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Idealism

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{{Short description|Philosophical position}}
{{Other uses}}
{{About|the metaphysical perspective in philosophy|the psychological attitude|Optimism|the concept in ethics|Ideal (ethics)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}

'''Idealism''' in [[philosophy]], also known as '''philosophical idealism''' or '''metaphysical idealism''', is the set of [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, [[reality]] is equivalent to [[mind]], [[Spirit (vital essence)|spirit]], or [[consciousness]]; that reality or truth is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/idealism|title=Idealism {{!}} philosophy|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref name=":1ix">Goldschmidt et al. 2017, p. ix.</ref> Because there are different types of idealism, it is difficult to define the term uniformly.

[[Indian philosophy]] contains some of the first defenses of idealism, such as in [[Vedanta]] and in [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijña]] thought. These systems of thought argue for an all-pervading consciousness as the true nature and ground of reality. Idealism is also found in some streams of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], such as in the [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] school, which argued for a "mind-only" (''cittamatra'') philosophy on an analysis of subjective experience. In the West, idealism traces its roots back to [[Plato]] in ancient Greece, who proposed that absolute, unchanging, timeless ideas constitute the highest form of reality: [[Platonic idealism]]. This was revived and transformed in the early modern period by [[Immanuel Kant]]'s arguments that our knowledge of reality is completely based on mental structures: [[transcendental idealism]].<ref name=":1ix" />

[[Epistemology|Epistemologically]], idealism is accompanied by a rejection of the possibility of knowing the existence of any ''thing'' independent of mind. [[Ontology|Ontologically]], idealism asserts that the existence of all things depends upon the mind; thus, ontological idealism rejects the perspectives of [[physicalism]] and [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]]. In contrast to [[materialism]], idealism asserts the ''primacy'' of consciousness as the origin and prerequisite of all phenomena.

In some contexts, idealism is contrasted with [[Philosophical realism|realism]]. Idealism came under attack from proponents of [[analytic philosophy]], such as [[G. E. Moore]] and [[Bertrand Russell]], but its critics also included the [[new realism (philosophy)|new realists]] and [[Marxism|Marxists]]. However, many aspects and paradigms of idealism still have a large influence on subsequent philosophy.

==Definitions==
''Idealism'' is a term with several related meanings. It comes via [[Latin]] ''[[idea]]'' from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''[[idea]]'' (ἰδέα) from ''idein'' (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743.<ref>{{cite web |title=idealism, n. |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/90960 |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=idealism, n. |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idealism |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> The term idealism was first used in the abstract metaphysical sense of the "belief that reality is made up only of ideas" by [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] in 1747.<ref name="SEP3">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Idealism |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |location=Stanford, California |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/idealism/ |date=30 August 2015 |author-link=Martin Kramer |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |last2=Horstmann |first2=Rolf-Peter |last1=Guyer |first1=Paul}}</ref> The term re-entered the English language in this abstract sense by 1796.<ref>{{cite web |title=idealism, n. |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=idealism |publisher=[[Online Etymological Dictionary]]}}</ref> [[A. C. Ewing]] gives this influential definition:

<blockquote>the view that there can be no physical objects existing apart from some experience...provided that we regard thinking as part of experience and do not imply by "experience" passivity, and provided we include under experience not only human experience but the so-called "Absolute Experience" or the experience of a God such as [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]] postulates.<ref name=":3">Guyer, 2023, p. 3.</ref></blockquote>

A more recent definition by [[Willem de Vries|Willem deVries]] sees idealism as "roughly, the genus comprises theories that attribute ontological priority to the mental, especially the conceptual or ideational, over the non-mental."<ref name=":3" /> As such, idealism entails a rejection of [[materialism]] (or [[physicalism]]) as well as the rejection of the mind-independent existence of matter (and as such, also entails a rejection of [[Mind–body dualism|dualism]]).<ref>Guyer at al., 2023, p. 4.</ref>

There are two main metaphysical concepts on the position of idealism in contemporary philosophy, depending on whether its thesis is ontological or epistemic:

* [[Ontology|Ontological]] idealism is the view which holds that all of reality is in some way mental (or spirit, reason, or will) or at least ultimately grounded in a fundamental basis which is mental.<ref name=":2">Guyer et al., 2023, pp. 1–2.</ref> This is a form of metaphysical [[monism]] because it holds that there is only one type of thing in existence. The modern paradigm of a Western metaphysical idealism is Berkeley's immaterialism.<ref name=":2" /> Other such idealists are [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], and [[F. H. Bradley|Bradley]].
* [[Epistemological idealism]] (or "formal" idealism) is a position in [[epistemology]] that holds that all [[knowledge]] is based on mental structures, not on "things in themselves". Whether a mind-independent reality is accepted or not, all that we have knowledge of are mental phenomena.<ref name=":2" /> The main source of Western epistemic idealist arguments is the transcendental idealism of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]].<ref name=":2" /> Other thinkers who have defended epistemic idealist arguments include [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] and [[Brand Blanshard]].

Thus, ontological idealism holds that reality itself is non-physical, immaterial, or experiential at its core, while [[Epistemological idealism|epistemological idealist]] arguments merely affirm that reality can only be known through ideas and mental structures (without necessarily making metaphysical claims about [[Thing-in-itself|things in themselves]]).<ref name="Brittanica3">Daniel Sommer Robinson, [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281802/idealism "Idealism"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> Because of this, A.C. Ewing argued that instead of thinking about these two categories as forms of idealism proper, we should instead speak of epistemic and ontological arguments for idealism.<ref name=":0">Guyer, Paul and Rolf-Peter Horstmann, [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/idealism/ "Idealism", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''] (Spring 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.).</ref>

These two ways of arguing for idealism are sometimes combined to defend a specific type of idealism (as done by Berkeley), but they may also be defended as independent theses by different thinkers. For example, while F. H. Bradley and McTaggart focused on metaphysical arguments, [[Josiah Royce]], and [[Brand Blanshard]] developed epistemological arguments.<ref>Guyer et al., 2023, p. 5.</ref>

Furthermore, one might use epistemic arguments, but remain neutral about the metaphysical nature of things in themselves. This metaphysically neutral position, which is not a form of metaphysical idealism proper, may be associated with figures like [[Rudolf Carnap]], [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]], [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]], and perhaps even Kant himself (though he is difficult to categorize).<ref>Guyer et al., 2023, p. 4.</ref> The most famous kind of epistemic idealism is associated with [[Kantianism]] and [[transcendental idealism]], as well as with the related [[Neo-Kantianism|Neo-Kantian]] philosophies. Transcendental idealists like Kant affirm epistemic idealistic arguments without committing themselves to whether reality as such, the "[[Thing-in-itself|thing in itself]]", is ''ultimately'' mental.

=== Types of ontological idealism ===
Within ontological idealism, there are numerous further sub-types, including forms of [[Pluralism (philosophy)|pluralism]], which hold that there are many independent mental [[Substance theory|substances]] or minds, such as [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]]' [[monadology]], and various forms of [[monism]] or [[absolute idealism]] (e.g. Hegelianism or [[Advaita Vedanta]]), which hold that the fundamental mental reality is a single unity or is grounded in some kind of singular [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]]. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more metaphysically basic. [[Platonic idealism]] affirms that ideal [[Theory of forms|forms]] are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while [[subjective idealism|subjective idealists]] and [[phenomenalism|phenomenalists]] privilege sensory experiences. [[Personalism]], meanwhile, sees [[person]]s or [[Self|selves]] as fundamental.

A common distinction is between subjective and objective forms of idealism. [[Subjective idealism|Subjective idealists]] like [[George Berkeley]] reject the existence of a mind-independent or "external" world (though not the ''appearance'' of such phenomena in the mind). However, not all idealists restrict the real to subjective experience. [[Objective idealism|Objective idealists]] make claims about a trans-empirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to mind or consciousness as such. Thus, objective idealism asserts that the reality of experiencing includes and transcends the realities of the object experienced and of the mind of the observer.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/objective+idealism Dictionary.com]</ref>

Idealism is sometimes categorized as a type of metaphysical [[anti-realism]] or [[skepticism]]. However, idealists need not reject the existence of an objective reality that we can obtain knowledge of, and can merely affirm that this real natural world is mental.<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 4</ref><ref name=":1">Chalmers, David (2019). Idealism and the Mind-Body Problem. In William Seager (ed.), ''The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism''. New York: Routledge. pp. 353–373.</ref> Thus, [[David Chalmers]] writes of anti-realist idealisms (which would include Berkeley's) and realist forms of idealism, such as "[[Panpsychism|panpsychist]] versions of idealism where fundamental microphysical entities are conscious subjects, and on which matter is realized by these conscious subjects and their relations."<ref name=":1" />

Chalmers further outlines the following taxonomy of idealism:<blockquote>Micro-idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in micro-level mentality: that is, in mentality associated with fundamental microscopic entities (such as [[quarks]] and [[photon]]s). Macro-idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in macro-level mentality: that is, in mentality associated with macroscopic (middle-sized) entities such as [[human]]s and perhaps non-human animals. Cosmic idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in cosmic mentality: that is, in mentality associated with the [[cosmos]] as a whole or with a single cosmic entity (such as the universe or a deity).<ref name=":1" /> </blockquote>Guyer et al. also distinguish between forms of idealism which are grounded in [[substance theory]] (often found in the Anglophone idealisms of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and forms of idealism which focus on activities or dynamic [[process]]es (favored in post-Kantian German philosophy).<ref>Guyer, 2023, p. 12.</ref>

==Classical Greek idealism==
===Pre-Socratic philosophy===
There are some precursors of idealism in [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient Greek Philosophy]], though scholars disagree on whether any of these thinkers could be properly labeled "idealist" in the modern sense.<ref name=":4">Dunham et al. 2011, p. 11</ref>
One example is [[Anaxagoras]] (480 BC) who taught that all things in the universe ([[apeiron]]) were set in motion by ''[[nous]]'' ("mind"). In the ''[[Phaedo]]'', Plato quotes him as saying, "it is intelligence [nous] that arranges and causes all things".<ref name=":4" /> Similarly, Parmenides famously stated that "thinking and being are the same" in fragment B3 (DK 28B3), where he writes: "For thinking and being are the same" (τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ νοεῖν ἐστίν τε καὶ εἶναι), which more accurately can be translated as "For apprehending and being are the same" or "For being aware and being are the same"<ref name=":4" /><ref>"This quest for the beginnings proceeds through sense perception, reasoning, and what they call noesis, which is literally translated by "understanding" or intellect," and which we can perhaps translate a little bit more cautiously by "awareness," an awareness of the mind's eye as distinguished from sensible awareness." {{citation|chapter=Progress or Return|title=An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss|editor=Hilail Gilden|location=Detroit|publisher=Wayne State UP|year=1989|last=Strauss|first=Leo}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiitala |first=Michael |date=2025-01-01 |title=Noein and Einai in the Poem of Parmenides |url=https://www.academia.edu/143865399/Noein_and_Einai_in_the_Poem_of_Parmenides |journal=Inquiring into Being: Essays on Parmenides}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Fritz |first=Kurt |date=1945 |title=ΝΟΥΣ, Noein, and Their Derivatives in Pre-Socratic Philosophy (Excluding Anaxagoras): Part I. From the Beginnings to Parmenides |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/265805 |journal=Classical Philology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=223–242 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref> This has led some scholars, such as Hegel and E. D. Phillips, to label Parmenides an idealist.<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 14.</ref>

===Platonism and neoplatonism===
[[File:Plato_by_Raphael.png|thumb|Detail of [[Plato]] in ''[[The School of Athens]]'', by [[Raphael]]]]
[[Plato]]'s [[Theory of Forms|theory of forms]] or "ideas" (''eide'') as described in dialogues like [[Phaedo]], [[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]] and [[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]], describes ideal forms (for example the [[platonic solids]] in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as perfect beings which "exists-by-itself" (Greek: ''auto kath' auto''), that is, independently of any particular instance (whether physical or in the individual thought of any person).<ref>{{cite web |author=J.D.McNair |title=Plato's Idealism |url=http://faculty.mdc.edu/jmcnair/Joe6pages/Plato%27s%20Idealism.htm |access-date=7 August 2011 |work=Students' notes |publisher=MIAMI-DADE COMMUNITY COLLEGE}}</ref><ref>Dunham et al. 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref> Anything that exists in the world exists by participating in one of these unique ideas, which are nevertheless interrelated causally with the world of becoming, with nature.<ref name=":5">Dunham et al. 2011, p. 23.</ref> Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a ''[[Transcendental idealism|transcendent]]'' idealism".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Idealism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science and Religion |publisher=eNotes |url=http://www.enotes.com/science-religion-encyclopedia/idealism |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112124313/http://www.enotes.com/science-religion-encyclopedia/idealism |archive-date=12 January 2011 |author=Arne Grøn |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, Plato holds that matter as perceived by us is real, though transitory, imperfect, and dependent on the eternal ideas for its existence. Because of this, some scholars have seen Plato as a [[Mind–body dualism|dualist]], though others disagree and favor a [[Monism|monist]] account.<ref>{{cite web |author=Simone Klein |title=What is objective idealism? |url=http://www.philosophos.com/knowledge_base/archives_12/philosophy_questions_12.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085840/http://www.philosophos.com/knowledge_base/archives_12/philosophy_questions_12.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |work=Philosophy Questions |publisher=Philosophos}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

The thought of Plato was widely influential, and later Late Platonist (or [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]]) thinkers developed Platonism in new directions. [[Plotinus]], the most influential of the later Platonists, wrote "Being and Intellect are therefore one nature" (''[[Enneads]]'' V.9.8).<ref name=":6">Dunham et al. 2011, p. 25.</ref> According to scholars like Nathaniel Alfred Boll and Ludwig Noiré, with Plotinus, a true idealism which holds that only soul or mind exists appears for the first time in [[Western philosophy]].<ref>'For there is for this universe no other place than the soul or mind'

''(neque est alter hujus universi locus quam anima)''

''Enneads'', iii, lib. vii, c.10</ref><ref>''(oportet autem nequaquam extra animam tempus accipere)''

Arthur Schopenhauer, ''[[Parerga and Paralipomena]]'', Volume I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy", § 7</ref><ref>''Enneads'', iii, 7, 10</ref><ref name="Noiré2">Ludwig Noiré, ''Historical Introduction to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason''</ref> Similarly, for Maria Luisa Gatti, Plotinus' philosophy is a "'contemplationist metaphysics', in which contemplation, as creative, constitutes the reason for the being of everything".<ref name=":6" /> For Neoplatonist thinkers, the first cause or principle is the [[Form of the Good|Idea of the Good]], i.e. The One, from which everything is derived a hierarchical procession (''proodos'') (Enn. VI.7.15).<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 27.</ref>

==Idealism in Judaism and Christianity==
Some [[Christian theologian]]s have held idealist views,<ref>Snowden, J. (1915). Philosophical Idealism and Christian Theology. The Biblical World, 46(3), 152–158. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142477</ref> often based on [[neoplatonism]]. [[Neoplatonism and Christianity|Christian neoplatonism]] included figures like [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]], and influenced numerous Christian thinkers, including the [[Cappadocian Fathers]] and Augustine.<ref>Wildberg, Christian, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/neoplatonism/ Neoplatonism]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref> Despite the influence of [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] [[scholasticism]] from the 12th century onward, there is certainly a sense in which some medieval [[Scholasticism|scholastic philosophers]] retained influences from the Platonic idealism that came via [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]].<ref>Idealism, New Advent Catholic Encyclopaedia, https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07634a.htm</ref> For example, the work of [[John Scotus Eriugena]] (c. 800 – c. 877) has been interpreted as an idealistic philosophy by [[Dermot Moran]] who writes that for Scotus "all spatiotemporal reality is understood as immaterial, mind dependent, and lacking in independent existence".<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 12</ref> Scotus thus wrote: "the intellection of all things...is the being of all things".<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 33.</ref>

Idealism was also defended in medieval [[Jewish philosophy]]. According to Samuel Lebens, early [[Mystical]] rabbis like [[Yitzchak Luria]] (1534–72) defended a form of [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] idealism in which the world was God's dream or a fictional tale told by God.<ref>Goldschmidt et al. 2017, p. xi.</ref>

Later Western theistic idealism such as that of [[Hermann Lotze]] offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=world ground (philosophy) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648307/world-ground |access-date=2012-08-17}}</ref>

Several modern religious movements such as, for example, the organizations within the [[New Thought Movement]] and the [[Unity Church]], may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The [[theology]] of [[Christian Science]] includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Theodore L. |date=March 1963 |title=Spiritualization of Thought |url=https://journal.christianscience.com/shared/view/zjn0hepauc |journal=The Christian Science Journal |volume=81 |issue=3 |issn=0009-5613 |access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

==Idealism in Eastern philosophy==
{{Asian philosophy sidebar}}
There are currents of idealism throughout [[Indian philosophy]], ancient and modern. Some forms of Hindu idealism (like [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]) defend a type of [[monism]] or [[non-dualism]], in which a single [[consciousness]] ([[brahman]]) is all that exists. However, other traditions defend a theistic pluralism (e.g. [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]), in which there are many selves ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]) and one God.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |title=An introduction to Hinduism |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43304-5 |location=New York, NY |pages=163 |oclc=50516193}}</ref>

Buddhist idealism on the other hand is [[Nontheism|non-theistic]] and does not accept the existence of eternal selves (due to their adherence to the theory of [[Anattā|not-self]]).

=== Hindu philosophy ===
[[Image:Yajnavalkya_and_Janaka.jpg|thumb|The Upanishadic [[Rishi|sage]] [[Yājñavalkya]] (c. possibly 8th century BCE) is one of the earliest exponents of idealism, and is a major figure in the ''Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad''.]]

A type of idealistic monism can be seen in the ''[[Upanishads]]'', which often describe the ultimate reality of brahman as "being, consciousness, bliss" (''[[Saccidānanda]]'').<ref>Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1573-5}}, pages 227–228</ref> The ''[[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]]'' teaches that everything is an emanation of the immortal brahman, which is the essence and source of all things, and is identical with the self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]).<ref>Nikhilananda, Swami. The Upanishads — A New Translation. [http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php Chhandogya Upanishad], Parts 5–8.</ref><ref>Warder, Anthony (2009), ''A Course in Indian Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass; {{ISBN|978-81-208-1244-4}}, pp. 25–28;</ref> The [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|''Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad'']] also describes brahman as awaress and bliss, and states that "this great being (mahad bhūtam) without an end, boundless (apāra), [is] nothing but [[vijñāna]] [consciousness]."<ref>Bausch, L. M. (2015). Kosalan Philosophy in the Kāṇva Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa and the Suttanipāta, p. 163. [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]]. Retrieved from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2940b93h</ref>

Idealist notions can be found in different schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], including some schools of [[Vedanta]]. Other schools like the [[Samkhya]] and [[Nyaya]]-[[Vaisheshika]], [[Mimamsa]], [[Yoga]], [[Vishishtadvaita]], [[Dvaita]], and others opposed idealism in favor of realism.<ref>Sinha, Jadunath ''Indian Realism'' p. 15. Routledge, 2024.</ref>

Different schools of Vedanta have different interpretations of brahman-atman, their foundational theory. Advaita Vedanta posits an absolute idealistic monism in which reality is one single absolute existence. Thus, brahman (the ultimate ground of all) is absolutely identical with all atmans (individual selves). Other forms of Vedanta like the [[Vishishtadvaita]] of [[Ramanuja]] and the [[Bhedabheda]] of [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhāskara]] are not as radical in their non-dualism, accepting that there is a certain difference between individual souls and Brahman.

==== Advaita ====
[[file:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|Śaṅkara, by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
The most influential Advaita philosopher was [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Śaṅkara]] (788–820). In his philosophy, brahman is the single [[Nondualism|non-dual]] foundation (''adhiṣṭhana'') for all existence. This reality is independent, self-established, irreducible, immutable, and free of space, time, and causation.<ref name=":30">Dalal, Neil, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/shankara/ Śaṅkara]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref> In comparison to this reality, the world of plurality and appearances is illusory ([[Maya (religion)|maya]]), an unreal cognitive error (mithya). This includes all individual souls or selves, which are actually unreal and numerically identical to the one brahman.<ref name=":30" />

Śaṅkara did not believe it was possible to prove the view that reality is "one only, without a second" (''[[Chandogya Upanishad|Chandogya]]'' 6.2.1) through independent philosophical reasoning. Instead, he accepts non-duality based on the authority of the Upaniṣads. As such, most of his extant works are scriptural commentaries.<ref name=":30" />

Nevertheless, he did provide various new arguments to defend his theories. A major metaphysical distinction for Śaṅkara is between what changes and may thus be negated (the unreal) and what does not (which is what is truly real).<ref name=":30" /> He compares the real to clay (the substantial cause, analogous to brahman) and the unreal to a pot which depends on the clay for its being (analogous to all impermanent things in the universe).<ref name=":30" /> By relying on dependence relations and on the reality of persistence, Śaṅkara concludes that metaphysical foundations are more real than their impermanent effects, and that effects are fully reducible and indeed identical to their metaphysical foundation.<ref name=":30" /> Through this argument from dependence, Śaṅkara concludes that since all things in the universe undergo change, they must depend on some really existent cause for their being, and this is the one primordial undifferentiated existence (''Chandogya Bhāṣya,'' 6.2.1–2).<ref name=":30" /> This one reality is the single cause that is in every object, and every thing is not different from this brahman since all things borrow their existence from it. Śaṅkara also provides a [[cosmogony]] in which the world arises from an unmanifest state which is like deep dreamless sleep into a state in which [[Ishvara|īśvara]] (God) dreams the world into existence. As such, the world is not separate from God's mind.<ref name=":30" />

Śaṅkara's philosophy, along with that of his contemporary [[Maṇḍana Miśra]] (c. 8th century CE), is at the foundation of Advaita school. The opponents of this school however, labeled him a māyāvādin (illusionist) for negating the reality of the world.<ref name=":30" /> They also criticized what they saw as a problematic explanation for how the world arises from māyā as an error. For them, if māyā is in brahman, then brahman has ignorance, but if it is not in brahman, then this collapses into a dualism of brahman and māyā.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Ranganathan |first=Shyam |title=Ramanuja {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/ramanuja/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Other idealist schools ====
Perhaps the most influential critic of Advaita was [[Ramanuja|Rāmānuja]] (c. 1017 – c. 1137), the main philosopher of the competing [[Vishishtadvaita|Viśiṣṭādvaita]] (qualified non-dual) school. His philosophy affirms the reality of the world and individual selves as well as affirming an underlying unity of all things with God.<ref name=":31" /> One of Rāmānuja's critiques of advaita is epistemological. If, as Advaita argues, all cognition other than pure undifferentiated consciousness is based in error, then it follows we would have no knowledge of the very fact that all individual cognition is error (''[[Sri Bhashya|Śrī Bhāṣya]]'', I.i.1).<ref name=":31" />

Furthermore, Rāmānuja also argues against Advaita that individual selves are real and not illusory. This is because the very idea that an individual can be ignorant presupposes the very existence of that individual.<ref name=":31" /> Furthermore, since all Vedāntins agree that Brahman's nature is knowledge, consciousness and being, to say that brahman is ignorant is absurd, and so it must be individual souls which are ignorant.<ref name=":31" /> Thus, there must be individual selves with a metaphysically prior existence who then fall into ignorance (''Śrī Bhāṣya'', I.i.1.).<ref name=":31" /> Selves might be individual, but as the ''Vedas'' state, they still share a sense of unity with brahman. For Rāmānuja, this is because selves are distinct modes or qualities in the [[Macranthropy|cosmic body]] of Brahman (and are thus different and yet united with brahman).<ref name=":31" /><ref name="staffordbetty215">Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 215–224</ref> Brahman meanwhile is like the soul in the body of the world. Furthermore, brahman is a theistic creator God for Rāmānuja, which really exists as the union of two deities: [[Vishnu]], and [[Lakshmi|Lakṣmī]].<ref name=":31" />

The philosophy of the [[Yoga|Tantric]] tradition of [[Kashmir Shaivism|Trika Shaivism]] is a non-dual theistic idealism.<ref>S. G. Dyczkowski, Mark. ''The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism,'' 1989, pp. 17, 51.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=David Peter |title=Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |language=en-US}}</ref> The key thinkers of this philosophical tradition, known as the [[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijñā]] (Recognition) school, are the [[Kashmiris|Kashmirian]] philosophers [[Utpaladeva]] (c. 900–950 CE) and [[Abhinavagupta]] (975–1025 CE).<ref>Torella, Raffaele (2021), ''Utpaladeva: Philosopher of Recognition'', pp. 1–3. DK Printworld (P) Ltd.</ref> This tradition affirms a non-dual monism which sees God ([[Shiva]]) as a single cosmic consciousness.<ref name="Parmeshwaranand2004">{{cite book |author=Swami Parmeshwaranand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4xIBNmhpXcC&pg=PA32 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7625-427-4 |page=32}}</ref> All selves (atman) are one with God, but they have forgotten this, and must recognize their true nature in order to reach liberation.<ref>Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. ''The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989, p. 17-18.</ref>

Unlike in Advaita Vedanta however, the one cosmic consciousness is active and dynamic, consisting of spontaneous vibration (''spanda'') since it has the quality of absolute freedom (''svātāntrya'').<ref>Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. ''The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989, p. 24.</ref> Through the power (''[[Shakti|Śakti]]'') of dynamic vibrations, the absolute (Shiva-Śakti, consciousness and its power) creates the world, and so, the world is a real manifestation of absolute consciousness.<ref>Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. ''The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989, p. 25.</ref> Thus, in this system, the world and individual selves (which are dynamic, not an unchanging witness) are not an unreal illusion, but are seen as real and active expressions of God's creative freedom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaideva |title=Vedanta and Advaita Shaivagama of Kashmir: A Comparative Study |date=1985 |publisher=[[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]] |isbn=978-81-87332-93-0 |pages=44–51}}</ref>

Idealism has remained influential in [[Modern Hinduism|modern Hindu]] philosophy, especially in [[Neo-Vedanta]] modernism. Prominent modern defenders include [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy|Ram Mohan Roy]] (1772–1833), [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] (1863–1902),<ref>Madaio, James (2017), "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta", Religions, 8 (6): 101, {{doi|10.3390/rel8060101|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (''An Idealist View of Life,'' 1932) and [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]] (1872–1950).

