= 'Comedy Nights Live' to replace 'Comedy Nights with Kapil'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref>

[[Krushna Abhishek]] hosted this show. [[Siddharth Sagar]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Bharti Singh]], [[Rashami Desai]] are some of the comedians of the show. [[Madhuri Dixit]] was the first celebrity to appear on the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/exclusive-yes-im-replacing-kapil-sharma-on-comedy-nights-confirms-krushna-abhishek-304926-2016-01-21|title= Exclusive: Yes, I'm replacing Kapil Sharma on Comedy Nights, confirms Krushna Abhishek|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=21 January 2016|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Season 1===
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] as Pappu Singh/Pappi Singh/ Tulsi/various characters
* [[Bharti Singh]] as Chintu Sharma
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Banwari Lal (Pappu's dad)/various characters
* [[Siddharth Sagar]] as Mangala Mufatlal/various characters
* Gaurav Dubey as foreigner
* [[Raju Srivastav]] as various characters
* [[Shakeel Siddiqui]] as various characters
* Firoz Ahmed as Permanent guest<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mika Singh out of Comedy Nights Live; Sohail Khan to replace him? | last = Uniyal | first = Parmita | work = India Today | date = 29 May 2016 | access-date = 2016-08-03 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/mika-singh-out-of-comedy-nights-live-sohail-khan-to-replace-him-326155-2016-05-29 }}</ref>
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Pinki Bua<ref>{{Cite web | title = Exclusive: Upasna Singh aka Bua confirms quitting 'Comedy Nights Live' | last = Tiwari | first = Vijaya | work = The Times of India | date = 9 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-08-03 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Exclusive-Upasna-Singh-aka-Bua-confirms-quitting-Comedy-Nights-Live/articleshow/52677642.cms}}</ref>
*[[Usha Nadkarni]] as Dadi
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]] as Actress
*[[Adaa Khan]] as Itee
*[[Puja Banerjee]]

===Season 2===
*[[Krushna Abhishek]] as Pappu Singh
* [[Bharti Singh]] as Chintu Sharma
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Banwari Lal (Pappu's dad)
* [[Kratika Sengar]] as Itee
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Actress

==List of episodes==
{| class="wikitable
! No.
! Telecast date
! Guest(s)
! To promote
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| 31 January 2016
| [[Madhuri Dixit|Madhuri Dixit Nene]]
|style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Madhuri Dixit the first guest on 'Comedy Nights LIVE'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Madhuri-Dixit-the-first-guest-on-Comedy-Nights-LIVE/articleshow/50771179.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=8 February 2016|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 7 February 2016
| [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Abhishek Kapoor]], [[Salman Khan]]
| ''[[Fitoor]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif come together on Comedy Nights Live|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/watch-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-come-together-on-comedy-nights-live-fitoor-ranbir-kapoor-307085-2016-02-04|website=India Today|access-date=8 February 2016|date=4 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 14 February 2016
| [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Mandana Karimi]]
| ''[[Neerja]]''
|
|-
| 4
| 21 February 2016
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Dharmendra]]
| ''[[Ghayal Once Again]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|title=When Sunny and Bobby Deol enact the 'Mere Paas Maa Hain' scene, guess what Dharmendra has to say|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/watch-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-and-dharmendra-visit-comedy-nights-live-sets-309430-2016-02-18|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 February 2016|date=18 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 28 February 2016
| [[Mouni Roy]], [[Adaa Khan]], [[Siddharth Nigam]], [[Eisha Singh]], [[Sana Amin Sheikh]]
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]], [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]], [[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]], [[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web| title = Comedy Nights Live: Lead actors from 'Naagin,' 'Chakravartin Ashok Samrat' and others to make an appearance| last = Goswami | first = Parismita| work = International Business Times, India Edition| date = 22 February 2016| accessdate = 2016-03-01| url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/comedy-nights-live-lead-actors-naagin-chakravartin-ashok-samrat-others-make-appearance-667833}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 6 March 2016
| [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Farah Karimi]]
| ''[[Teraa Surroor]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web| title = Himesh Reshammiya, Sunidhi Chauhan and Neha Kakkar on Comedy Nights Live| work = India Today| date = 4 March 2016| access-date = 2016-03-08| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/himesh-reshammiya-and-sunidhi-chauhan-on-comedy-nights-live-krushna-abhishek-bharti-singh-377323-2016-03-04}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 13 March 2016
| [[Tejaswi Prakash]], [[Namish Taneja]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Lauren Gottlieb]], [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]], [[Monica Gill]]
| ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]], [[Ambarsariya]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web| title = 'Swaragini' actors Tejaswi aka Ragini and Namish aka Lakshya to appear on 'Comedy Nights Live'| last = Goswami | first = Parismita| work = International Business Times, India Edition| date = 10 March 2016| accessdate = 2016-03-14| url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/swaragini-actors-tejaswi-aka-ragini-namish-aka-lakshya-appear-comedy-nights-live-670172}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 20 March 2016
| [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Thomas Sardorf]], [[Navtej Singh Rehal]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Baby Diya Chalwad
| ''[[Rocky Handsome]]''
|
|-
| 9
| 27 March 2016
| [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
| ''[[Ki & Ka]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web| title = Arjun Kapoor along with Kareena promote Ki And Ka on Comedy Nights Live| work = Deccan Chronicle| date = 23 March 2016 | access-date = 28 March 2016| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/230316/arjun-kapoor-along-with-kareena-promote-ki-and-ka-in-comedy-nights-live.html}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| 3 April 2016
| [[Toral Rasputra]], [[Jigyasa Singh]], Vidhi Pandya, [[Meera Deosthale]]
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]], [[Thapki Pyar Ki]], [[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|
|-
| 11
| 17 April 2016
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Tiger Shroff]]
| ''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|author1=IANS|title=Tiger Shroff does martial arts on 'Comedy Nights Live'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tiger-shroff-does-martial-arts-on-comedy-nights-live-2756635/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=19 April 2016|date=16 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| 24 April 2016
| [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Honey Singh]], [[Gurbani Judge]], [[Parul Gulati]] (integration episode with ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'')
| ''[[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]]'', ''[[Zorawar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shrivastava|first1=Vipra|title=Yo Yo Honey Singh's special rendition on Comedy Nights Bachao special|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/yo-yo-honey-singh-raps-a-ghazal-on-comedy-nights-bachao-special-sonakshi-sinha-318927-2016-04-20|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=14 May 2016|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| 1 May 2016
| [[Sunny Leone]], [[Tanuj Virwani]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
| ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Comedy Night Live, Promo: Sunny Leone makes the most tempting golgappas|url=http://www.colorstv.com/mena/videos/comedy-nights-live/comedy-night-live-promo-sunny-leone-makes-the-most-tempting-golgappas-10125517.html|website=Colors|accessdate=14 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| 8 May 2016
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Juhi Chawla]]
|style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Tabu, Juhi Chawla's fun filled moments on Comedy Nights Live|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/tabu-juhi-chawlas-fun-filled-moments-on-comedy-nights-live-2785519/7/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 May 2016 |accessdate=14 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 15
| 15 May 2016
| [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]]
| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nargis Fakhri, Emraan Hashmi on sets of 'Comedy Nights Live'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/nargis-fakhri-emraan-hashmi-on-sets-of-comedy-nights-live/17221190|website=Mid Day|accessdate=16 May 2016|date=11 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| 22 May 2016
| rowspan="2"|[[Monali Thakur]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Sana Khan]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Lisa Ray]], [[Shweta Pandit]], [[Khushboo Grewal]]
| ''[[Phobia (2016 film)|Phobia]]'', ''Nalla Awards special''
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/comedy-nights-live-promo-ram-gopal-varma-and-radhika-apte-come-together-for-nalla-awards-night/|title=Comedy Nights Live Promo: Ram Gopal Varma and Radhika Apte come together for Nalla Awards night!|work=Bollywood Life|date=20 May 2016|accessdate=25 May 2016|first=Soumyata |last=Chauhan}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| 29 May 2016
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
| 18
| 12 June 2016
| [[Kajal Agrawal]], [[Randeep Hooda]]
| ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]''
|
|-
| 19
| 19 June 2016
| [[Preity Zinta]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| <ref>{{Cite web | title = Preity Zinta's first appearance post marriage on TV| author = TNN | work = The Times of India | date = 27 May 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-19 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Preity-Zintas-first-appearance-post-marriage-on-TV/articleshow/52473774.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| 26 June 2016
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Faaiz Anwar]]
| ''[[Love Ke Funday]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web | title = Sukhwinder Singh promotes Love Ke Funday on Comedy Nights Live | work = The Hans India | date = 28 June 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-19 | url = http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Bollywood/2016-06-28/Photos-Sukhwinder-Singh-promotes-Love-Ke-Funday-on-Comedy-Nights-Live/238260}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| 3 July 2016
| [[Salman Khan]]
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web | title = Salman Khan promotes 'Sultan' on Krushna Abhishek's 'Comedy Nights Live'| last = Sen | first = Sushmita | work = International Business Times, India Edition | date = 3 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-19 | url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/salman-khan-promotes-sultan-krushna-abhisheks-comedy-nights-live-photos-videos-685295}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| 10 July 2016
| [[Salim Merchant|Salim]], [[Sulaiman Merchant|Suleman]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Saqib Saleem]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Mona Singh]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|
|-
| 23
| 17 July 2016
| [[Mudassar Khan]], [[Mukti Mohan]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Geeta Kapoor]]
| Special Appearance, ''[[Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]''
|
|-
| 24
| 24 July 2016
| [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Gaurav Gera]], [[Neha Pabbi]], [[Sikander Kher]], [[Anil Kapoor]]
| part 1: Special appearance, ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' season 2
part 2: Competition [[Krushna Abhishek]] Mangala([[Sudesh Lehri]]) and Chintu ([[Bharti Singh]]) vs Chutki ([[Gaurav Gera]]), [[Neha Dhupia]] and [[Mona Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web | title = Neha Dhupia impersonates Big B on 'Comedy Nights Live' | work = Mid-Day | date = 17 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-08-27 | url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/neha-dhupia-impersonates-big-b-on-comedy-nights-live/17439159 }}</ref>
|-
|25
|14 August 2016
| [[Mithali Raj]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Integration episode with ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'')
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|
|-
|26
|21 August 2016
|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Remo D'Souza]]
|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.colorstv.com/in/shows/comedy-nights-live-3695.html Official website]

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedy Nights Live}}
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]

Sambhunath Pandit

2025-10-20T16:18:32Z

JungPapst1287:

