Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Zupee (Ludo)

2026-05-06T10:47:12Z

Julixei: new

{{Short description|2018 video game}}
{{Promotional|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zupee (Ludo)
| logo = Zupee-logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Online Gaming, Mobile gaming
| founded = 2018
| founder = Dilsher Singh Malhi, Siddhant Saurabh
| hq_location = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| products = Ludo Supreme, Snakes & Ladders Plus, Ludo Ninja, Zupee app
| services = Online Skilled Based Games, Casual gaming
| num_employees = 400+
| revenue = (FY24): ₹1,123 crore <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/zupee-turns-profitable-with-rs-146-crore-pat-in-fy24-revenue-crosses-rs-1-000-crore-mark-13001039.html|title=Zupee turns profitable with Rs 146 crore PAT in FY24; revenue crosses Rs 1,000 crore mark| website=Money Control}}</ref>
| parent = Cashgrail Private Limited
| website = https://www.zupee.com
}}

'''Zupee''' '''(Ludo)''' is an online multiplayer gaming app <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Smile Group backs gaming startup Zupee |url=https://www.vccircle.com/exclusive-smile-group-backs-gaming-startup-zupee |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=VCCircle}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-09 |title=Playing games can boost learning, improve complex business trainings: Zupee founder |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/playing-games-can-boost-learning-improve-complex-business-trainings-zupee-founder/articleshow/83358672.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-08 |title=Zupee raises $8mn |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/zupee-raises-8mn/article31292940.ece |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> where users can play against other users for entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Apoorva |date=2021-08-17 |title=Zupee raises $30 million in funding led by WestCap Group, Tomales Bay Capital |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/zupee-raises-30-million-in-funding-led-by-westcap-group-tomales-bay-capital/articleshow/85374921.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harpreet |date=2021-10-13 |title=How Zupee Has Revolutionized Gaming In India |url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/how-zupee-has-revolutionized-gaming-in-india/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Chandigarh Metro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Apoorva |date=2022-01-05 |title=Gaming startup Zupee racks up $72 million as part of larger round, valuation hits $600 million |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/gaming-startup-zupee-racks-up-72-million-as-part-of-larger-round-valuation-hits-600-million/articleshow/88703903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/zupee-clocks-150-million-users-gameplays-double-in-eight-months-125063001427_1.html|title=Zupee hits 150 million users, gameplay count doubles in eight months|website=Business Standard}}</ref> As per The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025, cash games and contests have been discontinued on Zupee.

== Background ==

Zupee is an [[Online skill-based game|online skilled-based gaming company]]. Its flagship game is Ludo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=What is Zupee Ludo and How to Play it: A Comprehensive Guide in 2023 (18th September) |url=https://technosports.co.in/what-is-zupee-ludo-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref>

The platform has over 150 million users.<ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/skill-gaming-platform-zupee-crosses-150-million-users-13204669.html| title=Skill gaming platform Zupee crosses 150 million users| website= Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Zupee was founded in 2018 by Dilsher Singh Malhi and Siddhant Saurabh <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chengappa |first=Sangeetha |date=2020-04-08 |title=Skill-based gaming company Zupee raises $8 million in Series A, led by Matrix Partners India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/skill-based-gaming-company-zupee-raises-8-million-in-series-a-led-by-matrix-partners-india/article31287510.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=BusinessLine}}</ref> under Cashgrail Private Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/dot-orders-immediate-blocking-of-23-rogue-gaming-websites-impersonating-zupee-platform-77300.htm|title=DoT orders immediate blocking of 23 rogue gaming websites impersonating Zupee platform|website=Storyboard18}}</ref>

AIGF has certified Zupee’s games as skill-based and fair.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/how-this-gaming-app-is-transforming-the-indian-online-leisure-space/articleshow/118108732.cms|title=How this gaming app is transforming the Indian online leisure space|website=Econominc Times}}</ref>

Zupee is backed by investors such as [[WestCap Group]], Tomales Bay Capital, Nepean Capital, [[AJ Capital Partners|AJ Capital]], Matrix Partners India, and Orios Venture Partners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shubham |date=2021-01-11 |title=Gaming Platform Zupee Raises $10 Mn From WestCap To Build On 2020 Growth |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zupee-raises-10-mn-from-westcap-to-build-on-2020-growth/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Zupee introduced a skilling academy and partnered with [[NIIT|NIIT Foundation]] to offer vocational skills programs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-21 |title=Zupee launches skilling academy; ties up with NIIT Foundation for vocational skills programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/zupee-launches-skilling-academy-ties-up-with-niit-foundation-for-vocational-skills-programme/articleshow/83716289.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Format ==
Zupee was one of the first platforms in India to adapt traditional games such as [[Ludo]] and Snakes & Ladders into digital, skill-based formats.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/how-zupee-is-revolutionizing-ludo-with-skill-based-innovation/article69018889.ece|title=How Zupee is Revolutionizing Ludo with Skill-Based Innovation | website = The Hindu}}</ref>

Zupee offers ludo in four formats: Ludo Supreme, Ludo Supreme League, Ludo Turbo, Trump Cards Mania.<ref name="moneycontrol.com"/>

== Gameplay ==
Zupee’s gameplay differs from traditional Ludo by focusing on scoring-based mechanics and time-bound matches rather than requiring players to move all tokens to the home area. Players earn points based on token movement, strategic decisions, and in-game actions, with the highest-scoring player declared the winner at the end of a match.
The platform Ludo app <ref name="Ludo">{{Cite web |last=Ludo |first=App |title=Ludo app for android |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.zupee.free&hl=en-in |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=playstore.com }}{</ref> for andriod and iOS Ludo offers multiple gameplay formats with varying durations:
Super Quick mode - 2.5 minutes per match
Quick mode - 7 minutes per match
Regular mode - 8 minutes per match
These formats are designed to enable shorter and more structured gameplay sessions, catering to mobile-first users seeking fast-paced experiences.
Zupee also includes multiplayer functionality that allows users to play with friends and family through private matches, as well as participate in games with a wider player base across India and other regions in Asia.
Unlike traditional Ludo, which relies heavily on chance through dice rolls, Zupee’s formats are structured to incorporate elements of skill, strategy, and decision-making.

== Brand ambassadors ==

* [[Kapil Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2023-06-30 |title=Gaming platform Zupee signs Kapil Sharma as brand ambassador for new ad film |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/zupee-a-gaming-platform-appoints-kapil-sharma-as-brand-ambassador-in-new-ad-campaign-featuring-ludo-and-other-games-11688121780285.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=mint}}</ref>
* [[Salman Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Online gaming platform Zupee names Salman Khan as brand ambassador |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-online-gaming-platform-zupee-names-salman-khan-as-brand-ambassador-2984612/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Financialexpress}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.zupee.com/ludo/ Zupee website]

[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.zupee.free&hl=en-in Ludo App for Andriod]
[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.ludo.supremegold Ludo Muliplayer App for Andriod]

[https://apps.apple.com/in/app/zupee-play-ludo-watch-tv/id1576310504 Ludo App for iOS]

[[Category:2018 video games]]
[[Category:Video games based on board games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2018]]

List of inscriptions in UNESCO Memory of the World Register from India

2026-05-04T10:27:56Z

Julixei: creating info

{{Short description|none}}
[[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World International Register]] includes 14 inscriptions from [[India]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/grid?f%5B0%5D=countries%3A747d4c41-004f-5cf1-8731-ff193a5acf29&f%5B1%5D=dataset_filters%3A0c157dbc-4b60-4452-a3c4-4f82590ed206&hub=1081&text=#toggle-facets|website=UNESCO|title=Inscriptions from India}}</ref> The latest additions are the Hindu texts [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Natya Shastra]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhagavad-gita-natyashastra-added-to-unescos-memory-of-the-world-register-pm-modi-calls-it-proud-moment/articleshow/120400150.cms|title=Bhagavad Gita & Natyashastra manuscripts added to UNESCO|website=Times of India|date=2025-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhagavad-gita-natyashastra-manuscripts-inscribed-on-unesco-memory-of-world-register-8193802/amp/1|website=NDTV|title=Bhagavad Gita, Natyashastra Manuscripts Inscribed On UNESCO Memory Of World Register|date=2025-04-18}}</ref>
In India, the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] oversees the task of promoting and preservation of arts and culture.<ref>{{citation|url=https://culture.gov.in/memory-world|website=Ministry of Culture|title=UNESCO Memory of the World Register – India}}</ref>

==Memory of the World inscriptions==
{{Legend|#D0E7FF|Transnational element|outline=silver|text=+}}

=== Representative List ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! style="width:25%" | Name
! Year inscribed
!Document type
! Description
! Ref.
|-
!The Institute of Asian Studies Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection
|1997
|Books
|It reflects the ancient system of medicines practiced by yogis during Dravidian empires.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/ias-tamil-medical-manuscript-collection]
|-
! style="background:#D0E7FF;" |Archives of the [[Dutch East India Company]]
|2003
|Books
|It is the complete archive of Dutch colonial rules in Asian and Africa. The inscription is shared by these countries,
* {{Flag|Netherlands}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/archives-dutch-east-india-company]
|-
![[Shaiva Siddhanta|Shaiva manuscript]] in Puducherry
|2005
|Manuscripts
|It is the largest collection in the world of manuscripts of texts of the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]. The collection comprises thousands of palf-leaf codices predominantly in Sanskrit written in Grantha script.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/saiva-manuscript-pondicherry]
|-
! [[Rigveda]]
|2007
|Manuscripts
|It is one of the four [[Vedas]] which dates back between c. 1500 and 1000 BCE It is considered among the first literary documents in the history of humankind
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/rigveda]
|-
! [[Tarikh e Khandan e Timuriyah]]
|2011
|Manuscripts
|It describes the descendants of the 14th-century leader [[Timur]].
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/tarikh-e-khandan-e-timuriyah]
|-
! Laghukālacakratantrarājatikā ([[Vimalaprabha]])
|2011
|Manuscripts
|It is a commentary on the Kālacakratantra, the famous [[Tantra]] of the Buddhists which introduces the cult of [[Kalachakra]] into Buddhism. The text contain detailed discussions of astrology and astronomy.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/laghukalacakratantrarajatika-vimalaprabha]
|-
![[Shantinatha Charitra]]
|2013
|Papers
|It describes the life and times of [[Shantinatha]], the sixteenth Jain [[Tirthankara]].
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/shantinatha-charitra]
|-
!Maitreyayvarakarana
|2017
|Books
|It is a manuscript from Pala Period which is around [[Maitreya]], the future incarnation of [[Buddha]].
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/maitreyayvarakarana]
|-
! [[Gilgit#Gilgit manuscripts|Gilgit manuscripts]]
|2017
|Manuscripts
|These are the oldest surviving manuscripts in Indian subcontinent which date back to 5-6th century CE.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/gilgit-manuscript]
|-
! [[Abhinavagupta]] (940-1015 CE): Collection of Manuscripts of his works
|2023
|Manuscripts
|It is the collection of many manuscripts written by Abhinavagupta on topics such as Shaivism, philosophy, Tantra etc and its history dates back to 10h century Kashmir
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/abhinavagupta-940-1015-ce-collection-manuscripts-his-works]
|-
! style="background:#D0E7FF;" | First Summit Meeting of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] Archives
|2023
|Books
| These are textual files, photographs, and films documenting the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|1961 Belgrade Summit]], which marked the founding of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) The inscriptions are shared by following countries,
* {{Flag|Algeria}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Serbia}}
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/first-summit-meeting-non-aligned-movement-archives]
|-
![[Bhagwadgita]]
| 2025
|Manuscripts
|One of the Hindu holy books and a central text in the continuous, cumulative ancient intellectual Indian tradition, synthesizing various thought movements such as, Vedic, Buddhist, Jain and Cārvāka.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manuscript-collection-bhagavadgita-ancient-samgraha-grantha-indian-thought-world-wide-readership-and]
|-
![[Natyashastra]]
| 2025
|Manuscripts
|It embodies various set of rules for [[Natya]], [[Abhinay]], [[Raga]], [[Bhava]], [[Sangita]] etc like performing arts.
|[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manuscript-natyasastra-bharatamuni-seminal-text-indian-performing-art]
|}

==See also==
* [[Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
* [[List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Culture of India]]

T. Geenakumari

2026-04-30T09:25:50Z

Julixei: done!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Geenakumari.jpg|thumb|Geenakumari in 2018]]
'''T. Geenakumari''' (born 21 May 1975) is a student leader, advocate and politician from [[Kerala]]. She was a central committee member and vice president of the [[Students' Federation of India|Student's Federation of India]] (SFI) in Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Biju |first=K G |date=2017-03-09 |title=മെക്‌സിക്കന്‍ അപാരതയുടെ കാലത്ത് 'മുന്‍ എസ്എഫ്‌ഐക്കാരി ഗീനാ കുമാരി'യ്ക്കു പറയാനുള്ളത് |url=http://ml.naradanews.com/category/page-3/she/t-geena-kumari-former-university-union-chairperson-kerala-sfi-state-vice-president-speaks-of-her-social-life-123892 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121191652/http://ml.naradanews.com/category/page-3/she/t-geena-kumari-former-university-union-chairperson-kerala-sfi-state-vice-president-speaks-of-her-social-life-123892 |archive-date=2019-11-21 |access-date=2026-04-04 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Geenakumari was born on 21 May 1975 to Thankappan Pillai and Indira Pillai. She is from Muthuvila village in Kallara Panchayat, Thiruvananthapuram district. Her father Pillai, was a member of the CPI (M) of Kallara local committee. She went to Nilamel NSS college and completed LLB at [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvanathapuram]]. She also did a PhD in law from [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], Kochi.<ref name=":0" />

She started her political life as a student leader. She was an active member of SFI in her college life and also served as office bearer. She is a practicing advocate and also a district government pleader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comments of Pillai, tantri not contempt of court: Solicitor General |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/11/12/comments-of-sreedharan-pillai-tantri-not-contempt-of-court-solicitor-general.html |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Comments of Pillai, tantri not contempt of court: Solicitor General |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-02 |title=Legal aid defense counsel system in district from January 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/legal-aid-defense-counsel-system-in-district-from-tuesday/article66327851.ece |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In October 2023, she received an apology from a policeman who hit her during a lathi charge 29 years ago during a student protest in November 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geenakumari receives apology from policeman 29 years after lathi charge |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1173485&u= |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

She also served as the director of Kerala State Women’s Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=She-toilet on District Court premises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/she-toilet-on-district-court-premises/article19470726.ece |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-16 |title=School students in Thiruvananthapuram can now get sanitary napkins for free |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/school-students-in-thiruvananthapuram-can-now-get-sanitary-napkins-for-free-7060.html |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geenakumari, T.}}

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Rangbaaz (2013 film)

2026-04-25T19:20:53Z

Julixei:

{{Short description|2013 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rangbaaz
| image = Rangbaaz(2013 film).jpg
| caption = Rangbaaz
| director = [[Raja Chanda]]
| producer = Nispal Singh
| writer = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Koel Mallick|Koel]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography = Shailesh Awasthhi
| editing = Ravi Ranjan Maitra
| studio = [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor = Surinder Films [[Jalsha Movies Production]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|10|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140:14 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{INR|5}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/highest-grossing-bengali-movies/boss-2-back-to-rule-rs-10-50-crore/photostory/65320305.cms |title= Highest grossing Bengali Movies |website = [[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|9}} crore<ref name="telegraphindia_131222">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp#.VPLl03yUcl9|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301172504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp%23.VPLl03yUcl9|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2015|title=5 films that rocked the box office this year|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=22 Dec 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rangbaaz''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[vigilante]] [[action film]] directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and produced under the banner of Surinder Films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/rongbaaz-2013-bengali-movie-info-cast-story/|title=Rangbaaz (2013) Bengali Movie Info|accessdate=2 March 2013|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308073456/http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/rongbaaz-2013-bengali-movie-info-cast-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koel-dev-in-raja-chandas-next/articleshow/18951834.cms|title=Koel-Dev in Raja Chanda's next – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Plot==
An auto driver sees Lucky Bhai murdering a journalist. He managed to capture Lucky Bhai along with his henchman and held them until the police arrived. Afterwards, he returns home to his wife and son, Raj. Unfortunately, Lucky Bhai and his henchmen break into their house that night. The auto driver is killed, his wife was severely injured but Raj survives uninjured. Raj's mother is in a critical condition but he and his uncle don't have enough money to pay for her operation. The local mafia leader's son has committed murder and offers Raj a deal. In order to pay for his mother's surgery, Raj has to go to prison for the crime.

Twelve years later, Raj is released from prison and finds out that his mother had died. He falls in love with Madhurima who lives with her father. Raj plans to go to Bangkok to join a travel agency recommended by his uncle. Coincidentally, Madhurima and her friends also arrive in Bangkok as tourists. Raj is one of the tour guides. Vicky and his henchmen are bothering Madhurima. Raj saves her, fighting the goons. Few days later, Vicky & his henchmen see Madhurima again and Raj fights them once again. Raj and Madhurima use a water bike to escape. They get stuck in the middle of the sea when their water bike runs out of gas. When Madhurima wakes up after a slumber, she sees an island that is a little far away. Raj and Madhurima swim to the island.

Raj expresses his love to Madhurima. Her father and her friends thought that she has been kidnapped by Raj, as they find out Raj was in prison for 12 years. He arranges helicopters to search for Madhurima. Raj sees one helicopter in the sky, but Madhurima doesn't want anyone to find them. She tells Raj that she loves him too but her father would never let her marry him. Raj didn't expect her to fall in love with him. He reveals that he came to Bangkok to kill Lucky Bhai, who is a notorious international criminal with his present base in Bangkok. Raj tells Madhurima that Vicky is none other than Lucky Bhai's brother. In Bangkok, Raj tried to kill Lucky Bhai but he escaped & stopped coming to Bangkok. By the time Raj finishes telling his foiled plot to kill Lucky Bhai, men in black suits come and start to beat him. Just then Madhurima's father comes in a helicopter. Seeing her dad she runs to him and tells him not to hit Raj as he did not kidnap her but saved her. So, her father tells the goons to leave him. But when Madhurima tells him that she loves him, her father tells the goons to kill him. They hit Raj on the head, he falls down and they go away. Then a member of the company for which Raj works, searching for him on a boat, finds him and takes him back. Later, a heated argument takes place between Madhurima and her father and she runs away to Raj.

Then Madhurima's father calls her and Raj receives it. He takes her back to her father. Madhurima's father surprised Raj by showing that Raj's mother is alive and his uncle had lied to him about his mother's death. Madhurima's father exchanged Raj's mother for Madhu; and Raj was grateful to him.

Meanwhile, Lucky Bhai sees the pictures of Raj and Madhurima on television, which was part of Madhurima's father's efforts to find her, and recognizes Raj as the person who tried to kill him. Vicky then kidnaps Madhurima and Raj goes to rescue her. Lucky Bhai tries to find out who Raj is and why he wants to kill him, but after Raj's unwillingness to reveal, Lucky Bhai beats him up. Then after Raj insists upon seeing Madhurima. Lucky Bhai brings Madhurima along with Vicky. In a fight, Raj kills Vicky and all of Lucky Bhai's henchmen. In the meantime, Lucky Bhai tries to kill Madhurima but Raj manages to save her. He then beats up Lucky Bhai and knocks him to the ground.

Raj and Madhurima come towards each other, and just as it seems like everything is just about finished, Lucky Bhai comes to attack both Madhurima and Raj with a knife. Raj evades the knife, grabs it from Lucky Bhai and forces Lucky Bhai to the ground. Raj then tells Lucky Bhai that "Lucky had killed an auto driver 12 years back", and this is when Lucky Bhai realises that Raj is the son of that auto driver. Raj tells Lucky Bhai that his only goal in life was to kill Lucky Bhai and then Raj kills him in the same way which Lucky Bhai had killed his father.

==Cast==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Raj, Madhu's love interest
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Madhurima aka Madhu, Raj's love interest
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Madhurima's father
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Lakshman Mitra aka Lucky Bhai, a dreaded goon
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Haridas
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Aparna, Raj's mother
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Police Commissioner Ajay
* [[Surajit Sen]] as Vicky
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Madhu's friend
* Partho Sarathi Chakraborty as Raj's friend
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Bobby, owner of Indo Bangkok Travel Agency
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Raj's father
* Pradip Dhar as Raj's uncle
* [[Prasun Gain]] as Sardi

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
The film was mostly filmed in [[Bangkok]] and the islands across [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kushali |title=Dev, Koel and their Rangbaazi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-koel-and-their-rangbaazi/cid/258491 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 September 2013}}</ref> Few parts were shot in [[West Bengal]] and [[Hyderabad]]. Parts of the song sequences have been filmed in various picturesque locales of [[Europe]] like at the [[Roman Colosseum]] in [[Rome]] and in [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Koel and Dev to shoot in exotic locales in Europe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koel-and-dev-to-shoot-in-exotic-locales-in-europe/articleshow/21957356.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |title=রংবাজ-এর পুরনো স্মৃতি মনে করালেন কোয়েল, ‘তোমাকে-দেবকে আবার একসঙ্গে চাই’, দাবি ভক্তদের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/koel-mallick-remembers-ki-kore-toke-bolbo-memories-from-rangbaaz-31702802326666.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224115945/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/koel-mallick-remembers-ki-kore-toke-bolbo-memories-from-rangbaaz-31702802326666.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Dev and Koel did their stunts themselves, under the supervision of the action choreographer Alan Amin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Koel Mallick stuns with her stunts! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koel-mallick-stuns-with-her-stunts/articleshow/24389119.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rangbaaz
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 October 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=05}}
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer = Nispal Singh
| chronology = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| prev_title = [[Boss: Born to Rule]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Rangbaaz
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Tui Amar Hero
| single1date = 28 Nov 2018
| single2 = O Madhu
| single2date = 29 Nov 2018
| single3 = Ki Kore Toke Bolbo
| single3date = 30 Nov 2018
| single4 = Benche Theke Labh Ki Bol
| single4date = 1 Dec 2018
| single5 = Love You Soniyo
| single5date = 1 Dec 2018
| single6 = Dishahin Chokher Khoje
| single6date = 3 Dec 2018
}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeet Gannguli: Top 10 Bengali romantic songs composed by the melody king |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/jeet-gannguli-top-10-bengali-romantic-songs-composed-by-the-melody-king/photostory/65718722.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 September 2018}}</ref> The lyrics have been penned by Prasen and [[Raja Chanda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-03 |title=Benny Dayal forays into Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/benny-dayal-forays-into-tollywood/articleshow/21575249.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828153903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/benny-dayal-forays-into-tollywood/articleshow/21575249.cms |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 27:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oh Madhu
| length1 = 3:10
| lyrics1 = [[Raja Chanda]]
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]] and [[Monali Thakur]]
| title2 = Tui Amar Hero
| length2 = 3:29
| lyrics2 = Raja Chanda
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]] and [[Akriti Kakkar]]
| title3 = Ki Kore Toke Bolbo
| length3 = 3:24
| lyrics3 = Prasen
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title4 = Love You Soniyo
| length4 = 4:23
| lyrics4 = Prasen
| extra4 = [[Zubeen Garg]] and Monali Thakur
| title5 = Benche Theke Labh Ki Bol
| length5 = 4:12
| lyrics5 = Prasen
| extra5 = Arijit Singh
| title6 = Dishahin Chokher Khoje
| length6 = 2:31
| lyrics6 = Prasen
| extra6 = Manomoy Bhattacharya
| title7 = Korishna Rangbaazi
| length7 = 1:08
| lyrics7 = Prasen
| extra7 = Benny Dayal and [[Neeti Mohan]]
}}

== Controversy ==
The makers were accused of completely copying certain scenes from a [[Rakesh Roshan]] directorial ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''. The film has many scenes which are exactly similar to the water boat escape and unknown island survival scenes present in the 2000 Hindi film, starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Ameesha Patel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Rangbaaz a copy of Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/is-rangbaaz-a-copy-of-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai/articleshow/21741965.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raja Chanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangbaaz}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Sirf Tum (TV series)

2026-04-20T16:16:21Z

Julixei:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SirfTum.jpeg
| genre = [[Romantic drama]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| developer =
| writer = Sharad Tripathi
| story = Abhijeet Sinha
| screenplay = Tanya Sinha
| director = Pankaj Kumar
| creative_director = Roma Gadwal
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = ''Sirf Tum''
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Rahul Jain]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 232
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma (2021–2022) Sanjeev Kumar (2022)
| cinematography = Sachin Mishra
| editor = Adya Yadav Vishal Singh
| camera = Multi camera
| runtime = 22 min approx.
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms (2021–2022) Cryptic Code Entertainment (2022)
| network = [[Colors TV]] (2021–2022) [[Voot]] (2022)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2021|11|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|9|16}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2022|title=Vivian Dsena starrer television show Sirf Tum goes off air|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vivian-dsena-starrer-television-show-sirf-tum-goes-off-air/|access-date=17 September 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>
| related =
}}

'''''Sirf Tum''''' ({{translation| ''Only You''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[television drama series]] created by Rashmi Sharma,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-promo-of-sirf-tum-on-colors/|title=In Video: Promo of Sirf Tum on Colors|website=Biz Asia|date=11 October 2021}}</ref> and starring [[Vivian Dsena]] and [[Eisha Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/vivian-d-sena-and-eisha-singh-to-be-seen-in-new-romantic-drama-sirf-tum-1863196-2021-10-10|title=Vivian Dsena and Eisha Singh to be seen in new romantic drama "Sirf Tum"|website=India Today|date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/vivian-dsena-eisha-singh-sirf-tum-to-replace-molkki-to-go-off-air-amar-uphadhyay-colors-channel-1487728/|title=Vivian Dsena and Eisha Singh starrer Sirf Tum to replace Balika Vadhu 2 ?|website=ABP Live|date=30 December 2021}}</ref> It was broadcast on [[Colors TV]] and [[Voot]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2021 |title=Vivain Dsena and Eisha Singh team up for Colors' show Sirf Tum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vivian-dsena-eisha-singh-team-up-for-show-sirf-tum/articleshow/86912422.cms |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> from 15 November 2021 to 16 September 2022. It contained 232 episodes.

== Plot ==
Vikrant Oberoi is a wealthy and arrogant businessman. He marries Mamta after disowning his first wife Asha, and their new-born son Ansh. Asha moves on with Ansh, and swears to destroy the Oberoi family by raising Ansh to take revenge on the Oberois, especially Mamta and Vikrant's son, Ranveer, who got everything that Ansh lost.
===25 years later===
Angry and strong-minded, Ranveer has grown up to hate his father, after he discovered in his childhood that Vikrant cheated on Mamta with another woman. Suhaani Sharma is an aspiring doctor, whose father is Vikrant's manager Rakesh Sharma. Ranveer and Ansh study in the same college. Ranveer has always been unaware that Ansh is his half-brother, whereas Ansh knows the truth and detests him. Suhaani signs up for the same college. Rakesh asks Ranveer to look after her, to which he agrees. They become friends, but Ranveer falls in love with Suhaani. Ansh intends to separate them but his plans go in vain. Ranveer and Suhaani confess their love. Rakesh is hesitant to give a nod to their relationship, when Vikrant secretly insults him due to differences in their family status, but later agrees seeing their love. Suhaani and Ranveer get engaged. A furious Ansh reveals to Ranveer that he is his half-brother, and attacks him, leaving him unconscious. Ansh photographs him, and shows the photos to Rakesh, saying that Ranveer is drunk and will not come to the wedding. Out of embarrassment, Rakesh is forced to marry Suhaani to Ansh, as Ranveer arrives too late to stop the ceremony.

Upon his arrival, Ranveer thrashes Ansh and sets fire to the venue. Later, Ansh reveals to Suhaani that he married her just to hurt Ranveer, leading the two to separate. Ranveer and Suhaani finally get married. Vikrant divorces Mamta and reconciles with Asha, accepting Ansh as his heir. Ansh also marries a girl Honey, who has returned from a mental asylum. During a fight, Honey tries to kill Ranveer, but Ansh is shot and dies. Asha apologizes to Mamta, realizes her mistakes, and leaves Vikrant's house. Ranveer insults Suhaani, who leaves him and moves to another city with her family members. After manipulating Ranveer against Suhaani, Honey abducts and tries to kill her, lying of doing so on Ranveer's orders, which causes Suhaani to hate Ranveer. Ultimately, Aditya (a college student) saves Suhaani from Honey, and offers her and the Sharmas a place to stay. Vikrant realizes his misdeeds and seeks forgiveness from Mamta.

===1 year later ===
Suhaani and her family live with Aditya, before Suhaani returns to her house and goes back to college. While there, she reunites with Ranveer. Aditya starts falling for Suhaani. Ranveer and Suhaani get kidnapped, and Aditya finds them and rescues them. Aditya blames Ranveer for the incident, saying because of him, Suhaani got abducted. Aditya puts Suhaani on his lap, Ranveer hits him and says that Suhaani is his wife, and arguments start between them. Because of this incident, Ranveer breaks his relationship with Suhaani.

===1 year later===
Ranveer is working in a hospital, treating a criminal patient who is seriously injured. When the police come to arrest the patient, Ranveer stops them, and Suhaani arrives to bail out the patient. Surprised by the generosity, Ranveer again falls in love with Suhaani, and the two remarry.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Vivian Dsena]] as Ranveer Oberoi:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vivian-dsena-back-on-television-with-passionate-love-tale-sirf-tum-eisha-singh-to-play-female-lead-7565988/lite/|title=Vivian Dsena back on television with passionate love-tale "Sirf Tum"; Eisha Singh to play the female-lead|website=The Indian Express|date=11 October 2021}}</ref>Mamta and Vikrant's son; Ansh's half-brother; Suhaani's husband (2021–2022)
*[[Eisha Singh]] as Suhaani Sharma Oberoi: Rakesh and Sudha's daughter; Ishaan's sister; Ansh's ex-wife; Ranveer's wife (2021–2022)

===Recurring===
*[[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as Mamta Oberoi: Vikrant's second wife; Ranveer's mother (2021–2022)
*[[Nimai Bali]] as Vikrant Oberoi: Devendra's elder son; Vikram's brother; Asha and Mamta's husband; Ansh and Ranveer's father (2021–2022)
*[[Sanjay Batra]] as Rakesh Sharma: Aarti's son; Kamini's brother; Vikrant's former employee; Sudha's husband; Suhaani and Ishaan's father (2021–2022)
*[[Eva Ahuja]] as Sudha Sharma: Rakesh's wife; Suhaani and Ishaan's mother (2021–2022)
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Devendra Oberoi: Vikrant and Vikram's father; Ansh, Ranveer and Samaira's grandfather (2021–2022)
*[[Puneett Chouksey]] as Ansh Oberoi: Asha and Vikrant's son; Ranveer's half-brother; Suhaani's ex-husband; Honey's husband (2021–2022) (Dead)
*[[Kajal Pisal]] as Asha Oberoi: Vikrant's first wife; Ansh's mother (2021–2022)
*Sonyaa Ayodhya as Riya Kapoor: Shashi's daughter; Ranveer's obsessive lover (2021–2022)
*Jasjeet Babbar as Aarti Sharma: Rakesh and Kamini's mother; Suhaani, Nikita and Ishaan's grandmother (2021–2022)
*Amit Dhawan/Mani Rai as Vikram Oberoi: Devendra's younger son; Vikrant's brother; Roshni's husband; Samaira's father (2021–2022)
*Bindiya Kalra as Roshni Oberoi: Vikram's wife; Samaira's mother (2021–2022)
*Tanu Vidyarthi as Kamini Sharma: Aarti's daughter; Rakesh's sister; Nikita's mother (2021–2022)
*Aakash Rohira as Raghav "Raghu" Tripathi: Ranveer's friend (2021–2022)
*Sapan Gulati as John Wults: Ranveer's friend (2021–2022)
*Agam Dixit as Ishaan Sharma: Rakesh and Sudha's son; Suhaani's brother (2021–2022)
*[[Vaidehi Nair]] as Samaira Oberoi: Vikram and Roshni's daughter (2021–2022)
*Shalu Chauhan/Dolly Kaushik as Nikita Chopra: Kamini's daughter (2021–2022)
*Rishika Bali as Meeta Basu: Suhaani's friend (2021–2022)
*Amit Rai as Rishi Singhania: Ansh's friend (2021–2022)
*Akshay Patil as Rocky Kundra: Ansh's friend (2021–2022)
*Kamal Malik as Shashi Kapoor: Vikrant and Vikram's business partner; Riya's father (2021–2022)
*Nikki Sharma as Honey Oberoi: Ansh's wife (2022)
*Raghav Tiwari as Dr. Aditya Birla (2022)
*Sharik Khan as Karan Arora (2021–2022)

=== Special appearances ===
*[[Bharti Singh]] as the host of the New Year Celebration (2021)
*[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] as the host of the New Year Celebration (2021)
*[[Tanya Sharma]] as Reema Vivaan Oswal from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]'' (2021)
*[[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]] as Vivaan Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
*Radhika Muthukumar as Simar Aarav Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
*[[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Aarav Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
*[[Sumit Bhardwaj]] as Samar Khanna from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
* Akash Jagga as Gagan Narayan from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
* Shubhanshi Singh Raghuvanshi as Aditi Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2021)
*[[Nikki Tamboli]] for New Year Celebration (2021)
*Priyal Mahajan as Purvi Virendra Pratap Singh from ''[[Molkki]]'' (2021)
*[[Amar Upadhyay]] as Virendra Pratap Singh from ''Molkki'' (2021)
*[[Shivangi Joshi]] as Anandi Bhujaariya Anjaariya from ''[[Balika Vadhu 2]]'' (2021)
*[[Samridh Bawa]] as Jigar Anjaariya from ''Balika Vadhu 2'' (2021)
*[[Jigyasa Singh]] as Vaani "Thapki" Tripathi Singhania from ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki 2]]'' (2021)
*Aakash Ahuja as Purab Singhania from ''Thapki Pyar Ki 2'' (2021)
*Rachana Mistry as Hansika Agrawal from ''Thapki Pyar Ki 2'' (2021)
*[[Karan Suchak]] as Dr. Anurag Basu from ''[[Thoda sa Baadal Thoda sa Paani|Thoda Sa Baadal Thoda Sa Paani]]'' (2021)
*[[Ishita Dutta]] as Kajol Mukherjee from ''Thoda Sa Baadal Thoda Sa Paani'' (2021)
*Surabhi Das as Nima Denzongpa from ''[[Nima Denzongpa]]'' (2021)
*Akshay Kelkar as Suresh Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
*[[Usha Naik]] as Sunita Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
*[[Sushmita Singh]] as Siya Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
*Sonakshi Batra as Manya Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
*Sukanya Baruah as Naari Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
*Sharmila Shinde as Tulika Mane from ''Nima Denzongpa'' (2021)
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Geetanjali Devi from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Professor Avinash Narayan from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)
* Anita Kulkarni as Indu Narayan from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)
* [[Aarav Chowdhary]] as Gajendra Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)
* [[Shital Thakkar]] as Sandhya Oswal from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)
* Shubhanshi Singh Raghuvanshi as Aditi Gagan Narayan from ''Sasural Simar Ka 2'' (2022)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sirf Tum Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 November 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 10:14
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]
| label =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Sirf Tum'''s soundtrack is written by Amit D, and composed by [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =Sirf Tum: Tracklisting
| total_length =
| title1 = Sirf Tum
| note1 = Title Song
| extra1 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| music1 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| lyrics1 = Amit D
| length1 = 05:12
| title2 = Sirf Tum
| note2 = Sad Version
| extra2 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| music2 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| lyrics2 = Amit D
| length2 = 05:02
}}

==Reception==
A review of the first episodes in the [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] stated that the series "ha[d] the potential to fare better if it [did] away with typical dialogues and mentality of some of its characters".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-17 |title=Sirf Tum Review: Vivian Dsena and Eisha Singh's show is typical yet holds promise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sirf-tum-review-vivian-dsena-and-eisha-singhs-show-is-typical-yet-holds-promise/articleshow/87756522.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The series was described as follows by Madhushree Chakrabarty of Media Infoline: "Set in the beautiful locales of [[Dehradun]], against the backdrop of a medical college, ''Sirf Tum'' highlights the nuances of a complicated relationship between two people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Madhushree |date=2021-11-12 |title=Sirf Tum traces the journey of Ranveer Oberoi and Suhani Sharma |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/daily-soap/colors-launches-sirf-tum |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Media Infoline |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/sirf-tum/ ''Sirf Tum''] at [[Colors TV]]
* {{IMDb title|id=16087918}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/sirf-tum/204343 ''Sirf Tum''] on [[Voot]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]

War and Love (2003 film)

2026-04-16T13:14:10Z

Julixei:

{{short description|Indian Malayalam war film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = War and Love
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Vinayan]]
| writer = [[J. Pallassery]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl | [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] | [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] | [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] | [[Mukesh Rishi]]|[[Kalabhavan Mani]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N.]]
| editing = G. Murali
| distributor = Sree Surya
| released = {{Film date|2003|11|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| gross =
}}

'''''War and Love''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Epic film|epic drama]] [[war film|war]] film directed by [[Vinayan]] and starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalabhavan-manis-6th-death-anniversary-mohanlal-dileep-and-other-m-town-celebs-pay-tribute-to-the-late-actor/articleshow/90030228.cms|title = Kalabhavan Mani's 6th Death anniversary: Mohanlal, Dileep and other M-Town celebs pay tribute to the late actor |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/12mal.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Small screen, big battle|website=Rediff.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> The film received extremely negative reviews upon its release.<ref name="S"/> The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kalam''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/Kalam-Prabhu/dp/B09DQX8RT1 | title=Watch Kalam | Prime Video | website=Amazon }}</ref><ref name=cs>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kalam.shtml|title=Kalam|website=Cinesouth|access-date=17 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210051617/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/kalam.shtml|archive-date=10 February 2005}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Major Rajendran being killed by Pakistani terrorists on the Indo-Pakistan border and the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|war between India and Pakistan]] begins. The [[Pakistan Army]] led by [[General (Pakistan)|General]] Jaffer Khan sends a battalion to capture a village on the Indian side of the [[Line of Control]]. The [[Indian Army]] Brigadier Nair sends the [[Madras Regiment]] to recapture the village. The Madras Regiment contains [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Sharath Chandran, [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Gopinath, [[Major (India)|Major]] Prabhakar, Captain Kabir, Captain Vijayan, [[Havildar]] Kurian, [[Sepoy]] Basheer, [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Haneefa, Havildar Prashanthan, Naik Kunjunni, Captain Hema and [[Private (rank)|Private]] Shankar. They recapture the village after a fierce gun battle that kills all of the Pakistani soldiers. Prabhakar and Kunjunni die during the battle. Jaffer Khan is angered by this defeat and plans to capture the entire Madras Regiment alive. He calls Colonel Mushtaq Muhammad, an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent in the Indian Army, and pays him {{currency|50000000|INR}} for capturing the Madras Regiment.

Mushtaq Muhammad hatches a plan in which all of the Madras Regiment except, Gopinath and Vijayan were captured. Gopi kills Mushtaq, but is captured by the Pakistanis. All the [[prisoners of war]] are sent to a Pakistani camp, where they get tortured. They are forced to work like slaves. Kabir, Haneefa, Kurian and Hema (Sharath's [[love interest]]) are killed by the Pakistanis. Meanwhile, the notorious Pakistani terrorist leader Mansoor Akthar arrives in the camp. Jaffer Khan's daughter Serina also arrives there. She is about to be raped by Mansoor, but Gopi kills him by dropping a big rock on the terrorist's head. Serina falls in love with Gopi while he decides to use it to save his country. Serina knows [[Malayalam]] since Jaffer Khan's father migrated from [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] to Pakistan during the [[Partition of India|Partition]]. Meanwhile, Captain Vijayan has infiltrated the Pakistani military and gets information that Pakistan is going to use [[nuclear weapons]] in the event of a lost war with India. Gopi, with the help of Serina, gains access to the defusing codes of the missile. The climax is a full war between Indian PoWs freed by Vijayan and the Pakistani army. Finally, the nuclear bomb is defused by Gopi and the entire Pakistani army is killed. Jaffer Khan is killed by Sharath, who also dies from his injuries. The entire Pakistani camp is blown up and only Gopi, Serina and Vijayan survive. India wins the war and Gopi is given [[Param Vir Chakra]] on his return to India. Gopi marries Serina. The film ends with Serina chanting "[[Bharat Mata Ki Jai]]".

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as [[Captain#Indian Army|Captain]] Gopinath
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as [[Lieutenant Colonel#India|Lt Col.]] Sharath Chandran
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in [[Double role]] as [[Captain#Indian Army|Captain]] Kabir
** Dadasaheb, Kabir's father
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Soldier Basheer
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Captain#Indian Army|Captain]] Vijayan
* [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] as Serina, Jaffer Khan's Daughter and Gopinath's love interest
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Pakistan Army]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]] Jaffer Khan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Major (rank)#India|Major]] Prabhakar
* [[Jagadish]] as [[Havildar#Indian Army|Hav.]] Kurian
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Lance Naik#India|Naik]] Haneefa
* [[Captain Raju]] as [[Brigadier#India|Brig.]] Nair
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as [[Major (rank)#India|Maj.]] Rajendran, [[Border Security Force|BSF]] officer (Cameo apperence)
* [[Indraja]] as [[Captain#Indian Army|Captain]] Hema Varma, Rajendran's sister and Sarath Chandran's fiancee
* [[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]] as Ex-[[Major (rank)#India|Major]] Varma, Rajendran and Hema's uncle
* Manuraj as Soldier Prakashan
* [[Shruthi Raj]] as Shabana, Settu Pappa's grand daughter
* [[Hemanth Ravan]] as [[Colonel#India|Col.]] Mushtaq Muhammed
* [[Machan Varghese]] as [[Lance Naik#India|Naik]] Kunjunni
* [[Joju George]] as Santhosh, an Indian Soldier
* [[Mafia Sasi]] as Rasool, a Pakistan Soldier
* [[Charuhasan]] as Settu Pappa
* [[Major Ravi]] as [[Captain#India|Captain]] Iqbal
* Yamuna as Gopinath's mother
* Bindu Ramakrishnan as Maheswari, Rajendran and Hema's mother
* Ramya Sudha as Rajendran's wife
* Meena Ganesh as Basheer's mother
* Mangala as Rajendran and Hema's younger sister
* [[Kannur Sreelatha]] as Omana, Prabhakaran's wife
* [[Sanusha]] as Mini, Prabhakaran's daughter
* [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Rukhiya, Serina's friend
* [[Sandra Amy]] as Alima, Serina's friend
}}

== Production ==
[[Captain Raju]] had a major accident on the sets of this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/18/the-accident-that-was-devastating-1873321.html|title = The accident that was devastating|website=Newindianexpress.com| date=18 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/aye-aye-captain/316746|title = Aye Aye, Captain|website=Outlookindia.com|date = 14 February 2022}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Reception ===
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "There is not even one redeeming factor in this amateurishly shot film. The first half looks ancient. Dileep is wasted and Prabhu's dubbed voice is jarring. You run out of the hall while, the Pakistani general's daughter Laila holds the Indian flag and says, ”[[Bharat Mata Ki Jai]]”!!!" ({{Translation|Hail Mother India!}})<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13322060&ctid=5&cid=2428|title=Review: War and Love|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111205722/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13322060&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-date=11 January 2005|access-date=6 December 2023|author=Moviebuzz}}</ref> Reviewing the Tamil dubbed version ''Kalam'', ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The first half of the film proceeds like a documentary- pretty boring. Such Army based films ought to be serious, but this film doesn't have it. The team attempts to infiltrate Pakistan as if they are going for a picnic. Technical brilliance and wizardry is missing too".<ref name=cs />

===Box office===
This film was overall a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sundaran-slips-news-malayalam-kkfvNThiejjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403101156/https://www.sify.com/movies/sundaran-slips-news-malayalam-kkfvNThiejjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2022|title = 'Sundaran' slips!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0389522}}
{{Vinayan}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vinayan]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Indian war epic films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Prisoner of war films]]
[[Category:Films about torture]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Romantic epic films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]

Belthangady Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:18Z

Julixei: Created New Pg!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belthangady
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 200
| map_image = 200-Belthangady constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| established = 1956
| electors = {{formatnum:213244}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Harish Poonja]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]]
}}

'''Belthangady Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in southwestern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|year=2008|title=New Dakshina Kannada Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Dakshina Kannada District|url=http://www.dk.nic.in/asmele/ACMaps/26.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416190944/http://dk.nic.in/asmele/ACMaps/26.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
Belthangady (constituency number 200) is one of the eight Assembly constituencies located in [[Dakshina Kannada district]]. It covers the same area as the Belthangady Taluk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map of Belthangady Taluk|publisher=Dakshina Kannada District|url=http://www.dk.nic.in/dcimg/belthangady.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425020504/http://www.dk.nic.in/dcimg/belthangady.jpg|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Delimit-KN-2007">{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: Final Notification & Order with Table A & B, No.282/KT/2007-V |date=2 July 2007|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Karnataka/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20with%20Table%20A%20&%20B%20_Eng_.pdf}}</ref>

Belthangady is part of Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, along with seven other [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies, namely: 201. [[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]], 202. [[Mangalore City North]], 203. [[Mangalore City South]], 204. [[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore]], 205. [[Bantval Assembly constituency|Bantval]], 206. [[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]] and 207. [[Sullia Assembly constituency|Sullia (SC)]].<ref name="Delimit-KN-2007" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The contest for the Belthangady legislative seat has been a thirty year contest between the Gowda family and the Bangera family, as well as one between the two Bangera brothers, Vasantha and Prabhakara.<ref name="DH-2013">{{Cite news|author=Akshatha M.|date=27 April 2013|title=It's veteran vs political novice in Belthangady|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328920/it039s-veteran-vs-political-novice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501020532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328920/it039s-veteran-vs-political-novice.html|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-2013">{{Cite news|author=Special Correspondent|date=17 April 2013|title=BJP revives 30-year-old rivalry in Belthangady|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/bjp-revives-30yearold-rivalry-in-belthangady/article4626512.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501022232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/bjp-revives-30yearold-rivalry-in-belthangady/article4626512.ece|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-2013b">{{Cite news|author=Phadnis, Renuka|date=30 April 2013|title=Veteran faces debutant's challenge in Belthangady|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/veteran-faces-debutants-challenge-in-belthangady/article4669898.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501023426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/veteran-faces-debutants-challenge-in-belthangady/article4669898.ece|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Belthangady Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/belthangady.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Ratnavarma Heggade]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1968 elections in India#Mysore|1968 By-election]] || K. Chidananda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. Subramanya Gowda
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. Gangadhara Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Gangadhara Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | K. Prabhakara Bangera || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Harish Poonja]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Belthangady">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Belthangady |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10200.htm?ac=200 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409160041/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10200.htm?ac=200 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Harish Poonja]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 101,004 |percentage = 53.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rakshith Shivaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,788 |percentage = 43.80% |change = {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akbar Belthangady |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 2,513 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 892 |percentage = 0.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,216 |percentage = 9.64% |change = {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 189,348 |percentage = 82.71% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 189,007}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,941 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Harish Poonja]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 98,417 |percentage = 54.81% |change = {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,443 |percentage = 42.02% |change = {{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannatha. M |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,806 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sumathi S. Hegde |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,974 |percentage = 12.80% |change = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,689 |percentage = 82.07% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,550}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,935 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,530 |percentage = 57.86% |change = {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranjan. G. Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,789 |percentage = 45.64% |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Bhat |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,532 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashree. S. Hegde |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,682 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}10.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sukhesha Kumar |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,673 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chennakeshava |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,747 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesha Bende |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,276 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,741 |percentage = 12.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,325 |percentage = 75.48% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,808}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,864 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,528 |percentage = 46.13% |change = {{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Prabhakara Bangera |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,425 |percentage = 33.65% |change = {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,738 |percentage = 12.97% |change = {{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimarodi Mahesh Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,284 |percentage = 5.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghu Dharma Sen |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,059 |percentage = 1.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,103 |percentage = 12.48% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,135 |percentage = 74.63% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,034}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Prabhakara Bangera |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,102 |percentage = 37.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Kumar. K |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,281 |percentage = 27.33% |change = {{decrease}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 35,178 |percentage = 27.25% |change = {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandu. L |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,823 |percentage = 3.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhana Gowda |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,571 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkappa Naik. I. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,012 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa Kotian. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,129 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,821 |percentage = 9.93% |change = {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,226 |percentage = 77.58% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,096}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,566 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Prabhakara Bangera |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,042 |percentage = 41.46% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,781 |percentage = 36.62% |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,805 |percentage = 21.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,261 |percentage = 4.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,658 |percentage = 76.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,628}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,996 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,239 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,871 |percentage = 38.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Prabhakara Bangera |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,433 |percentage = 31.33% |change = {{increase}}22.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,918 |percentage = 28.90% |change = {{decrease}}16.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandra Shekara Poojary |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,068 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,438 |percentage = 7.18% |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,600 |percentage = 77.01% |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,535}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,824 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,964 |percentage = 44.95% |change = {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,754 |percentage = 43.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Prabhakara Bangera |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,225 |percentage = 9.02% |change = {{decrease}}42.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Pereira |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,661 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,210 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}8.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,116 |percentage = 74.14% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,138}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,978 |percentage = 4.18% |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,299 |ref = |change = {{increase}}38.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,378 |percentage = 51.11% |change = {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokeshwari Vinayachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,048 |percentage = 41.42% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Prabhakara Sampigethaya |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,146 |percentage = 6.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,330 |percentage = 9.69% |change = {{decrease}}14.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,922 |percentage = 71.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,306}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 616 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,543 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Vasantha Bangera]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,579 |percentage = 62.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,660 |percentage = 37.84% |change = {{increase}}34.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,919 |percentage = 24.32% |change = {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,018 |percentage = 71.89% |change = {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,239}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 779 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,703 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,255 |percentage = 55.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chidananda |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,388 |percentage = 38.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Bhide |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,952 |percentage = 3.47% |change = {{decrease}}54.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Prabhakara Sampigethaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,463 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,867 |percentage = 17.53% |change = {{decrease}}21.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,563 |percentage = 76.39% |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,287}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,276 |percentage = 2.22% |change = {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Subramanya Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,126 |percentage = 57.97% |change = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chidananda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 8,004 |percentage = 19.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nemiraja Shetty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,714 |percentage = 16.13% |change = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Yelachithaya |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,220 |percentage = 5.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwara Bhat |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 552 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}20.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,122 |percentage = 38.74% |change = {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,526 |percentage = 68.85% |change = {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,616}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,764 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,476 |percentage = 46.56% |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Pereira |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 7,213 |percentage = 21.70% |change = {{decrease}}14.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Naika |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,345 |percentage = 16.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Nayak |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,203 |percentage = 15.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,263 |percentage = 24.86% |change = {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,574 |percentage = 66.84% |change = {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,223 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}10.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,991 |percentage = 46.18% |change = {{decrease}}23.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Jinaraja Hegde |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 12,486 |percentage = 36.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,730 |percentage = 13.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Shenoy |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,418 |percentage = 4.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,505 |percentage = 10.12% |change = {{decrease}}29.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,940 |percentage = 60.31% |change = {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,625}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,594 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belthangady <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ratnavarma Heggade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,563 |percentage = 69.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shenoy Ramanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,920 |percentage = 30.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,643 |percentage = 39.49% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,483 |percentage = 51.98% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,483}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,721 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.99|75.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Bangalore South Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:54Z

Julixei: Created A Data

{{distinguish|text = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]], in which Bangalore South AC is not a part}}
{{short description|Vidhana Sabha constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bangalore South
| type = SLA
| map_image = 176-Bangalore South constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| constituency_no = 176
| established = 1951 (first establishment) 2008 (second establishment)
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:695797}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Bangalore South Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]]. Notably, Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency does not contain Bangalore South Assembly constituency.