===Buddhist philosophy===
Buddhist views reminiscent of idealism appear in [[Mahayana]] scriptures like the [[Samdhinirmocana sutra|''Explanation of the Profound Secrets'']], [[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra|''Descent into Laṅka'']], and ''[[Ten Stages Sutra]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tola |first1=Fernando |last2=Dragonetti |first2=Carmen |date=December 2005 |title=Philosophy of mind in the Yogacara Buddhist idealistic school |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570832/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X05059213.pdf |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1177/0957154X05059213 |pmid=16482684 |s2cid=21609414}}</ref> These theories, known as "mind-only" (''cittamatra'') or "the consciousness doctrine" (''vijñanavada'') were mostly associated with the Indian Buddhist philosophers of the [[Yogacara|Yogācāra]] school and the related [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|epistemological school]] (Pramāṇavāda).<ref name=":02">Finnigan, Bronwyn (2017). "Buddhist Idealism." In Tyron Goldschmidt & Kenneth Pearce (eds.), ''Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics''. Oxford University Press. pp. 178–199.</ref> These figures include: [[Vasubandhu]], [[Asaṅga]], [[Dignāga]], [[Dharmakīrti]], [[Sthiramati]], [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapāla]], [[Jñanasrimitra|Jñānaśrīmitra]], [[Śaṅkaranandana]], and [[Ratnākaraśānti]]. Their arguments were a lively subject of debate for Buddhist and non-Buddhist philosophers in India for centuries.<ref name=":02" /> These discussions had a lasting influence on the later [[Buddhist philosophy]] of [[East Asian Buddhism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref name=":02" />

There is some modern scholarly disagreement about whether Indian Yogācāra Buddhism can be said to be a form of idealism.<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231">{{cite journal |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saam |date=November 2005 |title=Idealism and Yogacara Buddhism |journal=Asian Philosophy |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=231–246 |doi=10.1080/09552360500285219 |s2cid=144090250}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Some writers like philosopher [[Jay L. Garfield|Jay Garfield]] and German philologist [[Lambert Schmithausen]] argue that Indian Yogacarins are metaphysical idealists that reject the existence of a mind independent external world.<ref name=":212">Schmithausen, Lambert (2005). ''On the Problem of the External World in the Ch'eng wei shih lun''. Tōkyō: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies. The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.</ref> Others see them as closer to an epistemic idealist like Kant who holds that our knowledge of the world is simply knowledge of our own concepts and perceptions.<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /> However, a major difference here is that while Kant holds that the thing-in-itself is unknowable, Indian Yogacarins held that ultimate reality is knowable, but only through the non-conceptual yogic perception of a highly trained meditative mind.<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /> Other scholars like [[Dan Lusthaus]] and Thomas Kochumuttom see Yogācāra as a kind of phenomenology of experience which seeks to understand how suffering ([[Duḥkha|dukkha]]) arises in the mind, not provide a metaphysics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kochumuttom |first1=Thomas A. |title=A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience: A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu, the Yogācārin |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0662-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref><ref name="acmuller.net">[[Dan Lusthaus]], "What is and isn't Yogācāra". {{cite web |title=What is and isn't Yogacara |url=http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/articles/intro-uni.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190312/http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/articles/intro-uni.htm |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=2016-01-12}}</ref>

==== Vasubandhu ====
[[File:Kofukuji Monastery Hosso Patriarchs of Hokuendo (Seshin) (413).jpg|thumb|Statue of Vasubandhu (jp. Seshin), [[Kōfuku-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan]]
Whatever the case, the works of [[Vasubandhu]] (fl. c.360) certainly include a refutation of mind-independent "external" objects (Sanskrit: bāhyārtha) and argue that the true nature of reality is beyond subject-object distinctions.<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /><ref name=":02" /> He views ordinary conscious experience as deluded in its perceptions of an external world separate from itself (which does not exist), and instead argues that all there is ''vijñapti'' (ideas, mental images, conscious appearances, representations).<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /><ref>Siderits, Mark, ''Buddhism as philosophy'', 2017, p. 149.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Vasubandhu begins his ''[[Viṃśatikā-vijñaptimātratāsiddhi|Twenty verses]]'' (''Viṃśikā'') by affirming that "all this [everything we take to exist] is mere appearance of consciousness [''vijñapti''], because of the appearance of non-existent objects, just as a man with an eye disease sees non-existent hairs" (Viṃś.1).<ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /><ref name=":02" /> His main argument against external objects is a critique of the atomist theories of his realist opponents ([[Nyaya|Nyāya]] and [[Abhidharma]] theorists).<ref name=":02" />

Vasubandhu also responds against three objections to idealism which indicate his view that all appearances are caused by mind: (1) the issue of spatio-temporal continuity, (2) accounting for [[intersubjectivity]], and (3) the causal efficacy of matter on subjects.<ref name=":02" /><ref>Siderits, Mark. ''Buddhism as philosophy'', 2017, pp. 150–151.</ref> For the first and third objections, Vasubandhu responds by arguing that dreams can also include spatio-temporal continuity, regularity and causal efficacy.<ref name=":02" /> Regarding intersubjectivity, Vasubandhu appeals to shared karma as well as mind to mind causation.<ref name=":21">Siderits, Mark. ''Buddhism as philosophy'', 2017, pp. 157–170.</ref> After answering these objections, Vasubandhu argues that idealism is a better explanation than [[Philosophical realism|realism]] for everyday experiences. To do this, he relies on the Indian "Principle of Lightness" (an appeal to parsimony like [[Occam's razor|Occam's Razor]]) and argues that idealism is the "lighter" theory since it posits a smaller number of entities.<ref name=":21" /> This is thus an argument from simplicity and an inference to the best explanation (i.e. an [[Abductive reasoning|abductive argument]]).<ref name=":21" />

As such, he affirms that our usual experience of being a self (ātman) that knows objects is an illusory construct, and this constitutes what he calls the "imagined nature" aspect of reality.<ref name=":02" />

Thus, for Vasubandhu, there is a more fundamental "root consciousness" that is empty of subject-object distinctions and yet originates all experiences "just as waves originate on water" ([[Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā|''Thirty Verses'', ''Triṃś'']].17).<ref name=":02" /> However, Vasubandhu sees this philosophy as a mere [[Two truths doctrine|conventional]] description, since [[ultimate reality]] is "inconceivable" (''Triṃś.''29), an ineffable and non-conceptual "[[Tathātā|thusness]]" which cannot be fully captured in words and can only be known through meditative realization by [[yogis]] ("yogacaras", hence the name of his school). This is why certain modern interpreters, like Jonathan Gold, see Vasubandhu's thought as a "conventionalist idealism" or even a type of epistemic idealism like Kant's (and not a full blown objective idealism).<ref name=":172">Gold, Jonathan C., "Vasubandhu", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/</ref><ref name="Trivedi, Saam 2005, pp. 231" /><ref name=":02" />

==== The Buddhist epistemologists ====
Buddhist arguments against external objects were further expanded and sharpened by later figures like [[Dignāga]] (<abbr>fl. 6th century</abbr>) and [[Dharmakirti|Dharmakīrti]] (fl. 7th century) who led an epistemological turn in medieval Indian philosophy.<ref>Dreyfus, Georges B. J. ''Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti’s Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations'', Suny, 1997, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref name=":02" />

Dignāga's main arguments against external objects (specifically, [[Atomism|atomic]] [[particle]]s) are found in his ''[[Ālambanaparīkṣā]]'' (''Examination of the Object of Consciousness'').<ref name=":02" /> Dignāga argues that for something to be an object (ālambana) of a conscious state, that object must be causally related to the consciousness and it must resemble that consciousness (in appearance or content). Dignāga then attempts to show that realism about external particulars cannot satisfy these two conditions.<ref name=":02" /> Since individual atoms lack a resemblance to the conscious state they supposedly cause, they cannot be the object of cognition. Furthermore, aggregates of atoms also cannot be the object, since they are merely a conceptual grouping of individual atoms (and thus, unreal), and only atoms have causal efficacy.<ref name=":02" />

Dharmakīrti's view is summed up in the [[Pramanavarttika|''Pramānaṿārttika'']] (''Commentary on Epistemology'') as follows: "cognition experiences itself, and nothing else whatsoever. Even the particular objects of perception, are by nature just consciousness itself."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapstein |first1=Matthew T. |date=July 2014 |title=Buddhist Idealists and Their Jain Critics on Our Knowledge of External Objects |journal=Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement |volume=74 |pages=123–147 |doi=10.1017/S1358246114000083 |s2cid=170689422}}</ref> One of his main arguments for idealism is the inference from "the necessity of things only ever being experienced together with experience" (Sanskrit: ''sahopalambhaniyama'')''.<ref name=":02" />'' Dharmakīrti consicely states this argument in the ''Ascertainment of Epistemology'' (''[[Pramāṇaviniścaya]]''): "blue and the consciousness of blue are not different, because they must always be apprehended together."''<ref name=":02" />'' Since an object is never found independently of consciousness, objects cannot be mind-independent. This can be read as an epistemological argument for idealism which attempts to show there is no good reason (empirically or inferentially) to accept the existence of external objects.''<ref name=":02" />''

Most of the Yogācāra thinkers and epistemologists (including Dharmakīrti) defended the existence of multiple [[mindstream]]s, and even tackled the [[problem of other minds]]. As such, thinkers like Dharmakīrti were pluralists who held there were multiple minds in the world (in this they differ with Hindu Advaita thinkers who held there was a single cosmic consciousness).''<ref name=":02" />'' However, there was a certain sub-school of Indian Buddhists, exemplified by [[Prajñakaragupta]], [[Jñanasrimitra|Jñānaśrīmitra]] (fl. 975–1025 C.E.) and [[Ratnakīrti]] (11th century CE) who were not pluralists. In his ''Refutation of Other mindstreams'' (''Santānāntaradūṣaṇa''), Ratnakīrti argues that the existence of other minds cannot be established ultimately, and as such ultimate reality must be an undifferentiated [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dual]] consciousness (''vijñānādvaita'').<ref name=":210">Chakrabarti, Arindam; Weber, Ralph; [https://books.google.com/books?id=lfiiCgAAQBAJ&q=Ratnak%C4%ABrti Comparative Philosophy without Borders]. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. pp 103–104.</ref> This [[Monism|monistic]] interpretation of [[Yogācāra]] is known as the ''Citrādvaitavāda'' school (the view of variegated non-duality) since it sees reality as a single multifaceted non-dual luminosity (''citrādvaitaprakāśa'').<ref>Wood, Thomas E. ''Mind Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis of the Vijñānavāda'', p. 205. University of Hawaii Press, 1991</ref><ref>Patil, Parimal G. (2009). ''Against a Hindu God: Buddhist Philosophy of Religion in India,'' p. 254''.'' New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-14222-9}}.</ref>

=== Chinese philosophy ===
[[File:Great_philosopher_Wang_Shouren.jpg|thumb|272x272px|[[Wang Yangming]], a leading Neo-Confucian scholar during the Ming and a founder of the "[[Yangmingism|school of mind]]"]]
In [[Chinese philosophy]], Yogācāra idealism was defended by Chinese Buddhists like [[Xuanzang]] (602–664) and his students [[Kuiji]] (632–682) and [[Woncheuk|Wŏnch'ŭk]] (613–696). Xuanzang had studied Yogācāra Buddhism at the great Indian [[Nalanda University|university of Nalanda]] under the Indian philosopher [[Śīlabhadra]]. His work, especially ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun|The Demonstration of Consciousness-only]]'', was pivotal in the establishment of [[East Asian Yogācāra]] Buddhism (also known as "consciousness only", Ch: ''Weishi'' 唯識), which in turn influenced [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist]] thought in general.<ref name=":04">Cook, Francis (1999). ''[https://bdkamerica.org/download/1861 Three Texts on Consciousness Only]'', pp. 1–3. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research</ref><ref name=":35">Hammerstrom, Erik J.. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Expression-%22The-Myriad-Dharmas-are-Only-in-20-Hammerstrom/ff3f2e8c08a79c4b8c618347dacb4b4baa5bfb91 "The Expression "The Myriad Dharmas are Only Consciousness"] in Early 20th Century Chinese Buddhism". (2010).</ref>

Yogācāra Buddhism also influenced the thought of other Chinese Buddhist philosophical traditions, such as [[Huayan]], [[Tiantai]], [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]], and [[Zen]].<ref name=":38" /> Many Chinese Buddhist traditions like Huayan, [[Zen]], and [[Tiantai]] were also strongly influenced by an important text called the ''[[Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana|Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna]],'' which synthesized consciousness-only idealism with [[buddha-nature]] thought''.''<ref>Makeham, John. ''The Buddhist Roots of Zhu Xi's Philosophical Thought'', p. 277. Oxford University Press, 2018.</ref><ref name=":32">Aviv, E. (2020). "Chapter 3 The Debate over the Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna". In ''Differentiating the Pearl from the Fish-Eye''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. {{doi|10.1163/9789004437913_005}}</ref><ref>Hsieh, Ding-Hwa (2004). "Awakening of Faith (Dasheng Qixin Lun)". MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1. New York: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 38–9. {{ISBN|0-02-865719-5}}.</ref> This text promoted an influential theory of mind which holds that all phenomena are manifestations of the "One Mind". Some scholars have seen this as an ontological monism''.''<ref name=":32" /> One passage from the text states: "the [[Trailokya|three worlds]] are illusory constructs, created by the mind alone" and "all dharmas are produced from the mind's giving rise to false thoughts".<ref name=":33">Jorgensen, John; Lusthaus, Dan; Makeham, John; Strange, Mark, trans. (2019), ''Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith'', p. 85. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-029771-8}}</ref> Jorgensen et al. note that this indicates metaphysical idealism.<ref name=":33" /> The new philosophical trend ushered in by the ''Awakening of Faith'' was resisted by some Chinese Yogācāra thinkers, and the debates between the Yogācāra school of Xuanzang and those who instead followed the doctrines of the ''Awakening of Faith'' continued until the modern era. These debates happened in China as well as in Japan and Korea.<ref name=":38">Makeham, John. ''Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China'', p. 9. Oxford University Press, 2014</ref>

The doctrine that all phenomena arise from an ultimate principle, the One Mind, was adapted by the influential [[Huayan]] school, whose thought is exemplified by thinkers such as [[Fazang]] (643–712) and [[Guifeng Zongmi|Zongmi]] (780–841).<ref name="norden23">Van Norden, Bryan and Nicholaos Jones, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/buddhism-huayan/ Huayan Buddhism]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref><ref name=":111">{{cite book |last1=Tiwald |first1=Justin |title=Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy: Han to the 20th century |last2=Van Norden |first2=Bryan |publisher=Hackett Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-62466-190-7 |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |pages=80–87}}</ref> This tradition also promoted a kind of [[holism]] which sees every phenomenon in the cosmos as interfused and interconnected with every other phenomenon.<ref>Fox, Alan. (2013). "The Huayan Metaphysics of Totality." In ''A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy'', S.M. Emmanuel (Ed.). {{doi|10.1002/9781118324004.ch11}}</ref> Chinese scholars like [[Feng Youlan|Yu-lan Fung]] and [[Wing-tsit Chan]] see Huayan philosophy as a form of idealism, though other scholars have defended alternative interpretations.<ref name=":37">Chan, Wing-tsit (1963), ''A Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy,'' p. 408. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref><ref>Liu, Jeeloo. (2022). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363872025_Huayan_Buddhism%27s_Conceptions_of_the_Realness_of_Reality_A_Transformation_from_Subjective_Idealism_into_Holistic_Realism Huayan Buddhism’s Conceptions of the Realness of Reality: A Transformation from Subjective Idealism into Holistic Realism.]'' 10.5040/9781350238534.ch-7.</ref><ref>Fung, Yu-lan (1983). ''A History of Chinese Philosophy, vol. II'', trans. D. Bodde, p. 359. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</ref> According to Wing-tsit Chan, since Huayan patriarch Fazang sees the One Mind as the basis for all things, including the external world, his system is one of objective idealism.<ref name=":37" /> A key distinction between Huayan's view of the world and that of the Yogācāra school is that in Huayan, there is a single intersubjective world (which nevertheless arises from mind), while Yogācāra holds that each mindstream projects its own world out of their underlying root consciousness.<ref name=":37" /><ref>Ernest Billings Brewster. [http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/bj001577597.pdf What is Our Shared Sensory World?: Ming Dynasty Debates on Yogacara versus Huayan Doctrines.] Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies (2018, 31: 117–170) New Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies, pp. 117–170. ISSN: 2313-2000 e-ISSN: 2313-2019</ref>

Chinese Buddhist idealism also influenced [[Confucianism|Confucian philosophy]] through the work of thinkers like the [[Ming dynasty|Ming era]] (1368–1644) [[Neo-Confucianism|neo-confucian]] [[Wang Yangming]] (1472–1529). Wang's thought has been interpreted as a kind of idealism.<ref>"35. Dynamic Idealism in Wang Yang-ming". ''A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy'', edited by, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963, pp. 654–691. {{doi|10.1515/9781400820030-041}}</ref> According to Wang, the ultimate principle or pattern (''lǐ'') of the whole universe is identical with the mind, which forms one body or substance (''yì tǐ'') with "Heaven, Earth, and the myriad creatures" of the world.<ref name=":34">Van Norden, Bryan, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/wang-yangming/ Wang Yangming]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Winter 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.).</ref> Wang argues that only this view can explain the fact that human beings experience innate care and [[Ren (philosophy)|benevolence]] for others as well as a sense of care for inanimate objects.<ref name=":34" /> Wang's thought, along with that of [[Lu Xiangshan]], led to the creation of the [[Yangmingism|School of Mind]], an important Neo-Confucian tradition which emphasized these idealist views.<ref name=":34" />

Yogācāra idealism saw a revival in the 20th century, associated figures like [[Yang Wenhui]] (1837–1911), [[Taixu]], [[Liang Shuming]], [[Ouyang Jingwu]] (1870–1943), Wang Xiaoxu (1875–1948), and Lu Cheng.<ref name=":36" /><ref name=":35" /> Modern Chinese thinkers associated with consciousness-only linked the philosophy with Western philosophy (especially Hegelian and Kantian thought) and modern science.<ref name=":35" /><ref>Makeham, John. ''Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China'', p. 1. Oxford University Press, 2014</ref> A similar trend occurred among some Japanese philosophers like [[Inoue Enryō]], who linked East Asian philosophies like Huayan with the philosophy of Hegel.<ref name=":35" />

Both modern Chinese Buddhists and [[New Confucianism|New Confucian]] thinkers participated in this revival of consciousness-only studies.<ref name=":36">Makeham, John. ''Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China'', Oxford University Press, 2014</ref><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":35" /> The thought of New Confucians like [[Xiong Shili]], Ma Yifu, [[Tang Chun-i|Tang Junyi]] and [[Mou Zongsan]], was influenced by Yogācāra consciousness-only philosophy, as well as by the metaphysics of the ''[[Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana|Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna]],'' though their thought also contained many critiques of Buddhist philosophy''.''<ref>Makeham, John. ''The Awakening of Faith and New Confucian Philosophy,'' Brill, 2021, introduction.</ref><ref>Makeham, John. ''Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China'', p. 30. Oxford University Press, 2014.</ref>

== Modern philosophy ==
It is only in the [[modern era]] that idealism became a central topic of argumentation among Western philosophers.<ref name=":7">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 15</ref> This was also when the term "idealism" coined by [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] (1679–1754), though previous thinkers like Berkeley had argued for it under different names.

Idealistic tendencies can be found in the work of some [[Rationalism|rationalist]] philosophers, like [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] and [[Nicolas Malebranche]] (though they did not use the term). Malebranche argued that Platonic ideas (which exist only in the mind of God) are the ultimate ground of our experiences and of the physical world, a view that prefigures later idealist positions.<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, pp. 46–49.</ref> Some scholars also see Leibniz' philosophy as approaching idealism. Guyer et al. write that "his view that the states of [[Monadology|monads]] can be only perceptions and appetitions (desires) suggests a metaphysical argument for idealism, while his famous thesis that each monad represents the entire universe from its own point of view might be taken to be an epistemological ground for idealism, even if he does not say as much."<ref name=":7" /> However, there is still much debate in the contemporary scholarly literature on whether Leibniz can be considered an idealist.<ref>Dunham et al. 2011, p. 69.</ref>

=== Subjective idealism ===
{{main|Subjective idealism}}

[[file:John Smibert - Bishop George Berkeley - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A painting of Bishop George Berkeley by John Smibert]]
One famous proponent of modern idealism was [[George Berkeley|Bishop George Berkeley]] (1685–1753), an Anglo-Irish philosopher who defended a theory he called immaterialism.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 25.</ref> This kind of idealism is sometimes also called [[subjective idealism]] (also known as [[Phenomenalism|phenomenalistic idealism]]).

Berkeley held that objects exist only to the extent that a mind perceives them and thus the physical world does not exist outside of mind. Berkeley's epistemic argument for this view (found in his ''[[A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge]]'') rests on the [[premise]] that we can only know ideas in the mind. Thus, knowledge does not extend to mind-independent things (''Treatise'', 1710: Part I, §2).<ref name=":8">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 34.</ref> From this, Berkeley holds that "the existence of an idea consists in being perceived", thus, regarding ideas "their ''esse'' is ''percipi''", that is, to be is to be perceived (1710: Part I, §3).<ref name=":8" />

Based on this restriction of existence to only what is being perceived, Berkeley holds that it is meaningless to think that there could exist objects that are not being perceived.<ref name=":8" /> This is the basic idea behind what has been called Berkeley's "[[master argument]]" for idealism, which states that "one cannot conceive of anything existing unconceived because in trying to do so one is still conceiving of the object" (1710: Part I, §23).<ref name=":8" /> As to the question of how objects which are currently not being perceived by individual minds persist in the world, Berkeley answers that a single eternal mind keeps all of physical reality stable (and causes ideas in the first place), and this is [[God]].<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 36–37.</ref>

Berkeley also argued for idealism based on a second key premise: "an idea can be like nothing but an idea" and as such there cannot be any things without or outside mind. This is because for something to be like something else, there must be something they have in common. If something is mind independent, then it must be completely different from ideas. Thus, there can be no relation between ideas in the mind and things "without the mind", since they are not alike.<ref name=":9">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 35.</ref> As Berkeley writes, "...I ask whether those supposed originals or external things, of which our ideas are the pictures or representations, be themselves perceivable or no? if they are, then they are ideas, and we have gained our point; but if you say they are not, I appeal to any one whether it be sense, to assert a colour is like something which is invisible; hard or soft, like something which is intangible; and so of the rest." (1710: Part I, §8).<ref name=":9" />

A similar idealistic philosophy was developed at around the same time as Berkeley by Anglican priest and philosopher [[Arthur Collier]] (''Clavis Universalis'': ''Or, A New Inquiry after Truth, Being a Demonstration of the Non-Existence, or Impossibility, of an External World,'' 1713). Collier claimed to have developed his view that all matter depends on mind independently of Berkeley.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 39.</ref> [[Paul Brunton]], a British philosopher and mystic, also taught a similar type of idealism called "mentalism".<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Holleran |title=Paul Brunton – Architect of a 21st Century Philosophy |url=http://www.stillnessspeaks.com/images/uploaded/file/Paul%20Brunton.pdf |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=stillnessspeaks.com}}</ref>

[[A. A. Luce]]<ref>Sense Without Matter Or Direct Perception By A.A. Luce</ref> and [[John Foster (philosopher)|John Foster]] are other subjective idealists.<ref>Review for John Foster's book ''A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism'' http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=15785 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064147/http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=15785 |date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> Luce, in ''Sense without Matter'' (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ''The Case for Idealism'' argues that the physical world is the logical creation of natural, non-logical constraints on human [[Empirical evidence|sense-experience]]. Foster's latest defense of his views ([[phenomenalistic idealism]]) is in his book ''A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism''.