{{Short description|Indian judge, social reformer (1820–1867)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sambhunath Pandit
| image = Sambhunath Pundit.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1820}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|6 June 1867|1820}}
| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, [[British India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Judge|social reformer}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Sambhunath Pandit''' (1820–1867) was the first Indian to become a sitting judge of a court of law in [[British India]].<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909, p. 576, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd. {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sambhunath Pandit was born to a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] family in [[Kolkata]]. His grandfather Manasaram Pandit had fled from their ancestral lands in the [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir valley]] to avoid [[persecution of Hindus]] conducted by the [[Durrani Empire]] & resettled in [[Varanasi]]. Manasaram's eldest son & Shambhunath's father Shivaprasada had migrated to [[Lucknow]] in order to secure a job in the [[Durbar (court)|darbar]] of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Oudh]], for which he had learned [[Persian language|Persian]] (the court language) & [[Urdu]]. However, on the invitation of his younger brother Sadashiva, he migrated to Calcutta, the seat of power of the [[Company rule in India|Company rule]], where he worked as a clerk in a civil court after learning [[Indian English|English]]. Shambhunath, due to his ill-health, was sent to live his childhood in the house of his maternal uncle at Lucknow, where he learned Persian & Urdu. On returning to Calcutta, he joined the [[Oriental Seminary]].<ref name="Bose508">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 508, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}.</ref> However, he had to [[Dropping out|drop out of school]] in order to get married at a young age (according to the [[Child marriage in India|prevalent traditions]]). In order to support his family, he started working as an assistant [[Archivist|record-keeper]] in the [[Sadr Diwani Adalat|Sadar Dewani Adalat]], utilising his knowledge in English, Urdu & Persian. Shambhunath earned the goodwill of his British superiors by exhibiting his skill in English by translating court documents written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] & Persian into English, which led to him being promoted to the position of [[clerk]] responsible for issuing court decrees. He also earned further fame by translating the [[Opus Majus]] into English.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Sambhunath Pandit {{!}} রেকর্ড কিপার থেকে বিচারপতি, এক পণ্ডিতের কাহিনি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/patrika/special-write-up-on-first-indian-judge-of-calcutta-high-court-sambhunath-pandit-1.1207567 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220021533/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/patrika/special-write-up-on-first-indian-judge-of-calcutta-high-court-sambhunath-pandit-1.1207567 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=2025-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Law career ==
Having earned the goodwill of his British employers, Pandit began practicing law at the Sadar Dewani Adalat from 16 November 1848. Soon he moved to the [[Sadr Faujdari Adalat|Sadar Faujdari Adalat]] as a [[Criminal defense lawyer|criminal lawyer]]. On 28 March 1853, he was appointed as a [[Legal practice in India|government pleader]]. Apart from his work as a lawyer, he also worked as the inaugural Professor of Law at the law department of the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] from 1855 to 1857. In 1861, Pandit was promoted to the position of senior government pleader by the [[British Raj|new administration]]. Within a year, on 18 November 1862, on the recommendation of the Chief Justice [[Barnes Peacock|Sir Barnes Peacock]], Shambhunath Pandit was promoted to the position of a sitting judge at the newly founded [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name=":0" />

== Public life==
Sambhunath Pandit was a close friend of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Iswarchandra Vidyasagar]] & [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune]] & was an ardent supporter of [[Female education in India|female education]]. He also supported Vidyasagar's attempts to conduct the first [[widow remarriage]] on 5 December 1855. In 1851, he became a founder member of [[British Indian Association]].<ref name= "Bose508"/> Pandit was also noted for his charitable activities among the poor of the city.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
After the death of first wife Malorani early into their marriage, Pandit married a non-[[Brahmin]] [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] girl called Haridasi. Due to this [[Inter-caste marriage in India|intercaste marriage]], he was disowned by his family. So Pandit converted to [[Brahmoism]].

In the ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'', [[Sivanath Sastri]] writes, "In the month of June 1852, a number of influential men of that suburban town (meaning Bhowanipur) assembled at the house of the late Sambhunath Pandit, latterly a Judge of Calcutta High Court, and established an Association under the name of Jnan Prakasika Sabha, or "Truth Revealing Society", whose object it was to promote the spiritual enlightenment of its members. It was virtually a [[Brahmo Samaj]], though the name was different. Sambhunath Pandit became its president, Babu Annadaprasad Banerjee, a pleader of the High Court, vice-president, and Baboo [[Harish Chandra Mukherjee|Harishchandra Mukherji]] of the ''Hindu Patriot'' fame its secretary... From the first anniversary of the Society held in 1853, it was duly and formally installed as Bhowanipur Brahmo Samaj." It followed the [[Adi Dharm|Adi Samaj]] form of divine service.<ref>Sastri, Sivanath, ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'', 1911-12, pp378-379, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, 211 Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata. {{Source attribution}}</ref> While serving as a record-keeper, he had published a book entitled ''On the Being of God'' championing [[monotheism]] & [[aniconism]].<ref name= "Bose508"/>

With Haridasi, Shambhunath Pandit had one son - Prananath, who also became a lawyer at the Calcutta High Court & a daughter Malati, who he had enrolled in [[Bethune College|Bethune School]] as one of its first batch of students. After the death of Haridasi, Shambhunath married another Bengali Hindu woman called Swaruparani. Together, they had 2 sons - Radhagobinda & Shankaranath.

Shambhunath Pandit died of an infectious [[carbuncle]] at his [[Bhowanipore]] residence (situated near [[Bangur Institute of Neurosciences|Bangur Institute of Neurology]]) on 6th June 1867, at the age of 47. <ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
A government hospital <ref>In his ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', [[P. Thankappan Nair]] writes, "The Government had also started a public dispensary in Bhabanipur in 1840. In 1896, it was moved to a commodious new building (provided by the Corporation) and renamed the South Suburban Hospital. In 1898, it became Shambhunath Pandit Hospital after the first Indian judge at the Calcutta High Court." ''Calcutta: The Living City'', Volume I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 229, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref> and an important road in Bhowanipur are named after him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Sambhunath}}
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1867 deaths]]
[[Category:Oriental Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian jurists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]

Kurseong (community development block)

2025-10-08T00:03:57Z

JungPapst1287: adjusted section and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurseong
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File: Kurseong in Darjeeling (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.88|N|88.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 372.30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 94,347
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
|}}
'''Kurseong''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the Kurseong subdivision of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Kurseong is located at {{coord|26.88|N|88.28|E|format=dms|}}.

Kurseong CD block is partly in the Kurseong Range physiographic region, south of the Darjeeling Himalayas physiographic region, and partly in the Western Dooars physiographic region, a plain area spread over foothills of the Himalayas. The elevation in the Kurseong Range varies from 300 to 1,800 m and there are many low hill peaks. Western Dooars is a plain area with elevation ranging from 80 to 300 m.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Kurseong CD block is bounded by the [[Rangli Rangliot (community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] CD block on the north, [[Kalimpong I]] CD block and [[Rajganj (community development block)|Rajganj]] CD block in Jalpaiguri district on the east, [[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]] and [[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]] CD blocks on the south and [[Mirik (community development block)|Mirik]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Map of Darjeeling district on the fifth page| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/jalpaiguri.html | title = Tehsil map of Jalpaiguri| publisher = Maps of India|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

The Kurseong CD block has an area of 372.30 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 123 gram sansads (village councils), 71 [[mouza]]s, 65 inhabited villages and 1 [[census town]]. [[Kurseong#Police station|Kurseong]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2001>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Darjeeling district (01)| access-date = 12 February 2020| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040244/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| archive-date = 19 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Kurseong]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Kurseong CD block are: Chimney-Deorali, [[Gayabari|Gayabari I]], Gayabari II, Gayabari III, Mahanadi, Pandu, Seetong I, Seetong II, Seetong III, Shivakhola, St. Marry’s I, St. Marry’s II, St. Marry’s III and [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/misc/District-Detail.pdf | title = Egiye Bangla Darjeeling | work= Miscellaneous - District Detail| publisher = District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Kurseong CD block had a total population of 94,347, of which 79,903 were rural and 14,444 were urban. There were 47,030 (50%) males and 47,317 (50%) females. There were 8,528 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 8,271 (8.77%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 29,232 (30.98%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Census town]] in the Kurseong CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Cart Road]] (14,444).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Kurseong CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ambootia|Ambootia Tea Garden]] (4,811), [[Longview Tea Garden]] (5,301) and [[Simulbari Tea Garden]] (4,160).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Kurseong CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Gayabari]] (407), Mahanadi (1,420), [[Sittong|Sittong Khas Mahal]] (3,098), Shibkhola (146), St. Mary’s (1,565), [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]] (1,011), [[Mangpu|Mangpu Cinchona Plantation]] (1,109), [[Tindharia]] (1,015), Singel Tea Garden (2,590), Garidhora (M.Bari) Tea Garden (2,877), [[Makaibari Tea Estate|Makaibari Tea Garden]] (1,289), [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (2,752), [[Giddapahar]] (2,768) and [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (743).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Kurseong CD block was 69,646 (81.15% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 37,895 (88.56% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 31,751 (73.78% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.78%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD blocks of Darjeeling district (2011) |collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kurseong CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|23.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christian]]|dodgerblue|7.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Kirat Mundhum]]|red|1.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|Green|0.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 62,111 and formed 65.83% of the population in the Kurseong CD block. Buddhists numbered 22,420 and formed 23.76% of the population. Christians numbered 7,110 and formed 7.54% of the population. Muslims numbered 610 and formed 0.65% of the population. Others numbered 2,096 and formed 2.22% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kurseong CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value1 = 89.35 |color1 = lightcoral
|label2 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 5.36 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.40 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 3.89 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 89.35% of the population spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 5.36% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] and 1.40% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 declared that Bengali and Nepali were to be used for official purposes in the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong in Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf | title = The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961| publisher = WBJA |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Kurseong CD block'''
|value1 = 10.75
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 4.96
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.68
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 81.61
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Kurseong CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,669 and formed 10.75%, agricultural labourers numbered 1,693 and formed 4.96%, household industry workers numbered 913 and formed 2.68% and other workers numbered 7,843 and formed 81.61%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 34,118 and formed 36.16% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 60,229 and formed 63.84% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 65 inhabited villages in the Kurseong CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 15 villages (23.08%) have post offices. 59 villages (90.77%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 32 villages (49.23%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 9 villages (13.85%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (3.08%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (6.15%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 85, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2012-13, there were 57 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Kurseong CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Kurseong CD block produced 56 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 26 hectares, 4 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 3 hectares, 3 tonnes of wheat from 3 hectares, 2,055 tonnes of maize from 806 hectares and 6,325 tonnes of potatoes from 382 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/>

===Tea gardens===
[[Darjeeling tea]] “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.<ref name=tea>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 26: Tea industry of Darjeeling district | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

As of 2009-10, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 5.3 (f): Area, production and employment in the tea industry | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=tea/>

As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wblc.gov.in/download/Synopsis-of-Tea-Garden-Survey-Final-Report.pdf | title = Synopsis on Survey of Tea Gardens| publisher = Regional Labour Offices under jurisdiction of Joint Labour Commissioner, North Bengal Zone |access-date = 5 March 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012-13, Kurseong CD block had offices of 1 commercial bank and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/>

==Transport==
{{Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|collapse=yes}}
Kurseong CD block has 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 2 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2013/>

[[National Highway 110 (India)|National Highway 110]] /Hill Cart Road passes through Kurseong CD block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012-13, Kurseong CD block had 164 primary schools with 8,121 students, 3 middle schools with 721 students, 13 high schools with 5,282 students and 4 higher secondary schools with 2,263 students. Kurseong CD block had 2 technical/ professional institutions with 268 students and 306 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,880 students. Kurseong municipal area (outside the CD block) had 1 general degree college with 2,034 students and 2 technical/ professional institutions with 598 students.<ref name=handbook2013/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Kurseong CD block, among the 65 inhabited villages, 6 villages did not have a school, 34 villages had two or more primary schools, 24 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 394, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Kurseong CD block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centres with total 68 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 20 family welfare subcentres.<ref name=handbook2013/>

Dowhill Central Hospital, with 40 beds, is located at Dow Hill and Latpanchar Chincona Plantation Hospital, with 12 beds, is located at Latpanchar,<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 March 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Sukna Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Sukna, is the major government medical facility in the Kurseong CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bagora (with 10 beds), Sittang (PO Shelpu) (with 4 beds) and [[Gayabari]] (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =28 February 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kurseong}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Darjeeling}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Darjeeling district]]

Bhambri

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'''Bhambri''' ({{Langx|pa|ਭਾਂਬਰੀ}}) is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] surname, used by Hindus and Sikhs of the [[Khatri]] caste.

== Notable people ==

Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Ankita Bhambri]] (born 1986), former Indian tennis player, sister of Sanaa and Yuki, cousin of Prerna.
*[[C.P. Bhambri|C. P. Bhambri]] (1933–2020), Indian political scientist
*[[Prerna Bhambri]] (born 1992), Indian tennis player, cousin of Ankita, Sanaa and Yuki.
*[[Sanaa Bhambri]] (born 1988), former Indian tennis player, sister of Ankita and Yuki, cousin of Prerna.
*[[Sarthak Bhambri]] (born 1998), Indian track and field athlete
*[[Shivam Bhambri]] (born 1995), Indian cricketer
*[[Yuki Bhambri]] (born 1992), Indian tennis player, brother of Ankita and Sanaa, cousin of Prerna.