Bangalore South Assembly seat was created for the second time when the delimitation of seats was carried out in 2008. While there are four Lok Sabha seats with the name of the city 'Bangalore' in their title, Bangalore South is the only Assembly seat among dozens in the city boundary which has the word 'Bangalore' in its title.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || A. V. Narasimha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| B. T. Kempa Raj
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || R. Rangappa Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| A. V. Narasimha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || D. Munichinnappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 196,220 |percentage = 51.35% |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Ramesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 146,521 |percentage = 38.35% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajagopala Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,612 |percentage = 6.44% |change = {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manu. M. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 4,360 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 4,006 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Mruthyunjaya |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,585 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,699 |percentage = 13.01% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 382,161 |percentage = 54.92% |change = {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 382,112}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 695,797 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 152,427 |percentage = 47.74% |change = {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Ramesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 122,068 |percentage = 38.24% |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Prabhakara Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 36,138 |percentage = 11.32% |change = {{decrease}}27.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 3,952 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,359 |percentage = 9.51% |change = {{decrease}}6.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 319,270 |percentage = 52.86% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 319,255}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 603,939 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 102,207 |percentage = 54.81% |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Prabhakara Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 72,045 |percentage = 38.64% |change = {{increase}}18.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Tejaswini Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,849 |percentage = 34.24% |change = {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagadish Reddy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,936 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murali Mohan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,162 |percentage = 16.18% |change = {{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 250,782 |percentage = 56.03% |change = {{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 447,562 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,114 |percentage = 42.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadananda. M |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,979 |percentage = 22.13% |change = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Manjunath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,529 |percentage = 20.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajagopala Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,726 |percentage = 10.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Manjunath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,300 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Somashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,755 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Ravichandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,494 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,135 |percentage = 20.43% |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,106 |percentage = 43.99% |change = {{decrease}}18.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 379,873 |ref = |change = {{increase}}560.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Munichinnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,441 |percentage = 52.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,540 |percentage = 34.93% |change = {{decrease}}10.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chikkanna |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,561 |percentage = 7.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,494 |percentage = 4.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,901 |percentage = 17.86% |change = {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,793 |percentage = 62.28% |change = {{increase}}27.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,036}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,473 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}30.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}29.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Narasimha Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,702 |percentage = 23.77% |change = {{decrease}}16.31 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rangappa Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,452 |percentage = 23.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,365 |percentage = 21.45% |change = {{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Kempa Raj |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,449 |percentage = 9.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Basaviah |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,333 |percentage = 9.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivarudrappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,610 |percentage = 4.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnama Raju |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,509 |percentage = 4.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Chinnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,229 |percentage = 3.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 2.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,649 |percentage = 34.69% |change = {{decrease}}24.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,649}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,089 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bangalore South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Narasimha Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,637 |percentage = 21.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Kempa Raj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,586 |percentage = 18.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Narayana Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,471 |percentage = 14.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nilgiri. G. Sanjeevaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,377 |percentage = 11.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rama Reddy |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,714 |percentage = 10.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Krishna Murthy |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 3,647 |percentage = 8.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Pillai |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,376 |percentage = 5.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,022 |percentage = 4.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mylarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,317 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,166 |percentage = 6.96% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,462 |percentage = 29.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,462}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,420 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coords|12.86|77.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

2025–26 Punjab State Super League

2026-04-08T11:33:01Z

Julixei:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Punjab State Super Football League]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 1 August – 28 December 2025
| winners = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]] (2nd title)
| matches = 90
| total goals = 240
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] 5–1 Olympian Jarnail Singh FA 11 September 2025 
[[Punjab FC|Punjab]] 4–0 [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] 5 September 2025
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = Sher-e-Punjab 6–3 [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]] 9 September 2025
| longest wins = Punjab FC (6 matches)
| longest unbeaten = Punjab FC (12 matches)
| longest winless = Young FC (8 matches)
| longest losses = Young FC (8 matches)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Punjab State Super League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Punjab State Super Football League|2026–27]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2025–26 Punjab State Super Football League''' is the 39th season of the [[Punjab State Super League|Punjab State Super Football League]], the top-tier football league in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and one of the [[Indian State Leagues|State Leagues]] occupying the 5th tier of [[Indian football league system|Indian football league pyramid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=State League |url=https://punjabfootball.in/state_league.php?id=1}}</ref> [[Namdhari FC]] are the defending champions. The season began on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Super League table, schedule and stats |url=https://www.sofascore.com/tournament/football/india-amateur/punjab-super-league/29238#id:82067 |website=Sofascore}}</ref>

== Changes from last season ==
The number of teams was decreased from 12 to 10. All teams play each other in a home-and-away format.
:{{down}} '''Relegated to 2025-26 Punjab State League Division 2'''
*CRPF FC
*Doaba United FC
*[[JCT FC|JCT Academy]]
*Kehar SC
----
:{{up}} '''Promoted to 2025-26 Punjab State Super League'''
*RCF FC
*Sher-e-Punjab SC

== Teams ==
10 teams participated in this edition of the league, down from 12 last season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab State Super Football League |url=https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/ |website=The Away End}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Centre {{!}} Punjab State Super League |url=https://punjabfootball.in/match_center.php |website=punjabfootball.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Club
!Location
|-
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FC]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|Dalbir FA
|[[Patiala]]
|-
|International FC
|[[Phagwara]]
|-
|[[Namdhari FC]]
|[[Sri Bhaini Sahib]]
|-
|Olympian Jarnail Singh FA
|[[Garhshankar]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|[[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|RCF FC
|[[Kapurthala]]
|-
|Sher-e-Punjab SC
|Shampura, [[Rupnagar]]
|-
|Young FC
|[[Mahilpur]]
|}

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/ The Away End]
|update=complete


|team1=RGP
|team2=SPS
|team3=RCF
|team4=BSF
|team5=DFC
|team6=NFC
|team7=IFC
|team8=PP
|team9=OJS
|team10=YFC

|win_BSF=9 |draw_BSF=2 |loss_BSF=7 |gf_BSF=25 |ga_BSF=23 
|win_SPS=10 |draw_SPS=4 |loss_SPS=4 |gf_SPS=36 |ga_SPS=27
|win_RGP=12 |draw_RGP=3 |loss_RGP=3 |gf_RGP=32 |ga_RGP=13
|win_DFC=7 |draw_DFC=5 |loss_DFC=6 |gf_DFC=25 |ga_DFC=23
|win_IFC=7 |draw_IFC=3 |loss_IFC=8 |gf_IFC=22 |ga_IFC=22
|win_RCF=7 |draw_RCF=8 |loss_RCF=3 |gf_RCF=28 |ga_RCF=19
|win_PP=6 |draw_PP=5 |loss_PP=7 |gf_PP=19 |ga_PP=26
|win_OJS=4 |draw_OJS=3 |loss_OJS=11 |gf_OJS=25 |ga_OJS=35
|win_NFC=7 |draw_NFC=4 |loss_NFC=7 |gf_NFC=26 |ga_NFC=21
|win_YFC=2 |draw_YFC=1 |loss_YFC=15 |gf_YFC=12 |ga_YFC=41


|name_BSF=[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FC]]
|name_SPS=Sher-e-Punjab SC |status_SPS=Q
|name_IFC=International FC
|name_PP=[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|name_RGP=[[Punjab FC]] |status_RGP=C
|name_RCF=RCF FC
|name_OJS=Olympian Jarnail FA
|name_NFC=[[Namdhari FC]]
|name_YFC=Young FC |status_YFC=R
|name_DFC=Dalbir FA


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|result1=C |result2=Q |result10=R
|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=gold |text_C='''Champions'''
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q={{nowrap|Qualification for [[2026-27 I-League 3|I-League 3]]}}{{efn|If the top teams are already playing in national leagues, then the next highest ranked team(s) would be eligible for [[I-League 3]].}}
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to Punjab State 2nd Division

|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|show_matches=y

|match_RGP_DFC = 1-3
|match_IFC_RGP = 0-2
|match_IFC_DFC = 3-0
|match_PP_YFC = 1-0
|match_SPS_RCF = 0-0
|match_YFC_IFC = 3-0
|match_DFC_SPS = 1-2
|match_RCF_PP = 0-0
|match_DFC_YFC = 1-0
|match_OJS_RCF = 3-4
|match_SPS_IFC = 3-1
|match_PP_OJS = 2-1
|match_BSF_RCF = 2-1
|match_SPS_OJS = 3-2
|match_PP_BSF = 0-0
|match_DFC_NFC = 0-0
|match_RCF_YFC = 0-0
|match_BSF_SPS = 3-1
|match_OJS_IFC = 1-1
|match_RGP_YFC = 3-0
|match_DFC_RCF = 0-3
|match_RCF_RGP = 2-2
|match_OJS_BSF = 2-3
|match_SPS_NFC = 1-1
|match_RGP_SPS = 2-3
|match_BSF_YFC = 3-1
|match_DFC_OJS = 0-1
|match_RGP_NFC = 4-0
|match_PP_IFC = 2-1
|match_RGP_OJS = 2-0
|match_BSF_DFC = 1-2
|match_IFC_RCF = 0-0
|match_SPS_PP = 6-3
|match_NFC_OJS = 5-1
|match_YFC_SPS = 0-2
|match_BSF_RGP = 0-2
|match_PP_DFC = 0-3
|match_OJS_NFC = 3-2
|match_PP_RCF = 2-2
|match_RGP_BSF = 3-0
|match_SPS_DFC = 4-3
|match_YFC_OJS = 1-0
|match_BSF_NFC = 0-2
|match_IFC_SPS = 2-1
|match_PP_RGP = 1-2
|match_RCF_OJS = 1-3
|match_YFC_DFC = 1-3
|match_NFC_IFC = 1-2
|match_OJS_PP = 1-1
|match_SPS_YFC = 4-1
|match_DFC_RGP = 0-1
|match_IFC_BSF = 1-2
|match_OJS_SPS = 0-1
|match_RGP_IFC = 0-0
|match_NFC_DFC = 1-1
|match_YFC_RCF = 2-3
|match_RCF_DFC = 2-2
|match_YFC_RGP = 0-3
|match_PP_NFC = 2-1
|match_IFC_OJS = 2-0
|match_NFC_SPS = 1-3
|match_RGP_RCF = 1-0
|match_DFC_PP = 0-0
|match_OJS_YFC = 3-1
|match_RCF_NFC = 0-0
|match_IFC_PP = 1-0
|match_OJS_DFC = 1-1
|match_SPS_RGP = 0-0
|match_YFC_BSF = 0-3
|match_DFC_BSF = 3-1
|match_OJS_RGP = 2-3
|match_PP_SPS = 2-1
|match_NFC_YFC = 5-1
|match_BSF_OJS = 1-2
|match_IFC_NFC = 1-2
|match_RGP_PP = 1-0
|match_SPS_BSF = 1-1
|match_DFC_IFC = 2-1
|match_YFC_NFC = 0-1
|match_BSF_PP = 3-0
|match_BSF_IFC = 0-1
|match_NFC_PP = 2-0
|match_YFC_PP = 1-3
|match_NFC_BSF = 0-1
|match_RCF_SPS = 4-0
|match_IFC_YFC = 3-0
|match_NFC_RGP = 2-0
|match_NFC_RCF = 0-1
|match_RCF_BSF = 2-0
|match_RCF_IFC = 3-2
}}{{Notelist}}</onlyinclude>

== Awards ==

=== Team awards ===
* Champions: RG Punjab FC (1 lakh rupees)
* Runners-up: Sher-e-Punjab FC Shampura (50,000 rupees)
* Fair Play award: BSF Jalandhar (20,000 rupees)

=== Player awards ===
* [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Olympian S. Jarnail Singh]] "Best Defender" trophy: '''Akashmaan Chaudhary''' (International FC Phagwara) (10,000 rupees)

* [[Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)|Arjuna Awardee S. Gurdev Singh Gill]] "Best Player" trophy: '''Jatinder Singh Rana''' (Sher-e-Punjab FC Shampura) (10,000 rupees)

* [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Arjuna Awardee S. Inder Singh]] "Top Scorer" award: '''Kamaldeep Singh "Hangri"''' (Olympian Jarnail Singh FA) (10,000 rupees)

* PFA Best Coach award: '''Jaswant Singh Parmar''' (International FC Phagwara) (10,000 rupees)

* PFA Best Referees awards cancelled this season observing the death of referee Jaspal Singh Bains in a road accident

== See also ==

* [[2025–26 in Indian football]]
* [[2025–26 I-League 3]]
* [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Punjab State Super Football League}}
[[Category:Punjab State Super Football League seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]

Haryana Steelers

2026-04-04T18:38:03Z

Julixei: added basic pg nd citations - done

{{Short description|Professional Indian kabaddi team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = Haryana Steelers
| logo = Haryana Steelers.png
| logo_size =
| full_name = Haryana Steelers
| short_name = HAR
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| founded = {{Start date|2017}}
| first_season = [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|2017]]
| last_season = [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|2024]]
| current = 2025 Pro Kabaddi League
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| conference =
| division =
| city =
| location = [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
| ballpark =
| stadium = [[Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium]]
| colors = {{color box|#3A1494}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| owner = [[JSW Sports]]
| managing_director =
| coach = Manpreet Singh
| coach_label = Head coach
| captain = Jaideep Dahiya
| playoff_berths = 4
| website = [https://haryanasteelers.com/ Haryana Steelers]
| league_titles = 1
}}

'''Haryana Steelers''' is a professional [[kabaddi]] team based in [[Haryana]] that plays in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. The team is currently led by Jaideep Dahiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kabaddiarena.com/player/jaideep-dahiya/|title=Jaideep Dahiya profile|date=28 July 2025}}</ref> and coached by Manpreet Singh and the assistant coach Neer Gulia. It is owned by [[JSW Sports]], of the [[JSW Group]]. The home matches are played at [[Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/2017/haryana-steelers-team-profile-owners-fixtures-schedule-records-results-4771961/lite/|title=Haryana Steelers team profile|date=29 July 2017}}</ref>

The Steelers had a good start to life in the PKL as they reached the playoffs in their debut [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|2017]] season.

In [[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 10]], Haryana Steelers reached the final for the first time in their history but fell short by just a few points. They went on to clinch their maiden Pro Kabaddi League title in [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 11]], marking a historic achievement for the franchise.

==Ownership==
Haryana Steelers is owned by [[JSW Sports]] which also owns [[Hockey India League]] team [[Soorma Hockey Club]], [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Delhi Capitals]], [[Indian Super League]] team [[Bengaluru FC]], [[SA20]] team [[Pretoria Capitals]], and [[International League T20|ILT20]] team [[Dubai Capitals]].

== Squad ==

{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Haryana Steelers squad
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|No|Jersey No}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Name
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Position
|-
| 5|| Jaideep Dahiya (c) || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Left Cover
|-
| 7|| Rahul Sethpal (vc) || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Corner
|-
| 10||Naveen Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}}
|| Raider
|-
| 3||Vinay Tevathia ||{{flagicon|IND}}|| Raider
|-
| 44|| Mayank Saini || {{flagicon|IND}} || Raider
|-
| 16|| Shivam Patare || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Raider
|-
| || Jayasoorya NS ||{{flagicon|IND}}
||Left Raider
|-
| || Vishal Tate || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| || Vikas Jadhav ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|| Right Raider
|-
| 22|| Ghanshyam Magar || {{flagicon|NEP}} || Raider
|-
| || Shahan Mohammed ||{{flagicon|BAN}}
|| Right Raider
|-
| || Ankit Dhull || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Corner
|-
| || Hardeep Ranbir || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Left Corner
|-
| || Rahul Ahri || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Defender - Left Corner
|-
| || Sachin Dahiya || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Cover
|-
| || N Manikandan || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Cover
|-
| ||Zubair Malik || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Cover
|-
| || Ritik Radheyshyam || {{flagicon|IND}}
|| Defender - Left Cover
|-
| ||Ashish Narwal || {{flagicon|IND}} || All-Rounder
|-
| ||Sahil Narwal ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|| All-Rounder
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source: Pro Kabaddi<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana Steelers|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/haryana-steelers-profile-28/players|publisher=Pro Kabaddi}}</ref>
|}

==Identity==
The logo is an image of a [[Bhima]] wielding his [[Gada (mace)]], leaning forward with his arm reaching out.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana Steelers launch new logo ahead of PKL 2021|url=https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-franchise-haryana-steelers-launch-new-logo-ahead-of-pkl-2021-177614.html?story=1z|publisher=Mykhel.com}}</ref>

==Seasons==
===Season V===
{{main article|2017 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VI===
{{main article|2018 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VII===
{{main|2019 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2019_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VIII===
{{main|2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season IX===
{{main|2022 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2022 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}
===Season X===
{{main|2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}
===Season XI===
{{main|2024 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2024 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==Records==
{| style="text-align:center"
!
[*] Drawn matches are considered as half win half loss
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center"
! style="width:15%";style="text-align:center;"|Season
!style="width:13%";style="text-align:center;"|Coach
!style="width:13%";style="text-align:center;"|Played
!style="width:13%";style="text-align:center;"|Wins
!style="width:13%";style="text-align:center;"|Losses
!style="width:13%";style="text-align:center;"|Drawn*
!
League Table Position
!
Performance
|-
|'''PKL 5'''
|Rambir Singh Khokhar
|23
|13
|6
|4
|3
|style="background:#cd7f32"|Playoffs
|-
|'''PKL 6'''
|Rambir Singh Khokhar
|22
|6
|14
|2
|6
|League Stage
|-
|'''PKL 7'''
|Rakesh Kumar
|23
|13
|9
|1
|5
|style="background:#cd7f32"|Playoffs
|-
|'''PKL 8'''
|Rakesh Kumar
|22
|10
|9
|3
|7
|League Stage
|-
|'''PKL 9'''
|Manpreet Singh
|22
|10
|10
|2
|7
|League Stage
|-
|'''PKL 10'''
|Manpreet Singh
|25
|15
|9
|1
|5
|style="background:silver"|Runners-up
|-
|'''PKL 11'''
|Manpreet Singh
|24
|18
|6
|0
|1
|style="background:gold"|'''Champions'''
|-
|}

===By opposition===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|-
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Opposition
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Played
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Won
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Lost
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Drawn
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|% Win
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]] || 12 || 9 || 3 || 0 || 75.0%
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 12 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 50.0%
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]] || 15 || 9 || 6 || 0 || 60.0%
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] || 17 || 12 || 4 || 1 || 70.5%
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 17 || 6 || 9 || 2 || 35.2%
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]] || 13 || 7 || 5 || 1 || 53.8%
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]] || 17 || 6 || 10 || 1 || 35.2%
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 13 || 8 || 2 || 3 || 61.5%
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]] || 13 || 7 || 5 || 1 || 53.8%
|-
| [[U Mumba]] || 16 || 7 || 7 || 2 || 43.7%
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]] || 11 || 5 || 4 || 2 || 45.4%
|-
! Total || 156 || 82 || 61 || 13 || 52.5%
|}

==Sponsors==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|+
!Year
!Season
!Kit manufacturer
!Main sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|V]]
|4U Sports
|[[Kent RO Systems|Kent RO]]
|Dynex Batteries
|[[Valvoline]]
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|VI]]
|Alcis Sports
|[[Herbalife Nutrition]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Borosil]]
|[[Xiaomi]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]
|rowspan="2"|T10 Sports
|APL Apollo
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|-
|2021
|[[2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season|VIII]]
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|Zebpay
|-
|2022
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|IX]]
|Shiv-Naresh
|rowspan="4"|[[JSW Group|JSW]]
|Vision11
|-
|2023
|[[2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League|X]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Radico Khaitan|8 PM Premium Black]]
|rowspan="3"|HPL
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|XI]]
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|XII]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League teams]]

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}
[[Category:Sport in Pune]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Kabaddi clubs and teams established in 2014]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Haryana]]

North Dum Dum

2026-04-02T18:55:03Z

Julixei: refine details to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Dum Dum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = North Dumdum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India - panoramio.jpg
| size = 300
| spacing = 1
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 2
| position = center
| color_border = black
| foot_montage = [[Belghoria Expressway]]
| text =
| text_background = lightskyblue
}}
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6531|N|88.4194|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]|[[Birati metro station|Birati]] ''(under construction)''}}
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = {{Bulleted list|[[Durganagar railway station|Durganagar]]|[[Birati railway station|Birati]]|[[Belgharia railway station|Belgharia]]|[[Bisharpara Kodaliya railway station|Bisharpara]]}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1870|df=yes}} {{small|(as North Dum Dum Municipality)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northdumdummunicipality.org/about/history-of-north-dum-dum-municipality/|title=North Dum Dum Municipality|website=northdumdummunicipality.org|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal governance in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[North Dumdum Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Bidhan Biswas [http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_North%20Dum%20Dum%20Municipality.htm]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=North Dum Dum Municipality|url=http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_North%20Dum%20Dum%20Municipality.htm}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 26.45
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 251,142
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700049, 700051, 700065, 700081, 700134, 700158
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|https://northdumdummunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''North Dum Dum''' or '''Uttar Dum Dum''' is a town and a municipality of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:North Dumdum Municipality.jpg|thumb|North Dum Dum Municipality, [[Birati]]]]

In 1870, Dum Dum was divided into two parts named as North Dum Dum and South Dum Dum. Though North Dum Dum Municipality was established on 10 September, 1870. It comprised villages known as Birati, Nimta, Kadihati, Jangalpur Patna, Gouripur and a large area of what is now [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]. In 1998, [[Bisharpara]] gram panchayat and half of Sultanpur gram panchayat were merged with the Municipality.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://northdumdummunicipality.org/ | title = North Dum Dum municipality | work = About us | publisher = NDDM | access-date = 11 June 2018}}</ref>

With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, "millions of refugees poured in from erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]."<ref>Chatterjee, Monideep, "Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 142, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref> In the initial stages bulk of the refugees were non-agriculturists. A few of them made their own arrangements, but "it was squatters who made the [[East Bengali refugees]] famous or infamous." Squatting (''jabardakhal'' in Bengali) ranged from the forcible occupation of barracks to the collective take-over of private, government and waste land. By 1949, there were 65 refugee colonies in the Dum Dum and Panihati zone. The squatters were in a way “self-settlers” in the absence of adequate official arrangements for rehabilitation. Within a very short time the refugees (quite often with government/ administrative support) not only found a place to stay but developed a society with markets, schools, temples and sometimes even colleges, hospitals and recreational centres.<ref>Chatterjee, Nilanjana, "The East Bengal Refugees: A Lesson in Survival", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 72-75, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271664458 |title =The Myths Refugees Live By Memory and History of the Making of Bengali Refugee Identity |first=Uditi|last=Sen|journal = Modern Asian Studies|year =2014 |volume =48 |pages =37–76 |doi =10.1017/S0026749X12000613 |s2cid =144297665 | access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
|width=300| height=330| zoom=11
|coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative location Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
|mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
|minipog-x = 66 | minipog-y = 120
|scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12|nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Barrackpore| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]| numbered2=0| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ruiya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Titagarh| numbered7=M | mark-title7= [[Titagarh]] (M)|shape-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghari| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghari]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|48|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|0|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|45|N|88|25|56|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= North Dumdum (M)|shape-color23=black| label-size23=13|label-color23=black 
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|45|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
[[File:Tarun Sengupta Smriti Bhawan 4th July 2019.jpg|thumb|Tarun Sengupta Smriti Bhavan]]
[[File:Nimta Adi Kalibari.jpg|thumb|[[Nimta]] Adi Kalibari]]

North Dum Dum is located at {{coord|22.6520800|N|88.4190700|E |source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB}}.

North Dumdum is bounded by [[Panihati]] (Municipality) and [[New Barrackpore]] (Municipality) on the north, [[Madhyamgram]] (Municipality) and [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|BMC]] areas on the east, [[Dum Dum]] (Municipality) and [[South Dum Dum]] (Municipality) on the south and [[Kamarhati]] (Municipality) on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore II CD Block on Page 379 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 July 2018}}</ref>

North Dum Dum consists of localities such as [[Birati]], [[Nimta]], [[Durganagar]] and [[Bisharpara]].

96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2 The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

===Police station===

[[Nimta#Police station|Nimta]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over North Dumdum Municipal areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Nimta Police station.jpg|thumb|Nimta Police Station]]

Airport police station under [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]] also has jurisdiction over North Dumdum municipal areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/index.php|title=Bidhannagar City Police|website=bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Airport Police station.jpg|thumb|Airport Police Station]]

===Post Offices===
North Dum Dum is a vast locality with many [[Postal Index Number]]s:

[[Nimta]] has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700049. The only other post offices with the same PIN is Udaipur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/nimta-north-24-paraganas-49-parganas/ | title = Nimta sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 15 Aug 2024}}</ref>

[[Birati]] has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700051. The only other post offices with the same PIN is Sultanpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/birati-north-24-paraganas-51-parganas/ | title = Birati sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 15 Aug 2024}}</ref>

[[Durganagar]] has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/durganagar-kolkata-65/ | title = Durganagar sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 15 Aug 2024}}</ref>

Rajbari Colony has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700081.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/NORTH_24_PARGANAS/R/RAJBARI_COLONY|title=Rajbari Colony sub post office|publisher=pincode.net.in|access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

Nilachal has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700134.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/nilachal-north-24-paraganas-34-parganas/ | title = Nilachal sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 15 Aug 2024}}</ref>

[[Bisharpara]] has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700158.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700158|title=Bisharpara sub post office|publisher=pincode.net.in|access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018}}</ref>
| 1901 | 9916
| 1911 | 8865
| 1921 | 8224
| 1931 | 4535
| 1941 | 5974
| 1951 | 12156
| 1961 | 38140
| 1971 | 63873
| 1981 | 96418
| 1991 | 149965
| 2001 | 220042
| 2011 | 249142
}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], North Dum Dum had a total population of 249,142, of which 126,279 (51%) were males and 122,863 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 18,411. The total number of literates in New Barrackpore was 209,964 (91.00% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> North Dumdum had a population of 220,032. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. North Dumdum has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 79%. In North Dumdum, 9% of the population is under 6 years .

===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), '''North Dumdum''' (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web | url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh | publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date= 7 June 2018 | archive-date= 6 March 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023808/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===KMDA===
North Dum Dum municipality is included in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] for which the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]] is the statutory planning and development authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

==Transport==

[[File:Belghoria Expressway - Kolkata 2012-04-11 9435.JPG|thumb|[[Belghoria Expressway]], [[Durganagar, Kolkata|Durganagar]]]]
[[File:Manik Bandhopadhyay Setu (Birati Flyover).jpg|thumb|Manik Bandhopadhyay Setu (Birati Flyover)]]

[[Belghoria Expressway]], locally popular as Delhi Road,<ref>{{cite news|title=A cattle track that poses as expressway|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/kolkata/30654983_1_nh-6-kona-expressway-kolkata-airport|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710010231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/kolkata/30654983_1_nh-6-kona-expressway-kolkata-airport|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> passes through North Dumdum which connects [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Jessore Road]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> near [[Kolkata Airport]]. The Madhusudan Banerjee Road also known as M.B Road, is a road in [[Birati]] that connects Birati to [[Belgharia]], passes through North Dumdum which connects [[Kalyani Expressway]] at [[Nimta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/restoration-of-damaged-madhusudan-banerjee-road-due-to-cutting-for-pipe-laying-from-birati-robweste-3548b01/|title=Restoration Of Damaged Madhusudan Banerjee Road Due To Cutting For Pipe Laying From Birati Rob...|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> The construction of 6 lane elevated connector between [[Belghoria Expressway]] and [[Kalyani Expressway]] including widening of Kalyani Expressway to 6 lane from [[Nimta]] to Muragacha is in progress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/opportunities/nip-project/611824|title=6 Lane Elevated Connector Between Belghoria Expressway and Kalyani Expressway|publisher=indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Belgharia-Kalyani Expressway Link|work=Millennium Post|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/soon-belgharia-kalyani-e-ways-to-be-connected-with-elevated-corridor-221356|access-date= 2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tender floated for six-lane elevated connector in West Bengal|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Tender-floated-for-six-lane-elevated-connector-in-West-Bengal|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> After meeting [[Kalyani Expressway|Kalyani Expy.]] at [[Nimta]], M.B Road also connects [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Jessore Road]]) at Birati More. A flyover named Manik Bandhopadhyay Setu also known as Birati Flyover was constructed between [[Mrinalini Dutta Mahavidyapith|Birati College]] and Banik More over [[Birati railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikimapia.org/31931320/Manik-Bandopadhyay-Setu|title=Manik Bandhopadhyay Setu|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> Another road named Muzaffar Ahmed Sarani passes through [[Bisharpara]] in North Dumdum. Several buses ply on Madhusudan Banerjee Rd, [[Belghoria Expressway]], [[Kalyani Expressway]] and [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Jessore Road]]).

[[File:Madhusudan Banerjee Road - Birati - Kolkata 2017-03-30 0874.JPG|thumb|Madhusudan Banerjee Road (M.B Road), [[Birati]]]]

[[Durganagar railway station|Durganagar]], [[Birati railway station|Birati]] and [[Bisharpara Kodaliya railway station|Bisharpara Kodaliya]] railway stations on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon line]] besides [[Belgharia railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] are the nearest railway stations.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8013|title=DGNR/Durganagar| website=India Rail Info|access-date= 2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/7710|title=BBT/Birati| website=India Rail Info|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/7852|title=BRPK/Bisharpara Kodaliya| website=India Rail Info|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BLH/Belgharia railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/3264|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
The following institutions are located in North Dum Dum:

* [[Mrinalini Dutta Mahavidyapith|Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith]] was established by Birati Shiksha Sansad at [[Birati]] in 1964. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, education, sociology, geography, journalism & mass communication, economics, anthropology, physics, mathematics, computer science, botany, zoology, accountancy and BBA. It also offers general courses in arts, science and commerce, and post graduation in Bengali. It caters to the needs of 18,000 students from Birati and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mdmbirati.org/ | title = Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith | publisher = MDM |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Mrinalini_Datta_Mahavidyapith/Mrinalini_Datta_Mahavidyapith.shtml| title = Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
* Uttar Dum Dum Vidyapith for Boys (H.S) and Uttar Dum Dum Vidyapith for Girls (H.S) are higher secondary schools established by Birati Siksha Sansad at Birati in 1954.
* Birati Vidyalaya for Boys and Birati Vidyalaya for Girls are higher secondary schools at Birati.
* Birati High School is a boys higher secondary school. Being one of the earliest boys schools in North Dum Dum, it has a very spacious campus facilitating the various academic needs of the science and commerce students. The school has a big library, computer room, chemistry, physics, biology labs and a huge playground for various sports activities.
* [[Nimta High School]] at Nimta is a boys-only higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/North_24_pgs_school_list.php?page=41&| title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education | publisher = WBCHSE | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref> It was established in 1875.
* Udaypur Haradayal Nag Adarsha Vidyalaya for Boys (H.S) and Udaypur Haradayal Nag Adarsha Vidyalaya for Girls (H.S) are higher secondary schools at Nimta.
* Shyamaprasad Nagar High School at Nimta is a co-educational higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/North_24_pgs_school_list.php?page=49& | title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education | publisher = WBCHSE | access-date =29 July 2018}}</ref>
* Nimta Jibantosh Memorial Girls High School is a girls higher secondary school at Nimta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/North_24_pgs_school_list.php?page=41&| title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education | publisher = WBCHSE | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130825/jsp/calcutta/story_17268259.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130829232953/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130825/jsp/calcutta/story_17268259.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 August 2013 | title = When the tough get going | publisher = The Telegraph, 25 August 2013 | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>
* Nimta Ishan Chandra Balika Vidyalaya is a girls high school at Nimta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbbse.org/sn24pgs.htm | title = Affiliated Schools: North 24 Parganas | work = No. B1 347 | publisher = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education | access-date = 29 July 2018 | archive-date = 24 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190424055845/http://wbbse.org/sn24pgs.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy at P.K.Guha Road (near Airport Gate No. 1), is an English-medium co-educational ICSE school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://finders.sulekha.com/school-finder/west-bengal/kolkata/schools/dumdum/rishi-aurobindo-memorial-academy.htm | title = Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy | publisher = Sulekha.com | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>
* St. Stephen’s School, at R.B.C. Road, is a co-educational English-medium school, that has produced toppers in both ICSE and ISC examination. Managed by the Barrackpore Diocesan Education Society, it was established in 1971. It is the main school with 18 branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ststephensschool.co.in/ | title = St. Stephen's School | publisher = SSC | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>
* Indira Gandhi Memorial High School, at P.K.Guha Road, is an English-medium coeducational school affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It was established in 1996 and has facilities for teaching in Classes Nursery to XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dumdum.igmhs.org/ | title = Indira Gandhi Memorial High School| publisher = IGMHS | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>
* Birati Mahajati Vidyamandir For Boys' (H.S.). It is located at Mahajati Nagar in Birati. Near Punjab & Sind Bank. It is established in 1968.
* Birati Mahajati Balika Vidyamandir (H.S.). It is located at Mahajati Nagar in Birati. It is established in 1956.
* Durganagar Nepal Chandra Vidyapith High School (H.S) is a higher secondary school at School Rd, Durganagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stackschools.com/schools/19114302703/durganagar-nepal-chandra-vidyapith-hs|title=Durganagar Nepal Chandra Vidyapith High School|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
* Durganagar High School (H.S) is a higher secondary school at Rabindra Sarani, North Durganagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/north-twenty-four-pargana/19114302702/durganagar-high-school.html|title=Durganagar High School|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
* Swarnamayee Smriti Vidyalaya High School is a high school at Nirmal Sengupta Sarani, East Durganagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stackschools.com/schools/19114200101/swarnamayee-smriti-vidyalaya-high-school|title=Swarnamayee Smriti Vidyalaya High School|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
* Khalisakota Adarsha Vidyalaya for Girls' (H.S) is a higher secondary school at Khalisakota Pally, P.O Italgacha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114302803|title=Khalishakota Adarsha Vidyalaya for Girls|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
* Khalisakota Adarsha Vidyalaya for Boys (H.S) is a higher secondary school at Khalisakota Pally, P.O Rajbari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114302802|title=Khalisakota Adarsha Vidyalaya for Boys|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>

==Healthcare==

* North Dum Dum Municipality Hospital, 96C, Madhusudan Banerjee Rd, (Mahajati Nagar, Birati) North Dumdum, Kolkata 700051 (Hernia, Appendix, Piles, Phimosis, Ortho Surgery, Laprosopic Surgery, Eye).<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dumdum |url=https://northdumdummunicipality.org/municipal-maternity-hospital/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dr. B.K. Memorial Hospital, Madhusudan Banerjee Rd (near Nimta High School), North Dumdum, Kolkata 700049 (Multidisciplinary Hospital).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genexehr.com/kolkata/clinic/cl-dr-b-k-memorial-hospital-nimta|title=Dr. B.K. Memorial Hospital|publisher=www.genexehr.com|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
* Health Pillar Hospitals, Belgharia Expressway (near Airport Gate No 3), North Dumdum, Kolkata 700081 (Multi-speciality Hospital).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.healthpillarhospitals.com/|title=Health Pillar Hospitals|publisher=www.healthpillarhospitals.com|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>

==Markets==

'''Major markets in Uttar Dum Dum:'''

* Durganagar Market
* Menu Chatterjee Market
* Jodu Babur Bazar
* Siddheshwari Bazar
* Nilachal Bazaar
* Pathanpur Natun Bazar
* Nimta Majherhati Bazaar
* Nimta Golbagan Market
* Nimta Bazar
* Nimta Alipur Bazar
* 6 no. Railgate Bazar

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, North Dumdum municipal city covered an area of {{cvt|26.45|km2}}. Amongst the civic amenities it had both open and closed drains. Amongst the educational facilities It had 56 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 auditorium/ community hall and 3 public libraries. It had 9 bank branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title =District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Dum Dum]]
* [[South Dumdum]]
* [[Barrackpore subdivision]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

== External links ==

* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}

Mamitha Baiju

2026-03-27T11:40:45Z

Julixei: rework intro additionally and improved wording based on references

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Mamitha|Baiju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mamitha Baiju
| image = Mamitha2024.jpg
| caption = Mamitha in 2024
| birth_name = Mamitha Baiju Krishnan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|06|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kidangoor, Kottayam|Kidangoor]], [[Kerala]], India
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017{{endash}}present
}}

'''Mamitha Baiju''' (born 22 June 2001) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She debuted with the 2017 film ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/01/15/interview-with-mamitha-baiju.html |title=അനശ്വര ശരിക്കും തേച്ചോ?: മറുപടി പറഞ്ഞ് മമിത ബൈജു; അഭിമുഖം |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506103007/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/01/15/interview-with-mamitha-baiju.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |trans-title=Did Anaswara really ditch you?: Mamitha Baiju reacts; Interview |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |first=സീന |last=ആന്റണി |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=".6">{{cite news |title='ഇതൊരു പുതിയ അനുഭവമാണ്, അതൊരുപാട് ആസ്വദിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്'; തീയേറ്ററിൽ വെച്ചുണ്ടായ സംഭവം മറക്കാനാവില്ല!; മനസ് തുറന്ന് താരസുന്ദരി! |language=ml |work=Samayam |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/operation-java-fame-mamitha-baiju-exclusive-interview/articleshow/83026095.cms |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506105638/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/operation-java-fame-mamitha-baiju-exclusive-interview/articleshow/83026095.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |trans-title=This is a new experience; Won't forget that theatre incident; Mamitha opens up |first=Anandha |last=MB}}</ref> Her role in ''[[Premalu]]'' (2024) became her breakout role and the film emerged as [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Premalu At The Worldwide Box Office (28 Days): Beats Mammootty's Bheeshma Parvam To Become 5th Highest-Grossing Malayalam Film Of All Time! |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni64477626/ |date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mamitha hails from [[Kidangoor, Kottayam|Kidangoor]] in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/01/16/super-sharanya-mamita-baiju-interview.html |title=Super Sharanya' is a milestone in my career: Mamitha Baiju |first=Seena |last=Antony |access-date=6 May 2022 |date=16 January 2022 |work=On Manorama}}</ref> She is the daughter of Dr. Baiju Krishnan, a diabetologist, and Mini.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Mamita, the plus two student, who impressed as Alphonsa in Operation Java |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/05/24/mamita-actress-in-operation-java-on-acting-career.html |work=Meet Mamita, the plus two student, who impressed as Alphonsa in Operation Java |language=en}}</ref> She has an elder brother, Mithun.<ref name=".1">{{cite news |title=ഹണീബിയിൽ ആസിഫിന്റെ അനിയത്തി, ജാവയിലെ അൽഫോൻസ; ഈ പ്ലസ് ടുക്കാരി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/05/21/chat-with-mamitha-baiju-operation-java-actress.html |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |first=ആർ.ബി. |last=ശ്രീലേഖ |date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506100353/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/05/21/chat-with-mamitha-baiju-operation-java-actress.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |trans-title=Asif's sister in Honeybee, Alphonsa in Java; This plus two student...}}</ref>

Mamitha studied at Mary Mount Public School in Kattachira and at N.S.S. Higher Secondary School, Kidangoor. She was pursuing a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in [[Psychology]] from the [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]] in [[Kochi]] but later dropped out during her third year due to attendance shortage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2021/12/25/mamitha-baiju-interview.html |title=ക്രിസ്മസിന് ഫുഡാണ് മെയിൻ; മമിത ബൈജു പറയുന്നു |author=Basith |date=25 December 2021 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=Twenty Four News |language=ml |trans-title=Food is the main thing at Christmas, Mamita Baiju says}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=WATCH:'പ്രേമമാണ് മെയിൻ';പ്രേമലുവിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി നസ്ലിനും മമിത ബൈജുവും |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBjQFyZo5JQ&t=602s |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |language=ML |format=video |date=Feb 9, 2024}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Career beginnings and early work (2017 - 2023) ===
Mamitha made her Malayalam debut with ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' (2017) followed by small supporting roles in films like ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'', [[Dakini (film)|''Dakini'']], ''[[Varathan]]'' and ''[[Vikruthi]]''. She had her first prominent roles in 2021 in films like ''[[Operation Java]]'' and ''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho Kho]]''. Her performance in ''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho Kho]]'' earned her [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] at [[Kerala Film Critics Award]]. In 2022, she played Sona in the film ''[[Super Sharanya]]'' which became a commercial success. Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote about her performance "She has proved already to be an actor with much potential, and she could reach greater heights if she continues to pick sensible scripts."<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |title=Super Sharanya review: Girish A D returns with another charmer |work=The New Indian Express|date=11 January 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jan/11/super-sharanya-review-girish-a-d-returns-with-another-charmer-2405319.html
|access-date=21 November 2025
}}</ref> In 2023, she had two releases in ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'' and ''[[Ramachandra Boss & Co]]''.

=== Career breakthrough and rising commercial success (2024 - present) ===
In 2024, she played her first leading role as Reenu in the film ''[[Premalu]]'' directed by [[Girish A. D.|Girish A. D]] and it became her breakout role. The film opened to widespread critical acclaim and it currently ranks as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamitha Baiju on a roll: After Vijay and Suriya, the actor teams up with Dhanush in 'D54'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/17/mamitha-baiju-new-project-dhanush-movie-tamil-industry.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref> Aswin Devan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote of her performance, "Despite the film featuring a pool of talented actors, Mamitha Baiju stands out as a charmer, effortlessly stealing the show."<ref>{{cite news|last=Devan |first=Aswin |title=Premalu review: This adorable rom-com hits the right spots |work=The New Indian Express|date=10 February 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Feb/10/premalu-movie-review-this-adorable-rom-com-hits-the-right-spots
|access-date=21 November 2025
}}</ref>

Her Tamil debut film was ''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]'' (2024) starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamitha Baiju's clarifies if director Bala hit her or not|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-clarifies-if-director-bala-hit-her-or-not-rebel-tamil-debut/articleshow/108159553.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The same year she dubbed for [[Krithi Shetty]] for ''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''. In 2025, she starred opposite to [[Pradeep Ranganathan]] and [[R. Sarathkumar]] in the film ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamitha Baiju's Overnight Stardom: Joins Top South Stars|url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/354153/mamitha-baijus-overnight-stardom-joins-top-south-stars |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Gulte}}</ref> It opened to mixed reviews, earning more than ₹ 100 crores at the box-office and widespread acclaim for her portrayal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2025-10-25 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan's 'Dude' crosses ₹100 crore worldwide, dominates Tamil box office |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/pradeep-ranganathan-s-dude-crosses-100-crore-worldwide-dominates-tamil-box-office-11761330026832.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "Mamitha is terrific. The actress has dubbed for herself and it has added a sense of authenticity to her character".<ref>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |title=Dude review: A lively film that blends mass and meaning|work=The Times of India|date=17 October 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dude/movie-review/124623356.cms |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> Mamitha will next star with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the upcoming film ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2026)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamitha Baiju addresses speculation about Vijay's acting career|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/23/mamitha-baiju-addresses-speculation-about-vijays-acting-career |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> and in [[Suriya 46]] directed by [[Venky Atluri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-19 |title='Suriya 46' kicks off! Mamitha Baiju joins Suriya's film with Venky Atluri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-46-kicks-off-mamitha-baiju-joins-suriyas-film-with-venky-atluri/articleshow/121263255.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She will reunite with her ''Premalu'' co-star [[Sangeeth Prathap]] to star in an untitled Malayalam film. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title='Premalu' duo Mamitha Baiju & Sangeeth Prathap reunite; Dinoy Paulose's 'Production 20' unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/premalu-duo-mamitha-baiju-sangeeth-prathap-reunite-dinoy-pauloses-production-20-unveiled/articleshow/122015213.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She will also reunite with director [[Girish A. D.|Girish A. D]] for a third time for a rom-com titled Bethlehem Kudumba Unit opposite [[Nivin Pauly]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Language !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || Raji || rowspan="16" | [[Malayalam]]||<ref name="Name">{{cite web |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/mamitha-baiju-actress-interview-operation-java-kho-kho-cinema-1.5767889 |title=ഹെഡ്മിസ്ട്രസ് പറഞ്ഞു; ഇപ്പോള്‍ തന്നെ അഞ്ചാറ് നമിതയുണ്ട്, മമിത മതി |first=രശ്മി |last=രഘുനാഥ്‌ |language=ml |work=Mathrubhmi |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |trans-title=Headmistress said; There are enough Namithas, Mamitha is fine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506101334/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/mamitha-baiju-actress-interview-operation-java-kho-kho-cinema-1.5767889 |archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || Sisily Thambi Antony ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/celebrity-interview/mamitha-baiju-funny-cool-chat.html |title='ജനിച്ച അന്നുതന്നെ തേപ്പു കിട്ടിയ ആളാണ് ഞാൻ': മമിതയെ വിട്ടുപോകാത്ത 'തേപ്പ്': പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ ചങ്ക്ഗേൾ |first=Ammu |last=Joas |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=Vanitha |language=ml |trans-title=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| ''[[Dakini (film)|Dakini]]''
| Arathy
| <ref name=".03">{{cite web |title=അൽഫോൻസയും അഞ്ജുവും വഴിത്തിരിവായി |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=560425 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |language=ml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506101828/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=560425 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |first=ബിന്ദു |last=പാലക്കാപറമ്പിൽ |date=1 June 2021 |trans-title=Alphonsa and Anju were breakthroughs}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishnam]]''
| Chithra
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250318/new-technology-in-krishnam-to-curb-piracy.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |title=New technology in Krishnam to curb piracy |date=25 March 2018 |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506103736/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/250318/new-technology-in-krishnam-to-curb-piracy.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Varathan]]''
| Sandra
| <ref name=".0" />
|-
| ''[[School Diary]]''
| Indu
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/school-diary-movie-review-whats-m-g-sreekumar-doing-lending-his-name-to-this-non-film-4476737.html |work=First Post |title=School Diary movie review: What's M.G. Sreekumar doing lending his name to this non-film? |date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506104305/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/school-diary-movie-review-whats-m-g-sreekumar-doing-lending-his-name-to-this-non-film-4476737.html |first=Anna M. M. |last=Vetticad}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[An International Local Story]]''
| Devika
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/15/directing-has-been-my-long-cherished-dream-9636.amp |work=Cinema Express |title=Directing has been my long-cherished dream |date=15 January 2019 |first=Sajin |last=Shrijith |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506104559/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/15/directing-has-been-my-long-cherished-dream-9636.amp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]''
| Suhara
| <ref name=".04">{{cite news |title=Mamitha Baiju plays the team captain in Rajisha-starrer 'Kho Kho' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-plays-the-team-captain-in-rajisha-starrer-kho-kho/articleshow/80750243.cms |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |first=Deepa |last=Soman |date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506100823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-plays-the-team-captain-in-rajisha-starrer-kho-kho/articleshow/80750243.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]'' || Kochumol || <ref name=".0">{{cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kudumbam/special-stories/mamitha-baiju-interview-908201 |title='സൂപ്പർ മമിത'; ഓപ്പറേഷൻ ജാവ, സൂപ്പർ ശരണ്യ എന്നീ ചിത്രങ്ങളിലൂടെ തിളങ്ങിയ മമിത ബൈജു സംസാരിക്കുന്നു |language=ml |work=Madhyamam |first=എസ് |last=ആനന്ദ് രാജ് |trans-title='Super Mamitha'; Interview with Mamitha Baiju of Operation Java and Super Sharanya fame |access-date=12 January 2022 |date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506105122/https://www.madhyamam.com/kudumbam/special-stories/mamitha-baiju-interview-908201}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Alphonsa || <ref name=".1" />
|-
| ''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho Kho]]'' || Anju || <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Mamitha Baiju plays the team captain in Rajisha-starrer 'Kho Kho' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-to-play-a-kho-kho-team-captain-in-rajisha-starrer/articleshow/79678366.cms |work=The Times of India |first=Sanjith |last=Sidhardha |date=11 December 2020 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506105450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-to-play-a-kho-kho-team-captain-in-rajisha-starrer/articleshow/79678366.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Randu]]'' || Kunjumol || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/08/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan.html |title='Randu' movie review: A significant story of our times |work=On Manorama |date=8 January 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506113441/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/08/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |first=Ajith |last=Babu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Sharanya]]'' || Sona Thomas || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-mamitha-baiju-gets-appreciate-for-her-performance-in-super-sharanya-malayalam-movie/articleshow/88774387.cms |title='ശരണ്യ സൂപ്പർ ആണെങ്കിൽ സോന പൊളി ആണ്, അപാരമായ സ്ക്രീൻ പ്രെസൻസ്'; മമിതയ്ക്ക് കൈയ്യടി, പ്രശംസ! |work=Samayam |date=8 January 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506110227/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-mamitha-baiju-gets-appreciate-for-her-performance-in-super-sharanya-malayalam-movie/articleshow/88774387.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |trans-title=If Sharanya is superb, Sona is fabulous, What a great screen presence; Applauses to Mamitha |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'' || Gopika || <ref>{{Cite news |title='Pranaya Vilasam' release date: Anaswara Rajan starrer to hit the big screens on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranaya-vilasam-release-date-anaswara-rajan-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/97479159.cms |access-date=11 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramachandra Boss & Co]]'' || Sophia || <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2023 |title=Nivin Pauly's film with Haneef Adeni titled 'Ramachandra Boss and Co' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-film-with-haneef-adeni-titled-ramachandra-boss-and-co/article67060357.ece |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Premalu]]'' || Reenu Roy || <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2023 |title=Naslen-Mamitha Baiju's rom-com titled 'Premalu', first look out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naslen-mamitha-baijus-rom-com-titled-premalu-first-look-out/articleshow/105647639.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]'' || Sara Mary John || rowspan="6" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Filming of GV Prakash's 'Rebel' wrapped up |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filming-of-gv-prakashs-rebel-wrapped-up/article67374998.ece |website=The Hindu |date=3 October 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || Kuralarasi "Kural" Athiyamaan ||<ref>{{cite news |title='PR04': Pradeep Ranganathan's next, co-starring Mamitha Baiju, titled 'Dude'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pr04-pradeep-ranganathan-mamitha-baiju-dude-first-look-sarathkumar/article69563599.ece |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Hindu }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2026 || {{Pending film |[[Jana Nayagan]]}}
|Vijayalakshmi "Viji" Srikanth ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Mamitha Baiju, Gautham Vasudev Menon Join The Cast Of Thalapathy 69! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/mamitha-baiju-and-gautham-vasudev-menon-join-the-cast-of-thalapathy-69-article-113906034 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Kara}}
| Selli
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-10 |title=Dhanush and Mamitha Baiju's 'D54' to begin with pooja ceremony on July 10? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-and-mamitha-baijus-d54-to-begin-with-pooja-ceremony-on-july-10-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/122356015.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=D54: Dhanush's Film With Mamitha Baiju, director Vignesh Raja Goes On Floors; Jayaram, Suraj Venjaramoodu Part Of Cast |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/d54-dhanushs-film-with-mamitha-baiju-director-vignesh-raja-goes-on-floors-jayaram-suraj-venjaramoodu-part-of-cast-article-152256261 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Vishwanath & Sons}} || Maddy ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-05-19 |title=Suriya 46 officially launched; Mamitha Baiju, Raveena Tandon join cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/19/suriya-46-officially-launched-mamitha-baiju-raveena-tandon-join-cast |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Irandu Vaanam}}||rowspan="2"|TBA ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishnu Vishal-Ramkumar's Irandu Vaanam wraps filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Jun/13/vishnu-vishal-ramkumars-irandu-vaanam-wraps-filming |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Bethlehem Kudumba Unit]]}}
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-04 |title=Nivin Pauly and Mamitha Baiju team up for 'Bethlehem Kudumba Unit' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jul/04/nivin-pauly-and-mamitha-baiju-team-up-for-bethlehem-kudumba-unit |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-04 |title=Nivin Pauly, Mamitha Baiju to play lead in director Girish's 'Bethlehem Kudumba Unit' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-mamitha-baiju-to-play-lead-in-director-girishs-bethlehem-kudumba-unit/articleshow/122252501.cms |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Short film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2021
|| ''Colour Padam'' || Shalini || Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayam-movieaswin-josemamitha-baiju-1.6196176 |title='Colour Padam', a short film as colourful as a movie |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Dubbing===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Dubbed for !! Character !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2024 || ''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]'' || [[Krithi Shetty]] || Lakshmi || Malayalam || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mamitha Baiju dubs for Krithi Shetty in ARM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/this-premalu-actor-joins-tovino-thomas-ajayante-randam-moshanam/articleshow/112825837.cms#:~:text=According%20to%20OTT%20Play%2C%20Mamitha,female%20leads%20in%20the%20film |website=The Times of India |date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

=== Filmfare Awards South ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref
|-
|2024 || [[70th Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam| Best Actress - Malayalam]]|| [[Premalu]]||{{nom}}||
|}

=== Kerala Film Critics Association Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2020 || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Awards]]|| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] || rowspan="2" |''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho Kho]]''||{{won}}||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/movie-1.5998393 |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Prithviraj, Biju Menon share best actor award |date=13 September 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi News |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506103420/http://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/movie-1.5998393 |archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== South Indian International Movie Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2022 ||[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]||[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]|| [[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho Kho]] ||{{nom}}||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothi |first=Y. Krishna |date=20 August 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Full list of nominees announced, voting begins |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 ||[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards]]||[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]||''[[Super Sharanya]]''||{{nom}}||<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023: Darshana Rajendran, Keerthy Suresh, Navya Nair, and Kalyani Priyadarshan among others compete for the Best Actress award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-2023-darshana-rajendran-keerthy-suresh-navya-nair-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-among-others-compete-for-the-best-actress-award/articleshow/103690838.cms |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|rowspan="2"|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Malayalam]]
| [[Premalu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debut - Tamil]]
| [[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]
|{{nom}}
|}

=== Other Awards and Recognitions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Performance in a Supporting Role – Female-Malayalam
| ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
|The Entertainer of the Year - Upcoming Actor
| rowspan="2" |''[[Premalu]]''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Entertainer of the Year (Pair with [[Naslen]])
|{{won}}
|-
|2025
|JFW Women Awards
| Best Actress (Critics) - Tamil
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]''
|{{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10310964}}
*{{Facebook|imamithabaijuofficial}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baiju, Mamitha}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen

2026-03-27T02:23:25Z

Julixei: adjust layout after review and updated info

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist layman (1894–1977)}}
{{Distinguish|Khunu Leima}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Tenzin Gyaltsen Negi
| image =
| caption =
| birth name =
| alias = Khunu Rinpoche Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen
| dharma name =
| birth_date = 1894
| birth_place = Sunam
| death_date = February 20, 1977
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
| school = [[Rimé movement]]
| lineage = Nyingma and Kagyu
| title =
| location =
| education =
| occupation =
| teachers = Khenpo Shenga, Khenpo Kunpal, Kathok Situ, Drikung Agon, Dzongsar Khentse
| predecessor =
| successor =
| students = [[14th Dalai Lama]], Drikung Khandro, Wangdor Rimpoche, Khenpo Thupten, Khenpo Konchok Gyalysen, HH [[Dilgo Khyentse]], [[Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche]], Drikung Lamchen Gyalpo Rinpoche, [[Karma Thinley Rinpoche]], Khenchen Thupten Ozer, Dzigar Lama Wangdor, Karma Trinley Rinpoche, Khenpo Konchog Monlam,
[[Dezhung Rinpoche]], [[Thubten Yeshe|Lama Thupten Yeshe/Lama Yeshe]], [[Thubten Zopa Rinpoche|Zopa Rinpoche/Lama Zopa Rinpoche]]}}
[[File:Khunu Rinpoche, Manali 1976.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Khunu Lama (centre, seated on chair) at Manali, 1976.]]
[[File:Shashur Monastery 04.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Shashur monastery in Lahaul today, where Khunu Lama breathed his last.]]
'''Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen''' ({{bo-tw|t=ཁུ་ནུ་བླ་མ་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱལ་མཚན|ume=1|w=khu nu bla ma bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan}}; 1894/early 95 – February 20, 1977)<ref name=":1" /> was a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] scholar and teacher in the [[Rimé movement|Rimé tradition]], a [[Dzogchen]] master, and a teacher of several important [[Rinpoche]]s of the late 20th century, including the [[14th Dalai Lama]]. He hailed from [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], India. He was also known also as '''Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen''' ({{bo-tw|t=ནེ་གི་བླ་མ་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱལ་མཚན|ume=1|w=ne gi bla ma bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan}}), '''Tenzin Gyaltsen''' (bstan 'dzin rgyal mtshan), and various other names like '''Kunu (khu nu) Rinpoche''', '''Kunu Lama,''' and '''Negi Lama''' (ne gi bla ma).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dodin |first1=Thierry |title=Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen – A preliminary account of the life of a modern Buddhist saint. |url=https://info-buddhism.com/Khunu-Rinpoche-Negi-Lama-Tenzin-Gyaltsen-Dodin.html |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=info-buddhism.com |publisher=Recent Research on Ladakh, 6. Bristol, 1996}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Khunu Lama was born in 1894/early 1895 in the village of Sunam which lies in the present-day [[Kinnaur district]] of India, in the [[Western Himalayas]].{{sfnp|Dodin|1993}} For this reason, he later came to be known as 'Khunu Lama' or 'Khunu Rinpoche', 'Khunu' being the native word for Kinnaur. He was also often called 'Negi Lama' after the name of his community, the [[Negi (surname)|Negis]] of Kinnaur.