Critics of subjective idealism include [[Bertrand Russell]]'s popular 1912 book ''[[The Problems of Philosophy]]'', Australian philosopher [[David Stove]],<ref name=Stove>{{cite web|url=http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/worst.html|title=Stove's discovery of the worst argument in the world}}</ref> [[Alan Musgrave]],<ref name="Alan Musgrave 1998">Alan Musgrave, in an article titled ''Realism and Antirealism'' in R. Klee (ed), ''Scientific Inquiry: Readings in the Philosophy of Science'', Oxford, 1998, 344–352 – later re-titled to ''Conceptual Idealism and Stove's Gem'' in A. Musgrave, Essays on Realism and Rationalism, Rodopi, 1999 also in [[Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara|M.L. Dalla Chiara]] et al. (eds), ''Language, Quantum, Music'', Kluwer, 1999, 25–35 – [[Alan Musgrave]]</ref> and [[John Searle]].<ref name="Social Reality' p. 174">[[John Searle]], ''The Construction of Social Reality'' p. 174</ref>

=== Epistemic idealism ===

==== Kant's Transcendental idealism ====
{{main|Transcendental idealism}}

Transcendental idealism was developed by [[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804), who was the first philosopher to label himself an "idealist".<ref name=":10">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 47.</ref> In his ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]],'' Kant was clear to distinguish his view (which he also called "critical" and "empirical realism") from Berkeley's idealism and from Descartes's views.<ref name=":10" /><ref>''[[Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics]]'', p. 4:374</ref> Kant's philosophy holds that we only have knowledge of our experiences, which consists jointly of intuitions and concepts. As such, our experiences reflect our cognitive structures, not the intrinsic nature of mind-independent things. This means even time and space are not properties of [[Thing-in-itself|things in themselves]] (i.e. mind independent reality underlying appearances).<ref name=":10" />

Since it focuses on the mind dependent nature of knowledge and not on metaphysics per se, transcendental idealism is a type of [[epistemological idealism]]. Unlike metaphysical forms of idealism, Kant's transcendental idealism does not deny the existence of mind independent things or affirm that they must be mental.<ref name=":10" /> He thus accepts that we can conceive of external objects as distinct from our representations of them. However, he argues that we cannot know what external objects are "in themselves".<ref name=":10" /> As such, Kant's system can be called idealist in some respects (e.g. regarding space and time) and also realist in that he accepts there must be ''some'' mind independent reality (even if we cannot know its ultimate nature and thus must remain agnostic about this).<ref name=":11">Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 50–51, 61.</ref> Kant's system also affirms the reality of a free truly existent [[self]] and of a God, which he sees as being possible because the non-temporal nature of the thing-in-itself allows for a radical freedom and genuine spontaneity.<ref name=":11" />

Kant's main argument for his idealism, found throughout the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'', is based on the key premise that we always represent objects in space and time through our [[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]] intuitions (knowledge which is independent from any experience).<ref name=":12">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 52.</ref> Thus, according to Kant, space and time can never represent any "property at all of any things in themselves nor any relations of them to each other, i.e., no determination of them that attaches to objects themselves and that would remain even if one were to abstract from all subjective conditions of intuition" (CPuR A 26/B 42).<ref name=":12" />

Kant's main point is that since our mental representations have spatio-temporal structure, we have no real grounds for positing that the real objects our mind represents in this way also have spatio-temporal structure in themselves. Kant makes this argument in different parts of the ''Critique'', such as when he asks rhetorically:<blockquote>If there did not lie in you a faculty for intuiting a priori; if this subjective condition were not at the same time the universal a priori condition under which alone the object of ... intuition is possible; if the object ([e.g.,] the triangle) were something in itself without relation to your subject: then how could you say that what necessarily lies in your subjective conditions for constructing a triangle must also necessarily pertain to the triangle in itself. (A 48/B 65)<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 53.</ref></blockquote>Throughout his career, Kant labored to distinguish his philosophy from metaphysical idealism, as some of his critics charged him with being a Berkeleyian idealist.<ref name=":11" /> He argued that even if we cannot know how things are in themselves, we do know they must exist, and that we know this "through the representations which their influence on our sensibility provides for us."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 57.</ref> In the second edition of his ''Critique'', he even inserted a "refutation of idealism". For Kant, "the perception of this persistent thing is possible only through a thing outside me and not through the mere representation of a thing outside me."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 58.</ref>

==== Neo-Kantianism ====
Kant's philosophy was extremely influential on European [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightenment]] thinkers (and [[Counter-Enlightenment|counter-enlightenment]] ones as well), and his ideas were widely discussed and debated.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 70.</ref> Transcendental idealism was also defended by later [[Kantianism|Kantian]] philosophers who adopted his method, such as [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold]] and [[Jakob Sigismund Beck]].

The mid-19th century saw a revival of Kantian philosophy, which became known as [[Neo-Kantianism]], with its call of "Back to Kant".<ref name=":26">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 159.</ref> This movement was especially influential on 19th century German academic philosophy (and also continental philosophy as a whole). Some important figures include: [[Hermann Cohen]] (1842–1918), [[Wilhelm Windelband]] (1848–1914), [[Ernst Cassirer]], [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[Eduard Zeller]], [[Leonard Nelson]], [[Heinrich Rickert]], and [[Friedrich Albert Lange]].<ref>Heis, Jeremy, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/neo-kantianism/ Neo-Kantianism]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref><ref name=":27">Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 162–169.</ref> A key concern of the Neo-Kantians was to update Kantian epistemology, particularly in order to provide an epistemic basis for the modern sciences (all while avoiding ontology altogether, whether idealist or materialist).<ref name=":27" /> Neo-Kantianism rejected metaphysical idealism while also accepting the basic Kantian premise that "our experience of reality is always structured by the distinctive features of human mentality."<ref name=":26" /> Hence, Cassirer defended an epistemic worldview that held that one cannot reduce reality to any independent or substantial object (physical or mental), instead, there are only different ways of describing and organizing experience.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 172.</ref>

Neo-Kantianism influenced the work of the [[Vienna Circle|Vienna circle]] and its ambassadors to the Anglophone world, [[Rudolf Carnap]] (1891–1970) and [[Hans Reichenbach]].<ref name=":26" /> [[Charles Bernard Renouvier]] was the first philosopher in France to formulate a system based on Kant's critical idealism, which he termed Neo-criticism ''(néo-criticisme''). It is a transformation rather than a continuation of Kantianism.

=== German idealism ===
{{main|German idealism}}

Several important German thinkers who were deeply influenced by Kant are the [[German idealism|German idealists]]: [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] (1762–1814), [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] (1775–1854), and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Friedrich Hegel]] (1770–1831).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 56, 72.</ref> Though heavily drawing on Kant, these thinkers were not transcendental idealists as such, and they sought to move beyond the idea that things in themselves are unknowable {{Ndash}}an idea they considered as opening the door to [[skepticism]] and [[nihilism]].<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 73–74.</ref>

Post-Kantian German idealists thus rejected transcendental idealism by arguing against the opposition of a mind-independent world of being and a subjective world of mental constructs (or the separation between the knowledge and what is known, between subject and object, real and ideal). This new German idealism was distinguished by an "inseparability of being and thinking" and "a dynamic conception of self-consciousness" that sees reality as spontaneous conscious activity and its expressions.<ref name=":13">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 76.</ref> As such, this kind of metaphysical idealism, focused on dynamic processes and forces, was opposed to older forms of idealism, which based itself on substance theory (which these Germans labeled "dogmatism").<ref name=":13" />

The first thinker to elaborate this type of dynamic idealism was [[J. G. Fichte]] (''Doctrine of [[Wissenschaft]],'' 1810–1813).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 77.</ref> For Fichte, the primordial act at the ground of being is called "self-positing".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 77–78</ref> Fichte argues that self-consciousness or the I is a spontaneous unconditioned self-creating act which he also called the deed-act (''tathandlung''). Fichte argues that positing something unconditioned and independent at the ground of all is the only way to avoid an epistemic [[infinite regress]].<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 78</ref> According to Fichte, this "I am" or "absolute subject" which "originally posits its own being absolutely" (''Doctrine'' I, 2: 261), "is at the same time the actor and the product of the act; the actor, and that which the activity brings forth; act and deed are one and the same" (''Doctrine'' I, 2: 259).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 80</ref> Fichte also argues that this "I" has the capacity to "counter-posit" a "not-I", leading to [[Subject and object (philosophy)|a subject-object]] relationship. The I also has a third capacity Fichte calls "divisibility", which allows for the existence of plurality in the world, which however must be understood as manifestations of the "I-activity", and as being "within the I".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 81–82</ref>

Fichte's philosophy was adopted by Schelling who defended this new idealism as a full [[Monism|monistic]] ontology which tried to account for all of nature which he would eventually name "absolute idealism".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 83–85.</ref> For Schelling, reality is an "original unity" (''ursprüngliche Einheit'') or a "primordial totality" (''uranfängliche Ganzheit'') of opposites.<ref name=":14">Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 85–86.</ref> This is an absolute which he described as an "eternal act of cognition" is disclosed in subjective and objective modes, the world of ideas and nature.<ref name=":14" />
[[file:Phänomenologie des Geistes.jpg|thumb|Hegel's [[The Phenomenology of Spirit]] was a pivotal work of German absolute idealism.]]
[[G. W. F. Hegel]] also defended a dynamic absolute idealism that sees existence as an all-inclusive whole. However, his system differs from his predecessors' in that it is not grounded on some initial subject, mind, or "I" and tries to move beyond all bifurcation subject and object, of the dualism between thinking and being (which for Hegel just leads to various contradictions).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 86–87.</ref><ref>[[Kenneth Westphal]], ''Hegel's Epistemological Realism'' (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989).</ref> As such, Hegel's system is an ontological monism fundamentally based on a unity between being and thought, subject and object, which he saw as being neither materialistic realism nor subjective idealism (which still stands in an opposition to materialism and thus remains stuck in the subject-object distinction).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 88.</ref>

In his ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]'' (1807), Hegel provides an epistemological argument for idealism, focusing on proving the "metaphysical priority of identities over and against their opposed elements".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 93–94.</ref> Hegel's argument begins with his conception of knowledge, which he holds is a relation between a claim about a subject and an object that allows for a correspondence between their structural features (and is thus a type of [[correspondence theory]]). Hegel argues that if knowledge is possible, real objects must also have a similar structure as thought (without, however, being reduced to thoughts). If not, there could be no correspondence between what the object is and what a subject believes to be true about the object.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 95</ref> For Hegel, any system in which the subject that knows and the object which is known are structurally independent would make the relations necessary for knowledge impossible.<ref name="Guyer at al. 2023, p. 99">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 99</ref> Hegel also argues that finite qualities and objects depend on other finite things to determine them. An infinite thinking being, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence most fully real.<ref>An interpretation of Hegel's critique of the finite, and of the "absolute idealism" which Hegel appears to base that critique, is found in Robert M. Wallace, Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).</ref>

Hegel argued that a careful analysis of the act of knowledge would eventually lead to an understanding of the unity of subjects and the objects in a single all-encompassing whole.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp.96–97</ref> In this system, experiences are not independent of the thing in itself (as in Kant) but are manifestations grounded in a metaphysical absolute, which is also experiential (but since it resists the experiential subject, can be known through this resistance).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 97–101</ref> Thus, our own experiences can lead us to an insight into the thing in itself.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p.98</ref> Furthermore, since reality is a unity, all knowledge is ultimately self-knowledge, or as Hegel puts it, it is the subject being "in the other with itself" (''im Anderen bei sich selbst sein'').<ref name="Guyer at al. 2023, p. 99"/> Since all things have spirit (''[[Geist]]''), a philosopher can attain what he termed "absolute knowing" (''absolutes Wissen''), which is the knowledge that all things are ultimately manifestations of an infinite absolute spirit.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 102.</ref><ref>Leonard F. Wheat, ''Hegel's Undiscovered Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis Dialectics: What Only Marx and Tillich Understood'' (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2012), 69, 105–106, 116, 158–59, 160, 291, 338.</ref>

Later, in his ''[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel#Science of Logic|Science of Logic]]'' (1812–1814), Hegel further develops a metaphysics in which the real and objective activity of thinking unfolds itself in numerous ways (as objects and subjects). This ultimate activity of thought, which is ''not'' the activity of specific subjects, is an immediate fact, a given (''vorhandenes''), which is self-standing and self-organizing.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 102–106, 109</ref> In manifesting the entire world, the absolute enacts a process of self-actualization through a grand structure or master logic, which is what Hegel calls "reason" (''Vernunft''), and which he understands as a [[Teleology|teleological]] reality.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 107</ref>

[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelianism]] was deeply influential throughout the 19th century, even as some Hegelians (like [[Karl Marx|Marx]]) rejected idealism. Later idealist Hegelians include [[Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg]] (1802–72) and [[Hermann Lotze|Rudolf Hermann Lotze]] (1817–81).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 160.</ref>

=== Schopenhauer's philosophy ===
The philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer owes much to the thought of Kant and to that of the German idealists, which he nevertheless strongly criticizes.<ref name=":15">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 110</ref> Schopenhauer maintains Kant's idealist epistemology which sees even space, time and causality as mere mental representations (<i>vorstellungen</i>) conditioned by the subjective mind. However, he replaces Kant's unknowable thing-in-itself with an absolute reality underlying all ideas that is a single irrational Will, a view that he saw as directly opposed to Hegel's rational Spirit.<ref name=":15" /> This philosophy is laid out in ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'' (WWR 1818, 2nd ed. 1844).<ref name=":15" />

Schopenhauer accepts Kant's view that there can be no appearances without there being something which appears. However, unlike Kant, Schopenhauer writes that "we have immediate cognition of the thing in itself when it appears to us as our own body". (WWR §6, pp. 40–1).<ref name=":16">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 112</ref> Schopenhauer argues that, even though we do experience our own bodies through the categories of space, time and causality, we also experience it in another more direct and internal way through the experience of willing. This immediate experience reveals that it is will alone which "gives him the key to his own appearance, reveals to him the meaning and shows him the inner workings of his essence, his deeds, his movements" (WWR §18, p. 124).<ref name=":16" /> Thus, for Schopenhauer, it is [[desire]], a "dark, dull driving", which is at the root of action, not reason.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 112–113</ref> Furthermore, since this is the only form of insight we have of the inner essence of any reality, we must apply this insight "to [the] appearances in the inorganic [and organic] world as well." Schopenhauer compares willing with many natural forces. As such, Will is "a name signifying the being in itself of every thing in the world and the sole kernel of every appearance" (WWR §23, pp. 142–3).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 113</ref>

Because irrational Willing is the most foundational reality, life is filled with frustration, irrationality and disappointment. This is the metaphysical foundation of Schopenhauer's [[Pessimism|pessimistic]] philosophy of life. The best we can hope for is to deny and try to escape (however briefly) the incessant force of the Will, through art, [[Aesthetics|aesthetic experience]], [[asceticism]], and [[compassion]].<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 113</ref>

=== Gentile's actual idealism ===
[[Actual idealism]] is a form of idealism developed by [[Giovanni Gentile]] which argues that reality is the ongoing act of thinking, or in Italian "pensiero pensante" and thus, only thoughts exist.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peters, R. |year=2006 |title=On Presence: "Actes De Presence": Presence in Fascist Political Culture |journal=History and Theory |volume=45 |pages=362–374 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2303.2006.00371.x |number=3}}</ref><ref name="rightscholarship.wordpress.com2">Right Thinkers #7: Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944). (1 July 2014). Retrieved 12 February 2017, from Right Scholarship https://rightscholarship.wordpress.com/tag/idealism/</ref> He further argued that our combined thoughts defined and produced reality.<ref name="rightscholarship.wordpress.com2" /> Gentile also nationalizes this idea, holding that the state is a composition of many minds coming together to construct reality.<ref name="papermasters.com2">Custom Research Papers on Actual Idealism. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 February 2017, from https://www.papermasters.com/actual-idealism.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121170055/https://www.papermasters.com/actual-idealism.html |date=21 November 2016 }}</ref> Giovanni Gentile was a key supporter of [[fascism]], regarded by many as the "philosopher of fascism". His idealist theory argued for the unity of all society under one leader, which allows it to act as one body.<ref name="papermasters.com2" />

=== Anglo-American Idealism ===
Idealism was widespread in [[Anglo-American philosophy]] during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It was the dominant metaphysics in the English speaking world during the last decades of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>Connelly, James; Panagakou, Stamatoula. ''Anglo-American Idealism: Thinkers and Ideas'', p. 3. Peter Lang, 2010</ref><ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 125.</ref> During this time, the defenders of [[British idealism]] made significant contributions to all fields of philosophy. However, other philosophers, like [[J. M. E. McTaggart|McTaggart]], broke from this trend and instead defended a pluralistic idealism in which the ultimate reality is a plurality of minds.

Many Anglo-American idealists were influenced by [[Hegelianism]], but they also drew on Kant, Plato and Aristotle.<ref>Connelly, James; Panagakou, Stamatoula. ''Anglo-American Idealism: Thinkers and Ideas'', p. 4. Peter Lang, 2010</ref> Key figures of this transatlantic movement include many of the British idealists, such as [[Thomas Hill Green|T. H. Green]] (1836–1882), [[F. H. Bradley]] (1846–1924), [[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bernard Bosanquet]] (1848–1923), [[John Henry Muirhead|J. H. Muirhead]] (1855–1940), [[Harold Joachim|H. H. Joachim]] (1868–1938), [[A. E. Taylor]] (1869–1945), [[R. G. Collingwood]] (1889–1943), [[Geoffrey Reginald Gilchrist Mure|G. R. G. Mure]] (1893–1979) and [[Michael Oakeshott]].<ref>Connelly, James; Panagakou, Stamatoula. ''Anglo-American Idealism: Thinkers and Ideas'', pp. 3–4. Peter Lang, 2010</ref> American idealist philosophers include [[Josiah Royce]] (1855–1916) and [[Brand Blanshard]] (1892–1987).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 125–127.</ref>

==== British absolute idealism ====
[[file:F.H. Bradley.png|thumb|[[F. H. Bradley|F.H. Bradley]], a leading British absolute idealist]]

One of the early influential British idealists was [[T. H. Green|Thomas Hill Green]], known for his posthumous ''Prolegomena to Ethics''. Green argues for an idealist metaphysics in this text as a foundation for free will and ethics. In a Kantian fashion, Green first argues that knowledge consists in seeing relations in consciousness, and that any sense of something being "real" or "objective" has no meaning outside of consciousness.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 127</ref> He then argues that experience as consciousness of related events "cannot be explained by any natural history, properly so called" and thus "the understanding which presents an order of nature to us is in principle one with an understanding which constitutes that order itself."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 127–128</ref>

Green then further argues that individual human beings are aware of an order of relations which extends beyond the bounds of their individual mind. For Green, this greater order must be in a larger transpersonal intelligence, while the world is "a system of related facts" which is made possible and revealed to individual beings by the larger intelligence.<ref name=":17">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 128</ref> Furthermore, Green also holds that participation in the transpersonal mind is constituted by the apprehension of a portion of the overall order by animal organisms.<ref name=":17" /> As such, Green accepts the reality of biological bodies when he writes that "in the process of our learning to know the world, an animal organism, which has its history in time, gradually becomes the vehicle of an eternally complete consciousness."<ref name=":17" />

Another paradigmatic British absolute idealist is [[F. H. Bradley|Francis Herbert Bradley]], who affirms that "the Absolute is not many; there are no independent reals".<ref name="Francis Herbert Bradley">Candlish, Stewart and Pierfrancesco Basile, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/bradley/ Francis Herbert Bradley]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.).</ref> This absolute reality "is one system, and ... its contents are nothing but sentient experience. It will hence be a single and all-inclusive experience, which embraces every partial diversity in concord."<ref name="Francis Herbert Bradley"/> Bradley presents an anti-realist idealism which rejects the ultimate reality of relations, which for him are mere appearance, "a makeshift, a mere practical compromise, most necessary, but in the end most indefensible."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 129</ref>

Bradley presented his idealism in his ''[[Appearance and Reality]]'' (1893) by arguing that the ideas we use to understand reality are contradictory. He deconstructs numerous ideas including primary and secondary qualities, substances and attributes, quality and relation, space, time and causality and the self.<ref name=":18">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 130</ref> Most famously, Bradley argued that any ultimate distinction between qualities and relations is untenable since "qualities are nothing without relations" since "their plurality depends on relation, and, without that relation, they are not distinct. But, if not distinct, then not different, and therefore not qualities."<ref name=":18" /> Furthermore, for Bradley, the same thing turns out to be true of relations, and of both taken together, since for a relation to relate to a quality, it would then require a further relation. As such, qualities and relations are appearance, not ultimate truth, since "ultimate reality is such that it does not contradict itself".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 130–131.</ref>

Even though all appearances are "not truth", it is still possible to have true knowledge of ultimate reality, which must be a unity beyond contradictions but which still allows for diversity. Bradley thinks that this character of reality as a diverse unity is revealed to us in sentient experience, since our various experiences must be grounded and caused by some undifferentiated and pre-abstract reality. However he also admits "our complete inability to understand this concrete unity in detail".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 131–132</ref>

==== American idealism ====
[[file:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|thumb|Charles Sanders Peirce]]
Idealism also became popular in the United States with thinkers like [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] (1839–1914), who defended an "objective idealism" in which, as he put it, "matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws".<ref>Peirce (1891), "The Architecture of Theories",'' [[The Monist]]'' v. 1, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/161/mode/1up 161–176], see [https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/170/mode/1up p. 170], via ''Internet Archive''. Reprinted (CP 6.7–34) and (''The Essential Peirce'', 1:285–297, see p. 293).</ref> Peirce initially defended a type of [[Direct and indirect realism|representationalism]] alongside his form of [[Pragmatism]] which was metaphysically neutral since it is "no doctrine of metaphysics".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 143–145</ref> However, in later years (after c.1905), Peirce defended an objective idealism which held that the universe evolved from a state of maximum spontaneous freedom (which he associated with mind) into its present state where matter were merely "congealed" mind.<ref>Burch, Robert, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2024/entries/peirce/ Charles Sanders Peirce]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.).</ref> In arguing for this view, he followed the classic idealist premise that states there must be a metaphysical equality (an [[Isomorphism of categories|isomorphism]]) between thought and being, and as such, "the root of all being is One".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 147</ref> A key feature of Peirce's idealism is "[[Tychism]]", which he defined as "the doctrine that absolute chance is a factor of the universe."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 148</ref> This allows for an element of chance or [[indeterminism]] in the universe which allows for cosmological evolution.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 148–149</ref>

Under the influence of Peirce, it was [[Josiah Royce]] (1855–1916) who became the leading American idealist at the turn of the century.<ref name="Guyer at al. 2023, p. 138">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 138</ref> Royce's idealism incorporated aspects of Peirce's Pragmatism and is defended in his ''The Spirit of Modern Philosophy'' (1892).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 139–140</ref> One of Royce's arguments for idealism is his argument from meaning, which states the possibility of there being [[Meaning (philosophy)|meaning]] at all requires an identity between what is meant (ordinary objects) and what makes meaning (ordinary subjects).<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 140</ref>

In his ''The World and the Individual'' (2 vols, 1899 and 1901), Royce also links meaning with purpose, seeing the meaning of a term as its intended purpose.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 141</ref> Royce was an absolute idealist who held that ultimately reality was a super-self, an absolute mind.<ref name=":24">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 142</ref> Royce argues that for a mind to be able represent itself and its representations (and not lead to a vicious infinite regress), it must be complex and capacious enough, and only an absolute mind has this capacity.<ref name=":24" />

The American philosopher [[Brand Blanshard]] (1892–1987) was also a proponent of idealism who accepted a "necessary isomorphism between knowledge and its object".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 178</ref> His idealism is most obvious in ''The Nature of Thought'' (1939), where he discusses how all [[perception]] is infused with concepts.<ref name=":28">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 179.</ref> He then argues from a [[coherence theory of truth]] that the "character of reality" must also include coherence itself, and thus, knowledge must be similar to what it knows.<ref name=":28" /> Not only that, but knowledge must be part of a single system with the world it knows, and causal relations must be also involve logical relations. These considerations lead to an idealism which sees the world as system of relations that cannot be merely physical.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 180</ref>

=== Pluralistic idealism ===
'''Pluralistic idealism''' takes the view that there are many individual minds, [[Monad (philosophy)|monads]], or processes that together underlie the existence of the observed world and which make possible the existence of the physical universe.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james-ward/ James Ward (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)].</ref> Pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mind or absolute as with the total [[monism]] of absolute idealism, instead it affirms an ultimate plurality of ideas or beings.