{{surname}}
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]

Pocharam, Medak district

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pocharam
| native_name =
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| other_name = Pocharam Municipality
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| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Hyderabad]]##[[Telangana]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.425460|78.644985|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Telangana
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 20.74
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| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]]
| postal_code = 500088
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 040
| registration_plate = TS 08 XX XXXX
| website = https://pocharammunicipality.telangana.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Pocharam''' is a [[satellite city |satellite town]] of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/hyderabad/28260235_1_allotment-minister-kapil-sibal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523183913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/hyderabad/28260235_1_allotment-minister-kapil-sibal|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2012|title=Ponnala writes to Sibal, seeks nod for ITIR |date=17 December 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> Pocharam is a village located in the Medak district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is situated approximately 60 kilometers north-east of the state capital, Hyderabad.

== History ==
Historically, Pocharam has been a center of activity for several centuries. The village's roots can be traced back to the period of the Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled much of the Deccan region from the 12th to the 14th century. During this time, the area was known for its agricultural prosperity and strategic importance.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Economy==
The presence of Warangal highway and [[Uppal metro station|metro station]] at [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]] has led to large scale boom in real-estate activity in and adjoining areas of [[Narapally]], [[Boduppal]] and [[Peerzadiguda]]. It is home to integrated residential and commercial project, [[Singapore Township, Hyderabad|Singapore Township]] aka Sanskruthi Township.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/07/01/stories/2002070100020200.htm|title=Demand-supply mismatch|author=V. Rishi Kumar|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=1 July 2002| access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> The software company, [[Infosys]], has its 447-acre second campus in Hyderabad, here known as Prakriti Park. This facility is an SEZ and, when constructed fully, it will be able to accommodate 25,000 employees. The campus is Infosys' world's biggest campus. Next to this is Raheja Mind Space IT Park in 100 acres. Companies like [[Genpact]], [[Axis Bank]] and other IT and ITES companies have set up their offices in Raheja Mind Space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/education/27924175_1_campus-pocharam-chief-mentor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523183936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/education/27924175_1_campus-pocharam-chief-mentor|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2012|title=Infosys starts 2nd Hyderabad centre |date=11 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>

The local economy of Pocharam is primarily based on agriculture, with the fertile lands surrounding the village supporting the cultivation of various crops. Agriculture remains a source of livelihood for the majority of the population.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Tourism==
=== Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary ===

One of the landmarks in Pocharam is the Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans an area of several square kilometers. The sanctuary is home to diverse flora and fauna, including various species of migratory birds that visit the region during certain times of the year.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Temples and architecture ===

Additionally, Pocharam is known for its ancient temples and architecture. The village houses several temples dedicated to various Hindu deities. These temples, often built in traditional South Indian architectural styles, attract devotees and art enthusiasts from different parts of the country.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Villages in Medak district]]

{{Medak-geo-stub}}

National Highway 73 (India, old numbering)

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 344 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Meghalaya Lok Adalat

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{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Office of the Meghalaya State Legal Services Authority,MG Road, Shillong-793001.Meghalaya.Telephon No: +91-0364-2501051.<ref name="mla ref1">{{cite web |title=Contact Us {{!}} Official Website of Meghalaya State Legal Services Authority, Government of Meghalaya, India |url=https://mslsa.gov.in/contact-us |website=mslsa.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
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'''Meghalaya Lok Adalat''' or Meghalaya State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Meghalaya]]. The Nagaland Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate [[jurisdiction]], litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Meghalaya Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Meghalaya Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="mla ref4">{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: Mobile Lok Adalat to provide easy access to justice flagged off |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meghalaya-mobile-lok-adalat-to-provide-easy-access-to-justice-flagged-off/articleshow/47343633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

Hon'ble Justice Sanjib Banerjee, Chief Justice, Meghalaya High Court, is current Patron-in-Chief of Meghalaya State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="mla ref2">{{cite news |title=National Lok Adalat |url=https://highlandpost.com/national-lok-adalat-2/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=Highland Post |date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="mla ref6">{{cite news |title=658 Pre-Litigation cases and 551 pending cases taken up in National Lok Adalat |url=https://meghalayanews24.com/658-pre-litigation-cases-and-551-pending-cases-taken-up-in-national-lok-adalat/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=MeghalayaNews24 |date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.<ref name="mla ref3">{{cite news |title=Natl Lok Adalat takes up 1,093 cases in 11 dists |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/12/12/natl-lok-adalat-takes-up-1093-cases-in-11-dists/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=The Shillong Times |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.<ref name="mla ref5">{{cite news |title=246 cases settled by Lok Adalat |url=http://www.shillongmail.com/246-cases-settled-by-lok-adalat/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=SHILLONG MAIL |language=en}}</ref>
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.<ref name="mla ref2" />

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Meghalaya Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="la ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

*Meghalaya Lok Adalat organised National Lok-Adalat in December 2021 taking up 639 pre-litigation cases and 454 pending cases with settlement amount of Rs 62,78,327.<ref name="mla ref3" />
*Meghalaya Lok Adalat organised National Lok-Adalat in 2018 settling 246 cases involving amount of Rs. 71, 05, 090.<ref name="mla ref5" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mslsa.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

A.R. Khaleel

2025-06-04T04:13:36Z

JungPapst1287: created

{{Short description|Indian football administrator (1932–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''A.R. Khaleel''' (4 April 1932 – 10 May 2023) was an Indian football administrator who served as the vice president, treasurer and executive committee member of the [[All India Football Federation]]. He also served as the president of the [[Karnataka State Football Association]] for 28 years from 1989 to 2018 making him the longest serving president of the association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.R Khaleel unanimously re-elected as President of KSFA |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-r-khaleel-unanimously-re-elected-as-president-of-ksfa |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Arunava |date=2017-01-17 |title=Karnataka State FA president A.R. Khaleel steps down after 28 years! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/karnataka-state-fa-president-r-khaleel-steps-28-years/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Arunava about Football |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Khaleel was born on 4 April 1932. He attended [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], Bangalore. He was a decorated Mysore state football player before entering football administration by taking over Jawahar Union FC, then a top division club in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diegostrikes |title=Former KSFA President AR Khaleel no more |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/05/former-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-no-more.html?m=1 |access-date=2024-11-10 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

Khaleel became a member of the Bangalore District Football Association in 1953, served as treasurer of [[Karnataka State Football Association]] from 1961 to 1981 and later became vice president from 1981 to 89. Following which he became [[Karnataka State Football Association|KSFA's]] 15th and longest serving president for 28 years until 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diegostrikes |title=A R Khaleel re-elected as KSFA President |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2011/07/r-khaleel-re-elected-as-ksfa-president.html?m=1 |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en}}</ref>

Khaleel was part of the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Executive Committee and held various posts in the AIFF including Treasurer and Vice President till 2018. He was also a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] Standing Committees on multiple occasions. He also served as the [[I-League|I-league]] chairman in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Arunava |date=2013-04-28 |title=A.R. Khaleel: I-League as a product is bound to grow! |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/a-r-khaleel-i-league-as-a-product-is-bound-to-grow |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-16 |title=A R Khaleel welcomes Pakistan contingent to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/a-r-khaleel-welcomes-pakistan-contingent-to-india/articleshow/40317432.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaleel welcomes Pakistan contingent to India |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/khaleel-welcomes-pakistan-contingent-to-india |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

Khaleel was instrumental in co-hosting the AFC Youth Championships at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in 2006 in Bangalore. Many national tournaments like the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[B.C. Roy Trophy|BC Roy trophy]] were held in Karnataka after Khaleel pushed the AIFF for host status and he also got the FIFA goal project to start a FIFA academy and an artificial turf at the Football Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstruction of Bangalore stadium to begin soon: A.R.Khaleel |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/reconstruction-of-bangalore-stadium-to-begin-soon-arkhaleel_765592.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

He ran Jawahar Union FC, one of Bengaluru's oldest clubs.

==Death==

Khaleel died on 10 May 2023 at the age of 91 years following a brief illness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF condoles the demise of former Vice-President AR Khaleel |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-condoles-the-demise-of-former-vice-president-ar-khaleel |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Sumit |date=2023-05-11 |title=Former AIFF vice-president Khaleel passes away at 91 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/former-aiff-vice-president-khaleel-passes-away-at-91/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Khaleel was an eminent figure in [[Indian football]] circles serving in State and National football bodies in various capacities.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Former AIFF President, [[Praful Patel]] remembered Khaleel by stating, "He was doyen of football in Karnataka and the country. Over the last many decades, his contributions and commitment to KSFA and Indian football will always be remembered and cherished". [[Karnataka State Football Association|KSFA]] President [[N. A. Haris|NA Haris]] said, “Khaleel sab had rendered yeoman service to football at the national, state and district levels. He was a passionate football lover, former player, owned one of The city’s famous football clubs Jawahar Union FC and an astute administrator".<ref>{{Cite web |last=diegostrikes |title=Former KSFA President AR Khaleel no more |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2023/05/former-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-no-more.html?m=1 |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaleel, A.R.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian football executives]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]

Ardhapur taluka

2025-05-06T06:04:07Z

JungPapst1287: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{coord|19.2874975|77.3546087|display=title}}
'''Ardhapur taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Nanded district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127" /><ref name="VVGiri-20150719">{{cite web|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/Rehabilitation%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20India.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208034050/http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/Rehabilitation%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2024|title=Rehabilitation of Child Labour in India: Lessons Learnt from the Evaluation of NCLPs|last=Satpathy|first=Anoop K.|author2=Helen R. Sekar|author3=Anup K. Karan|publisher=V. V. Giri National Labour Institute|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> It is a part of [[Nanded subdivision]].<ref name="PriMove-20150719" />

==Nanded district==
Nanded district is divided into three subdivisions viz. Nanded subdivision, [[Deglur subdivision]] and [[Kinwat subdivisions]].<ref name="PriMove-20150719">{{cite web|url=http://nrega.nic.in/titlepage.pdf|title=Maharashtra Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, District Nanded. Perspective Plan 2006-11 Draft final report |first=|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> There were 16 talukas in Nanded district as of November, 2014, viz. [[Nanded taluka|Nanded]], Ardhapur, [[Bhokar taluka|Bhokar]], [[Biloli taluka|Biloli]], [[Deglur taluka|Deglur]], [[Dharmabad taluka|Dharmabad]], [[Hadgaon taluka|Hadgaon]], [[Himayatnagar taluka|Himayatnagar]], [[Kandhar taluka|Kandhar]], [[Kinwat taluka|Kinwat]], [[Loha taluka|Loha]], [[Mahur taluka|Mahur]], [[Mudkhed taluka|Mudkhed]], [[Mukhed taluka|Mukhed]], [[Naigaon taluka|Naigaon]], and [[Umri taluka|Umri]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=19 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}</ref> In 1981, there were eight talukas in the district, viz. Nanded, Hadgaon, Kinwat, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur (Degloor), Mukhed and Kandhar.<ref name="Gaur1992">{{cite book|author=Keshav Dev Gaur|title=Dynamics of Rural Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mZUifCw00C&pg=PA258|year=1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-396-4|pages=258–}}</ref> The talukas of Mahur, Himayatnagar, Umari, Dharmabad, Mudkhed, Loha, Ardhapur and Naigaon (Naygaon) were formed on 26 June 1999.<ref name="PriMove-20150719" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Talukas in Nanded district]]

Kajali Teej Mela

2025-04-21T00:32:21Z

JungPapst1287: adding biography

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Kajali Teej Mela
| native_name = कजली तीज मेला
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Dashahra Mela, kota.jpg
| status = Active
| genre = Fair
| venue = Kumbha Stadium, [[Bundi]]
| location = [[Bundi]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.430691|75.64085|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| prev = 2023
| next = 2024
| organised = Municipal Council, [[Bundi]]
| sponsors = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
}}