His uncle Rasvir Das taught him how to read and write [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]] and some basic Buddhist texts. He also received preliminary spiritual instruction in Tibetan Buddhism at village [[Lippa (village)|Lippa]] in Kinnaur, under a student of the famous 19th century teacher Sakya Shri. Between 1913 and the 1940s, Khunu Lama spent 34 years travelling, studying, and teaching in various parts of Tibet and India outside Kinnaur. He studied various fields related to Tibetan Buddhism as well as Tibetan grammar and composition at [[Rumtek Monastery|Rumtek]], [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery|Tashilhunpo]], [[Lhasa]], [[Derge]], and [[Sanskrit]] at Kolkatta and Varanasi.

He taught at the famed [[Mentsikhang|Mentsi Khang]] of Lhasa for three years (mid-1930s), besides teaching more extensively in Lhasa, Tashilhunpo, and [[Kham]]. After 1947, he spent about eight years living and teaching in his native Kinnaur. By the end of the 1950s, he returned to Varanasi, and took up a teaching position at the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sanskrit University]] there. He also spent some time teaching in Srinagar, Mussourie, Gangtok, Kathmandu, and Kullu-Manali. Khunu Lama died at the age of 82 at [[Shashur Monastery]] in the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of Himachel Pradesh on February 20, 1977, while teaching the final page of [[Gampopa]]'s [[The Jewel Ornament of Liberation|Jewel Ornament of Liberation]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pitkin |first=Annabella |title=Renunciation and Longing: The Life of a Twentieth-Century Himalayan Buddhist Saint |date=2022 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=xxviii}}</ref>

== Works and significance ==
Khunu Rinpoche was not officially recognized as a [[tulku]] and was not an ordained [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]. He was a layman ({{bo|w=dge bsnyen}}, Skt. [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|upāsaka]]) who had taken lay practitioner's vows before becoming a Tibetan Buddhist master.{{sfnp|Dodin|1993}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halford|first1=Beth |title=The Life of a Bodhisattva: The Great Kindness of Khunu Lama Rinpoche |url=https://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-for-2015/july/the-life-of-a-bodhisattva-the-great-kindness-of-khunu-lama-rinpoche/ |access-date=26 July 2023 |publisher=Mandala Magazine, Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition |date=July 1, 2015}}</ref> He is renowned as one of the influential teachers in the [[Rimé movement|Rimé (non-sectarian) movement]] within [[Tibetan Buddhism]],<ref name=":1" /> and as a [[Dzogchen]] master. The [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s "respect for him was profound: He would prostrate to Rinpoche in the dust when they met at the Great Stupa in [[Bodh Gaya]]." According to [[E. Gene Smith|Gene Smith]]'s research on reminiscences, interviews, and writings of [[Dilgo Khyentse|H.H. Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]], [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], and [[Matthieu Ricard]], Khunu Lama's profound knowledge of Tibetan Buddhism led him to be recognized by lamas of different [[Schools of Tibetan Buddhism|schools]] as one of the "greatest Tibetan lamas of his time although not ethnically Tibetan." He lived the life of a wandering yogi with a devoted female companion, the Drikung Khandro.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Gene |title=Khunu Rinpoche, A Bridge Between Sects and Spiritual Traditions |url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/khunu-rinpoche-bridge-between-sects-and-spiritual-traditions/ |access-date=26 July 2023 |publisher=Tricycle Magazine |date=June 1, 1999}}</ref>

A foremost scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Classical Tibetan]] "as a prerequisite to the study of the religious texts" who "gained a reputation for extraordinary scholarship," Khunu Rinpoche traveled widely in Tibet and India disseminating essential teachings of Buddhist philosophy, and was known for shunning attention. The 14th Dalai Lama found it difficult to locate him, and sent emissaries to Buddhist pilgrimage sites and the places where Khunu Lama was known to have taught. He was accidentally discovered living incognito in a Shiva temple in Varanasi. The Dalai Lama visited him and, after initially being turned away, asked Khunu Lama to teach the younger [[tulku]]s who had accompanied him into exile, and to teach him personally as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's How Dalai Lama Traced Khuni Lama In Indial |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/heres-how-dalai-lama-traced-his-teacher-khunu-lama-in-india-877194.html |access-date=23 July 2023 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=August 24, 2020}}</ref>

His students include Drikung Khandro, Khenpo Konchok Gyaltsen, Lamkhen Gyalpo Rinpoche and the 14th Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Kyabje Lama Zopa |title=Khunu Lama Rinpoche's Story |url=https://www.lamayeshe.com/article/khunu-lama-rinpoches-story |website=lamayeshe.com |publisher=Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive, Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> While the Dalai Lama had highly qualified teachers and debate partners, he used to clarify philosophical concepts in discussions with Khunu Lama and called him the "Shantideva of our time."{{sfnp|Dodin|1993}} Among several teachings that the Dalai Lama received from Khunu Rinpoche was the celebrated ''[[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]'' or ''[[Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life]]'' by [[Shantideva]]. Even though Khunu Lama Rinpoché was a lay practitioner, the Dalai Lama "had no hesitation in receiving a thorough explanation of Shantideva's 'Way of the Bodhisattva' from him," and often refers to Khunu Lama as "one of my root gurus" when teaching.<ref>{{cite news |title=Avalokiteshvara Empowerment in Leh, 2023 |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2023/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-in-leh-2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

His work on [[bodhicitta]] was translated and published under the title of ''Vast as the Heavens, Deep as the Sea: Verses in Praise of Bodhicitta'' by Wisdom Publications in 1999.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khunu |title=Vast as the heavens, deep as the sea : verses in praise of bodhicitta |date=2000 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861711468 |location=Boston |translator-last=Sparham |translator-first=Gareth}}</ref>

== Reincarnation ==
Two reincarnations were identified, both of whom were born in 1979. Jangchhub Nyima was born to a Tibetan father and Danish mother, and was recognised as Khunu Lama's reincarnation by the Dalai Lama and the Sakya Trizin.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A new generation of Tibetan lamas |url=https://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-issues-for-2000/september/a-new-generation-of-tibetan-lamas/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=FPMT |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Tenzin Priyadarshi]], (born in Vaishali, Bihar), was ordained by the Dalai Lama. He received teachings from the Sakya Trizin, Kushok Bakula, and Samdhong Rinpoche, all of whom had connections with Khunu Rinpoche. He currently teaches at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":0" />

== Biographical sketches ==
Several biographical works of Khunu Rinpoche have been published in recent times. The works in English language are mostly based on a namthar of Khunu Rinpoche or limited interviews. Namthar often constitute a blend of legends and facts recorded for aspirational purposes. A work in Hindi was published by Prabhu Lal Negi based on namthar and a wider selection of interviews conducted in local language ("नेगी रिनपोछे तेनज़ीन ग्यालछेन का व्यक्तित्व एवं कृतित्व- Negi Rinpochhe Tenzin Gyaltsen ka vyaktitv evam krititv").

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Priyadarshi, Tenzin and Houshmand, Zara (June 22, 2021). Running Toward Mystery, The Adventure of an Unconventional Life. New York, New York: Penguin Random House, |isbn= . {{ISBN|9781984819871}}.
*{{cite book |last=Dodin |first=Thierry
|editor-first=Henry |editor-last=Osmaston
|title=Recent research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993
|chapter=Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen: A preliminary account of the life of a modern Buddhist saint
|date=1993
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
|location=Delhi
|publication-date=1997
|isbn= 8120814320
|oclc= 243896748
}}
*{{cite book |first=Anabella |last=Pitkin |editor-first=Gray |editor-last=Tuttle |chapter=Lineage, Authority and Innovation: The Biography of Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen|title=Mapping the Modern in Tibet. PIATS 2006: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies |publisher=Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmbH|date=2012 |isbn=978-3-03809-111-0}}
*{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Anabella |last=Pitkin
|title="Practicing Philosophy: The Intellectual Biography of Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen.
|publisher=Columbia |year=2009}}
*{{cite journal |last=Pitkin |first=Anabella
|date=2004 |title=Cosmopolitanism in the Himalayas: The intellectual and spiritual journeys of Khu nu bLa ma sTan 'dzin rgyal mtshan and his Sikkimese teacher, Khang gsar ba bLa ma O rgyan bstan 'dzin Rin po che
|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2004_02_01.pdf
|journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |publisher= Namgyal Institute of Tibetology |location=Gangtok
|volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=5–24 |access-date=2 August 2014
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://emptyelephant.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/sunlight-blessings-which-cure-the-longing-of-remembrance-pdf-9.pdf
| title = Sunlight Blessings That Cure the Longing of Remembrance: A Biography of the Omniscient Khunu Mahāsattva, Tenzin Gyeltsen
| author = Lamchen Gyalpo Rinpoche
| others = Erick Tsiknopoulos and Mike Dickman (translators)
| date = n.d.
| website = [sugatagarbhatranslations.com/ Sugatagarbha Translations]
| access-date = 2014-08-02
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Khunu_Lama_Tenzin_Gyaltsen
|title=Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen
|author=
|date=n.d. |website=RigpaWiki |publisher=Rigpa
|access-date=2014-08-02
}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkOVIH74llo Tibet and the Himalayas: Remembering Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen Rinpoche], Voice of Tibet, with the 14th Dalai Lama
*[http://info-buddhism.com/Khunu-Rinpoche-Negi-Lama-Tenzin-Gyaltsen-Dodin.html Negi Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen – A preliminary account of the life of a modern Buddhist saint] by Thierry Dodin
*[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Khunu_Lama_Tenzin_Gyaltsen Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen at Rigpa Wiki]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131206113132/http://sugatagarbhatranslations.com/2011/12/15/sunlight-blessings-that-cure-the-longing-of-remembrance-a-biography-of-the-omniscient-khunu-mahasattva-tenzin-gyeltsen-khunu-lama-rinpoche-by-lamchen-gyalpo-rinpoche/ Sunlight Blessings that Cure the Longing of Remembrance: A Biography of the Omniscient Khunu Mahāsattva, Tenzin Gyeltsen (Khunu Lama Rinpoche), by Lamchen Gyalpo Rinpoche, translated from Tibetan by Erick Tsiknopoulos and Mike Dickman]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120626033224/http://sugatagarbhatranslations.com/2012/06/19/the-one-page-prayer-a-prayer-to-khunu-lama-rinpoche-composed-by-khunu-lama-rinpoche-himself/ The One-Page Prayer: A Prayer to Khunu Lama Rinpoche Composed by Khunu Lama Rinpoche Himself, Translated from Tibetan by Erick Tsiknopoulos]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen}}
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Rimé lamas]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kinnaur district]]
[[Category:People associated with Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]

Demographics of India

2026-03-26T10:34:10Z

Julixei: further adjust content after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the people from the republic of India||Indian (disambiguation){{!}}Indian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

{{Infobox place demographics
| place = [[India]]
| image = India population pyramid 2026.png
| image_size = 350
| caption = [[Population pyramid]] of India in 2026

| size_of_population = 1,408,069,540 (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2106921 | title=Second Advance Estimates of Annual Gross Domestic Product for 2024-25 | publisher=Press Information Bureau | access-date=2025-01-01 }}</ref>
| density = 483.68 people/km2 (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_Density">{{cite web |title=Population Density in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Population+density&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| growth = +0.89% (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_Growth">{{cite web |title=Population Growth Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?hideControls=false&Metric=Population+growth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| birth = 16.15 births/1,000 people (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_Birth">{{cite web |title=Birth Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Birth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| death = 9.1 deaths/1,000 people (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_Death">{{cite web |title=Death Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Death+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life = {{increase}} 72.03 years (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_Life">{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy at Birth in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=At+birth&Projection+Scenario=None |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life_male = 70.52 years (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_LifeSex">{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectation-at-birth-by-sex?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life_female = 73.60 years (2023 est.)<ref name="OWID_LifeSex" />
| fertility = {{decrease}} 1.90 children born per woman (2025)<ref name="UN_Pop_2025">{{cite web |title=World Population Prospects |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/19/locations/356/start/2021/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=bbd0ad5a-48b0-43d9-a027-ddd930903ac3 |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2025 |title=Rural fertility rate drops to 2.1: Govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rural-fertility-rate-drops-to-2-1-govt-101756976695606.html |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| infant_mortality = {{decreasepositive}} 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)<ref name="OWID_Infant">{{cite web |title=Infant Mortality Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?hideControls=false&Metric=Infant+mortality+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| net_migration = -0.68 (negative net migration)<ref name="OWID_Mig">{{cite web |title=Net Migration Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Net+migration+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

| age_0-14_years = 25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
| age_15-64_years = 67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
| age_65_years = 6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)

| total_mf_ratio = 1.06 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN">{{cite web |title=South Asian :: India |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| sr_at_birth = 1.1 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_under_15 = 1.11 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_15-64_years = 1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
| sr_65_years_over = 0.85 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>

| nation = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| major_ethnic = {{unbulleted list|
{{Hidden begin|title=Major Ethnic Groups (Indo-Aryan & Dravidian)|titlestyle=background:lavender; text-align:center;}}
{{Tree list}}
* {{steady}} [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] (70.16%)
** {{steady}} [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] (70.12%)
*** {{increase}} [[Hindustani people|Hindustani]] (38.37%)
*** {{steady}} [[Bengalis|Bengali]] (7.91%)
**** {{decrease}} [[Bengali Hindus]] (6.15%)
**** {{increase}} [[Bengali Muslims]] (1.58%)
**** {{steady}} Other Bengalis (0.18%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Marathi people|Marathi]] (6.92%)
*** {{steady}} [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] (6.44%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] (4.49%)
*** {{steady}} [[Kashmiris]] (0.26%)
*** {{increase}} [[Bihari people|Bihari]] (2.35%)
*** {{increase}} [[Assamese people|Assamese]] (1.03%)
*** {{steady}} Other Indo-Aryans (2.35%)
** {{decrease}} [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] (0.04%)
* {{decrease}} [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] (24.96%)
** {{steady}} [[Telugu people|Telugu]] (7.97%)
** {{decrease}} [[Tamils|Tamil]] (6.47%)
** {{steady}} [[Kannadiga]] (5.46%)
** {{decrease}} [[Malayali]] (3.08%)
** {{increase}} [[Gondi people|Gondi]] (1.03%)
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}
}}
| minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list|
{{Hidden begin|title=Minor Ethnic Groups|titlestyle=background:lavender; text-align:center;}}
{{Tree list}}
* {{increase}} [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] (1.48%)
** {{Steady}} [[Munda people|Munda]] & [[Santal people|Santali]] (0.77%)
** {{increase}} [[Khasi people|Khasi]] (0.26%)
* {{steady}} [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (0.74%)
** {{steady}} [[Bodo people|Bodo]] (0.44%)
** {{steady}} [[Naga people|Naga]] (0.21%)
* {{steady}} [[Semitic people|Semitic]] (0.56%)
** {{steady}} [[Arab-Indian]] (0.56%)
* {{increase}} Others (1.52%)
** [[Anglo-Indians]], [[Siddi]], [[Jewish Indians|Jews]], etc.
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}
}}
| official = See [[Languages of India]]
| spoken = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindi]] 43.6%
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]] 8%
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]] 6.9%
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]] 6.8%
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]] 6.7%
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] 4.6%
* [[Urdu]] 4.2%
* [[Kannada]] 3.6%
* [[Odia language|Odia]] 3.1%
* [[Malayalam]] 2.9%
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 2.7%
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]] 1.3%
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]] 1.1%
* [[Languages of India|other]] 5.6%
* (2011)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>}}
}}

'''India''' is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country in the world]], comprising approximately one-sixth of the [[world population]]. According to the [[United Nations]]' World Population Dashboard, India's population reached slightly over 1.428 billion in April 2023, surpassing [[Demographics of China|that of China]].<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=India overtakes China to become world's most populous nation with 1.428 billion people: UN |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-population-to-surpass-china-mid-year-un-estimates/articleshow/99605379.cms |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=India to overtake China as world's most populous country in April 2023 |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/india-overtake-china-world-most-populous-country-april-2023-united-nations-projects |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref>

India remains a relatively young country, though it is undergoing a gradual demographic transition. As of 2024, the [[median age]] is approximately 29.8 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108111428/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2021 |access-date=2025-11-18 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> compared to 40.2 in China. The [[United Nations Population Fund]] (UNFPA) estimates that 68% of the population is between 15 and 64 years old, creating a potential "[[demographic dividend]]" where a large working-age population can drive economic growth.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Kaushik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm |title=India's demographic dividend |publisher=BBC News|date=25 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> However, the number of children is declining; the under-5 population peaked in 2007 and the under-15 cohort peaked in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's population growth will come to an end: the number of children has already peaked|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indias-population-growth-will-come-to-an-end|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Our World in Data|date=2019-01-15 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion. While the population continues to grow, the rate has slowed significantly from 2.3% annually (1972–1983) to roughly 0.89% in 2023. Current projections suggest the population will reach 1.7 billion by 2050.

India is highly diverse, hosting thousands of ethnic groups and four major [[Language family|language families]]: [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], and [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Tibeto-Burman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India|author=US Department of State|date=17 April 2012|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm}}</ref> The country also includes linguistic isolates such as [[Nihali language|Nihali]] and [[Burushaski]], and distinct minority communities including [[Anglo-Indians]] and [[Siddi]].

The [[human sex ratio]] has shown an upward trend after decades of decline, reaching 943 females per 1,000 males in 2011 and estimated at 1,060 males per 1,000 females (approx. 944 females/1000 males) in 2023.<ref name="2011 Provisional population tables">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|title=Population|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110115944/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Economic history of India}}
[[File:Historical population of India and China.svg|thumb|left|Historical population of India and China since 1100 with [[Human population projections|projection]] to 2100]]

=== Prehistory to early 19th century ===
{{See also|Estimates of historical world population}}
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with [[Interpolation|interpolated]] estimates and overall [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] averages derived from their estimates.<ref>Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net).
Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref>
<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/38602317|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Angus Maddison|date=2001|page=238 }}</ref>
{{Hidden begin|title=Historical population (10,000 BC - 1820 CE)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]] (2001)<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pages 241–242] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin Clark (economist)|Clark]] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]]|title=Population Growth and Land Use|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=1977|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KKvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|isbn=9781349157754}}</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 page 236] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 9</ref>
! colspan="2" | Biraben (1979)<ref name="maddison236"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory|author=Sing C. Chew, J. David Knottnerus|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2002|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WzXroSxMb0C&pg=PA185|isbn=9780847698370}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Demography: Analysis and Synthesis|author=Guillaume Wunsch, Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2005|chapter=Population in Time and Space|page=34|isbn=978-0-12-765660-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Durand (1974)<ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 10</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin McEvedy|McEvedy]] (1978)<ref>{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |title=Atlas of World Population History |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=182–185 |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011124/http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Aggregate data|Aggregate]] average
! rowspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Average % growth / century
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Compound growth|% growth]] / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth / century
|-
| [[10,000 BC]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" | [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 3.9
|-
| 4000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
|-
| 2000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]]
| 9.4
|-
| 500 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| rowspan="2" | [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 10.2
|-
| 400 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
|-
| 200 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.4
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| [[Maurya Empire|Maurya era]]
| 22.5
|-
| 1 AD
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| rowspan="4" | [[Classical India|Classical era]]
| rowspan="4" | 5.3
|-
| 200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –1.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.1
|-
| 400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.7
|-
| 500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:48000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
|-
| 600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| rowspan="5" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Early medieval era]]
| rowspan="5" | 1.9
|-
| 700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
|-
| 800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.5
|-
| 900
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
|-
| 1000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:67400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.1
|-
| 1100
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:73200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| rowspan="5" | [[Medieval India|Late medieval era]]
| rowspan="5" | 8.1
|-
| 1200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| 1300
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
|-
| 1400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:102000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 52.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:129200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]]
| rowspan="3" | 31.9
|-
| 1650
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 125
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.2
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:175000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:163900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.3
|-
| 1750
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Colonial India|Colonial era]]
| rowspan="3" | 12.2
|-
| 1800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:185000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
|-
| 1820
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:194000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:198300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Population of India over time===

India's population has changed significantly due to migrations, technological advancements, and societal developments. Below is a table of historical population estimates:

'''Estimated Population of India (10,000 BC – 2021)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:15px; text-align:center;"
|+ Historical Population of India (10,000 BC – 2021)
|-
! Era !! Year !! Estimated Population !! Growth Rate (%)
|-
| rowspan=5 | Classical India || 100 AD || 52,748,932 || +2.8%
|-
| 200 AD || 54,902,817 || +4.1%
|-
| 300 AD || 57,654,213 || +5.0%
|-
| 400 AD || 60,834,921 || +5.5%
|-
| 500 AD || 64,291,782 || +5.7%
|-
| rowspan=5 | Early Medieval India || 600 AD || 68,102,304 || +5.9%
|-
| 700 AD || 71,837,610 || +5.5%
|-
| 800 AD || 75,983,210 || +5.8%
|-
| 900 AD || 81,274,936 || +7.0%
|-
| 1000 AD || 86,732,843 || +6.7%
|-
| rowspan=4 | Delhi Sultanate || 1100 AD || 91,403,287 || +5.4%
|-
| 1200 AD || 96,289,634 || +5.4%
|-
| 1300 AD || 101,984,726 || +5.9%
|-
| 1400 AD || 111,209,832 || +9.1%
|-
| rowspan=4 | Mughal Empire || 1500 AD || 121,847,294 || +9.6%
|-
| 1600 AD || 136,204,781 || +11.8%
|-
| 1700 AD || 161,874,263 || +18.9%
|-
| 1800 AD || 186,432,976 || +15.2%
|-
| rowspan=5 | Colonial Period || 1810 || 190,000,000 || +2.1%
|-
| 1820 || 195,000,000 || +2.6%
|-
| 1830 || 200,000,000 || +2.6%
|-
| 1840 || 205,000,000 || +2.5%
|-
| 1850 || 210,000,000 || +2.4%
|-
| rowspan=9 | British Raj || 1860 || 215,000,000 || +2.4%
|-
| 1870 || 220,000,000 || +2.3%
|-
| 1881 || 253,891,821 || +15.4%
|-
| 1891 || 287,223,431 || +13.1%
|-
| 1901 || 317,318,032 || +10.5%
|-
| 1911 || 317,369,222 || +0.02%
|-
| 1921 || 318,866,673 || +0.46%
|-
| 1931 || 337,515,000 || +5.8%
|-
| 1941 || 389,000,000 || +15.3%
|-
| rowspan=8 | Post-independence India || 1951 || 361,088,000 || -7.18%
|-
| 1961 || 439,235,000 || +21.7%
|-
| 1971 || 548,159,652 || +24.8%
|-
| 1981 || 683,329,097 || +24.7%
|-
| 1991 || 846,387,888 || +24.0%
|-
| 2001 || 1,028,610,328 || +21.5%
|-
| 2011 || 1,210,854,977 || +17.9%
|-
| 2021 || 1,390,537,387 || +14.9%
|-
|}

The population grew from the [[South Asian Stone Age]] in 10,000 BC to the [[Maurya Empire]] in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,<ref name="mcevedy184">{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |title=Atlas of World Population History |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011124/http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |url-status=dead }}</ref> before population growth slowed down in the [[Classical India|classical era]] up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|early medieval era]] up to 1000 AD.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/> The population growth rate then increased in the [[Medieval India|late medieval era]] (during the [[Delhi Sultanate]]) from 1000 to 1500.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/>

Under the [[Mughal Empire]], India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,<ref name="mcevedy184" /> due to Mughal [[agrarian reform]]s that intensified agricultural production.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century [[British India]]<ref name="eraly">[[Abraham Eraly]] (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5 ''The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age'', page 5], [[Penguin Books]]</ref> and contemporary Europe<ref name="eraly"/> up until the 19th century.<ref name="Malanima">{{cite book|title=Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)|author=Paolo Malanima|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2009|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1Ej4VEPwSgC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-9004178229|author-link=Paolo Malanima}}</ref> These estimates by [[Abraham Eraly]]<ref name="eraly"/> and [[Paolo Malanima]]<ref name="Malanima"/> have been criticised by [[Tim Dyson]], who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tim|first=Dyson|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day.|year=2018|pages=63–65}}</ref>

Under the reign of [[Akbar]] (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.<ref name="habib170">{{cite book |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=170|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=186}}</ref> By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23|page=23|publisher=[[Warwick University]]|year=2010|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.<ref name="eraly" /> A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<ref name="eraly" /> with larger cities including [[Agra]] (in [[Agra Subah]]) with up to 800,000 people<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=171|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=187}}</ref> and [[Dhaka]] (in [[Bengal Subah]]) with over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKIlAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Science Review|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Registrar, Dhaka University|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of [[Aurangzeb]] (reigned 1658–1707).<ref name="habib170" />

=== Late 19th century to early 20th century ===
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate|title=Fertility Rate|author=Max Roser|year=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1880!! 1881!! 1882!! 1883!! 1884!! 1885!! 1886!! 1887!! 1888!! 1889!! 1890!! 1902<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" | Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.92 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.86||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1921!! 1922!! 1923!! 1924!! 1925!! 1926!! 1927!! 1928!! 1929!! 1930<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" | Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.761 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.77||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.78||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.8||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.81||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.85||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.86
|}

[[Life expectancy]] from 1881 to 1950

{| class="wikitable"
! Years
! 1881
! 1891
! 1901
! 1905
! 1911
! 1915
! 1921
! 1925
! 1931
! 1935
! 1941
! 1950<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Life expectancy in India
| 25.4
| 24.3
| 23.5
| 24.0
| 23.2
| 24.0
| 24.9
| 27.6
| 29.3
| 31.0
| 32.6
| 35.4
|}

The population of India under the [[British Raj]] (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | [[Census of India|Census year]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[List of states in India by past population|Population]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Growth (%)
|-
| 1871<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |title=Digital Colonial Documents (India) |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408000302/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:238830958}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 1881<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of the British empire: 1901|publisher=[[Census in the United Kingdom|Great Britain Census Office]]|year=1906|page=xviii|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253896330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
|-
| 1891<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287223431}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
|-
| 1901<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293550310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.2
|-
| 1911<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |title=Census of India – Index of Old Census Reports |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190625/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:315156396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
|-
| 1921<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:318942480}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.2
|-
| 1931<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:352837778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
|-
| 1941<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:388997955}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
|}

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Khan J.H. | year = 2004 | title = Population growth and demographic change in India | journal = Asian Profile | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 441–460 }}</ref>

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klein Ira | year = 1990 | title = The demographic revolution | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 33–63 | doi = 10.1177/001946469002700102 | s2cid = 144517813 }}</ref>

== Languages ==
{{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Languages of India}}

{{Pie chart
| caption = Mother tongue languages of India ([[2011 Indian Census|2011]])
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 26.6|
| label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value2 = 7.94
| label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value3 = 6.84
| label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value4 = 6.68
| label5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| value5 = 5.69
| label6 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| value6 = 4.55
| label7 = [[Urdu]]
| value7 = 4.19
| label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| value8 = 4.18
| label9 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| value9 = 3.59
| label10 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| value10 = 2.87
| label11 = Others
| value11 = 26.87
}}
[[File:Language in India (2011).webp|thumb|Most Commonly Spoken Native Language in India by District, 2011 Census]]

{{static row numbers}}{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultright col1left col2left"

|+ Top 30 Languages of India by number of native speakers from 1971 to 2011 (including #Non-scheduled languages)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|date=6 February 2012}}, Census of India, 2001</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101000000/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|date=1 January 2022}}, Census of India, 2011</ref>
|-
! Language
! Language Family
! Speakers (1971)
! Speakers (1981)
! Speakers (1991)
! Speakers (2001)
! Speakers (2011)
|-
| [[Hindi]]{{refn|group=note|Includes [[Bihari languages]], [[Rajasthani languages|Bajri Rajasthani languages]], [[Pahari language (name)|Pahari]], [[Awadhi language]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language]], [[Banjar language|Banjari Language]]. A total of 12 types.}}


| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 202,767,971
| 257,749,009
| 329,505,193
| 422,048,642
| 528,347,193
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 44,792,312
| 51,298,319
| 69,595,738
| 83,369,769
| 97,237,669
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 44,756,923
| 50,624,611
| 66,017,615
| 74,002,856
| 81,127,740
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 41,765,190
| 49,452,922
| 62,481,681
| 71,936,894
| 83,026,680
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 37,690,106
| {{dash}}
| 53,006,368
| 60,793,814
| 69,026,881
|-
| [[Urdu]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 28,620,895
| 34,941,435
| 43,406,932
| 51,536,111
| 50,772,631
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 25,865,012
| 33,063,267
| 40,695,370
| 46,091,617
| 55,492,554
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 21,710,649
| 25,697,146
| 32,753,676
| 37,924,011
| 43,706,512
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 21,938,760
| 25,700,705
| 30,377,176
| 33,066,392
| 34,838,819
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 19,863,198
| 23,021,528
| 28,061,313
| 33,017,446
| 37,521,324
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 14,108,443
| 19,611,199
| 23,378,744
| 29,102,477
| 33,124,726
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 8,959,558
| {{dash}}
| 13,079,696
| 13,168,484
| 15,311,351
|-
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 6,130,026
| 7,522,265
| 7,766,921
| 12,179,122
| 13,583,464
|-
| [[Bhili language|Bhili/Bhilodi]]#
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 3,399,285
| 4,293,314
| 5,572,308
| 9,582,957
| 10,413,637
|-
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| bgcolor="#f08080" | Austro-Asiatic
| 3,786,899
| 4,332,511
| 5,216,325
| 6,469,600
| 7,368,192
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 2,495,487
| 3,176,975
| {{dash}}
| 5,527,698
| 6,797,587
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 1,419,835
| 1,360,636
| 2,076,645
| 2,871,749
| 2,926,168
|-
| [[Gondi language|Gondi]]#
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 1,688,284
| 1,913,262
| 2,124,852
| 2,713,790
| 2,984,453
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 1,676,875
| 2,044,389
| 2,122,848
| 2,535,485
| 2,772,264
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 1,508,432
| 1,570,108
| 1,760,607
| 2,489,015
| 2,256,502
|-
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 1,299,143
| 1,530,616
| {{dash}}
| 2,282,589
| 2,596,767
|-
| [[Khandeshi]]#
| bgcolor="#c9ffd9" | Indo-Aryan
| 251,896
| 1,216,789
| 973,709
| 2,075,258
| 1,860,236
|-
| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]#
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 1,235,665
| 1,333,670
| 1,426,618
| 1,751,489
| 1,988,350
|-
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]#
| bgcolor="#00fa9a" | Dravidian
| 1,158,419
| 1,417,224
| 1,552,259
| 1,722,768
| 1,846,427
|-
| [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (Manipuri)
| bgcolor="#fa8072" | Sino-Tibetan
| 791,714
| 901,407
| 1,270,216
| 1,466,705
| 1,761,079
|-
| [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]]
| bgcolor="#fa8072" | Sino-Tibetan
| 556,576
| {{dash}}
| 1,221,881
| 1,350,478
| 1,482,929
|-
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]#
| bgcolor="#f08080" | Austro-Asiatic
| 479,028
| 628,846
| 912,283
| 1,128,575
| 1,431,344
|-
| [[Mundari language|Mundari]]#
| bgcolor="#f08080" | Austro-Asiatic
| 771,253
| 742,739
| 861,378
| 1,061,352
| 1,128,228
|-
| [[Ho language|Ho]]#
| bgcolor="#f08080" | Austro-Asiatic
| 751,389
| 783,301
| 949,216
| 1,042,724
| 1,421,418
|-
| [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]#
| bgcolor="#fa8072" | Sino-Tibetan
| 372,579
| 502,067
| 694,940
| 854,023
| 1,011,294
|}

{{Image frame|content=[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|250px]]|align=right|caption=Map of South Asian language families}}
According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke [[Hindi]] natively, while the rest spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Oriya language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|specified in the Eighth Schedule]] of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and [[Purul]] subdivisions of [[Senapati District]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results.

== Vital statistics ==
[[File:Birth rate in India (1950 to 2024).png|thumb|upright|center|Crude [[birth rate]] trends in India (per 1000 people, national average)<ref name=npc1>{{cite web|title=Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate: India and States|publisher=National Commission on Population, Govt of India|year=2010|url=http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091741/http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins|publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/Bulletins.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins |publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2013 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Reports_2013.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Long-Run Birth Rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/long-run-birth-rate?country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>]]

=== UN estimates ===
{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|+ United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2024 revision – India<ref>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&facet=none&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Population&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Births in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Births&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deaths in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Deaths&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual change in population in India, 1951 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Annual+population+change&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Birth rate in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Birth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" |Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" |Mid-year population
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Births per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Annual change in population
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude migration rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total Fertility rate
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Infant mortality (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" |[[Life expectancy]]
|-
| 1950
| style="color:red" |346,278,817
| style="color:red" |15,287,998
| style="color:blue" | 7,852,219
| 7,435,779
| 44.15
| style="color:red"|22.68
| 21.6
|
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.73
| style="color:red" | 181.2
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
| 1951
| 353,870,058
| 15,663,440
| 7,973,004
| 7,591,241
| 44.26
|22.53
| 21.6
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.77
| 180.1
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
| 1952
| 361,874,904
| 16,082,888
| 8,048,990
| 8,004,846
| 44.44
| 22.24
| 21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.82
| 177.5
| 42.0
|-
| 1953
| 370,104,571
| 16,501,176
| 8,169,722
| 8,229,667
|44.59
| 22.07
| 22.1
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.87
| 175.3
| 42.2
|-
| 1954
| 378,687,141
| 16,903,336
| 8,122,090
| 8,582,570
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |44.64
| 21.45
| 22.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 172.2
| 43.0
|-
| 1955
| 387,700,891
| 17,219,756
| 8,168,768
| 9,013,750
| 44.41
| 21.07
| 22.8
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 169.7
| 43.4
|-
| 1956
| 396,988,906
| 17,526,402
| 8,232,471
| 9,288,015
| 44.15
| 20.74
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 167.3
| 43.8
|-
| 1957
| 406,253,895
| 17,825,650
| 8,323,747
| 9,264,989
| 43.88
| 20.49
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 165.0
| 44.1
|-
| 1958
| 415,777,437
| 18,053,426
| 8,374,383
| 9,523,542
| 43.42
| 20.14
| 22.7
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.90
| 162.7
| 44.4
|-
| 1959
| 425,780,669
| 18,321,022
| 8,395,630
| 10,003,232
| 43.03
| 19.72
| 22.7
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.89
| 160.3
| 44.9
|-
| 1960
| 435,990,344
| 18,705,012
| 8,467,290
| 10,209,675
| 42.90
| 19.42
| 22.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.92
| 158.2
| 45.2
|-
| 1961
| 446,564,730
| 19,054,934
| 8,586,012
| 10,574,386
| 42.67
| 19.23
| 22.8
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
| 156.4
| 45.4
|-
| 1962
| 457,283,092
| 19,422,986
| 8,679,851
| 10,718,362
| 42.48
| 18.98
| 22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.95
| 154.5
| 45.7
|-
| 1963
| 468,138,576
| 19,783,962
| 8,767,246
| 10,855,484
| 42.26
| 18.73
| 22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.97
| 152.7
| 45.9
|-
| 1964
| 479,229,599
| 20,156,988
| 8,871,377
| 11,091,023
| 42.06
| 18.51
| style="color:blue" |23.0
| 0.3
| style="color:blue" |5.98
| 151.1
| 46.2
|-
| 1965
| 490,140,141
| 20,414,206
| 9,488,516
| 10,910,542
| 41.65
| 19.36
| 21.7
| 0.9
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
| 156.4
| 45.0
|-
| 1966
| 500,740,250
| 20,632,990
| 9,543,207
| 10,600,109
| 41.20
| 19.06
| 21.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.88
| 154.7
| 45.3
|-
| 1967
| 511,606,375
| 20,889,458
| 9,609,691
| 10,866,125
| 40.83
| 18.78
| 21.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.83
| 153.1
| 45.7
|-
| 1968
| 522,716,894
| 21,162,298
| 9,155,303
| 11,110,519
| 40.48
| 17.52
| 22.4
| −0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76
| 145.0
| 47.5
|-
| 1969
| 533,880,544
| 21,386,208
| 9,218,624
| 11,163,650
| 40.06
| 17.27
| 22.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.68
| 143.3
| 47.9
|-
| 1970
| 545,864,268
| 21,705,420
| 9,287,483
| 11,983,724
| 39.76
| 17.01
| 22.3
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.62
| 141.7
| 48.2
|-
| 1971
| 558,096,383
| 22,169,874
| 9,382,778
| 12,232,115
| 39.72
| 16.81
| 22.5
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.57
| 139.9
| 48.6
|-
| 1972
| 570,482,142
| 22,509,830
| 9,468,026
| 12,385,759
| 39.46
| 16.60
| 22.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.48
| 138.5
| 49.0
|-
| 1973
| 583,465,595
| 22,929,810
| 9,517,150
| 12,983,453
| 39.30
| 16.31
| 22.7
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.40
| 136.3
| 49.5
|-
| 1974
| 597,041,392
| 23,284,796
| 9,489,001
| 13,575,797
| 39.00
| 15.89
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.33
| 133.3
| 50.2
|-
| 1975
| 611,309,532
| 23,451,070
| 9,492,655
| 14,268,140
| 38.36
| 15.53
| 22.6
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.20
| 130.7
| 50.8
|-
| 1976
| 625,861,887
| 23,935,742
| 9,499,656
| 14,552,355
| 38.24
| 15.18
| 22.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.13
| 127.9
| 51.4
|-
| 1977
| 640,801,105
| 24,070,484
| 9,494,741
| 14,939,218
| 37.56
| 14.82
| 22.2
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.01
| 124.9
| 51.9
|-
| 1978
| 655,728,226
| 24,359,834
| 9,461,503
| 14,927,121
| 37.15
| 14.43
| 22.1
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.89
| 121.7
| 52.5
|-
| 1979
| 671,155,745
| 24,833,594
| 9,440,528
| 15,427,519
| 37.00
| 14.07
| 22.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.81
| 118.4
| 53.1
|-
| 1980
| 687,354,031
| 25,471,068
| 9,452,567
| 16,198,286
| 37.06
| 13.75
| 22.5
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.78
| 115.2
| 53.6
|-
| 1981
| 703,696,255
| 25,868,440
| 9,446,658
| 16,342,224
| 36.76
| 13.42
| 22.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.70
| 112.1
| 54.2
|-
| 1982
| 720,313,474
| 26,221,360
| 9,431,256
| 16,617,219
| 36.40
| 13.09
| 22.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.62
| 109.3
| 54.7
|-
| 1983
| 737,372,685
| 26,637,448
| 9,418,131
| 17,059,211
| 36.13
| 12.77
| 22.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.57
| 106.7
| 55.3
|-
| 1984
| 754,875,451
| 27,113,114
| 9,414,277
| 17,502,766
| 35.92
| 12.47
| 22.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.52
| 104.2
| 55.8
|-
| 1985
| 772,647,801
| 27,366,950
| 9,398,793
| 17,772,350
| 35.42
| 12.16
| 22.5
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.43
| 101.8
| 56.3
|-
| 1986
| 790,689,978
| 27,848,424
| 9,392,670
| 18,042,177
| 35.22
| 11.88
| 22.7
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.40
| 99.4
| 56.8
|-
| 1987
| 808,931,261
| 27,860,878
| 9,365,358
| 18,241,283
| 34.44
| 11.58
| 22.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.31
| 97.0
| 57.3
|-
| 1988
| 827,342,997
| 28,040,342
| 9,337,583
| 18,411,736
| 33.89
| 11.29
| 21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.22
| 94.6
| 57.8
|-
| 1989
| 846,039,530
| 28,154,986
| 9,306,083
| 18,696,533
| 33.28
| 11.00
| 21.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.13
| 92.2
| 58.2
|-
| 1990
| 864,972,219
| 28,171,520
| 9,277,651
| 18,932,689
| 32.57
| 10.73
| 21.1
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.05
| 89.8
| 58.7
|-
| 1991
| 883,927,607
| 28,305,720
| 9,256,425
| 18,955,388
| 32.02
| 10.47
| 21.0
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.96
| 87.6
| 59.1
|-
| 1992
| 902,957,072
| 28,365,204
| 9,232,809
| 19,029,465
| 31.41
| 10.22
| 20.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.88
| 85.5
| 59.5
|-
| 1993
| 922,118,380
| 28,374,418
| 9,221,708
| 19,161,308
| 30.77
| 10.00
| 20.3
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.80
| 83.5
| 59.8
|-
| 1994
| 941,163,775
| 28,512,692
| 9,201,756
| 19,045,395
| 30.30
| 9.78
| 20.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.72
| 81.4
| 60.2
|-
| 1995
| 960,301,048
| 28,588,052
| 9,191,892
| 19,137,273
| 29.77
| 9.57
| 19.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.65
| 79.3
| 60.6
|-
| 1996
| 979,678,464
| 28,623,284
| 9,180,936
| 19,377,416
| 29.22
| 9.37
| 19.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.58
| 77.1
| 61.0
|-
| 1997
| 999,133,765
| 28,659,994
| 9,166,224
| 19,455,301
| 28.68
| 9.17
| 19.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.51
| 74.8
| 61.4
|-
| 1998
| 1,018,665,073
| 28,724,934
| 9,155,898
| 19,531,308
| 28.20
| 8.99
| 18.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.45
| 72.5
| 61.8
|-
| 1999
| 1,038,225,821
| 28,790,310
| 9,141,493
| 19,560,748
| 27.73
| 8.80
| 18.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.38
| 70.2
| 62.2
|-
| 2000
| 1,057,922,728
| 29,111,712
| 9,127,431
| 19,696,907
| 27.52
| 8.63
| 18.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.35
| 67.8
| 62.7
|-
| 2001
| 1,077,898,572
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |29,324,930
| 9,143,228
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |19,975,844
| 27.21
| 8.48
| 18.2
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.30
| 65.4
| 63.1
|-
| 2002
| 1,097,600,381
| 29,128,216
| 9,103,548
| 19,701,809
| 26.54
| 8.29
| 17.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.22
| 63.1
| 63.6
|-
| 2003
| 1,116,802,997
| 28,794,442
| 9,074,469
| 19,202,616
| 25.78
| 8.13
| 17.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.12
| 60.8
| 64.1
|-
| 2004
| 1,135,991,510
| 28,537,736
| 9,067,053
| 19,188,513
| 25.12
| 7.98
| 16.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.05
| 58.6
| 64.5
|-
| 2005
| 1,154,676,319
| 28,063,000
| 9,027,961
| 18,684,809
| 24.30
| 7.82
| 16.1
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.96
| 56.3
| 65.0
|-
| 2006
| 1,172,878,890
| 27,637,610
| 8,995,893
| 18,202,571
| 23.56
| 7.67
| 15.5
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.86
| 54.1
| 65.4
|-
| 2007
| 1,190,676,028
| 27,304,622
| 8,972,698
| 17,797,138
| 22.93
| 7.54
| 15.1
| −0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.78
| 51.9
| 65.8
|-
| 2008
| 1,207,930,962
| 27,186,094
| 8,950,894
| 17,254,934
| 22.51
| 7.41
| 14.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.72
| 49.6
| 66.1
|-
| 2009
| 1,225,524,760
| 27,219,670
| 8,934,340
| 17,593,798
| 22.21
| 7.29
| 14.5
| −0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.67
| 47.4
| 66.5
|-
| 2010
| 1,243,481,564
| 26,900,710
| 8,908,601
| 17,956,804
| 21.63
| 7.16
| 14.1
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.60
| 45.2
| 66.9
|-
| 2011
| 1,261,224,952
| 26,681,990
| 8,889,393
| 17,743,388
| 21.16
| 7.05
| 13.7
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.54
| 43.0
| 67.4
|-
| 2012
| 1,278,674,506
| 26,432,416
| 8,879,964
| 17,449,554
| 20.67
| 6.95
| 13.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.47
| 40.8
| 67.9
|-
| 2013
| 1,295,829,506
| 25,995,998
| 8,888,126
| 17,155,000
| 20.06
| 6.86
| 13.0
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.41
| 38.7
| 68.5
|-
| 2014
| 1,312,277,184
| 25,050,538
| 8,884,412
| 16,447,678
| 19.09
| 6.77
| 12.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.31
| 36.7
| 69.1
|-
| 2015
| 1,328,024,492
| 25,147,252
| 8,936,426
| 15,747,308
| 18.94
| 6.73
| 12.1
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.29
| 34.7
| 69.6
|-
| 2016
| 1,343,944,293
| 25,207,146
| 9,004,539
| 15,919,801
| 18.76
|6.70
| 11.9
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.27
| 32.8
| 70.1
|-
| 2017
| 1,359,657,392
| 24,466,744
| 9,072,749
| 15,713,099
| 18.00
| 6.67
| 11.3
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.20
| 31.1
| 70.5
|-
| 2018
| 1,374,659,068
| 24,620,206
| 9,169,449
| 15,001,676
| 17.91
| 6.67
| 11.0
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.18
| 29.4
| 70.7
|-
| 2019
| 1,389,030,303
| 24,124,982
| 9,264,486
| 14,371,235
| 17.37
| 6.67
| 10.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.11
| 27.9
| 70.9
|-
| 2020
| 1,402,617,692
| 23,485,340
| 10,118,286
| 13,587,389
| 16.74
| 7.21
| 9.2
| 0.4
| 2.05
| 26.6
| 70.1
|-
| 2021
| 1,414,203,889
| 23,321,854
| style="color:red" |13,093,783
| 11,586,197
| 16.49
| 9.26
| style="color:red" |7.0
| −1.0
| 2.01
| style=" color:blue" |25.5
| 67.2
|-
| 2022
| 1,425,423,212
| 23,286,124
| 9,373,180
| 11,219,323
| 16.34
| style="color:blue"|6.58
| 7.2
| −0.4
| 1.99
| style=" color:blue" |23.8624
| 67.7
|-
| 2023
| 1,438,069,597
| 23,219,488
| 9,507,013
| 12,646,385
| 16.15
| 6.61
| 9.5
| −1.4
| 1.98
| style=" color:blue" | 22.6186
| style=" color:blue"| 72.0
|-
| 2024
| 1,450,935,791
| 23,186,978
| 9,557,050
| 12,999,094
| 15.98
| 6.59
| 9.39
| -0.43
| 1.96
| |
| style=" color:blue"|
|-
| 2025
|
|
|
|
| 15.8
| 6.6
| 9.1
|
| 1.94
| |
|
|-
| 2026
|
|
|
|
| style="color: red"|15.6
| 6.7
| 8.9
|
| style="color:red" | 1.93
| |
|
|}
{{Chart|definition=India Total Population.chart|data=India Total Population.tab|Width=450}}
{{Chart|definition=India Population Change.chart|data=India Population Change.tab|Width=450}}
{{Chart|definition=India Natural population growth.chart|data=India Natural population growth.tab|Width=450}}
{{Chart|definition=India Infant Mortality.chart|data=India Infant Mortality.tab|Width=450}}
{{Chart|definition=India TFR.chart|data=India TFR.tab|Width=450}}

=== Census of India: Sample Registration System ===
[[File:India TFR regions 2011.png|thumb|390px|Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011]]

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Census of India: Sample Registration System<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/SRSB|title=Census of India: Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletins|last=ORGI|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Annual_Report.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavan |first=Nirman |year=2015 |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16 |url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |pages=2–5 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222204600/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Average population 
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Live births1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total fertility rate
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | 716,493,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24289000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8956000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15333000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.52
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align: right;" | 733,152,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24781000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8725000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16056000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align: right;" | 750,034,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25276000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8925000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16351000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align: right;" | 767,147,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26006000}}
| style="text-align: right; | {{formatnum:9666000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16340000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align: right;" | 784,491,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25810000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9257000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16553000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.3
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align: right;" | 802,052,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26147000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8903000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17244000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.15
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align: right;" | 819,800,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26316000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8936000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17380000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.1
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align: right;" | 837,700,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17173000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.0
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align: right;" | 855,707,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26185000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8814000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17371000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.9
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align: right;" | 873,785,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8476000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17912000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.8
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | 891,910,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8741000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.64
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align: right;" | 910,065,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9192000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.6
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align: right;" | 928,226,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26640000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8633000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18007000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align: right;" | 946,373,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27161000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8801000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18360000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align: right;" | 964,486,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27295000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8680000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18615000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align: right;" | 982,553,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26824000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8745000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18079000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.40
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,000,558,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8905000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18310000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.3
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,018,471,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26989000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9166000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17823000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,036,259,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26943000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9015000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17928000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,053,898,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27191000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8958000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18233000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,071,374,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.10
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,088,694,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27217000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8818000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18399000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,105,886,000
| style="text-align: right; color:blue" | {{formatnum:27426000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8847000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18579000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,122,991,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27064000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8422000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18642000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,140,043,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8664000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18469000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,157,039,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27190000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8678000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18512000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.79
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,134,024,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26195954}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8391778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17804176}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.7
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,150,196,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26224469}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17713019}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,166,228,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26240130}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8513464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17726666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,182,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26124587}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17613409}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,197,658,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26108944}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8503372}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17605572}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.44
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,212,827,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26197063}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8489789}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17707274}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.38
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,227,012,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26258057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8589084}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17668973}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.34
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,243,542,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25904377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8264730}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17639647}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.32
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,259,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26189446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8184202}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18005244}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.27
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align: right;" |1,273,986,000
| style="text-align: right;" |25,989,314
| style="text-align: right;" |8,153,510
| style="text-align: right;" |17,835,804
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.26
|-
| 2017<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/declining-fertility-rate-may-shrink-india-population-300-million-80-years-1703598-2020-07-23|title = Declining fertility rate may shrink India's population by 300 million in 80 years| date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,288,522,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,028,144
| style="text-align: right;" |8,117,689
| style="text-align: right;" |17,910,455
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.18
|-
| 2018
| style="text-align: right;" |1,324,609,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,492,180
| style="text-align: right;" |8,212,576
| style="text-align: right;" |18,279,604
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.15
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align: right;" |1,338,995,000
| style="text-align: right;" |24,820,886
| style="text-align: right;" |7,641,076
| style="text-align: right;" |17,179,810
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.08<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CRS_2019/CRS2019_report.pdf| title = Statement 1: Civil Registration System: At A Glance, Vital Statistics of India Based on the Civil Registration System 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| style="text-align: right;" |1,353,378,000
| style="text-align: right;" |24,222,444
| style="text-align: right;" |8,115,882
| style="text-align: right;" |16,106,562
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.03
|-
| 2021<ref name="SRS2021">{{cite web |title=Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2021 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45556 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,414,203,889
| style="text-align: right" |27,294,135
| style="text-align: right;" |10,606,529
| style="text-align: right;" |16,687,606
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.00
|-
| 2022<ref name="SRS2022">{{cite web |title=Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2022 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45570 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,425,423,212
| style="text-align: right" |27,225,583
| style="text-align: right;" |9,692,878
| style="text-align: right;" |17,532,705
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.00
|-
| 2023<ref name="SRS2023">{{cite web |title=Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2023 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/46172 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,438,069,596
| style="text-align: right" |26,460,481
| style="text-align: right;" |9,203,645
| style="text-align: right;" |17,256,836
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.9
|-
| colspan="9" | 1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth}}
[[File:12889 2024 18278 Fig4 HTML.webp|thumb|297x297px|Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)<ref>{{cite report |title=Life expectancy at birth, total – India |publisher=BMC Public Health |date=2024 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-18278-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=38627658|pmc=11021017 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -India -diff.png|thumb|280px|Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap<ref name="wbg_total">{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth, total – India|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=IN|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref><ref>UN, World Population Prospects (2024)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=At+birth&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy at age 15 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+15&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at age 65 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+65&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at age 80 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+80&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Period
! Life expectancy at birth
! Life expectancy at age 15
! Life expectancy at age 65
! Life expectancy at age 80
|-
| 1950
| 41.18
| 60.06
| 75.90
| 84.77
|-
| 1955
| 43.74
| 60.96
| 76.14
| 84.86
|-
| 1960
| 45.61
| 61.75
| 76.33
| 84.93
|-
| 1965
| 45.56
| 61.84
| 76.20
| 84.91
|-
| 1970
| 48.59
| 63.40
| 76.55
| 85.30
|-
| 1975
| 50.76
| 64.68
| 77.00
| 85.69
|-
| 1980
| 53.59
| 66.10
| 77.22
| 85.82
|-
| 1985
| 56.32
| 67.35
| 77.30
| 85.81
|-
| 1990
| 58.62
| 68.32
| 77.59
| 85.94
|-
| 1995
| 60.63
| 69.08
| 78.06
| 86.22
|-
| 2000
| 62.75
| 69.92
| 78.56
| 86.44
|-
| 2005
| 64.94
| 70.84
| 78.87
| 86.45
|-
| 2010
| 67.16
| 71.83
| 79.28
| 86.64
|-
| 2015
| 69.33
| 72.88
| 79.91
| 87.14
|-
| 2020
| 70.16
| 72.81
| 79.48
| 86.92
|}

'''Demographic and Health Surveys'''
From the Demographic Health Survey:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/Survey-Search.cfm|title=The DHS Program – Survey Search|website=dhsprogram.com}}</ref>