====Personalism====

[[Personalism]] is the view that the individual minds of persons or selves are the basis for ultimate reality and value and as such emphasizes the fundamentality and inherent worth of persons.<ref name=":22">Williams, Thomas D. and Jan Olof Bengtsson, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/personalism/ Personalism]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Summer 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref> Modern personalist idealism emerged during the reaction against what was seen as a dehumanizing impersonalism of absolute idealism, a reaction which was led by figures like [[Rudolph Hermann Lotze|Hermann Lotze]] (1817–1881).<ref name=":22" /> Personalists affirmed personal freedom against what they saw as a monism that lead to totalitarianism by subordinating the individual to the collective.<ref name=":22" />

Some idealistic personalists defended a [[Theism|theistic]] personalism (often influenced by [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]) in which reality is a society of minds ultimately dependent on a supreme person (God).<ref name=":22" /> Defenders of a Theistic and idealistic personalism include [[Borden Parker Bowne]] (1847–1910), [[Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison]] (1856–1931), [[Edgar S. Brightman]] and [[George Holmes Howison]] (1834–1916). These theistic personalists emphasize the dependence of all individual minds on God.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":22" />

However, other personalists like British idealist [[J. M. E. McTaggart]] and [[Thomas Davidson (philosopher)|Thomas Davidson]] merely argued for a community of individual minds or spirits, without positing a supreme personal deity who creates or grounds them.<ref>Howison, George Holmes. ''The Limits of Evolution; And Other Essays Illustrating The Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism'', 1901.</ref><ref>''Idealistic Argument in Recent British and American Philosophy'' By Gustavus W Cunningham, p. 202, "Ontologically I am an idealist, since i believe that all that exists is spiritual. I am also, in one sense of the term, a Personal Idealist" (McTaggart).</ref><ref name=":20" /> Similarly, [[James Ward (psychologist)|James Ward]] (1843–1925) was inspired by [[Leibniz]] to defend a form of pluralistic idealism in which the universe is composed of "psychic monads" of different levels, interacting for mutual self-betterment.<ref>''The New Cambridge Modern History: The era of violence, 1898–1945, edited by David Thomson'' University Press, 1960, p. 135</ref><ref>Hugh Joseph Tallon The concept of self in British and American idealism 1939, p. 118</ref>

American personalism was particularly associated with idealism and with [[Boston University|Boston university]], where Bowne (who had studied with Lotze) developed his personalist idealism and published his ''Personalism'' (1908).<ref name=":22" /> Bowne's students, like Edgar Sheffield Brightman, [[Albert C. Knudson]] (1873–1953), [[Francis John McConnell|Francis J. McConnell]] (1871–1953), and [[Ralph Tyler Flewelling|Ralph T. Flewelling]] (1871–1960), continued to develop his personal idealism after his death.<ref name=":22" /> The "Boston personalism" tradition also influenced the later work of [[Peter Anthony Bertocci|Peter A. Bertocci]] (1910–1989), as well as the ideas of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], who studied at Boston University with personalist philosophers and was shaped by their worldview.<ref name=":22" />

[[George Holmes Howison]] meanwhile, developed his own brand of "California personalism". Howison argued that both impersonal monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral [[freedom]], while "personal idealism" affirms it. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy.<ref name=":19">{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/howison-george-holmes-18341916-eoph/ |title=Research & Articles on Howison, George Holmes (1834–1916) by |publisher=BookRags.com |date=2010-11-02 |access-date=2012-08-17}}</ref> Howison, in his book ''The Limits of Evolution and Other Essays Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism'', developed a democratic idealism that extended all the way to God, who instead of a monarch, was seen as the ultimate democrat in eternal relation to other eternal persons.<ref name=":20">{{cite journal |last1=McLachlan |first1=James |title=George Holmes Howison: 'The City of God' and Personal Idealism |journal=The Journal of Speculative Philosophy |date=2006 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=224–242 |id={{Project MUSE|209478}} |doi=10.1353/jsp.2007.0005 |s2cid=170825252 }}</ref>

Another pluralistic idealism was [[Thomas Davidson (philosopher)|Thomas Davidson]]'s (1840–1900) "[[apeirotheism]]", which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number".<ref>Charles M. Bakewell, "Thomas Davidson", Dictionary of American Biography, gen. ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932), 96.</ref> The theory was indebted to [[Aristotle]]'s view of the eternal rational soul and the [[nous]].<ref name="Gerson">{{cite journal |last=Gerson |first=Lloyd P. |year=2004 |title=The Unity of Intellect in Aristotle's 'De Anima' |url=http://individual.utoronto.ca/lpgerson/The_Unity_Of_Intellect_In_Aristotles_De_Anima.pdf |journal=Phronesis |volume=49 |pages=348–373 |doi=10.1163/1568528043067005 |jstor=4182761 |quote=Desperately difficult texts inevitably elicit desperate hermeneutical measures. Aristotle's ''De Anima,'' book three, chapter five, is evidently one such text. At least since the time of [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]], scholars have felt compelled to draw some remarkable conclusions regarding Aristotle's brief remarks in this passage regarding intellect. One such claim is that in chapter five, Aristotle introduces a second intellect, the so-called 'agent intellect', an intellect distinct from the 'passive intellect', the supposed focus of discussion up until this passage. This view is a direct descendant of the view of Alexander himself, who identified the agent intellect with the divine intellect. Even the staunchest defender of such a view is typically at a loss to give a plausible explanation of why the divine intellect pops into and then out of the picture in the intense and closely argued discussion of the human intellect that goes from chapter four through to the end of chapter seven. |number=4}}</ref> Identifying Aristotle's God with rational thought, Davidson argued, contrary to Aristotle, that just as the soul cannot exist apart from the body, God cannot exist apart from the world.<ref>Davidson, Journal, 1884–1898 (Thomas Davidson Collection, Manuscript Group #169, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University). Quoted in DeArmey, "Thomas Davidson's Apeirotheism", 692</ref>

Another influential British idealist, [[J. M. E. McTaggart]] (1866–1925), defended a theory in which reality is a community of individual spirits connected by the relation of love.<ref name=":23">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 133.</ref> McTaggart defends ontological idealism through a [[Mereology|mereological]] argument which argues only spirits can be substances, as well as through an argument for the unreality of time (a position he also defends in ''[[The Unreality of Time]]'').<ref name=":23" />

In ''The Nature of Existence'' (1927), McTaggart's argument relies on the premise that substances are infinitely divisible and cannot have simple parts. Furthermore, each of their infinite parts determines every other part. He then analyzes various characteristics of reality such as time, matter, sensation, and cogitation and attempts to show they cannot be real elements of real substances, but must be mere appearances.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 134</ref> For example, the existence of matter cannot be inferred based on sensations, since they cannot be divided to infinity (and thus cannot be substances). Spirits on the other hand are true infinitely divisible substances. They have "the quality of having content, all of which is the content of one or more selves", and know themselves through direct perception as substances persisting through time.<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, pp. 136–138</ref> For McTaggart, there is a multiplicity of spirits, which are nevertheless related to each other harmoniously through their love for each other.<ref name="Guyer at al. 2023, p. 138"/>

McTaggart also criticizes Hegel's view of the state in his ''Studies in Hegelian Cosmology'' (1901)'','' arguing that metaphysics can give very little guidance to social and political action, just like it can give us very little guidance in other practical matters, like [[engineering]].<ref>''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', vol. 3, "Idealism", New York, 1967</ref>

=== Contemporary idealism ===
[[File:James Hopwood Jeans.jpg|thumb|upright|The 20th-century British scientist [[James Jeans]] wrote that "the universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine"]].

Today, idealism remains a minority view in Western analytic circles.<ref name="SEP3" /> In spite of this, the study of the work of the Anglo-American idealists saw a revival in the 21st century with an increase in publications at the turn of the century, and they are now considered to have made important contributions to philosophy.<ref>Connelly, James; Panagakou, Stamatoula. ''Anglo-American Idealism: Thinkers and Ideas'', pp. 2, 6. Peter Lang, 2010</ref>

Several modern figures continue to defend idealism. Recent idealist philosophers include [[A. A. Luce]] (''Sense without Matter'', 1954), [[Timothy Sprigge]] (''The Vindication of Absolute Idealism'', 1984), [[Leslie Armour]], [[Vittorio Hösle]] (''Objective Idealism'', 1998), [[John Foster (philosopher)|John Andrew Foster]] (''A World for Us'', 2008),<ref>Review for John Foster's book ''A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism'' http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=15785 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064147/http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=15785|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> [[John A. Leslie]] (''Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology'', 2002), and [[Bernardo Kastrup]] (''The Idea of the World'', 2018). In 2022, [[Howard Robinson]] authored ''Perception and Idealism''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Perception and Idealism|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/perception-and-idealism-9780192845566?cc=pl&lang=en&#|website=Oxford University Press|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Both Foster and Sprigge defend idealism through an epistemic argument for the unity of the act of perception with its object.<ref name=":29">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 181</ref> Sprigge also made an argument from [[Grounding (metaphysics)|grounding]], which held that our phenomenal objects presuppose some [[Noumenon|noumenal]] ground. As such For Sprigge, the physical world "consists in innumerable mutually interacting centres of experience, or, what comes to the same, of pulses and flows of experience."<ref name=":29" /> Thus, the noumenal ground is the totality of all experiences, which are one "concrete universal", that resembles Bradley's absolute.<ref name=":29" />

Helen Yetter-Chappell has defended nontheistic (quasi-)Berkeleyan idealism.<ref>Yetter-Chappell. Helen. (2017). ''Idealism Without God''. In K. Pearce & T. Goldschmidt (eds.), ''Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics|url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/idealism-new-essays-in-metaphysics/|website=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204020050/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/idealism-new-essays-in-metaphysics/|url-status=live |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam P.}}</ref>

==== Analytic idealism ====
{{Main|Analytic idealism}}
A recent strand of idealist metaphysics has been developed within analytic philosophy ([[analytic idealism]]) by Bernardo Kastrup. In his doctoral dissertation ''Analytic Idealism'' (2019), he argues that reality is constituted by universal consciousness and introduces the notion of dissociation as a mechanism to explain how individual conscious agents arise within a single underlying mind.<ref>Kastrup, Bernardo (2019). ''Analytic Idealism'' (doctoral dissertation). Radboud University Nijmegen. [https://philpapers.org/archive/KASAIA-3.pdf Available via PhilPapers].</ref> His later work ''Analytic Idealism in a Nutshell'' has been the subject of reviews and discussion in contemporary philosophy (e.g. Sjöstedt-Hughes 2025).<ref>Sjöstedt-Hughes, P. (2025). "Flights in the Mindscape – Review of Bernardo Kastrup's Analytic Idealism in a Nutshell". [https://philarchive.org/rec/SJSFIT Available via PhilPapers]</ref> Building on this approach, Bruno Tonetto's ''Return to Consciousness'' (2025) synthesizes consciousness-first arguments from science, metaphysics, and cultural analysis, presenting idealism as a unifying worldview.<ref>Tonetto, Bruno (2025). "Return to Consciousness: A Philosophical Journey from Materialism to Meaning". [https://philpapers.org/rec/TONRTC-4 Available via PhilPapers].</ref> These contributions exemplify a small but ongoing effort to revive idealist metaphysics in analytic philosophy of mind.

=== Idealistic theories based on 20th-century science ===

Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of [[quantum physics]] and the [[theory of relativity]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-10-01 |title=Physics & reality {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/physics-reality |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Popov |first=M. A. |date=2004 |title=Einstein's idealism and a new kind of space research |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cosp...35.4366P/abstract |journal=35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |language=en |volume=35 |pages=4366 |bibcode=2004cosp...35.4366P }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Howard |first1=Don A. |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |date=2025 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2025/entries/einstein-philscience/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |edition=Spring 2025 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Giovanelli |first2=Marco |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref>

[[Arthur Eddington]], a British astrophysicist of the early 20th century, wrote in his book ''The Nature of the Physical World'' that the stuff of the world is mind-stuff, adding that "The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds."<ref>A.S. Eddington, ''The Nature of the Physical World'', page 276-81.</ref> [[Ian Barbour]], in his book ''Issues in Science and Religion'', cites Arthur Eddington's ''The Nature of the Physical World'' (1928) as a text that argues The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principles provides a scientific basis for "the defense of the idea of human freedom" and his ''Science and the Unseen World'' (1929) for support of philosophical idealism "the thesis that reality is basically mental."<ref>(1966), p. 133</ref>

The physicist [[Sir James Jeans]] wrote: "The stream of knowledge is heading towards a non-mechanical reality; the Universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter... we ought rather hail it as the creator and governor of the realm of matter."<ref>Sir James Jeans, ''The mysterious universe'', page 137.</ref>

The chemist [[Ernest Lester Smith]], a member of the occult movement [[Theosophy]], wrote a book ''Intelligence Came First'' (1975) in which he claimed that consciousness is a fact of nature and that the cosmos is grounded in and pervaded by mind and intelligence.<ref>Ernest Lester Smith ''Intelligence Came First'' Quest Books, 1990 {{ISBN|0-8356-0657-0}}</ref>

==Criticism==

In the [[Western world]], the popularity of idealism as a metaphysical view declined severely in the 20th century, especially in English language [[analytic philosophy]]. This was partly due to the criticisms of British philosophers like [[G. E. Moore]] and [[Bertrand Russell]] and also due to the critiques of the American "new realists" like [[E. B. Holt|E.B. Holt]], [[Ralph Barton Perry]] and [[Roy Wood Sellars]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sprigge |first1=T. L. S. |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |chapter=Idealism |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N027-1}}</ref><ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 150.</ref><ref name="SEP3" />

Moore famously critiqued idealism and defended [[Philosophical realism|realism]] in ''The Refutation of Idealism'' (1903), and ''[[A Defence of Common Sense]]'' (1925). In the ''Refutation,'' Moore argues that arguments for idealism most often rely on the premise that to be is to be perceived (''esse est percipi''), but that if this is true "how can we infer that anything whatever, let alone everything is an inseparable aspect of any experience?".<ref name=":25">Guyer at al. 2023, p. 152</ref> [[Bertrand Russell]]'s popular 1912 book ''[[The Problems of Philosophy]]'' also contained a similar critique.<ref name="SEP3"/> Their main objection is that idealists falsely presuppose that the mind's relation to any object is a necessary condition for the existence of the object. Russell thinks this fallacy fails to make "the distinction between act and object in our apprehending of things" (1912 [1974: 42]).<ref name=":25" /> Guyer et al. write that the success of these arguments might be controversial and that "the charge that they simply conflate knowledge and object hardly seems to do justice to the elaborate arguments of the late nineteenth-century idealists."<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 152.</ref> It also relies on a realist epistemology in which knowledge stands "in an immediate relation to an independent individual object".<ref>Guyer at al. 2023, p. 153.</ref>

Regarding positive arguments, Moore's most famous argument ''for'' the existence of external matter (found in ''Proof of an External World'', 1939) was an epistemological argument from [[common sense]] facts, sometimes known as "[[Here is one hand]]". Idealism was also more recently critiqued in the works of Australian philosopher [[David Stove]],<ref name=Stove/> and by [[Alan Musgrave]],<ref name="Alan Musgrave 1998"/> and [[John Searle]].<ref name="Social Reality' p. 174"/>

Physicist [[Milton A. Rothman]] has written that idealism is incompatible with science and is not considered an empirical system of knowledge unlike realism which is pragmatical and makes testable predictions.<ref name="Rothman">{{cite book |last=Rothman |first=Milton A. |author-link=Milton A. Rothman |date=1992 |title=The Science Gap: Dispelling the Myths and Understanding the Reality of Science |publisher= Prometheus Books |pages=27–32 |isbn=0-87975-710-8}}</ref> Rothman commented that "idealism saying nothing about why ten different observers in different parts of the world measure the speed of light to be the same. If the light beam exists only a construct in my mind, then how does an experimenter in Moscow always get the same result that I do in, say Princeton".<ref name="Rothman"/>

Philosopher and physicist [[Mario Bunge]] has written that idealistic thinking is often found in [[pseudoscience]]s as it postulates immaterial entities that disregard scientific laws.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bunge, Mario|year=2006|title=The Philosophy behind Pseudoscience|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|url=https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2006/07/22164602/p29.pdf|volume=30|issue=4|pages=29–37}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hard problem of consciousness]]
* [[Innatism]]
* [[Qualia]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==References==

=== Primary ===

* [[George Berkeley|Berkeley, George]]. ''[[A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge|Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge]],'' 1710.
* [[F. H. Bradley|Bradley, Francis Herbert]], ''[[Appearance and Reality]]: A Metaphysical Essay,'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1893
* [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte'','' Johann Gottlieb]]. ''[[Foundations of Natural Right]]'' (''Grundlagen des Naturrechts nach Prinzipien der Wissenschaftslehre''), 1797.
* Foster, John Andrew. ''A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008. {{ISBN|0-19-929713-4}}
* [[Dignāga]]; Krumroy, Robert E; Sastri, N. Aiyaswami. ''[[Ālambanaparīkṣā]]'', and ''Vṛtti'' by [[Dignāga|Diṅnāga]], with the Commentary of [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapāla]], Restored into Sanskrit from the Tibetan and Chinese Versions and Edited with English Translations and Notes and with Copious Extracts from Vinītadeva's Commentary. Jain Publishing Company, 2007.
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of the Spirit]]'' (''Phänomenologie des Geistes''), 1807.
* [[Kant]], Immanuel. ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]] (Kritik der reinen Vernunft),'' 1781/87.
* [[Leibniz]], Gottfried Wilhelm, [[Monadology|''La Monadologie (The Monadology)'']], c. 1714.
* [[John A. Leslie|Leslie, John A.]] ''Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology,'' Clarendon Press, 2003.
* [[J. M. E. McTaggart|McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis]]. ''The Nature of Existence'', 2 volumes, Cambridge University Press. 1921–7.
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan]], Sarvepalli. ''An Idealist View of Life'', 1932
* [[Schelling]], Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph. ''System des transcendentalen Idealismus'' (''[[System of Transcendental Idealism]]''), 1800.
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], Arthur. ''[[Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung]]'' (''The World as Will and Presentation''), Leipzig, 1819.
* [[Timothy Sprigge|Sprigge, T.L.S.]], ''The Vindication of Absolute Idealism'', Edinburgh University Press, 1983.
* [[Vasubandhu]] (c. 4th century), ''[[Viṃśatikā-vijñaptimātratāsiddhi]] (Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only)'' in Gold, Jonathan C. 2015. ''Paving the Great Way: Vasubandhu’s Unifying Buddhist Philosophy, New York: Columbia University Press.''
* Vasubandhu, ''Trisvabhāvanirdeśa (Treatise on the Three Natures),'' in William Edelglass & Jay Garfield (eds.)'', Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings,'' New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 35–45.
* [[Xuanzang]] (c. 7th century). ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun|Chéng Wéishì Lùn]]'' (''The Demonstration of Consciousness-only,'' Ch: 成唯識論).

=== Other ===

* Dunham, Jeremy; Grant, Iain Hamilton; Watson, Sean. ''Idealism: The History of a Philosophy'', Acumen, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-7735-3837-5}}
* Goldschmidt, Tyron; Pearce, Kenneth L. (ed.), ''Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics'', Oxford University Press, 2017, {{ISBN|978-0-19-874697-3}}
* Guyer, Paul; Horstmann, Rolf-Peter. ''Idealism in Modern Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 2023.
* Neujahr, Philip J., ''Kant's Idealism'', Mercer University Press, 1995 {{ISBN|0-86554-476-X}}
* [[Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar]] (1984), ''Human Society. Vols. I and II.'' (Ananda Marga Publications, Calcutta, India).
* [[Surendranath Dasgupta]] (1969), ''Indian Idealism'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], New York, NY, USA), {{ISBN|0-521-09194-2}}
* [[Sohail Inayatullah]] (2001), ''Understanding P. R. Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge,'' (Leiden, [[Brill Publishers]]) {{ISBN|90-04-12193-5}}.
* Watts, Michael. ''Kierkegaard'', Oneworld, {{ISBN|978-1-85168-317-8}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|idealism}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{PhilPapers|category|idealism}}
* {{InPho|idea|267}}
* {{cite IEP|url-id=germidea/|title=German idealism |first=Colin |last=McQuillan}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Idealism |volume=14 |pages=281–287 |first=John |last=Muirhead |short=1}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=idealism|title=Idealism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080431/http://www.acgrayling.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76:wittgenstein-on-scepticism-and-certainty&catid=28:wittgenstein A. C. Grayling-Wittgenstein on Scepticism and Certainty]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140223132247/http://shvetsandrey.narod.ru/idealizme.pdf Idealism and its practical use in physics and psychology ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010105602/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=678 'The Triumph of Idealism'], lecture by Professor [[Keith Ward]] offering a positive view of Idealism, at [[Gresham College]], 13 March 2008 (available in text, audio and video download)

{{Idealism}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Metaphysics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Idealism| ]]
[[Category:Metaphysical theories]]

Anju Dodiya

2026-05-07T10:24:06Z

Juliivg: New A Article...

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|4|7|df=yes}}
| spouse = [[Atul Dodiya]]
| children = Biraaj Dodiya
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Mumbai]]
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| style = [[Abstract art|Abstract]]
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| image = Anju Dodiya.jpg
}}
'''Anju Dodiya''' (born 7 April 1964) is an Indian contemporary painter. She lives and works in [[Mumbai]]. Her paintings feature autobiographical and human relationships, with 'women' usually at the center.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |others=Suhas Bahulkar, Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |edition= |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Anju Dodiya Biography, Artworks & Exhibitions |url=https://ocula.com/artists/anju-dodiya/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2022-09-01 |title=Seven galleries, seven days, one roof: Delhi Contemporary Art Week 2022 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/seven-galleries-seven-days-one-roof-delhi-contemporary-art-week-2022/article65834745.ece |access-date=2022-09-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Her works are frequently a juxtaposition of [[Watercolor painting|watercolor]] and [[Charcoal (art)|charcoal]] as a medium.

== Life and education ==
Anju Dodia was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. She has graduated from [[Sir J.J. School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] in 1986 with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] in Painting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya |url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/29-anju-dodiya/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Chemould Prescott Road |language=en}}</ref>
She is the wife of [[Atul Dodiya]], who is also a notable contemporary Indian painter. Their daughter Biraaj is also an artist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=Biraaj Dodiya Biography, Artworks & Exhibitions |url=https://ocula.com/artists/biraaj-dodiya/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Style ===
In the early days, her art was mostly in the [[Abstract art|abstract]] style. However, with a constant interest in the human mind and [[psychoanalysis]], her inclination towards [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] imagery has continued to feature in her works.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=दोडिया, अंजू अतुल |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/daodaiyaa-anjauu-ataula |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref> Dodiya is influenced by [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] painters like [[Giotto]], the films of [[Ingmar Bergman]], Japanese [[ukiyo-e]] prints and the poetry of [[Sylvia Plath]]. She has also been inspired by medieval devotional poetry, Gujarati folklore and myths from around the world. The combined effect of all these influences is reflected in her unique style of painting.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=304 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |location=मुंबई |pages=239–240 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

=== Themes ===
A subtle commentary on contemporary events, sociology, economics and culture have been major themes of her artworks.<ref name=":3" /> Newspaper headlines, photographs of fashion models, films are the reference material for her paintings. The details in her paintings show the outward appearance of reality with layered [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]. She has also used cloth as a medium of painting in different ways.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan S. Bean on Anju Dodiya |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201302/anju-dodiya-38707 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Work ==

=== Major exhibitions ===
Dodiya's works have been exhibited in the [[Frieze Art Fair|Frieze international art fair]], [[Art Basel]] at Basel and Hong Kong, the [[India Art Fair]], and the [https://indiaartfair.in/programme/delhi-contemporary-art-week-2022 Delhi Contemporary Art Week] in New Delhi. She has been a part of several other solo and group exhibitions in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya: Anatomy of a Flame {{!}} Frieze |url=https://www.frieze.com/no9-cork-street/vadehra-art-gallery |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.frieze.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Two Indian women artists at Frieze, Seoul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/two-indian-women-artists-at-frieze-seoul/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contemporary art: Vocabularies of multiplicity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/sep/25/cause-and-effect-2500929.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=Anju Dodiya's new London exhibition brings together her pandemic-inspired body of work |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/anju-dodiyas-new-london-exhibition-brings-together-her-pandemic-inspired-body-of-work/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Four Indian galleries take over Sadie Coles for London Gallery Weekend |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/05/09/four-indian-galleries-take-over-sadie-coles-for-london-gallery-weekend |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Tao celebrates 20 years this weekend; Anju Dodiya opens new show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/celebrate-20-years-of-tao-with-66-artists-this-weekend/story-Q9a3rr83E565llufX8r0lO.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=2022-04-08 |title=An exhibition at Emami Art, Kolkata, celebrated paper as medium and message |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/an-exhibition-at-emami-art-kolkata-celebrated-paper-as-medium-and-message/article65284097.ece |access-date=2022-09-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katakam |first=Anupama |date=2022-09-22 |title='Woman is as Woman Does': An ode to womanpower |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/art/art-exhibition-woman-is-as-woman-does-at-csmvs-mumbai-ode-to-womanpower-feminism-in-india/article65885643.ece |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Public collections ===
In India, Dodiya's works are a part of the collections at [[National Gallery of Modern Art|NGMA]], New Delhi;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ring - II - Anju Dodiya |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ring-ii-anju-dodiya/9gEPI07mZkrWaA |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|KNMA]], New Delhi;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=Vignettes Collection |url=https://www.knma.in/vignettes-collection |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> Vadhera Art Gallery, New Delhi;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya |url=https://www.vadehraart.com/artists/37-anju-dodiya/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Vadehra Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref> [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai;<ref name=":2" /> [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|NGMA, Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance 2001 |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_mum-acc-no-1375-769 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Museums of India |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation|JNAF]], Mumbai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya {{!}} JNAF |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/anju-dodiya-1964/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=jnaf.org}}</ref> Whereas, her creations present abroad are in the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], Chicago<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya |url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/54711/anju-dodiya |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Art Institute of Chicago |date=18 September 1964 |language=en}}</ref> and Burger Collection, Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya |url=https://www.burgercollection.org/artists/147-anju-dodiya/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=BURGER Collection |language=en}}</ref> to name a few.

=== Awards and nominations ===
Dodiya has received the Reliance India Art Exhibition Award for Harmony in 1999, the Young Achiever Award for Indo-American Society in 2001 and the Zee Existence Award in 2007. She has been nominated twice for the [[Sotheby's]] Prize for Contemporary Art, in 1998 and 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anju Dodiya |url=https://artiana.com/Artist/Anju-Dodiya |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=artiana.com}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* Dodiya, Anju (2021). Breathing On Mirrors.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Anju Dodiya : breathing on mirrors. |date=2021 |isbn=978-81-954610-1-1 |location=Mumbai |oclc=1287995166}}</ref>
* Dodiya, Anju (2012). Room for Erasures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodiya |first=Anju |title=Room for erasures |date=2012 |others=Gallery Chemould |isbn=978-81-908879-5-3 |location=Mumbai |oclc=883963107}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Anju Dodiya}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMaTgruoyWI Interview with Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRCeeOZeazA Talk: The Colour of Doubt]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dodiya, Anju}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]

Peddi

2026-05-06T22:52:16Z

Juliivg: added basic details v1

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Buchi Babu Sana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = ''Peddi''
| image = Peddi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Buchi Babu Sana]]
| producer = Venkata Satish Kilaru<br/>Ishan Saksena
| writer = Buchi Babu Sana
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ram Charan]]
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Jagapathi Babu]]
* [[Divyenndu]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = Vriddhi Cinemas<br/>IVY Entertainment
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br/>[[Sukumar Writings]]<br />[[Jio Studios]] (North India)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|6|04}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}300 crore<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 July 2025 |title=Ram Charan’s PEDDI To Cost Rs300 Crore? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/ram-charans-peddi-to-cost-rs300-crore-1891061 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 July 2025 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi becomes one of the costliest Telugu films, See the budget |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ram-charan-s-peddi-becomes-one-of-the-costliest-telugu-films-see-the-budget-article-13277979.html |website=MoneyControl}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Peddi''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Buchi Babu Sana]]. It is produced by Venkata Satish Kilaru under Vriddhi Cinemas and co-produced by Ishan Saksena under IVY Entertainment and presented by [[Mythri Movie Makers]] and [[Sukumar Writings]]. The film stars [[Ram Charan]] as the titular role, alongside [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Divyenndu]].

The film began with the working title of ''RC16'' in March 2024, with official title being announced as ''Peddi'' in March 2025. Principal photography commenced in [[Mysuru]] on 22 November 2024 with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Colombo]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Pune]] until November 2025. The original score and soundtrack album are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].

The film is scheduled to be released theatrically on 4 June 2026.