'''Kajali Teej Mela''' is an annual fair celebrated in the historic city of [[Bundi]], located in the [[Hadoti]] region of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The fair is organised during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] (July–August), specifically on the third day of the bright half of the lunar month, known as [[Teej]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=जयपुर-बूंदी तीज की रोचक कहानी, जयपुर की तीज लूट ले आए थे बूंदी के राजा |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/teej-ki-sawari-jaipur-ki-teej-bundi-amber-fort-tripolia-gate-lord-shiva-4310292 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

This festival is dedicated to Hindu Goddess ''Teej mata,'' a synonym name of ''Goddess'' [[Parvati]], commemorating her union with God [[Shiva]]. In this event along with procession of Goddess ''Teej Mata'', a 15-day fair is also organised in Bundi city, in which businesspeople and artisans from all over the state and the country come to Bundi to set up their shops, with many cultural programs also organised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=Video : आज निकलेगी तीज माता की सवारी, 16 दिवसीय मेले का होगा श्रीगणेश |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-teej-mata-ride-fair-enthusiasm-ri-8465208 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> Millions of people from the southern districts of Rajasthan visit this fair.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ऐतिहासिक कजली तीज मेला आज से, सजी दुकानें |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bundi/news/rajasthan-news-historic-kajali-teej-mela-from-today-adorned-shops-074004-5262092.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== History ==
It is said that in the [[Bundi State|princely state of Bundi]], Raja Balwant Singh, king of ''Bundi Ka Gothra,'' when talking to his friend about the grand procession for Teej in Jaipur decided to bring the same idol of Teej to Bundi. When the Teej procession was going on in Jaipur, Raja Balwant Singh attacked and looted the idol of Teej and brought it to Bundi and after 15 days, Teej started being celebrated in Bundi with royal pomp. Since then, the festival of Kajali Teej has been celebrated in [[Bundi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=लूट ली गई थी जयपुर की तीज! फिर 15 दिन बाद बूंदी में निकली भव्य सवारी, पढ़िए ये रोचक कहानी - Morning News India |url=https://www.morningnewsindia.com/local/news/jaipur-teej-sawari-bundi-teej-sawari-mela-teej-katha-teej-ki-kahani/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kajli Teej Festival – Highlights the Culture of Bundi |url=https://www.yatrapur.com/kajli-teej-festival-bundi/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Yatrapur |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is also said that at that time the idol of Teej which was taken out of [[Amber Fort]] in [[Jaipur]] was made of gold. The king had looted it and brought it to Bundi. After that, the procession of the impersonated idol of Teej Mata started taking place in Jaipur. Earlier the royal people used to come out on Bundi Teej procession, later after democracy was established, the local municipal body started organising this event.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Celebrations ==
The Kajali Teej Mela in Bundi is characterised by vibrant festivities, marked by rituals, music, dance, and a bustling fair.

=== Traditional procession ===
One of the highlights of the festival is the traditional procession, locally known as ''Shobha Yatra'', which features beautifully adorned idols of ''Teej Mata'' mounted on elaborately decorated palanquins. The procession winds its way through the narrow lanes of Bundi, accompanied by enthusiastic chants, devotional songs, and the rhythmic beats of traditional musical instruments.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बूंदी में शाही ठाठ-बाट के साथ निकली कजली तीज माता की भव्य शोभायात्रा |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/the-grand-procession-of-kajali-teej-mata-took-place-with-royal-pomp-in-bundi-4354682 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Food and craft bazaars ===
During the fair, the streets come alive with a myriad of stalls selling colourful bangles, traditional attire, handicrafts, jewellry, and delectable local delicacies at ''Kumbha Stadium''. The fair offers an opportunity for attendees to experience Rajasthan’s culinary traditions. The food items available represent various regions of Rajasthan, including [[Mewar]], [[Marwar]], [[Dhundhar]], [[Hadoti]], and [[Braj]], and are showcased at the Food Bazaar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=बूंदी |first=सलीम अली |date=2022-08-16 |title=Rajasthan News: राजस्थान में दो साल बाद कजली तीज मेले में होगी रौनक, स्टार नाइट में होंगे जाने-माने कलाकार |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/kajli-teej-ka-mela-in-rajasthan-after-two-years-famous-artists-will-participate-in-star-night-ann-2193560 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Cultural performances ===
The fair features captivating performances of traditional Rajasthani folk music, dance, and theater at Kumbha Stadium in the city of Bundi. Several artists from across the region come together to showcase their talent, enchanting the audience with their vibrant performances.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kavi Sammelan ===
''Kavi Sammelan'' is a gathering of poets in the [[Hindi Belt]] of northern [[India]]. In this fair ''Kavi Sammelan'' is organised in both [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and the [[Hindi]] language. Poets from different parts of country come and give their performance here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2019-08-26 |title=बूंदीः कजली तीज मेले का आयोजन |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/videos/gallery/kajali-teej-fair-organized/rj20190826234415110 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Celebrity performances ===
Prominent celebrities are also invited by the organisers every year. In 2023 ''Sapna Chaudhary'', a celebrity ''Haryanvi'' dancer and ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' fame ''Priya Ahuja'' were invited to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapna Choudhary: बूंदी में सपना चौधरी ने मटकाई पतली कमर, पूरे राजस्थान में वायरल हो गई वीडियो |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/video/sapna-choudhary-showed-such-beauty-in-bundi-video-went-viral-in-rajasthan/1873977 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कोटा |first=दिनेश कश्यप |date=2023-09-09 |title=कजरी तीज मेले में पहुंची 'तारक मेहता का उल्टा चश्मा' फेम प्रिया आहूजा, हिरोइन बनने को लेकर कही ये बड़ी बात |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-fame-actress-priya-ahuja-or-rita-reporter-reached-bundi-kajali-teej-fair-ann-2490586 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=बूंदी में हरियाणवी डांसर सपना चौधरी को लेकर विवाद, जानिए क्या है पूरा मामला |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/bundi-ruckus-over-haryanvi-dancer-sapna-choudhary-program-in-kajali-teej-mela-bundi-know-shocking-reason-7552373.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Significance ==
In Bundi, Kajali Teej holds particular importance as it is deeply ingrained in the local customs and traditions. Women of all ages eagerly anticipate this festival, as it not only provides them with an opportunity to adorn themselves in traditional attire but also to participate in various cultural and religious rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=राजसी वैभव व ठाठ-बाट के साथ निकली कजली तीज माता की शोभायात्रा |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/rajasthan/bundi-news/news-kajli-teej-mata-celebration-in-bundi-news-hindi-1-337557-KKN.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=khas khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bundi Utsav]]
* [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=March 2024}}

[[Category:Festivals in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bundi district]]
[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Rajasthan]]

History of Bankura district

2025-04-15T01:04:24Z

JungPapst1287: adding location

{{short description|History of Bankura, West Bengal, India}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
'''History of Bankura district''' refers to the history of the present [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Historically, the region was under the realm of [[Rarh region|Rarh]] in ancient [[Bengal]].

==Prehistoric times==
The earliest signs of human habitation in the area was at [[Dihar]], discovered by [[Maniklal Sinha]] in the early 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Rakhi |date=20 Jun 2015 |title=Relic Hunter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/relic-hunter/articleshow/47740930.cms |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> By about 1200-1000 BC [[chalcolithic]] people had settled on the north bank of the [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Dipak Ranjan |year=2012 |chapter=Dihar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dihar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

In later pre-historic times this area was inhabited by various [[Proto-Australoid]] and a few [[Proto-Dravidian]] tribes. The tribes were spread across different strata of development – food-gathering, hunting, animal-raring, and agriculture.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, p. 62, Prakash Bhaban</ref><ref name=Ray>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 276-281, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref> Bankura district was part of [[Rarh region|Rarh]] in ancient times. This area was dominated by aboriginal tribes, more than other areas of [[Bengal]], and was [[Aryan race|Aryanised]] or assimilated with the people and culture of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] group, who prevailed in northern India, substantially later than rest of Bengal.<ref name=Ray/> There were two primary groups of people, the ''[[Nishada kingdom|Nishadas]]'' (who were Proto-Australoid tribes) and ''[[Dasa|Dasa-dasyus]]'' (related to [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=Maniklal |url=https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27582&query_desc=su:%22Customs%22 |title=Paschim rarh tatha Bankura sanskriti |date=1977 |publisher=Chittaranjan Dasgupta |location=Bisnupur |access-date=2022-08-22 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409073416/https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27582&query_desc=su:%22Customs%22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Santals]] and [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Pahariyas]] were probably also there from the beginning.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, pp. 328-331</ref> There were substantial differences amongst the tribes in relation to food, dress, religion, behavioral patterns, and other matters and there were severe limitations on inter-mixing, not to think of inter-marriage.<ref name=Ray/>

==Assimilation with Proto-Indo-Europeans==
When [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] arrived on the scene, they gradually effected assimilation, based primarily on their concepts of work and quality, which led to the development of [[History of the Indian caste system|caste-based]] society or it could be the extension of an older system. The assimilation was not easy and took many centuries, and was achieved through both conflict and cordiality.<ref name=Ray/>

In the religious texts of ''[[Baudhāyana|Baudhayana Dharmasutra]]'' (around 5th-6th century BC), it has been mentioned that while [[Anga]] and the middle country has been partially Aryanised, [[Pundravardhana|Pundra]], [[Vanga kingdom|Banga]] and [[Kalinga (Indian literature)|Kalinga]] had only come in contact with the Aryans or Proto-Indo-Europeans of northern India.<ref name=Binoy1>Ghosh, Binoy, pp. 60-61</ref>

In the 4th century AD, it is learned from the [[Susunia]] edicts, in [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]], that [[Chandravarman]], son of Simhavarman, ruled at Pushkarana (modern [[Pakhanna]]). The extent of his dominions may have been more or less coterminous with ancient [[Rarh region]] or south-west Bengal.<ref>Majumdar, R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', pp. 32, 444, Tulshi Prakashani.</ref><ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 408-409, Prakash Bhaban</ref> According to the inscription on the Allahabad pillar Chandravarman was defeated by [[Samudragupta]] and the area became a part of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.21, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref> The area was for many years part of [[Dandabhukti]] and [[Bardhamanbhukti]].<ref name=Ghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 82-86, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

In the old [[Jainism|Jain]] book ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]'' (around 4th century AD) there is mention of [[Suhma kingdom|Sumha]] and Ladha (Rarh?) and there too the reference is to an area inhabited by uncivilised and barbaric people. Many historians opine that assimilation with Proto-Indo-Europeans took place first in northern and eastern Bengal and then in western Bengal. This has also been the broad course of the spread of Buddhism and Jainism in Bengal. There is ample evidence of pre-eminence of Aryan religion and culture in West Bengal from around 6th century AD.<ref name=Binoy1/>