[[File:TFR of India to 2016.svg|thumb|280px|TFR of India to 2016]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1992–1993
| 28.7
| 3.39 (2.64)
| 24.1
| 2.70 (2.09)
| 30.4
| 3.67 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1998–1999
| 24.8
| 2.85 (2.13)
| 20.9
| 2.27 (1.73)
| 26.2
| 3.07 (2.28)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2005–2006
| 23.1
| 2.68 (1.90)
| 18.8
| 2.06 (1.60)
| 25.0
| 2.98 (2.10)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2015–2016
| 19.0
| 2.18 (1.8)
| 15.8
| 1.75 (1.5)
| 20.7
| 2.41 (1.9)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2019–2021
| 17.1
| 1.99 (1.6)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.4)
| 18.6
| 2.14 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7" | CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
|-
! Year
! Hindu
! Muslim
! Christian
! Sikh
! Buddhist/ Neo-Buddhist
! Jain
! Other
|-
| 2019–2021
| 1.94 (1.6)
| 2.36 (1.8)
| 1.88 (1.7)
| 1.61 (1.4)
| 1.39 (1.2)
| 1.60 (1.5)
| 2.15 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7" | CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
|-
! rowspan=2 | State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| 22.6
| 2.74 (2.06)
| 18.6
| 2.08 (1.62)
| 24.0
| 2.99 (2.22)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| 16.6
| 1.87 (1.57)
| 15.5
| 1.68 (1.41)
| 17.5
| 2.06 (1.73)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| 27.1
| 3.41 (2.48)
| 20.4
| 2.42 (1.83)
| 28.0
| 3.56 (2.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| 16.6
| 1.77 (1.53)
| 14.0
| 1.57 (1.38)
| 18.0
| 1.85 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| 20.2
| 2.32 (1.82)
| 17.7
| 1.95 (1.61)
| 21.3
| 2.48 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| 15.5
| 1.70 (1.51)
| 13.9
| 1.54 (1.38)
| 17.2
| 1.86 (1.63)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| 20.8
| 2.40 (1.81)
| 17.5
| 1.94 (1.52)
| 22.0
| 2.56 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| 15.9
| 1.81 (1.42)
| 15.2
| 1.65 (1.30)
| 16.5
| 1.92 (1.50)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| 16.7
| 2.03 (1.54)
| 15.3
| 1.82 (1.39)
| 17.9
| 2.19 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| 16.1
| 1.83 (1.64)
| 13.9
| 1.53 (1.39)
| 17.0
| 1.96 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| 18.1
| 2.05 (1.69)
| 15.6
| 1.73 (1.50)
| 18.7
| 2.12 (1.72)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| 17.1
| 1.79 (1.59)
| 17.1
| 1.67 (1.53)
| 17.2
| 1.88 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| 11.2
| 1.56 (1.47)
| 11.4
| 1.57 (1.47)
| 11.0
| 1.55 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| 21.7
| 2.55 (2.06)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.47)
| 23.5
| 2.83 (2.27)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| 19.5
| 2.21 (1.78)
| 13.2
| 1.45 (1.25)
| 20.5
| 2.34 (1.87)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| 13.8
| 1.62 (1.37)
| 13.5
| 1.59 (1.32)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.39)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| 20.7
| 2.23 (1.88)
| 17.9
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 21.5
| 2.37 (1.97)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| 18.7
| 2.05 (1.63)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.44)
| 20.2
| 2.22 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| 17.7
| 2.01 (1.67)
| 13.9
| 1.58 (1.39)
| 19.4
| 2.18 (1.77)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| 19.0
| 2.07 (1.60)
| 17.1
| 1.80 (1.43)
| 20.0
| 2.24 (1.71)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| 15.3
| 1.88 (1.55)
| 12.0
| 1.43 (1.15)
| 15.7
| 1.92 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| 15.3
| 1.69 (1.55)
| 12.7
| 1.40 (1.34)
| 16.4
| 1.80 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| 24.6
| 3.04 (2.79)
| 16.1
| 1.67 (1.57)
| 26.7
| 3.47 (3.18)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| 21.2
| 2.61 (2.33)
| 17.5
| 2.14 (1.96)
| 23.7
| 2.92 (2.57)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| 21.4
| 2.74 (2.35)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 24.1
| 3.38 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| 12.8
| 1.66 (1.37)
| 13.4
| 1.72 (1.37)
| 11.7
| 1.55 (1.37)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| 17.9
| 2.12 (1.64)
| 17.0
| 1.69 (1.26)
| 18.2
| 2.29 (1.79)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| 18.7
| 2.26 (2.15)
| 16.9
| 1.97 (1.89)
| 21.2
| 2.71 (2.54)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| 11.4
| 1.17 (0.88)
| 12.1
| 1.11 (0.82)
| 11.1
| 1.21 (0.91)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr374-dhs-final-reports.cfm|title=India national family health survey NFHS-5 2019–21|date=15 March 2022|website=Demographic and Health Surveys Program}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
! CBR !! TFR1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| 20.5
| 2.35 (1.77)
| 16.7
| 1.88 (1.49)
| 21.8
| 2.50 (1.86)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| 13.8
| 1.71 (1.43)
| 12.6
| 1.50 (1.27)
| 15.0
| 1.89 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| 25.9
| 2.98 (2.25)
| 20.4
| 2.35 (1.88)
| 27.0
| 3.11 (2.31)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| 15.5
| 1.64 (1.42)
| 12.4
| 1.39 (1.24)
| 17.0
| 1.73 (1.48)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| 17.2
| 1.99 (1.61)
| 13.7
| 1.61 (1.34)
| 18.5
| 2.12 (1.69)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| 13.7
| 1.76 (1.59)
| 12.7
| 1.61 (1.50)
| 14.6
| 1.89 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| 18.7
| 2.01 (1.61)
| 15.3
| 1.67 (1.42)
| 19.8
| 2.11 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| 14.2
| 1.67 (1.38)
| 13.2
| 1.50 (1.25)
| 14.9
| 1.79 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| 15.0
| 1.86 (1.53)
| 13.3
| 1.65 (1.39)
| 16.3
| 2.0 (1.60)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| 13.8
| 1.68 (1.55)
| 12.5
| 1.47 (1.36)
| 14.3
| 1.78 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| 15.9
| 1.82 (1.52)
| 13.1
| 1.48 (1.26)
| 16.5
| 1.89 (1.57)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| 15.3
| 1.75 (1.55)
| 16.0
| 1.75 (1.57)
| 15.3
| 1.74 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| 11.8
| 1.79 (1.68)
| 11.9
| 1.82 (1.71)
| 11.6
| 1.76 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| 20.2
| 2.26 (1.87)
| 14.2
| 1.56 (1.32)
| 22.0
| 2.48 (2.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| 16.8
| 1.87 (1.56)
| 13.1
| 1.50 (1.37)
| 17.4
| 1.93 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| 13.3
| 1.63 (1.35)
| 12.1
| 1.55 (1.29)
| 14.0
| 1.68 (1.38)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| 16.4
| 1.82 (1.57)
| 13.6
| 1.42 (1.28)
| 17.2
| 1.94 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| 16.4
| 1.91 (1.54)
| 14.1
| 1.65 (1.38)
| 17.5
| 2.04 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| 13.1
| 1.41 (1.3)
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| 16.7
| 1.85 (1.46)
| 16.8
| 1.84 (1.47)
| 16.6
| 1.86 (1.47)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| 12.7
| 1.66 (1.43)
| 11.2
| 1.43 (1.36)
| 12.9
| 1.69 (1.44)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| 14.5
| 1.70 (1.49)
| 11.0
| 1.39 (1.29)
| 15.8
| 1.81 (1.56)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| 24.2
| 2.91 (2.66)
| 14.8
| 1.57 (1.43)
| 26.5
| 3.31 (3.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| 17.4
| 2.17 (1.98)
| 14.7
| 1.84 (1.73)
| 19.1
| 2.38 (2.13)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| 15.4
| 1.72 (1.57)
| 12.5
| 1.21 (1.13)
| 16.8
| 2.00 (1.82)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| 10.3
| 1.30 (1.21)
| 10.3
| 1.26 (1.19)
| 10.3
| 1.36 (1.24)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| 16.0
| 1.80 (1.49)
| 14.8
| 1.44 (1.24)
| 16.2
| 1.88 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| 15.0
| 1.87 (1.78)
| 13.9
| 1.63 (1.56)
| 16.4
| 2.19 (2.08)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| 10.2
| 1.05 (0.85)
| 7.8
| 0.71 (0.54)
| 11.7
| 1.32 (1.11)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Delhi]]
| 14.8
| 1.62 (1.29)
| 14.6
| 1.60 (1.27)
| 23.4
| 2.47 (2.06)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

'''Regional vital statistics'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT(2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |title=SRS Bulletin Sample Registration system |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102919/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2" | State or UT
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Birth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Death rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Natural growth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Infant mortality rate
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
|-
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
|-
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 46
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
|-
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 60
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
|-
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|-
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 40
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 45
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
|-
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
|-
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 62
| style="text-align: right;" | 67
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
|-
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
|-
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 47
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 63
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
|-
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
|-
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 64
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|-
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|}

'''Neonatal and infant demographics'''
[[File:IndiaIMRates.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|[[Infant mortality]] rate trends in India (per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)]]
[[File:India Male to Female Sex Ratio 1941 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001 2011.png|thumb|390px|Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.<ref>"Sex Composition of the Population", Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2013)</ref> The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.]]
The table below represents the [[infant mortality rate]] trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Female
! Total
|-
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample Registration System, Registrar General, Volume 33, No. 1|date=April 2000|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120235750/http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |archive-date= 20 January 2022 }}</ref>
| 69.8
| 73.5
| 71.6
|-
| 2005<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=2005–06 National Family Health Survey, Infant and Child Mortality|year=2006|publisher=NFHS, a Government of India Organisation |website=MEASURE DHS |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513132617/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |archive-date= 13 May 2013 }}</ref>
| 56.3
| 58
| 57<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf|title=India Fact Sheet – NFHS-4 – 2015–16 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240311005237/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |archive-date= 11 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REGISTRAR GENERAL, Volume 45, No. 1|date=January 2011|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|access-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209165040/http://nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>
| 49
| 52
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: India |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |date=2017 |pages= 196 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240209140647/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-4Reports/India.pdf |archive-date= 9 February 2024 }}</ref>
| 43.7
| 37.90
| 40.7<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_TMM0+CME_MRY1T4+CME_MRY5T14+CME_TMY0T4+CME_TMY5T14+CME_TMY0+CME_MRY0+CME_TMY1T4+CME_MRY0T4..&startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2020|title=Data Warehouse|website=UNICEF DATA|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
| 29.95
| 29.88
| 29.94<ref name=":3" />
|}

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female [[fetus]]es may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|title=India's unwanted girls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2011|date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

== Ethnic groups ==
{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| autoscale = true
| caption = Ethno-Linguistic groups in India chart (2011)<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages">{{cite web|title=Indo-Aryan languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages">{{cite web|title=Dravidian languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101000000/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|date=1 January 2022}}, Census of India, 2011</ref>
| label1 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]
| value1 = 78.05
| color1 = #FF7518
| label2 = [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]]
| value2 = 19.64
| color2 = #FF0000
| label3 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| value3 = 1.11
| color3 = Brown
| value4 = 1.01
| label4 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| color4 = Yellow
| value5 = 0.19
| label5 = Others
| color5 = Grey
}}

The national Census of India does not recognise [[Racial groups of India|racial]] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref> but recognises many of the tribal groups as [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] (see [[list of Scheduled Tribes in India]]).
For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see [[South Asian ethnic groups]].
According to a 2009 study published by Reich ''et al.'', the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing Indian population history: Abstract |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/nature08365 |pages=489–494 |pmc=2842210 |pmid=19779445 |year=2009 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R|last1=Reich |first1=D. |last2=Thangaraj |first2=K. |last3=Patterson |first3=N. |last4=Price |first4=A. L. |last5=Singh |first5=L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424050419/http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> 700,000 people from the [[United States]] of any race live in India.<ref name="whitehouse.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|title=The United States and India – Prosperity Through Partnership|date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026022035/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Around 150,000 [[Anglo-Indian people]] still live in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-16 |title=Anglo-Indians in India |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/anglo-indians/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gloria J. |date=1996 |title=A Brief History of the Anglo-Indians |url=https://www.international-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.org/index.php/IJAIS/article/view/78 |journal=International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=1327-1652}}</ref> India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

== Population size and structure ==
[[File:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.<ref>(a) [http://censusindia.gov.in/ Census 2011 Final], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (may need subscription); (b) The data is mirrored here: [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011chapter7.pdf Density of Population], Chapter 7, Census of India (2013)</ref>]]
India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population<ref name="censusindia2001">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx Rural-Urban distribution] ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> lived in about 638,000 villages<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Number_of_Village.htm Number of Villages] ''Census of India: Number of Villages'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> and the remaining 27.8%<ref name="censusindia2001" /> lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 [[urban agglomerations]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Urban_agglomerations.htm Urban Agglomerations and Towns] ''Census of India: Urban Agglomerations and Towns.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref>
By 2011, the share of the population living in rural areas decreased to 68.84%, while that of those living in urban areas increased to 31.16%.<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" /> India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision|publisher=United Nations|date=28 June 2011|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607213118/http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,<ref name="Bearak Moriarty Ledur 2021 n171">{{cite news | last1=Bearak | first1=Max | last2=Moriarty | first2=Dylan | last3=Ledur | first3=Júlia | title=Africa's rising cities | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=19 November 2021 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Gramlich 2020 x178">{{cite web | last=Gramlich | first=John | title=For World Population Day, a look at the countries with the biggest projected gains – and losses – by 2100 | website=Pew Research Center | date=30 May 2020 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/07/10/for-world-population-day-a-look-at-the-countries-with-the-biggest-projected-gains-and-losses-by-2100/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.<ref name="Deen 2023 v219">{{cite web | last=Deen | first=Thalif | title=Will Sub-Saharan Africa Ultimately Surpass India And China in Population Growth? – Analysis | website=Eurasia Review | date=1 May 2023 | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/02052023-will-sub-saharan-africa-ultimately-surpass-india-and-china-in-population-growth-analysis/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
'''Comparative demographics'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparative demographics
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Category
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Global ranking
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | References
|-
| Area
| 7th
| <ref name=ciawfb>{{cite web|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, USA|access-date=1 January 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – the World Factbook|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Population
| 1st
| <ref name=ciawfb />
|-
| [[Population growth#Population growth rate|Population growth rate]]
| 102nd of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012>{{cite web|title=World Bank Indicators Databank, by topic|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=1 January 2012|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator}}</ref>
|-
| Population density
| 24th of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012 />
|-
| Male to Female ratio, at birth
| 12th of 214
| in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report|publisher=World DataBank, a compilation of databases by the World Bank|date=February 2012|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population growth of India per decade<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Census year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Change (%)
|-
| 1951
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:361088003}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:439235000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:548160000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:683329000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.7
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:846387888}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.9
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1028737436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,210,193,422
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
|}

'''List of states and union territories by demographics'''
{{Main|List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population#List|l1 = List of States and Union Territories by demographics}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 120px;" | [[States and union territories of India|State/UT]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php | title = List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 | publisher = 2011 Census of India | access-date = 23 January 2013 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percent (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference between male and female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural<ref name="Rural Urban distribution">{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113183243/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/paper2_1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Government of India (2011) |publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Area<ref name="Area of India/state/district">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Administrative_Divisions/Area_of_India.aspx|title=Area of India/state/district|work=Government of India (2001)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=27 October 2008}}</ref> (km2)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Density (per km2)
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.50
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104480510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95331831}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9148679}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 930
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155111022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44470455}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:828}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.28
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58243056}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54131277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4111779}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 929
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61545441}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50827531}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307713}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:365}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| [[Bihar]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.60
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54278157}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49821295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4456862}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 918
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92075028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11729609}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94163}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1102}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| [[West Bengal]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46809027}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44467088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2341939}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 950
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62213676}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29134060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88752}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1030}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.00
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37612306}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35014503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2597803}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52537899}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20059666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308245}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:236}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.96
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36137975}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36009055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128920}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37189229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34949729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130058}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.66
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35550997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32997440}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2553557}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 928
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51540236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17080776}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342239}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:201}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| [[Karnataka]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30966657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30128640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:838017}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37552529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23578175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:191791}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:319}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| [[Gujarat]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31491260}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28948432}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2542828}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 919
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34670817}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25712811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:196024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.08
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24738068}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24648731}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:89337}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34776389}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14610410}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160205}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| [[Odisha]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.47
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21212136}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20762082}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:450054}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 979
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34951234}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6996124}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:269}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| [[Telangana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.91
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17704078}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17489900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:214178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 988
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21585313}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13608665}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114840}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| [[Kerala]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.76
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16027412}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17378649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-1351237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1084
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17445506}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15932171}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38863}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:859}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| [[Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.72
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16930315}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16057819}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:872496}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 948
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25036946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7929292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79714}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:414}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| [[Assam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31205576}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.58
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15939443}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15266133}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:673310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 958
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26780526}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4388756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:78438}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 16
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14639465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13103873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1535592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 895
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17316800}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10387436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50362}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 17
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12832895}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12712303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19603658}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5936538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135191}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
| [[Haryana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13494734}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11856728}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1638006}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 879
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16531493}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8821588}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| [[Delhi]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8887326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7800615}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1086711}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 868
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:944727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12905780}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1484}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11297}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12541302}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.04
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6640662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5900640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:740022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 889
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9134820}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3414106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:222236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.83
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5137773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4948519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 963
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7025583}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3091169}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53483}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.57
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3481873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3382729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99144}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 972
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6167805}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:688704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55673}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:123}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| [[Tripura]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1874376}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1799541}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 960
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2710051}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:960981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10486}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| [[Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.25
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1491832}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1475057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 989
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368971}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:595036}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22429}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| [[Manipur]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2855794}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1438687}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1417107}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 985
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1899624}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:822132}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 26
| [[Nagaland]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.16
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1024649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:953853}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70796}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1406861}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573741}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16579}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:119}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| [[Goa]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:739140}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:719405}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:551414}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:906309}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3702}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:713912}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:669815}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44097}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 938
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1069165}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:313446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83743}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:612511}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:635442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-22931}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1037
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2598}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| [[Mizoram]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555339}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:541867}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13472}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 976
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:529037}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:561997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21081}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| [[Chandigarh]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:580663}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:474787}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:105876}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 818
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1025682}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9252}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| [[Sikkim]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:323070}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287507}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35563}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 890
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:455962}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:151726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:86}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202871}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:177710}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25161}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 876
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244411}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135533}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8249}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:343709}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:193760}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 774
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:159829}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:491}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:698}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 35
| [[Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:243247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.02
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150301}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57355}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 618
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60331}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2169}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
| [[Lakshadweep]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.01
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31350}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 946
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14121}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2013}}
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623724248}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586469174}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35585741}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 943
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:833087662}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:377105760}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3287240}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:382}}
|}

'''Literacy rate'''

[[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Literacy rate map of India, 2011.<ref name="literacy">{{cite web |title=Literacy Rate – 7+years (%) |url=https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |website=NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608053107/https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Literacy rate by state/union territory in 2011
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Overall (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female (%)
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| {{percentage bar|68.74}}
| {{percentage bar|76.75}}
| {{percentage bar|58.01}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|83.78}}
| {{percentage bar|90.83}}
| {{percentage bar|76.60}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| {{percentage bar|86.60}}
| {{percentage bar|81.48}}
| {{percentage bar|71.34}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| {{percentage bar|86.43}}
| {{percentage bar|90.54}}
| {{percentage bar|81.38}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| {{percentage bar|79.63}}
| {{percentage bar|88.33}}
| {{percentage bar|70.70}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| {{percentage bar|76.64}}
| {{percentage bar|85.38}}
| {{percentage bar|66.77}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| {{percentage bar|86.34}}
| {{percentage bar|91.03}}
| {{percentage bar|80.93}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| {{percentage bar|67.06}}
| {{percentage bar|80.51}}
| {{percentage bar|52.66}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|69.72}}
| {{percentage bar|79.24}}
| {{percentage bar|59.26}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| {{percentage bar|63.82}}
| {{percentage bar|73.39}}
| {{percentage bar|53.33}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| {{percentage bar|82.20}}
| {{percentage bar|87.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.43}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|66.95}}
| {{percentage bar|73.69}}
| {{percentage bar|59.57}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| {{percentage bar|80.11}}
| {{percentage bar|83.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.69}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| {{percentage bar|79.85}}
| {{percentage bar|86.49}}
| {{percentage bar|73.17}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| {{percentage bar|91.58}}
| {{percentage bar|93.72}}
| {{percentage bar|89.40}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| {{percentage bar|87.75}}
| {{percentage bar|92.18}}
| {{percentage bar|83.15}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
| {{percentage bar|77.17}}
| {{percentage bar|73.78}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| {{percentage bar|73.18}}
| {{percentage bar|78.81}}
| {{percentage bar|67.27}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| {{percentage bar|77.08}}
| {{percentage bar|82.67}}
| {{percentage bar|71.16}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| {{percentage bar|67.63}}
| {{percentage bar|78.45}}
| {{percentage bar|56.21}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| {{percentage bar|72.90}}
| {{percentage bar|82.40}}
| {{percentage bar|64.36}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| {{percentage bar|71.04}}
| {{percentage bar|81.45}}
| {{percentage bar|60.59}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|70.63}}
| {{percentage bar|80.53}}
| {{percentage bar|60.02}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| {{percentage bar|79.31}}
| {{percentage bar|87.23}}
| {{percentage bar|70.73}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| {{percentage bar|87.07}}
| {{percentage bar|91.48}}
| {{percentage bar|79.59}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| {{percentage bar|77.65}}
| {{percentage bar|86.46}}
| {{percentage bar|65.93}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| {{percentage bar|83.20}}
| {{percentage bar|89.82}}
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh, 2018 |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203236/https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=CORE Dashboard |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |location=Gollapudi, Vijayawada |page=II }}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|67.35}}
| {{percentage bar|74.77}}
| {{percentage bar|59.96}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| {{percentage bar|75.60}}
| {{percentage bar|82.85}}
| {{percentage bar|68.13}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| {{percentage bar|87.40}}
| {{percentage bar|92.81}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| {{percentage bar|92.28}}
| {{percentage bar|96.11}}
| {{percentage bar|88.25}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| {{percentage bar|93.91}}
| {{percentage bar|96.02}}
| {{percentage bar|91.98}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| {{percentage bar|80.33}}
| {{percentage bar|86.81}}
| {{percentage bar|73.86}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| {{percentage bar|86.55}}
| {{percentage bar|92.12}}
| {{percentage bar|81.22}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| {{percentage bar|86.27}}
| {{percentage bar|90.11}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Overall (India)
! {{percentage bar|74.03}}
! {{percentage bar|82.14}}
! {{percentage bar|65.46}}
|}

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.II.2011): <ref>https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics></ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Age group
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percentage (%)
! Cumulative percentage
|-
| 0–4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58632074}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54174704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112806778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.32
| 9.32
|-
| 5–9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300466}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60627660}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126928126}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.48
| 19.8
|-
| 10–14
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69418835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63290377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132709212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.96
| 30.76
|-
| 15–19
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63982396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56544053}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120526449}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.95
| 40.71
|-
| 20–24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57584693}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53839529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:111424222}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.20
| 49.91
|-
| 25–29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51344208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50069757}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:101413965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.38
| 58.29
|-
| 30–34
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44660674}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43934277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88594951}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.32
| 65.61
|-
| 35–39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42919381}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42221303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85140684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.03
| 72.64
|-
| 40–44
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37545386}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34892726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72438112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.98
| 78.62
|-
| 45–49
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32138114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30180213}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62318327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.15
| 83.77
|-
| 50–54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25843266}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23225988}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49069254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.05
| 87.82
|-
| 55–59
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19456012}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19690043}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39146055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.23
| 91.05
|-
| 60–64
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18701749}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18961958}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37663707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.11
| 94.16
|-
| 65–69
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12944326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13510657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26454983}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18
| 96.34
|-
| 70–74
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9651499}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9557343}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19208842}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.59
| 97.93
|-
| 75–79
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4490603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4741900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9232503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.76
| 98.69
|-
| 80–84
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2927040}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3293189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6220229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.51
| 99.2
|-
| 85–89
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1263061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2383167}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.20
| 99.4
|-
| 90–94
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:652465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:794069}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1446534}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| 99.52
|-
| 95–99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:294759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:338538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:633297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| 99.57
|-
| 100+
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:289325}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:316453}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:605778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| 99.62
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2372881}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2116921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4489802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.37
| 99.99
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Total
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623270258}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:587584719}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100.00
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 194,351,375
| align="right" | 178,092,741
| align="right" | 372,444,116
| align="right" | 30.76
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 394,175,879
| align="right" | 373,559,847
| align="right" | 767,735,726
| align="right" | 63.40
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 32,370,123
| align="right" | 33,815,210
| align="right" | 66,185,333
| align="right" | 5.47
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2016): <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics%3E |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | {{formatnum:664184000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:626890000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:1291074000}}
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | {{formatnum:62872000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:56038000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:118910000}}
| align="right" | 9.21
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | {{formatnum:61499000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:56969000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:118468000}}
| align="right" | 9.18
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | {{formatnum:65142000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:59682000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:124824000}}
| align="right" | 9.67
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | {{formatnum:67223000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:60871000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:128094000}}
| align="right" | 9.92
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | {{formatnum:63521000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:57356000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:120877000}}
| align="right" | 9.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | {{formatnum:57272000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:53357000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:110629000}}
| align="right" | 8.57
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | {{formatnum:50782000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:49250000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:100032000}}
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | {{formatnum:45318000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:44787000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:90105000}}
| align="right" | 6.98
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | {{formatnum:41280000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:40497000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:81777000}}
| align="right" | 6.33
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | {{formatnum:36602000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:35107000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:71709000}}
| align="right" | 5.55
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | {{formatnum:30738000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:29016000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:59754000}}
| align="right" | 4.63
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | {{formatnum:24403000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:23307000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:47710000}}
| align="right" | 3.70
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | {{formatnum:19133000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:19288000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:38421000}}
| align="right" | 2.98
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | {{formatnum:15198000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:16114000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:31312000}}
| align="right" | 2.43
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | {{formatnum:11002000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:11723000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:22725000}}
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | {{formatnum:7703000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:8367000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:16070000}}
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | {{formatnum:4496000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:5161000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:9657000}}
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"| Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | {{formatnum:189513000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:172689000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:362202000}}
| align="right" | 28.05
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | {{formatnum:436272000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:412836000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:849108000}}
| align="right" | 65.77
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | {{formatnum:38399000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:41365000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:79764000}}
| align="right" | 6.18
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021): <ref>https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics></ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | {{formatnum:700623000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:662383000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:1363006000}}
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | {{formatnum:60153000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:54120000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:114273000}}
| align="right" | 8.38
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | {{formatnum:62276000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:55390000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:117666000}}
| align="right" | 8.63
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | {{formatnum:61266000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:56785000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:118051000}}
| align="right" | 8.66
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | {{formatnum:64862000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:59420000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:124282000}}
| align="right" | 9.12
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | {{formatnum:66770000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:60474000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:127244000}}
| align="right" | 9.34
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | {{formatnum:62944000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:56956000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:119900000}}
| align="right" | 8.80
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | {{formatnum:56614000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:52961000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:109575000}}
| align="right" | 8.04
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | {{formatnum:50027000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:48836000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:98863000}}
| align="right" | 7.25
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | {{formatnum:44450000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:44315000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:88765000}}
| align="right" | 6.51
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | {{formatnum:40204000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:39903000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:80107000}}
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | {{formatnum:35235000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:34331000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:69566000}}
| align="right" | 5.10
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | {{formatnum:29082000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:28062000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:57144000}}
| align="right" | 4.19
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | {{formatnum:22465000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:22079000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:44544000}}
| align="right" | 3.27
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | {{formatnum:16823000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:17583000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:34406000}}
| align="right" | 2.52
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | {{formatnum:12546000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:13904000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:26450000}}
| align="right" | 1.94
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | {{formatnum:8269000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:9294000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:17563000}}
| align="right" | 1.29
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | {{formatnum:6637000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:7970000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:14607000}}
| align="right" | 1.07
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"| Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | {{formatnum:183695000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:166295000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:349990000}}
| align="right" | 25.68
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | {{formatnum:472653000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:447337000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:919990000}}
| align="right" | 67.50
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | {{formatnum:44275000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:48751000}}
| align="right" | {{formatnum:93026000}}
| align="right" | 6.83
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511035603/http://censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2008670}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1080662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:927982}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:152680}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:763864}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:400681}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:363183}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37498}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2941570}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1593262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1348308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244954}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63187}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54766}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8421}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1328844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:704769}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:624075}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80694}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3297724}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1802047}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1495677}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:306370}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1970510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:914775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140960}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10504916}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5580212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4924004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:656208}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29728235}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15653175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14075060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1578115}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18582229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9615280}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8966949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:648331}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61077}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31418}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29659}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103430}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:285981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:147111}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:138870}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8241}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:353237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12131}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165536}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81571}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2394}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:444055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:227354}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:216701}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10653}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555822}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:282189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:273633}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8556}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4511307}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2305088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2206219}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:98869}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10112599}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5187264}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4925335}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:261929}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5237582}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2695921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2541661}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:154260}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5035650}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2603208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2432442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170766}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3584028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1824987}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759041}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65946}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10548295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5516957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5031338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:485619}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7564464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3974286}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3519890}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:454396}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25880}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13556}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12314}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1242}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49196}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25575}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1954}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12848375}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6822262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6026113}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:796149}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8642686}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4448330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4194356}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253974}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6855801}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3527844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3327957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199887}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:139495}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72669}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66826}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5843}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3715}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3373}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3322247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1695889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1626358}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69531}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6894821}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3542351}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3352470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189881}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:127610}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64932}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62678}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2254}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39497}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20094}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19403}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:691}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158789287}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:82952135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75837152}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7114983}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population above the age of seven by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22055357}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11703083}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10352274}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14782725}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7920675}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6862050}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58116096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30039874}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28076222}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:169853242}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88943240}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80910002}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85222408}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44570067}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40652341}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:546611}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:290243}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:256368}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1179852}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:616802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:563050}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1694621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:878596}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:816025}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1187080}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1181439}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:925478}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:468374}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:457104}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3226977}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1644513}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1582464}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2408185}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1197706}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26657965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13649839}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13008126}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81235137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41740125}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39495012}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27728656}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14235767}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13492889}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36911708}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18598470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18313238}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21956168}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11002928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10953240}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62049270}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32095963}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29953307}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52889452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27507996}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25381456}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:217031}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:136544}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80487}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:167603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126054}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99524597}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51539135}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:47985462}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:76022847}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38061551}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37961296}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54274903}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27529898}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26745005}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1318228}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:668042}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:650186}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29391}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27950}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65244137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32616520}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32627617}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1116854}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:545553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:571301}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:340447}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158211}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1051404135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:540772113}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:510632022}}
|}

== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in India}}

'''Based on the latest Census Data''' {{Pie chart
| thumb =
| caption = Population of India by Religion ([[2011 census of India|2011 Census]])
| label1 = [[Hindus]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]]
| value1 = 79.803
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Muslims]]
[[File:Allah-green.svg|20x20px]]
| value2 = 14.233
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Christians]] [[file:Christian cross.svg|20x20px]]
| value3 = 2.308
| color3 = Blue
| label4 = [[Sikhs]] [[file:Khanda.svg|20x20px]]
| value4 = 1.722
| color4 = Yellow
| label5 = [[Buddhists]]
[[File:Dharma Wheel Rotating.svg|Dharma Wheel Rotating|20x20px]]
| value5 = 0.694
| color5 = Purple
| label6 = [[Jains]]
[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|Jain Prateek Chihna|20x20px]]
| value6 = 0.368
| color6 = Pink
| label7 = Other Religions and Persuasions
| value7 = 0.655
| color7 = Brown
| label8 = Religion Not Stated
| value8 = 0.237
| color8 = Grey
}}

'''Population pyramid by religion'''
[[File:Hindu population pyramid in India (2011). 04.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Hindu population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Hindu population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Muslim population pyramid in India (2011). 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Muslim population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Muslim population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Buddhist population pyramid in India (2011).jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Buddhist population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Buddhist population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Jain population pyramid in India (2011). 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Jain population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Jain population across various age groups in India.]]
The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding [[Assam]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious populations' numbers (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India – India at a Glance: Religious Compositions|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Religion
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percentage (%)
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hindus
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:966378868}}
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
|-
| style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Muslims
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172245158}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christians
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27819588}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhs
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20833116}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhists
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8442972}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
|-
| style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jains
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4451753}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7937734}}
| {{percentage bar|0.66}}
|-
| Not Stated
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2867303}}
| {{percentage bar|0.24}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Changes in religious demographics over time
|-
! Year
! style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hindus
! style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Muslims
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christians
! style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhs
! style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhists
! style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jainis
! style="background:#F0E0C0;" | Zoroastrians
! style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others/ Religion not specified
|-
| 1951
| {{percentage bar|84.1}}
| {{percentage bar|9.8}}
| {{percentage bar|2.3}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.13}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1961
| {{percentage bar|83.45}}
| {{percentage bar|10.69}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1971
| {{percentage bar|82.73}}
| {{percentage bar|11.21}}
| {{percentage bar|2.60}}
| {{percentage bar|1.89}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.48}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
|-
| 1981
| {{percentage bar|82.30}}
| {{percentage bar|11.75}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.92}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.47}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.42}}
|-
| 1991
| {{percentage bar|81.53}}
| {{percentage bar|12.61}}
| {{percentage bar|2.32}}
| {{percentage bar|1.94}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.40}}
| {{percentage bar|0.08}}
| {{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
| 2001
| {{percentage bar|80.46}}
| {{percentage bar|13.43}}
| {{percentage bar|2.34}}
| {{percentage bar|1.87}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
| {{percentage bar|0.06}}
| {{percentage bar|0.72}}
|-
| 2011<ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.9}}
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Characteristics of religious groups<ref name="census_2011_religion" />
|-
! rowspan=2 | Religious group
! rowspan=2 | Population (2011) %
! rowspan=2 | [[Population growth|Growth]] (2001–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-population-grows-marginally-faster-census-2011-data/story-yAhd2F6z57ezaFWiwwYU7H.html|title=Muslim population grows marginally faster: Census 2011 data|author=Aloke Tikku|access-date=18 October 2016|date=26 August 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-population-121-09-crores-hindus-79-8-pc-muslims-14-2-pc-census/|title=Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down|date=26 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! colspan=4 | [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] (2011)
! rowspan=2 | [[Literacy]] (2011) (%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jains-most-literate-in-north-muslims-the-least/story-iKno2PywCvEZbGmguNFg2N.html|title=Jains most literate in North, Muslims the least|work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2016|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | [[Workforce|Work participation]] (2011) (%)<ref name="dnaindia.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Only-33-of-Muslims-work-lowest-among-all-religions/articleshow/50433358.cms|title=Only 33% of Muslims work, lowest among all religions|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! total<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-census-2011-sikhs-jains-have-the-worst-sex-ratio-2161061|title=Census 2011: Sikhs, Jains have the worst sex ratio & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 December 2015|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! rural
! urban
! child<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|title=The Times Group|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160719/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hinduism
| ! style="background:#A0F040; | 79.80% || 16.8%|| 939 || 946 || 921 || 913 || 73.3% || 41.0%
|-
! style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Islam
| 14.23% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |24.6% || 951 || 957 || 941 || 943 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |68.5% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |32.6%
|-
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christianity
| 2.30% || 15.5% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1023 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1008 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1046 || 958 || 84.5% || 41.9%
|-
! style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhism
| 1.72% || 8.4% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |903 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |905 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |898 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |828 || 75.4% || 36.3%
|-
! style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhism
| 0.70% || 6.1% || 965 || 960 || 973 || 933 || 81.3% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |43.1%
|-
! style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jainism
| ! style="background:#FF6040; |0.37% ||! style="background:#FF6040;| 5.4% || 954 || 935 || 959 || 889 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |94.9% || 35.5%
|-
! style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others/Religion Not Specified
| 0.90% || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || 959 || 947 || 975 || ! style="background:#A0F040; | 974 || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a
|}

{{Clear}}
[[File:Muslim Demographics of India.png|thumb|Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Table C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>]]

== Caste/tribe ==
{{See also|Caste system in India}}
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979, which was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
! Caste/Tribe
! Population
! Percentage
! Notes
|-
| '''Total population'''
| '''731,000,000'''
| {{percentage bar|100}}
| *Margin of error 0.34%
|-
| '''Scheduled castes and tribes'''
| '''164,913,600'''
| {{percentage bar|22.56}}
|
|-
| Scheduled castes
| 110,015,500
| {{percentage bar|15.05}}
|
|-
| Scheduled tribes
| 54,898,100
| {{percentage bar|7.51}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities'''
| '''128,509,800'''
| {{percentage bar|17.58}}
|
|-
| Brahmin (including Bhumihar)
| 40,351,200
| {{percentage bar|5.52}}
|
|-
| Kshtriyas(Rajput)
| 28,509,000
| {{percentage bar|3.90}}
|
|-
| Maratha
| 16,155,100
| {{percentage bar|2.21}}
|
|-
| Jats
| 7,310,000
| {{percentage bar|1}}
|
|-
| Vaishya, Bania, etc.
| 13,742,800
| {{percentage bar|1.88}}
|
|-
| Kayasthas
| 7,821,700
| {{percentage bar|1.07}}
|
|-
| Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ]
| 14,620,000
| {{percentage bar|2}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Non-Hindu communities and groups'''
| '''121,346,000'''
| {{percentage bar|16.6}}
| '''Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC'''
|-
| Muslim (Non S.T)
| 81,798,900
| {{percentage bar|11.19}}
| {{percentage bar|0.02}}
|-
| Christian (Non S.T)
| 15,789,600
| {{percentage bar|2.16}}
| {{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
| Sikh (Non scheduled)
| 12,207,700
| {{percentage bar|1.67}}
| {{percentage bar|0.22}}
|-
| Buddhist (Non S.T)
| 4,897,700
| {{percentage bar|0.67}}
| {{percentage bar|0.03}}
|-
| Jain (Non scheduled)
| 3,435,700
| {{percentage bar|0.47}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Other backward classes and communities (OBC)'''
| '''380,120,000'''
| {{percentage bar|52}}
| '''*OBC is a derived figure'''
|-
| Hindu OBC
| 318,716,000
| {{percentage bar|43.60}}
|
|-
| Non-Hindu OBC
| 61,404,000
| {{percentage bar|8.40}}
| '''*52% of Non-Hindus'''
|}

== Largest cities of India ==
{{main list|List of cities in India by population
}}
{{Largest cities
| country = India
| stat_ref = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=India Census 2011|date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
| div_name = State/UT
| div_link = States and territories of India{{!}}State/UT

| city_1 = Mumbai| div_1 = Maharashtra
| pop_1 = 12,478,447 | city_11 = Kanpur | div_11 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_11 = 2,920,067

| city_2 = Delhi | div_2 = Delhi | pop_2 = 11,007,835 | city_12 = Lucknow | div_12 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_12 = 2,901,474

| city_3 = Chennai| div_3 = Tamil Nadu | pop_3 = 8,696,010 | city_13 = Nagpur | div_13 = Maharashtra | pop_13 = 2,405,421

| city_4 = Bengaluru | div_4 = Karnataka | pop_4 = 8,425,970 | city_14 = Indore | div_14 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_14 = 1,960,521

| city_5 = Hyderabad | div_5 = Telangana| pop_5 = 6,809,970
| city_15 = Thane | div_15 = Maharashtra | pop_15 = 1,818,872

| city_6 = Ahmedabad| div_6 = Gujarat | pop_6 = 5,570,585
| city_16 = Bhopal | div_16 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_16 = 1,795,648

| city_7 = Kolkata | div_7 = West Bengal | pop_7 = 4,486,679
| city_17 = Visakhapatnam | div_17 = Andhra Pradesh | pop_17 = 1,730,320

| city_8 = Surat | div_8 = Gujarat | pop_8 = 4,462,002
| city_18 = Pimpri-Chinchwad | div_18 = Maharashtra | pop_18 = 1,729,359

| city_9 = Pune | div_9 = Maharashtra | pop_9 = 3,115,431
| city_19 = Patna | div_19 = Bihar | pop_19 =1,683,200

| city_10 = Jaipur | div_10 = Rajasthan | pop_10 = 3,073,350
| city_20 = Vadodara| div_20 = Gujarat, India{{!}}Gujarat | pop_20 = 1,670,806
}}

== Charts ==
{{hatnote|Graphs are temporarily unavailable on Wikipedia due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the "new Graph extension," will be provided as they become available.}}
{{Chart|definition=India Total Population.chart|data=India Total Population.tab|Width=450}}

{{Chart|definition=India Natural Growth.chart|data=India Natural Growth.tab|Width=450}}

{{Chart|definition=India TFR.chart|data=India TFR.tab|Width=450}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Immigration to India]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Irreligion in India]]
{{div col end}}

=== Government ===
* [[Census of India]]
* [[National Commission on Population]]
* [[Caste Census]]

=== Lists ===
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate]]
* [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Arnold, David. ''Pandemic India: From Cholera to COVID-19'' (Oxford University Press, 2022). {{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Archana |date=January 2023 |title=Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58263 |website=H-Net Reviews }}
* Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:klshTLKx0HQJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&scillfp=11120507983704651524&oi=lle Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges]". ''Sage Open'' 11.2 (2021): {{doi|10.1177/2158244021100817}}.
* {{Citation
| last1=Chamie
| first1=Joseph
| last2=Mirkin
| first2=Barry
| title=Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country
| url=https://qz.com/1051533/india-is-unprepared-for-a-near-future-when-it-will-be-the-worlds-most-populous-country/
| website=Quartz
| date=August 2017
}}. Joseph Chamie is former director of the [[United Nations Population Division]] and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
* Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "[https://www.shram.org/uploadFiles/20140521010420.pdf Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}". ''Spatial demography'' 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
* Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in '' International handbook of rural demography'' (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp. 169–189.
* Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "[https://ascopubs.org/doi/pdfdirect/10.1200/JGO.19.00048 History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century]". ''Journal of Global Oncology'' 5 (2019): 1–15.

;Medieval India
* Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
* Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ Census of India]; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
* [https://ansi.gov.in Anthropological Survey of India]
* [https://www.censusindia2011.com/ Population of India as per Census India 2011]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091939/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/ Census of India map generator]; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
* [http://www.demographie.net/demographicdata/ Demographic data for India]; provides sources of demographic data for India
* [http://www.demographie.net/atlas2001 2001 maps]; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
* [https://archive.today/20121225224231/http://populationindia.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/population-of-india-2011-image/ Population of India 2011 map]; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=195 India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends]
* "[https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101173305/https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php |date=1 January 2023 }}": Country Profile – India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114074733/http://www.quandl.com/demography/india-all-demographic-indicators Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/demographics_and_society/key_indicators_13/population/population_annual_total%7Cchart/line$countries=india&sorting=list//title Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics]
* [https://archive.today/20150220095949/http://itbulk.org/population/population-projection-by-country/ India comparing with China population projection graph] Based on data from database of UN Population Division.

{{Life in India}}
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{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Census of India}}

[[Category:Demographics of India| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]

2024 Pune Porsche car crash

2026-03-24T11:23:23Z

Julixei: Started a info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}{{Infobox event
| title = 2024 Pune car crash
| image = 2020 Porsche Taycan 4S 79kWh Front.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = A representative picture of Porsche Taycan, the car model driven by Agarwal at the time
| caption = A representative picture of [[Porsche Taycan]], the car model driven by Agarwal at the time
| date = {{start date and age|2024|05|19|df=y|p=y}}
| time = 2:30 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| place = [[Kalyani Nagar]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| cause = Drunk driving, overspeeding
| deaths = Aneesh Awadhiya, Ashwini Koshta
| outcome = Arrests and ongoing legal proceedings
| accused = Vedant Agarwal
}}

On 19 May 2024, Vedant Agarwal, aged 17 years, killed two motorbike riders in an [[automobile collision]] in the [[Kalyani Nagar]] neighbourhood of [[Pune|Pune, Maharashtra]], India. The deceased, Aneesh Awadhiya and Ashwini Koshta, were residents of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Media reports emphasised that Agarwal was driving an unregistered [[Porsche Taycan]], considered a luxury vehicle, and that he had purchased and consumed alcohol before the incident.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title=Killer Porsche was on Pune's streets without registration since March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/killer-porsche-was-on-punes-streets-without-registration-since-march/articleshow/110281678.cms |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Agarwal's father brought [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] member [[Sunil Tingre]] to the police station.<ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23" /> Thereafter, the police gave Agarwal preferential treatment, including delaying the test of his [[blood alcohol content]].<ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23" /> The [[Juvenile Justice Board]] gave the accused minor bail within hours, creating a nation-wide controversy regarding the derailment of justice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Phadke |first=Manasi |date=2024-05-25 |title=Pune Porsche case wouldn't have taken a U-turn for the rich family if not for public outrage |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/pune-porsche-case-wouldnt-have-taken-a-u-turn-for-the-rich-family-if-not-for-public-outrage/2100699/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The 50-year-old father was taken into custody<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dama |first=Paras Harendra |date=21 May 2024 |title=Crime Branch To Probe Pune Porsche Crash, Teen Driver's Father Arrested |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/teen-drivers-father-arrested-after-pune-porsche-crash-killed-2-5709747 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and questioned about the blood sample swap. The juvenile's 77-year-old grandfather is accused of abducting the driver who was present at the time of the accident and forcing him to take the blame.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Pune Porsche crash case: Mercedes used for driver's abduction seized by Police Crime Branch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pune-porsche-crash-case-mercedes-used-for-drivers-abduction-seized-by-police-crime-branch/videoshow/110500676.cms |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

The juvenile was in an observation home till June 25.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=[Pune Porsche Accident Case] Bombay HC directs release of the accused minor; Directs continuation of Juvenile Justice Board-ordered psychological counselling |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/06/25/bombay-hc-releases-pune-porsche-accident-minor-from-observation-home/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2024-06-25 |title=Pune teen walks out of juvenile home after court terms detention 'illegal' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/bombay-high-court-orders-release-pune-teen-accused-porsche-crash-case-calls-remand-order-illegal-2557792-2024-06-25 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On June 25, the Bombay High Court termed the custody in observation home illegal and ordered to release him and keep him under custody of his parental aunt.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> He was questioned about his activities before the accident and the events at [[Sassoon Hospital]] but gave vague answers. Investigation revealed that the minor’s blood sample was [[False evidence|swapped]] with his mother’s, implicating both parents and the hospital staff in the conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=Pune Porsche Crash Case: Accused Minor's Mother Who Gave Her Blood Samples To Swap With Son's |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/pune-porsche-crash-case-accused-mother-who-gave-her-blood-samples-to-swap-arrested-1691712 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mutha |first=Snehal |date=2024-06-01 |title=Pune Porsche car crash: mother of minor accused held for 'tampering with evidence' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/pune-luxury-car-crash-allegations-against-mla-sunil-tingre-baseless-says-ajit-pawar/article68238993.ece |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 16 December 2025, the Bombay High Court rejected the bail pleas of the accused in the case, including the family of the driver and medical staff managing the test samples.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Vidya |title=Pune Porsche crash: Court denies bail to minor driver’s father, 7 others |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/pune-porsche-hit-and-run-case-court-denies-bail-to-minors-father-7-others-2836993-2025-12-16 |website=India Today |language=en |date=16 December 2025}}</ref>

On 2 February 2026, the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted bail to 3 accused Amar Gaikwad, Aditya Avinash Sood and Ashish Mittal involved in tampering of blood samples.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2026 |title=Pune Porsche Crash Accused Get Bail, Supreme Court Flags 18 Month Detention, 'Parenting Failure'. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-porsche-crash-accused-get-bail-supreme-court-flags-18-month-detention-parenting-failure-10930272 |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

== Incident ==
At 10:30 PM on 18 May 2024, Vedant Agarwal and a few of his friends entered Cosie Restaurant and Bar in [[Koregaon Park]] to celebrate his [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] 12th Board Examination.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Taskin |first=Bismee |date=2024-05-22 |title=Bar bills of Rs 68,000 & a 48-hour manhunt — what's transpired in Pune Porsche accident case so far |url=https://theprint.in/india/bar-bills-of-rs-68000-a-48-hour-manhunt-whats-transpired-in-pune-porsche-accident-case-so-far/2096900/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The restaurant served the group of minors alcohol till midnight, after which the restaurant refused to serve them anymore and asked them to leave.<ref name=":1" /> The 17-year-old boy paid {{INRConvert|48000|lk=on|year=2024}} for the drinks for the group using his grandfather's credit card and then left.<ref name=":1" />

The group then proceeded to Blak Club at Marriott Suites at 12:25 AM. They once again managed to order and were served alcohol. They departed at 1:22 AM after settling a {{INRConvert|20000|year=2024}} bill.<ref name=":1" />

After spending some time in the area, Vedant began driving towards his house under the [[Alcohol intoxication|influence of alcohol]] in an unregistered [[Porsche Taycan Turbo S]] owned by his father.<ref name=":6" /> Around 2:30 AM at [[Kalyani Nagar]] junction, he lost control of the car, which was speeding at around {{convert|200|km/h|0}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Porsche Accident CCTV Video: Footage Reveals Luxury Car Driven By Teen At Over 200 kmph, That Killed 2 In Kalyani Nagar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/watch-cctv-captures-minor-crashing-porsche-killing-two-in-punes-kalyani-nagar |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> and crashed into a motorcycle, killing Aneesh Awadhiya and Ashwini Koshta.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title=2 techies killed after 17-year-old builder's son rams Porsche into bike in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-2-killed-as-luxury-car-hits-motorcycle-in-pune-minor-held/articleshow/110247644.cms |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They were flung {{Convert|5|m|ft}} into the air.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Purnima |date=2025-03-28 |title=Pune luxury car crash case: Two police officers face dismissal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pune-porsche-crash-two-police-officers-likely-to-face-the-axe-for-shoddy-probe/article69386078.ece |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Koshta, who was the [[pillion]] rider, died on the spot, while Awadhiya later succumbed to his injuries in a hospital.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Pune Porsche crash: Luxury car's Rs 1,758 registration fee pending since March |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pune-porsche-crash-luxury-cars-rs-1758-registration-fee-pending-since-march-430467-2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> They were both 24-year-old IT workers from [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune Porsche car crash: Parents of deceased techies demand Supreme Court-monitored probe, trial in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-porsche-car-crash-parents-of-deceased-techies-demand-sc-monitored-probe-trial-in-mp/article68211222.ece |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

A mob at the scene took dragged people out of the car—Vedant, two of his friends, and his family's [[chauffeur]]—and began beating up Vedant. The police arrived after a few minutes and took Vedant to the Yerawada police station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Purnima |last2=Banerjee |first2=Shoumojit |date=2024-05-31 |title=Pune Porsche Accident: A speeding car, two deaths, and a cover-up |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-porsche-car-crash-a-speeding-car-two-deaths-and-a-cover-up/article68237051.ece |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Fifty minutes after the incident, at 3:20 AM on 19 May 2024, politician [[Sunil Tingre]] went to the police station on request from the father of the accused.<ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Pune Porsche Crash: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-crash-what-we-know-9346927/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Pune Porsche crash: MLA's late-night visit, delay in alcohol test raise questions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-crash-mlas-late-night-visit-delay-in-alcohol-test-raise-questions-9346161/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Tingre is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and [[Ajit Pawar]]'s [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23"/><ref name=":3"/> It is alleged that the police then provided preferential treatment to the minor as the charges against him were under Section 185 of the [[Motor Vehicles Act]], which deals with drunk driving offences. Moreover, the blood alcohol test of the minor was delayed by over eight hours—enough time for alcohol to be flushed out of the body.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/> The minor was taken to [[Sassoon Hospital]] around 9 am and the sample was collected around 11 AM.<ref name=":3" /> The minor was allegedly served pizzas and burgers while in custody, though this was denied by Pune Police Commissioner Amitesh Kumar.<ref name=":0" /> Doctors and police examined a blood sample which was allegedly swapped with blood from Agarwal's mother.<ref name="De 30 May 2024">{{cite web |last1=De |first1=Abhishek |title=Why the Pune Porsche crash is not your regular accident case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pune-porsche-accident-twists-turns-sequence-of-events-2545852-2024-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en |date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

Hours later, the [[Juvenile Justice Board]] granted the minor [[bail]] on the conditions that the minor has to work with Yerwada Police for 15 days, write 300-words essay on road accidents, undergo treatment for his drinking habit, and take counselling sessions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Aditi |date=22 May 2024 |title=Explained: Charges Against Pune Builder, Son Who Ran Over 2 With Porsche |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-porsche-crash-pune-crash-explained-charges-against-pune-builder-son-who-ran-over-2-with-porsche-5719485 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

The decision of the court to award the accused bail, with its order to write a 300-word essay in an incident with two casualties, triggered outrage across the country. Allegations had been made over leniency by the Juvenile Justice Board.<ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23"/> Following the outcry of the preferential treatment and miscarriage of justice, MLA [[Sunil Tingre]] denied the allegation that he pressurized the police, and maintained that he visited the police station in the middle of the night as a responsible representative of the public.<ref name=":0" />

On 20 May 2024, after the outcry, the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister]] and [[Ministry of Home Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Home Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] travelled to Pune and met with the Pune Police chief. He then addressed a press conference, expressing "shock and surprise" over the order passed by the Juvenile Justice Board. Fadnavis said the police later went to a higher court, which directed the police to approach the Juvenile Justice Board with a [[review petition]].<ref name=":0" /> Police then asked to try the minor as an adult in its review petition.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Pune Porsche deaths: Police move higher court for trying accused minor as adult |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pune-porsche-deaths-police-move-higher-court-for-trying-accused-minor-as-adult-top-updates-101716219198206.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The same day, a second [[First information report|FIR]] was registered based on two sections of the [[Juvenile Justice Act]], Sections 75 and 77. This FIR was against the minor’s father—retail builder Vishal Agrawal—and the owners and employees of the two bars that served the group of teenager's alcohol.<ref name=":0" /> In its FIR, the Pune Police contended that Vishal Agrawal not only endangered his son's life by giving him the car to drive despite knowing well that his child did not have a driving license but also held responsible for allowing his son to party, knowing well that he drinks alcohol.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Pune car crash: Minor's father sent to police custody till May 24 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/pune-porsche-case-minors-father-sent-to-police-custody-till-may-24-3033933 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2024-05-21 |title=Pune Porsche accident: Police arrest five including realtor as case snowballs into political slugfest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-car-accident-police-arrest-five-including-realtor-as-case-snowballs-into-political-slugfest/article68199225.ece |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-25 |title=Pune Porsche crash case: Grandfather of teenager arrested for 'wrongful confinement' of family driver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-porsche-accident-cops-arrest-accuseds-grandfather-for-threatening-driver-to-take-blame/articleshow/110413314.cms |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Pune Police later on the same day, traced, chased, and arrested the absconding Vishal Agrawal from [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Angry protesters later attempted to throw ink at him when he was being taken to a local court.<ref name=":0" />