==Cast==
* [[Ram Charan]] as Peddi Pehelwan
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as Achiyamma, Peddi's love interest
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Gournaidu
* [[Divyenndu]] as Rambujji
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Appalasoori
* [[Boman Irani]]
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Shruti Haasan]] (special appearance in a song)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In late-November 2022, [[Ram Charan]] confirmed his collaboration with [[Buchi Babu Sana]] for his next film.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=28 November 2022 |title=Ram Charan's next is with 'Upenna' director Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-charans-next-is-with-upenna-director-buchi-babu-sana/article66194926.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was produced by Venkata Satish Kilaru's Vriddhi Cinemas and [[Sukumar|Sukumar Writings]], [[Mythri Movie Makers]] to be the distributors.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2022 |title=RC 16: Ram Charan announces new pan-India film, a sports drama directed by Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-announces-new-film-a-sports-drama-directed-by-buchi-babu-sana-101669619327279.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film's crew and actors who were playing pivotal characters in the film were announced through individual publicity posters shared through the social media handles of the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Ram Charan To Resume Shooting For His New Movie #RC16 Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-to-resume-shooting-for-his-new-movie-rc16-soon-article-116106390 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Accordingly, [[R. Rathnavelu]] was announced as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=24 February 2024 |title=Rathnavelu comes on board for Ram Charan-Buchibabu film |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rathnavelu-comes-on-board-for-ram-charan-buchibabu-film-860659 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> In January 2024, [[A. R. Rahman]] was brought onboard to compose the background score and music to the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=OnlineNews |first=The Hindu |date=6 January 2024 |title=AR Rahman to compose for director Buchi Babu Sana's film with Ram Charan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-to-compose-for-director-buchi-babu-sanas-film-with-ram-charan/article67712794.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The production house scheduled auditions in Vizianagaram, Salur, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam to rope in additional actors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2024 |title=Makers of 'RC16' talent hunt for aspiring actors to get a chance to be featured in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc16-talent-hunt-be-featured-in-the-film-ram-charan/articleshow/107313706.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was launched under the working title RC16 on 20 March 2024 by [[Chiranjeevi]] in [[Hyderabad]]. The film was called out as a "rural, emotional and rustic journey" for the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=20 March 2024 |title='RRR' Star Ram Charan's 16th Film Launched by Chiranjeevi |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/rrr-ram-charans-rc16-chiranjeevi-1235947008/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Charan underwent physical transformation for his role under fitness coach Shivoham Bhatt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Ram Charan Transforming Into Beast Mode; Preps Up For Macho Look In #RC 16 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-transforming-into-beast-mode-preps-up-for-macho-look-in-rc-16-article-113402698 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He learnt the [[Vizianagaram]] dialect for his role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=9 April 2025 |title=Makers of Ram Charan's 'Peddi' promise epic film after overwhelming response to first glimpse |url=https://telanganatoday.com/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-promise-epic-film-after-overwhelming-response-to-first-glimpse |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Ram Charan]] was announced as the main lead.<ref name=":0"/> [[Shiva Rajkumar]] confirmed joining the film in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 January 2024 |title=Shiva Rajkumar confirms joining the cast of Ram Charan’s RC 16 with Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/shiva-rajkumar-confirms-joining-the-cast-of-ram-charan-s-rc-16-with-buchi-babu-sana-101704467077091.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Janhvi Kapoor|Jahnavi Kapoor]] was announced as the female lead alongside Charan on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor joins Ram Charan in her second Telugu film RC 16: Mythri Movie Makers announces on her 27th birthday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-in-her-second-telugu-film-rc-16-27th-birthday-101709702395849.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Divyenndu]] joined the film in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 January 2025 |title=Jagapathi Babu elated about his role in RC 16 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jagapathi-babu-elated-about-his-role-in-rc-16-1854701 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Ram Charan starrer 'RC16' team welcomes THIS 'Mirzapur' star aboard in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-starrer-rc16-team-welcomes-this-mirzapur-star-aboard-in-the-film/articleshow/115834227.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was offered a role but declined it, as he preferred to play a diversive role in subsequent films rather than reprising a father figure again as he did in Sana's ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi declined a role in 'RC16' due to THIS reason: reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-declined-a-role-in-rc16-due-to-this-reason-reports/articleshow/112851114.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] joined the cast in December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 December 2025 |title=Boman Irani Joins the Cast Of Ram Charan's 'Peddi' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/boman-irani-joins-the-cast-of-ram-charans-peddi |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> In April 2026, [[Shruti Haasan]] was roped in for a special appearance in a song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2026 |title=Peddi: Shruti Haasan shoots with Ram Charan for a special song; her gold-clad look gets leaked sparking buzz |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/peddi-shruti-haasan-shoots-with-ram-charan-for-a-special-song-her-gold-clad-look-gets-leaked-sparking-buzz |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced in Mysuru on 22 November 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=OnlineNews |first=The Hindu |date=23 November 2024 |title='RC 16': Ram Charan-Janhvi Kapoor film goes on floors in Mysuru; Jagapathi Babu joins the cast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-janhvi-kapoor-film-goes-on-floors-in-mysuru-jagapathi-babu-joins-the-cast/article68901661.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The director posted his picture with the film’s script in front of the [[Chamundeshwari Temple]].<ref name=":2" /> Aalim Hakim was roped in to design the look for Charan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Suman |date=25 November 2024 |title=A Sneak-peek Of Charan's Look In RC16 |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/326388/a-sneak-peek-of-charans-look-in-rc16 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref> Kapoor stayed in Hyderabad through December 2024 to prepare for her character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor takes a break from shooting RC 16; visits Hanuman temple in Hyderabad. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-takes-a-break-from-shooting-rc-16-visits-hanuman-temple-in-hyderabad-watch-101730996896487.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A few scenes were filmed at the Bhoot Bungalow in Hyderabad for 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 December 2024 |title=Ram Charangears up for 'RC16'shoot resumption after a small break |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-charangears-up-for-rc16shoot-resumption-after-a-small-break-927858 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> An action sequence was filmed near [[Moula Ali hill|Moula Ali]] through five days in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=7 April 2025 |title=Ram Charan Resumes PEDDI Shoot with Intense Scenes in Moula Ali |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charan-resumes-peddi-shoot-with-intense-scenes-in-moula-ali-1871441 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, production designer Avinash Kolla and his team have built village resembling [[Vizianagaram|Vizianagram]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Makers of Ram Charan's Peddi Recreate Vizianagaram Town {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/makers-of-ram-charans-peddi-recreate-vizianagaram-town-75577.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> in the outskirts of Hyderabad, where stunt and dramatic sequences were filmed.<ref name=":3" /> The team has recreated the 1980s coastal town with detailed sets and period-specific props.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2025 |title=BTS of Ram Charan's cliff-edge dance in Peddi film goes viral, fans react |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bts-of-ram-charans-cliff-edge-dance-in-peddi-film-goes-viral-fans-react/articleshow/124492613.cms#:~:text=It%20is%20said%20that%20nearly,sets%20and%20period-specific%20props. |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 30% of the filming was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=22 May 2025 |title=Peddi: Filming For Ram Charan's Movie Begins On Massive Village Set In Hyderabad |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/filming-for-ram-charan-movie-peddi-begins-on-massive-village-set-in-hyderabad-enn25052204667 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> By October 2025, the crew filmed a romantic number in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan and Janhvi Kapoor Head to Sri Lanka for a Song Shoot {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-head-to-sri-lanka-for-a-song-shoot-78656.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> In the Pune schedule, a dance number titled "Chikiri" choreographed by Jani Master<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan Travels To Pune, To Shoot A Grand Song Sequence For Peddi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-to-pune-to-shoot-a-grand-song-sequence-for-peddi-ws-l-9623032.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008134201/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-to-pune-to-shoot-a-grand-song-sequence-for-peddi-ws-l-9623032.html |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> was filmed at Savalya Ghat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor, Ram Charan Trek 45 Minutes for 'Chikiri Chikiri' Song {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/janhvi-kapoor-ram-charan-trek-45-minutes-for-chikiri-chikiri-song-79631.html |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> 60% of the filming was completed, with the first half edited.<ref name=":4" /> In December 2025, an action sequence choreographed by Sham Kaushal was filmed in a steel factory in Hyderabad.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=2020-07-26 |title=Sham Kaushal Roped For Action Sequence In 'Peddi' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/29/a-massive-set-erected-for-a-crucial-fight-sequence-in-ram-charans-peddi |journal=Cinema Express |volume= |issue= |doi= |issn= |access-date=December 7, 2025}}</ref> It was face-off between Charan and Rajkumar.<ref name=":6" /> In March 2026, Charan suffered a minor injury while filming an action sequence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 March 2026 |title=Ram Charan's team, Peddi unit confirm actor sustained injury while shooting action sequence; takes no break |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charans-team-confirms-actor-sustained-injury-while-shooting-action-sequence-for-peddi-takes-no-break-101774415681669.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In April 2026, a special song featuring [[Shruti Haasan]] was filmed in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 April 2026 |title=Shruti Haasan Joins Ram Charan for Special Dance Number |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/peddi-update-shruti-haasan-joins-ram-charan-for-special-dance-number-83403.html |website=Filmfare.com}}</ref> Principal photography was wrapped by the end of April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=‘Peddi’ update: Ram Charan starrer sports drama wraps up shoot; cinematographer hails working with ‘RRR’ star ‘truly special’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-update-ram-charan-starrer-sports-drama-wraps-up-shoot-cinematographer-hails-working-with-rrr-star-truly-special/articleshow/130671978.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
The [[original score]] and [[soundtrack album]] are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. He finished composing three tracks for the film by March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=RC 16: AR Rahman finished composing three songs for the Ram Charan starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-16-ar-rahman-finished-composing-three-songs-for-the-ram-charan-starrer/articleshow/108875075.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|35|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan's Peddi Audio Rights Set a New Record |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-audio-rights-set-a-new-record-1870435 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402111844/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-audio-rights-set-a-new-record-1870435 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first single titled "[[Chikiri Chikiri]]" was released on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2025 |title='Peddi' song: 'Chikiri Chikri' decoded; AR Rahman and Buchi Babu Sana reveal how Ram Charan's love song was born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-song-chikiri-chikri-decoded-ar-rahman-and-buchi-babu-sana-reveal-how-ram-charans-love-song-was-born/articleshow/125103166.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The second single titled "Rai Rai Raa Raa" was released on 2 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=Ram Charan sets screen ablaze with graceful moves in 'Rai Rai Raa Raa' from Peddi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/03/ram-charan-sets-screen-ablaze-with-graceful-moves-in-rai-rai-raa-raa-from-peddi |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Chikiri Chikiri]]
| length1 = 4:33
| lyrics1 = Balaji
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| title2 = Rai Rai Raa Raa
| length2 = 4:27
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra2 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Peddi'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 4 June 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi finally locks a release date in June. Read details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charans-peddi-finally-locks-a-release-date-to-hit-theatres-in-june-2904385-2026-05-01 |website=India Today}}</ref> Originally, it was scheduled to release on 27 March 2026, coinciding with Charan's birthday,<ref name=":1"/> however it was postponed due to unfinished production work.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title='Peddi': Ram Charan and Janhvi Kapoor starrer's release to be postponed again - Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-ram-charan-and-janhvi-kapoor-starrers-release-to-be-postponed-again-reports/articleshow/128806488.cms |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, the release date got shifted to 30 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2026 |title=Ram Charan's 'Peddi' to now hit screens on April 30! |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/public/index.php/ram-charans-peddi-to-now-hit-screens-on-april-30 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[India Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> However, director Sana revealed at the Telugu pre-release event of ''[[Kara (film)|Kara]]'' that it will be postponed to 25 June 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2026 |title=Buchi Babu Sana Locks Peddi Release Date for June 25 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/buchi-babu-sana-locks-peddi-release-date-for-june-25-1953023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 April 2026 |title=Ram Charan's Peddi Postponed Once Again, Now Eyeing June Release |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-charans-peddi-postponed-once-again-now-eyeing-june-release-11361505 |website=NDTV}}</ref> before preponing to it's current release date.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |title=Ram Charan’s Peddi locks June 4 release hours after Mythri’s Jetlee boycott statement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charans-peddi-locks-june-4-release-mythris-jetlee-boycott-statement-10666332/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
In March 2025, the title of the film was announced as ''Peddi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=‘RC 16’: Ram Charan’s film titled ‘Peddi’; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rc-16-ram-charan-peddi-first-look-poster-janhvi-kapoor-shivarajkumar/article69380307.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first official poster was released on that day. Additionally, a one-minute [[Teaser trailer|video teaser]] released on 6 April 2025, which introduces Charan in a rugged look, sporting long beard and nose ring.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2025 |title='Peddi' makers thank fans for overwhelming response to Ram Charan's first glimpse; confirm March 2026 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/peddi-makers-thank-fans-for-overwhelming-response-to-ram-charans-first-glimpse-confirm-march-2026-release/articleshow/120118589.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=Ram Charan-Janhvi Kapoor's RC16 Faces Delay As Netflix Bags Streaming Rights: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-rc16-faces-delay-as-netflix-bags-streaming-rights-report-9271497.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323081422/https://www.news18.com/movies/ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-rc16-faces-delay-as-netflix-bags-streaming-rights-report-9271497.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23865918}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 action films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Dolby Cinema films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]

Satish Malviya

2026-05-01T04:27:26Z

Juliivg: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Satish Malviya''' (born 1982)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Satish Malviya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GHATIYA (SC)(UJJAIN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=693 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a two-time MLA from [[Ghatiya Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Ujjain district|Ujjain District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=satish malviya madhya-pradesh satish-malviya-ghatiya candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/satish-malviya-madhya-pradesh-ghatiya-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Malviya is from [[Ghatiya]], Ujjain District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Nagulalji Malviya. He completed his B.A. in 2010 at a college affiliated with Madhya Pradesh Bhoj University, [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Malviya won from Ghatiya Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,236 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ramlal Malviya]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 17,666 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatiya Assembly Election Results 2023: Ghatiya Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} घटिया विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/ghatiya-assembly-result-12215 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ramlal Malviya by a margin of 17,639 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatiya Constituency Election Results 2023: Ghatiya Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/ghatiya |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Ramlal, however, won in the 2018 Assembly election but again lost to the same BJP candidate Dr Satish Malviya in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatiya Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Ghatiya Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/ghatiya-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatiya assembly election results 2023: Ghatiya Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/ghatiya-assembly-result-12215 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malviya, Satish}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain district]]

Begumpul RRTS station

2026-04-24T08:30:53Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A17 Begumpul RRTS station.svg|40px]]<br>Begumpul
| style = RapidX
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut}}
| image = Begumpul RRTS station Meerut.jpg
| image_caption = Begumpul RRTS station
| address = Begum Pul, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.99672|77.70571|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS<br>{{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| platform = [[Island platform]]<br />Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}}<br>Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}}
| tracks = 4
| connections =
| structure = [[Subterranea (geography)|Underground]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Operational
| code =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]] '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=Shatabdi Nagar|to-left1=Sarai Kale Khan|right1=Modipuram}}{{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Bhaisali|right1=MES Colony}}
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}{{Meerut Metro Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
}}
'''Begumpul RRTS station''' is an underground transit station in [[Meerut]], [[India]]. It is a part of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] and [[Meerut Metro]].

The station is operational since 22 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Meerut district]]

Naresh Selwal

2026-04-23T16:52:22Z

Juliivg: New basic article needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Anoop Dhanak]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Naresh Selwal''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Uklana Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uklana, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Naresh Selwal with 48577 defeats BJP's Anoop Dhanak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/uklana-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612826-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uklana Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/uklana-election-result-2024-live-update-9077335.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selwal, Naresh}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Suliwala Bagh

2026-04-21T18:01:24Z

Juliivg: Started A Data

{{Short description|Historical garden in India}}
{{Rough translation|1=hi|listed=yes|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Suliwala Bagh
| coordinates = {{coord|29.6631|N|77.8445|E|}}
| location = Purkazi, Muzaffarnagar, India
| elevation = 300m (1,000 ft.)
| image = Suliwala Bagh Purkazi.jpeg
| caption = Suliwala Bagh - Memorial Structure
| locmapin =
}}
'''Suliwala Bagh''', variously spelled as '''Suli Wala Bagh''', '''Sooliwala Bagh''' or '''Sooli Wala Bagh''', is located in [[Purkazi|Purkazi Nagar Panchayat]] of [[Muzaffarnagar]] District, Suliwala Bagh or Sooliwala Bagh (translation: Garden of Gallows) is a historical site in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its history dates back to [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] when the first war of independence or [[Sepoy Mutiny]] broke out between the Indian Freedom activists and the [[British Empire]]. It is locally regarded regard as a "symbol of sacrifice and resistance".

== History ==
Following the 1857 revolt in [[Meerut]], the revolution spread in the neighbouring regions including Muzaffarnagar. Agitated with the atrocities of British rule, the local insurgents killed the then British collector, Werfort on 29 May 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day Monuments: इस बाग में फांसी पर लटकाए गए थे क्रांतिकारी, जलियां वाला बाग से भी पुराना है इतिहास |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnatr-suli-wala-bagh-revolutionaries-were-hanged-in-suliwala-bagh-martyr-s-place-shaeed-smarak/1825281?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

In retaliation, the newly appointed Muzaffarnagar collector, Mr. Edward ordered the British army to suppress the uprising in the area. Surpassing all the limits of atrocities, Major William ordered the hanging of 500 Indian rebels<ref>{{Cite web |last=चौधरी |first=अभिषेक |date=2022-08-14 |title=वीरों की गाथा का गवाह है ये बाग, 500 क्रांतिवीरों को लटकाया गया था सूली पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-news-muzaffarnagar-500-revolutionaries-were-hanged-in-suli-wala-bagh-ann-2191755 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> who had participated in the revolution. This unfateful incident led the park to be named as Suliwala Bagh.

Much before the infamous [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] of 1919 that happened in [[Amritsar]], there occurred the Suli Wala Bagh [[massacre]] in 1857. The mass hanging intended to create a sense of fear among people, but it turned out to be a symbol of martyrdom and resistance. Some silent trees on which the rebels were hanged still exist in the garden, acting as a silent insignia of the gory incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=चौधरी |first=अभिषेक |date=2022-08-14 |title=वीरों की गाथा का गवाह है ये बाग, 500 क्रांतिवीरों को लटकाया गया था सूली पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-news-muzaffarnagar-500-revolutionaries-were-hanged-in-suli-wala-bagh-ann-2191755 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Current State ==
Despite having a historical significance in the wake of India's first ever war of independence, this memorial site continues to be sidelined. The history of Suliwala Bagh is yet to be acknowledged in the official documents. Over the years, the local communities and myriad influential people have been demanding the heritage status for the Muzaffarnagar Park.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-25 |title=Thousands seek heritage status for Muzaffarnagar park where 500 were hanged in 1857 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/thousands-seek-heritage-status-for-mnagar-park-where-500-were-hanged-in-1857/articleshow/63447193.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

For instance, [[Bharatiya Kisan Union|Bhartiya Kisan Union]] Chief [[Rakesh Tikait]] has written to the prime minister of India Narendra Modi to demand Martyr's Memorial status (Shaheed Sthal) for the historical site. Purkazi Chairman Adv. Zaheer Farooqui along has also been regularly demanding the same for the historical park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Dilsad |date=2024-08-16 |title=सूली वाला बाग-शहीदों की याद में चेयरमैन जहीर के पीछे उमड़ा जनसैलाब |url=https://www.nayanjagriti.com/uttar-pradesh/suli-wala-bagh-a-huge-crowd-gathered-behind-president-zaheer-in-memory-of-the-martyrs-920433?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.nayanjagriti.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagh, Suli Wala}}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Parks in India]]

Lunglei East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:59Z

Juliivg: New initial post basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lunglei East
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Lunglei East highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| constituency_no = 31
| district = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalrinpuii]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:13064}}
}}
'''Lunglei East''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in India. It is part of [[Lunglei district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Lalrinpuii]] of the [[Zoram People's Movement]] party.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Joseph Lalhimpuia
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Lawmawma Tochhawng<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lalrinpuii]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunglei East<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalrinpuii]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lawmawma Tochhawng
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Joseph Lalhimpuia
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunglei East<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Lawmawma Tochhawng
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|22.889|92.747|display=title}}

[[Category:Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lunglei]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Matarbari Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:59Z

Juliivg: New initial data initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Matarbari
| mla = [[Abhishek Debroy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:55023}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Matarbari Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 32
}}

'''Matarbari Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It comprises [[Matarbari tehsil]], [[Maharani tehsil]], along with parts of [[Jamjuri tehsil|Jamjuri]] and [[Garji tehsil|Garji]] tehsils in [[Gomati district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nishi Kanta Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Naresh Chandra Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Maharani Bibhu Kumari Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Kashiram Reang
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Madhab Chandra Saha]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Kashiram Reang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=3 | [[Madhab Chandra Saha]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Biplab Kumar Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Abhishek Debroy]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abhishek Debroy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,494 |percentage=51.06% |change={{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pranajit Roy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,453|percentage=32.95%|change={{increase}}31.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biralal Noatia|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=7,101|percentage=14.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=576|percentage=1.15%|change={{increase}}0.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tarmin Uddin|party=Independent politician|votes=309|percentage=0.62%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,041 |percentage=18.11% |change= {{increase}}14.72 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=49,933|percentage=90.90%|change={{decrease}}0.85}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,023 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Biplab Kumar Ghosh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,069 |percentage=49.79% |change={{increase}}48.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,500 |percentage=46.40% |change={{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijit Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=497 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}46.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwajit Chakraborty |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=315 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Roy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=302 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=301 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,569 |percentage=3.39% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,336 |percentage=92.69% |change= {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,586 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=22,178 |percentage=50.09% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biplab Kumar Ghosh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,868 |percentage=47.13% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhusudhan Bhattacharjee |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=477 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Roy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=414 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aghore Debbarma |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=343 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,310 |percentage=2.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,280 |percentage=95.78% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,272 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,601 |percentage=50.18% |change={{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhu Kumari Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,381 |percentage=46.26% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Roy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=601 |percentage=1.93% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhusudhan Bhattacharjee |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=505 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,220 |percentage=3.92% |change= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,088 |percentage=95.31% |change= {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,626 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,304 |percentage=52.61% |change={{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashiram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,333 |percentage=45.36% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Roy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=554 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,971 |percentage=7.25% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,191 |percentage=85.66% |change= {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,766 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashiram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,016 |percentage=50.12% |change={{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,171 |percentage=46.60% |change={{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Ghosh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=732 |percentage=3.05% |change={{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=845 |percentage=3.52% |change= {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,973 |percentage=84.84% |change= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,622 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,566 |percentage=49.94% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashiram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,247 |percentage=44.25% |change={{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirpanjoy Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyamal Dey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=432 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,319 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,159 |percentage=86.34% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,167 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashiram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,514 |percentage=49.65% |change={{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Chandra Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,506 |percentage=49.61% |change={{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Paul |party=Janata Party |votes=108 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8 |percentage=0.04% |change= {{decrease}}16.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,161 |percentage=87.29% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,162 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maharani Bibhu Kumari Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,195 |percentage=57.41% |change={{increase}}38.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhab Saha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,625 |percentage=41.36% |change={{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maran Chandra Das |party=Janata Party |votes=154 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}11.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,570 |percentage=16.05% |change= {{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,016 |percentage=86.26% |change= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,854 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Ghosh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,372 |percentage=50.91% |change={{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,418 |percentage=19.32% |change={{decrease}}26.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sachindra Kumar Chowdhury |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=2,157 |percentage=17.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samar Sarkar |party=Janata Party |votes=1,515 |percentage=12.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,954 |percentage=31.59% |change= {{increase}}24.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,515 |percentage=82.20% |change= {{increase}}16.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,487 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Matarbari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nishi Kanta Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,851 |percentage=45.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Ghosh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,215 |percentage=38.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Kar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,360 |percentage=16.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=636 |percentage=7.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,426 |percentage=67.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,003 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gomati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.51|91.50||display=title}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Liyai Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:50Z

Juliivg: New new details basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Liyai
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 11,094
|mla = S. P. Henry
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Liyai Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. P. Henry || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Liyai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Henry |party=Independent politician |votes=2,853 |percentage=36.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khos U Thikho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,482 |percentage=31.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D Thoiso |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,387 |percentage=30.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=371 |percentage=4.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,844 |percentage=70.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,094 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

Ramanagara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:53Z

Juliivg: added some article with sources

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramanagara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 183
| map_image = 183-Ramanagara constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore south district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:216086}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
}}

'''Ramanagara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in [[Karnataka]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] is one of the constituencies located in [[Bangalore south district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]], along with eight other assembly constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