==Mallabhum kingdom==
{{main|Mallabhum kingdom}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Rulers of Mallabhum
|-
! Ruler
! Years
|-
| [[Adi Malla]]
| 694 - 710
|-
| [[Jay Malla]]
| 710 - 720
|-
| Benu Malla
| 720 - 733
|-
| [[Kinu Malla]]
| 733 - 742
|-
| Indra Malla
| 742 - 757
|-
| [[Kanu Malla]]
| 757 - 764
|-
| Dha (Jhau) Malla
| 764 - 775
|-
| [[Shur Malla]]
| 775 - 795
|-
| Kanak Malla
| 795 - 807
|-
| Kandarpa Malla
| 807 - 828
|-
| Sanatan Malla
| 828 - 841
|-
| [[Kharga Malla]]
| 841 - 862
|-
| Durjan (Durjay) Malla
| 862 - 906
|-
| [[Yadav Malla]]
| 906 - 919
|-
| Jagannath Malla
| 919 - 931
|-
| Birat Malla
| 931 - 946
|-
| Mahadev Malla
| 946 - 977
|-
| Durgadas Malla
| 977 - 994
|-
| [[Jagat Malla]]
| 994 - 1007
|-
| Ananta Malla
| 1007 - 1015
|-
| Rup Malla
| 1015 - 1029
|-
| Sundar Malla
| 1029 - 1053
|-
| Kumud Malla
| 1053 - 1074
|-
| Krishna Malla
| 1074 - 1084
|-
| Rup II (Jhap) Malla
| 1084 - 1097
|-
| [[Prakash Malla]]
| 1097 - 1102
|-
| Pratap Malla
| 1102 - 1113
|-
| Sindur Malla
| 1113 - 1129
|-
| Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla
| 1129 - 1142
|-
| Banamali Malla
| 1142 - 1156
|-
| Yadu/Jadu Malla
| 1156 - 1167
|-
| Jiban Malla
| 1167 - 1185
|-
| [[Ram Malla|Ram (Kshetra) Malla]]
| 1185 - 1209
|-
| Gobinda Malla
| 1209 - 1240
|-
| [[Bhim Malla]]
| 1240 - 1263
|-
| Katar(Khattar) Malla
| 1263 - 1295
|-
| [[Prithwi Malla]]
| 1295 - 1319
|-
| Tapa Malla
| 1319 - 1334
|-
| [[Dinabandhu Malla]]
| 1334 - 1345
|-
| Kinu/Kanu II Malla
| 1345 - 1358
|-
| Shur Malla II
| 1358 - 1370
|-
| [[Shiv Singh Malla]]
| 1370 - 1407
|-
| [[Madan Malla]]
| 1407 - 1420
|-
| Durjan Malla II
| 1420 - 1437
|-
| Uday Malla
| 1437 - 1460
|-
| [[Chandra Malla]]
| 1460 - 1501
|-
| [[Bir Malla]]
| 1501 - 1554
|-
| [[Dhari Malla]]
| 1554 - 1565
|-
| [[Bir Hambir|Hambir Malla Dev]]
| 1565 - 1620
|-
| [[Dhari Hambir Malla Dev]]
| 1620 - 1626
|-
| [[Raghunath Singha Dev]]
| 1626 - 1656
|-
| [[Bir Singha Dev]]
| 1656 - 1682
|-
| [[Durjan Singha Dev]]
| 1682 - 1702
|-
| [[Raghunath Singha Dev II]]
| 1702 - 1712
|-
| [[Gopal Singha Dev]]
| 1712 - 1748
|-
| [[Chaitanya Singha Dev]]
| 1748 - 1801
|-
| [[Madhav Singha Dev]]
| 1801 - 1809
|-
| [[Gopal Singha Dev II]]
| 1809 - 1876
|-
| [[Ramkrishna Singha Dev]]
| 1876 - 1885
|-
| Dwhajamoni Devi
| 1885 - 1889
|-
| [[Nilmoni Singha Dev]]
| 1889 - 1903
|-
| ''no king''
| 1903 - 1930
|-
| [[Kalipada Singha Thakur]]
| 1930 - 1983
|}

From around 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]].<ref name=omalley2>[http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=bengal%20district%20gazetteers%20bankura&author1=o%27malley,%20l.s.s&subject1=west%20bengal%28india%29,%20statistics&year=1908%20&language1=english&pages=207&barcode=99999990038739&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ignca&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=0000-00-00&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=tagged%20image%20file%20format%20&url=/data8/upload/0236/022 Bengal District Gazetteers Bankura]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, 1908, Barcode(99999990038739), Language English, pp. 21-41, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal from [http://www.dli.gov.in Digital Library of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229163832/http://www.dli.gov.in/ |date=2016-02-29 }}</ref>

[[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] wrote in the late 19th century, "The ancient Rajas of Bishnupur trace back their history to a time when Hindus were still reigning in Delhi, and the name of the Muslims was not yet heard in India. Indeed, they could already count five centuries of rule over the western frontier tracts of Bengal before [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]] wrested the province from the Hindus. The Muslim conquest of Bengal, however, made no difference to the Bishnupur princes... these jungle kings were little known to the Muslim rulers of the fertile portions of Bengal, and were never interfered with. For long centuries, therefore, the kings of Bishnupur were supreme within their extensive territories. At a later period of Muslim rule, and when the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] power extended and consolidated itself on all sides, a Mughal army sometimes made its appearance near Bishnupur with claims of tribute, and tribute was probably sometimes paid. Nevertheless, the [[Nawab of Bengal|Subahdars of Murshidabad]], never had that firm hold over the Rajas of Bishnupur which they had over the closer and more recent Rajaships of Burdwan and Birbhum. As the [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan Raj]] grew in power, the Bishnupur family fell into decay; [[Bardhaman Raj#Kirtichand Rai|Maharaja Kirti Chand]] of Burdwan attacked and added to his [[zamindari]] large slices of his neighbour's territories. The [[Bargi|Marathas]] completed the ruin of the Bishnupur house, which is an impoverished zamindari in the present day."<ref>Dutt, R.C., ''The Aboriginal Element in the Population of Bengal'', ''Calcutta Review'', 1882, quoted by O’Malley, p. 21</ref>

The origins of the Rajas of Bishnupur is somewhat clouded in mystery. According to O'Malley, all through the centuries, they were acknowledged as the kings of Bagdis. However, the Rajas of Bishnupur and many of their followers have laid claims to their being [[Kshatriya]]s linked to the Kshatriya clans of northern India. The claims seem to have originated or gathered momentum at a later period when assimilation of the region with the Proto-Indo-Europeans gained firm roots. The Rajas of Bishnupur were also known as Malla kings. ''Malla'' is a Sanskrit word meaning ''wrestler'' but there could be some links with the Mal tribes of the area, who had an intimate connection with the [[Bagdi caste|Bagdis]].<ref name=omalley2/>

The area around Bishnupur was called Mallabhum The core area would cover present-day Bankura police station area (excluding [[Chhatna]]), [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]], Bishnupur, [[Kotulpur]] and [[Indas]]. In olden days the term was used for a much larger area, which probably was the furthest extent of the Bishnupur kingdom. In the north it stretched from [[Damin-i-koh]] in [[Santhal Parganas]] to [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] in the south. It included the eastern part of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] and parts of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] in the west. Portions of the district appear to have been originally the homes of aboriginal tribes, who were gradually subdued. The [[Khatra]] region was [[Dhalbhum]], the [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]] region was [[Tungbhum]], and the Chhatna region was [[Samantabhum]]. They were eventually overshadowed by the Malla kings of Bishnupur. There also are references in old scripts to Varahabhumi or Varabhumi (present-day [[Barabhum]]) on whose borders run Darikesi river, and Sekhara mountain (probably present-day [[Pareshnath]]).<ref name=omalley2/>

===Adi Malla===
[[Adi Malla]] was the founder of the Malla dynasty. There is a story associated with his beginning. In 695 AD, a prince of one of the royal families of northern India made a pilgrimage with his wife to the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]]. He halted in the midst of a great forest at Laugram, {{convert|8.4|km}} from Kotulpur. He left his wife who was about to give birth to a child in the care of a Brahmin. The wife gave birth to a son and they remained back in Laugram. When the child was around 7 years old, he started working as a cowherd. The child started showing signs of greatness and was ultimately trained as a warrior. When he was 15 years old he had no equal as a wrestler in the territory all around. It was this that earned him the sobriquet of Adi Malla, the original or unique wrestler. He became a chieftain by the grace of Raja of Padampur, near modern [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]], {{convert|12.8|km}} from Laugram. The Raja made him a grant of [[Laugram]] and some villages around it. The veracity of this story is questioned and there are other versions of this story to back up the Kshatriya links of the Bishnupur kings.<ref name=omalley2/>

Adi Malla ruled in Laugram for 33 years and has been known as the [[Bagdi Raja]]. He was succeeded by his son, [[Jay Malla]], who invaded Padampur and captured the fort, then the power-centre. Jay Malla extended his domains and shifted his capital to Bishnupur. The subsequent kings steadily extended their kingdom. Among the more renowned are: Kalu Malla, the fourth in line, Kau Malla, the sixth in line, Jhau Malla, the seventh in line, and Sur Malla, the eighth in line, who defeated the Raja of Bagri, a place now in northern Midnapore. He was followed by 40 other kings, all of whom were known as Mallas or Mallabaninath, which means lords of Mallabhum or Mallabani. Family records show that they were independent of foreign powers.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Bir Hambir Malla===
[[Bir Hambir]], the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 AD and ruled in 16th-17th century, was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]]. He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians. He paid an annual tribute to the Muslim viceroys of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty.<ref name=omalley2/>

Bir Hambir was both powerful and pious. He was converted to [[Vaishnavism]] by Srinivasa. There is mention in two Vaishnava works, ''Prem-vilasa'' of Nityananda Das (alias Balaram Das) and ''Bhakti Ratnakara'' of Narahari Chakrabarti, about Srinivasa and other bhaktas (devotees) being robbed by Bir Hambir, when they were travelling from [[Vrindavan]] to [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]] with a number of Vaishanava manuscripts. However, Bir Hambir was so moved by Srinivasa's reading of ''Bhagavata'' that he converted to Vaishnavism and gave Srinivasa a rich endowment of land and money. He introduced the worship of [[Madan Mohan]] in Bishnupur.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Raghunath Singha===
Raghunath Singha, who followed Bir Hambir, was the first Bishnupur Raja family got the title of Singha(Lion) as an honour due to the strength of Rasliimlli. It is said that he was conferred upon with this title by the Nawab of Murshidabad. Bishnupur kingdom had entered its golden age. With exquisite palaces and temples built during the period that followed Bishnupur was reputed to be the most renowned city in the world, more beautiful than the house of Indra in heaven. However, it has also been recorded that while these royal patrons of Hindu art and religion were busy building temples they had lost much of their independence and sunk to the position of tributary princes. Raghunath Singha built the temples of Shyam Rai, Jor Bangla and Kalachand between 1643 and 1656.<ref name=omalley2/>

Raghunath Singha was married to the daughter of Shobha Singha, Zamindar of [[Midnapore]]. During his reign, he is said to be infatuated with a [[Persian dance]]r, called Lalbai. He took her under his protection and later dug a large pond in her name (Lalbandh pond). After he decided to marry Lalbai, Raghunath Singha was killed by his queen.<ref name=SC1>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar |first1=Prabhat Ranjan |author-link=Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |date=1996 |title=Shabda Cayanika, Part 1 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications |isbn=81-7252-027-1|edition=First English }}</ref>

===Bir Singha===
Bir Singha built the present fort, the temple of Lalji in 1658, and seven big lakes named Lalbandh, Krishnabandh, Gantatbandh, Jamunabandh, Kalindibandh, Shyambandh, and Pokabandh. His queen, Siromani or Chudamani, built the temples of Madan Mohan and Murali Mohan in 1665. He walled up alive all his sons, eighteen in number. The youngest, Durjan, alone escaped, having been kept in hiding by the servants.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Durjan Singha===
Durjan Singha built the Madan Mohan temple in 1694. According to family records, the kings of Bishnupur continued to pay tribute to the Muslim rulers but they were free to do things internally. There was no interference by the Muslim rulers in the internal affairs of Bishnupur. This is also confirmed by Muslim historians. The status of the Raja of Bishnupur was that of a tributary prince, exempted from personal attendance at the court at [[Murshidabad]], and represented there by a resident.<ref name=omalley2/>

==Maratha raids==
The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Gopal Singha Dev===
Gopal Singha (1730–1745) was a pious king but was not fit to cope with the difficulties that faced his kingdom. He issued an edict that people of Mallabhum should count their beads and chant Harinam (name of God) every evening at sunset. In 1742, when the Marathas, under Bhaskar Rao, attacked Bishnupur, the troops put up a spirited defence but then Gopal Singha retreated within the fort and ordered the troops and citizens to pray to Madan Mohan to save the city. It is believed that Madan Mohan responded and the cannons were fired without human assistance. The truth probably is that the Maratha cavalry were unable to pierce the strong fortifications and retired. While they failed to take the fort and pillage the treasury, the Marathas harried the less protected parts of the kingdom. The Maratha chief, Sheobhat, made Bishnupur his headquarters in 1760 during the invasion of [[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]]. The Marathas fell with their heaviest weight on border principalities such as Bishnupur and Birbhum. Exactions of a hundred sorts reduced the once powerful kingdom to poverty. The tenants fled and the country became desolate.<ref name=omalley2/>
[[File:Jungleterry District Map.jpg|thumb|200px|right|1779 map of the [[Jungle Terry]] District.]]