Pune district collector Suhas Diwase ordered the two pubs to be sealed after the state excise department submitted a report highlighting multiple lacunae in their functioning.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Porsche accident effect: Pune Municipality bulldozes two pubs in Koregaon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mumbai-news/porsche-accident-effect-pune-municipality-bulldozes-two-pubs-in-koregaon/articleshow/110332298.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Porsche crash: Two liquor serving outlets visited by teen driver sealed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/pune-porsche-crash-two-liquor-serving-outlets-visited-by-teen-driver-sealed-3033012 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In a crackdown on illegal activities by pubs, two other pubs which had been constructed illegally were demolished.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Pune Porsche accident: Bulldozers raze 2 illegal pubs in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-porsche-crash-bulldozers-raze-2-illegal-pubs-in-city/articleshow/110325214.cms |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 22 May, the juvenile court cancelled the bail which had been granted and order the accused to be remanded till 5 June 2024 and was lodged at the Nehru Udyog Kendra Observation Home.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Pune Porsche accident: Juvenile Court cancels bail of teenager involved in car crash, sends him to Rehabilitation Home |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pune-porsche-accident-juvenile-court-cancels-bail-of-teenager-involved-in-car-crash-sends-him-to-observation-home/articleshow/110340160.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express 2024-05-23"/>

On 24 May, against the growing protest for justice, [[Police Commissioner of Pune]] Amitsh Kumar announced that they were making a watertight case, and that the allegation of preferential treatment was also being investigated by an ACP Rank officer. The Commissioner also stated that the minor was in his full senses and further charges of [[Indian Penal Code]] will be pressed against him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mago |first=Shivani |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune Porsche accident: 'Accused was in his senses, will be punished,' says top cop |url=https://theprint.in/?p=2099767 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune teen was driving in 'full senses', bid made to pin blame on driver: Top cop |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pune-porsche-crash-police-commissioner-accused-full-senses-aware-of-situation-2543256-2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A case was registered against the minor boy under the Indian Penal Code Sections - 304A (causing death by negligence), 304 (culpable homicide), 337 (negligent driving endangering safety of others), 338 (rash or negligent act that endangers personal safety) and 427 (mischief causing loss or damage punishable with imprisonment, which may extend to two years or with fine, or both), and other sections of the Motor Vehicles Act.<ref name=":1" />

On the same day, two police officers were suspended for a breach of protocol with regards to the case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune Porsche accident: Two policemen suspended for dereliction of duty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/pune-porsche-accident-two-policemen-suspended-for-dereliction-of-duty/article68212333.ece |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The accused claimed that the driver employed by the family was driving the car when the accident took place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune Porsche accident: Teen says driver was behind the wheels, friends back claim in fresh twist to case |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pune-porsche-accident-teen-says-driver-was-behind-the-wheels-friends-back-claim-in-fresh-twist-to-case-430719-2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> On 25 May, the grandfather of the accused was arrested for wrongful confinement of the driver, in order to coerce him to take the blame for the accident.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Ateeq Shaikh |author2=Purnima Sah |date=2024-05-25 |title=Pune car crash: Grandfather of minor boy arrested for allegedly forcing driver to take blame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/pune-car-crash-teenagers-grandfather-sent-to-police-custody-till-may-28/article68214249.ece |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The police also alleged that the father of the accused tampered with evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pune Porsche crash: Minor's father tried to show son wasn't driving; CCTV seized from house tampered, say police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-crash-driver-juvenile-police-chief-9349307/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 May, two senior doctors from the [[Sassoon Hospital]] were arrested for replacing blood samples taken from the accused.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2024-05-27 |title=Pune Porsche crash: Police arrests Sassoon Hospital doctors for manipulating juvenile's blood samples |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-porsche-crash-police-say-teen-drivers-blood-sample-was-replaced/article68220547.ece |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 25 June, after a plea from the maternal aunt of the accused, the [[Bombay High Court]] directed the police to release the accused, declaring the previous remand order illegal and for the accused to be under the care and custody of the aunt.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sah |first1=Purnima |title=Pune Porsche crash: Bombay High Court orders release of accused juvenile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/bombay-hc-orders-release-of-pune-car-crash-accused-juvenile/article68331274.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |title=Pune Car Crash: Bombay High Court orders release of minor boy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/pune-car-crash-bombay-high-court-orders-release-of-minor-boy-3079974 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 July, the Pune Police filed a 900 page chargesheet against 7 accused for allegedly manipulating evidence to protect the minor who was accused in the accident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Maharashtra: Pune Police files 900-page chargesheet in fatal Porsche car accident. |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/pune-porsch-accident-news-police-files-900-page-chargesheet-in-fatal-hit-and-run-accident-latest-updates-2024-07-26-943860 |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=India TV}}</ref>

Later, the state women and child development (WCD) department conducted a probe into alleged irregularities after huge uproar over bail granted to the juvenile under lenient conditions. The department has terminated the service of two members for “procedural lapses, misconduct and non-compliance with norms".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/10/10/misuse-of-power-maharashtra-govt-sacks-2-juvenile-board-members-over-quick-bail-to-minor-in-pune-porsche-crash-case.html | title=Misuse of power: Maharashtra govt sacks 2 juvenile board members over 'quick bail' to minor in Pune Porsche crash case | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref>

A labour contractor who was also the father of the two minors accompanying Vedant Agrawal was also arrested on charges of conspiracy, manipulation of the blood alcohol test of his minor son and [[Tampering with evidence|destruction of evidence]] after the car crashed into the bike of the two IT professionals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=Father of one of 3 minors in Porsche car during crash surrenders before court. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/labour-contractor-surrenders-after-porsche-crash-that-killed-two-young-techies/articleshow/115025993.cms |access-date=6 November 2024 |work=Times Of India}}</ref>

Two more people named Aditya Avinash Sood and Ashish Satish Mittal were arrested for trying to save the boy's two minor friends. Sood and Mittal approached the Chief Medical Officer of Sassoon, Shrihari Halnor and head of the forensic department. He bribed Ajay Taware. Sood then replaced a boy's blood sample with his own blood sample. The police investigation also revealed that Mittal had replaced the other boy with his own blood at the behest of accused Arun Kumar Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-15 |title=Porsche Kalyaninagar Accident: Chargesheet Filed Against Two More Accused |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/porsche-kalyaninagar-accident-chargesheet-filed-against-two-more-accused |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Bridge Chronicle}}</ref>

On 20 May, Police Department had asked the court to try the minor as an adult in its review petition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-porsche-case-accused-juvenile-justice-board-police-plea-rejected-10127555/|title=Porsche case | JJB rejects plea to try minor as adult; in Pune, not one minor involved in heinous crime tried as adult, say lawyers|date=15 July 2025}}</ref> On 15 July 2025, the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) dismissed the Pune police’s request to prosecute the minor involved in the fatal Porsche accident as an adult.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=Pune Porsche case: Juvenile Justice Board rules 17-year-old will be tried as a minor |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/pune-porsche-case-17-year-old-accused-to-be-tried-as-juvenile-23584807 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Mid-Day |language=en}}</ref> Later, the Pune Police have filed an appeal before the sessions court against the JJB’s July 15 order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=Pune police move sessions court against Juvenile Justice Board’s rejection of plea to try teenage driver in Porsche crash case as adult |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-police-move-sessions-court-against-juvenile-justice-boards-rejection-of-plea-to-try-teenage-driver-in-porsche-crash-case-as-adult/articleshow/123244600.cms |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The decision of the court to award the accused bail, with its order to write a 300-word essay, triggered outrage across the country and led to a debate on road safety in India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Deputy Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] issued statements of condemnation expressing shock and surprise over the leniency of the Juvenile Justice Board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Porsche Crash Case: Deputy CM Fadnavis says 15-day social service for teen shocking, revision application filed by police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-porsche-car-accident-deputy-cm-fadnavis-says-15-day-social-service-for-teen-shocking-revision-application-filed-by-police/article68202742.ece |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Leaders such as [[Sanjay Raut]] from the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] and [[Supriya Sule]] from the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]] also raised questions over whether the Pune Police’s alleged leniency with the teenager was the result of political pressure.<ref name=":0" />

Kasba MLA [[Ravindra Dhangekar]] alleged that the Pune Police Commissioner "doesn't think anyone is guilty because he is living on builders' money".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Porsche Crash Case: Congress' Ravindra Dhangekar Alleges CP 'Lives On Builders' Money', Constables Collect 'Haftas' From Pubs, Bars |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-porsche-crash-case-congress-ravindra-dhangekar-alleges-cp-lives-on-builders-money-constables-collect-haftas-from-pubs-bars |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] also raised the issue targeting Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[BJP]] dispensation, stating:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Rahul Gandhi wades into Pune Porsche crash issue: 'Justice should be equal for rich and poor' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/rahul-gandhi-pune-porsche-crash-issue-justice-equal-rich-poor-9343371/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=2024-05-22 |title=Porsche crash: Why bus drivers not told to write essays, asks Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/porsche-crash-why-bus-drivers-not-told-to-write-essays-asks-rahul-gandhi-124052200815_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=If someone is killed by a bus driver, truck driver, Ola, Uber, or auto-driver by mistake, they get a prison term of 10 years, and their keys are thrown away. But if a rich kid drives a Porsche under the influence of alcohol and kills two persons, he is asked to write an essay. Why aren’t truck drivers, bus drivers, or Uber, auto drivers asked to write essays? The question is about justice. It should be the same for everyone, for the rich and the poor.}}

On 26 May 2024, the Congress Youth Wing of Pune organised an essay writing competition on the spot of the car crash as a mark of protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/congress-youth-wing-organises-essay-competition-at-pune-car-crash-site-2|title=Congress youth wing organises essay competition at Pune car crash site}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Li Gang incident]]
* [[Death of Wichian Klanprasert]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2024 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Driving under the influence]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:2024 road incidents]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Abuse of the legal system]]
[[Category:Evidence tampering]]
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]

Delhi United FC

2026-03-23T11:50:33Z

Julixei: general enhance intro per standard format additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Delhi}}
{{Distinguish|Delhi FC|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Delhi United
| image = Delhi United FC.svg
| upright = 0.85
| current =
| fullname = Delhi United Football Club<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/division/all-clubs/|title=Football Delhi Senior Division League: All clubs|website=footballdelhi.com|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108022024/https://www.footballdelhi.com/division/all-clubs/|archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>
| nickname = Delhi-Red
| founded = {{start date and age|1995}}
| ground = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| capacity = 35,000
| owner = United Soccer Pvt. Ltd.
| chairman = [[Krishna Anand Tripathi]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Ayush Bhuttan
| league = [[Delhi Football League|FD A-Division]]
| season =
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'''Delhi United FC''' (formerly '''Delhi United Soccer Club''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league|title=Mumbai's Kenkre FC name squad for 2nd Division I-League|date=5 March 2013|access-date=7 March 2023|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142309/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabaikhel.com/football/nrt-team/|title=एनआरटीले विदेशी कोटामा भित्र्यायो ३ क्यामरुनी र २ भारतीय खेलाडी|trans-title=NRT has brought in 3 Cameroonian and 2 Indian players in the foreign quota|date=20 February 2023|website=sabaikhel.com|language=ne|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228125412/https://sabaikhel.com/football/nrt-team/|archive-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> that competes in the [[Delhi Football League|FD A-Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/competitions/senior-division/ |title=Delhi Senior Division League |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108015816/https://www.footballdelhi.com/competitions/senior-division/ }}</ref> They play most of their home games at [[Ambedkar Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportsjournal.in/index.php/football/f-feature/460-delhi-united-football-club|title=International Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy and Physical Education|access-date=4 February 2012|archive-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003228/http://www.sportsjournal.in/index.php/football/f-feature/460-delhi-united-football-club}}</ref>

The club also operate a youth football academy, headquartered in Dwarka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/no-money-more-problems-193271|first1=Rinchen|last1=Norbu|title=No Money, More Problems|website=millenniumpost.in|publisher=The Millennium Post India|location=New Delhi|date=5 January 2014|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615131943/https://www.millenniumpost.in/no-money-more-problems-193271|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

==History==
Delhi United Football Club, earlier named as ''Gorkha Heroes'', was founded in 1995 by Lal Bahadur Basnet. The club is affiliated with [[Football Delhi]] (also known as ''Delhi Soccer Association'').<ref>{{Cite news|last=Josh|first=Sumit|date=8 May 2018|title=Football Delhi: A Complete Revival of The Game in The Capital|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/football-delhi-a-complete-revival-of-the-game-in-the-capital|access-date=11 December 2021|newspaper=Thequint|publisher=[[The Quint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211074618/https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/football-delhi-a-complete-revival-of-the-game-in-the-capital|archive-date=11 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> Gorkha Heroes were playing in lower division of DSA League till 2007, until B. S. Mehra took over the club management. In 2007, Gorkha Heroes became champions of B Division without losing a single match, and got promoted to A Division. Their superb form continued as they were crowned overall champions in 2008–09, keeping unbeaten record intact.

In 2009, the name was changed to Delhi United FC. In Senior Division 2009–10 season, they defeated City FC with a score of 13–0 in a match which is still the highest scoring game in Delhi's top flight. In 2010–11, the club focused its attention to [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] and strengthened their squad by signing some top Delhi players. Their hard work finally paid off and they became champions of the Senior Division by defeating Shahdara FC in final with a score of 3–2. Delhi United gave the best performance in [[Durand Cup]] [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]], qualifying for quarterfinals by defeating [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]] and [[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]] in qualifying rounds. Winning the Senior Division finally confirmed their participation in I-League 2nd Division for the 2012–13 campaign. They performed well in the I-League's second tier and were the best team from North India.

Delhi United again participated in I-League 2nd Division in 2016–17 season, and secured third spot in the final round. Ahead of the [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division]] season, they roped in Portuguese manager Hugo Martins.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hugo-martins-named-delhi-united-football-club-coach-118020100982_1.html|title=Hugo Martins named Delhi United Football Club coach|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=1 February 2018|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006235052/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hugo-martins-named-delhi-united-football-club-coach-118020100982_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Their campaign ended in the Group stages after finishing fourth with 9 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/2nd-division-league/delightful-neroca-desperate-to-break-second-division-jinx/|title=Delightful Neroca Desperate To Break Second Division Jinx|website=i-league.org|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924184509/http://i-league.org/2nd-division-league/delightful-neroca-desperate-to-break-second-division-jinx/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the club took part in J&K Invitational Cup in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web|first=Abid|last=Khan|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/jk-invitational-cup-2018-real-kashmir-fc-minerva-punjab-fc-joint-winners|title=J&K Invitational Cup-2018: Real Kashmir FC, Minerva Punjab FC joint winners|date=24 October 2018|access-date=28 September 2021|website=greaterkashmir.com|publisher=Greater Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928114155/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/amp/story/sports/jk-invitational-cup-2018-real-kashmir-fc-minerva-punjab-fc-joint-winners|archive-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2018/10/25/jk-invitational-cup-2018-real-kashmir-fc-and-minerva-punjab-fc-declared-joint-winners/|title=J&K Invitational Cup-2018: Real Kashmir FC and Minerva Punjab FC declared joint winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714122945/https://theawayend.co/2018/10/25/jk-invitational-cup-2018-real-kashmir-fc-and-minerva-punjab-fc-declared-joint-winners/|author=Nehal|date=25 October 2018|archive-date=14 July 2020|website=theawayend.co|publisher=The Away End India|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

===I-League===
On 21 September 2018, it was revealed that both Mumbai FC and Delhi United FC had submitted documents for direct-entry into the I-League. On 27 January 2020, a Delhi-based fan club of former [[Indian Super League]] outfit [[Delhi Dynamos]], ''Dynamos Ultras'' were handed over operational activities of the club.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/dynamos-ultras-defunct-delhi-dynamos-supporter-group-to-manage-delhi-united-fc-2493063.html | title=Dynamos Ultras, Defunct-Delhi Dynamos Supporter Group, to Manage Delhi United FC | publisher=News18 | date=9 February 2020 | access-date=8 December 2020 | archive-date=6 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406200851/https://www.news18.com/news/football/dynamos-ultras-defunct-delhi-dynamos-supporter-group-to-manage-delhi-united-fc-2493063.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Aditya Raghav was appointed as the new team manager, and Ayush Bhuttan was appointed as the new head coach. Under the new management, club played 3 matches, before season was put on hold due to [[coronavirus pandemic]] outbreak.

==Stadium==
[[File:Ambedkar stadium in delhi at morning.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar Stadium]]

[[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[Delhi]] used to be the clubs' home ground for the [[Delhi Football League|DSA Senior Division]]. It has also hosted [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] matches for the club.<ref>[https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/2nd-division-i-league-delhi-united-pune-city-reserves/jpi8erdjl7z1o050ovkmcg4w 2nd Division I-league: Delhi United and Pune City reserves play out 3-3 draw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904105102/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/2nd-division-i-league-delhi-united-pune-city-reserves/jpi8erdjl7z1o050ovkmcg4w |date=4 September 2021 }} ''Goal.com''. Retrieved 4 September 2021</ref> It has a capacity of 30,000 spectators.

==Players==

===First team squad===
{{updated|1 March 2020}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B9o5H_KFRqM/ | title=Delhi United FC on Instagram: "Our squad for the ongoing DSA Senior Division. #DelhiUnited #DynamosUltras #FootballDelhi #DUFC" }}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Varun Bisht}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Ayush Tiwari}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Rounak Jadhav}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Prince Kumar Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Satyam Vivek}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Satriya Bakshi}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Ayush Bhuttan}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Rohit Patwal}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Jatin Vashisht}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Dishant Negi}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Milind Negi}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Yashvardhan}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Abhay Singh Dalpatia}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Rahul Rawat |other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Pema Chering}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Rohit Gusain}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Snehal Chhetri}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Anupam Thakur}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Hitesh Bisht}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Vishesh Upreti}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Asif Khan}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Aditya Rampal}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Pratham}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Aditya Rawat}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Dhananjay}}
{{Fs player|no=43|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Lenjing Panyang}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Jagdishwar Reddy}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Prince Kujur}}
{{Fs player|no=46|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Seivanglen Mate}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Shantanu Sindhu}}
{{Fs player|no=48|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Sidhant Mishra}}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Stanzin Nyantak}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Vrind Bhardwaj}}
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Thangmoitelien}}
{{Fs player|no=61|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Promil}}
{{Fs player|no=70|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Abhishek}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Vishu Kashyap}}
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Angeluis}}
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Jatin Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=90|nat=India|pos=MF|name= Mayank Rawat}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Dinesh Choudhary}}
{{Fs player|no=200|nat=India|pos=FW|name=K.S. Shikhar}}
{{fs end}}

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2020—2021
|Astro
|Dynamos Ultras
|-
|}

==Current staff==
{{updated|9 February 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Management & Members−Delhi United SC|url=http://delhiunitedfc.com/the-management/|website=delhiunitedfc.com|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826134636/http://delhiunitedfc.com/the-management/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Owner
| {{flagicon|IND}} Krishnanand Tripathi
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ayush Bhuttan
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Raghav
|-
| Technical director
| {{flagicon|IND}} Varun Batra
|-
|}

===Managerial record===
updated on 7 April 2020 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left| Clebson Duarte Da Silva
|align=left|{{BRA}}
|align=left| 2016
|align=left| 2017
{{WDL|15|5|6|4|for=17|against=20}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left| Hugo Martins<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hugo-martins-named-delhi-united-football-club-coach-118020100982_1.html|title=Hugo Martins named Delhi United Football Club coach|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=1 February 2018|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006235052/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hugo-martins-named-delhi-united-football-club-coach-118020100982_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|{{POR}}
|align=left| 2018
|align=left| 2019
{{WDL|15
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left| 2020
|align=left| present
{{WDL|3|1|1|1|for=7|against=5}}
|}

==Honours==
*'''[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]'''
**Third place (1): [[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/2nd-division-league/delightful-neroca-desperate-to-break-second-division-jinx/|title=Delightful Neroca Desperate To Break Second Division Jinx|website=i-league.org|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924184509/http://i-league.org/2nd-division-league/delightful-neroca-desperate-to-break-second-division-jinx/}}</ref>
*'''Gyalyum Chenmo Memorial Gold Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tibetcuphist.html|title=Tibet — GCMGC Gold Cup Winners|website=rsssf.com|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|date=11 June 2023|access-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208000312/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tibetcuphist.html|archive-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India|List of football clubs in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{I-League 2nd Division}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Delhi]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]

Pattambi

2026-03-20T12:51:35Z

Julixei: brief expand lead per standard format further and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pattambi
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Pattambi Palam.jpg
| image =
| image_caption = Pattambi Bridge (built 1966)
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.8057|N|76.1957|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 2015 January 14
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Pattambi Municipality
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = T P Shaji
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairperson
| leader_name1 = Asna Haneefa ([[IUML]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.84
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 63
| population_total = 28,632
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679 303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91466
| registration_plate = KL-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.96 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 83%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Parliament constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]
| website = {{URL|https://pattambimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pattambi''' is a town, [[taluk|tehsil]], and [[municipality]] in the [[Palakkad district|Palakkad District]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224749&rlbtype=V |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193544/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224749&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref> It is also the administrative headquarters of the [[Pattambi Taluk]].[[File:Pattambi Town near bus stand.jpg|thumb|Pallipuram - Pattambi Rd]]
[[File:Pattambi Town View.jpg|thumb|Mele Pattambi]]

==History==
Pattambi was originally a part of the Nedunganad Swaroopam dynasty, which was ruled by [[Nedungadi]]s, who held sway over a large part of present-day Pattambi and Ottapalam [[tehsil]]s. By the end of the 15th century CE, Nedunganad came under the leadership of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], who was also the main ruler of the [[South Malabar]] region. The Zamorin appointed his local chieftain at [[Kavalappara]] Kovilakam to rule this area. It was a part of the [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Walluvanad taluk]] in the [[Malappuram]] Revenue Division of the [[Malabar District]] during the [[British Raj]],<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2010 |isbn=9788120604476 |location=New Delhi |pages=631–666}}</ref> and later became part of the [[Ottapalam]] taluk. The Pattambi Bridge, that connects the town to [[Thrithala|Nhangattiri]], was built in 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala VHS |url=http://keralavhs.org/pdf/Pattambi%20English%20report%20-%20final.pdf}}</ref> and was sanctioned to be replaced in 2011 due to ageing<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-12 |title=Pattambi to get new Bharathapuzha bridge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pattambi-to-get-new-bharathapuzha-bridge/article2221620.ece |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>. Now, Pattambi is the headquarters of [[Pattambi Taluk]], formed on 23 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=Roy |date=2013-05-15 |title=Cabinet nod for 12 new taluks |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cabinet-nod-for-12-new-taluks/article4718125.ece |access-date=2022-08-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Density of Population in Palakkad District.svg|thumb]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in Pattambi''' (2011)<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 55.34
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 43.73
|color2 = Red
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.86
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.07
|color4 = Black
}}
In the [[2011 census of India]], the total population of Pattambi Village Panchayat was recorded to be 28,632.<ref>{{cite web|last=India|first=Census|title=Details of Pattambi|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673267|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905074745/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673267|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2014|publisher=GOI|access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
* 14,049 males (49%); 14,583 females (51%).
* Number of households: 5,897
* [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population: 3,471 (12%)
* Scheduled Tribe population: 37 (less than 1% ).
* In the age group 0–6 years: 3,534 (males: 1,837, females: 1,697)
* Literacy: 83% (23,888 literates and 4,744 illiterates)
* 8,561 individuals were employed. It includes 1,657 people with irregular employment.
[[File:Pattambi Town1.jpg|thumb|Pattambi town]]

==Notable people==

*[[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]]
*[[Anoop Krishnan]]
*[[Anumol]]
*[[C. P. Mohammed]]
*[[E. P. Gopalan]]
*[[E. Sreedharan]]
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]]
*[[Kalamandalam Gopi]]
*[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
*[[M. G. Sasi]]
*[[Major Ravi]]
*[[Manikandan Pattambi]]
*[[Muhammed Muhsin]]
*[[P. Raman]]
*[[Shafi Parambil]]
*[[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]]
*[[V. T. Balram]]
*[[V. T. Bhattathiripad]]

==See also==
*[[Pattambi Taluk]]
*[[Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi]]
*[[Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi]]
*[[Pattambi Assembly constituency]]
*[[Shoranur–Mangalore section]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Pattambi}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/palakkad-pattambi-nercha/28 | title=Pattambi Nercha, Festivals, Palakkad, Hindu festivals, Temple, Kerala Tourism }}</ref>
[[Category:Agricultural research stations in Kerala|Agricultural research station in Kerala]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Palakkad district]]

National park

2026-03-16T15:53:52Z

Julixei: enhance formatting for consistency and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Park for conservation of nature and usually also for visitors}}
{{About|a kind of natural park|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Bogdkhan Uul Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia (149199747).jpg|thumb|[[Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve|Bogd Khan Uul National Park]] in [[Mongolia]] is one of the earliest preserved areas now called a national park.]]
[[File:Stambecchi nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso.jpg|thumb|National parks often allow protected species to flourish. Pictured are [[alpine ibex]]es (''Capra ibex'') in the [[Gran Paradiso National Park]], [[Piedmont, Italy]]. The ibex population increased tenfold since the area was declared a national park in 1922.]]
A '''national park''' is a [[nature park]] designated for [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]] purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards for national park designation, the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride<ref>Europarc Federation (eds.) 2009, Living Parks, 100 Years of National Parks in Europe, Oekom Verlag, München</ref> is a common motivation for the continued protection of all national parks around the world. National parks are almost always accessible to the public.<ref name="Gissibl, B. 2012">Gissibl, B., S. Höhler and P. Kupper, 2012, ''Civilizing Nature, National Parks in Global Historical Perspective'', Berghahn, Oxford</ref> Usually national parks are developed, owned and managed by national governments, though in some countries with [[federal government|federal]] or [[Devolution|devolved]] forms of government, "national parks" may be the responsibility of subnational, regional, or local authorities.{{efn|In Australia, the vast majority of "national parks" are managed by state governments rather than the federal government; for example, [[Royal National Park]], mentioned in this article as one of the earliest national parks, is actually owned and operated by [[New South Wales]]. Similarly, the province of [[Quebec|Quebec, Canada]], uses the designation "national park" for all of its [[National Parks of Quebec|provincially owned and operated parks]]. [[National parks of the United Kingdom|National parks in the United Kingdom]] are devolved to various authorities at the subnational and local levels.}}

The United States established [[Yellowstone National Park]], the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvl&fileName=vl002//amrvlvl002.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?ammem/consrvbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(amrvl+vl002))&linkText=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114358/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvl&fileName=vl002%2F%2Famrvlvl002.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fconsrvbib%3A%40field%28NUMBER%2B%40band%28amrvl%2Bvl002%29%29&linkText=0|title=Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920|archive-date=23 January 2017|website=American Memory - Library of Congress }}</ref> Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" at the time, in practice<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/annualreports18721880#page/n7/mode/2up Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1872] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403152134/https://archive.org/stream/annualreports18721880 |date=3 April 2016 }}, 43rd Congress, 3rd Session, ex. doc. 35, quoting Department of Interior letter of 10 May 1872, "The reservation so set apart is to be known as the "Yellowstone National Park"."</ref> it is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yellowstone National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603014000/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28/ |archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> The [[Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve]] (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776)<ref>{{cite web | date=17 August 2011 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5646/ | title=Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve | publisher=UNESCO | access-date=13 August 2018 | archive-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815051851/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5646/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and the area surrounding [[Bogd Khan Mountain|Bogd Khan Uul Mountain]] (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from cultivation to protect surrounding farmland, are considered the oldest legally [[protected area]]s.<ref>{{cite web | author=Hardy, U. | date=9 April 2017 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/articles/the-10-oldest-national-parks-in-the-world/ | title=The 10 Oldest National Parks in the World | publisher=The CultureTrip | access-date=21 December 2017 | archive-date=17 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017141141/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/articles/the-10-oldest-national-parks-in-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Bonnett, A. | year=2016 | title=The Geography of Nostalgia: Global and Local Perspectives on Modernity and Loss | publisher=Routledge | page=68 | isbn=978-1-315-88297-0 }}</ref> [[Parks Canada]], established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|title=Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery|last=Irish|first=Paul|date=May 13, 2011|work=Toronto Star|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516235956/http://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and its [[World Commission on Protected Areas]] (WCPA) have defined "National Park" as its ''Category II'' [[IUCN protected area categories|type of protected areas]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2016|title=Category II: National Park|url=https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-areas-categories/category-ii-national-park|website=IUCN|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118152025/https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-areas-categories/category-ii-national-park|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.

The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the [[Northeast Greenland National Park]], which was established in 1974 and is {{cvt|972000|km2}} in area.<ref>{{Cite book |title=1993 United Nations list of national parks and protected areas: = Liste des Nations Unies des parcs nationaux et des aires protégées 1993 = Lista de las Naciones Unidas de parques nacionales y areas protegidas 1993 |date=1994 |publisher=IUCN/UICN |isbn=978-2-8317-0190-5 |editor-last=Vereinte Nationen |location=Gland |editor-last2=World Conservation Monitoring Centre}}</ref>

==Definitions==
[[File:Koli 2019 2.jpg|thumb|Landscapes of the [[Koli National Park]] in [[North Karelia]], [[Finland]], have inspired many painters and composers, including [[Jean Sibelius]], [[Juhani Aho]], and [[Eero Järnefelt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalparks.fi/kolinp/history|title=History of Koli National Park|website=Nationalparks.fi|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127160710/https://www.nationalparks.fi/kolinp/history|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Puerto Escondido P N Manuel Antonio.JPG|thumb|[[Manuel Antonio National Park]] in Costa Rica was listed by ''[[Forbes]]'' as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janelevere/2011/08/29/the-worlds-most-beautiful-national-parks/|title=The World's Most Beautiful National Parks|author=Jane Levere|work=[[Forbes]]|date=29 August 2011|access-date=4 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001031720/http://www.forbes.com/sites/janelevere/2011/08/29/the-worlds-most-beautiful-national-parks/|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
[[File:Beech trees in Mallard Wood, New Forest - geograph.org.uk - 779513.jpg|thumb|Beech trees in Mallard Wood, [[New Forest National Park]], Hampshire, England]]

In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:<ref>Gulez, Sumer (1992). A method of evaluating areas for national park status.</ref>

* One or several [[ecosystems]] not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty;
* Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as soon as possible in the whole area and to effectively enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment; and
* Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.

In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include:

* Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence
* Statutory legal protection
* Budget and staff sufficient to provide effective protection
* Prohibition of [[exploitation of natural resources]] (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in various countries are still called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example:<ref name="Gissibl, B. 2012"/><ref>[[European Environment Agency]] [http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/protected-areas-in-europe-2012/download ''Protected areas in Europe – an overview''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010816/http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/protected-areas-in-europe-2012/download |date=24 September 2015 }} In: EEA Report No 5/2012 Kopenhagen: 2012 {{ISBN|978-92-9213-329-0}} {{ISSN|1725-9177}} [http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/protected-areas-in-europe-2012/download pdf] doi=10.2800/55955</ref>
* [[Swiss National Park]], Switzerland: IUCN Ia – Strict Nature Reserve
* [[Everglades National Park]], United States: IUCN Ib – Wilderness Area
* [[Koli National Park]], Finland: IUCN II – Surface Area
* [[Victoria Falls National Park]], Zimbabwe: IUCN III – National Monument
* [[Vitosha]] National Park, Bulgaria: IUCN IV – Habitat Management Area
* [[New Forest National Park]], United Kingdom: IUCN V – Protected Landscape
* Etniko Ygrotopiko Parko Delta Evrou, Greece: IUCN VI – Managed Resource Protected Area

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate the [[Federation of Australia]]; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces.<ref name="Gissibl, B. 2012"/> In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are still national parks by the IUCN definition.<ref>John S. Marsh, "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/provincial-parks Provincial Parks]", {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310160520/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/provincial-parks |date=10 March 2020 }}, in ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' (Historica Canada, 2018‑05‑30), [accessed 2020‑02‑18].</ref>

In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks.<ref name="Gissibl, B. 2012"/>

===Terminology===
[[File:012 035 Ile Mingan Niapiscau.jpg|thumb|[[Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve]],<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mingan-archipelago-national-park-reserve |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=2024-01-12 |date=2015-01-03 |quote=Oddly shaped rock pillars sculpted by wind and sea create the unique islandscape of the natural reserve}}</ref> [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]]]
As many countries do not adhere to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely. [[National parks of the United Kingdom|In the United Kingdom]], and in some other countries such as [[Taiwan]], a "national park" simply describes a general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists, with some form of planning restrictions to ensure it maintains those characteristics. There may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park.

Conversely, parks that meet the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead.

==History==
===Early references===
Starting in 1735 the [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples government]] undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a [[game reserve]] by the royal family; [[Procida]] was the first protected site;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf|author=Angela de Sario|title=La "Regia Caccia" Di Torre Guevara Nel Settecento|website=Fondazionecariforli.it|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120321/https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve,<ref>Museo privato Agriturismo Maria Sofia di Borbone, Azienda Agricola Le Tre Querce, Seminara, Calabria, organised by the Study Centre for Environmental Education in the Mediterranean Area of Reggio, Italy</ref> is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

In 1810, the English poet [[William Wordsworth]] described the [[Lake District]] as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy".<ref>{{cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=William|author-link=William Wordsworth|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ|quote=sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy.|title=A guide through the district of the lakes in the north of England with a description of the scenery, &c. for the use of tourists and residents|edition=5th|location=Kendal, England|publisher=Hudson and Nicholson|year=1835|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ/page/n122 88]}}</ref> The painter [[George Catlin]], in his travels through the [[American West]], wrote during the 1830s that [[Native Americans in the United States]] might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in a ''magnificent park'' ... A ''nation's Park'', containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Catlin|first=George|author-link=George Catlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C%28by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government%29|title=Letters and Notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians: written during eight years' travel amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39|volume=1|year=1841|location=Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London|publisher=Published by the author|pages=261–262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132843/https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C(by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government)#v=snippet&q=%7C(by%20some%20great%20protecting%20policy%20of%20government)&f=false|archive-date=1 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley===
[[File:Tunnel View, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite NP - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Yosemite Valley]], [[Yosemite National Park]], California, United States]]
The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President [[Andrew Jackson]] signed legislation that the [[22nd United States Congress]] had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]], to protect the natural, [[thermal spring]]s and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government.<ref name=Shugart>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf |title=Hot Springs of Arkansas Through the Years: A Chronology of Events |access-date=30 March 2008 |last=Shugart |first=Sharon |year=2004 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414015510/http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf|chapter=Twenty-Second Congress, Session 1, Chap. 70: An Act authorizing the governor of the territory of Arkansas to lease the salt springs, in said territory, and for other purposes (April 20, 1832)|title=The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to 3 March 1845, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865|editor=Peters, Richard|volume=4|location=Boston|publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown|page=505|year=1866|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115233149/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45|website=Our Documents.gov|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200955/http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was known as [[Hot Springs National Park|Hot Springs Reservation]], but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.<ref name=Shugart/> The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]] to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mission & History|url=https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history|access-date=2022-02-11|website=National Park Foundation|language=en|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234521/https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John Muir]] is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Barbara Kiely|title=John Muir|publisher=Gareth Stevens|year=2008|page=10|isbn=978-0836883183}}</ref> He published two influential articles in [[The Century Magazine]], which formed the base for the subsequent legislation.<ref>John Muir. [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ |date=2 November 2014 }} ''The Century Magazine'', Vol. XL. September 1890. No. 5</ref><ref>John Muir. [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ "The Treasures of the Yosemite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ |date=2 November 2014 }} ''The Century Magazine'', Vol. XL. August 1890. No. 4</ref>

President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the [[Yosemite Valley]] and the [[Mariposa Grove]] of [[giant sequoia]]s (later becoming [[Yosemite National Park]]) to the state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later.<ref>Adam Wesley Dean. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141102171047/http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v056/56.4.dean.pdf ''Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park''] In: Abstract. ''Civil War History'', Volume 56, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 386–419 | 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf|page=325|chapter=Thirty-Eighth Congress, Session 1, Chap. 184: An Act authorizing a Grant to the State of California of the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree Grove" (June 30, 1864)|title=38th United States Congress, Session 1, 1864. In: The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865|editor=Sanger, George P.|editor-link=George P. Sanger|volume=13|location=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=1866|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116010746/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First national park: Yellowstone===
[[File:Aerial image of Grand Prismatic Spring (view from the south).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Prismatic Spring]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]], Wyoming, United States; Yellowstone was the first national park in the world.]]

In 1872, [[Yellowstone National Park]] was established as the United States' first national park,<ref>Mangan, Elizabeth U. [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html Yellowstone, the First National Park from Mapping the National Parks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019090110/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html |date=19 October 2013 }}. [[Library of Congress]], Geography and Map Division.</ref> being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and [[nature reserve]]s already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as a part of the [[Forest of Fontainebleau]] (France, 1861).<ref>Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch, ''In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet'', National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23</ref>

Yellowstone was part of a [[Territories of the United States|federally governed territory]]. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]] ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and his group of conservationists, the [[Boone and Crockett Club]], were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

American [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author [[Wallace Stegner]] wrote: "National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst."<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2003|title=Famous Quotes Concerning the National Parks: Wallace Stegner, 1983|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508031121/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm|archive-date=8 May 2011|access-date=24 October 2011|work=Discover History|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===International growth of national parks===
[[File:Mackinac National Park map.jpg|thumb|right|1890 map of Mackinac National Park]]
The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s [[Mackinac National Park]], in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mackinac Island|url=http://www.michigan.gov/mshda/0,4641,7-141-54317_19320_61909_61927-54596--,00.html|website=Michigan State Housing Development Authority|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141143/https://michigan.gov/mshda/0,4641,7-141-54317_19320_61909_61927-54596--,00.html|archive-date=5 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kim Allen Scott, 2011 "Robertson's Echo The Conservation Ethic in the Establishment of Yellowstone and Royal National Parks" Yellowstone Science 19:3</ref>)

[[File:Late Afternoon at North & South Era.jpg|thumb|[[Royal National Park]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia, was the world's second official national park]]
Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what is now [[Royal National Park]] was established just south of [[Sydney]], [[Colony of New South Wales]], on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park.<ref>{{cite web|title=1879: Australia's first national park created|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/first_national_park|website=National Museum of Australia|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128023110/http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/first_national_park|archive-date=28 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pinkava.asu.edu/starcentral/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=getcollection&collectionID=127 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102063535/http://pinkava.asu.edu/starcentral/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=getcollection&collectionID=127 | archive-date=2 November 2014 | title=Audley Bottom | publisher=Pinkava.asu.edu | access-date=3 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>Rodney Harrison, 2012 "Heritage: Critical approaches" Routledge</ref>

[[Banff National Park]] became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established [[Tongariro National Park]] in 1887. Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create a national park system, with the creation of the [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]] in 1934, through the initiative of [[Francisco Moreno]].

[[File:Lapporten 2.jpg|thumb|[[Abisko National Park]] in Sweden was one of the first national parks established in Europe]]
In Europe, the first national parks were a set of nine in [[Sweden]] in 1909, following the passing of a [[Riksdag]] law on national parks that year. Switzerland became the second European nation with the founding of the [[Swiss National Park]] in 1914. In 1971, [[Lahemaa National Park]] in [[Estonian SSR]] became the first area to be designated a national park in the former [[Soviet Union]].

[[File:The Greater Virunga Landscape, Africa (Copernicus 2026-03-03).png|thumb|upright|Several national parks in Africa:
[[Virunga National Park]], the [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], the [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], the [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] and the [[Volcanoes National Park]]]]

Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when king [[Albert I of Belgium]] designated an area in the east of what was then his personal domain of [[Congo Free State]], now [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] as the [[Albert National Park]], later renamed [[Virunga National Park]]. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated [[Kruger National Park]] as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion and reorganization of the earlier government protected Sabie Game Reserve, established in 1898 by President [[Paul Kruger]] of the old [[South African Republic]].

After [[World War II]], national parks were founded all over the world. The [[United Kingdom]] designated its first national park, [[Peak District National Park]], in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of the decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/about-the-national-park/our-history|title=History of our National Park|website=Peak District National Park|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714041006/https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/about-the-national-park/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} The [[Vanoise National Park]] in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a [[tourism|touristic project]]. In 1973, [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privatekilimanjaro.com/about_kilimanjaro_park.asp|title=Kilimanjaro: The National Park|work=Private Kilimanjaro: About Kilimanjaro|publisher=Private Expeditions, Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152135/http://privatekilimanjaro.com/about_kilimanjaro_park.asp|archive-date=17 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1989, the [[Qomolangma National Nature Preserve]] (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope of [[Mount Everest]] in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world: [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]], [[Makalu]], and [[Cho Oyu]]. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.<ref>Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, ''Empowerment on an Unstable Planet'' New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, Chapter 9</ref>

In 1993, the [[Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park]] was established in [[Jamaica]] to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Park - Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park |url=https://www.blueandjohncrowmountains.org/about |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.blueandjohncrowmountains.org}}</ref> The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak ([[Blue Mountain Peak]]), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Blue and John Crow Mountains |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1356/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

===National parks services===
The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381 |title=WWF News and Stories |access-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011646/http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|title=Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery|last=Irish|first=Paul|date=13 May 2011|work=Toronto Star|access-date=18 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516235956/http://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|archive-date=16 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Canada National Parks Act#1911—the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act|''Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act'']] placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now [[Parks Canada]]), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp|title=Parks Canada History|date=2 February 2009|work=Parks Canada|access-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095725/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp|archive-date=22 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000 km2 of national park space.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel|title=Parks Canada|access-date=30 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323053512/http://www.pc.gc.ca/|archive-date=23 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. [[National Park Service]] (NPS). The [[64th United States Congress]] passed the [[National Park Service Organic Act]], which [[Woodrow Wilson#Presidency, 1913–1921|President Woodrow Wilson]] signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the {{National Park Units}} sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park.<ref name="USNPS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm |title=National Park System (U.S. National Park Service) |date=2019-05-17 |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420174702/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg|thumb|Painting ({{Circa|1900}}) of the ''[[Devil's Castle|Teufelsschloss]]'' in [[Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord|Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Fjord]], East Greenland. The site is now part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.]]
==Economic ramifications==
Countries with a large [[ecotourism]] industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.<ref name="ahs.uwaterloo.ca">Eagles, Paul F.J. [http://ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/TrendsbyEagles.pdf "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105416/http://ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/TrendsbyEagles.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} In: ''Journal of Sustainable Tourism'' Volume 10, Issue 2, 2002, p. 134. {{doi|10.1080/09669580208667158}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{See|Ecotourism}}
Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, a [[Megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]], tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999.<ref name="ahs.uwaterloo.ca"/> The term ''national park'' is perceived as a [[brand name]] that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure".<ref>Eagles, Paul F.J. [http://ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/TrendsbyEagles.pdf "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105416/http://ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/TrendsbyEagles.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} In: ''Journal of Sustainable Tourism'' Volume 10, Issue 2, 2002, p. 133. {{doi|10.1080/09669580208667158}}</ref>

===Staff===
The duties of a [[park ranger]] are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include [[heritage interpretation]] to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger.<ref name="OPM.gov">U.S. Office of Personnel Management. ''Handbook of occupational groups and families''. Washington, D.C. January 2008. Page 19. [http://www.opm.gov/FEDCLASS/GSHBKOCC.pdf OPM.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103205044/http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gshbkocc.pdf |date=3 January 2009 }} Accessed 2 November 2014.</ref> Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement.<ref>R Meadows ; D L Soden In: [https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=110802 ''National Park Ranger Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Law Enforcement Issues.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110437/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=110802 |date=4 March 2016 }} Abstract. ''Justice Professional'' Volume:3 Issue:1 (Spring 1988) Pages:70–93</ref> They control traffic, manage permits for various uses, and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.<ref name="OPM.gov"/>

== Concerns ==
National parks in former [[European colonies]] have come under criticism for allegedly perpetuating [[colonialism]]. National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be set aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came about during the [[American frontier]] and were meant to be monuments to America's true history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=William.|first=Cronon|title=Uncommon ground: rethinking the human place in nature|date=1996|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co|isbn=0-393-31511-8|oclc=36306399}}</ref> Yet, in some instances, the lands that were to be set aside and protected in formerly colonized lands were already being inhabited by native communities, who were then removed off of these lands to create pristine sites for public consumption. Critics claim that the removal of people from national parks enhances the belief that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it, and that this leads to perpetuating the dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as the [[nature–culture divide]]). They see the creation of national parks as a form of eco-[[land grabbing]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Claus|first=C. Anne|title=Drawing the Sea Near|date=2020-11-03|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|doi=10.5749/j.ctv1bkc3t6|isbn=978-1-4529-5946-7|s2cid=230646912}}</ref> Others claim that traveling to national parks to appreciate nature there leads people to ignore the nature that exists around them every day. Still others argue that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are being visited.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Büscher|first1=Bram|last2=Fletcher|first2=Robert|date=2019|title=Towards Convivial Conservation|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=17|issue=3|pages=283|doi=10.4103/cs.cs_19_75|bibcode=2019CoSoc..17..283B |s2cid=195819004|issn=0972-4923|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Critics argue that the establishment of national parks in formerly colonized regions often involved the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands, reinforcing narratives of "pristine" nature and wilderness where humans are excluded. This perspective contributes to the ongoing debate about the nature–culture divide, in which conservation is sometimes viewed as only achievable in the absence of human presence.

Additionally, tourism in national parks can have negative environmental impacts. High levels of visitation may lead to habitat degradation, pollution, soil erosion, and disturbances to wildlife, potentially undermining the ecological health of the areas the parks are intended to protect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Impact of Tourism in National Parks |url=https://www.usanationalparks.info/environmental-impact-of-tourism-in-national-parks-3-key-concerns/ |website=USA National Parks Info}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Country park]]
* [[List of national parks]] – by country
* [[Lists of tourist attractions]]
* [[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]
* [[Conservation movement]]
* [[Conservation park (disambiguation)]]
* [[Federal lands]] (United States)
* [[Fossil park]]
* [[Freedom to roam]]
* [[Geopark]]
* [[Global Geoparks Network]]
* [[International Park]]
* [[National monument]]
* [[National historic site (disambiguation)|National Historic Site]]
* [[National Park Foundation]]
* [[Open Country]]
* [[Provincial park]]
* [[State park]]
* [[Sustainable development]]
* [[United Nations Environment Programme]]
* [[World Database on Protected Areas]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===

{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIWwmVUUU4wC |title = Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management |publisher = CABI |author=Eagles, Paul F. J |author2=McCool, Stephen F. |year = 2002 |isbn = 0851997597}} 320 pages.
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FG6HsjlcfoC | title = Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History |publisher = Yale University Press |author=Sellars, Richard West |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0300154146}} 404 pages.
* Sheail, John (2010) ''Nature's Spectacle - The World's First National Parks and Protected Places'' Earthscan, London, Washington. {{ISBN|978-1-84971-129-6}}

== Further reading ==
* Craig W. Allin (ed.), ''International Handbook of National Parks and Nature Reserves'', [[Bloomsbury Academic]], Greenwood (Pub.), first ed., 1990, 560 pages. ISBN 978-0274924080
* Ahmad Naqiyuddin Bakar and Mohd Nazip Suratman (editors for [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]]), ''Protected Areas, National Parks and Sustainable Future'', IntechOpen, 2020, 134 pages. ISBN 978-1-78984-229-6
* Eric Duffey (dir. with 18 National Consultants), ''National Parks and Reserves of Western Europe'', Harrow House Editions, London, 1982, 288 pages. Preface by Sir [[Peter Scott]]. ISBN 978-0356085869

==External links==
{{Sister project links | 1= | display= | author= | wikt= | commons= | n= | q= | s= | b= | voy=National parks | v= | d= | species=no | species_author=no | m=no | mw=no }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/37/| website=Biodiversity A-Z| title=Areas of Biodiversity Importance: National Parks| access-date=21 April 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516232146/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/37| archive-date=16 May 2011}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.europarc.org/ |website=EUROPARC Federation|title= Europe's protected areas}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/faqs.htm |website=U.S. National Park Service |title=FAQs}}
*{{cite web|website=Travel Is Free|title=Map of All The World's National Parks|url=http://travelisfree.com/2018/09/10/map-of-all-the-worlds-national-parks/#more-17443|author=Macomber, Drew|date=September 10, 2018|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405073256/https://travelisfree.com/2018/09/10/map-of-all-the-worlds-national-parks/#more-17443|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mab/ |website=UNESCO|title= Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)|date=7 January 2019}}
*{{cite web|url=http://nationalparks.nighthee.com/| website=nighthee.com| title=National parks, landscape parks and protected areas in the world| access-date=11 August 2015|url-status=usurped| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905182433/http://nationalparks.nighthee.com/| archive-date=5 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/swiat.htm|website=amu.edu.pl|title=National Parks Worldwide|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119140316/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/swiat.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net |website=Protected Planet |title= World Database of Protected Areas}}
*{{cite web|url=http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu |website=by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission |title= Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA)}}
*{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/ |website=UNESCO|title=World Heritage Sites}}

{{Portal bar|Environment|Ecology|Earth sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National parks| ]]
[[Category:IUCN Category II| ]]
[[Category:Protected areas]]

1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T10:46:41Z

Julixei: rework structure to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1972
| next_election = 1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = ''19–25 February 1974''
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| registered = {{formatnum:719971}}
| turnout = 84.60%
| image_size=100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|bSize=115|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=08|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]]
| party1 = Manipur Peoples Party
| seats_before1 = 15
| popular_vote1= 22.55%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}5
| seats1 = 20
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress (R)
| seats_before2 = 17
| popular_vote2= 27.62%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}4
| seats2 = 13
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Manipur|CM]]
| before_party =
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = Manipur Peoples Party
| after_election = [[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
}}

Elections to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 1974 to elect members of the 60 constituencies in [[Manipur]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote, but the [[Manipur Peoples Party]] won the most seats and its leader [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] was reappointed as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2014nov21/1416545962.html |title=Manipur's first Chief Minister Md Alimuddin remembered |date=21 November 2014 |author=Dr Syed Ahmed |access-date= 20 October 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]], Manipur was converted from a Union Territory to a State and the size of its Legislative Assembly was increased from 30 to 60 members.<ref name="lii-nearAct1971">{{cite web |url=http://www.liiofindia.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl/in/legis/cen/num_act/naa1971356/naa1971356.html |title=North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 |website=www.liiofindia.org |date= 30 December 1971 |access-date= 24 December 2020}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Manipur Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=164717|seats1=13|sc1={{decrease}}4
|party2=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes2=134493|seats2=20|sc2={{increase}}5
|party3=[[Manipur Hills Union]]|votes3=55879|seats3=12|sc3=New
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)|Socialist Party]]|votes4=35349|seats4=2|sc4={{decrease}}1
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=33039|seats5=6|sc5={{increase}}1
|party6=[[Kuki National Assembly]]|votes6=17592|seats6=2|sc6=New
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=8764|seats7=0|sc7={{decrease}}1
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=3347|seats8=0|sc8=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=143241|seats11=5|sc11={{decrease}}14
|total_sc=0
|invalid=12701
|electorate=719971
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3704-manipur-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Khundrakpam Assembly constituency|Khundrakpam]] || 77.11% || Maibam Hera Lairellakpam || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,567 || 41.53% || Gourahari Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 1,747 || 20.34% || 1,820
|-
| 2 || [[Heingang Assembly constituency|Heingang]] || 89.01% || Nongthombam Chaoba Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,129 || 40.85% || Aribam Bimala Devi || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,859 || 28.28% || 1,270
|-
| 3 || [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]] || 86.07% || Kongbrailakpam Borthakur Sharma || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 3,362 || 32.84% || Atomba Ngairangbamcha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,685 || 26.23% || 677
|-
| 4 || [[Kshetrigao Assembly constituency|Kshetrigao]] || 87.98% || Abdul Wahid || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,749 || 35.29% || Abdul Haque || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 3,362 || 31.65% || 387
|-
| 5 || [[Thongju Assembly constituency|Thongju]] || 89.29% || Hawaibam Shyama Singh || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 3,385 || 31.26% || Oinam Tomba Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,934 || 27.09% || 451
|-
| 6 || [[Keirao Assembly constituency|Keirao]] || 86.82% || Mohamad Jaluddin || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,344 || 46.92% || Ngangbam Bira || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,645 || 28.57% || 1,699
|-
| 7 || [[Andro Assembly constituency|Andro]] || 89.80% || Ashraf Ali || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,085 || 41.71% || Kshetrimayum Kirti Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,460 || 28.38% || 1,625
|-
| 8 || [[Lamlai Assembly constituency|Lamlai]] || 82.18% || [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,797 || 29.65% || Yumkhaibam Kerani Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,019 || 21.40% || 778
|-
| 9 || [[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]] || 72.62% || Maibam Gouramani || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,235 || 50.55% || Sagolsem Ibomcha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,483 || 41.57% || 752
|-
| 10 || [[Uripok Assembly constituency|Uripok]] || 75.70% || M. Meghachandra Singh || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,547 || 37.32% || Laisram Jugeswar Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,341 || 34.31% || 206
|-
| 11 || [[Sagolband Assembly constituency|Sagolband]] || 76.99% || Salam Tombi || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,359 || 37.44% || Thokchom Bira || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,566 || 28.60% || 793
|-
| 12 || [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]] || 81.93% || [[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,033 || 36.81% || Lasihram Manobi || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,974 || 36.28% || 59
|-
| 13 || [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]] || 87.49% || Sanasam Biramani Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,263 || 26.76% || Laisram Joychandra || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,191 || 25.91% || 72
|-
| 14 || [[Yaiskul Assembly constituency|Yaiskul]] || 84.69% || [[Rajkumar Dorendra Singh]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,319 || 36.15% || Hawaibam Nilamani Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,935 || 31.97% || 384
|-
| 15 || [[Wangkhei Assembly constituency|Wangkhei]] || 76.59% || Khaidem Pishak Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,421 || 36.86% || Seram Angouba Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,577 || 27.76% || 844
|-
| 16 || [[Sekmai Assembly constituency|Sekmai]] || 89.29% || Khwirakpam Chaoba || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,734 || 51.74% || Khangembam Leirijao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,146 || 45.32% || 588
|-
| 17 || [[Lamsang Assembly constituency|Lamsang]] || 87.95% || Khundongbam Jugeswar || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,696 || 24.92% || Laisram Shamu Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,695 || 24.91% || 1
|-
| 18 || [[Konthoujam Assembly constituency|Konthoujam]] || 89.04% || Heigrujam Thoithoi || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,878 || 26.58% || Khangembam Lakshman || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,293 || 21.17% || 585
|-
| 19 || [[Patsoi Assembly constituency|Patsoi]] || 86.85% || Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,033 || 45.36% || Nongthombam Ibomcha Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,473 || 22.29% || 2,560
|-
| 20 || [[Langthabal Assembly constituency|Langthabal]] || 89.24% || [[O. Joy Singh]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,415 || 26.18% || Pukhhambam Orendro || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,212 || 23.98% || 203
|-
| 21 || [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]] || 84.91% || Tokpam Sanajao Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,626 || 31.99% || Wahengbam Angou Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,082 || 27.19% || 544
|-
| 22 || [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]] || 86.09% || W. Nipamacha Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,729 || 53.52% || Chungkham Rajmohan Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,862 || 43.71% || 867
|-
| 23 || [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]] || 84.91% || [[Abdul Latip]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,512 || 35.01% || Khaidem Mangol Singh || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,018 || 30.09% || 494
|-
| 24 || [[Nambol Assembly constituency|Nambol]] || 91.91% || Thounaojam Chaoba Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,396 || 48.92% || Hidangmayum Shyakishor Sharma || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,355 || 48.55% || 41
|-
| 25 || [[Oinam Assembly constituency|Oinam]] || 92.25% || Yamnam Yaima Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,103 || 49.83% || Muthum Amutombi Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,988 || 48.71% || 115
|-
| 26 || [[Bishnupur, Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]] || 87.59% || Khaidem Rath Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,739 || 38.24% || Mairembam Nilachandra Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,008 || 30.77% || 731
|-
| 27 || [[Moirang Assembly constituency|Moirang]] || 86.55% || Kiyam Shyam Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,268 || 49.54% || Heman Nilamani Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 6,080 || 48.06% || 188
|-
| 28 || [[Thanga Assembly constituency|Thanga]] || 88.99% || Salam Jayantakumar Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,037 || 34.14% || Heisnam Yaima Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,936 || 33.00% || 101
|-
| 29 || [[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]] || 81.69% || Wahengbam Komol || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,951 || 54.46% || Mairembam Koireng || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,517 || 38.69% || 1,434
|-
| 30 || [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]] || 86.20% || [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,989 || 57.44% || Abdul Quadir Shah || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,111 || 39.43% || 1,878
|-
| 31 || [[Thoubal Assembly constituency|Thoubal]] || 91.88% || Koijam Mangi Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,366 || 29.28% || Thoudam Krishna Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,157 || 27.46% || 209
|-
| 32 || [[Wangkhem Assembly constituency|Wangkhem]] || 92.36% || Chaoba || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,641 || 23.16% || Laishram Modhu Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,973 || 17.30% || 668
|-
| 33 || [[Heirok Assembly constituency|Heirok]] || 88.61% || Moirangthem Tombi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,171 || 55.96% || Soibam Kushmu Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,563 || 41.38% || 1,608
|-
| 34 || [[Wangjing Tentha Assembly constituency|Wangjing Tentha]] || 90.36% || Saqam Ibomcha Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,362 || 21.53% || Naorem Kunjobabu || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 1,982 || 18.06% || 380
|-
| 35 || [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]] || 88.09% || Thokchom Achouba || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,491 || 32.69% || Moirangthem Borajao Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,820 || 26.41% || 671
|-
| 36 || [[Wabgai Assembly constituency|Wabgai]] || 81.92% || Habibur Rahaman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,271 || 42.20% || Naorem Mohandas || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,996 || 29.60% || 1,275
|-
| 37 || [[Kakching Assembly constituency|Kakching]] || 92.56% || Kshetri Irubot || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,622 || 36.45% || Yengkhom Nimal || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 3,004 || 30.23% || 618
|-
| 38 || [[Hiyanglam Assembly constituency|Hiyanglam]] || 88.79% || Maibam Kunjo || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 1,908 || 19.75% || Elangbam Babudhan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,884 || 19.51% || 24
|-
| 39 || [[Sugnu Assembly constituency|Sugnu]] || 84.56% || Khaidem Nimaichand || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,090 || 40.98% || Mayanglambam Nila Singh || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,430 || 34.37% || 660
|-
| 40 || [[Jiribam Assembly constituency|Jiribam]] || 75.38% || S. Bijoy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,843 || 33.60% || Devendra Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,611 || 30.86% || 232
|-
| 41 || [[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]] || 90.01% || H. T. Thungam || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,490 || 24.16% || Nula Thumsing || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,303 || 22.87% || 187
|-
| 42 || [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]] || 80.99% || L. Rongman || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,207 || 30.02% || N. G. Hermashing || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,558 || 23.94% || 649
|-
| 43 || [[Phungyar Assembly constituency|Phungyar]] || 74.18% || Rishang Keishing || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,861 || 56.89% || Stephen Angkang || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,585 || 41.96% || 1,276
|-
| 44 || [[Ukhrul Assembly constituency|Ukhrul]] || 77.90% || Yangmaso Shaiza || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 5,201 || 51.75% || K. Envey || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,723 || 46.99% || 478
|-
| 45 || [[Chingai Assembly constituency|Chingai]] || 78.63% || Somi A. Shimray || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 4,847 || 44.29% || P. Peter || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,834 || 35.03% || 1,013
|-
| 46 || [[Saikul Assembly constituency|Saikul]] || 85.45% || Shonkhothang Ashon || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,580 || 27.72% || Lalkhohen || {{party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}} || 3,210 || 24.85% || 370
|-
| 47 || [[Karong Assembly constituency|Karong]] || 81.47% || K. S. Benjamin Banee || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,681 || 39.38% || Vio || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 4,225 || 35.55% || 456
|-
| 48 || [[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]] || 94.65% || Kh. Thekho || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,764 || 26.48% || Lohrii || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,612 || 25.41% || 152
|-
| 49 || [[Tadubi Assembly constituency|Tadubi]] || 78.90% || Saheni Adani || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,464 || 29.97% || Khupkholam || {{party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}} || 3,208 || 27.75% || 256
|-
| 50 || [[Kangpokpi Assembly constituency|Kangpokpi]] || 82.38% || [[Kishore Thapa]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,029 || 52.83% || Paokhosei || {{party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}} || 4,117 || 43.25% || 912
|-
| 51 || [[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]] || 80.21% || Zampu || {{party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}} || 2,458 || 20.48% || Paokhosei Kipgen || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,446 || 20.38% || 12
|-
| 52 || [[Tamei Assembly constituency|Tamei]] || 74.33% || Pauheu || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,287 || 40.21% || Dijuanang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,254 || 27.57% || 1,033
|-
| 53 || [[Tamenglong Assembly constituency|Tamenglong]] || 77.26% || T. P. Kiuliangpou || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 3,152 || 42.36% || Huriang || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,602 || 21.53% || 1,550
|-
| 54 || [[Nungba Assembly constituency|Nungba]] || 77.41% || Jangamlung || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 1,618 || 23.23% || Pougailungpou || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,563 || 22.44% || 55
|-
| 55 || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || 84.48% || [[Ngurdinglien Sanate]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,528 || 47.02% || Hmangkhum Joute || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,842 || 37.88% || 686
|-
| 56 || [[Thanlon Assembly constituency|Thanlon]] || 77.93% || N. Gouzagin || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 4,337 || 51.74% || Tunzakham || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,824 || 45.62% || 513
|-
| 57 || [[Henglep Assembly constituency|Henglep]] || 85.23% || Holkhomang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,335 || 55.64% || N. Hauneikhup || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 5,481 || 41.57% || 1,854
|-
| 58 || [[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]] || 77.57% || Haukholal Thangjom || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 4,242 || 47.22% || T. Kaigou || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,313 || 25.75% || 1,929
|-
| 59 || [[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]] || 95.74% || Ngulkhohao || {{party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}} || 3,245 || 27.47% || T. Kholly || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,590 || 21.92% || 655
|-
| 60 || [[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]] || 82.51% || Gougin || {{party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }} || 5,276 || 55.91% || Thangkhanlal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,872 || 41.03% || 1,404
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1974 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Manipur elections}}

[[Category:1974 State Assembly elections in India|Manipur]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Manipur|1974]]
[[Category:1970s in Manipur|1974]]
[[Category:February 1974 in Asia]]

List of Indian Civil Service (British India) officers posted to North-Western Provinces

2026-03-14T01:50:02Z

Julixei: creating a article.