=== Mysore State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1957 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3772-karnataka-1957/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 1957 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html |website=elections.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3773-karnataka-1962/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1962 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1962, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1962 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082211/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1962 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|[[T. Madiah Gowda]]
|-
| [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1967, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1967 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082210/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1967 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="elections19672">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 1967 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |accessdate=2020-06-18 |website=elections.in}}</ref>
| B. R. Dhananjiah
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1972 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1972, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1972 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082210/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1972 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| B. Puttaswamaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)|dab=yes}}
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1978 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3776-karnataka-1978/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1978 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1978-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1978, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1978 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082214/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1978 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| A.K. Abdul Samad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1983 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1983, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1983 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082208/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1983 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| C. Boraiah
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1985 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1985, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1985 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082208/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Puttaswamy Gowda
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1989 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3779-karnataka-1989/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1989 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1989-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1989, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1989 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082207/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1989 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| C.M. Lingappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1994 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3780-karnataka-1994/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1994 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1994-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1994, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1994 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082207/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1994 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[H. D. Devegowda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 1997{{efn|by-election, after [[H. D. Devegowda]] became the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]}}
| rowspan=2|C.M. Lingappa
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 1999, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1999 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082207/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Successful Candidates in Karnataka Assembly Election in 2004 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 2004, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2004 |website=traceall.in |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103082212/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=6|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| 2009{{efn|by-election, after [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] went to Lok Sabha and vacated this seat}}
| K. Raju
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|H. D. Kumaraswamy
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>
|-
| 2018{{efn|by-election, after [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] retained Channapatna and vacated this seat}}
| [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Ramnagara">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Ramnagara |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10183.htm?ac=183 |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414173822/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10183.htm?ac=183 |archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 87,690 |percentage = 47.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikhil Kumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 76,975 |percentage = 42.12% |change = {{decrease}}43.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gautham Marilingegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,912 |percentage = 7.07% |change = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Byregowda. S |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 880 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,715 |percentage = 5.86% |change = {{decrease}}69.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,891 |percentage = 84.64% |change = {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,750}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,086 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}38.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 elections in India#Karnataka|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 125,043 |percentage = 86.08% |change = {{increase}}32.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Chandrashekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,906 |percentage = 10.95% |change = {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,909 |percentage = 2.00% |change = {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Revanna |party = Purvanchal Mahapanchayat |votes = 2,231 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 109,137 |percentage = 75.13% |change = {{increase}}61.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,169 |percentage = 71.81% |change = {{decrease}}11.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,259}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,329 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}32.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 92,626 |percentage = 53.96% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,990 |percentage = 40.77% |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leelavathi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,871 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,636 |percentage = 13.19% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,758 |percentage = 82.98% |change = {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,652}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,999 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 83,447 |percentage = 47.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maridevaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,049 |percentage = 32.95% |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivamadhu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,776 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fairoz Ali Khan |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,368 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. P. Shankaregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,140 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,067 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,398 |percentage = 14.42% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,913 |percentage = 80.58% |change = {{increase}}10.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,151}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Raju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,774 |percentage = 48.93% |change = {{decrease}}7.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,724 |percentage = 31.18% |change = {{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naraynagowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,556 |percentage = 14.94% |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallkarjunaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,646 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haqulla Sharief |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,057 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddaramacahi |party = Independent politician |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,050 |percentage = 17.75% |change = {{decrease}}19.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,214 |percentage = 70.38% |change = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,214}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,483 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}7.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 71,700 |percentage = 56.09% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Rudresha |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,440 |percentage = 19.12% |change = {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mamatha Hegade Nichani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,678 |percentage = 18.52% |change = {{decrease}}16.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Kumara Swamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,218 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. E. Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,247 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Kumaraswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 947 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,260 |percentage = 36.97% |change = {{increase}}17.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,057 |percentage = 73.62% |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,836}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,939 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 69,554 |percentage = 54.15% |change = {{increase}}32.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,638 |percentage = 34.75% |change = {{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,700 |percentage = 7.55% |change = {{decrease}}16.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna. K. V |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,585 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murthy Nayaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,916 |percentage = 19.40% |change = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,456 |percentage = 65.46% |change = {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,454}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,229 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,553 |percentage = 42.09% |change = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Girigowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,400 |percentage = 23.87% |change = {{increase}}18.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Honappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,701 |percentage = 21.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shedhadri (Shashi) |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,111 |percentage = 7.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,581 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekar. B. K |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 2,258 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,153 |percentage = 18.22% |change = {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,625 |percentage = 69.47% |change = {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,604}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,979 |percentage = 4.31% |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,450 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1997 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1997 elections in India#Karnataka|1997 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |title=BYE - ELECTIONS, 1997 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130951/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,924 |percentage = 51.40% |change = {{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Amarnath Alias Ambarish |party = Janata Dal |votes = 50,314 |percentage = 43.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Girigowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,043 |percentage = 5.18% |change = {{decrease}}15.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,610 |percentage = 8.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,762 |percentage = 77.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,582}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,180 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,923 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 47,986 |percentage = 43.25% |change = {{increase}}29.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,392 |percentage = 34.60% |change = {{decrease}}27.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Girigowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,664 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Afroz Ahamed |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 716 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,594 |percentage = 8.65% |change = {{decrease}}30.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,374 |percentage = 78.84% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,955}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,529 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,275 |percentage = 62.43% |change = {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Boraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,022 |percentage = 22.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 12,843 |percentage = 13.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamad Peer |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 751 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,253 |percentage = 39.62% |change = {{increase}}37.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,144 |percentage = 76.22% |change = {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,548}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,596 |percentage = 2.62% |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,079 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,284 |percentage = 49.48% |change = {{decrease}}12.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,280 |percentage = 46.89% |change = {{increase}}10.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ahamed Qureshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,467 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,004 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}23.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,408 |percentage = 73.46% |change = {{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,365}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,043 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,736 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Boraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 45,076 |percentage = 62.02% |change = {{increase}}29.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Abdul Samad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,200 |percentage = 36.05% |change = {{increase}}13.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 742 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kunne Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 666 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,876 |percentage = 25.97% |change = {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,124 |percentage = 80.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,684}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,440 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,394 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}19.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Abdul Samad |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,837 |percentage = 42.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Boraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,875 |percentage = 32.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Lingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,856 |percentage = 22.84% |change = {{decrease}}21.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 613 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 442 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 425 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,962 |percentage = 10.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,279 |percentage = 81.04% |change = {{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,048}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 1.86% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,783 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}13.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Puttaswamaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 26,775 |percentage = 56.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Abdul Samad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,978 |percentage = 43.93% |change = {{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,797 |percentage = 12.14% |change = {{decrease}}24.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,940 |percentage = 66.27% |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,753}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,849 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Dhananjiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,893 |percentage = 65.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Ramanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,151 |percentage = 28.96% |change = {{decrease}}25.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mahadevappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 3.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gopal |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 834 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,742 |percentage = 36.35% |change = {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,770 |percentage = 55.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,967 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Madiah Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,517 |percentage = 54.06% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,870 |percentage = 34.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Chikkanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,924 |percentage = 6.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Gopal |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 4.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,647 |percentage = 19.67% |change = {{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,200 |percentage = 56.85% |change = {{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,704}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,883 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,865 |percentage = 63.66% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,913 |percentage = 36.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,952 |percentage = 27.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,778 |percentage = 71.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,778}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,135 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,640 |percentage = 59.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Ramaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 7,937 |percentage = 28.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Gurulingiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,401 |percentage = 8.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Venkatappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 4.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,703 |percentage = 30.96% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,113 |percentage = 74.96% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,113}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,502 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.72|77.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals

2026-04-11T15:49:11Z

Juliivg: Done

{{Short description|Indian consumer electronics company}}
{{distinguish|CG Power and Industrial Solutions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited
| logo = Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|539876}}<br />{{NSE|CROMPTON}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE299U01018}}
| industry = Consumer electronics
| founded = 1937
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = Promeet Ghosh<br>{{small|(CEO & MD)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Promeet Ghosh named MD & CEO of Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/promeet-ghosh-named-md-ceo-of-crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals/articleshow/99734610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br>Kaleeswaran Arunachalam<br>{{small|(CFO)}}
| products = [[Fan (machine)|Fans]], [[Water pumps]], [[Lighting]], [[Home appliances]], [[Kitchen appliances]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|7932|c}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|564|c}}
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets =
| assets_year =
| num_employees =
| subsid = Butterfly Gandhimathi (75%)
| website = {{URL|https://www.crompton.co.in}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves Financial Results |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals-ltd/crompton/539876/financials-results/|access-date=19 Feb 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves Q4 Profit Rises 29 % to Rs 172 Crore; Revenue Grows 5 % |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/corporate/crompton-greaves-q4-profit-rises-29-to-rs-172-crore-revenue-grows-5 |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=Outlook Business |date=15 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited''', [[doing business as]] '''Crompton''', is an Indian [[electrical equipment]] company based in [[Mumbai]]. The company has lighting and electrical consumer durables including LED lighting, fans, pumps, and household appliances like water heaters, air coolers, and kitchen appliances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debangana |first=Ghosh |date=2020-09-05 |title=Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals has been doing well but there is a tightrope walk ahead |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/markets/feature/crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals-has-been-doing-well-but-there-is-a-tightrope-walk-ahead-5981 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Business]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=Sahay |title=Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Ltd: Q2FY17 Result Update |url=https://www.edelweiss.in/ewwebimages/WebFiles/Research/2f7d582f-08ab-444e-a19c-dbe66e5f217b.pdf |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Edelweiss}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was established in 1937 as Crompton Parkinson Works Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Crompton Parkinson]]. In 1947, it was acquired by [[Karam Chand Thapar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zaveri |first=Jimit |date=2020-09-30 |title=Initiating Coverage Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/Initiating%20Coverage%20-%20Crompton%20Greaves%20Consumer%20Electricals%20Ltd%20-%20300920.pdf |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=[[HDFC securities]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Seth |first=Amit |date=2010|title=A Study of Turnaround Strategies of Indian Corporate Sector - An Analysis of Selected Companies |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144527033.pdf |type=PhD Thesis |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|pages=105|via=[[CORE (research service)]]}}</ref> The company was established in 2016 as an outcome of the demerger of Crompton Greaves Limited which separated the latter's consumer goods business from the power and industrial systems segment.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last=Bhattacharyya |first=Asish K. |date=2020-12-12 |title=Evolution of Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies – Indian Experience |language=en |ssrn=3747512 }}</ref> The demerger plan was announced in July 2014 and it was completed in 2016 with the creation of [[CG Power and Industrial Solutions]] and Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaprakash |first=Rinu |date=October 2017 |title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF NIFTY INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX STOCKS |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347509026 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce |issn=2231-4172}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Indranil |last2=Lahiri |first2=Saikat |date=2020 |title=Crompton: Innovation in Anti-Dust Fans |url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/sites/all/files/case_studies_portal/crompton_sneak_peek.pdf |journal=IIM Calcutta Case Research Center |via=[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]}}</ref> At the time of demerger, [[Gautam Thapar]], the former chairman of combined Crompton Greaves Limited, sold his 34% stake in CGCEL to [[Advent International]] and [[Temasek Holdings]] for ₹2000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberoi |first=Rahul |date=2016-05-13 |title=Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals lists on bourses today, shares up |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals-lists-on-bourses-today-shares-up/254268/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Crompton's operation is divided into two segments: one is Electrical consumer durables (ECD) which include fans, appliances, and pumps. The other one is Lightings which includes LED and Non-LEDs products. Under the ECD, the company holds 26% market share in [[Fan (machine)|fans]] business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Deepak |date=2020-12-25 |title=INSTITUTIONAL EQUITY RESEARCH Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Ltd Higher focus on market share |url=http://backoffice.phillipcapital.in/Backoffice/Researchfiles/Researchfilesmove/PC_-_CG_Consumer_Initiating_Coverage_20201225230117.pdf |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=[[PhillipCapital]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lohade |first1=Aachal |last2=Agarwal |first2=Manish |last3=Bachhawat |first3=Shrenik |date=2019-04-01 |title=JM Financial's Report on Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited |url=http://jmflresearch.com/JMnew/JMCRM/analystreports/pdf/Crompton_Initiation_1April2019.pdf |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=JM Financials}}</ref>

As of September 2020, the company has manufacturing facilities at [[Goa]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmednagar]] and [[Baddi]].<ref name=":0" /> And one R&D centre at [[Vikhroli]], in the suburb of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals sets up its largest R&D facility in Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals-sets-up-its-largest-rd-facility-in-mumbai/article37788138.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer electricals firm Crompton bets big on its R&D |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/04/27/consumer-electronics-firm-crompton-bets-big-rd.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, Crompton acquired a 55% [[controlling stake]] in home appliances firm Butterfly Gandhimathi for {{INRconvert|1380|c|mode=historical|year=2022|round=-1}} and an additional 26% through an [[tender offer|open offer]] for {{INRconvert|666|c|mode=historical|year=2022|round=-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves to acquire 55% stake in Butterfly Gandhimathi Appliances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/crompton-greaves-to-acquire-55-stake-in-butterfly-gandhimathi-appliances/articleshow/89783000.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> In March 2023, Crompton announced a [[stock swap]] merger with Butterfly Gandhimathi,<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/crompton-butterfly-gandhimathi-to-merge-expect-nclt-approval-by-q4-fy24-10312081.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref> but the proposed merger failed after public shareholders voted against it in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalerao |first1=Mayur |title=Butterfly's merger with parent Crompton Greaves fails to gain nod {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/butterflys-merger-with-parent-crompton-greaves-fails-to-gain-nod-11698806901243.html |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=mint |date=1 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In November 2017, [[Reuters]] reported instances of "prescient messages" regarding the performance of 12 Indian companies in [[WhatsApp]] groups and it included Crompton.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-16 |title=Exclusive: Prescient messages about Indian companies circulate in WhatsApp groups |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-whatsapp-idUSKBN1DG0IV |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref> The information contained upcoming quarterly results, including specific metrics such as net profits, revenues, and operating margins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Prateek |date=2019 |title=India's Insider Trading Regime: How Connected Are You? |url=https://www.nyujlb.org/_files/ugd/716e9c_4b2080866d29457b8a257ce31db669ef.pdf |journal=[[New York University Journal of Law & Business]]|volume= 16| issue = 1|pages=1–29|issn=|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}</ref> At that time, the matter was investigated by India's [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] for [[insider trading]] by brokers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=SHAH |first=PALAK |title=WhatsApp leak case: SAT sets aside SEBI order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/whatsapp-leak-case-sat-sets-aside-sebi-order/article34163260.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=25 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Later, in 2021, the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) set aside the SEBI's order because the latter was failed to prove insider trading connection among and between the brokers.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1937]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics brands]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Shravana (film)

2026-04-07T23:54:42Z

Juliivg: Started New Details

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shravana
| image = Shravana (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = B. S. Rajashekar
| producer = R. Mallikarjunayya
| writer =
| screenplay = B. S. Rajashekar
| story = Seethapathi
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Ravikishore<br /> B. S. Rajashekar<br /> Manju Hasan}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
* Bhuvana Chandra
* Sandeep
* [[Gayathiri Iyer]]}}
| music = Karthik Bhoopathi
| cinematography = K. Vasudev
| editing = K. Girish Kumar
| studio = Chithra Madhyama
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2011|3|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Shravana''''' ({{Translation|[[Shravana (month)|Shravana]]}}) is a 2011 [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by B. S. Rajashekar. The film stars [[Vijay Raghavendra]], Bhuvana Chandra, Sandeep and [[Gayathiri Iyer]]. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Vijay "Viji"
* Bhuvana Chandra
* Sandeep
* [[Gayathiri Iyer]] as Kala
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Michael Madhu]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* Ninasam Ashwath
}}

== Production ==
The film is about three friends who are aimless in life and follows the theme that behind every successful man is a woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-south-1-looking-at-kannada-film-shravana/20100212.htm|title=Vijay Raghavendra returns with Shravana|date=12 February 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> The film was predominately shot in [[Tumkuru]] apart from one song which was shot in Bengaluru.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=%60SHRAVANA%60%20BANTHU%20NADIGE??.&id=1955&ptype=News|title=`SHRAVANA` BANTHU NADIGE??.|website=chitratara.com|date=27 May 2010|access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film has soundtrack composed by Karthik Bhoopathi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shravana - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shravana/1jsckYHWFQ4_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=1 January 2011|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhoom Shaka Laka
| length1 = 4:34
| lyrics1 = B. S. Rajashekar
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title2 = Namoora Devara Jaathre
| length2 = 4:50
| lyrics2 = [[Doddarangegowda]]
| extra2 = Gana Ulaganathan, [[Chaitra H. G.]], [[L. N. Shastri]]
| title3 = Kanasugala Koteyali
| length3 = 4:24
| lyrics3 = B. S. Rajashekar
| extra3 = Vyshali Sisters, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Pathithe Ennidiro O Athithi
| length4 = 6:17
| lyrics4 = Honnenahalli Manjunath
| extra4 = Chaitra H. G.
| total_length = 20:05
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was scheduled to release in ''[[Shravana (month)|Shravana]]'' (mid-July to mid-August) of 2010 but was delayed.<ref name="C"/>

A critic from the ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, "''Shravana'' is a big let down and fiercely boring. Better watch ''Kempe Gowda'' again".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/director-rajashekhars-shravana-a-let-down-kannada-movie-review_24735|title=Director Rajashekhar's 'Shravana' a let down (Kannada Movie Review)|date=13 March 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=India Forums|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Prajavani]]'' wrote that "''Shravana'' is like a weakly shelled pill of moral teaching and is very difficult to swallow."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-2114429|title=ನೀತಿಬೋಧೆಯ ಕಹಿ ಗುಳಿಗೆ|language=kn|website=[[Prajavani]]|first=Visakha|last=N.|date=12 March 2011|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13906990}}

[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

B. C. Patel

2026-04-02T22:16:50Z

Juliivg: New Entry...

{{Short description|Indian jurist}}{{Distinguish|B. C. Patil}}{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babulal Chandulal Patel
| image =
| caption = Official portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|8|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Chief Justice of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 5 March 2003
| term_end = 7 August 2005
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Chief Justice of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start1 = 15 May 2002
| term_end1 = 4 March 2003
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Judge of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 1990
| term_end2 = 14 May 2002
| education = B.A. (Hons.), LL.B., M.A.
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| occupation = Jurist
}}'''Babulal Chandulal Patel''' (born 7 August 1943) is a retired Indian jurist who served as the Chief Justice of the [[Delhi High Court]] from 2003 to 2005 and previously as the Chief Justice of the [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice B.C. Patel {{!}} Welcome To Delhi High Court |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/web/Judges/justice-bc-patel |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babulal Chandulal Patel was born on 7 August 1943 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] (Honours) in [[Economics]] in 1963 from [[Gujarat University]]. In 1967, he obtained his [[LL.B. degree]] and a [[Master of Arts]] in Economics and Politics from the same university.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=L. I. |date=2021-04-29 |title=B.C. PATEL |url=https://lawinsider.in/trending/b-c-patel |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=LAW INSIDER INDIA- INSIGHT OF LAW (SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURT AND JUDICIARY |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Bengalis

2026-03-28T04:55:38Z

Juliivg: added info

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{About|the ethnic group|the citizens of Bangladesh|Bangladeshis}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengalis
| image = Bengali-speaking world.svg
| image_caption =
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|bn|বাঙ্গালী}}|{{lang|bn|বাঙালি}}}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| population = {{circa|285 million}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh wants Bangla as an official UN language: Sheikh Hasina |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bangladesh-wants-bangla-as-an-official-un-language-sheikh-hasina/articleshow/11951526.cms |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI |date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929094236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bangladesh-wants-bangla-as-an-official-un-language-sheikh-hasina/articleshow/11951526.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/09/353662-general-assembly-hears-appeal-bangla-be-made-official-un-language |title=General Assembly hears appeal for Bangla to be made an official UN language |work=UN.org |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601160421/https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/09/353662-general-assembly-hears-appeal-bangla-be-made-official-un-language |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina for Bengali as an official UN language |url=https://ummid.com/news/2010/September/28.09.2010/bengali-as-un-official-language.htm |work=Ummid.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102115546/https://ummid.com/news/2010/September/28.09.2010/bengali-as-un-official-language.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{NoteTag|The statistics presented here, excluding Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, primarily represent the Bangladeshi diaspora. In most cases, the population of the Indian Bengali diaspora could not be included, as no reliable official or estimated data on their numbers abroad is available.}}
| region1 = Bangladesh
| pop1 = 175 million (2024 est.){{NoteTag|2022 census & 2024 World Bank Report<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="unpop">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD|title=Population, total – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>}}
* [[Bangladeshis|Total Bangladeshi Bengalis]]- 190–195 million{{Efn|name=Bangladeshis}}
| region2 = India
| pop2 = 118 million (2026 est.){{Efn|The estimated population of India in 2026 is about 1.48 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooamdezfszPIjHhIIL1lMP9N5cS5LS6CHHcqlOGjZjOr8MGR2ib |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> of which approximately 8% are Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA (LANGUAGE) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222053153/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref>}}
* [[West Bengal#Languages|West Bengal]] - 90 million (2026 est.)
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Other states]] - 28 million (2026 est.)
| region3 = Pakistan
| pop3 = [[Bengalis in Pakistan|3 million]]
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Ayesha |date=27 June 2025 |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Bengalis |url=https://thecontrapuntal.com/pakistans-forgotten-bengalis/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=The Contrapuntal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=The Bengalis Of Karachi Are Losing Their Distinct Cultural Identity |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2023/07/22/the-bengalis-of-karachi-are-losing-their-distinct-cultural-identity/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan |title=Stateless and helpless: The plight of ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan |publisher=Al Jazeera |quote=Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan – an estimated two million – are the most discriminated ethnic community.|access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163339/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan|url-status=live }}</ref>
| region4 = Saudi Arabia
| pop4 = 2,116,192
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2022 Census |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428202653/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref>
| region5 = United Arab Emirates
| pop5 = 1,090,000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/18?type=TABLE |title=Non-Saudi Population |website=Saudi Census 2022 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730172625/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/18?type=TABLE |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/UAE.pdf|title=Migration Profile – UAE|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206233525/https://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/UAE.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6 = Malaysia
| pop6 = 1,000,000
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/abusing-foreign-workers-malaysian-rights-bodies-urgent-probe-1671301 |title=Abuse of Bangladeshi Workers: Malaysian rights bodies for probe |work=The Daily Star |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605014351/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/abusing-foreign-workers-malaysian-rights-bodies-urgent-probe-1671301 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7 = United States
| pop7 = [[Bengali Americans|750,000]]
| ref7 = {{Efn|The estimated number of Bangladeshi Bengali Americans exceeds 600,000.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116181808/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=1 September 2025 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref> If this represents approximately 80%{{Efn|The United States is home to roughly 450,000 Bengalis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> with over 350,000 of them originating from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=1 September 2025 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="USCB Census2">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States}}</ref><ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012.</ref> (2023 Verified Data)}} of the total Bengali American population, then the overall estimated population would surpass 750,000.(2025 estimates)}}
| region8 = Oman
| pop8 = 680,242
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshis top expatriate force in Oman |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/bangladeshis-top-expatriate-force-in-oman-1.2250379 |work=Gulf News |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605111920/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/bangladeshis-top-expatriate-force-in-oman-1.2250379 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region9 = United Kingdom
| pop9 = 662,145{{NoteTag|Figure includes combined responses of people who selected "Bangladeshi" as their ethnicity in all UK countries, and Indian or other ethnic group (England & Wales only) who selected "Bengali" as their main language<ref>[https://www.beta.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/f96e4bc2-a34d-4eeb-888d-8fb74d66846e#get-data Ethnic group and main language (detailed)] Office for National Statistics. 28 March 2023. Retrieved on 4 November 2024.</ref> in the 2021 UK census}}
| ref9 = <ref name=2021census>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author= |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref><ref name="NICensus2021">{{cite web |title=Census 2021 Ethnic group - full detail MS-B02 |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b02.xlsx |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
| region10 = Qatar
| pop10 = 400,000
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite magazine |date=15 August 2019 |title=Population of Qatar by nationality - 2019 report |url=https://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |website=Priya Dsouza |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907003929/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region11 = Italy
| pop11 = 400,000
| ref11 = <ref name="info.undp.org">{{cite web |url=https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/BGD/MM%20Final%2002052018%20NRB%20%20report.pdf |title=Engagement of Non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward |last=Monem |first=Mobasser |date=November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
| region12 = Kuwait
| pop12 = 350,000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi Workers: Around 2 lakh may have to leave Kuwait |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshi-workers-around-2-lakh-may-have-leave-kuwait-1930549 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611150829/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshi-workers-around-2-lakh-may-have-leave-kuwait-1930549 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region13 = South Africa
| pop13 = 300,000
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Over 400 Bangladeshis murdered in South Africa in 4yrs |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/10/01/more-than-400-bangladeshis-murdered-in-south-africa-in-four-years |work=Dhaka Tribune |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515075533/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/10/01/more-than-400-bangladeshis-murdered-in-south-africa-in-four-years |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region14 = Bahrain
| pop14 = 180,000
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/12/c_136122643.htm |title=More illegal Bangladeshi workers enter Bahraini labor market |date=12 March 2017 |work=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161736/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/12/c_136122643.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region15 = Lebanon
| pop15 = 160,000
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Economic crisis in Lebanon: job losses, low pay hit expats |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-in-lebanon-job-losses-1864975 |work=The Daily Star |date=8 February 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232327/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-in-lebanon-job-losses-1864975 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region16 = Jordan
| pop16 = 150,000
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Help at hand for Bangladeshi workers in Middle East |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1657261/world |work=Arab News |date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922025300/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1657261/world |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region17 = Singapore
| pop17 = 150,000
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-singapores-bangladeshi-workers-have-eyes-on-home-as-virus-shakes-community |title=Bangladeshis in Singapore |work=The Straits Times |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611151812/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-singapores-bangladeshi-workers-have-eyes-on-home-as-virus-shakes-community |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region18 = Maldives
| pop18 = 150,000
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635981 |title=Lifestyle of Bangladeshi Workers in Maldives |last1=Shamsi |first1=Tasdidaa |last2=Al-Din |first2=Zaheed |date=December 2015 |location=Bangladesh |conference=13th Asian Business Research Conference |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162703/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635981_Lifestyle_of_Bangladeshi_Workers_in_Maldives |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
| region19 = Canada
| pop19 = 121,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2025-01-22 |title=Language diversity in Canada |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2025007-eng.htm |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| ref19 =
| region20 =
| pop20 =
| ref20 =
| region21 = Australia
| pop21 = 70,116<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBS Australian Census Explorer |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&placeType=australia&places=australia&topic=cultural-diversity |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.sbs.com.au}}</ref>
| ref21 =
| region22 = Greece
| pop22 = 80,000
| ref22 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd">{{Cite web |url=https://erd.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/erd.portal.gov.bd/page/83abb6f9_b264_45f9_92c0_2596b2421dc9/NRB.pdf |title=Engagement of Nonresident Bangladeshis in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward |last=Monem |first=Mobasser |date=July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827032218/https://erd.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/erd.portal.gov.bd/page/83abb6f9_b264_45f9_92c0_2596b2421dc9/NRB.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region23 = Portugal
| pop23 = 70,000 (2024)
| ref23 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/news/bangladeshi-immigrants-now-forefront-portugals-lisbon-neighbourhood-3025651?amp |title=Bangladeshi immigrants now at forefront at Portugal's Lisbon neighbourhood}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/69897 |title=Momen urges Portugal to open mission in Dhaka}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2024/06/12/imigrantes-da-india-e-bangladesh-contestam-alteracoes-a-lei-de-estrangeiros/ |title=Imigrantes da Índia e Bangladesh contestam alterações à lei de estrangeiros}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://observatoriodomundoislamico.pt/comunidade-do-bangladesh-em-portugal-tres-decadas-de-luta-pela-integracao/ |title=Comunidade do Bangladesh em Portugal: três décadas de luta pela integração}}</ref>
| region24 = Spain
| pop24 = 50,000
| ref24 = <ref name="info.undp.org" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Mahmud |first=Jamil |date=3 April 2020 |title=Bangladeshis in Spain suffering |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/spains-support-sought-expedite-release-5-detained-bangladeshi-nationals-3226316 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516111338/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshis-spain-suffering-1889026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region26 = Brunei
| pop26 = 30,000–40,000
| ref26 = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahbub |first1=Mehdi |title=Brunei, a destination for Bangladeshi migrant workers |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers |work=The Financial Express |date=16 May 2016 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516173033/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28 = Japan
| pop28 = 40,045 (as of June 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Community in Japan and Employment Opportunities |url=https://tokyo.mofa.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/695266b435ce18e1c05aadfe |url-status=live |website=Embassy of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Tokyo}}</ref>
| ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf |title=令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016135802/https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region29 = Mauritius
| pop29 = 25,000
| ref29 = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181|title=Bangladeshi workers facing difficulty in sending money from Mauritius|work=The Daily Star|date=4 May 2021|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184610/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region30 = South Korea
| pop30 = 22,000
| ref30 = <ref>{{cite news |last=Mahmud |first=Ezaz |date=17 April 2021 |title=South Korea bans issuing visas for Bangladeshis |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064655/https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region31 = Libya
| pop31 = 20,000
| ref31 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Fighting in Libya: Condition of thousands of Bangladeshis gets worse, says Bangladesh ambassador |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516172832/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region32 =
| pop32 =
| ref32 =
| region33 =
| pop33 =
| ref33 =
| region34 = Poland
| pop34 = 18,000
| ref34 = <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way |title=Poland is cocking up migration in a very European way |newspaper=The Economist |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719232250/https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region35 = Germany
| pop35 = 16,410
| ref35 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210500/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region36 = Egypt
| pop36 = 15,000
| ref36 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places |title=Stay in safer places |work=The Daily Star |date=17 August 2013 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024218/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region37 = France
| pop37 = 15,000
| ref37 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4510549?sommaire=4510556 |title=Étrangers – Immigrés : pays de naissance et nationalités détaillés |website=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223201448/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4510549?sommaire=4510556 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region38 = Sweden
| pop38 = 12,279
| ref38 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/525905/sweden-number-of-asian-immigrants-by-country-of-birth/ |date=February 2021 |title=Sweden: Asian immigrants by country of birth 2020|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524101140/https://www.statista.com/statistics/525905/sweden-number-of-asian-immigrants-by-country-of-birth/|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region39 = Finland
| pop39 = 7,000
| ref39 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Finland – A country of curiosity |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/finland-%E2%80%93-country-curiosity-1298170 |work=The Daily Star |date=14 October 2016 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516103229/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/finland-%E2%80%93-country-curiosity-1298170 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region40 = Brazil
| pop40 = 6,000
| ref40 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |title=Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil |date=19 May 2021 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725094941/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region41 = Netherlands
| pop41 = 6,000
| ref41 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd"/>
| region42 = Belgium
| pop42 = 5,000
| ref42 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd"/>
| region43 = Austria
| pop43 = 3,300
| ref43 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangladesh.iom.int/sites/bangladesh/files/publication/Europe%25202020%2520Migration%2520Update_01Jun2021.pdf |title=Bangladeshi Migrants in Europe 2020 |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704144139/https://bangladesh.iom.int/sites/bangladesh/files/publication/Europe%202020%20Migration%20Update_01Jun2021.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region44 = New Zealand
| pop44 = 2,337
| ref44 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/bangladeshi|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ}}</ref>
| region45 = Russia
| pop45 = 2,000
| ref45 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102519/1/MPRA_paper_102519.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjd_KT_len1AhUXILcAHb0DC9UQFnoECEYQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0logas0lQZdkNG5uQazpZE |title=Socio-economic life style of Bangladeshi man married to Russian girl: An analysis of migration and integration perspective |last1=Mannan |first1=Kazi Abdul |last2=Kozlov |first2=V.V. |year=1995 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3648152 |ssrn=3648152}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and its [[Bengali dialects|dialects]]
| religions = {{ubl | '''Majority''' |[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Bengali Muslims|Islam]] ~70%|'''Significant minority'''|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Bengali Hindus|Hinduism]]: ~28% |'''Smaller minorities of:''' |[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhism]]: ~1% |[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Bengali Christians|Christianity]]: ~1% |[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism in Bengal|Jainism]]: ~1% }}<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Romita|last=Datta|date=13 November 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|title=The great Hindu vote trick|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Zamser|last=Ali|date=5 December 2019|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam|website=[[Sabrang Communications]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenewsweb.in">{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll | newspaper=The News Web | date=April 2021 | access-date=9 March 2023 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|title=Religions in Bangladesh {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2013 2">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mojlum |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |pages=2 |quote=Bengali-speaking Muslims as a group consists of around 200 million people.}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| footnotes = a. Spoken by a significant number of [[Pakistani Bengali]]s and some old [[Dhakaiya]]s as [[First language|L1]]
}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
'''Bengalis''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙ্গালী, বাঙালি}} {{IPA|bn|baŋgali, baŋali||LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বাঙালি.wav}}), also rendered as [[endonym and exonym|endonym]] '''Bangalee''',<ref name="Citizenship CoB">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html |title=Part I: The Republic – The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=9 September 2017 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101917/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalees and indigenous people shake hands on peace prospects |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects |access-date=16 April 2017 |publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051218/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects |url-status=live}}</ref> are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] originating from and culturally affiliated with the [[Bengal]] region of [[South Asia]]. The current population is divided between the sovereign country [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India|Indian]] regions of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and parts of [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=chingiz>{{cite journal |title=Is MLA Ashab Uddin a local Manipuri? |author=Khan, Muhammad Chingiz |date=15 July 2017 |journal=Tehelka |volume=14 |pages=36–38}}</ref> Most speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], a [[classical languages of India|classical language]] from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.