===Chaitanya Singha Dev===
Chaitanya Singha was another pious ruler unfit to face the difficulties. As he was too involved in religious matters he did not have time for administrative matters. He faced internal feuds. Damodar Singha, a cousin of his, tried to gain power. He was able to convince the court at Murshidabad about his capabilities. Initially, [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] lent him forces but he was unable to capture Bishnupur. Later, after the British defeated Siraj, [[Mir Jafar]] lent him stronger forces. He succeeded in taking Bishnupur, and Chaitanya Singha escaped to Kolkata with the idol of Madan Gopal, but the British restored the latter to power. However, intrigue and litigation continued for many years. Litigation ruined the Bishnupur Raj family and eventually in 1806, the estate was sold for arrears of land revenue and bought up by the Maharaja of Burdwan.<ref name=omalley2/>

==Early British administration==
Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. The Marathas had laid the country waste and [[Bengal famine of 1770|famine of 1770]] completed the misery of the kingdom. A large section of the population was swept away, cultivation fell, and lawlessness spread. The once powerful king had been reduced to the status of a mere [[zamindar]]. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit, the headquarters was shifted to [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], and a rebellious situation prevailed. The situation was so bad that the people of Bishnupur came to be known as Chuars or robbers. Bankura continued to be one district with Birbhum till 1793, when it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate.<ref name=omalley2/>
[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|right|thumb|1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim]]

===Chuar rebellion===
Towards the end of the 18th century certain portions of the district around Raipur was affected by the [[Chuar Rebellion]]. The leader of the rebels was [[Durjan Singh]], a former zamindar of Raipur. He had a following of about 1,500 men and created havoc in certain areas. The police force was simply not in a position to control the situation. At the time Bankura appears to have been part of [[Jungle Mahals]]. While the Chuars continued to be a menace, Bankura played an important role in the commercial department of East India Company. [[Sonamukhi]] had a head factory with 31 subordinate ones, including one at [[Patrasayar]], as well as at [[Surul]] and [[Ilambazar]] in Birbhum. The disturbances of the Chuars in 1832 in the western part of the district lead to the disbandment of the Jungle Mahals in 1833. While Bishnupur was transferred to Burdwan, most of the district formed a part of [[Manbhum]] and what was known as North-west Frontier Agency. In 1872, the parganas of Sonamukhi, Indas, Kotulpur, Shergarh and Senpahari were transferred to Burdwan.<ref name=omalley2/>

==Present shape==
In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley2/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Bankura District}}
[[Category:Bankura district]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Indian districts|Bankura district]]

Katwa II

2025-04-04T16:53:44Z

JungPapst1287: general fixed content and updated info per standard format

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Katwa II
|other_name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Katwa-II in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Katwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
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|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 163.20
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 136,708
|population_density_km2 = 732
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|29|52|N|88|08|07|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 713502 (Dainhat) 713514 (Singhi)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code = 03453
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 69.16″ per cent
|website = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Katwa II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|500px|thumb|left|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]

Katwa II CD Block is part of the Bhagirathi basin. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] forms the eastern boundary of the CD Block. The region has many swamps and water-logged areas. The soil is fertile, as it consists mainly of silt deposits.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Katwa II CD Block is bounded by [[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]] CD Block, in Nadia district across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], on the north, [[Purbasthali II]] on the east, [[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]] also on the south and [[Katwa I]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Katwa II CD Block has an area of 163.20 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 101 gram sansads (village councils), 68 [[mouza]]s and 63 inhabited villages. [[Katwa#Police station|Katwa]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Dainhat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Katwa II block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Agradwip, Gazipur, Jagadanandapur, [[Karui]], Palsona, Singhee and [[Sribati]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Katwa II CD Block had a total population of 136,708, all of which were rural. There were 70,588 (52%) males and 66,120 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 15,183. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 40,303 (29.48%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,963 (1.44%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Katwa II block had a total population of 120,314, out of which 61,696 were males and 58,618 were females. Katwa II block registered a population growth of 13.76 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 36,082 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 1,335.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST%28TRU1%299.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Katwa II CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Karui]] (10,506), [[Kuara (West Bengal)|Kuara]] (4,855), Palashani (4,761), Agradwip (8,609), Gazipur (6,675), Singi (4,888), Chanduli (4,617) and Multi Krishnanagar (5,408).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Katwa II CD Block included (2011census figures in brackets): [[Sribati]] (2,656) and Jagadanandapur (1,580).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Katwa II CD Block was 84,047 (69.16% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 46,677 (74.44% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 37,370 (63.53% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.91%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Katwa II block had a total literacy of 59.34 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 67.35 per cent female literacy was 50.83 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Katwa II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|24.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.13}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 103,099 and formed 75.42% of the population in Katwa II CD Block. Muslims numbered 33,430 and formed 24.45% of the population. Christians numbered 96 and formed 0.07% of the population. Others numbered 83 and formed 0.06% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Badhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Katwa II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.21 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.90 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.90 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.21% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 0.90% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Katwa II CD Block was 28.14%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Katwa II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 23.33%, agricultural labourers 42.60%, household industry workers 5.58% and other workers 28.49%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Katwa II CD Block is part of the area where agriculture dominates the scenario but the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown an increasing trend.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 63 inhabited villages in Katwa II CD block. All 63 villages (100%) have power supply. 60 villages (95.24%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (31.75%) have post offices. All 63 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 28 villages (44.44%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 46 villages (73.02%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 10 villages (15.87%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 5 villages (7.94%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 56 fertiliser depots, 4 seed store and 41 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Katwa II CD Block'''
|value1 = 7.40
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 12.12
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 9.73
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 28.21
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 42.55
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Katwa II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7.40%, patta (document) holders 12.12%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 9.73%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 28.21% and agricultural labourers 42.55%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Katwa II CD Block was 13,606 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 6,610 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Katwa II CD Block produced 119,573 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 36,605 hectares, 1,505 tonnes of Aman paddy (summer crop) from 535 hectares, 23,477 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,981 hectares, 151 tonnes of wheat from 60 hectares, 6,891 tonnes of potatoes from 199 hectares and 3,232 tonnes of sugar cane from 50 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Katwa II CD Block was 6,014.41 hectares, out of which 4,786.89 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 249.74 hectares by river lift irrigation and 977.78 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Katwa II CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
{{Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line|collapse=y}}

Katwa II CD Block has 6 ferry services and 5 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line|Bandel-Katwa branch line]] passes through this CD Block and there is a station at Agradwip.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-katwa-local-37913/14611/581/1932 |title = 37913 Howrah-Katwa local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo| access-date = 13 February 2017}}</ref>

[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)]] running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district) and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)]] running from Dainhat (in Burdwan district) to Gadiara (in Howrah district) pass through this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Katwa II CD Block had 87 primary schools with 7,571 students, 7 middle schools with 378 students, 12 high school with 6,749 students and 5 higher secondary schools with 6,434 students. Katwa II CD Block had 1 general college with 1,396 and 195 institutions for special and non-formal education with 5,855 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Katwa II CD block, amongst the 63 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have a school, 29 villages had two or more primary schools, 27 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Katwa II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 25 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 20 family welfare subcentres. 2,421 patients were treated indoor and 213,113 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Noapara block primary health centre at Noapara, PO [[Dainhat]] (with 15 beds) is the main medical facility in Katwa II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Agradwip (with 10 beds) and Singhi (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Katwa II CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Shravan Kumar Goswami

2024-12-02T20:56:43Z

JungPapst1287: Created basic bio needs work.

{{Infobox writer
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 19 January 1938
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Bihar]](now [[Jharkhand]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|04|11|1938|01|19}}
| death_place = [[Ranchi]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Professor, Writer, Scholar
| language = {{ubl|[[Hindi]]|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]}}
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = M.A, PhD
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Bihar University]]|[[Ranchi University]]}}
| period = 1962 - 1996
| notableworks = {{ubl|Jangal Tantram|Chakravihyu|Nagpuri Vyakran}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = {{ubl|Bhuban Bhaskar}}
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|Radhakrishna Award|}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Shravan Kumar Goswami''' was a prominent writer and scholar of [[Hindi]] and [[Nagpuri language]]. He was professor of Hindi at [[Ranchi University]]. He was awarded Radhakrishna Award for his Hindi novel ''Jangal Tantram''.<ref name="hindi.news18">{{cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-famous-hindi-writer-of-jharkhand-dr-shravan-kumar-goswami-dies-in-ranchi-nodaa-3005986.html|title=श्रद्धांजलिः डॉ. श्रवणकुमार गोस्वामी को आखिरी जोहार, 84 वर्षीय हिंदी साहित्यकार का निधन|website=hindi.news18|date=11 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-dr-sharvankumar-goswami-died-today-20183052.html|title=पंचतत्व में विलीन हुए साहित्यकार डॉ. श्रवणकुमार गोस्वामी|website=jagran|date=11 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat khabar">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/state/jharkhand/ranchi/tribute-to-dr-shravan-kumar-goswami-a-litterateur-who-made-social-issues-his-creation-center|title=श्रद्धांजलि : डॉ श्रवण कुमार गोस्वामी एक स्वाभिमानी लेखक, सामाजिक मुद्दों को बनाया अपनी रचना का केंद्र|website=Prabhat khabar|date=11 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
He was born on 19 January 1938 in [[Ranchi]]. He completed graduation from [[Bihar University]] in 1958. He completed Master of Arts from [[Ranchi University]] in 1961.<ref name="jagran"/>

===Career===
He was Lower Divisional clerk in [[Heavy Engineering Corporation|HEC]].<ref name="Prabhat khabar"/>
He started his teaching career at [[Doranda College]] in Ranchi in 1962. He completed his Ph.D. in Ranchi University by publishing ''Nagpuri aur uska shist Sahitya'' in 1970. He was the first person to do research on [[Nagpuri literature]] and get Ph.D. He wanted to establish career in nagpuri but he didn't given much important so started teaching Hindi. After Doronda College, he started teaching Hindi in Ranchi University from 1985.<ref name="Prabhat khabar"/> He had written many books including ''Jangal Tantram'', ''Chakravihyu'', ''Mere Marne Ke Bad'', ''Bharat banam India'', ''Hastkhep Kendra aur Paridhi'', ''Ek tukda Sach'', ''Setu'', ''Rahu Ketu'', ''Darpan Jhut Na Bole'', ''Kahani ek Netaji ki wa Pariksha'' etc.<ref name="jagran"/> For ''Jangal Tantram'' he received Radhakrishna Award.<ref name="Prabhat khabar"/> His written Nagpuri grammar book ''Nagpuri Vyakran'' taught in Ranchi University. He was writer of Nagpuri drama ''Teteir kar Chhaon'' which was broadcast on [[All India Radio]] Ranchi from July to December 1958.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/shravan-kumar-goswami-dies-renowned-litterateur-jungle-tantrum-his-famous-novel|title=प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार श्रवण कुमार गोस्वामी का निधन, 'जंगलतंत्रम' उपन्यास ने दिलायी थी ख्याति|website=prabhat khabar|date=11 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