{{Short description|none}}

{{Incomplete list|date=January 2025}}
This is a list of [[Indian Civil Service]] (British India) officers posted to [[North-Western Provinces]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[British India|India]].<ref name=Singh1874.45>Singh. pp.45-52</ref>
[[File:Interior, All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|thumb|[[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr]], where several plaques are erected in memory of administrators of Bulandshahr]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! !!Date in office at Bulandshar !! Name !! Notes
|-
| ||16 February - 15 March 1832 || [[Robert Lowther (collector)|R. Lowther]] ||First [[District magistrate|collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]].<ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.335>Danvers, p.335</ref>
|-
| ||16 March 1832 - end 1837 ||John Matthew Tierney || <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.366>Danvers, p.366</ref>
|-
| ||March 1838 - end 1842 ||N. Prowett || <ref name=Singh1874.45/>
|-
| ||1843 - March 1845 ||J. F. Clarke || <ref name=Singh1874.45/>
|-
| ||5 March 1845 - 3 April 1852 || Augustus Udny Chichele Plowden || <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.371>Danvers, p.371</ref>
|-
| ||May 1852 - 21 April 1857 ||[[George Dundas Turnbull|G. D. Turnbull]] || <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.625>Danvers, p.625</ref>
|-
| ||December 1853 ||Robert Spankie ||<ref name=Smeaton.2>Smeaton, pp.2-6</ref>
|-
| ||1854||[[William Chichele Plowden]]||<ref name=Smeaton.13>Smeaton, pp.13-16</ref>
|-
| ||22 April 1857 - 23 April 1858 ||[[Brand Sapte]]|| <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.422>Danvers, p.422</ref>
|-
| ||1858||Edmund Bensley Thornhill||<ref name=Smeaton.18>Smeaton. pp.18-22</ref>
|-
| ||1859||Frederick Eden Elliott||<ref name=Smeaton.32>Smeaton. pp.32-36</ref>
|-
| ||30 January 1860 - 6 June 1861 ||[[George Freeling|G. H. Freeling]] || <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.598>Danvers, p.598</ref>
|-
| ||14 August 1861 - 30 July 1862|| [[William Lowe (civil servant)|W. H. Lowe]] || <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.447>Danvers, p.447</ref>
|-
| ||27 December 1862 – 19 March 1863 ||Robert Simson|| <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.436>Danvers, p.436</ref>
|-
| ||20 March 1863- 6 October 1863 ||[[George Welstead Colledge|G. W. Colledge]]|| <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.456>Danvers, p.456</ref>
|-
| ||22 November 1863 – 16 April 1865 ||[[Henry George Keene (historian)|H. G. Keene]]|| <ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Smeaton.2/><ref name=Danvers.432>Danvers, p.432</ref>
|-
| ||17 April 1865 - 16 August 1867 ||[[Henry Binny Webster|H. B. Webster]]||<ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Smeaton.13/><ref name=Danvers.456/>
|-
| ||17 October 1867 - 16 July 1869|| [[Cairnes Anthony Daniell|C. A. Daniell]]||<ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Danvers.455>Danvers, p.455</ref><ref name=Smeaton.13/>
|-
| ||23 August 1869 - ||[[Henry Dundas Willock|H. D. Willock]]||<ref name=Singh1874.45/><ref name=Smeaton.13/><ref name=Danvers.454>Danvers, p.454</ref>
|-
| || ||[[Frederick Pollen]] ||<ref name=Singh1874.89>Singh. p.89</ref>
|-
| ||||William Young||<ref name=Smeaton.26>Smeaton. pp.26-30</ref>
|-
| || ||[[Elliott Colvin (died 1883)|Elliott Colvin]] ||<ref name=Smeaton.18/><ref name=Danvers.461>Danvers, p.461</ref>
|-
| ||1874||William Charles Turner||<ref name=Smeaton.18/>
|-
| ||November 1877 - 1884 ||[[Frederic Growse]] ||<ref name=JRAS1893>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25197161 "Notes of the Quarter (April, May, June, 1893) III Obituary Notices"], ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]'', Vol. 25, Issue 3, July 1893, pp. 650–652. {{doi|10.1017/S0035869X0014359X}}</ref>
|-
| || || Arthur Edwin Comerford Casey||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Sir Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Sir Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Smeaton|editor-first=R|title=History of services of gazetted officers employed under the government of the N.W.P. and Oudh. Corrected up to 1st Jan., 1881|date=1881 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Govt. Press |location=Allahabad|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofservice00alla/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/n1/mode/2up?q=|language=en}}

[[Category:India history-related lists]]
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

George Panackal V.C.

2026-03-13T01:44:23Z

Julixei: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian Catholic Priest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fr.George Panackal V.C
| image =
| caption = At Ordination
| native_name = George Panackal V.C
| native_name_lang = Ml
| pronunciation = ജോർജ് പനക്കൽ വി.സി
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], Kerala
| occupation = * Priest
* Spiritual Motivator
| years_active = 1960
| organization = [[Potta Ashram]]
| notable_works = [[Divine Retreat Centre, Potta]]
| website = https://pottaashram.org
}}

'''George Panackal V.C.''' is the director of [[Divine Retreat Centre, Potta]].<ref name="christiantoday">{{cite web |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/christian.retreat.centre.in.india.faces.persecution/9088.htm |title=Christian Retreat Centre in India Faces Persecution |newspaper=christiantoday.com |date= 12 January 2007|last= |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> He is widely renowned among Christians in India for his charitable work, pastoral services as a gospel teacher<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=NDMz |title=Divine Retreat Rev. Fr. George Panackal at Bristol |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085802/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=NDMz |url-status=dead }}</ref> and interpreter from a Catholic perspective. He preaches regularly at Divine Retreat Centre whose services are aired every day in [[Shalom TV India]],<ref name="shalomtv">{{cite web |url=http://shalomtv.tv/live/#|title=Shalom TV}}</ref> [[Divine judgment|Divine TV]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Youtube Speeches| website=[[YouTube]] | date=24 January 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfO9lHwE208&playnext=1&list=PL9EA4F85D6DDDE95C&feature=results_video|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> and Goodness (TV channel).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.today/20130414224712/http://demo.dvnonline.org/?page_id=217 About Divine Online]
* [http://www.divinetv.in/ Divine TV]
* [http://www.drcm.org/ Website]
* [http://www.divinedelhi.org/ Delhi Divine Center]
* [http://www.potta.org/ Potta.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panackal, George}}
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sunayana (film)

2026-03-03T23:24:55Z

Julixei: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sunayana
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Hiren Nag]]
| producer = [[Tarachand Barjatya]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] [[Talluri Rameshwari]]
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Rajshri Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979}}
| runtime = 2 hours 11 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sunayana''''' is a 1979 [[Bollywood]] family [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Hiren Nag]] and produced by [[Tarachand Barjatya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunayana (1979) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sunayana-4933/cast-crew |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUNAYANA (1979) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b774a6a9c |access-date=2022-05-03 |publisher=British Film Institute }}{{dead link|date=October 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Talluri Rameshwari]] as Sunayana
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Dr. Indrajeet
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Rajoo
*[[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]]
*[[Sulochana Latkar]]
*[[Jagdeep]]
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
*[[Leela Mishra]]
*[[Mukri]]
*[[Rajendra Nath]]

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack for this film has been composed and written by [[Ravindra Jain]].
# "Sunayana" – [[K. J. Yesudas]]
# "Aanso Bhi Hain"– [[K. J. Yesudas]]
# "Megha O Re Megha" – [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
# "Kaisi Hoon Main" – [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0165966|title=Sunayana}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 comedy films]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-comedy-film-stub}}

Netrikkan

2026-03-03T05:19:18Z

Julixei: adjust formatting for consistency and improved wording for consistency

{{for|the 2021 film|Netrikann}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Netrikkan
| image = Netrikkan poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[K. Balachander]]
| story = [[Visu]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Saritha]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] [[Vijayashanti]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1981|8|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Netrikkan''''' ({{Translation|''The Third Eye''}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in a double role as father and son with [[Saritha]] and [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]], while [[Goundamani]], Lakshmi and Sarath Babu play supporting roles. It revolves around Chakravarthy, a middle-aged businessman and [[womanise]]r who rapes a woman Radha. The rest of the film revolves around Chakravarthy's son and Radha teaching him a lesson.

The film's story and dialogues were written by Visu and the screenplay was written by K. Balachander. Babu and R. Vittal handled cinematography and editing respectively. The soundtrack and score were composed by Ilayaraja while the lyrics for the tracks were written by Kannadasan.

''Netrikkan'' was released on 15 August 1981 and became successful at the box office. The film received critical acclaim with Rajinikanth's performance as a middle-aged womaniser being widely praised. The film was remade in Telugu as ''Ahankari'' (1992) and unofficially in Hindi as ''[[Rangeela Raja]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=Movies that define 'the actor' Rajinikanth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/films-that-define-the-actor-rajinikanth-6202142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626122308/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/films-that-define-the-actor-rajinikanth-6202142/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}
Chakravarthy, a successful textile businessman in [[Coimbatore]], is a [[womanise]]r. Meenakshi is his wife, Santosh his son, and Sangeetha his daughter. It doesn't take long for Santosh to learn of his father's behaviour and he tries to mend his ways. Radha gets introduced as a candidate for the PRO ([[Public relations officer|Public Relations Officer]]) vacancy and eventually gets selected and is sent to Hong Kong for training. Chakravarthy, unable to tolerate his son's growing menace, sets off to Hong Kong for a holiday. Here he meets Radha and at one point rapes her. Chakravarthy flies back to India where he is met with a number of changes which all point out to the new general manager. This person turns out to be Radha who has joined with Santosh to teach Chakravarthy a lesson for life. How the duo succeeds in changing Chakravarthy's behaviour forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Chakravarthy& Santhosh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |date=13 April 2016 |title=Tamil cinema's enduring romance with the double-role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Tamil-cinema%E2%80%99s-enduring-romance-with-the-double-role/article14244072.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214203519/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Tamil-cinema%E2%80%99s-enduring-romance-with-the-double-role/article14244072.ece |archive-date=14 December 2016 |access-date=30 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Meenakshi
*[[Saritha]] as Radha{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=120}}
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Menaka
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Sangeetha
*[[Goundamani]] as Singaram
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Yuvaraja (guest appearance)
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] (guest appearance)
*[[Neelu]] as a doctor
}}

== Production ==
''Netrikann'' is the inaugural production of K. Balachander's [[Kavithalayaa Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Films |url=https://kavithalayaa.in/films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213255/https://kavithalayaa.in/films/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=[[Kavithalayaa Productions|kavithalayaa.in]]}}</ref> It had Rajinikanth playing the roles of father and son. Unlike other Tamil films where the father's character is portrayed as a clean person and the son has vices, in this film it is the opposite. Balachander produced the film as he felt that the concept had a lot of scope for Rajinikanth to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthuraman |first=S P |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 December 1999 |title=Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107121339/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Muthuraman was initially hesitant to direct the film but Balachander encouraged him to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=ரஜினியின் சாதனைகள் |url=http://rajinifans.com/celebrity/spm.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028164247/http://rajinifans.com/celebrity/spm.php |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=Rajini 125 |publisher=New Filmalaya |language=ta}}</ref> Cameraman Babu introduced the mask shots through this film, the film had 90 mask shots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=B. |date=4 September 2005 |title=He has shot many a memorable scene |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/04/stories/2005090413450200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229120608/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/04/stories/2005090413450200.htm |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nettrikan Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nettrikan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413090841/https://mossymart.com/product/nettrikan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1980 |title=Netrikkann (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/netrikkann-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1410101583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413090824/https://music.apple.com/us/album/netrikkann-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1410101583 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raja Rani
| length1 = 4:09
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title2 = Theeratha
| length2 = 4:13
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Ramanin Mohanam
| length3 = 4:13
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title4 = Mappillaikku
| length4 = 4:15
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| total_length = 16:50 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Netrikkan'' was released on 15 August 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் - ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220629103609/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Sindhu-Jeeva of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for boring visuals, overdose of glamour dance, unintelligible dialogues, lengthy climax chase but praised Rajinikanth's acting and Chalam's art direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிந்து-ஜீவா |date=6 September 1981 |title=நெற்றிக்கண் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-09-06/page/44/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230410135043/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-09-06/page/44/mode/2up |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=44 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1999, the film was screened at a 12-day film festival celebrating Rajinikanth's 25th year in cinema.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=176}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kavithalaya Productions}}
{{K. Balachander}}
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhonsle (film)

2026-03-02T05:56:46Z

Julixei: updated page

{{Short description|2018 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhonsle
| image = Bhonsle (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Devashish Makhija]]
| producer = [[Neha (actress)|Shabana Raza Bajpayee]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://iffk.in/bhonsle/| title=Bhonsle| website=iffk.in}}</ref> Piiyush Singh Abhayanand Singh Saurabh Gupta Sandiip Kapoor
| writer = Devashish Makhija Mirat Trivedi Sharanya Rajgopal
| starring = [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Santosh Juvekar]]
| music = Mangesh Dhakde
| cinematography = Jigmet Wangchuk
| editing = Shweta Venkat Mathew
| studio = Muvizz Manoj Bajpayee Productions
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|10|5|[[Busan International Film Festival|Busan]]|2020|6|26|df=y|India}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bhonsle''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Devashish Makhija]] and co-produced by Piiyush Singh,<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Amitabh Bachchan and Dhanush, Producer Piiyush Singh Is Bringing a Film 'Bhonsle' With Manoj Bajpayee|url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/after-amitabh-bachchan-and-dhanush-producer-piiyush-singh-is-bringing-a-film-bhonsle-with-manoj-bajpayee-68464.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.businesswireindia.com}}</ref>
The film stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in the title role: a retired Mumbai police officer who befriends a North Indian girl and her brother who are targeted among other migrants by local politicians. Its first look was launched at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cannes-film-festival-2018-manoj-bajpayee-returns-to-french-riviera-with-devashish-makhija-political-drama-bhonsle-4466505.html|title=Cannes Film Festival 2018: Manoj Bajpayee returns to French Riviera with Devashish Makhija' political drama Bhonsle|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 May 2018|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref>

''Bhonsle'' premiered in the 'A Window on Asian Cinema' section of the 2018 [[Busan International Film Festival]] and was also screened in the non-competitive India Story section at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#Film Festival|MAMI Film Festival]], the 2018 [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]], the 2019 [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] and the Singapore South Asian film festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-manoj-bajpayee-s-bhonsle-to-be-premiered-at-busan-international-film-festival-2018-461424|title=Manoj Bajpayee's Bhonsle to be premiered at Busan International Film Festival 2018|publisher=India TV|date=4 September 2018|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=scroll>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/895854/in-bhonsle-manoj-bajpayees-mumbai-constable-has-something-to-say-on-the-insider-outsider-debate|title=In 'Bhonsle', Manoj Bajpayee's Mumbai constable has something to say on the insider-outsider debate|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=Scroll.in|date=26 September 2018|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-like-proving-people-wrong-manoj-bajpayee/article25444353.ece|title=I like proving people wrong: Manoj Bajpayee|last=Khan|first=Murtaza Ali Khan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2018|accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/26/bhonsles-outing-at-rotterdam-film-fest-1930248.html|title=Bhonsle's outing at Rotterdam film fest|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328163422/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/26/bhonsles-outing-at-rotterdam-film-fest-1930248.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/biffes-2019-chat-debashish-720673.html|title=BIFFes 2019: Chat with Debashish Makhija of 'Bhonsle'|work=Deccan Herald|date=27 February 2019|accessdate=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/bhonsle-santosh-juvekar-s-film-is-officially-selected-for-3rd-singapore-south-asian-international-film-festival-2019/5d656c9709da697670cc8d50|title=Selected For 3rd Singapore South Asian International Film Festival 2019|website=SpotboyE|date=27 August 2019|accessdate=30 August 2019}}</ref> It won the Best Screenplay and Best Director Award at the Asian Film Festival Barcelona.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/manoj-bajpayees-bhonsle-wins-big-at-barcelona-fest/1663253|title=Manoj Bajpayee's ''Bhonsle'' wins big at Barcelona fest|work=Outlook|date=15 November 2019|accessdate=17 November 2019}}</ref> It was released on [[SonyLIV]] on 26 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/manoj-bajpayee-looks-forward-to-ott-release-of-bhonsle-627474|title=Manoj Bajpayee looks forward to OTT release of 'Bhonsle,' shares endearing trailer | Celebrities News – India TV|first=Shriya|last=Bhasin|date=19 June 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> [[Manoj Bajpayee]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] at the [[67th National Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Constable Bhonsle retires from the [[Mumbai Police]] to live in a dilapidated ''[[chawl]]'' (a small apartment block for factory workers). He occasionally meets with his former superior about extending his service. An idol is shown being prepared for the ten-day [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festival.

Homeless taxi driver Vilas is a foot soldier for a local political party which upholds local [[cultural identity]], and blames migrants from [[North India]] for taking local jobs. He frequently gets into conflicts with Rajendra, who wants to lead the migrants. Vilas networks and unites influential locals to assert their identity. Bhonsle is respected in the community, but refuses to join Vilas.

Sita and her teenaged brother Lalu move next door to Bhonsle. Lalu refuses to join Rajendra's gang, but one night is tricked into vandalizing the billboard of Vilas's political party. The next day Vilas is irate and Lalu is frightened. After confessing to Sita, they inform Bhonsle who warns them that he will tell the police if it happens again.

A few days later, there is a grand procession for Ganesh Chaturthi which involves everyone from the ''chawl''. Bhonsle collapses in his room from fading health. Lalu gathers their neighbours to take him to the hospital where Sita works, and she nurses him to health. She also takes care of the paperwork at his discharge, and he is given a discount on the assumption of being her family member. Bhonsle forms a bond with the siblings and helps Lalu secretly repaint the billboard. Sita receives Bhonsle's medical tests and informs him that he has a terminal brain tumor. Having acquired supplies to fix the billboard, Vilas takes credit when he finds it repainted in the morning. Bhonsle exposes his lie, and Vilas is humiliated that Bhonsle took the migrants side instead of his own.

Bhonsle is heartbroken when he is informed that his service extension with the police is contingent on a medical check-up. As Sita returns from her night shift, Vilas kidnaps her and then rapes her. Bhonsle finds Sita badly injured, and confronts Vilas, finding bloodstains in his taxi. The two fight and are both fatally injured, while on the last day of Ganesh Chaturthi the idol is sunk into the ocean.

==Cast==
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Ganpath Bhonsle
*[[Santosh Juvekar]] as Vilas
*Ipshita Chakraborty Singh as Sita
*Virat Vaibhav as Lalu
*[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Rajendra
*Rajendra Sisadkar as Talpade
*Kailash Waghmare as Sawant
*Shrikant Yadav as Mhatre
*Neetu Pande as Mrs. Jha
*Dev Mehta as Ismail

==Production==
Makhija started writing the script of ''Bhonsle'' in 2011 and completed it in 2015 but could not gain interest from producers. In 2016, Makhija directed an 11-minute short film titled ''Taandav'' starring [[Manoj Bajpayee]], about a head constable who breaks out into a dance to deal with the strains of his life.<ref name=scroll/> Bajpayee had suggested him to make a short "to prove that they could carry off the idea".<ref name=scroll/> Makhija said that he made the short because he was not able to make ''Bhonsle''. He said that the purpose of the short was to "show the world that a film about a havaldar (constable) could be interesting."<ref name=scroll/> Makhija took inspiration for Bhonsale's mannerisms from his father who had become "something else" after Makhija left for [[Mumbai]] from his hometown [[Kolkata]].<ref name=scroll/> The script was selected by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] for their event, Film Bazaar in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/muvizz-coms-bhonsle-starring-manoj-bajpayee-selected-by-nfdc-for-film-bazaar/articleshow/55353906.cms|title=Muvizz.com's 'Bhonsle' starring Manoj Bajpayee selected by NFDC for Film Bazaar|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|work=The Economic Times|date=10 November 2016|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref>

The film's principal photography began on 21 October 2017. The Ganpati festival scene was shot for two days in Mumbai in August, forming a backdrop in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/busan-helmer-devashish-makhija-set-for-bhonsle-exclusive-1202589024/|title=Busan: Helmer Devashish Makhija set for "Bhonsle" (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|work=Variety|date=13 October 2017|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref> For the pullout shot on the day of the Ganpati immersion, Bajpayee was placed in the crowd of 70,000 people. The scene took six retakes to complete and throughout the shoot no one recognised Bajpayee.<ref name=scroll/> The filming was completed in late December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-wraps-up-devashish-makhija-s-bhonsle-in-mumbai/story-rFziSCP0ovZK8fpl9cInEP.html|title=Manoj Bajpayee wraps up Devashish Makhija's Bhonsle in Mumbai|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 December 2017|accessdate=2 October 2018}}</ref> Several scenes were shot in closed narrow spaces as Makhija wanted to "create a sense of suffocation".<ref name=scroll/>

==Reception==
Deborah Young of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' praised Bajpayee's performance in the film and said that his "hermit retiree emerges as a quiet-spoken hero who opposes the racist hate-mongering around him with cool disdain." She felt that the film "builds tension well as it goes along", but called its first half "punishing".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/bhonsle-1155739|title='Bhonsle': Film Review: Mumbai 2018|last=Young|first=Deborah|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=28 October 2018|accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> Anupam Kant Verma of [[Firstpost]] wrote: "To Makhija’s peculiar blend of technical proficiency and poetic beats, Bajpayee brings the gravitas and masterful restraint that tugs at the kite of the director’s imagination the moment it threatens to pull away, in effect, harmonising the film experience."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhonsle-movie-review-devashish-makhijas-fascinating-character-study-is-enriched-by-manoj-bajpayees-performance-5505521.html|title=Bhonsle movie review: Devashish Makhija's fascinating character study is enriched by Manoj Bajpayee's performance|last=Verma|first=Anupam Kant|publisher=Firstpost|date=5 November 2018|accessdate=7 November 2018}}</ref> J. Hurtado of [[Screen Anarchy]] wrote: "It's an exceptional film bolstered by a nearly silent performance from Manoj Bajpayee, one of India's finest actors, who also stepped in to produce the film when things were looking dire during production." He also included it in his list of 14 Favorite Indian Films of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2019/01/j-hurtados-13-favorite-indian-films-of-2018-gallery.html|title=J Hurtado's 14 Favorite Indian Films of 2018|last=Hurtado|first=J|publisher=Screen Anarchy|date=3 January 2018|accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-06-28|title=Bhonsle: Manoj Bajhpayee Joins Ipshita Chakraborty Singh, Santosh Juvekar Stream Online On Sony Liv|url=https://moviespie.com/entertainment/films/bhonsle-manoj-bajhpayee-joins-ipshita-chakraborty-singh-santosh-juvekar-stream-online-on-sony-liv/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808054742/https://www.moviespie.com/entertainment/films/bhonsle-manoj-bajhpayee-joins-ipshita-chakraborty-singh-santosh-juvekar-stream-online-on-sony-liv/ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=2020-06-28|website=Moviespie|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col"| Ref.
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[13th Asia Pacific Screen Awards|21 November 2019]]
|[[Cultural Diversity Award (UNESCO)|UNESCO Award]]
|[[Devashish Makhija]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/news-events/13th-asia-pacific-screen-awards-celebrates-100-years-of-korean-cinema-2019-nominations-announced|title=13TH ASIA PACIFIC SCREEN AWARDS CELEBRATES 100 YEARS OF KOREAN CINEMA 2019 NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED|website=asiapacificscreenawards|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|Asian Film Festival Barcelona
|rowspan="3"|10 November 2019
|Best Film
|rowspan="2"|[[Devashish Makhija]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/asian-film-festival-barcelona-2019-manoj-bajpayee-s-bhonsle-bags-best-screenplay-and-best-director-award/5dce881a87fb571eff7e3eb3|title=Asian Film Festival Barcelona 2019: Manoj Bajpayee's Bhonsle Bags Best Screenplay And Best Director Award|website=spotboye.com|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Devashish Makhija]], Sharanya Rajgopal and Mirat Trivedi
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[22nd IIFA Awards|4 June 2022]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/|title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list|date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|19 December 2020]]
|Best Film - Web Originals
|''Bhonsle''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in A Web Original Film
|rowspan="3"|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"|FOI Online Awards
|31 January 2021
|Best Actor in a Leading Role
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/6th-foi-online-awards|title=6th FOI Online Awards 2021|website=foionlineawards.com|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601125046/https://www.foionlineawards.com/6th-foi-online-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[National Film Awards]]
|22 March 2021
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8476998}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/bhonsle-1000046747 Bhonsle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516233649/https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/bhonsle-1000046747 |date=16 May 2024 }} on [[Sony Liv]]

[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:2018 direct-to-video films]]

Thotapalli, Parvathipuram Manyam district

2026-02-23T15:20:35Z

Julixei: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thotapalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|47|08|N|83|30|36|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 535525
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kurupam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Garugubilli
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Thotapalli''' is a village in [[Garugubilli]] mandal, [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.
<ref>{{cite web|title=About Thotapalli Village|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Vizianagaram/Garugubilli/Thotapalli|publisher=Thotapalli Village|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Parvathipuram Manyam district]]

ZPHS Dharmaram

2026-02-22T04:54:13Z

Julixei: improve intro for clarity and improved wording

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2021}}
{{one source|date=October 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Zilla Parishad High School
| image = ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district
| motto =
| address = Dharmaram
| city =
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postal_code = 505416
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.011766|N|79.5740542|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| established = 
| opened =
| closed =
| type =
| district =
| grades =
| superintendent =
| principal =
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''ZPHS Dharmaram''' (fully [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] High School, Dharmaram) is one of the oldest schools in [[Medak district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zphs.ddharmaram.com/ |title=Welcome to ZPHS D.Dharmaram |publisher=Zphs.ddharmaram.com |access-date=2012-10-05 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114054148/http://zphs.ddharmaram.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This school is in [[D. Dharmaram]]. Recently, new buildings were constructed for the high school. The total attendance is 397 students.<ref name="google1">[http://sites.google.com/site/ddharmaramschools/home/students-information ]{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> The school has a computer lab donated by [[NIIT]], with 12 computers. In this laboratory, students get regular practice with computer and internet concepts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school/ |title=ZPHS High School - D.Dharmaram - 502 102 |publisher=D.Dharmaram |access-date=2012-10-05 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329093325/http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==News and events==
On 31 January 2010, The 1985 - 86 [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] students gathered in the high school grounds for a reunion. For this function, the retired teachers were invited as well. All the teachers and students expressed their views, recalled their sweet memories and teachers blessed and addressed the students. It was exactly 25 years back these students studied their SSC in this school.<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/ddharmaramschools/home/oldstudentsmeet ]{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>

==Scenes from the school==
<gallery heights="150px" widths="150px" perrow="4">
File:ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district2.jpg|General view of the school
File:DDharmaram School photo1.jpg|Computer lab
File:DDharmaramZPHSschoolPhoto2.jpg|Computer lab class room
File:ZPHS Dharmaram, Medak district.jpg|Old school building
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school# ZPHS Dharmaram website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329093325/http://www.ddharmaram.com/home/d-dharmaram-schools/zphs-high-school |date=29 March 2012 }}

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zphs Dharmaram}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{Telangana-school-stub}}

Mesrop Taghiadian

2026-02-11T13:48:31Z

Julixei: creating a data

{{Short description|19th-century Armenian author and educator (1803 – 1858)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mesrop Taghiadian
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Մեսրոպ Թաղիադյանի կիսանդրին Կարբիում (1).JPG
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Bust of Mesrop Taghiadian in the village of [[Karbi, Armenia|Karbi]] in [[Armenia]]
| native_name = Մեսրոպ Դաւթեան Թաղիադեան
| native_name_lang = Armenian
| nationality = [[Armenians|Armenian]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2 January 1803
| birth_place = [[Yerevan]], [[Erivan Khanate]], [[Qajar Iran]]
| death_date = 10 June 1858
| death_place = [[Shiraz]], [[Fars province|Fars]], Qajar Iran
| resting_place = Shiraz
| occupation = Writer, educator
| signature = Signature of Mesrop Taghiadian.png
}}

'''Mesrop Davtian Taghiadian''' or '''Taghiadiants''' ({{Langx|hy|Մեսրոպ Դաւթեան Թաղիադեան}};{{Efn|[[Armenian orthography reform|Reformed orthography]]: {{lang|hy|Մեսրոպ Դավթյան Թաղիադյան}}. Different spellings of Taghiadian's surname can be found in his works, including {{Langx|hy|Թաղիադեանց|translit=T’aghiadeants'|label=none}}{{Sfn|Tʻaghiadeantsʻ|1830|loc=title page}} and {{Langx|hy|Թաղիդեանց|translit=T’aghideants'|label=none}}.{{Sfn|Tʻaghideantsʻ|1841|loc=Armenian title page}} He anglicized his name as ''Mesrop David Taliatin''.{{Sfn|Tʻaghideantsʻ|1841|loc=English title page}}}} 2 January 1803 – 10 June 1858) was a nineteenth-century [[Armenians|Armenian]] writer, educator and journalist. He wrote prolifically in [[Classical Armenian]] and is regarded as one of the first Armenian authors of the [[Romanticism|Romantic movement]], as well as one of the earliest modern Armenian fiction writers.

Taghiadian was born in [[Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|Iranian-ruled Armenia]], but lived most of his life away from his homeland. He was educated at the [[seminary]] of [[Vagharshapat|Etchmiadzin]] and traveled throughout Armenia with his teacher collecting [[Armenian folk music|folk songs]] and oral traditions. He attained the rank of [[deacon]] in the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]]. Taghiadian emigrated to India to pursue further education. He graduated from [[Bishop's College, Calcutta|Bishop's College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (then ruled by the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]], now modern Kolkata) in 1830 and published his first literary works during his time there. In 1831, Taghiadian left India and unsuccessfully attempted to establish a school of his own, first in [[New Julfa]], Iran, then in Armenia. He worked as a teacher in Iran and married Tangkhatun Setian, the daughter of an [[Armenian merchantry|Armenian merchant]], who died in 1837. Taghiadian then lived briefly in [[Constantinople]], where he narrowly escaped a plot against him by the [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople|Armenian Patriarch]] and again settled in Calcutta. In the 1840s and 1850s, he published an Armenian periodical, ''{{Transliteration|hy|Azgaser}}'', and ran an Armenian school for boys and girls. Having closed his periodical and school and frequently clashing with other members of the Armenian community of Calcutta, Taghiadian decided to return to Armenia. He fell ill and died on the way to Armenia in [[Shiraz]], Iran in 1858.

Taghiadian wrote works of fiction in prose and verse, as well as educational and historical works, [[Travel literature|travelogues]], articles and translations of European authors. Among his notable works are the novels {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Vardgisi}} (1846) and {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Varsenkan}} (1847) and the long poem {{Transliteration|hy|Sos yev Sondipi}} (1848). In his literary works, Taghiadian sought to both entertain and educate readers. His works preach the virtues of enlightenment, unity and patriotism to Armenians. He called on Armenians in the [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]] to immigrate to their homeland. In the pages of ''{{Transliteration|hy|Azgaser}}'', he also commented on non-Armenian matters, criticizing [[History of colonialism|European colonialism]].

== Biography ==

=== Early life and education ===
Mesrop Taghiadian was born in the Dzoragyugh neighborhood of [[Yerevan]] in the [[Erivan Khanate]] of [[Qajar Iran]] on 2 January 1803.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=vii}} His parents were from the village of [[Karbi, Armenia|Karbi]].{{Sfn|Leo|1987|p=729}} Taghiadian lost his father at a young age and was raised by his grandmother.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=vii}} He received his primary education at the [[seminary]] in [[Etchmiadzin]].{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} From 1816 to 1821, he traveled throughout the provinces of Eastern Armenia with a group of [[monk]]s headed by his teacher {{Ill|Poghos Gharadaghtsi|hy|Պողոս Ղարադաղցի}}, collecting and recording [[Armenian folk music|folk songs]] and oral traditions.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=viii}} During this time, Taghiadian was made a [[deacon]] ({{Transliteration|hy|sarkavag}}) of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=viii}} While at [[Haghpat Monastery]], Taghiadian decided to travel to Paris via the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] to receive a higher education, but was forced to abandon his plans and instead decided to go to India, which at the time was ruled by the British [[Company rule in India|East India Company]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=ix}} In India, he was immediately hired as an assistant teacher at the [[Armenian College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now modern Kolkata).{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=ix}} From 1826 to 1830, he studied at [[Bishop's College, Calcutta|Bishop's College]] on a [[scholarship]] and received a [[master's degree]].{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=ix}} While at Bishop's College, he studied English, Latin, Greek and Persian, as well as [[theology]] and [[fine art]].{{Sfn|Seth|1992|p=519}} He published several works during this time, including translations into Classical Armenian of [[Hugo Grotius|Hugo Grotius's]] {{Lang|la|De veritate religionis Christianae}} (1829) and [[Reginald Heber|Reginald Heber's]] poem ''[[Palestine (poem)|Palestine]]'' (1830), as well as his own booklet titled {{Transliteration|hy|Dits’abanut’iwn}} ("Mythology").{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} He also translated excerpts from [[William Shakespeare]], [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield|Lord Chesterfield]], [[John Milton]], [[John Locke]], [[Alexander Pope]], [[Lord Byron]], and [[Robert Burns]] into Armenian.{{sfn|Hacikyan|Basmajian|Franchuk|Ouzounian|2005|pp=202}}{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=134}}

=== Travels and return to India ===
{{quote box
| quote = Rather over than medium size, his beard and eyes intensely black, each with a lustre peculiar to itself, with a quiet ease and grace about him and a knowledge "of men and things", not to be looked for, he was for a time a mystery. […] Every day he was in our family, our esteem for him increased. We found him a truly refined and cultured Christian gentleman. […] His soul kindled with enthusiasm at the thought of being engaged for life in teaching Armenian youth. It was his perfect ideal of a useful and happy life.
| source = —Description of Taghiadian by American missionary [[Cyrus Hamlin (missionary)|Cyrus Hamlin]]{{Sfn|Seth|1992|pp=516–518}}
| width = 22em
| fontsize = 85%
| style = padding:1.5em
}}Taghiadian returned to Etchmiadzin in 1831 with the intention of opening his own school, after an unsuccessful attempt to do so in [[New Julfa]] in Iran.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xiii}} However, he faced hostility from the [[Clergy|clerical]] establishment in Etchmiadzin and departed once again.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xv}} He lived briefly in New Julfa (1834–1836), where he worked as a teacher and married Tangkhatun Setian, the daughter of a local [[Armenian merchantry|Armenian merchant]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xv}}{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}}{{Efn|Taghiadian's first wife was the paternal aunt of the noted Calcutta Armenian educator and historian [[Mesrovb Jacob Seth]].{{sfn|Seth|1992|p=517}}}} Both of their sons died at a young age.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=xv–xvi}} In late 1836, Taghiadian traveled to [[Tabriz]], where he became the English teacher of one of the sons of [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath-Ali Shah]] ({{reign}}1797–1834), the former Shah of Iran.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} In Tabriz, Taghiadian's financial situation remained dire, and in November 1837, his wife died.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} After this, Taghiadian returned to Armenia and then left for Constantinople.{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} He lived there for about a year, working as a tutor in the home of a wealthy Armenian [[Amira (Ottoman Empire)|amira]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} Taghiadian was persecuted by the [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople]] Hakobos for his association with American Protestant [[Missionary|missionaries]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} The patriarch had Taghiadian arrested and transported to [[Trabzon]], whence he was to be deported to the [[Russian Empire]] and exiled to [[Siberia]].{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|p=xvi}} However, he managed to escape from his captors in Trabzon and, after a number of misadventures, once again reached Calcutta in late 1839.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}}{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=xvi–xvii}} In December 1839, he became the head of the Armenian section of the printing house of Bishop's College.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} He married for a second time in 1841 and worked as a [[peddler]] in Calcutta, although he never found success as a businessman.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}}

Taghiadian published a number of works during his second sojourn in Calcutta, including the [[Pedagogy|pedagogical]] works {{Transliteration|hy|Aybbenaran}} (1840) and {{Transliteration|hy|Mesrovbean sharadrich'}} (1840), the first part of a history of India titled {{Transliteration|hy|Patmut’iwn hin Hndkastani}} (1841), and a work on the importance of girls' education {{Transliteration|hy|Char' dastiarakut’ean oriordats'}}.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} In 1846, he published his [[novel]] {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Vardgisi}}, an Armenian adaptation of [[Heinrich Zschokke|Heinrich Zschokke's]] {{Lang|de|Abällino der große Bandit}}.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} His second novel, {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Varsenkan}} (1847), was more original in content.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} Taghiadian published a collection of his poems in 1847 under the title {{Transliteration|hy|T’ut’ak T’aghideants'}}.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} Also in 1847, he published {{Transliteration|hy|Chanaparhordut’iwn i Hays}}, an account of his travels in Armenia.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} In 1848, he published a long poem in the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] style titled {{Transliteration|hy|Sos yev Sondipi}}, a love story between an Indian prince and an Armenian.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|p=17}} Most of his long poems were never completed.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=135}}

=== Final years ===
From 1845 to 1852, Taghiadian published a periodical called {{Transliteration|hy|Azgaser}} ("Patriot," later {{Transliteration|hy|Azgaser araratean}}), which mainly published his own writings.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}}{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} He published articles on the importance of education, the economic and political development of Armenia, and unity among Armenians.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} Taghiadian welcomed the Russian conquest of Armenia in 1827 and called on Armenians in the [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]] to return to Armenia, seeing repatriation as the key to his homeland's development.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} In 1846, Taghiadian founded a coeducational Armenian school in Calcutta called {{Transliteration|hy|Surb Sandukht}} ("Saint [[Princess Sandukht|Sandukht]]", also known as the Armenian Infant Seminary),{{Sfn|Seth|1992|p=520}} where he sought to apply contemporary European pedagogical methods.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} In 1852, Taghiadian moved his printing press and school to [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chuchura]] north of Calcutta, but both were closed soon after.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} In 1858, having lost his second wife and being in constant conflict with the Calcutta Armenian community, Taghiadian decided to return to Armenia.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}} He fell ill and died on the journey and was buried in [[Shiraz]], at [[St Mary Church, Shiraz|St Mary Armenian Church]].{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=521}} Taghiadian's friend from Calcutta, Tadeos Avetumian, sent a headstone to Shiraz with the following Armenian inscription:{{Sfn|Nanumian|1947|pp=68–69}}

{{verse transliteration-translation|Մեսրոպ Դաւթեան Թաղիադեան
Պերճ վարժապետ մեծ գիտնական
Վսեմ քերթող մատենագիր
Հանգիստ առ այս թուխ դամբան
Զքեզ հայոց գիտնոց տաճար,
Պատուասերէ միշտ սիրավառ
Եւ Նոր Ջուղա և Կալկաթա
Ոչ մոռասցեն զքեզ իսպառ։|Mesrop Davt’ean T’aghiadean
Perch varzhapet mets gitnakan
Vsem k’ert’ogh matenagir
Hangist ar' ays t’ukh damban
Zk’ez hayots' gitnots' tachar,
Patvasere misht siravar'
Yev Nor Jugha yev Kalkat’a
Voch' mor’asts’en zk’ez ispar'։|Mesrop Davtian Taghiadian
Illustrious teacher and great scholar
Sublime poet and writer
Rest in this dark tomb
All the Armenian learned
Shall always honor you enthusiastically
Neither New Julfa nor Calcutta
Will ever forget you.|lang=hy|originalHeading=Armenian|transliterationHeading=Transliteration|translationHeading=English translation}}

== Views and style ==
Taghiadian saw education, learning and unity as the main means to Armenians' advancement as a nation, and his writings reflect this goal.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=133–135}} He railed against superstition, ignorant clerics, and promoted enlightenment and [[Patriotism|patriotic ideals]].{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}} Taghiadian's works are some of the earliest Armenian works in the Romantic style and express the author's [[Humanism|humanist]] views and belief in the capacity for humans to change for the better.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} His novels represent some of the earliest examples of modern Armenian fictional prose.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}} His novels {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Vardgisi}} and {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Varsenkan}} highlight the virtues of loyalty to one's ruler, national unity, personal integrity, and self-reliance.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}} Taghiadian's poems have love and patriotism as their main themes.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}} In his poem {{Transliteration|hy|Sos yev Sondipi}}, Taghiadian expresses ideals of human equality and the social importance of individual happiness.{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}

Like many contemporary and later Armenian writers, Taghiadian was concerned with the creation of a larger Armenian reading public.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}} He believed that the existing Armenian literature was too serious and dense to interest widespread readership and sought to "combine entertainment with practical purposes" in his works.{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|pp=134–135}}{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|p=19}} Unlike his contemporary [[Khachatur Abovian]], who promoted the use of [[Modern Armenian]] as a literary language, Taghiadian wrote mainly in [[Classical Armenian]], which he saw as a means of making his works accessible to all Armenians regardless of [[dialect]].{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|p=21}} In the pages of his periodical ''Azgaser'', he strove to write in a simpler style of Classical Armenian that would be more understandable for his readers.{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|pp=21–22}}

In his articles, Taghiadian condemned [[History of colonialism|colonialism]] and advocated for the rights of colonized peoples.{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|pp=16–17}} He criticized what he saw as the hypocrisy of the colonizing powers, who claimed a high level of morality but committed numerous barbarous acts in their colonial conquests.{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|pp=16–17}} In particular, Taghiadian criticized the economic exploitation of India by the British and the colonial authorities' indifference to poverty, which he saw firsthand in Calcutta.{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|pp=16–18}} Although Taghiadian welcomed the conquest of Armenia by Russia as liberation from oppressive Persian rule,{{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}} he vigorously opposed [[Serfdom in Russia|Russian serfdom]] and sympathized with the [[Decembrist revolt|Decembrist rebels]].{{Sfn|Tamrazian|1986|p=17}}

Taghiadian was an early Armenian advocate for women's education. In his 1828 letter to the people of Yerevan, he called on them to address the issue of women's education and attributed the strength of Britain and France to the freedom and literacy of women in those countries. In his work {{Transliteration|hy|Char' dastiarakut’ean oriordats'}}, he emphasized the importance of women's education for the overall benefit of the nation and society.{{Sfn|Leo|1987|pp=845–846}}

== Legacy and evaluation ==
Taghiadian did not think much of his own literary works, viewing himself more as a teacher and scholar than as a writer.{{Sfn|Nanumian|1947|p=69}} However, his educational, literary and journalistic activities were highly regarded by many later Armenian authors, such as [[Mikayel Nalbandian]], [[Raffi (novelist)|Raffi]], [[Perch Proshian]], and [[Alexander Shirvanzade|Shirvanzade]].{{Sfn|Mirzabekian|1960}} Nalbandian and Raffi praised Taghiadian's literary talent and ideals while lamenting that relatively few were familiar with his work. Nalbandian noted that this was partly because of Taghiadian's decision to write in Classical Armenian rather than the more accessible vernacular language. Shirvanzade considered Taghiadian to have been one of the most talented and sharp-minded poets of the first half of the nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Mirzabekian|1960|pp=40–41}} Kevork Bardakjian praises Taghiadian's epigrams as "witty" and his poetry as "subtle and warm."{{Sfn|Bardakjian|2000|p=135}} In his study of Mesrop Taghiadian, [[Leo (historian)|Leo]] values the author's work while criticizing his difficult language.{{Sfn|Leo|1987|p=839}} He considered the novel {{Transliteration|hy|Vep Varsenkan}} to be "overloaded with pious ideas" but ultimately "highly unattractive from the point of view of ideas" because it advocates for the total subordination of children to their parents' will. Taghiadian has been praised for his progressive views on women. Leo calls him "one of the first Armenian feminists, if it can be forgivable to use that word for [Taghiadian's] time" while noting that he was limited by the mentality of his time to viewing women's education only in the context of its benefits for society, not women themselves.{{Sfn|Leo|1987|pp=845–846}}