Bengalis are the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|third-largest ethnic group]] in the world, after the [[Han Chinese]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100 million in India ([[CIA Factbook]] 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East]], 2 million [[Bengalis in Pakistan]], 0.4 million [[British Bangladeshi]].</ref> They are the largest ethnic group within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo–European linguistic family]] and the largest ethnic group in South Asia. Apart from Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur, and Assam's Barak Valley, Bengali-majority populations also reside in India's union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], with significant populations in the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Uttarakhand]] as well as [[Nepal]]'s [[Province No. 1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali - Worldwide distribution |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/bengali.php |website=Worlddata.info |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="langminor">{{cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> The global Bengali [[diaspora]] have well-established communities in the [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Middle East]], [[Bengalis in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Burmese Indians|Myanmar]], the [[British Bangladeshis|United Kingdom]], the [[Bengali Americans|United States]], [[Bangladeshis in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Bangladeshis in Italy|Italy]], [[Bangladeshis in the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Bangladeshi Canadian|Canada]], [[Bangladeshi Australians|Australia]], [[Bangladeshis in Japan|Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Singapore]].

Bengalis are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. Approximately 70% are adherents of [[Islam]] with a large [[Hindus|Hindu]] minority and sizeable communities of Christians and Buddhists. [[Bengali Muslims]], who live mainly in Bangladesh, primarily belong to the [[Sunni]] denomination. [[Bengali Hindus]], who live primarily in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam's Barak Valley, Jharkhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, generally follow [[Shaktism]] or [[Vaishnavism]], in addition to worshipping regional deities.<ref name="Bengali religions p826">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |page=826 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref><ref name="Frawley https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26">{{Cite book |last=Frawley|first=David|title=What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind|date=18 October 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-88038-65-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26]|author-link=David Frawley}}</ref><ref name="Tagore 1916 320">{{Cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=The Home and the World|script-title=bn:ঘরে বাইরে|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|year=1916|page=320|language=bn|trans-title=[[The Home and the World]]|author-link=Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref>

The total number of native speakers of the Bengali language worldwide is generally estimated at 280–290 million, a figure based on a synthesis of linguistic research and census-derived estimates. According to the consolidated findings of available data, approximately 70 per cent of Bengali speakers originate from present-day Bangladesh, meaning they are either of [[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi descent]] or were born within the territory of Bangladesh.{{Efn|The number of [[Bangladeshis]] worldwide exceeds 190 million. Nearly 15 million Bangladeshis live outside Bangladesh and are not included during national census counts.<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Bangladeshi migrant workers: Turning the focus to psychosocial issues |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-turning-focus-psychosocial-issues-1142981 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How diaspora can support Bangladesh’s development {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/how-diaspora-can-support-bangladeshs-development-2170991 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual number of Bangladeshi migrant workers? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/migration/333923/what-is-the-actual-number-of-bangladeshi-migrant |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Growing Influence of Bangladeshi Diaspora |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/709600/budget2025-2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Becoming a more effective diaspora |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/360818/becoming-a-more-effective-diaspora |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Streatfield |first=Peter Kim |last2=Karar |first2=Zunaid Ahsan |date=September 2008 |title=Population challenges for Bangladesh in the coming decades |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2740702/ |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=261–272 |issn=1606-0997 |pmc=2740702 |pmid=18831223}}</ref> Considering the total number of Bengalis to be around 270–280 million, Bangladeshis constitute approximately 67–70% of the global Bengali population.|name=Bangladeshis}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNData app |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/bd.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gigauri |first=Giorgi |date=26 March 2021 |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, about 30 per cent of Bengali speakers are Indian citizens or of [[Indian diaspora|Indian origin]], with the majority residing in the regions of West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam.

Bengalis have influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the [[The arts|arts]] and architecture, [[language]], [[folklore]], literature, politics, military, business, science and technology.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

[[File:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|left|thumb|The ancient political divisions of the Ganges delta.]]
The term Bengali is generally used to refer to someone whose linguistic, cultural or ancestral origins are from [[Bengal]]. The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] Bengalis are ethnically differentiated from the non-Indo-Aryan tribes inhabiting Bengal. Their [[ethnonym]], ''Bangali'', along with the native name of the [[Bengali language]] and [[Bengal]] region, ''Bangla'', are both derived from ''Bangālah'', the [[Farsi|Persian]] word for the region. Prior to [[Spread of Islam|Muslim expansion]], there was no unitary territory by this name as the region was instead divided into numerous geopolitical divisions. The most prominent of these were [[Vanga kingdom|Vaṅga]] or Vaṅgāla (from which ''Bangālah'' is thought to ultimately derive from) in the south, [[Rarh|Rāṛha]] in the west, [[Pundravardhana|Puṇḍravardhana]] and [[Varendra]] in the north, and [[Samataṭa]] and [[Harikela]] in the east.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The historic land of Vaṅga (''bôngô'' in Bengali), situated in present-day [[Barisal Division|Barisal]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Laghuprabandhasaṅgrahah|editor=Thaker, Jayant Premshankar|page=111|year=1970|publisher=Oriental Institute}}</ref> is considered by early historians of the [[Abrahamic tradition|Abrahamic]] and [[Dharmic religions|Dharmic]] traditions to have originated from a man who had settled in the area though it is often dismissed as [[legend]]. Early Abrahamic genealogists had suggested that this man was Bang, a son of Hind who was the son of [[Ham (son of Noah)]].<ref name="riaj"/><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Firishta]]|pages=7–9|year=1768|title=History of Hindostan|editor=[[Alexander Dow|Dow, Alexander]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aryans and British India|author=[[Thomas Trautmann|Trautmann, Thomas]]|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|year=2005|page=53}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]] and the [[Harivamsha]] state that Vaṅga was the founder of the [[Vaṅga kingdom]] and one of the adopted sons of King Vali. The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (''Bôngal'') and its earliest reference is in the [[Comilla District|Comilla]] copperplates (720 CE) of earlier Buddhist [[Deva dynasty|Deva]] King Anandadeva where he was mentioned in the title of ''Sri Vaṅgāla Mrigānka'', means the moon of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&dq=vangalamriganka&pg=PA462|title=Gold coins of the World|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1 |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Copperplates|title=Copperplates|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Another reference is the Nesari plates (805 CE) of [[Govinda III]] which speak of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapāla]] as its king. The records of [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]], who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, speak of [[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]] as the ruler of ''Vaṅgāladeśa'' (a Sanskrit cognate to the word [[Bangladesh]], which was historically a synonymous endonym of Bengal).<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 220] |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> 16th-century historian [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] mentions in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari|ʿAin-i-Akbarī]]'' that the addition of the suffix ''"al"'' came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<ref>Land of Two Rivers, [[Nitish Sengupta]]</ref> This is also mentioned in [[Ghulam Husain Salim]]'s [[Riyaz-us-Salatin|Riyāz us-Salāṭīn]].<ref name="riaj">{{cite book|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|title=RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|author=[[Ghulam Husain Salim]]|publisher=The Asiatic Society|location=[[Calcutta]]|year=1902|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

In 1352, Muslim nobleman [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] united the region into a single political entity known as the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Proclaiming himself as ''[[Shāh]]-i-Bangālīyān'',<ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> it was in this period that the [[Bengali language]] gained state patronage and corroborated literary development.<ref name=banglalang>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref name=jol>{{cite journal|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal|first=AKM Golam|last=Rabbani|date=7 November 2017|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=151–166|access-date=7 November 2017|via=www.banglajol.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilyas Shah had effectively unified the region into one country.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangali Culture|author=Murshid, Ghulam}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bengal|History of Bangladesh|History of West Bengal}}

=== Ancient history ===
{{Further-text|[[Anga]], [[Gangaridai]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]], [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]] and [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]}}
[[File:Ptolemy Asia detail.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Gangaridai]] on a map by 11th-century polymath [[Ptolemy]].]]
Archaeologists have discovered remnants of a 4,700-year-old [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] civilisation such as [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]]{{sfn|Chattopadhyay et al.|2013|p=97}} and [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandu Rajar Dhibi |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi |website=Banglapedia |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> in the greater [[Bengal]] region, and believe the finds are one of the earliest signs of settlement in the region.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news |agency=Xinhua |date=12 March 2006 |title=4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510135113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm |archive-date=10 May 2007}}</ref> However, evidence of much older [[Palaeolithic]] human habitations were found in the form of a stone implement and a [[hand axe]] in the upper Gandeshwari, Middle Dwarakeswar, Upper Kangsabati, Upper Tarafeni and Middle Subarnarekha valleys of the Indian state [[West Bengal]],<ref name="esijournals1">{{cite journal |author1=Gourav Debnath |title=South Asian History, Culture and Archaeology - "The Evolution of Stone Tool Technology of Pre-Historic West Bengal: A Renewed Archaeological Approach" |journal=ESI Journals |date=2022 |volume=2 |pages=55–67 |url=https://www.esijournals.com/image/catalog/Journal%20Paper/SAHCA/2022/No%201%20%282022%29/5_Gourav%20Debnath.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |publisher=ESI Publications}}</ref> and [[Rangamati District|Rangamati]] and [[Feni District|Feni]] districts of Bangladesh.<ref name=bsahistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm |title=History of Bangladesh |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=Bangladesh Student Association @ TTU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226045659/http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm |archive-date=26 December 2005}}</ref> Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found at the foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]] in West Bengal.<ref name="eisamay1">{{cite web |author1=Gautam Basumallik |script-title=bn:৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে |url=https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms |website=Ei Samay |type=Editorial |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=bn |trans-title=42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region |date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana">{{cite journal |author1=Bishnupriya Basak |author2=Pradeep Srivastava |author3=Sujit Dasgupta |author4=Anil Kumar |author5=S. N. Rajaguru |title=Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal |journal=Current Science |date=10 October 2014 |volume=107 |pages=1167–1171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |author1=Sebanti Saarkar |title=Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-just-got-older-by-22000-yrs/cid/1288646 |work=The Telegraph |location=India |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Hatpara on the west bank of [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years.<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite news |author1=Sebanti Sarkar |title=History of Bengal just got a lot older |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/history-of-bengal-just-got-a-lot-older/cid/603572 |work=The Telegraph |location=India |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=27 March 2008}}</ref>

Artefacts suggest that the [[Chandraketugarh]], which flourished in present-day [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], date as far back as 600 BC to 300 BC,{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=19}} and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar civilisation]], which flourished in present-day [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]], date as far back as 400 BC to 100 BC.<ref name="Rahman Castillo Murphy Rahman 2020 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Rahman | first1=Mizanur | last2=Castillo | first2=Cristina Cobo | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Rahman | first4=Sufi Mostafizur | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorian Q. | title=Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura | journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2020 | issn=1866-9557 | doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00991-5 | page=37| doi-access=free | pmid=32010407 | pmc=6962288 | bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...37R }}</ref><ref name=bpedia1>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Wari-Bateshwar|encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia]] |last=Rahman |first=SS Mostafizur |publisher=[[Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]] |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Wari-Bateshwar|access-date= 26 March 2024 }}</ref> Not far from the rivers, the port city of Wari-Bateshwar, and the riverside port city of the Chandraketugarh,{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=59}} are believed to have been engaged in foreign trade with [[Ancient Rome]], Southeast Asia and other regions.{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=59}} The people of this civilisation live in bricked homes, walked on wide roads, used [[silver coin]]s{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=28}} and iron weaponry among many other things. The two cities are considered to be the oldest cities in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/উপজেলা%20পটভূমি|language=bn|website=Belabo Upazila|script-title=bn:বেলাব উপজেলার পটভূমি|trans-title=Belabo Upazila's Background|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930113403/http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is thought that a man named Vanga settled in the area around 1000 BCE founding the [[Vanga kingdom]] in southern Bengal. The ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' and the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] mentions this kingdom, along with the [[Pundravardhana|Pundra kingdom]] in northern Bengal. The spread of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan territory]] and promotion of [[Buddhism]] by its emperor [[Ashoka]] cultivated a growing Buddhist society among the people of present-day Bengal from the 2nd century BCE. Mauryan monuments as far as the [[Great Stupa of Sanchi]] in Madhya Pradesh mentioned the people of this region as adherents of Buddhism. The Buddhists of the Bengal region built and used dozens of monasteries, and were recognised for their religious commitments as far as [[Nagarjunakonda]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|1993}}</ref>

One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named [[Gangaridai]] by the [[Greeks]] around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from ''Gangahrd'' ('Land with the [[Ganges]] in its heart') in reference to an area in Bengal.<ref name=Gangaridai>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Gangaridai}}</ref> Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries [[Common Era|CE]], the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the [[Gupta Empire]].

=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Pala Empire|Sena dynasty|Bengal Sultanate}}
[[File:Atisha.jpg|thumb|left|[[Atiśa]] is recognised as one of the greatest figures of classical Buddhism, having inspired Buddhist thought from [[Tibet]] to [[Sumatra]].]]
One of the first recorded independent kings of Bengal was [[Shashanka]],<ref name=shashankabanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Bhattacharyya, PK|article=Shashanka}}</ref> reigning around the early 7th century, who is generally thought to have originated from [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], Bihar, just west of Bengal.<ref name="Sinha-magadha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=India |pages=131–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051030/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |url-status=live }}</ref> After a period of anarchy, a native ruler called [[Gopala]] came into power in 750 CE. He originated from [[Varendra]] in northern Bengal,<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia|page=317|author=Insight, Apa Productions|date=November 1988|publisher=APA Publications}}</ref> and founded the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280 |publisher=New Age International |pages=277– |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> [[Atiśa]], a renowned Buddhist teacher from eastern Bengal, was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in [[Tibet]] and also held the position of [[Abbot]] at the [[Vikramashila]] monastery in [[Bihar]].

The Pala Empire enjoyed relations with the [[Srivijaya Empire]], the [[Tibetan Empire]], and the [[Arab]] [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Islam]] first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Middle East.<ref name="kumar">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |date=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> The people of [[Samatata]], in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th century were of various religious backgrounds. [[Tilopa]] was a prominent Buddhist from modern-day [[Chittagong]], though Samatata was ruled by the Buddhist [[Chandra dynasty]]. During this time, the [[Arab]] geographer [[Al-Masudi]] and author of [[The Meadows of Gold]], travelled to the region where he noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants residing in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Les Prairies d'or [Murūj al-dhahab]|author=[[Al-Masudi]], trans. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille|language=fr|editor=Pellat, Charles|location=Paris|publisher=Société asiatique|year=1962|chapter=1:155}}</ref> In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably [[Shah Sultan Rumi]], in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day [[Netrokona District|Netrokona, Mymensingh]] where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam.

[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|[[Gazi Pir|Ghazi Pir]] is thought to have lived in the [[Sundarbans]] some time between the 12th to 13th century.]]

The Pala dynasty was followed by a shorter reign of the [[Hindu]] [[Sena Empire]]. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<ref name=islambanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Abdul Karim |article=Islam, Bengal}}</ref> [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] general, defeated [[Lakshman Sen]] of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of [[sultan]]s and feudal lords under the [[Bengal Sultanate]] for the next few hundred years. Many of the people of Bengal began accepting Islam through the influx of missionaries{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} following the initial conquest. [[Sultan Balkhi]] and [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] settled in the present-day [[Rajshahi Division]] in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by [[Ghazi Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin]] also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of [[Sylhet|Srihatta (Sylhet)]], claiming their descendants to have arrived from [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Qurashi, Ishfaq |script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ) |date=December 2012 |language=bn |trans-title=Shah Jalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi |chapter=বুরহান উদ্দিন ও নূরউদ্দিন প্রসঙ্গ |trans-chapter=Burhan Uddin and Nooruddin}}</ref> By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by [[Shah Jalal]], who some biographers claim was a Turkistan-born Bengali,<ref name=neeru>{{cite book |author=Misra, Neeru |year=2004 |title=Sufis and Sufism: Some Reflections |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-564-6 |page=103}}</ref> aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to [[Conquest of Sylhet|conquer Sylhet]], turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among [[Bengali Muslims]].

[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|left|16th-century Portuguese painting of "''Bengalis''".]]

The establishment of a single united [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1352 by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] finally gave rise to the name ''Bangala'' for the region, and the development of [[Bengali language]].<ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin"/> The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] acknowledged [[Ulama|Muslim scholarship]], and this transcended ethnic background. [[Usman Serajuddin]], also known as ''Akhi Siraj Bengali'', was a native of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign.<ref>{{cite book|author=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]]|title=Akhbarul Akhyar}}</ref><ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R)|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|year=2000|author=Hanif, N|publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for Sarup & Sons|page=35}}</ref> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the [[Bengali language|language]] of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Farsi|Persian]].<ref name=banglalang/><ref name=jol/> The born-Hindu Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] funded the construction of Islamic institutions as far as [[Mecca]] and [[Madina]] in the Middle East. The people of [[Arabia]] came to know these institutions as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah]] (''Bengali madrasas'').

=== Mughal era ===
{{Main|Bengal Subah}}

{{Further|Muslin trade in Bengal|Mughal Empire}}
[[File:The Nawab's artillery at Plassey.jpg|thumb|The Bengali artillery at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.]]
[[File:A Syce (Groom) Holding Two Carriage Horses MET DT3717.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya]] displaying a [[Groom (profession)|syce]] of Bengal holding two carriage horses.]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] conquered Bengal in the 16th century, ending the independent [[Sultanate of Bengal]] and defeating Bengal's rebellion [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] chieftains. Mughal general [[Man Singh]] conquered parts of Bengal including [[Dhaka]] during the time of Emperor [[Akbar]] and a few [[Rajput]] tribes from his army permanently settled around Dhaka and surrounding lands, integrating into Bengali society.<ref name=taif>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of Old Dhaka|pages=104, 296|author=[[Syed Muhammed Taifoor|Taifoor, Syed Muhammed]]|year=1965|publisher=S.M. Perwez|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502508/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> Akbar's preaching of the syncretic [[Din-i Ilahi]], was described as a [[blasphemy]] by the [[Qadi]] of Bengal, which caused huge controversies in South Asia. In the 16th century, many ''[[Ulama]]'' of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of [[Ilm (Arabic)|Islamic knowledge]] such as Ali Sher Bengali to [[Ahmedabad]], [[Shah Manjhan]] to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], Usman Bengali to [[Sambhal]] and Yusuf Bengali to [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture of Bengal: Through the Ages: Some Aspects|pages=210–215|year=1988|publisher=[[University of Burdwan]]|author=Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar}}</ref>

By the early 17th century, [[Islam Khan I]] had conquered all of Bengal and was integrated into a province known as the [[Bengal Subah]]. It was the largest [[Administrative subdivision|subdivision]] of the [[Mughal Empire]], as it also encompassed parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]], between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Described by some as the "Paradise of Nations"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |title=The paradise of nations |last=Steel |first=Tim |date=19 December 2014 |work=Dhaka Tribune |department=Op-ed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063054/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |archive-date=17 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> and the "Golden Age of Bengal",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJtAAAAMAAJ&q=golden+age+of+bengal+shaista+khan|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971: Economic history|date=1992|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=978-984-512-337-2|language=en|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051031/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJtAAAAMAAJ&q=golden+age+of+bengal+shaista+khan|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengalis enjoyed some of the highest [[standards of living|living standards]] and [[real wages]] in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Shahid Alam |author-link=M. Shahid Alam |year=2016 |title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=32 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051031/https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singlehandedly accounting for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] from Asia,<ref name="Prakash">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Prakash |first=Om |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor-last=McCusker |editor-first=John J. |editor-link=John J. McCusker |encyclopedia=History of World Trade Since 1450 |title=Empire, Mughal |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 |access-date=3 August 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |volume=1 |isbn=0-02-866070-6 |pages=237–240 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE |url-status=live }}</ref> eastern Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]],<ref name="rayA">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |publisher=Routledge |pages=57, 90, 174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpetre]], and agricultural and industrial produce in the world.