He wrote ''Ek chhoti si nagri ki lambi kahani'', the history of Ranchi in a serial. He also wrote book about [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref name="jagran"/> In 1992, he translated drama of [[Shakuntala (play)|Abhigyan Sakuntalam]] in nagpuri in workshop of [[National School of Drama]] in [[Netarhat]]. [[Mukund Nayak]] was given responsibility to give tune of nagpuri.<ref name="hindi.news18"/> He edited [[Camille Bulcke]] Smriti Granth and [[Ramcharit Manas]] in [[Mundari language]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news4nation.com/news/no-more-well-known-litterateur-dr-sravan-kumar-399593|title=नहीं रहें जाने-माने साहित्यकार डॉ.श्रवण कुमार, 84 साल की उम्र में हुआ निधन|website=news4nation|date=11 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> He retired in 1996 from teaching.<ref name="Prabhat khabar"/>

===Last days and Death===
He was attended a program in [[Daltonganj]]. Then he felt I'll and came to Ranchi. He lost his memory. After taking precautions he recovered but he was ill.<ref name="Prabhat khabar"/> He died on 11 April 2020 in Ranchi.<ref name="jagran"/>

==Award and recognition==
He was awarded Radhakrishna Award for his first Hindi novel ''Jangal Tantram''.<ref name="hindi.news18"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Shravan Kumar}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

2010–11 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2024-11-30T01:01:36Z

JungPapst1287: new

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2010/11
|image=
|caption=
|date=8 – 11 October 2010
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Blue
|player of series=
|team1=India Blue
|team2=India Red
|team3=India Green
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Singh]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dinesh Karthik]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
|runs1= [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (186)
|runs2= [[Parthiv Patel]] (109)
|runs3= [[Kedar Jadhav]] (104)
|wickets1= [[Yo Mahesh]] (7)
|wickets2= [[Ashok Dinda]] (4)
|wickets3= [[Sarabjit Ladda]] (5)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2009-10|2009–10]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2011-12|2011–12]]
}}

The 16th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Indore]] from 8 October to 11 October 2010. The series involved the domestic teams from India which were India Blue, India Red, and India Green. India Blue defeated India Red by 140 runs in the final to become the champions of the tournament.

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Blue<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Blue Squad - India Blue Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2010 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-blue-squad-479270/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Red <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Red Squad - India Red Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2010 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-red-squad-479271/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Green<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Green Squad - India Green Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2010 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-green-squad-479272/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Yuvraj Singh]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shreevats Goswami]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[RP Singh]]
* [[Yo Mahesh]]
* [[Ganesh Satish]]
* [[Tanmay Srivastava]]
|
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhinav Mukund]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Saurabh Tiwary]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Iqbal Abdulla]]
* [[Vinay Kumar]]
* [[Ashok Dinda]]
* [[Sudeep Tyagi]]
* [[Mohnish Mishra]]
* [[Abu Nechim]]
* [[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]]
|
* [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Naman Ojha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anirudha Srikkanth|S Aniruddha]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Robin Uthappa]]
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1989)|Jaskaran Singh]]
* [[Abhimanyu Mithun]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
* [[Sarabjit Ladda]]
* [[Tirumalasetti Suman]]
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
|}

==Points Table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India Blue|team2=India Green
|team3=India Red

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India Blue=1 |loss_India Blue=1 |nr_India Blue=0 |nrr_India Blue=+1.038
|win_India Green=1 |loss_India Green=1 |nr_India Green=0 |nrr_India Green=-0.498
|win_India Red=1 |loss_India Red=1 |nr_India Red=0 |nrr_India Red=-0.605

|name_India Blue={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Blue'''
|name_India Red={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Green'''
|name_India Green={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Red'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 8 October 2010
| team1 = India Blue {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 251/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 252/7 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Red
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 84 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Sudeep Tyagi]] 3/40 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 63 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Yo Mahesh]] 2/34 (9 overs)
| result = India Red won by 3 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-blue-vs-india-red-465498/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Blue vs India Red 2010/11 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| toss = India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (IND) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Red 4, India Blue -1
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 9 October 2010
| team1 = India Red {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 185 (40.3 overs)
| score2 = 187/4 (37 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Green
| runs1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 86 (100)
| wickets1 = [[Sarabjit Ladda]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] 67 (76)
| wickets2 = [[Ashok Dinda]] 2/47 (9 overs)
| result = India Green won by 6 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-green-vs-india-red-465499/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Red vs India Green 2010/11 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| toss = India Red won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sameer Bandekar]] (IND) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Green 5, India Red -1
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 10 October 2010
| team1 = India Blue {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 320/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 209 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Green
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 109 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 2/64 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kedar Jadhav]] 71 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Yo Mahesh]] 3/34 (6 overs)
| result = India Blue won by 111 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-blue-vs-india-green-465500/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Blue vs India Green 2010/11 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| toss = India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (IND) and [[Sameer Bandekar]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Blue 5, India Green -1
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2010
| team1 = India Blue {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 287/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 147 (36.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Green
| runs1 = [[Tanmay Srivastava]] 103 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 3/70 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 29 (47)
| wickets2 = [[RP Singh]] 3/20 (6.4 overs)
| result = India Blue won by 140 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2010-11-465381/india-blue-vs-india-green-final-465501/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| toss = India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (IND) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2010–11]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

Puli Kali

2024-11-24T06:44:47Z

JungPapst1287:

{{Short description|Recreational folk art from the state of Kerala}}
{{Expand Malayalam|date=August 2019}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Pulikkali
| native_name = പുലിക്കളി
| logo =
| image = Pulikkali during Onam.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1886||}}
| founder_name = [[Sakthan Thampuran]]
| dates = 4th Onam day ([[Vishākhā|Vishakham]]) in the month of [[Chingam]]
| frequency = Annually
| venue = [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur]]
| genre = Pulikkali (Tiger Dance)
| patron =
| website =
}}

'''Puli kali''' (Meaning: [[Tiger]] Dance) is a recreational folk art from the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>[http://www.musicmalt.com/2014/08/puli-kali-procession-Athachamayam-Kerala.html Pulikkali Procession on the occasion of Athachamayam celebrations in Tripunithura, Kerala], ''Musicmalt.com''</ref> It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of [[Onam]], an annual [[harvest festival]], celebrated mainly in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulikali |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/pulikali/40 |website=Kerala Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118020140/https://www.keralatourism.org/event/pulikali/40 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |language=English}}</ref> On the fourth day of [[Onam]] celebrations (Naalaam Onam or chathayam), performers painted like tigers and leopards in bright yellow, red, and black shake their bellies and dance to the beats of instruments like Chenda and Chengila.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulikali, Tiger Dance, Onam |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/pulikali/391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121510/http://www.keralaculture.org/pulikali/391 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |language=English}}</ref> The literal meaning of Pulikkali is 'The tiger dance' hence the performance revolves around the theme of tiger hunting. Folk art is mainly practiced in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]]. The best place to watch the show is at [[Thrissur]] on the fourth day of [[Onam]], where Pulikkali troupes from all over the district assemble to display their skills. The festival attracts thousands of people to the [[Thrissur]] city. Pulikkali is also performed during various other festive seasons.

==History==
{{See also|Onam}}
The origin of Pulikkali dates back over 200 years, when the Maharaja Rama Varma [[Sakthan Thampuran]], the then Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], is said to have introduced the folk art. They used to perform the art form decked as tigers with peculiar steps resembling the tiger, then known as 'Pulikkettikali' which was immensely enjoyed by the locals. Pulikkali in [[Thrissur]] is held in memory of this event.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sify.com/news/colourful-tiger-art-with-folk-dance-for-onam-news-national-ki1labiicib.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117203349/https://www.sify.com/news/colourful-tiger-art-with-folk-dance-for-onam-news-national-ki1labiicib.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2020|title=Colourful tiger art with folk dance for Onam
|website=[[Sify]]
|access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>

==Modern==
Over the years, there have been changes in the adornment of Pulikali dancers. In the early days, masks were not used and participants would have themselves painted all over, on their faces as well. But now, ready-made masks, cosmetic teeth, tongues, beards, and mustaches are used by the participants along with the paint on their bodies. The tigers also wear a broad belt with jingles around their waist. The festival in [[Thrissur]] has now become an all peoples event with a huge response from people, especially youths who come forward to participate in the festival, and also from sponsors. The event is organized by the Pulikkali Co-ordination Committee, a unified council of Pulikkali groups formed in 2004 in [[Thrissur]] to preserve and propagate the art in all its true hues and tones. The Thrissur Municipal Corporation gives a grant of Rs 30,000($400) for each Pulikkali troupe.

[[File:Pulikkali - പുലിക്കളി.webm|thumb|Pulikkali - പുലിക്കളി]]

Usually, men and children perform this art form. For the first time, 3 women among a 51-member team participated in the Pulikali at Thrissur in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tigresses roar: Kerala's Pulikali dance sees women actors for the first time in 200 years |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tigresses-roar-keralas-pulikali-dance-sees-women-actors-first-time-200-years-50026 |date=September 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three women make roaring entry into Kerala's male-dominated Pulikali show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-onam-pulikali-festival-women-tigers-dress-up-three-women-make-roaring-entry-into-keralas-male-dominated-pulikali-show-3036648/}}</ref>

Due to [[COVID-19]] and [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown]] restrictions, many Onam celebrations were put off. Under the initiative of Ayyanthole Desham Pulikkali Samithy, Pulikali was live-streamed on their [[Facebook]] page. About 17 people took part in the dance virtually from various locations.<ref>{{cite news |title=This year, over 25,000 Pulikali lovers watched the 'tigers' from Thrissur online |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/year-over-25000-pulikali-lovers-watched-tigers-thrissur-online-132341}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulikkali to go online this Onam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pulikkali-to-go-online-this-onam/article32444321.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A virtual 'pulikali' in Thrissur this year |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/09/04/virtual-pulikali-thrissur-onam.html}}</ref>

==Preparations==
A striking feature of this folk art is the colorful appearance of the performers. A particular combination of [[tempera]] powder and varnish or enamel is used to make the paint. First of all, the dancers remove the hair from the body, and then, the base coat of paint is applied to them. It takes two to three hours for the coating to dry. After that, the second coat of paint is applied with an enhanced design. This entire procedure takes at least five to seven hours. A large number of artists gather to apply paint on the tigers. It is a meticulous process and often starts in the wee hours of the morning. By afternoon the Pulikkali groups or 'sangams' as they are called, from all four corners of [[Thrissur]] move in a procession, dancing, bouncing and shaking their bellies to the beat of the drums through the streets to the [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur]] situated in the heart of the city through Palace Road, Karunakaran Nambiar Road, Shornur Road, A R Menon Road, and MG Road.

Scenes such as the tiger preying on an animal, and a tiger being hunted by a game-hunter are enacted beautifully in between. Thousands of spectators line the streets enjoying the dance, cheering the dancers some of them even trying to join in.
The groups assemble at Naduvilal in the [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur]] in front of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] and offer a coconut each to the deity of the [[Ganapati]] shrine (Naduvilal Ganapati Kovil) here, before going on a procession around the ground. The procession also includes floats from each village. The different troupes vie with each other to make the best floats as well as the best-dressed tigers.

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=150px heights=120px perrow=6>
File:Body Painting Puli Kali Artist.jpg|Puli Kali Artist
File:പുലി കലാകാരൻ.JPG|Artist painting tiger stripes on the back
File:Pulikkali 2010.jpg|Pulikkali 2010
File:Photowalk during pulikali at Thrissur 2024 (75).jpg|Photowalk during pulikali at Thrissur 2024
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Hulivesha]]
* [[Onam]]
* [[Thrissur]]
* [[Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur |state=collapsed}}
{{Culture of Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Culture of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Festivals in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in India]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1886]]
[[Category:Ritual animal disguise]]
[[Category:Onam]]

Allan Arthur (civil servant)

2024-10-02T12:18:47Z

JungPapst1287: new

{{Short description|British civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Alan James Vincent Arthur''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|MBE|DL}} (16 September 1915 – 22 May 1998) was [[High Sheriff of Essex]] from 1971 to 1972.<ref>‘ARTHUR, Allan James Vincent’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U176584, accessed 4 Nov 2016]</ref>
The son of Colonel Sir Charles Arthur,{{postnominals|country=GBR|MC|VD}}, he was educated at [[Rugby School]] and [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]], where he was on the [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[water polo]] teams. He was with the [[Indian Civil Service]] from 1938 to 1947; and the [[Sudan Political Service]] from 1948 to 1954. Returning to [[Essex]] he was then a sugar broker and commodity broker. He was [[Mayor]] of [[Chelmsford]] from 1977 to 1978. From 1978 to 1985 he was one of [[Essex]]'s [[Deputy Lieutenant]]s.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arthur, Alan James Vincent}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Essex]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Essex]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Sudan Political Service officers]]

Parvata kingdom

2024-09-01T22:09:15Z

JungPapst1287: started a entry v1!