== Works ==

* ''Astuatsasēr ew azgasēr hasarakutʻean hayotsʻ pʻrkeal kʻaghakʻin Erewanay srbakrōn kʻahanayitsʻ, baretsnund ishkhanatsʻ ew hamayn barepastōn zhoghovrdotsʻ'' [To the pious and patriotic Armenian public, holy priests, noble-born princes and all the faithful people of the saved city of Yerevan], Calcutta, 1828{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Chshmartutʻiwn kʻristonēakan hawatoy'', Calcutta, 1829 (translation of Hugo Grotius's {{lang|la|De veritate religionis Christianae}}){{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Paghestin: Psakeal kʻertʻac'', Calcutta, 1830 (translation of Reginald Heber's ''Palestine''){{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Ditsʻabanutʻiwn'' [Mythology], Calcutta, 1830{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Mesrovbean aybbenaran'' [Mesropian Abecedary], Calcutta, 1840{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Mesrovbean sharadrichʻ hay ew angghiakan lezuatsʻ'' [Mesropian Composer of the Armenian and English Languages], Calcutta, 1840{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Patmutʻiwn hin Hndkastani yanyishatak darutsʻ anti tsʻyardzakumn mahmetakanatsʻ'' [History of Ancient India, from the earliest ages to the invasion of the Mahomedans], Calcutta, 1841{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Patmutʻiwn Parsitsʻ'' [History of Persia], Calcutta, 1846{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Vēp Vardgisi'' ''Tn. Tuhatsʻ'' [Novel of Vardges, Lord of the Tuhians], Calcutta, 1846{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Zuarchakhōs aṛakkʻ parsitsʻ'' [Humorous Persian Fables], Calcutta, 1846{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Tʻutʻak Tʻaghiadeantsʻ'' [Parrot Taghiadiants], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Karg ew kanonkʻ surb Sandukht dprotsʻi ōriordatsʻ ew paronkatsʻ'' [Rules and Regulations of the Saint Sandukht School for Girls and Boys], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Chanaparhordutʻiwn Mesrovbay Tʻaghiadeantsʻ V. A. sarkawagi srboy Ējmiatsni i Hays'' [Journey of Deacon of Holy Etchmiadzin Mesrop Taghiadiants, M. A., to Armenia], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Chaṛ dastiarakutʻean ōriordatsʻ'' [Discourse on the Education of Girls], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Mesrovbean aṛajnord mankantsʻ'' [Mesropian Handbook for Children], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Sōs ew Sōndipi'' [Sos and Sondipi], Calcutta, 1847 (reprinted in Constantinople in 1871){{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Vēp Varsenkan skayuhwoy aghuanitsʻ'' [Novel of Varsenik the Albanian Giantess], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Vkayabanutʻiwn srboyn Sandkhtoy'' [Martyrology of Saint Sandukht], Calcutta, 1847{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Chanaparhordutʻiwn M. D. Tʻaghideantsʻ i Parskastan'' [Journey of M. D. Taghideants to Persia], Calcutta, 1848{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Hamaṛōt kʻerakanutʻiwn haykazean lezui'' [Brief Grammar of the Armenian Language], Calcutta, 1848{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Tʻangaran Tʻaghiadeantsʻ'' [Taghiadiants Museum], Calcutta (date of publication unknown){{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Egherergutʻiwn yōrhas Tʻankay Tʻaghiadeantsʻ'' [Elegy on the Death of Tank Taghiadeants], Tiflis, 1893{{Sfn|Ashjian|1993|pp=495–497}}
* ''Gegharvestakan erker'', Yerevan, 1965 (collection of Taghiadian's literary works, ed. Ruzan Nanumian){{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}
* ''Ughegrutʻyunner։ Hodvatsner։ Namakner։ Vaveragrer'' [Travelogues, Articles, Letters, Documents], Yerevan, 1975 (eds. Ruzan Nanumian and Pion Hakobyan){{sfn|Nanumian|Grigorian|1978}}
* ''Diwan, Mesrop D.'' ''Tʻaghiadean։ antip ōragrutʻiwnner, erker ew kʻertʻuacner, vaweragrer, namakner'' [Divan, Mesrop D. Taghiadian: Unprinted Diaries, Works and Poems, Documents and Letters], ed. Archbishop Mesrob Ashjian, New Julfa, 1979 (reprinted in Yerevan in 1993){{Sfn|Ashjian|1993}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ashjian |first=Mesrob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MR5kAAAAMAAJ |title=Diwan, Mesrop D․ Tʻaghiadean։ antip ōragrutʻiwnner, erker ew kʻertʻuacner, vaweragrer, namakner |year=1993 |location=Yerevan |language=hy}}
* {{cite book |last=Bardakjian |first=Kevork B. |url=https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00bard |title=A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History |date=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=9780814327470}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hacikyan |first1=Agop Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C |title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times |last2=Basmajian |first2=Gabriel |last3=Franchuk |first3=Edward S. |last4=Ouzounian |first4=Nourhan |date=2005 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=0-8143-3221-8 |location=Detroit, Michigan |author-link1=Agop Jack Hacikyan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leo |title=Erkeri zhoghovatsu |publisher=Hayastan |year=1987 |volume=6 |location=Yerevan |pages=729–853 |language=hy |trans-title=Collected works |chapter=Mesrop Tʻaghiadyan |author-link=Leo (historian)}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mirzabekian |first=J. M. |date=1960 |title=M. Tʻaghiadyaně hay banasirutʻyan mej |trans-title=M. Taghiadian in Armenian philology |url=https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/119379/edition/108703/content |journal=HSSṚ GA Teghekagir Hasarakakan Gitutʻyunneri |language=hy |issue=12 |pages=39–46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326194743/https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/119379/edition/108703/content |archive-date=26 March 2023 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nanumian |first=R. |url=https://tert.nla.am/archive/HAY%20GIRQ/Ardy/1921-1950/nanumyan_taxidyan_1947.pdf |title=Mesrop Tʻaghiadyan |publisher=Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House |year=1947 |location=Yerevan |language=hy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615230929/https://tert.nla.am/archive/HAY%20GIRQ/Ardy/1921-1950/nanumyan_taxidyan_1947.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2024}}
* {{Cite book |year=1978 |chapter=Tʻaghiadyan Mesrop Davtʻi |title=Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran|title-link=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|trans-title=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia |location=Yerevan |editor-last=Simonian |editor-first=Abel |volume=4 |pages=130–131 |language=hy |last2=Grigorian |first2=G. |last1=Nanumian |first1=R.}} ([https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_4.djvu/130 p.130]; [https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_4.djvu/131 p.131])
* {{Cite book |last=Seth |first=Mesrovb Jacob |url=https://archive.org/details/ArmeniansInIndiaFromTheEarliestTimesToThePresentDay |title=Armenians in India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1992 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Mesrovb Jacob Seth}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tʻaghiadeantsʻ |first=Mesrovp Dawtʻean |title=Ditsʻabanutʻiwn |publisher=Tp. Episkoposakan chemarani [Bishop's College] |year=1830 |location=Calcutta |language=hy |trans-title=Mythology}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tʻaghideantsʻ |first=Mesrovb Dawtʻean |title=Patmutʻiwn hin Hndkastani yanyishatak darutsʻ anti tsʻyardzakumn mahmetakanatsʻ |publisher=tp. Episkoposakan chemarani |year=1841 |location=Calcutta |language=hy |trans-title=History of Ancient India, from the earliest ages to the invasion of the Mahomedans}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tamrazian |first=H. |date=1986 |title=Ējer hay kʻnnadatutʻyan patmutʻyunitsʻ |trans-title=Pages from the History of Armenian Criticism |url=http://www.ysu.am/files/02Hr_Tamrazyan.pdf |journal=Banber Erevani Hamalsarani |language=hy |issue=2 |pages=11–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324071626/http://www.ysu.am/files/02Hr_Tamrazyan.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Mirzabekian |first=J․ |title=Mesrop Tʻaghiadyan |publisher=HSSH GA hrat․ |year=1971 |location=Yerevan |language=hy|ref=none}}

== External links ==

{{Wikisourcelang|hy|Հեղինակ:Մեսրոպ Թաղիադյան|Mesrop Taghiadian}}

* [http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0armbook-armenian%2Chajgirqn%2Chaygirq%2Carmbook%2CNo%5FDate%5FBooks%2CazgayinZz-foreign-01-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=armbook&cl=CL1.92 List of works by Mesrop Taghiadian from the Armenian Early Printed Books (1801-1850) collection]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taghiadian, Mesrop}}
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Armenian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Armenian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Armenian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Armenian male writers]]
[[Category:Armenian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Armenian people in Iran]]
[[Category:Armenian educators]]
[[Category:Translators from English]]
[[Category:Translators to Armenian]]
[[Category:Writers from Yerevan]]

OK Computer (TV series)

2026-02-11T03:56:52Z

Julixei: New A Post Basic Info

{{short description|Indian Sci-Fi comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = OK Computer Hotstar.jpeg
| caption = Official Poster
| genre = [[Science fiction]] [[Philosophical fiction]] [[Absurdist fiction]] [[Comedy]]
| based_on =
| runtime =
| creator = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty|Neil Pagedar}}
| director = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijay Varma]]|[[Radhika Apte]]|[[Kani Kusruti]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]}}
| writer = {{ubl|Neil Pagedar |Pooja Shetty| [[Anand Gandhi]]<ref name="crew">{{cite web | last=Arora | first=Akhil | title=Watch the Trailer for Anand Gandhi's OK Computer, Out March 26 on Hotstar | website=NDTV Gadgets 360 | date=2021-02-28 | url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/ok-computer-trailer-release-date-hotstar-series-cast-radhika-apte-anand-gandhi-2386797 | access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref>}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = [[Gabriel Prokofiev]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| location = India
| cinematography = Diego Guijarro
| editor = Charu Takkar
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| company = [[Memesys Culture Lab]]
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Pooja Gupta|Nikhil Madhok|Avani Saxena|[[Shasn|Zain Memon]]|Abhijit Ghatak}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Anand Gandhi]]|Pooja Shetty|Neil Pagedar}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| related =
| image_alt =
| channel =
}}
'''''OK Computer''''' is an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Absurdist fiction|absurdist]] [[science fiction]] [[comedy]] television series on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] created and directed by Pooja Shetty and Neil Pagedar, who co-wrote the script along with [[Anand Gandhi]]. Gandhi and his team also produced the series through the studio [[Memesys Culture Lab]]. The series stars [[Radhika Apte]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Rasika Dugal]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Kani Kusruti]], and Ullas Mohan and began streaming on Disney+ Hotstar from 26 March 2021.<ref name="Shekhar 2021">{{cite web | last=Shekhar | first=Mimansa | title=OK Computer trailer: Vijay Varma investigates a murder committed by a car | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-03-09 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-trailer-vijay-varma-radhika-apte-jackie-shroff-disney-plus-hotstar-watch-video-7220495/ | access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref>

The title is a reference to a line from the [[Douglas Adams]]' novel, ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', with the phrase ''[[OK Computer]]'' being popularized by the English rock band [[Radiohead]].

== Synopsis ==
Set in the year 2031, ''OK Computer'' takes place in a technologically advanced [[India]] featuring [[Holography|holographic]] infrastructure and [[Quadcopter|drone]]-operated highways. When a [[Robotaxi|self-driving taxi]] is hacked and used to kill a pedestrian, [[cybercrime]] detective Saajan Kundu is pulled out of retirement to investigate.

Reluctantly partnering with Laxmi Suri, an [[artificial intelligence]] specialist and his former colleague, Saajan traces the case to [[Goa]]. Their investigation leads them to Ajeeb, a [[Government of India|government]]-funded humanoid robot with a seemingly benign disposition.

As the inquiry unfolds, the team confronts [[Ethics of artificial intelligence|philosophical and legal dilemmas]]: Is Ajeeb capable of intent or violence? Can an artificial intelligence be held accountable if manipulated by another? Could a human be orchestrating events from behind the scenes? The series explores these questions while examining the ethical boundaries of AI and its role in [[Future|future society]].

== Cast ==
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Saajan Kundu
* [[Radhika Apte]] as Laxmi Suri
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Monalisa Paul
*Ullas Mohan as Ajeeb
* Neil Pagedar as Ajeeb's voice
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Pushpak Shakur
*Sarang Sathaye as Ashfaq Auliya
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as DCP DCP
* Ratnabali Bhattacharjee as Trisha Singh
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as Satoshi Mondal
* Alok Ulfat as Nigel Paudwal

== Production ==
Pooja Shetty, Neil Pagedar and [[Anand Gandhi]] worked extensively through its research for three years and the team spent seven years for the work, with four years on developing the script which is touted to be an "entire universe of sequels, prequels, gaming, feature film, animation script and [[episodic content]] with multiple seasons".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-23|title=Anand Gandhi: 'What would Charlie Chaplin, Jacques Tati or Govinda do?'|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/anand-gandhi-what-would-charlie-chaplin-jacques-tati-or-govinda-do-111616409295097.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Barve|first=Ameya|date=2021-03-10|title='Ok Computer' is the beginning of conversation on AI: Anand Gandhi|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-is-the-beginning-of-conversation-on-ai-anand-gandhi-690109|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=With Ok Computer, on Disney+ Hotstar, Anand Gandhi wants to upgrade pop culture in India|url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/ok-computer-disney-hotstar-anand-gandhi-wants-to-transform-the-landscape-of-pop-culture-in-india|access-date=2021-03-29|website=GQ India|date=25 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The team filmed most of the series by March 2020 before the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]] was announced, and in April 2020, the team reported the primary cast members [[Radhika Apte]] and [[Vijay Varma]] first to the news.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=OK Computer starring Radhika Apte to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/ok-computer-to-release-on-disney-plus-hotstar/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> They also planned to enter [[post-production]] which was delayed due to [[COVID-19 lockdowns#Reception|lockdown restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anand Gandhi's upcoming series OK Computer starring Radhika Apte and Vijay Varma gets ready|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/sep/24/anand-gandhis-upcoming-series-ok-computer-starring-radhika-apte-and-vijay-varma-gets-ready-28373.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=23 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The team spent four months for post-production as it features heavy visual effects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2021-02-18|title="Welcome to the future!", says Anand Gandhi by announcing the release of his upcoming project- OK Computer! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/welcome-future-says-anand-gandhi-announcing-release-upcoming-project-ok-computer/|access-date=2021-03-29|language=en}}</ref> By early February 2021, the team had completed the post-production works.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The series was showcased to the officials of [[Disney+ Hotstar]] who eventually agreed for its [[Film distribution|distribution rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=OK Computer to premiere on Disney Plus Hotstar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6619237/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> On 8 March 2021, the first poster of the series was unveiled through social media platforms,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Vijay Varma reveals first look of new Disney Plus Hotstar series OK Computer: 'Proud of India's first sci-fi comedy'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vijay-varma-reveals-first-look-of-new-disney-plus-hotstar-series-ok-computer-7219939/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> followed by the trailer on 10 March 2021.<ref name="The Hindu Net Desk 2021">{{cite web|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-03-10|title='OK Computer' trailer: Can AI commit a crime?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ok-computer-trailer-can-ai-commit-a-crime/article34026155.ece|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=OK Computer trailer: Vijay Varma investigates a murder committed by a car|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-trailer-vijay-varma-radhika-apte-jackie-shroff-disney-plus-hotstar-watch-video-7220495/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The series was unveiled on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 26 March 2021 in [[Hindi]] and was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=vishalingale|date=2021-03-26|title=OK Computer and 6 other movies & shows on Disney+ Hotstar you can watch without a premium subscription|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/ok-computer-6-movies-shows-on-disney-hotstar-can-watch-without-premium-subscription/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=GQ India|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Accolades and awards ==
OK Computer was the first series to be screened at the Bright Future's section at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|International Film Festival of Rotterdam]] 2021 and one of the only series to be screened in theatres at the [[New Zealand International Film Festival]] 2021.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Film Festivals and Awards
!Award
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
|-
|[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corvin|first=Ann-Marie|date=2021-06-01|title='OK Computer's' Pooja Shetty and Neil Pagedar on Creating Home-Grown Indian Sci-Fi|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/festivals/ok-computer-pooja-shetty-neil-pagedar-rotterdam-1234985468/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>
|Bright Future <ref>{{Cite web|title=OK Computer {{!}} IFFR|url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2021/films/ok-computer|access-date=2022-01-22|website=iffr.com}}</ref>
|Pooja Shetty, Neil Pagedar
|Official entry
|-
|[[New Zealand International Film Festival]], 2021<ref>{{Citation|title=New Zealand International Film Festival: OK Computer|url=https://www.nziff.co.nz/2021/wellington/ok-computer/|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|Main Competition
|Pooja Shetty, Neil Pagedar
|Official entry
|-
|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]], 2021
|Best Actor Male (Comedy)
|Vijay Varma
|Nominated
|-
|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]], 2021
|Best Supporting Actor Female (Comedy)
|Kani Kusruti
|Won
|-
|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]], 2021
|Best VFX
|Imagery Pictures
|Nominated
|}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=64544C |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Autopilot
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When a self-driving car kills a pedestrian, prickly Cyber Cell detective Saajan Kundu teams up with his estranged partner Laxmi Suri to investigate. But was this an accident?
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Making of a Messiah
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Cyber Cell reminisces Ajeeb the robot's meteoric rise as a saviour of humankind. However, when it's brought in as the chief murder suspect, it seems to be a bumbling shadow of its former self.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Ctrl + Ajeeb + Del
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Cult leader Pushpak Shakur confesses to the murder, and the case comes to a sudden close. But when he wants to talk to Ajeeb in lieu of his cooperation, Saajan smells a rat.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Save Progress
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The search for Satoshi takes Saajan and Ajeeb into a virtual-reality game built by bots in the dark web. Meanwhile, Laxmi visits ZIP only to discover something disturbing.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Robot Condition
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy ={{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy ={{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Saajan makes a breakthrough with the case. A surprising testimony from Laxmi seals the deal and secures a verdict in court, but the game might not be over just yet.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Hello World
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Pooja Shetty |Neil Pagedar| Anand Gandhi}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Saajan and Laxmi learn that sorrows come not as singular mercenaries but as invading battalions. However, in a quiet corner of the city, truth is resurrected and finally revealed.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
}}

== Reception ==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave three out of five to the series, reviewing "''OK Computer'', made up of six episodes roughly 40 minutes each, is itself an extended cathartic joke. Persuasive and pulpy in the same sweep, it thrives on contradictory pulls. Sometimes uneven but always intriguing, it is programmed to blend piffle and [[tongue-in-cheek]] punditry in an unbridled flight of fancy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=OK Computer Review: A Futuristic Fable, Starring Radhika Apte, Vijay Varma And Jackie Shroff, Is Insanely Inventive|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ok-computer-review-radhika-apte-vijay-varma-jackie-shroffs-series-is-insanely-inventive-3-stars-2400063|access-date=2021-03-29|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated "''OK Computer'' struggles in the wonderment department, but is perfectly at home tinkering with software and hardware and concluding that there is no better programme than human intelligence."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='OK Computer' review: Artificial intelligence meets human bumbling|url=https://scroll.in/reel/990484/ok-computer-review-artificial-intelligence-meets-human-bumbling|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Scroll.in|date=26 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Besides adopting an absurdist tone that will alienate virtually all kinds of audiences, the new Hotstar series wastes its trump card [[Jackie Shroff]]."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=OK Computer review: Hotstar's new comedy is too alienating to attract an audience, wastes a wonderful Jackie Shroff|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-review-hotstar-s-new-comedy-wastes-a-wonderful-jackie-shroff-is-too-alienating-to-attract-an-audience-101616660873363.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Ektaa Malik of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave three out of five stars stating "Even for those who like sci-fi, this Vijay Varma-Radhika Apte starrer would take some getting used to. But tide it out, as it is worth it."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=OK Computer review: Vijay Varma series is an acquired taste but worth the effort|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-review-vijay-varma-show-is-an-acquired-taste-but-worth-the-effort-7246352/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Pradeep Menon of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave three out of five stating "''Ok Computer'' is still immensely gripping, because you just never know what to expect. Some of the punchlines are so good yet so subtle, they’ll fly past you before you notice they were there. It also means that it is the kind of show that might be best appreciated with repeat viewings; because you’re absolutely missing a ton of stuff the first time around, so rapid are its mood swings."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Ok Computer review: Disney+ Hotstar VIP show is a sci-fi comic whodunnit that dials up the whimsy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ok-computer-review-disney-hotstar-vip-show-is-a-sci-fi-comic-whodunnit-that-dials-up-the-whimsy-9469951.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14182442}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OK Computer Hotstar}}
[[Category:Television series set in 2031]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]

Rajkumar Sethupathi

2026-02-10T07:24:31Z

Julixei: content fix

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajkumar Sethupathy
| birth_place = Chennai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|10|07}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sripriya]]|1988}}
| father = [[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathy]]
| children = 2
| years_active = 1980–1988 (actor) 2013–2015 (producer)
}}
'''Rajkumar Sethupathy''' is an Indian actor who acts predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil films. He has acted in 50 movies in both Malayalam and Tamil films. He started his film career in the Tamil film ''[[Soolam]]'', directed by M. Bhaskar, then with [[Mammootty]] in ''[[Thrishna]]'', a 1981 Malayalam film. He acted in many films during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/06/1980s-cinema-stars-reunion-chennai.html|title=Class of 1980s cinema reunite at Rajkumar’s Chennai home|website=Class of 1980s cinema reunite at Rajkumar’s Chennai home}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajkumar was born in [[Chennai]] in a Royal family. He is the son of producer [[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi]] and Leelarani. Leelarani and his grandmother are from Kurnool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-malini22.html|title=Malini 22 press meet|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|location=Hyderabad|access-date=9 February 2026|language=te|date=2 September 2013}}</ref> Tamil actress [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] is his elder sister. He has completed 2 years of acting courses at South India Film Chambers.

==Personal life==
He is the younger brother of actress [[Latha Sethupathi]]. He married Tamil actress [[Sripriya]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cid-to-probe-case-against-actors-hubby/articleshow/7381914.cms|title=CID to probe case against actor's hubby|date=29 January 2011|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Acting credits===

====Malayalam====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Thrishna]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Poochasanyaasi]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Parvathy (film)|Parvathy]]'' (1981) as Mahendra Varma
* ''[[Aranjaanam]]'' (1982) as Rajesh
* ''[[Aasha (1982 film)|Aasha]]'' (1982) as Lal
* ''[[Akrosham]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Kazhumaram]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Pooviriyum Pulari]]'' (1982) as Johny
* ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' (1982) as Hamsa
* ''[[Odukkam Thudakkam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]'' (1982) as Ravi
* ''[[Varanmaare Aavashyamundu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Rathilayam]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Asthi]]'' (1983) as Krishnamoorthy
* ''[[Bhookambam]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Parasparam]]'' (1983) as Issac
* ''[[Kattaruvi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Hello Madras Girl]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Onnu Chirikkoo]]'' (1983) as Raju
* ''[[Mahabali (film)|Mahabali]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Thalaam Thettiya Thaarattu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Unni Vanna Divasam]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Krishna Guruvaayoorappa]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Vepraalam]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Vikatakavi]]'' (1984)
* ''Jeevitham'' (1984) as Chandran
* ''[[Karimbu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Poomadhathe Pennu]]'' (1984) as Anand
* ''[[Karinagam]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Ithramathram (1986 film)|Ithramathram]]'' (1986) as Ravi
* ''[[Bheekaran]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Athirthikal]]'' (1988)
{{div col end}}

====Tamil====
* ''[[Soolam]]'' (1980)
* ''Kashmir Kadhali'' (1983)
* ''Unmaigal'' (1983)
* ''[[Villiyanur Matha]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' (1984)
* ''Chain Jayapal'' (1985)
* ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kadhal Parisu]]'' (1987)

==== Telugu ====
* ''Andala Rasi'' (1980)
* ''Jagamondi'' (1981)
* ''[[Manasa Veena (Telugu film)|Manasa Veena]]'' (1984)

===As producer===
* ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Drushyam]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' (2021)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0707439}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Rajkumar&limit=24 Rajkumar at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethupathi, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]

{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

Khatron Ke Khiladi 11

2026-01-14T04:12:35Z

Julixei: Creating some info more to come - done

{{short description|Indian reality and stunt television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
| season_number = 11
| bgcolour = black
| image = Khatron Ke Khiladi Darr vs Dare.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Title screen
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 13
| winner = [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| runner_up = [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
}}
| num_episodes = 22 
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|9|26}}
| prev_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10|Season 10]]
| next_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|Season 12]]
}}
'''''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi, Darr vs Dare'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-promo-rohit-shetty-sets-the-stage-for-battle-between-darr-and-dare-7356153/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 promo: Rohit Shetty sets the stage for battle between 'Darr and Dare'|date=13 June 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is the eleventh season of ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', an [[India]]n [[Reality television|reality]] and [[Stunt|stunt television series]] produced by [[Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]]. The show aired from 17 July to 26 September 2021, on [[Colors TV]]. Filmed in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], it was hosted by [[Rohit Shetty]]. [[Arjun Bijlani]] emerged as winner of this season while [[Divyanka Tripathi]] became the 1st runner up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-wins-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-7536023/lite|title=Arjun Bijlani wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 11|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 September 2021}}</ref>

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2"|Contestant
! Occupation
! Status
! Place
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| Actor
| {{Won|Winner}}
| 1st
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Actress
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
| 2nd
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Vishal Aditya Singh]]
| rowspan="2" | Actor
| {{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd runner-up
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]]
| Actor
| {{Eliminated}}
| 4th
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 5th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Rahul Vaidya]]
| Singer
| {{Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Sana Makbul]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Abhinav Shukla]]
| Actor
| {{Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Anushka Sen]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Nikki Tamboli]]
| rowspan="2" | Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" | 10th
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Mahek Chahal]]
| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| 11th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Aastha Gill]]
| Singer
| {{Eliminated}}
| 12th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]]
| Actor
| {{Eliminated}}
| 13th
|}

==Elimination chart==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{|class="wikitable" border="2" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="49" |'''Weeks'''
|-
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="4" |2
! colspan="3" |3
! colspan="8" |4
! colspan="3" |5
! colspan="4" |6
! colspan="6" |7
! colspan="6" |8
! colspan="6" |9
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;"|10
|-
! colspan="3" |Grand Premiere
! colspan="4" |K Medal Race
! colspan="3" |Aatyachar Week
! colspan="8" |Team Week
! colspan="3" |Best of StuntWeek
! colspan="4" |Partner Week{{ref|4|4}}
! colspan="6" |[[Rohit Shetty]]'s Dil Ki Bhadas Special{{ref|5|5}}
! colspan="6" |Ticket To Finale Week
! colspan="6" |Semi Finale Week
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;"|Grand Finale Weekend
|-
! colspan="3" |17, 18 July
! colspan="4" |24-25 July
! colspan="3" |31 July, 1 August
! colspan="8" |7, 8 August
! colspan="3" |14, 15 August
! colspan="2" |21 August
! colspan="2" | 22 August
! colspan="6" |28, 29 August
! colspan="2" |4 Sep
! colspan="4" |5 September
! colspan="2" |11 Sept
! colspan="3" |12 September
! colspan="3" style="background:gold;"|25 September
! colspan="4" style="background:gold;"|26 September
|-
! Arjun
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |'''{{nowrap|K MEDAL}}'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="skyblue" |'''{{nowrap|Used K Medal}}'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF" |'''TEAN RAHUL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |N/A
| style="background:lightgrey;" |N/A
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Rahul'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Shweta'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE '''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow ;" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#73FB76 ;" |'''Winner'''
|-
! Divyanka
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |'''TEAM SHWETA'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |N/A
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" style="background:mediumspringgreen;" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Varun'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''{{nowrap|WIN}}'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |{{nowrap|'''WIN'''}}
| bgcolor="turquoise" |'''TOF'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="turquoise" |{{nowrap|'''Ticket to Finale'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''1st Runner Up'''}}
|-
! Vishal
| colspan="1" style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM2'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF;" |'''TEAM RAHUL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Shweta'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Nikki'''
| bgcolor="salmon" | '''ELIMINATED'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen " |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="orange" |'''WIN'''{{ref|6|6}}
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow ;" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4 ;" |{{nowrap|'''2nd Runner Up'''}}
|-
! Varun
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF;" |'''TEAM RAHUL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:orange;" |'''SAFE'''{{ref|3|3}}
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Divyanka'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="1" style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" style="background:yellow ;" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
!Shweta
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |''' TEAM CAPTAIN{{ref|2|2}}'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |N/A
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" style="background:mediumspringgreen;" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="2" style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Vishal'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Arjun'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" style="background:yellow ;" |'''Finalist'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Rahul
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF;" |''' TEAM CAPTAIN{{ref|2|2}}'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Arjun'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Abhinav'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''{{nowrap|WIN}}'''
| colspan="2" style="background:yellowgreen ;" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow ;" |'''Finalist'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Sana
| colspan="1" style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |'''TEAM SHWETA'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" style="background:mediumspringgreen;" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Nikki'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Anushka'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="pink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Abhinav
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |'''TEAM SHWETA'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)'''
| bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Anushka'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Rahul'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" style="background:pink;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue ;" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| style="background:antiquewhite ;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="11" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Anushka
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="white" style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |'''TEAM SHWETA'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| bgcolor="plum" |'''{{nowrap|TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)}}'''
| bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="mediumspringgreen" |'''{{nowrap|SAVED }}'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM2'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Abhinav'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Sana'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="19" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Nikki
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF;" |'''TEAM RAHUL'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Sana'''
| style="background:Plum;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''Vishal'''
| colspan="25" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Mahek
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:#8C9FFF;" |'''TEAM RAHUL'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''TEAM WIN (60 Pts.)'''
| style="background:plum ;" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="34" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Aastha
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:#FF8CD7;" |'''TEAM SHWETA'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| style="background:lightgray;" |N/A
| bgcolor="plum" |'''TEAM LOST (10 Pts.)'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="32" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Sourabh
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''N/A'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="antiquewhite" | '''BTM3'''{{ref|1|1}}
| colspan="40" style="background:salmon;" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|}
</blockquote>
{{refbegin|}}
#{{note|1}} Nominated By Arjun Using K Medal
#{{note|2}} Captain of respective team: {{Color box|#8C9FFF|border=darkgray||}} Team Rahul {{Color box|#FF8CD7|border=darkgray}} Team Shweta
#{{note|3}} Vishal Proxies Varun due to injury
#{{note|4}} {{color box|#CD9575|border=darkgray}} Pairs during Partner Week
#{{note|5}} All contestants received ''Fear Funda'' performed stunts together
#{{note|6}} Varun Proxies Vishal due to injury
#{{note|7}} No Stunts performed
{{refend}}
:{{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} Winner
:{{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} 1st runner-up
:{{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} 2nd runner-up
:{{color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Finalists
:{{Color box|turquoise|border=darkgray}} Ticket to finale
:{{Color box|deepskyblue|border=darkgray}} The contestant won the stunt.
:{{Color box|plum|border=darkgray}} The contestant lost the stunt and received ''Fear Funda''.
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant got rid of ''Fear Funda'' by winning pre-elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|antiquewhite|border=darkgray}} The contestant was placed in the bottom and performed elimination stunt
:{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} The contestant was safe from elimination by winning elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated
:{{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} The contestant was exempted from performing stunts in the entire week
:{{Color box|yellowgreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant lost the K Medal/Ticket to Finale Race
:{{Color box|orange|border=darkgray}} Injury

==Crossover==

Finalists of this season and host [[Rohit Shetty]] appeared on [[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]] in an episode named as '''Mahasangam'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-18 |title=Rohit Shetty gets emotional watching an act based on a stuntman’s life in the Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 and Dance Deewane 3 Mahasangam episode; watch promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-shetty-gets-emotional-watching-an-act-based-on-a-stuntmans-life-in-the-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-and-dance-deewane-3-mahasangam-episode-watch-promo/articleshow/86317776.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
The episodes was aired on 18–19 September 2021.

==Guest appearances==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
! bgcolor="black" |'''{{Font color|white|Week(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="black" |'''{{Font color|white|Episode(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="black" |'''{{Font color|white|Guest(s)}}'''
! bgcolor="black" |'''{{Font color|white|Note(s)}}'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Week 1
|rowspan="3"| Episode 1
| [[Rubina Dilaik]]
| To support Abhinav Shukla
|-
| Palak Tiwari
| To support Shweta Tiwari
|-
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| To support Aastha Gill
|-
| Week 4
| Episode 8
| [[Aly Goni]]
| Video Chat
|-
| rowspan="5" |Week 5
| rowspan="5" |Episode 9 & 10
| [[Bharti Singh]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| Video Message
|-
| [[Karan Patel]]
| rowspan="4" | Stunt Experience
|-
| [[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
|-
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
|-
| [[Punit Pathak]]
|-
| Week 9
| Episode 18
| [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]] [[Nia Sharma]] [[Disha Parmar]] Palak Tiwari
| Family Video Call
|-
| rowspan=2|Week 10
| Episode 19 & 20
| [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Tushar Kalia]] [[Dharmesh Yelande]] [[Bharti Singh]] [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] and contestants of [[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]]
| Mahasangam with [[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]]
|-
| Episode 20
| [[Neha Kakkar]] [[Tony Kakkar]] and [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| To promote the song ''Kanta LagaLaga''
|-
| Week 11
| Episode 22
| [[Ranveer Singh]] (via Advertisement)
| To promote The Big Picture
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.colorstv.com/mena/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi-11}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/11/1150078/ Khatron Ke Khiladi 11] on [[Voot]]

{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 11)}}
[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|11]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in South Africa]]

Khushi Scheme

2026-01-05T21:14:36Z

Julixei: added basic pg basic info - done

{{Short description|Female Health and Hygiene Program}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Khushi Scheme
|native_name = '''ଖୁସି ଯୋଜନା'''
|logo =
|type = Women welfare scheme
|founder = [[Government of Odisha]]
|area_served = [[Odisha]]
|key_people = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
|industry =
|genre =
|products =
|services =
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
|num_employees =
|parent =
|subsid =
|homepage =
|footnotes =
|foundation = 2018
|location_city =
|location_country =
|dissolved =
|Review =
}}

'''Khushi''' (meaning "Happiness" in [[Odia language|Odia]]) is a female health and hygiene program run by the [[Government of Odisha]] to provide free [[sanitary pads]] to girl students in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/odisha-govt-to-give-free-pads-to-schoolgirls-names-campaign-khushi-1177860-2018-02-26|title=Odisha govt to give free pads to schoolgirls, names campaign 'Khushi'|date=27 February 2018|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was launched on February 26, 2018, by the Chief Minister of Odisha [[Naveen Patnaik]]. The Government of Odisha will spend 70 Crore Indian rupees annually for running this program in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/feb/27/chief-minister-naveen-patnaik-launches-khushi-the-padgirl-1779502.html|title=Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik launches 'Khushi, the padgirl'|date=27 February 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==About the Scheme==
Under this scheme, the Health Department of Odisha Government aims to provide free sanitary pads to 1.7 million girl students from grade 6th to 12th in government and government-aided schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-launches-scheme-khushi-to-provide-free-sanitary-pads-to-17-lakh-students-1817458|title=Odisha Launches Scheme To Provide Free Sanitary Pads To 17 Lakh Students|date=26 February 2018|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Also, it aims to promote health and hygiene among school going girls and higher retention of girls in school.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/odisha-launches-khushi-to-provide-free-sanitary-napkins-118022600532_1.html|title=Odisha launches 'Khushi' to provide free sanitary napkins|date=26 February 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government schemes in Odisha]]
[[Category:Menstruation in India]]
[[Category:Health in Odisha]]

Michel Joachim Marie Raymond

2026-01-02T16:38:39Z

Julixei:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = Nawab, Ashdar-ud-Daula, Ashdar Jung
|name = Michel Joachim Marie Raymond
|honorific_suffix = Bahadur
|image = Michel Joachim Marie Raymond.jpg
|image_upright =
|alt = Monsieur Raymond
|caption = Monsieur Raymond
|native_name = Michel Joachim Marie Raymond
|native_name_lang = French
|birth_name =
|other_name =
|nickname = Musa Ram and Musa Rahim
|birth_date = {{birth date|1755|09|25}}
|birth_place = [[Sérignac, Tarn-et-Garonne]], [[Kingdom of France]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1798|03|25|1755|09|25}}
|death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Mughal Empire]] in present-day [[India]]
|placeofburial = [[Raymond's Tomb]]
|placeofburial_label =
|placeofburial_coordinates =
|allegiance = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kingdom of Mysore]] (1778–1783)
*French EIC (1783–1785)
*[[Hyderabad State]] (1785-1798)
}}
|branch = Army
|branch_label =
|serviceyears = 1778–1798
|serviceyears_label =
|rank = {{Plainlist|
*Sub Lieutenant, ([[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Army]], 1778–1783)
*Captain (French EIC, 1783–1785), [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to Gen. [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|de Bussy]]
*General ([[Hyderabad State]], (1785–1798)
}}
|rank_label =
|servicenumber =
|unit = Corps de Chevalier de Lasse, ([[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Army]], 1778–1783)
|commands = Corps Francois de Raymond or Nizam's French Corps
|battles = {{Plainlist|
*[[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
*[[Battle of Kharda]]
*Rebellion of Mir Ali Jah (June 1795)
}}
|battles_label =
|awards =
|memorials = [[Raymond's Tomb]]
|relations = William Jean Raymond (Brother)
}}
[[General]] '''Michel Joachim Marie Raymond''' (25 September 1755 – 25 March 1798), popularly known as '''Monsieur Raymond''', was a French General in [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]]'s military and the founder of [[Gunfoundry]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. He was born in [[Sérignac, Tarn-et-Garonne|Sérignac]], [[Gascony]], [[France]], the son of a merchant.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ynrx6pbSMIC&q=S%C3%A9rignac+Michel+Joachim+Marie+Raymond&pg=PA1530 |title=Dictionnaire historique de la France |first=Ludovic |last=Lalanne |authorlink=Ludovic Lalanne |page=1530 |language=French |year=1877 |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
In 1775, aged 20, he and his younger brother, William Jean Raymond, left for [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[India]]. The idea as he told his father, was to set up a merchant shop. Instead, Michel turned to the more exciting career of being a soldier.{{citation needed|date= February 2023}}

==Life==
In 1775, Raymond reached Pondicherry to start a merchant shop. In 1778, following the French support of [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American revolutionaries]], forces from [[Madras]] [[Siege of Pondicherry (1778)|captured Pondicherry]].<ref name=":0" /> Raymond went to [[Mysore]] and enlisted in the Corps of Chevalier de Lasse as a Sub-Lieutenant.<ref name=":0" /> After the death of [[Hyder Ali]], he met and served under [[French people|French]] [[General]] [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]] as his ADC with the rank of a captain. After the death of De Bussy in 1786 Michel joined the service of the ruling [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" /> He began as any other soldier, shortly after, he was given 300 soldiers to command.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|title=Raymond's tomb languishes in neglect|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3470495.ece|work=The Hindu|date=30 May 2012|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref>

In 1796, Raymond was appointed '''Amin Jinsi''' or '''Comptroller of Ordnance'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/raymonds-tomb-to-get-amphitheatre/articleshow/557820.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001311/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-13/hyderabad/28335771_1_heritage-monument-archaeology-tomb |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-09-26 |title=Raymond's tomb to get amphitheatre |date=2004-03-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> He established several cannon and cannonball factories. Under his guidance guns, ammunition and cannons were forged. [[Gunfoundry]] or '''Top ka Sancha''' near the Fathe Maidan is the best-known of the remaining foundries in [[India]].

When he died on 25 March 1798, only twelve years after enlisting, he had become a military commander of over 14,000 army men. It is also documented that there may have been a female battalion of soldiers. The cause of Michel Raymond's death is a mystery, the two suggested causes are poisoning or suicide.<ref name="TheHindu"/>

Raymond was succeeded by his second-in-command, Jean-Pierre Piron.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=Lester|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P0eAAAAIAAJ|title=European Freebooters in Moghul India|publisher=Asia Publishing House|year=1964|pages=30|language=en}}</ref> However, due to English intrigues at Hyderabad court, his French Corps was disbanded on 21 Oct 1798.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McClay|first=A G|date=1918|title=Monsieur Raymond or Hyderabad|url=https://archive.org/details/TheJournalOfTheHyderabadArchaeologicalSociety/|journal=The Journal of the Hyderabad Archaeological Society|pages=13}}</ref>

==Respect==
His full title was Nawab Ashar-ud-Daula, Ashdar Jung, Monsieur M. Raymond Bahadur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Austin|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zY1uAAAAMAAJ|title=City of Legends: The Story of Hyderabad|publisher=Penguin|year=1992|isbn=978-0-670-84724-2|location=Hyderabad|pages=125|language=en}}</ref>

Raymond became a close friend of the [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]]. Raymond was not only held in high esteem by the [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam]], but had also won the love and trust of the local people. He made himself popular through his kindness, bravery and contribution to Hyderabad. To the Muslims, he was Musa Rahim, and to the Hindus, he was Musa Ram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=The White Mughal |date=April 2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143030461 |page=xxxiv}}</ref><ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Monsieur Raymond's Tomb — a symbol of Hyderabad's French connection and heritage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/monsieur-raymonds-tomb-in-hyderabad-a-symbol-of-love-and-respect-for-a-french-general-of-the-nizams/cid/1937020 |access-date=15 May 2023 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=My Kolkata}}</ref> [[George Bruce Malleson]] said that
:"No European of mark who followed him in India, ever succeeded in gaining to such an extent the love, the esteem, the admiration of the natives of the country."{{citation needed|date= February 2023}}

==Raymond's Tomb==
{{unreferenced section|date= February 2023}}
[[File:Raymond's Tomb.jpg|thumb|A remote view of tomb]]

{{Main|Raymond's Tomb}}Michel Raymond's tomb is a black granite tombstone, conical in shape, about {{convert|7|m}} high and it has the initials JR on it. The ill-maintained pavilion was built by the Nizam and collapsed in October 2001 in heavy rain. The 200-year-old tomb had a face lift, including a brand new pavilion. Opened 14 April 2003 this cost an estimated {{INRConvert|500|k|lk=r|year=2003}}.<ref name="Datta"/>

The tomb is located near [[Asman Garh Palace|Asmangadh]] fort on top of a hillock at [[Moosarambagh|Musa Ram Bagh]], [[Malakpet]], about {{convert|3|km}} from the Oliphant Bridge (currently known as [[Chaderghat bridge|Chaderghat Bridge]]), in East [[Hyderabad District (India)|Hyderabad]]. Until about 1940, people would visit his tomb on the anniversary of his death, taking incense and other offerings to him. His grave had become like a shrine. He is also remembered in Hyderabad, with the area called Musa Ram Bagh (Monsieur Raymond).

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Michel Joachim Marie Raymond}}
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
|last=Dalrymple
|first=William
|authorlink=William Dalrymple (historian)
|publisher=Penguin Books
|title=White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India
|year=2004
|isbn=978-0-14-200412-8
}}.
{{refend}}
* History of the French in India - [[George Bruce Malleson]] (18??)

==External links==
*[http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Opinions_anglaises_sur_Campagne1.asp Napoleon Site] (In French)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316044300/http://www.indiadefence.com/RezangLa.htm Mention of Raymond in INDIA DEFENCE CONSULTANTS]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030623112254/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/16/stories/2003041600360100.htm The Hindu article on Raymond's tomb]
*[https://archive.today/20070624020543/http://ilovehyd.com/travel/raymonds-tomb.html Raymond's tomb from I love Hyderabad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060710221935/http://museums.ap.nic.in/GUNFOUNDRY.html Gunfoundry picture and information]
*[http://www.twincitiesbbs.com/landmarks/raymond.htm Virtual Hangout from Hyderabad] with picture of Michel's Tomb
*[https://maps.google.com/?q=Hyderabad,+India&ie=UTF8&z=18&ll=17.364391,78.515135&spn=0.003625,0.0056&t=k&om=1 Google Earth view of Raymond's Tomb.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raymond, Michel Joachim Marie}}
[[Category:1755 births]]
[[Category:1798 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Gascony]]
[[Category:French expatriates in India]]
[[Category:French generals]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mercenaries in India]]

Institute of the Maids of the Poor

2025-12-29T18:45:27Z

Julixei: page fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Institute of the Maids of the Poor
|image = Anand Bhawan, Institute of the Maids of the Poor, Barabanki.jpg
|size = 235px
|abbreviation = A.C.I. or A.C.J.
|formation = 6 July 1951
|headquarters = Anand Bhawan
|location = [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], [[India]]
|coords = {{coord|23|56|06|N|81|11|06|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|type = Roman Catholic [[Secular institute|Secular Institute]]
|leader_title = [[Directress General]]
|leader_name = Ms. Lily Fernandes<ref>{{cite web|title=Governance @ maidsofthepoor.com|url=http://www.maidsofthepoor.com/governance.html|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926132119/http://maidsofthepoor.com/governance.html|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|main_organ = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucknow]]
|key_people = Founder: [[Albert Conrad De Vito]] Founding members: Anna Joseph, Mona Hosaiah, Getrude D’Costa and Mona Olive Foster Constitution formulator: [[Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi|Pellegrino Ronchi]]
|website = [http://www.maidsofthepoor.com Institute of the Maids of the Poor]
|num_staff =
|footnotes = Anand Bhawan School front view
}}

[[File:Anand Bhawan School front view.png|200px|thumb|Anand Bhawan School front view.]]

The '''Institute of the Maids of the Poor''' or '''Society of the Maids of the Poor'''<ref name=GTCS>{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Joyce|title=Growing Towards Consecrated Secularity|year=1982|publisher=Federation of Secular Institutes & Lay Societies ofIndia & Sri Lanka|page=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY4cAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> ('''MOP'''<ref>{{cite web|title=What does MOP stand for?|url=http://www.acronymattic.com/MOP.html|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>), is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Institutes of consecrated life|institute of consecrated life]] for women. It was founded by [[Albert Conrad De Vito]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFMCap]], on 6 July 1951 in [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="CDI">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ | title=The Catholic Directory of India | publisher=St. Paul Publications | year=2005 | accessdate=2013-07-09 | author=Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India}}</ref>

==Formation==
The institute is the first Roman Catholic [[Secular institute|Secular Institute]] in India. It was formed as 'Nursing and Teaching Society' by Anna Joseph, Mona Hosaiah, Getrude D’Costa and Mona Olive Foster on 6 July 1951 in a building in Barabanki. By 1960 the first constitutions were formulated with the help of [[Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi|Pellegrino Ronchi]] and were sent to [[Rome]] for approval. On 6 July 1962 the institute was [[Canonical erection|canonically erected]] as a [[Congregation of diocesan right|Secular Institute of Diocesan Right]], [[Lucknow]] as the principal seat. The Institute became a Secular Institute of Pontifical Right on 4 October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background @ maidsofthepoor.com|url=http://www.maidsofthepoor.com/historical.html|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926131513/http://maidsofthepoor.com/historical.html|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Anand Bhawan School front view.png|thumb|left|200px|Anand Bhawan School, [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], HQ of the Institute of the Maids of the Poor]]

===India===
The institute is located at Anand Bhawan, Dewa Road, Barabanki. It runs Anand Bhawan School in Barabanki and De Vito Shishu Vidyalaya at [[Bhowali]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhowali – Diocese of Bareilly|url=http://bareillydiocese.org/bhowali/|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815090257/http://bareillydiocese.org/bhowali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Institute helps in the school boarding and pastoral activities at Poliganj an agricultural settlement in [[Majhola]] [[nagar panchayat]] of [[Pilibhit district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Poliganj-Majhola – Diocese of Bareilly|url=http://bareillydiocese.org/poliganj-majhola/|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815101502/http://bareillydiocese.org/poliganj-majhola/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Maids opened their convent in Nausar, [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] in 1980 to help the priest in educational and pastoral ministry weher they run a school named Nirmala Convent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nausar – Diocese of Bareilly|url=http://bareillydiocese.org/nausar/|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815101518/http://bareillydiocese.org/nausar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Maids also run hostel facility for girls at St. Joseph's P.U. College in [[Bajpe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Joseph's P.U. College Bajpe – Admissions|url=http://www.stjosephsbajpe.org/Admission.html|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601114613/http://www.stjosephsbajpe.org/Admission.html|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Abroad===
Apart from India it is spread in [[Ethiopia]], [[Italy]] and [[England]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vocation @ maidsofthepoor.com|url=http://www.maidsofthepoor.com/vocation.html|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926132923/http://maidsofthepoor.com/vocation.html|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Ethiopia, the Maids of the Poor arrived in the year 1975 and are involved in pastoral, medical and social activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Secular Institute of The Maids of the Poor|url=http://www.impethiopia.org/sample-sites/secular-institute|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710024305/http://www.impethiopia.org/sample-sites/secular-institute|archive-date=10 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maidsofthepoor.com Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130925011607/http://www.impethiopia.org/ Official website – Ethiopia chapter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maids of the Poor}}
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Catholic religious institutes established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Secular institutes|Maids of the Poor]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges|Maids of the Poor]]
[[Category:Catholic female orders and societies|Maids of the Poor]]
[[Category:Catholic teaching orders|Maids of the Poor]]
[[Category:Capuchins]]

Rajpat

2025-12-20T03:21:26Z

Julixei: New Some Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Archaeological site in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Rajpat
|native_name ='''An [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Listed Monument]]'''
|image = Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 28.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Mound of Rajpat
|map_type = India West Bengal # India
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|26.1518|N|89.3502|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|region = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|type = Fort
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = 11–12th century AD
|abandoned = 1498
|epochs = [[Pala Empire]], [[Sena dynasty]], [[Khen dynasty]]
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free2name =
| designation1_free2value =
}}

'''Rajpat''' or '''Kamtapur Fort''' is an [[archaeological site]] in present-day [[Gosanimari]] in the [[Dinhata I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Dinhata subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
{{main|Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)}}
The site was originally a fortified settlement belonging to the 10th-11th century [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Kamarupa Pala]] era. The area was settled by the late 14th century as evident from the coin of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] who invaded Kamata kingdom at the end of the 14th century. Later, the Khen dynasty replaced the weak rulers of the [[Kamata kingdom]] in the middle of the 15th century.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|place=New Delhi |year=1986}}</ref> There were only three Khen rulers. The last king, [[Nilambar of Kamata|Nilambar]] expanded the kingdom to include the present Koch Bihar district of West Bengal, the undivided [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]] and [[Darrang district|Darrang]] districts of Assam, northern [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], now in [[Bangladesh]], and eastern parts of [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] district.<ref>Baruah, S L (1986), A Comprehensive History of Assam, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., page 44</ref> In 1498, its last capital at [[Gosanimari]] was attacked by the invading army of [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] of [[Bengal]], bringing an end to the Khen authority.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barma|first=S.|title=Socio-Political Movements in North Bengal (A Sub-Himalayan Tract)|year=2007|publisher=Global Vision|isbn=978-8182202177|page=3}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=380| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|35|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Tufanganj and Dinhata subdivisions (except Sitai CD block) in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|52|N|89|46|18|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Chhota Laukuthi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chhota Laukuthi]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|40|6|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Kamat Phulbari| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kamat Phulbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|7|0|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Bhangri |labela3= Pratham| labelb3 = Khanda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bhangri Pratham Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|19|20|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Tufanganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Tufanganj]] (M)|shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|8|20|N|89|28|32|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Dinhata| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Dinhata]] (M)|shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|19|41|N|89|45|32|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bakshirhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bakshirhat]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|24|52|N|89|35|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Natabari| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Natabari, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|4|14|N|89|35|10|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bamanhat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bamanhat]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|1|59|N|89|29|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Gitaldaha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Gitaldaha]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|6|50|N|89|35|3|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Sahebganj| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sahebganj, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|9|10|N|89|23|0|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gosanimari| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Gosanimari]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|20|15|N|89|33|10|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Airani Chitalia| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Airani Chitalia]] (H)|shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|20|24|N|89|39|15|E}}| label-pos13=top|label13=Andaranfulbari| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Andaranfulbari]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|18|16|N|89|42|42|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Bara Kodali| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bara Kodali]] (H)|shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|23|36|N|89|34|14|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bhuchungmari| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhuchungmari]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|17|51|N|89|39|14|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Chamta| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Chamta]] (H)|shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|16|13|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Nakkatigachhi| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Nakkatigachhi]] (H)|shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|1|35|N|89|27|0|E}}|label18= Dharla River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=55| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|6|0|N|89|43|0|E}}|label19= Dudhkumar| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19=none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|3|30|N|89|43|0|E}}|label20= River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=100| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20=none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|49|0|E}}|label21= Gangadhar River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|17|30|N|89|32|30|E}}|label22= Mara Torsha| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=25| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|16|0|N|89|35|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|9|6|N|89|20|30|E}}| label-pos24=top|label24=Rajpat| numbered24=H| mark-title24= Rajpat (H)|shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|8|29|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Kamteswari |labela25= temple| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Kamteswari temple]] (H)|shape-color25=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|16|30|N|89|45|30|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|0|30|N|89|36|30|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-25| arc-gapB=4.2| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Rajpat is located at {{coord|26.1518|N|89.3502|E|display=inline}}

The Kamtapur Fort was spread from the [[Dharla River]] in the east to Godaikhora in the west, and from Sitalabas in the north to Silduar-Soawariganj in the south. The palace was in the centre of the fort and is now referred to as Rajpat.<ref name="fort">Koch Bihar Jelar Purakirti (in Bengali), Data compilation and writing by Dr. Shyamachand Mukhopadhayay, published by the Department of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, Second edition 1974, Page 28.</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==The fort==
The fort was surrounded by a horse-shoe type high earthen wall running for around {{convert|22|km}} and was open only on the side where the Dharla River was there. Now, it is mostly around 30 feet high and 35 feet wide. It was higher and wider in earlier days. The fort had seven entrance doors. There was a 250 feet wide float all around it. There was a system of providing regular water for it. Various people visiting the fort in the earlier days had seen many roads, temples, ponds and other utilities. In 1808, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Dr. Buchanan Hamilton]], visited the place and saw many broken structures. He also saw two brick-built walls inside the earthen enclosures. He left behind a detailed report. Now, all one can see is a large mound strewn with broken pieces of structures. Many statues or interesting items found in the fort have been kept aside for visitors to see.<ref name="fort"/>

==Archaeological Survey of India==
According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] Rajpat is an ASI listed monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 57|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Excavations were carried out in 1998–2000, by the Archaeological Survey of India at the Rajpat Mound. Only a few antiquities and some pottery have been found. The pottery bears similarity with pottery made/ used in Assam, some of the antiquities indicate their belonging to the Pala-Sena period of the 11-12th century. The excavations do point to the place having come up before the Khen dynasty captured it.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.asikolkata.in/Publications_files/excavation_rajpat-98-2k.pdf | title = Excavations at Rajpat Mound, 1998-2000| publisher = ASI, Kolkata |access-date = 8 August 2020}}</ref>

==Rajpat mound picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 27.jpg
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 14.jpg
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 10.jpg
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 13.jpg
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 24.jpg
File:Mound of Rajpat of Gosanimari at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 01.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Non-extant Bengal places}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

[[Category:History of Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]

Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University

2025-12-04T02:26:30Z

Julixei: general refined intro as per guidelines also as per guidelines

{{Short description|Public university in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University
| image_name = Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| other_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng = Reaching to unreached
| established = {{Start date and age|1999}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Satyakam
| academic_staff =
| students =
| city = [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| type = [[State university (India)|State]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] B+
| website = [http://www.uprtou.ac.in www.uprtou.ac.in]
}}
[[File:UPRTOU Bly 01.jpg|thumb|Regional Centre at [[Bareilly]]]]

'''Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University''' is a public university in [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It is named after [[Purushottam Das Tandon|Rajarshi Purushottam Das Tandon]].