{{Short description|Kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2019}}
{{OR1|date=January 2019}}

'''Parvata kingdom''' refers to the territory of a tribe known as Parvatas (mountaineers), mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. Most of the descriptions of Parvata kingdom in the epic refer to a mountainous country in the [[Himalayas]]. Tribes belonging to other mountainous regions in the north west, west and the east of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] were also known as Parvatas, when used as a collective name. Parvatas took part in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. The epic also mentions a sage named Parvata who was a companion of sage [[Narada]].

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Conquests of Vasudeva Krishna ===
''Parvatas were mentioned in the list of tribes conquered by Krishna:-''

The [[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avantis]], the Southerners, the Parvatas, the Daserakas, the [[Kasmira kingdom|Kasmirakas]], the Aurasikas, the [[Pisacha kingdom|Pisachas]], the Samudgalas, the [[Kamboja kingdom|Kamvojas]], the Vatadhanas, the [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]], the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]], the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]], the [[Malava kingdom|Malavas]], the [[Darada kingdom|Daradas]], in danger of being vanquished, the [[Khasas (Mahabharata)|Khasas]] arriving from diverse realms, as also the [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], and the [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]] with their followers. They were all vanquished by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] (7:11)

=== In Kurukshtra War ===
''Parvatas took part in the [[Kurukshetra War]] siding with [[Kauravas]].''

In the back of the [[Garuda]] military formation made by [[Drona]] were the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], the Amvashthas, the [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]], the [[Pundra kingdom|Paundras]], the [[Madra kingdom|Madrakas]], the [[Gandhara kingdom|Gandharas]], the Sakunas, the Easterners, the Parvatas, and the Vasatis. (7:20)

[[Arjuna]] dispatched the [[Youdheya kingdom|Yaudheyas]], the Parvatas, the [[Madra kingdom|Madrakas]], and the [[Malava kingdom|Malavas]] to the regions of the dead (7:158). The [[Tushara kingdom|Tusharas]], the [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]], the [[Khasas (Mahabharata)|Khasas]], the Darvabhisaras, the [[Darada kingdom|Daradas]], the [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], the Kamathas, the Ramathas, the Tanganas the [[Andhra kingdom|Andhrakas]], the Pulindas, the [[Kirata kingdom|Kiratas]] of fierce prowess, the [[Mlecchas]], the Parvatas, and the races hailing from the sea-side, were all united with the [[Kuru kingdom|Kurus]] and fighting wrathfully for [[Duryodhana]]’s sake (8:73). All the Samsaptakas, the [[Kamboja kingdom|Kambojas]] together with the [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], the [[Mlecchas]], the Parvatas, and the [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]], have been slain. (9:1)

=== Tribes mentioned by Karna ===
''Parvatas were mentioned in the conversation of [[Karna]] and [[Shalya]]. This conversation mentions various cultures of ancient India, with a bias towards the [[Vedic period|Vedic culture]] which prevailed in [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchalas]]''

The [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]] were comprehenders of signs; the [[Kosala kingdom|Koshalas]] comprehended from what they saw; the [[Kuru kingdom|Kurus]] and the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pancalas]] comprehended from a half-uttered speech; the [[Salwa kingdom|Salwas]] couldn't comprehend till the whole speech was uttered. The Parvatas, like the [[Sivi kingdom|Sivis]], were very stupid. The [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]] were omniscient; the Suras were particularly so. The mlecchas were wedded to the creations of their own fancy that other peoples could not understand. The [[Bahlika kingdom|Vahikas]] resented beneficial counsels. The [[Madra kingdom|Madrakas]] were regarded on Earth as the dirt of every nation. (8:45)

=== Sage named Parvata ===
There was a sage named '''Parvata''' who was the companion of sage [[Narada]], mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]]. Both Parvata and Narada were travellers, during pre-historic ages. They visited [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]] as well as other kingdoms beyond the [[Himalayas]] in Central Asia, China and West Asia. The name ''Parvata'' (meaning ''mountain'' in [[Sanskrit]]), was given to the traveller, probably because the [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] people saw them coming to them, after crossing the [[Himalaya]] mountains. The wife of Lord [[Shiva|Siva]], was named [[Parvati]]. The name suggests that she belonged to the tribe of Parvatas.

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
*[[Himalaya Kingdom]]
*[[Kirata Kingdom]]

== References ==
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Himalayan kingdoms (Puranas)]]

Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam

2024-08-27T00:09:05Z

JungPapst1287: Created some post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Cultural festival}}
'''Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam'''-is an annual cultural festival held in Quilon district in [[Kerala]], [[India]] to commemorate poet [[Thirunalloor Karunakaran]](1924-2006).

It is organized from May 1 to 3 every year by Thirunalloor Smrithikendram, a memorial trust. According to the organisers, May 1, [[International Workers' Day]] is selected for commencing the festival considering the close link Thirunalloor 's poetry had with working class political movement and its philosophy.<ref>Brochures of Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam 2007</ref>

The three-day-long festival is a composite cultural event of various programmes like poetry recitals, debates, painting and photo exhibitions, light and sound shows, book fairs, film shows etc. and is meant as a converging forum for all forms of creative expressions with an underlying theme of progressive social change. It is conducted in an unconventional way avoiding a formal inauguration or valediction ceremony, and every year the festival begins with the choral recital of Thirunalloor 's famous song "May diname…"(Salute to thee May Day..) hailing the [[May Day]].<ref>The 2008 and 2009 issues of ''Abhivaadanam'' the festival bulletin of Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam</ref><ref>Brochures of Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam 2008 and 2009</ref>

Some of its regular features include 'Samghageethikal'(Group songs), choral recitation of Thirunalloor 's revolutionary songs; 'Anthi Mayangumbol'(When the dusk falls) –the title taken from a famous song of Thirunalloor - where poets and musicians recite his poems; 'Janavedi'(People's Forum) where various sociopolitical and cultural topics are debated with audience participation; 'Kalippanthal'(Play shed ) a forum for children; etc.<ref>Various press reports on Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104073838/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/30/stories/2007043008220500.htm -Fete in memory of poet Thirunellur]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144438/http://www.keralaevents.com/KeralaEventsDetail-27/KAVYOTSAVAM+IN+QUILON+FROM+MAY+1.html?id=396&distid=13&eventsCategory=9 -Kavyotsavam in Quilon from May 1 ]
*[http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Thirunalloor+Kavyolsavam+from+today&artid=wuZIBOEO2eg=&SectionID=1ZkF/jmWuSA=&MainSectionID=1ZkF/jmWuSA=&SectionName=X7s7i|xOZ5Y=&SEO= -Thirunalloor Kavyolsavam from today ]

[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]

Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households

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JungPapst1287: adding some data and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households''' (commonly known as the '''Nachiket Mor Committee''')<ref name=mor_committee/> was an expert committee formed by [[Raghuram Rajan]] on 23 September 2013,<ref name=Appointed>{{cite news|title=RBI appoints Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low-Income Households|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=29606|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=23 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131828/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=29606|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> after he was appointed as the governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). It was headed by [[Nachiket Mor]].<ref name=Appointed/><ref name=morerole>{{cite news|author1=Manojit Saha|title=RBI may have more role for Nachiket|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-may-have-more-role-for-nachiket-113110300206_1.html|accessdate=28 July 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=mor_committee>{{cite news|title=Why the Nachiket Mor committee report on financial inclusion disappoints|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/rSlVyk6J9fqPMzj0H4yuxL/Why-the-Nachiket-Mor-committee-report-on-financial-inclusion.html|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=10 January 2014}}</ref> The objective of the panel was to study various aspects of [[financial inclusion]] in India.<ref name=f-inclusion>{{cite news|title=RBI panel suggests new set of banks for financial inclusion|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/hbMzVQS2vsFFkgEdHrQ1GI/Mor-panel-proposes-payments-banks-to-spread-financial-incl.html|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=morerole>{{cite news|author1=Manojit Saha|title=RBI may have more role for Nachiket|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-may-have-more-role-for-nachiket-113110300206_1.html|accessdate=28 July 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=4 November 2013}}</ref> The panel submitted its final report on 7 January 2014.<ref name=Report>{{cite news|title=RBI releases Report of the Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Business and Low Income Households|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30353|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090012/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30353|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Members==
The committee was chaired by [[Nachiket Mor]], a member of the Central Board of the RBI. Other members of the committee were:<ref name=Appointed/>
* [[Bindu Ananth]], president of [[Institute for Financial Management and Research|IFMR Trust]];
* [[Prakash Bakshi]], chairman of [[NABARD]];
* [[Bharat Doshi]], chairman of [[Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited]];
* [[A. P. Hota]], managing director and CEO of [[National Payments Corporation of India]];
* [[Sunil Kaushal]], CEO of [[Standard Chartered Bank]] India;
* [[Roopa Kudva]], managing director and CEO of [[CRISIL]];
* [[Zia Mody]], managing partner of [[AZB & Partners]];
* [[S. S. Mundra]], chairman and managing director of [[Bank of Baroda]];
* [[Vikram Pandit]], former CEO of [[Citigroup]] (2007–2012);
* [[Ramesh Ramanathan]], chairman of Janalakshmi Financial Services;
* [[Shikha Sharma]], managing director and CEO of [[Axis Bank]]
* [[A. Udgata]], principal chief general manager and member secretary of RBI

[[S. Karuppasamy]] and [[Deepali Pant Joshi]], both executive directors of RBI were observers.<ref name=Appointed/>

==Summary of report==

The panel recommended the formation of a new category of banks called payment bank, to reach people and small businesses who don't have access to banking services. These banks would have low entry requirements and existing banks would be allowed to form subsidiaries under this category. The panel also recommended the formation of another category called wholesale banks, to provide liquidity to other banks and financial institutions which are creating assets in the [[Priority sector lending|priority sector]]. The entry requirement for this category would also be low. The banks would primarily issue loans and would be allowed only to accept deposits larger than INR 5 Crore({{currency|50000000|INR}}).<ref name=f-inclusion/>

The panel proposed that every adult Indian be granted a Universal Electronic Bank Account (UEBA) by January 2016. It also proposed that all low-income and small businesses be given access to banking services by January 2016. It also proposed that an UEBA be automatically opened for every citizen at the amount he/she receives their [[Aadhaar]] number.<ref name=f-inclusion/>

==Criticism==
[[N. K. Thingalaya]], former chairman and managing director of [[Syndicate Bank]], said that there was no need for a new category of banks as several [[Regional Rural Bank]]s (RRBs) already existed in India. He said that this system of rural banks had been not properly used.<ref name=f-inclusion/> [[M. S. Sriram]] of Centre for Public Policy said that report failed to address the last-mile delivery problems.<ref name=mor_committee/>

==See also==
* [[Raghuram Rajan Committee on Financial Sector Reforms]]
* [[Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion]], a subsequent committee formed in 2015 to create a 5-year plan

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?UrlPage=&ID=727|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=7 January 2014}}

[[Category:Committees of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Microfinance in India]]

Magadh Stock Exchange Association

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JungPapst1287: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Magadh Stock Exchange]]
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Masih (surname)

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JungPapst1287: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Masih (name)]]

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