==Academics==

===Academic programmes===
List of courses offered by university are as under:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://admission.onlineuprtou.in/|title=U.P. Rajarshi Tandon Open University, Allahabad: Students|website=admission.onlineuprtou.in}}</ref>
*First Degree Programmes
*Post Graduate Programmes
*General Diploma Programme
*Certificate Programme
*Computer Programmes
*Vocational Programmes
*Professional Programmes
*Awareness Programmes
*Adult & Continuing Education Programmes
*Research Programme

===Library===
The university library was established in 2000 with a meagre collection of 279 books. At present, the library holds the collection on different streams of humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and developing sciences. Its collection has reached up to 41,387 volumes of books and 92 learned journals besides 5 daily newspapers and 12 other periodicals. The library serves faculty members, supporting staff, research scholars and more than 50,000 students spread all over Uttar Pradesh. It is the apex body to provide library and information services to its students and others. A regional library at Allahabad Regional Centre has opened as its branch library. It is also in planning to establish regional libraries at other region, Sector – F, Phaphamau, Allahabad. The librarian is Dr. T.N. Dubey.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.uprtou.ac.in Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University]

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Open Education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.5420|81.8506|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=title}}

[[Category:Open universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Stok Monastery

2025-11-07T03:51:47Z

Julixei: improved references based on references and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Ladakh, northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Stok Palace
|image =Stok palau 1.jpg

|alt =
|caption = Stok Palace
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34|3|56.5|N|77|32|32|E|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India

|country = India
|location= [[Stok]], [[Leh district]] [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by = Lhawang Lotus
|year_completed =Late 14th century
| founded = 14th century CE
|sect =
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
'''Stok Monastery''' or '''Stok Gompa''' is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in [[Stok]], [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], northern [[India]], 15 kilometres south of [[Leh]].<ref name="Temples">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/stok.html|title= Stok Gompa|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> It was founded by Lama Lhawang Lotus in the 14th Century and has a notable library including all 108 volumes of the [[Kangyur]]. A ritual dance-mask festival is held annually.<ref name="Temples"/>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}

Next to the monastery is a 71-foot (22 m) high seated [[Gautama Buddha]] statue and temple, constructed between 2012-2015 and consecrated by the [[14th Dalai Lama]] on 8 August 2016.<ref name="statue">{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/maryloosemore/30696787723/in/photostream/|title= Information Board at the Gautama Buddha statue and temple, Stok Gompa|website=www.flickr.com|author=Mary Loosemore|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}

Around 2 km from the monastery is Stok Palace, built in 1820 as the summer home of Ladakhi royalty from the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Stok palau 2.jpg
File:Stok palau 3.jpg
File:Stok palau 4.jpg
</gallery>

==See also ==
* [[Chogyal]]
* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[World Monuments Fund]]

==References==
{{commons category|Stok Monastery}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Gelug monasteries and temples]]
[[Category:Leh district]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{Ladakh-stub}}

Rani Murmu

2025-10-04T14:53:33Z

Julixei: New Basic Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian Santali-language author (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rani Murmu
| image =
| caption = Rani Murmu receiving Yuva Puraskar in 2018 for her book named Hopon Mayak Kukmu
| birth_date = 1988
| occupation = Writer, Engineer
| subject = Poetry, Short stories
| notable_works = ''Hopon mayak kukmu''
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy]] [[Yuva Puraskar]]
| language = [[Santali language]]

| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship = Indian
}}

[[File:Rani Murmu.jpg|thumb|Rani Murmu during an event]]

'''Rani Murmu''' (born 1988) is an Indian [[ Santali language|Santali]] eminent writer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ |url=https://ayoarang.in/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3-%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=ayoarang.in}}</ref> She was awarded with [[Yuva Puraskar]] by [[Sahitya Akademi]] for her book ''Hopon mayak kukmu'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Yuva Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rani Murmu |date=29 January 2024 |title=Sahitya Academy Yuva Puraskar, Rani Murmu |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-jamshedpur-news-033535-2353171.html |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

== Early life education ==
Murmu was born in 1988 at Deoghar (Birdih), [[Jamshedpur]] to Sita Murmu and Budhrai Murmu. She did her graduation from [[Ranchi University]] in Political Science in 2011.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Her father Budhrai Murmu retired from Swarnarekha Project in the year 2010. They teach children to read and write Santali in [[Ol Chiki script|Ol Chiki]] script.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-23 |title=जमशेदपुर : रानी मुर्मू को साहित्य अकादमी-2018 का युवा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/1173743 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Writing career ==
Rani has expressed that her interest in writing was sparked by her engagement with social media. In the beginning, she used to write small comments about positive thoughts on Facebook. As her followers began to admire and encourage her, she began to take writing seriously and started crafting stories. Alongside stories, she also penned poems. However, Rani admits to having a preference for storytelling in her writing. According to her, storytelling is an oral tradition among the tribals and is an effective method of communication. While songs and poems are also integral to tribal culture, they lack the narrative element. Both genres have their significance, but Rani's heart lies in storytelling as it allows her to convey messages fascinatingly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-23 |title=जमशेदपुर : रानी मुर्मू को साहित्य अकादमी-2018 का युवा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/1173743 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Rani}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Chitrangada (princess)

2025-09-30T09:04:00Z

Julixei:

{{short description|Mahabharata character, wife of Arjuna}}
{{About|the wife of Arjuna|the son of [[Shantanu]] and [[Satyavati]]|Chitrāngada}}
{{Infobox character
| image = File:BABHRUVAHANA - MYTHOLOGICAL PLAY.JPG
| alt = Chitrangada
| caption = A play depicting Chitrāngadā (right) with Arjuna and Babruvahana
| family = Chitravahana (father)
| spouse = [[Arjuna]]
| children = [[Babhruvahana]]
| name =
| info-hdr = Information
| home = [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura]]
| relatives = [[Kunti]] (mother-in-law), [[Pandavas]] (brothers-in-law), [[Draupadi]], [[Ulupi]], [[Subhadra]] (co-wives)
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Chitrangada''' ({{langx|sa|चित्रांगदा|translit=Citrāṅgadā}}) is a character in the ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahābhārata|Mahabharata]]''. She is introduced as the princess of region named [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura or Manalura]], and the only heir of King Chitravahana. During his exile, the Pandava prince [[Arjuna]] fell in love with her and she became his third wife. She had a son named [[Babhruvahana]] with him.<ref>Shastri Chitrao (1964), p. 213</ref> The story of Chitrāngadā was adapted by Indian writer, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in his play, [[Chitra (play)|Chitra]].

== Early life ==
[[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura]] was a kingdom in India during the ''Mahabharata'' period. It was ruled by a king named Chitravahana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&q=manipur+mahabharata&pg=PA11|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref> He had a daughter named Chitrāngadā, whom he named after the Madhulika flower. For multiple generations, the dynasty did not have more than one heir. Since Chitravahana did not have any other heir, he trained Chitrāngadā in warfare and rule. Chitrāngadā was well-versed in warfare and acquired the skills to protect the people of her land.<ref name="B">{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=7–9}}</ref>

== Marriage with Arjuna ==
It is not described in ''[[Mahabharatha|Mahabharata]]'' as to how Arjuna, the [[Pandava]] prince met Chitrāngadā. The account is described in [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s play ''Chitra'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Chitra - A Play in One Act|page=1|first=Rabindranath|last= Tagore|publisher=Read Books Ltd|year=2015|isbn=9781473374263}}</ref> where Tagore depicts Chitrāngadā (she had a maid called Sujata) as a warrior dressed in male clothes.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 100 Most Influential Writers of All Time|date=20 December 2009 |page=242|editor1=J. E. Luebering|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=9781615300051}}</ref> Arjuna fell in love with her on account of her honesty and courage.<ref name="B" /> Arjuna's wanderings, during his period of exile, also took him to the ancient kingdom of Manipura. Visiting king Chitravahana, the ruler of Manipura, he beheld his beautiful daughter Chitrāngadā and fell in love with her. When he approached the king to seek her hand in marriage, the king told him the story of his ancestor Prabhanjana who was childless and undertook severe austerities to obtain offspring. Finally, [[Shiva]] appeared to Prabhanjana, granting him the boon that each successive descendant of his race should have one child. As Chitravahana, unlike his ancestors, had not a son, but a daughter, he made her a "Putrika" according to the customs of his people. This meant that a child, born of her, would be his successor, and no one else. Arjuna readily agreed to this condition. Marrying Chitrāngadā, he stayed with her for three years. When Chitrāngadā had given birth to a son, Arjuna embraced her affectionately and took leave of her and her father to resume his wanderings.<ref>Ganguli (1883), Book I, Section 218</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thadani|first=N.|title=The Mystery of the Mahabharata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCAnrHq8r1kC|volume=4|year=1931|publisher=India Research Press|id=GGKEY:EUL3QR74A0R}}</ref>

Arjuna left her and returned to Hastinapura, promising her that he would take her back to his kingdom. Chitrāngadā started bringing up her son Babruvahana. ''Mahabharata'' loses mention about Chitrāngadā and her kingdom for several chapters. On the other side, the [[Pandavas]] went through various ordeals and finally winning the war against the [[Kauravas]]. [[Yudhishthira]] became the king of Hastinapura. His mind was restless since he always felt bad of killing his own kith and kin during the war. On the advice of sages, he conducted the [[ashvamedha]] yagna, where a decorated horse would be sent across the kingdom and wherever it goes unopposed, the land would be acquired by the king who sent it. Arjuna was tasked to take care of the horse. While the horse moved towards the North-east, a young man opposed Arjuna. While Arjuna asked about the identity of the young man, he said he was the prince of the land and that was enough introduction to start a fight.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sweety|first=Dr.Shinde |title=Arjun: Without A Doubt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xP9qBgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd|isbn=978-93-81836-97-2}}</ref>

A fierce fight started and Arjuna was shocked to see the dexterity with which arrows were pouring at him. He was finally hit by one of the arrows and before he fell unconscious, he realised that the young man was the son of Chitrāngadā. Chitrāngadā came crying to the spot hearing of the incident and she met Arjuna at his death bed. [[Ulupi]], the other wife of Arjuna came to the spot with the [[Nagamani]], a mythical gem capable of bringing back dead men to life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan|title=The Mahabharata: Book 14: Anugita Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14081.htm|publisher=[[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]|chapter=SECTION LXXXI|date=1883–1896|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> She told Chitrāngadā and Babruvahana that Arjuna was cursed by the Vasus that he would be killed by his own son because he was responsible for the fall of Bhishma (the eighth Vasu) and that with the incident he was relieved of his curse. Arjuna was woken up with the stone and he was happy to see both his wives and his son. Arjuna took Ulupi, Chitrāngadā and her son Babhruvahana to Hastinapura, where Chitrāngadā readily became the servant of [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], the aunt of Arjuna. She spent her life in her service to Gandhari.<ref name="B" />

== Retirement of the Pandavas ==
Upon the onset of the [[Kali Yuga]], the Pandavas along with [[Draupadi]] retired and left the throne to their only heir Arjuna's grandson, [[Parikshit]]. Giving up all their belongings and ties, they made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas, accompanied by a dog. Chitrāngadā went back to her kingdom, Manipura.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan|title=The Mahabharata: Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17001.htm|publisher=[[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]|chapter=SECTION 1|date=1883–1896|accessdate=3 April 2016}}</ref>

== Literature ==
* ''Citrāngadā'' in: M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, ''Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha'' (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), Pune 1964, p. 213
* ''The Mahabharata of Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa'', trl. from the original Sanskrit by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Calcutta 1883-1896
* ''Chitrāngadā'' in: Wilfried Huchzermeyer, ''Studies in the Mahabharata'', edition sawitri 2018, p. 17-19. {{ISBN|978-3-931172-32-9}} (also as E-Book)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Chandramouli|first=Anuja|title=ARJUNA: Saga Of A Pandava Warrior-Prince|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ucDRHzIx_AC|year=2012|publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-81576-39-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|author-link=Bibek Debroy|title=The Mahabharata: Volume 2|year=2010|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-310013-3|page=536}}
{{Mahābhārata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitrangada}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]

Ajay Kumar Parida

2025-09-24T23:16:24Z

Julixei: Created New Bio

{{Short description|Indian biologist (1963–2022)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2014}}
{{Autobiography|date=May 2014}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

[[File:Dr. Ajay Kumar Parida, receiving Padma Shri in 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Parida receiving Padma Shri in 2014]]

'''Ajay Kumar Parida''' (12 December 1963 – 19 July 2022) was an Indian [[biologist]] noted for his contributions in the fields of agriculture, plant molecular biology and biotechnology. In 2014, Parida was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] Award by the President of India<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article5617946.ece |title=List of Padma awardees |date=25 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> for his contribution in the field of Science and Technology.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

Parida, who was born and raised in [[Bhagabanpur]], a village in the [[Jajpur]] district of [[Odisha]], was the Director of the Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. ILS (www.ils.res.in) is an autonomous institution of the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India. He served as the Executive Director of the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation,<ref name="mssrf">{{cite web|url=http://www.mssrf.org |title=M S SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION |publisher=mssrf.org |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064218/http://www.mssrf.org/ |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> Chennai during 2009–2017. He died from a heart attack on 19 July 2022 at the age of 58 in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singha |first=Minati|title=Capital Ils Director Ajay Parida Dies Of Heart Attack In Guwahati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/capital-ils-director-ajay-parida-dies-of-heart-attack-in-guwahati/articleshow/92991081.cms |access-date=2022-07-20 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Research ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2014}}
Parida's major scientific contribution is in the area of application of frontier technology for addressing major challenges in global and national declining agriculture productivity threatened due to climate change, [[sea level rise]] and reduced precipitation. His research was aimed at developing location specific crop varieties to cope with the adverse impact of climate change and has significant implications in bringing in stability and sustainability of the major farming systems.

Parida has used advanced biotechnological tools for crop improvement. He made contributions in identifying stress tolerant genes specifically for salt and drought stress.

Parida's research has also contributed to the basic understanding of the genetic architecture and species relationship in mangroves, and wild relatives of cultivated cereals, legumes and other cultivated crop species. He supervised 20 students for their Ph.D. degree. With more than 70 peer reviewed publications in international journals, Parida's research contributions have been widely cited and many of the publications are of significant value to increasing the basic understanding of the process and mechanisms associated with genetic resources characterization, conservation genetics, stress biology and biotechnology related policy issues.

== Awards and recognition ==

Parida has won the following awards:

* Umakant Sinha Memorial Award by the Indian Science Congress Association
* B. M. Birla Science Prize by the Birla Science Foundation
* [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] by the Govt. of India
* NASI-Reliance Award for Application Oriented Research by National Academy of Sciences<ref name="nasi.">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India — Home |publisher=nasi.org.in |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516215346/http://nasi.org.in/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 }}</ref>
* TATA innovation Fellowship of the Dept. of Biotechnology, Govt. of India
* Recognition Award from the National Academy of Agriculture Sciences<ref name="naasindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.naasindia.org|title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India|publisher=naasindia.org|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

He was elected as President of the Agriculture Science and Forestry section of the Indian Science Congress in 2012. Dr. Parida was the President of Biological Sciences Session of the National Academy of Sciences India in 2014.

Parida was involved in application of science and technology for rural development. He has played an active role in organisation of school level Genome Clubs for creating awareness on relevant issues in biology and biotechnology that has been adopted as a national initiative of DNA clubs supported by the Govt. of India. He was actively involved in working with grassroots organizations and local communities in identifying the issues affecting food and livelihood security and providing solutions based on participatory problem solving and providing solutions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parida, Ajay Kumar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]

Subramaniam Badrinath

2025-09-15T15:19:09Z

Julixei: enhance layout per standard format

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Indian name|Badrinath|Subramaniam}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name = Subramaniam Badrinath
|image = Subramaniam Badrinath.JPG
|imagesize =
|caption = Subramaniam Badrinath
|country = India
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|8|30|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Madras (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|heightft = 5
|heightinch = 11
|heightm =
|batting = Right-handed
|bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
|role = [[Batsman]]

|international = true
|internationalspan = 2008–2011
|testdebutdate = 6 February
|testdebutyear = 2010
|testdebutagainst = South Africa
|testcap = 262
|lasttestdate = 14 February
|lasttestyear = 2010
|lasttestagainst = South Africa
|odidebutdate = 20 August
|odidebutyear = 2008
|odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
|odicap = 176
|odishirt =
|lastodidate = 13 June
|lastodiyear = 2011
|lastodiagainst = West Indies
|oneT20I = true
|T20Idebutdate = 4 June
|T20Idebutyear = 2011
|T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
|T20Icap = 35

|club1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|year1 = 2000–2014
|club2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|year2 = 2014–2016
|club3 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|year3 = 2016–2017
|club4 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|year4 = 2008–2013

|columns = 4
|column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
|matches1 = 2
|runs1 = 63
|bat avg1 = 21.00
|100s/50s1 = 0/1
|top score1 = 56
|deliveries1 = 0
|bowl avg1 = –
|fivefor1 = 0
|tenfor1 = 0
|wickets1 = 0
|best bowling1 = –
|catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
|column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
|matches2 = 7
|runs2 = 79
|bat avg2 = 15.80
|100s/50s2 = 0/0
|top score2 = 27
|deliveries2 = 0
|bowl avg2 = –
|fivefor2 = 0
|tenfor2 = –
|wickets2 = 0
|best bowling2 = –
|catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
|column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|matches3 = 1
|runs3 = 43
|bat avg3 = 43.00
|100s/50s3 = 0/0
|top score3 = 43
|deliveries3 = 0
|wickets3 = 0
|bowl avg3 = –
|fivefor3 = 0
|tenfor3 = –
|best bowling3 = –
|catches/stumpings3 = 0/–
|column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
|matches4 = 145
|runs4 = 10,245
|bat avg4 = 54.49
|100s/50s4 = 32/45
|top score4 = 250
|deliveries4 = 1,359
|wickets4 = 14
|bowl avg4 = 52.92
|fivefor4 = 0
|tenfor4 = 0
|best bowling4 = 2/19
|catches/stumpings4 = 96/–
|date = 10 May
|year = 2024
|source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/s-badrinath-26806 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Subramaniam Badrinath''' (born 30 August 1980) is a former [[India]]n international [[cricket]]er. He is a right-handed [[Batting order (cricket)|middle order]] batter and an occasional right-arm [[off spin|off break]] bowler. He had represented the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] and was named in the 30 man provisional squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] but did not make it to the final squad. He has played for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]], [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]], [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] and [[South Zone cricket team|South zone]] in domestic cricket. He has also played for [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). He has also represented the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Indian Board]] President's XI on several occasions.

==Early life and family==
Badrinath was born on 30 August 1980 to S Subramaniam and Karpakam at [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[brahmin]] family.<ref name="RF">{{Cite news|title=Regional flavour: Cricketers pad up for microphone challenge|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jun/02/regional-flavour-cricketers-pad-up-for-microphone-challenge-1611907.html|date=2 June 2019|access-date=12 January 2022|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://specials.rediff.com/cricket/2006/dec/20spec-father.htm|title='I want him to make it to the Indian team and stay there'- S Subramaniam, Badrinath's father|publisher=Rediff|date=20 December 2006|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://specials.rediff.com/cricket/2006/dec/20spec-mother.htm|title='The proudest moment will be when he plays for India'- S Kalpakam, Badrinath's mother|publisher=Rediff|date=20 December 2006|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He did his schooling from [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]] and college at [[Guru Nanak College, Chennai|Guru Nanak College]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hungry-for-more/article2774286.ece|title=Hungry for more|date=4 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath is married to Suneethi Pinglay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/s-badrinath|title=S Badrinath, profile|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
===International===
Badrinath represented [[India A cricket team|India A]] before his debut with the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/a-team-triangular-series-2008-09-365644/india-a-vs-new-zealand-a-366299/match-report|title=Hyderabad, September 17, 2008, A Team Triangular Series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath was named in the provisional 30-man squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] and [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]] but did not make it to the final squad on both the occasions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/04/india-announce-preliminary-squad-for-twenty20-world-cup.htm|title=India announce preliminary squad for Twenty20 World Cup|date=4 April 2009|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In August 2008, Badrinath made his [[One day international|ODI]] debut for India against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the second ODI at [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Dambulla]] during the [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008|Indian tour of Sri Lanka]]. He scored an unbeaten 27 to guide India to victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2008-343726/sri-lanka-vs-india-2nd-odi-343733/full-scorecard|title=2nd ODI, Dambulla, August 20, 2008, India tour of Sri Lanka|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In February 2010, Badrinath made his [[test cricket|test]] debut against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] at the age of 29. He scored a fifty on debut in the match at [[VCA Stadium]] in [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-india-2009-10-428634/india-vs-south-africa-1st-test-441825/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Nagpur, February 06 - 09, 2010, South Africa tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He was also part of the team that played the second test match in the [[South African cricket team in India in 2009–10|series]] played at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]. India won the match but Badrinath scored a single run in the only innings which turned out to be the last of his short test career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-india-2009-10-428634/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-441826/full-scorecard|title=2nd Test, Kolkata, February 14 - 18, 2010, South Africa tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> While he was called up to the test squad as a replacement for the retired [[V. V. S. Laxman]] to play [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] during the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2012|tour of India in 2012]], he did not make it to the playing eleven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/badrinath-for-laxman/article3795331.ece|title=Badrinath for Laxman|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 August 2012|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

Badrinath played seven ODIs scoring 72 runs with a highest score of 27.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26806.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|title=Badrinath, ODI statistics|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> His last ODI match came against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]] in [[North Sound]] on 13 June 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-west-indies-2011-489197/west-indies-vs-india-4th-odi-489224/full-scorecard|title=4th ODI, North Sound, June 13, 2011, India tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath played his only [[T20 cricket|T20 international]] against West Indies at [[Queen's Park Oval]] at [[Port of Spain]] on 4 June 2011 scoring 43 runs and winning the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Man of the match]] award in an Indian victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-west-indies-2011-489197/west-indies-vs-india-only-t20i-489220/full-scorecard|title=Only T20I, Port of Spain, June 04, 2011, India tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

===Domestic===
Badrinath made his debut for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in the 2000–01 season and was a prolific scorer in [[first class cricket]] scoring more than ten thousand runs with 32 [[Century (cricket)|centuries]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/s-badrinath-26806|title=S Badrinath, profile|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7035101.stm|title=India call up uncapped Badrinath|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=9 October 2007|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath reached the finals of [[Ranji Trophy]] three times with Tamil Nadu in the [[2002-03 Ranji Trophy|2002-03]], [[2003-04 Ranji Trophy|2003-04]] and [[2011-12 Ranji Trophy|2011-12]] seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-ranji-trophy-261615|title=Ranji trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath was the second highest run scorer with 636 runs in the [[2005-06 Ranji Trophy]] and had the most prolific season in [[2007-08 Ranji Trophy|2007-08]] when he scored 659 runs at 65.90.<ref name="Cricinfo"/> He was also part of the team that won the domestic one day cup two times in 2002-03 and 2004–05 and the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] during the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-one-day-trophy-2004-05-411501|title=Ranji one day trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-series-results/vijay-hazare-trophy-639|title=Vijay Hazare trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath also represented [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] while also captaining the side.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/badrinath-appointed-south-zone-captain-393840|title=Badrinath appointed South Zone captain|date=6 March 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2014, after representing Tamil Nadu for over 14 years, he moved to represent [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] for the [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy]] due to limited playing opportunities with Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/s-badrinath-mulls-vidarbha-move-755781|title=Badrinath mulls Vidarbha move|date=26 June 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He was appointed captain of the Vidarbha side, leading them to the quarter finals where they lost to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2014-15-775441/tamil-nadu-vs-vidarbha-3rd-quarter-final-776175/full-scorecard|title=3rd Quarter-final, Jaipur, February 16 - 20, 2015, Ranji Trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In the [[2015-16 Ranji Trophy]], Vidarbha again reached the quarter finals before losing to [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/vidarbha-vs-saurashtra-1st-quarter-final-901903/full-scorecard|title=1st Quarter-final, Vizianagaram, February 03 - 05, 2016, Ranji Trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath moved on to [[Hyderabad cricket team]] for the [[2016–17 Indian cricket season|2016-17]] season, where he was again appointed captain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/s-badrinath-to-captain-hyderabad-in-the-ranji-trophy/article17248178.ece|title=S. Badrinath to captain Hyderabad in the Ranji Trophy|date=2 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He led the side to the quarter finals in the [[2016-17 Ranji Trophy|Ranji trophy]] before falling for the third consecutive year, losing to [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/hyderabad-india-vs-mumbai-1st-quarter-final-1053691/full-scorecard|title=1st Quarter-final, Raipur, December 23 - 27, 2016, Ranji Trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In August 2018, he retired from all forms of cricket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24533977/former-india-batsman-s-badrinath-retires-all-formats|title=Former India batsman Badrinath retires from all formats|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023|date=31 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/842761|title=Badrinath calls it a day|publisher=ICC|date=2 September 2018|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

===IPL===
Before the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season]], Badrinath was signed by the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) side [[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) in [[List of 2008 Indian Premier League auctions and personnel signings|2008]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rajasthan-best-placed-for-second-auction-341883|title=Rajasthan best placed for second auction|date=10 March 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/BCCI-for-one-year-IPL-contract-for-u-22-and-19-players/article15173194.ece|title=BCCI for one-year IPL contract for u-22 and 19 players|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Badrinath made his debut for the Chennai Super Kings during the 2008 season and was a reliable [[Batting order (cricket)|middle order]] batsman, representing the team for six consecutive seasons till [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]].<ref name="IPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/CSK/squad-details/12|title=Player overview:S Badrinath|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=IPL}}</ref> His break through season came in [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] when he scored 356 runs to help Chennai win their second consecutive IPL title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2011-5969|title=Most runs, 2011 Indian Premier League|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-501271/full-scorecard|title=Final (N), Chennai, May 28, 2011, Indian Premier League|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Badrinath won two IPL titles in 2010 and 2011 along with a [[Champions League Twenty20]] title in 2010 with Chennai Super Kings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raina, Dhoni star in Chennai triumph |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/match-report|access-date=4 June 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warriors v Chennai: Dominant Chennai seal title|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2010-11-456281/warriors-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-465141/match-report|access-date=21 April 2012|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Badrinath scored 1441 runs across six seasons at an average of just above 30.<ref name="IPL"/>

Badrinath was not retained by Chennai Super Kings ahead of the [[2014 Indian Premier League]] season and he was unsold in [[List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2014 player auction]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/it-s-a-blow-to-my-chest-s-badrinath-719115|title=Its a blow to my chest|date=14 February 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He was later picked up by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for [[2015 Indian Premier League]] season but did not play a single game in which turned out to be his last season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/5-popular-players-never-played-single-game-rcb|title=IPL: 4 popular players who never played a single match for Royal Challengers Bangalore|date=5 May 2018|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Post retirement==
He currently runs a [[YouTube]] channel "Cric it with Badri" and is an active [[sports commentator|commentator]] in [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Tamil]].<ref name="RF"/>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=26806}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badrinath, Subramaniam}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan schools alumni]]

Jagatjit Singh Diamond Jubilee Medal

2025-09-12T17:17:12Z

Julixei: added a bio w/ refs - done

{{EngvarB|date=July 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Award}}
The '''Jagatjit Singh Diamond Jubilee Medal''', commonly referred to as the '''Diamond Jubilee Medal''', was a commemorative decoration instituted in 1937 to mark the [[Diamond jubilee|sixtieth anniversary]] of [[Jagatjit Singh]]’s accession to the throne of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in 1877.

== Background ==
Upon the death of his father, Kharak Singh, in September 1877, [[Jagatjit Singh]], then aged five, succeeded to the throne as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ? |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=235 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/wkwcAQAAIAAJ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner & Company |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref> His formal installation took place on 16 October 1877 and was officiated by [[Robert Eyles Egerton|Robert Egerton]], the then [[Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=430 |language=en}}</ref> In 1937, following his sixty years on the throne of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], he celebrated his [[Diamond jubilee|Diamond Jubilee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Year_Book/C6gSAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian Year Book |date=1945 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |pages=1278 |language=en}}</ref> To commemorate the occasion, this medal was issued.

== Design ==

* On the obverse, it features a full-face bust of [[Jagatjit Singh]], depicted wearing a high-necked tunic, a turban, a sash, and his medals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Princely_Medals/YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=189–190 |language=en}}</ref> Along the surrounding border, the following inscription appears: '''H.H. MAHARAJA JAGATJIT SINGH OF KAPURTHALA'''.<ref name=":0" />
* On the reverse, the medal bears a four-line inscription.<ref name=":0" /> The first line, in [[Urdu]], reads [[Sat Sri Akaal|Akal Sahai]] ({{Translation|With God's Grace}}); the second, in [[Gurmukhi]], reads [[Ik Onkar|Ek Onkar]] ({{Translation|one God}}); the third, in [[Persian language|Persian]], reads Jublee Ilmas ({{Translation|[[Diamond Jubilee]]}}); and the fourth states Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Wali-i-Riyasat-i-Kapurthala ({{Translation|[[Maharaja]] [[Jagatjit Singh]], Ruler of the [[Kapurthala State|State of Kapurthala]]}}).<ref name=":0" />
* The medal measures 33 mm in diameter and is made of [[silver]].<ref name=":0" />
* The ribbon is 38 mm wide and features white stripes at the centre and edges, each measuring 4 mm.<ref name=":0" /> Between the outermost blue edges, which are 2 mm wide, there are two dark blue stripes, each measuring 11 mm.<ref name=":0" />
* The ribbon is suspended from a plain bar.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Nishan-i-Iftikhar (Kapurthala)]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Awards established in 1937]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1937]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1937 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of former countries]]
[[Category:Kapurthala State]]

Indian locomotive class SG

2025-09-09T21:40:25Z

Julixei: minor changes

{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = SG<ref name=SG>{{cite web|title=SG|url=http://sundar.brinkster.net/0-6-0s.htm|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045110/http://sundar.brinkster.net/0-6-0s.htm|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image = BESA 0-6-0 Locomotive Class SG for NWR.jpg
| powertype = Steam
| designer = British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)
| builder = [[Vulcan Foundry]], [[North British Locomotive Company]] and [[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]]
| builddate = SG: 1905-13 SGC3: After 1927
| totalproduction = SG: 486 SG1: 66 SGS: 362
| rebuilddate = After 1927
| whytetype = [[0-6-0]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| coupleddiameter = {{convert|61.5|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|15|ft|3|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|16|LT|t ST}}
| locoweight = {{convert|48|LT|t ST}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|39.25|LT|t ST}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|7.5|LT|t ST}}
| watercap = {{convert|3000|impgal|abbr=on}}
| boiler = {{convert|54|x|11|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|25.3|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1229.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| fireboxarea = {{convert|120|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, inside
| cylindersize = {{convert|18.5|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = Rotary [[Lentz valve gear]]
| valvetype = [[Slide valve]]
| maxspeed = *Freight: {{convert|18|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Troop trains: {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]], [[Eastern Bengal Railway]], [[East Indian Railway Company|EIR]] and [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
| locale = [[Eastern Railway zone]] and [[Northern Railway zone]]
| preservedunits = At least one SGC-2 in Bangladesh and one SGS in Pakistan
| disposition =
}}
The '''Indian locomotive class SG''' is a [[Class (locomotive)|class]] of [[India]]n steam locomotives used for [[Freight train|goods trains]]. Its class designation, '''SG''', stands for ''Standard Goods''. It was, by number of locomotives built, one of the largest steam locomotive classes built in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was one of the BESA locomotives developed by the British Engineering Standards Committee, later called the [[British Engineering Standards Association]] (BESA).

==History==
With the growing demand for locomotives in the [[British Raj]], it became increasingly difficult for British locomotive manufacturers to fulfill that need. To alleviate that problem, the [[British Engineering Standards Association]] (BESA) was commissioned to develop standard locomotive types. The first BESA report issued in 1903 recommended designs for a 4-4-0 standard passenger locomotive classified as [[Indian locomotive class SP|SP]] and one for an 0-6-0 standard goods locomotive classified as SG. Later, revised editions of the BESA reports proposed eight classes of [[broad gauge]] locomotives and four classes of [[meter gauge]] locomotives for various services; these locomotives were later called BESA locomotives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html|title=Steam in History|last=Bhandari|first=R R|website=IRFCA website|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA)}}</ref>

The SG class was used by the [[North Western State Railway]] (NWR), the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] (EBR), the [[East Indian Railway]] (EIR) and the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] (ORR) in India, hauling both goods and passenger trains. They could haul 1450 tons of freight with a speed of {{convert|18|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Some locomotives were in service in India until the early 1980s and in Pakistan until the 1990s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-railways.co.uk/general-photo-312|title=Eastern Railway (India) SGC2 class 0-6-0 34171 at Calcutta}}</ref>

==Design variants==
A later variant designed with a [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Schmidt]] [[superheater]] was classified '''SGS''' (''Standard Goods, Superheated''). These locomotives received larger [[Cylinder (locomotive)|cylinders]] with [[Piston valve (steam engine)|piston valves]] and larger boilers, as well as a four-axle [[Tender (rail)|tender]] with [[bogie]]s, as compared to their earlier designs which used [[Steam#Types of steam and conversions|saturated steam]].<ref name=":0"/> One SGS train was in service on the [[Khyber Pass Railway]] [[Khyber_train_safari|route]] from Peshawar city to Landi Kotal prior to the suspension of service in 2006.<ref name="GWfC">{{cite book |last=Fisk |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Fisk |date=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=The Great War for Civilisation |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |pages=110 |isbn=9781841150086}}</ref>

SG class locomotives retrofitted with superheaters were classified as '''SGC''' (''Standard Goods, Converted''). The SGSC class, later called SGC2, had round [[firebox (steam engine)|fireboxes]] instead of the [[Belpaire firebox]] of the original design. SGC3 class locomotives were retrofitted with superheaters and were fitted with the [[Hugo Lentz|Lentz rotary valve gear]].<ref name=":0"/> Despite their classifications, they frequently hauled passenger and mail trains.<ref name=":0"/>

A design variant classified as SG1 existed with unknown design characteristics.<ref name=":0"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Subclasses
!Designation
!Number
!Year of construction
(Rebuilding)
!Comments
!Divisions
|-
|SG
|486
|1905–1913
|Original design, Belpaire fireboxes, saturated steam
|NWR

EBR
|-
|SG1
|66
|
|Unknown design characteristics
|
|-
|SGC, SGC1
|
|(around 1927)
|SGs retrofitted with superheaters
|NWR
|-
|SGS
|362
|
|SGs delivered with superheaters
|NWR
|-
|SGSC, SGC2
|
|
|Round firebox, superheated
|
|-
|SGC3
|
|
|Superheated, Lentz valve gear
|EIR
|}

==Preservation==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2024}}
As of 2024, two examples are known to survive into preservation, those being SGS 2473 and SGC-2 240.

SGS 2473 was originally used by North Western Railway, before it was taken to Pakistan Railways. Withdrawn sometime in 1996, it saw mainline tour use until finally being taken out of use in 2010. It was then stored at Pakistan Railways’ workshops in Lahore. It is now at the Asfand Yar Bukhari Shaheed park on display.

SGC-2 240 was originally used on the Eastern Bengal Railway from 1921 until 1936, by which it had been converted to burn oil. The locomotive would later be used as a shunter at Saidpur until 1983. It is now a plinth at Saidpur Railway Workshops.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/bangladesh01.htm |title=Preserved Steam Locomotives in Bangladesh |last= |first= |date= |website=internationalsteam.co.uk |publisher= |access-date=3 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! Working !! Class !! Number !! Location !! Built !! Zone !! Builders !! Build No !! Name
!Last ran
|-
| No||SGC-2||240||Saidpur Works, Bangladesh||1921||BW||Vulcan Foundry||Unknown||
|1983
|-
|No
|SGS
|2473
|Asfand Yar Bukhari Shaheed park, Pakistan
|1920
|
|Vulcan Foundry
|3361
|
|2010
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Indian Railways]]
*{{section link|Rail transport in India|History}}
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:0-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:C n2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1905]]

{{steam-loco-stub}}

Panthathala

2025-07-31T05:27:47Z

Julixei: small improved information per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more references|date=May 2009}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panthathala
| other_name = Panthahtala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|42|0|N|76|41|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 390
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686573
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04822
| registration_plate = KL-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Palai
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1021 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 98%%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Panchayath
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panthathala''' is a village in [[mutholy]] panchayath, close to [[Palai]] in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]] state in [[India]]. The river [[Meenachil]] flows by on one side of the village. Panthathala's primary product is rubber and most of its inhabitants are farmers. The main religion is Roman Catholics and Hindu. Famous temple include Malayil Kavu Devi, and shrine is St.thomas kurisupally. St. [[Antoney's]] and St Joseph's are the main high schools. Nearby towns are Mevada, Mutholy Kadavu, and Velliappally. It is also the birthplace of many great people.

Panthathala consists of 9 and 10th wards of Mutholy Panchayath.
It falls under Pala assembly constituency and Kottayam Parliament constituency. Mostly Christians and Hindus live here in harmony. Panthathala toddy shop was famous in 1980s and 90s when Predegree courses were norm.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* http://lsgkerala.in/mutholypanchayat/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125954/http://lsgkerala.in/mutholypanchayat/ |date=16 August 2018 }}

{{Kottayam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

{{Kottayam-geo-stub}}

National Highway 55 (India, old numbering)

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 110 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Sukapaika River

2025-06-02T22:10:26Z

Julixei: stub!

{{Short description|Indian river}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox river
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| mapframe = yes
| state = Odisha
| source1_location = {{Coord|20.432513|86.009288}}
| mouth_location = [[South Koel River|Koel River]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Odisha]]
}}

'''Sukapaika River''' is a river that branches out from the Mahanadi River in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&dq=Sukapaika+River&pg=PA297 |title=Economic History of Orissa |date=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 |language=en}}</ref> It diverges from the [[Mahanadi]] in Ayatpur village, [[Cuttack district]] and flows through multiple villages before joining the main river downstream.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2022-10-01 |title=National Green Tribunal directs to revive Sukapaika river in Odisha, in next six months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/national-green-tribunal-directs-to-revive-sukapaika-river-in-odisha-in-next-six-months/article65958091.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sukapaika played an important role in irrigation and agriculture for the region in the past.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2022-10-22 |title=Breathing life into a dead river in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/breathing-life-into-a-dead-river-in-odisha/article66045196.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Over the years, the river has dried up, causing harm to both local ecosystems and livelihoods.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Hydrography of Odisha}}

[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]

Ketugram II

2025-05-22T20:37:21Z

Julixei: improve article to improve readability

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Ketugram II
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| motto =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_map = File:Ketugram-II in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ketugram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ketugram]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 160.03
| area_land_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 118567
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| coordinates = {{coord|23|42|41|N|88|05|55|E|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 26
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713140 (Ketugram) 713130 (Gangatikuri)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03453
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
| blank_name = Literacy Rate
| blank_info = 65.96 per cent
| website = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| name =
}}
'''Ketugram II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|500px|thumb|left|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]

===Location===
Gangatikuri, a gram panchayat in Ketugram II CD Block, is located at {{coord|23.7115|N|88.0985|E|format=dms|}}.
Ketugram II CD Block is part of the Kanksa Ketugram plain and the Bhagirathi basin. The [[Ajay River|Ajay]] forms the southern boundary of the CD Block before joining the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]]. The soil is [[Alluvium|alluvial]] of recent origin.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Ketugram II CD Block is bounded by [[Bharatpur II]] CD Block, in Murshidabad district, on the north, [[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]] CD Block, in Nadia district across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], on the east, [[Katwa I]] and [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mangolkote]] CD Blocks on the south and [[Ketugram I]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Ketugram II CD Block has an area of 160.03 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 90 gram sansads (village councils), 56 [[mouza]]s and 55 inhabited villages. [[Ketugram#Police station|Ketugram]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Gangatikuri]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Ketugram II block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Billeswar, Gangatikuri, Ketugram, Mougram, Nabagram, Nirole and Sitahati.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Ketugram II CD Block had a total population of 118,567, all of which were rural. There were 61,413 (52%) males and 57,154 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 13,443. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 43,442 (36.64%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 692 (0.58%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Ketugram II block had a total population of 107,011, out of which 55,278 were males and 51,733 were females. Ketugram II block registered a population growth of 12.82 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 39,197 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 872.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST%28TRU1%299.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Ketugram II CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ketugram]] (9,990), Nirol (7,031), Srirampur (4,043), [[Gangatikuri]] (4,053), Baharan (4,562), Keuguri (4,682), Maugram (6,927) and Char Sujapur (4,696).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Ketugram II CD Block included (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Uddharanpur]] (3,437), Sitahati (1,262), Nabagram (1,683), Billeswar (3,625) and [[Jhamatpur]] (1,543).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Ketugram II CD Block was 69,335 (65.96% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 39,072 (71.65% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 30,263 (59.82% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.83%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Ketugram II block had a total literacy of 61.06 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 68.75 per cent female literacy was 52.88 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ketugram II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|20.15}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 94,555 and formed 79.75% of the population in Ketugram II CD Block. Muslims numbered 23,895 and formed 20.15% of the population. Christians numbered 38 and formed 0.03% of the population. Others numbered 79 and formed 0.07% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Bardhaman district, the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Badhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.85% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Ketugram II CD Block was 36.07%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Ketugram II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 26.46%, agricultural labourers 44.05%, household industry workers 6.27% and other workers 23.21%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Ketugram II CD Block, cultivators or agricultural labourers formed a large portion of the workforce, comparatively less workers were engaged in the secondary and tertiary sectors. In the decade 1991-2001 cultivators decreased and the secondary and tertiary sectors increased.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 55 inhabited villages in Ketugram II CD block. All 55 villages (100%) have power supply. All 55 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 18 villages (32.73%) have post offices. 49 villages (89.09%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 36 villages (65.45%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 34 villages (61.82%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (10.91%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 6 villages (10.91%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 53 fertiliser depots and 37 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Ketugram II CD Block'''
|value1 = 5.60
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 9.64
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 7.31
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 24.40
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 53.06
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Ketugram II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 5.60%, patta (document) holders 9.64%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 7.31%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 24.40% and agricultural labourers 53.06%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Ketugram II CD Block was 11,502 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 8,790 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003–04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Ketugram II CD Block produced 25,318 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 8,431 hectares, 31,645 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 7,696 hectares, 394 tonnes of wheat from 145 hectare, 4,383 tonnes of jute from 202 hectares, 5,465 tonnes of potatoes from 301 hectares and 72,111 tonnes of sugar cane from 1,178 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman | work = Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Ketugram II CD Block was 1,437.31 hectares, out of which 1,141.14 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 296.17 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Ketugram II CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
{{Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}

The [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] passes through this block and there are stations at [[Shiblun railway station|Shiblun]] and [[Gangatikuri railway station|Gangatikuri]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-katwa-local-37913/14611/581/1932 |title = 37913 Howrah-Katwa local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo| access-date = 13 February 2017}}</ref>

Ketugram II CD Block has 5 ferry services and 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]], running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Ketugram II CD Block had 83 primary schools with 5,302 students, 2 middle schools with 310 students, 11 high school with 6,427 students and 5 higher secondary schools with 3,950 students. Ketugram II CD Block had 201 institutions for special and non-formal education with 9,956 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Ketugram II CD block, amongst the 55 inhabited villages, all villages had schools, 35 villages had two or more primary schools, 20 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 12 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Ketugram II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 25 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 18 family welfare subcentres. 1,098 patients were treated indoor and 142,364 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Ketugram block primary health centre at [[Ketugram]] (with 15 beds) is the main medical facility in Ketugram II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Sibloon (with 10 beds) and Sitahati (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ketugram II CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==Veterinary Facilities==
Block Animal Health Centre, Ketugram II, [[Purba Bardhaman]] under [[Block Livestock Development Office]], Ketugram II at [[Gangatikuri]] village is the main veterinary facility available in Ketugram II CD Block.

Free & on call veterinary services are also available in this block at farmer's doorstep provided by [[Mobile Veterinary Unit]] under BLDO, Ketugram II. One can avail this service by dialing toll free number 1962.

There are also five numbers of Animal Development Aid Centres (ADACs) under BLDO, Ketugram-II situated in five different Gram Panchayets of this block such as - 1. ADAC Ketugram; 2. ADAC Billeshwar; 3. ADAC Nabagram; 4. ADAC Sitahati & 5.ADAC Mougram. No ADAC is situated at Nirol Gram Panchayet. The ADACs provides primary treatment and artificial insemination facilities to livestock owners though most of these ADACs are currently non functional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ard.wb.gov.in/org-structure/ | title = Organisational Structure of Animal Resources Development Department | publisher = WBARD |access-date = 13 August 2024}}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Joseph Suren Gomes

2025-04-17T12:04:02Z

Julixei: added some info w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic prelate (1944–2024)}}
{{Expand Polish|topic=bio|Joseph Suren Gomes|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name = Joseph Suren Gomes, SDB
| honorific-suffix =
| title = Bishop Emeritus of Krishnagar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed =
| term =
| term_start = 17 April 2002
| quashed =
| term_end = 17 April 2019
| predecessor = [[Lucas Sirkar]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Nirmol Vincent Gomes]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]
| other_post =
| ordination = 21 December 1974
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 31 May 2002
| consecrated_by = [[Lucas Sirkar]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]
| cardinal =
| rank =
| birth_name = Joseph Suren Gomes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|2|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hasnabad]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|18|1944|2|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ranaghat]], [[West Bengal]], India
| buried =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = Roman Catholic
| residence =
| parents =
| previous_post =
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''In Deo confide''
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
{{Infobox bishopstyles |
| name = Joseph Suren Gomes
| dipstyle =
*[[Excellency|His Excellency]]
*[[The Most Reverend]]
| offstyle = [[Your Excellency]]
| relstyle = [[Bishop]]
| image =
| image_size =
}}

'''Joseph Suren Gomes''', [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] (14 February 1944 – 18 May 2024) was an Indian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Krishnagar]] from 2002 to 2019 when he retired.<ref>[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/04/17/0199/00607.html RINUNCE E NOMINE, 17.04.2002] {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref>[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/04/17/0324/00661.html#ri Rinunce e nomine, 17.04.2019] {{in lang|it}}</ref> Gomes died from heart failure in [[Ranaghat]], on 18 May 2024, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://ccbi.in/bishop-joseph-gomes-passes-away/ Bishop Joseph Gomes Passes Away]</ref><ref>[https://www.rvasia.org/church-asia/remembering-bishop-joseph-gomes-life-service-and-faith-krishnagar Remembering Bishop Joseph Gomes: A Life of Service and Faith in Krishnagar]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsugo.html Joseph Suren Gomes, S.D.B. at Catholic Hierarchy]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Lucas Sirkar]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Krishnagar|years=2002–2019}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Nirmol Vincent Gomes]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes, Joseph Suren}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Salesian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure in India]]
{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Yuhanon Chrysostamos

2025-02-25T11:40:28Z

Julixei: new

{{Short description|Oriental Orthodox bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Yuhanon Chrysostamos
| image =
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]]
| term = 2005 - Present
| predecessor = 
| ordination = 5 March 2005
| ordained_by = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1954|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kottoor]], [[Thiruvalla]]
}}

'''Yuhanon Chrysostamos''' is Metropolitan of [[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]] of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.G. Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/his-grace-dr-yoohanon-mar-chrysostamus|website=mosc.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yuhanon Mar Chrysostamos {{!}} Malankara Orthodox TV |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/}}</ref>

In 2023, he is the bishop of [[St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara]], and has been in place since 2007.<ref>[https://www.kalloopparapally.com/new_bishops.html Kalloopparapally Church website, Retrieved 2023-05-31]</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in 1954 in Mannil Puthen Purayil, Kottoor, [[Thiruvalla]].

He completed his BSc Mathematics from [[St. Berchmans College|SB College Changanasserry]] then affiliated to [[University of Kerala]] and joined the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]. He also studied his GST and BD from [[Serampore University]]. He completed a MTh from [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], and a PhD from The [[San Francisco Theological Seminary]].

==Career==
He was ordained as a deacon on 19 April 1982, and became a priest on 5 June 1982.

He was Principal of St Paul’s Mission Training Center and has held several other teaching and speaking posts within the church.

He was ordained as [[Metropolitan bishop| Metropolitan]] on 5 March 2005.<ref>[https://www.kalloopparapally.com/new_bishops.html St Mary's Orthodox Church in Kalloopparapall website]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]

{{OrientalOrthodox-bishop-stub}}
{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-clergy-stub}}

St. George's Church, Chathannoor

2024-12-26T10:38:10Z

Julixei: small adjusted layout as per guidelines and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2014}}

'''St George Orthodox Church, Chathannoor''', known locally as '''Chathannoor Valiya Palli''', is a parish of the [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. "Chathannoor Marthamariyam Suriyani Pally," as it was called in the ancient days, was built around AD 1755. One of the largest churches in South Kerala, it is the oldest church in [[Chathannoor]] and [[mother church]] to the churches in the Chathannoor region.

Notable works in the church include a mural featuring the patron, [[Saint George]] (Geevarghese Sahada), dating to 1792; the Chathannoor [[Panchangam]], which has entries in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]; and a picture of a Mass in 1861 by Lt. Col. Stevenson of the British Army of Geevarghese Yakoob Kattanar offering up his sword.<ref name="bn">{{citation|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/kerala/relics-of-history-remain-unscathed-by-time-at-chathannoor-valiya-palli-in-kerala/na20201225121717801|publisher=ETV Bharat|date=25 December 2020|title=Kerala's relics of history remain unscathed by time|access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>

{{coord|8.863|76.7199|type:landmark_region:IN-KL|display=title}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George's Church, Chathannoor}}
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Kollam district]]
[[Category:18th-century churches in India]]

{{India-church-stub}}
{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-struct-stub}}

Ruchita Jadhav

2024-10-26T12:32:41Z

Julixei:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruchita Jadhav
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}
| years_active = 2010{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Anand Mane|2021}}
}}

'''Ruchita Jadhav''' is an Indian film and television actress who predominantly works in [[Marathi cinema]] and television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi actress Ruchita Jadhav says Surya will set benchmark in action genre |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/exclusive-marathi-actress-ruchita-jadhav-says-surya-will-set-benchmark-in-action-genre |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.freepressjournal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-30 |title=Ruchita Jadhav |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2020/pune-times/most-desirable-women/ruchita-jadhav/articleshow/79831005.cms |access-date=2023-06-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ruchita Jadhav was born in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ऑनलाईन |first=सामना |date=2022-08-07 |title=फॅशन डिझायनर ते अभिनेत्री |url=https://www.saamana.com/fashion-designer-to-actress-ruchita-jadhav-marathi-actress-interview-by-swara-sawant/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Saamana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आई माझी... बेस्ट फ्रेंड |url=https://www.esakal.com/womens-corner/ruchita-jadhav-actress-263899 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref> She attended St. Joseph's Convent Girls High School in Pune. She pursued a bachelor's degree in fashion technology and a master’s degree in English literature from Fergusson College in Pune, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title='काम मिळवण्यासाठी हांजी-हांजी किंवा लाडीगोडीचं वागणं मला जमत नाही' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/actress-ruchita-jadhav-talks-about-enigma-short-film-and-marathi-film-industry/articleshow/80752492.cms |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ruchita debuted in Marathi cinema with ''Are Baba Pure'' (2011). She went on to appear in numerous Marathi films, including ''Fekam Faak'' (2013), ''Bhootacha'' ''Honeymoon'' (2013), ''Vatsalya'' (2014), [[Chintamani (2014 film)|''Chintamani'']] (2014), ''Manatlya Unhat'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=Anil Kapoor lauds Marathi film penned by IAF officer |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anil-kapoor-lauds-marathi-film-penned-by-iaf-officer-115062300564_1.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Manus Ek Mati]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-21 |title=Ruchita Jadhav: Being an actor is no longer looking pretty and skinny on-screen; we have surpassed that phase |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ruchita-jadhav-being-an-actor-is-no-longer-looking-pretty-and-skinny-on-screen-we-have-surpassed-that-phase/articleshow/78224306.cms |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेत्री म्हणतेय लाडीगोडीचं वागणं जमत नाही |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/web-stories/entertainment/marathi-actress-ruchita-jadhav-talks-about-struggle/photoshow/90643421.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=maharashtratimes.com |language=mr}}</ref>

She played the role of [[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhosle]] in the Hindi language historical drama series ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruchita Jadhav Gets Engaged! Soyarabai From Famous TV Series Veer Shivaji Soon To Get Hitched |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/ruchita-jadhav-gets-engaged-soyarabai-from-famous-tv-series-veer-shivaji-soon-to-get-hitched/607d8e4314b5521306b00fa3 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> She starred in the television series ''[[Love Lagna Locha]]'' (2016), playing Kavya, which was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-17 |title=Ruchita's tryst with wedding gown |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ruchita-in-a-wedding-gown/articleshow/56603139.cms |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Lagna Locha |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-serial-love-lagna-locha-new-track-5605125-PHO.html}}</ref> Other television appearances include ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]'' (2014) and ''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]'' (2017).{{fact|date=December 2023}}

== Personal life ==
She married Anand Mane, a Mumbai-based businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Ruchita Jadhav married Mumbai-based businessman Anand Mane in an intimate ceremony |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/ruchita-jadhav-married-mumbai-based-businessman-anand-mane-in-an-intimate-ceremony-23171960 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2011
|''Aare Baba Pure''
|Aarti
|Debut
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''Mee Aani U''
|
|
|
|-
|''Fekam Faak''
|
|
|
|-
|''Welcome to Jungle''
|Anushka
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=First Marathi sci-film film - 'Welcome to Jungle' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/first-marathi-sci-film-film-welcome-to-jungle/articleshow/17729684.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhootacha Honeymoon''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Vatsalya''
|Seema
|
|
|-
|[[Chintamani (2014 film)|''Chintamani'']]
|Neha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Goa 350 KM''
|
|
|
|-
|''Manatlya Unhat''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''Aata Majhi Hatli''
|Neha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Manus Ek Mati]]''
|Vidya
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhavishyachi Aishi Taishi]]''
|Priya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Enigma - The Fallen Angel''
|Richa Kapoor
|Short
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENIGMA - The Fallen Angel |url=https://filmfreeway.com/ENIGMA-TheFallenAngel |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Jivan Sandhya''
|Pratibha Abhyankar
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Surya (2023 film)|Surya]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2022-12-27 |title=सुर्या चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर पाहिलात? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/surya-movie-official-trailer-release-prasad-mangesh-ruchita-jadhav-movie-1134684 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''
|
|Marathi
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
|[[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhosle]]
|Hindi
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2014-2015
|''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''
|Neha
|Hindi
|[[Life OK]]
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
|2015
|''Yek Number''
|
|Marathi
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2016-2018
|''[[Love Lagna Locha]]''
|Kavya
|Marathi
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''
|Vanitha
|Hindi
|[[Sony TV]]
|
|-
|2019
|''Fomo''
|Divya
|Marathi
|Web Series
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makers of Striling Pulling is back with yet another blockbuster web series 'Fomo' |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/fomo-sushant-dharwadkar-and-chinmaya-kulkarni-s-labour-of-love-hits-the-web-space/5dc13d0b87fb571eff7e36d2 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Mi Punha Yein''
|
|Marathi
|Web Series
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-11 |title=Sayaji Shinde, Siddharth Jadhav and Upendra Limaye to star in Arvind Jagtap's 'Mi Punha Yein'; Watch teaser |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/marathi/sayaji-shinde-siddharth-jadhav-and-upendra-limaye-to-star-in-arvind-jagtaps-mi-punha-yein-watch-teaser/articleshow/92804459.cms |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=8051822}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Ruchita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]