Mughal Bengal eventually became a quasi-independent monarchy state ruled by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] in 1717. Already observing the proto-industrialization, it made direct significant contribution to the first [[Industrial Revolution]]<ref name="tong">{{cite book |author=Junie T. Tong |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press |page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Islamic World: Past and Present |title=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |access-date=16 May 2021 |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3 |page=174 |quote=The sale of exports from these regions helped to support the Industrial Revolution in Britain |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rayB">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sengupta"/> (substantially [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]).

[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|A Bengali woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century.]]

Bengal became the basis of the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb |first=Farhat |last=Hasan |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=1991 |pages=351–360 |doi=10.1163/156852091X00058 |jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690 |first=James |last=Vaugn |journal=Britain and the World |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=September 2017}}</ref> After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] in 1707, Bengal was ruled independently by three dynasties of Nawabs until 1757, when the region was annexed by the [[East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]].

=== British colonisation ===
{{Main|Bengal Presidency}}

{{Further|Company rule in India|British Raj}}
In Bengal, effective political and military power was transferred from the [[Afshar dynasty|Afshar regime]] to the [[British East India Company]] around 1757–65.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=251|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> [[Company rule in India]] began under the [[Bengal Presidency]]. [[Calcutta]] was named the capital of [[British India]] in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the [[Bengal Army]], and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Great [[Famines in India|Bengal famines]] struck several times during colonial rule, notably the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] and [[Bengal famine of 1943]], each killing millions of Bengalis.

Under British rule, Bengal experienced deindustrialisation.<ref name="rayB" /> Discontent with the situation, numerous rebellions and revolts were attempted by the Bengali people. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Jalpaiguri and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in [[North India]]. Havildar [[Revolt of Rajab Ali|Rajab Ali]] commanded the rebels in [[Chittagong]] as far as [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolishment of the Mughal court completely and direct rule by the [[British Raj]].

Many Bengali labourers were taken as coolies to the British colonies in the Caribbean during the 1830s. Workers from Bengal were chosen because they could easily assimilate to the climate of [[British Guyana]], which was similar to that of Bengal.

[[Swami Vivekananda]] is considered a key figure in the introduction of [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and America,<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book | last = Georg | first = Feuerstein | author-link = Georg Feuerstein | title = The Yoga Tradition | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 2002 | page = 600 |isbn=978-3-935001-06-9}}</ref> and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, and bringing [[Hinduism]] to the status of a world religion during the 1800s.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book | last = Clarke | first = Peter Bernard | title = New Religions in Global Perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar | url-access = limited | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n224 209] |isbn=978-0-7007-1185-7}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Ram Mohan Roy]] led a socio-Hindu reformist movement known as [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmoism]] which called for the abolishment of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (widow sacrifice), [[child marriage]], [[polytheism]] and [[idol worship]].<ref name="airccse75">{{cite journal |last1=Soman |first1=Priya |title=Raja Ram Mohan and the Abolition of Sati System in India |journal=International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=75–82 |url=https://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712163313/http://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM
by C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Nalinaksha Dutt, A.R.Wadia, M.Mujeeb, Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</ref> In 1804, he wrote the Persian book ''Tuḥfat al-Muwaḥḥidīn'' (A Gift to the Monotheists) and spent the next two decades attacking the [[Kulin Brahmin]] bastions of Bengal.<ref name=himalaya>{{cite web|last1=Syed|first1=M. H.|title=Raja Rammohan Roy|url=http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208104241/http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Independence movement ====
{{see also|Freedom fighters of India#Leaders from Bengal and Northeastern India|l1=Independence fighters from Bengal}}
Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]], in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] such as [[Anushilan Samiti]] and [[Jugantar]] were dominant. Many of the early proponents of the independence struggle, and subsequent leaders in the movement were Bengalis such as [[Shamsher Gazi]], [[Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan]], [[Muharram Rebellion|Hada Miah and Mada Miah]], the [[Pagal Panthis]] led by [[Karim Shah]] and [[Tipu Shah]], [[Haji Shariatullah]] and [[Dudu Miyan]] of the [[Faraizi movement]], [[Titumir]], Ali Muhammad Shibli, [[Alimuddin Ahmad]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]], [[Bagha Jatin]], [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Sachindranath Sanyal]].

Leaders such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British. Bose was the co-founder and leader of the Japanese-aligned [[Indian National Army]] (distinct from the [[British Indian Army]]) which fought against Allied forces in the [[Burma campaign]]. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the [[Azad Hind]]. A number of Bengalis died during the independence movement and many were imprisoned in the notorious [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]].

==== Partitions of Bengal ====
{{Main|1905 Partition of Bengal|1947 Partition of Bengal}}

The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition in 1905]] divided the Bengal region in [[British India]] into two provinces for administrative and development purposes. However, the partition stoked [[Hindu nationalism]]. This in turn led to the formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in Dhaka in 1906 to represent the growing aspirations of the [[Muslim]] population. The partition was annulled in 1912 after protests by the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]].

The breakdown of Hindu-Muslim unity in India drove the Muslim League to adopt the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1943, calling the creation of "independent states" in eastern and northwestern British India. The resolution paved the way for the [[Partition of British India]] based on the [[Radcliffe Line]] in 1947, despite attempts to form a [[United Bengal]] state that was opposed by many people.

=== Bangladesh Liberation War ===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}

The rise of [[self-determination]] and [[Bengali nationalism]] movements in [[East Pakistan|East Bengal]], led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. This eventually culminated in the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against the Pakistani military junta. The war caused millions of East Bengali refugees to take shelter in neighbouring India, especially the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], with Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal, becoming the capital-in-exile of the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]. The [[Mukti Bahini]] guerrilla forces waged a nine-month war against the Pakistani military. The conflict ended after the Indian Armed Forces intervened on the side of Bangladeshi forces in the final two weeks of the war, which ended with the [[surrender of East Pakistan]] and the liberation of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Thus, the newly independent [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] was born from what was previously the East Pakistan province of Pakistan.

== Geographic distribution ==
{{See also|Bangladeshi diaspora|Indian diaspora}}{{Pie chart
| caption = Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 280-290 million) worldwide.{{Efn|name=Bangladeshis}}
| value1 = 68
| label1 = [[Bangladesh]] or [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi origin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNData app |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/bd.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gigauri |first=Giorgi |date=26 March 2021 |title=Migrants' contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
| color1 = #006a4e
| value2 = 32
| label2 = [[India]] or [[Indian people|Indian origin]]
| color2 = #ffc000
| other-label =
| other-color =
| other =
}}[[File:I'tisam-ud-Din.png|thumb|[[I'tisam-ud-Din]] was the first educated Bengali and South Asian to have travelled to Europe.]]
Bengalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Bangladesh, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |script-title=bn:জানুন |title=Bānlādēśakē jānuna |language=bn |trans-title=Discover Bangladesh |publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216093108/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/www.bangladesh.gov.bd/index6517.html?q=bn%2F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Census of India]] does not recognise [[Racial groups of India|racial]] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619194905/http://www.censusindia.net/profiles/sik.html |date=19 June 2006 }}</ref> the [[CIA Factbook]] estimated that there are 100 million Bengalis in India constituting 7% of the country's total population. In addition to [[West Bengal]], Bengalis form the demographic majority in [[Assam]]'s [[Barak Valley]] and [[Lower Assam|Lower region]] as well as parts of [[Manipur]].<ref name=chingiz/> The state of [[Tripura]] as well as the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] [[union territory]], which lies in the [[Bay of Bengal]], are also home to a Bengali-majority population, most of whom are descendants of Hindus from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) that migrated there following the 1947 [[Partition of India]].<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book |title=Tripura human development report 2007 |chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=Government of Tripura |chapter=The state of human development |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |date=27 October 2018 |author=Karmakar, Rahul |title=Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Times Now news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |date=19 April 2019 |title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back |author=Shekhar, Sidharth |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali migration to the latter archipelago was also boosted by subsequent state-funded ''Colonisation Schemes'' by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekhsaria |first=Pankaj |title=How a statist vision of development has brought Andaman's tribals close to extinction |url=https://scroll.in/article/833293/how-a-statist-vision-of-development-has-brought-andamans-tribals-close-to-extinction |access-date=21 November 2020 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129063143/https://scroll.in/article/833293/how-a-statist-vision-of-development-has-brought-andamans-tribals-close-to-extinction |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/bengali-settlers-andaman-islands-performance-homeland |title=Bengali settlers in the Andaman Islands: the performance of homeland |year=2017 |author=Lorea, Carola Erika |website=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200953/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/bengali-settlers-andaman-islands-performance-homeland |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Brick Lane street signs.JPG|thumb|Large numbers of Bengalis have settled and established themselves in [[Banglatown]].]]
Bengali ethnic descent and emigrant communities are found primarily in other parts of [[the subcontinent]], the Middle East and the Western World. Substantial populations descended from Bengali immigrants exist in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Pakistan]] and the United Kingdom where they form established communities of over 1 million people. The majority of the overseas Bengali diaspora are Muslims as the act of seafaring was traditionally prohibited in Hinduism; a taboo known as [[Kala pani (taboo)|kala pani]] (black/dirty water).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://aha.confex.com/aha/2013/webprogram/Paper11135.html | title = Crossing the Kala Pani to Britain for Hindu Workers and Elites | publisher = American Historical Association | date = 4 January 2012 | access-date = 2 February 2012 | archive-date = 26 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226222504/https://aha.confex.com/aha/2013/webprogram/Paper11135.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The introduction of [[Islam]] to the Bengali people has generated a connection to the [[Arabian Peninsula]], as Muslims are required to visit the land once in their lifetime to complete the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage. Several Bengali sultans funded Islamic institutions in the [[Hejaz]], which popularly became known by the [[Arabs]] as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|Bengali madrasas]]. As a result of the British conquest of Bengal, some Bengalis decided to emigrate to Arabia.<ref>{{cite book |language=bn |script-title=bn:শতাব্দীর সূর্য শিখা |author=Majid, Razia |year=1987 |pages=45–48 |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |trans-title=The solar flame of the century}}</ref> Notable examples include Mawlana Murad, an instructor of [[Islamic sciences]] based in [[Mecca]] in the early 1800s,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim Society and Politics in Bengal, A.D. 1757–1947 |page=76 |quote=Maulana Murad, a Bengali domicile |year=1978 |publisher=[[University of Dacca]]}}</ref> and [[Najib Ali Choudhury]], a participant of the [[Battle of Shamli]].<ref name="Rahman2009">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Md. Matiur |last2=Bhuiya |first2=Abdul Musabbir |title=Teaching of Arabic language in Barak Valley: a historical study (14th to 20th century) |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92871/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Assam University |location=Silchar |pages=59–60 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034143/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92871/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Notable people of Bengali-origin in the Middle East include the renowned author and journalist [[Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qur'an]] translator [[Zohurul Hoque]] from [[Oman]]. The family of [[Princess Sarvath al-Hassan]], wife of Jordanian prince [[Prince Hassan bin Talal|Hassan bin Talal]], are descended from the [[Suhrawardy family]] of [[Midnapore]].<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://www.elhassan.org/public/English.aspx?Lang=3&Page_Id=975&M=74 |title= Majlis El Hassan :: Sarvath El Hassan :: Biography |access-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082204/http://www.elhassan.org/public/English.aspx?Lang=3&Page_Id=975&M=74 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

Earliest records of Bengalis in the European continent date back to the reign of King [[George III]] of England during the 16th century. One such example is [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a Bengali Muslim cleric from [[Nadia district|Nadia]] in western Bengal, who arrived to Europe in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim as a diplomat for the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> Another example during this period is of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]]'s ''hookah-bardar'' ([[hookah]] servant/preparer) who was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the ''Prince of Sylhet''. The man, presumably from [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] in eastern Bengal, was waited upon by the [[prime minister of Great Britain]] [[William Pitt the Younger]], and then dined with the [[Duke of York]] before presenting himself in front of the King.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone|first=Thomas Edward|last=Colebrooke|pages=34–35|orig-date=1884|date=2011|author-link=Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet|chapter=First Start in Diplomacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-09722-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the [[British Bangladeshis]] are a naturalised community in the United Kingdom, running 90% of all [[South Asian cuisine]] restaurants and having established numerous [[ethnic enclave]]s across the country – most prominent of which is [[Banglatown]] in [[East London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration|work=The Guardian|author=Khaleeli, Homa|title=The curry crisis|date=8 January 2012|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184152/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bengali_Language_mural_at_Hamtramck,_USA.png|thumb|Bengali Language mural at [[Hamtramck, Michigan]]]]

== Language ==
{{main|Bengali language}}

An important and unifying characteristic of Bengalis is that most of them use Bengali as their native tongue, which belongs to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.<ref>"...Comparing seven Indo-Aryan languages – Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bengali – are also significant contributions to New Indo-Aryan (NIA) studies.{{harvcol|Cardona|2007|pp=627}}</ref> With about 242 million native and about 284 million total speakers worldwide, Bengali is one of the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|most spoken languages]], ranked sixth in the world,<ref name="popstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|title=Statistical Summaries|access-date=23 May 2012|year=2012|publisher=Ethnologue|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="huq_sarkar">{{cite Banglapedia |last1=Huq |first1=Mohammad Daniul |last2=Sarkar |first2=Pabitra|article=Bangla Language}}</ref> and is also used a [[lingua franca]] among other ethnic groups and tribes living within and around the Bengal region. Bengali is generally written using the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] and evolved circa 1000–1200 CE from [[Magadhi Prakrit]], thus bearing similarities to ancient languages such as [[Pali]]. Its closest modern relatives are other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] languages such as [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and the [[Bihari languages]].<ref>"Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Odia, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." {{harvcol|Cardona|2007|pp=352}}</ref> Though Bengali may have a historic legacy of borrowing vocabulary from languages such as [[Farsi|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]],<ref name=bari>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|author=Bari, Sarah Anjum|title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali|date=12 April 2019|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.|url-status=live}}</ref> modern borrowings primarily come from the English language.
[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|Bengali language and its dialects]]
Various forms of the language are in use today and provide an important force for Bengali cohesion. These distinct forms can be sorted into three categories. The first is ''[[Sadhu bhasha|Classical Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|সাধু ভাষা}} ''Śadhu Bhaśa''), which was a historical form restricted to literary usage up until the late British period. The second is ''[[Standard Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|চলিত ভাষা}} ''Čôlitô Bhaśa'' or {{lang|bn|শুদ্ধ ভাষা}} ''Śuddho Bhaśa''), which is the modern literary form, and is based upon the dialects of the divided Nadia region (partitioned between [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]). It is used today in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content. The third and largest category by speakers would be ''[[Bengali dialects|Colloquial Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|আঞ্চলিক ভাষা}} ''Añčôlik Bhaśa'' or {{lang|bn|কথ্য ভাষা}} ''Kôththô Bhaśa''). These refer to informal spoken language that varies by dialect from region to region.

== Social stratification ==
Bengali people may be broadly classified into sub-groups predominantly based on dialect but also other aspects of culture:
* [[Bangals]]: This is a term used predominantly in Indian [[West Bengal]] to refer to East Bengalis – i.e. [[Bangladeshi]]s as well as those whose ancestors originate from Eastern Bengal. The East Bengali dialects are known as [[Bangali dialect|Bangali]]. This group constitutes the majority of ethnic Bengalis. They originate from the mainland Bangladeshi regions of [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Comilla Division|Comilla]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Barisal Division|Barisal]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]].
** Among Bangals, there are four subgroups that maintain distinct identities in addition to having a (Eastern) Bengali identity.<ref>Tanweer Fazal (2012). ''Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.'' pp.59–67.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication A community without aspirations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007151920/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication |date=7 October 2019 }} Zia Haider Rahman. 2 May 2007. Retrieved on 7 March 2018.</ref> [[Chittagonians]] are natives of the Chittagong region ([[Chittagong District]] and [[Cox's Bazar District]]) of Bangladesh and speak [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]. The people of Cox's Bazar are closely related to the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]]s of the [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]. [[Sylhetis]] originate from the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh and they speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]. [[Noakhailla]] speakers can be found in greater [[Noakhali]] region and southern [[Tripura]]. The [[Dhakaiyas|Dhakaiya Kuttis]] are a small urban [[Bengali Muslim]] community residing in [[Old Dhaka]] city that noticeably differ from the rest of the people of [[Dhaka Division]] by culture.
* [[Ghoti people|Ghotis]]: This is the term favoured by the natives of [[West Bengal]] to distinguish themselves from other Bengalis.
** The people of [[Purulia district|Purulia]], and greater [[Manbhum]], reside in far-western Bengal and have some regional differences with the mainland Ghotis via dialect and culture. Other Ghoti communities include the [[Ghosi tribe#West Bengal|Ghosis]] and [[Lodha Muslims|Lodhas]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Marginal Muslim Communities in India edited by M.K.A Siddiqui pages 295-305</ref>
* The region of [[North Bengal]], which hosts [[Varendri]] and [[Rajbanshi language|Rangpuri]] speakers, is divided between both West Bengal and Bangladesh, and they are normally categorised into the former two main groups depending on which side of the border they reside in even though they are culturally similar to each other regardless of international borders. The categorisation of North Bengalis into Ghoti or Bangal is contested. Rangpuri speakers can also be found in parts of [[Lower Assam]], while the [[Shershahabadia]] community extend into Bihar. Other northern Bengali communities include the [[Khotta people|Khotta]] and [[Nashya Shaikh]].

Bengalis Hindus are socially stratified into four castes, called ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|chôturbôrṇô]]''. The caste system derived from Hindu system of [[Varna (Hinduism)|bôrṇô]] (type, order, colour or class) and [[jāti]] (clan, tribe, community or sub-community), which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are [[Brahmin|Brahmôṇ]], who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are [[Kshatriya|Kkhôtriyô]], who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are [[Vaishya|Bôiśśô]], who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are [[Shudra|Shūdrô]], who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of [[twice-born]] caste.<ref>Mahabharata (12.181)</ref><ref>Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). ''Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative''. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–531.{{ISBN|978-0-19-539423-8}}</ref> People from all caste denominations exist among Bengali Hindus. [[Ram Mohan Roy]], who was born Hindu, founded the [[Brahmo Samaj]] which attempted to abolish the practices of casteism, [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] among Hindus.<ref name="airccse75"/>

== Religion ==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|West Bengal#Demographics|Tripura#Demographics|Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Demographics}}

{{See also|Religion in Bangladesh|Hinduism in West Bengal|Islam in Bangladesh|Buddhism in Bangladesh|Christianity in West Bengal}}
[[File:Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 03.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Bengali Muslim men performing [[Eid prayer]] at [[Sholakia]] [[Eidgah]] in [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:5456g baghbazar-pratima crp.jpg|thumb|236x236px|[[Durga Puja]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India]]
{{bar box
|title=Religions among Bengalis<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Romita |last=Datta |date=13 November 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |title=The great Hindu vote trick |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=4 October 2022 |quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis. |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Zamser |last=Ali |date=5 December 2019 |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam |website=[[Sabrang Communications]] |access-date=4 October 2022 |quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly. |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenewsweb.in" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org" /><ref name="Khan 2013 2">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mojlum |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |pages=2 |quote=Bengali-speaking Muslims as a group consists of around 200 million people.}}</ref>
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|right1=Percent
|float=right
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{{bar percent|Islam |green |70}}
{{bar percent|Hinduism|Orange |28}}
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The largest religions practised in [[Bengal]] are [[Islam and Hinduism]].<ref name="Bengali religions p824">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |pages=824 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref> Among all Bengalis, more than two-thirds are Muslims. The vast majority follow the [[Sunni]] denomination though there are also a small minority of [[Shia]]s. The Bengali Muslims form a 91.1% majority in Bangladesh,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022|url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf|website=bbs.portal.gov.bd|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925220139/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> and a 30% minority among the ethnic Bengalis in the entirety of India.<ref>Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |title=Bangladesh 2015 International Religious Freedom Report |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114182054/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Andre |first1=Aletta |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhimanyu |title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |access-date=26 January 2017 |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |date=23 December 2016 |quote=Total Muslim population in Assam is 34.22% of which 90% are Bengali Muslims according to this source which puts the Bengali Muslim percentage in Assam as 29.08% |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024842/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |date=30 July 2021 }}- [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref><ref name=westbengalreligion/> In West Bengal, Bengali Muslims form a 66.88% majority in [[Murshidabad district]], the former seat of the Shia [[Nawabs of Bengal]], a 51.27% majority in [[Malda district|Malda]], which contains the erstwhile capitals of the Sunni [[Bengal Sultanate]], and they also number over 5,487,759 in the [[24 Parganas]].<ref name="censusreligion2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |date=10 September 2016 }}. 2011 Census of India.</ref>

Just less than a third of all Bengalis are Hindus (predominantly, the [[Shaktism|Shaktas]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavists]]),<ref name="Bengali religions p826" /> and as per as 2011 census report, they form a 70.54% majority in [[West Bengal]], 50% plurality in Southern Assam's [[Barak Valley]] region,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html | title=Assam Assembly Election 2021: In Barak Valley, Congress battles religious fault lines; local factors bother BJP-India News |work=Firstpost | date=April 2021 | access-date=14 September 2022 | archive-date=4 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904063844/https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html | url-status=live }}</ref> 60% majority in the India's North Eastern state of [[Tripura]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html | title=BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest |work=Daily Pioneer| access-date=14 September 2022 | archive-date=14 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144242/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html | url-status=live }}</ref> 28% plurality in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], 9% significance population in India's Eastern state of [[Jharkhand]]{{Sfn|Sengupta|2002|p=98}} and 7.95% minority in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population Housing Census|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook"/> In Bangladesh, Hindus are mostly concentrated in [[Sylhet Division]] where they constitute 13.51% of the population, and are mostly populated in [[Dhaka Division]] where they number over 2.7 million. Hindus form a 54.46% majority in [[Dacope Upazila]]. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country of the world, just after India and [[Nepal]]. The total Hindu population in Bangladesh exceeds the population of many Muslim majority countries like [[Yemen]], [[Jordan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Oman]], and others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395 |title=[Analysis] Are there any takeaways for Muslims from the Narendra Modi government? |work=DNA |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011956/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also the total Hindu population in Bangladesh is roughly equal to the total population of Greece and Belgium.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haider|first1=M. Moinuddin|last2=Rahman|first2=Mizanur|last3=Kamal|first3=Nahid|date=6 May 2019|title=Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml|journal=Journal of Religion and Demography|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=123–148|doi=10.1163/2589742X-00601003|s2cid=189978272|issn=2589-7411|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bengali Hindus also worship regional deities.<ref name="Bengali religions p826"/><ref name="Frawley https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26"/><ref name="Tagore 1916 320"/>

Other religious groups include [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] (comprising around 1% of the population in Bangladesh) and [[Bengali Christians|Christians]].<ref name="Bengali religions p824" /><ref name=westbengalreligion>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – West Bengal |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=census.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> A large number of the Bengali Christians are descendants of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese voyagers]]. The bulk of Bengali Buddhists belong to the Bengali-speaking [[Barua (Bangladesh)|Barua]]s who reside in [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} There is also a [[Jainism in Bengal|Bengali Jain]] ethnoreligious group named [[Sarak]] residing in [[Rarh region]] of West Bengal and Jharkhand.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book |title=Pashchimbanger Samskriti |trans-title=The Culture of West Bengal |language=bn |last=Ghosh|first=Binay |year=2010 |orig-year=1957 |publisher=Prakash Bhawan |location=Kolkata |edition=2nd |volume=1 |pages=447–449}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Further|Culture of Bengal|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of West Bengal}}

=== Festivals ===
{{main|List of festivals in Bangladesh|List of festivals in West Bengal}}

[[File:New crop.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Harvesting preparation in Bangladesh.]]
Bengalis have a rich cultural diversity in celebrating festivals throughout the year, suggesting the phrase - ''<nowiki>''Baro Mashe Tero Parbon''</nowiki>''. Along with major festivals, every month in the [[Bengali calendars|Bengali calendar]] has rituals for the well-being and prosperity for the family members, often called as ''brotos'' (vow).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maitra Chakraborty |first=Barnini |date=26 April 2024 |title=The 'brotos' of Bengal — stories of festive rituals and traditions around the year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/learn-the-traditions-and-folktales-behind-bengals-brata-and-brotokotha-and-sashti-puja/cid/2016026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

[[Bengali Muslims]] have Islamic holidays [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]]. Relatives, friends, and neighbours visit and exchange food and sweets in those occasions.<ref name="imagine170">{{cite book |last1=Eade |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb |title=Imagined Londons |last2=Fremeaux |first2=Isabelle |last3=Garbin |first3=David |publisher=State University of New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-7914-5501-7 |editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=Pamela K. |page=[https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb/page/n180 170] |chapter=The Political Construction of Diasporic Communities in the Global City |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Durga Puja]] is the most significant festival of [[Bengali Hindus]], celebrated annually, worshiping Hindu goddess Durga. In 2021, [[Durga Puja in Kolkata]] has been inscribed on the list of '[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]' by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Kali Puja]] is another significant Bengali Hindu festival, celebrated with great fervour in the Hindu month of ''Kartit''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=13 November 2023 |title=Bengali Community Radiates Diwali Brilliance with Maa Kali Worship |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bengali-community-radiates-diwali-brilliance-with-maa-kali-worship-1503240396.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title=Decoding why Bengal celebrates Kali on Diwali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/diwali-special-decoding-the-many-forms-of-goddess-kali-in-india-5436248/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Worshiping [[Lakshmi Puja|Lakkhmi Puja]] has a unique tradition in every Bengali Hindu households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Priyanjali |date=31 October 2023 |title=Kojagari Lakshmi Puja and Bengali's religious affair with bhog |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/kojagari-lakshmi-puja-and-bengali%C2%92s-religious-affair-with-bhog-1503236363.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Ghoti and Bangal – Lakshmi Puja bhog traditions across borders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ghoti-and-bangal-lakshmi-puja-bhog-traditions-across-borders/articleshow/87156432.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Shakta Rash]] is the most celebrated festival and uniquely observed in [[Nabadwip]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265018 |title=Sekaler Darogar Kahini |publisher=Pustak Bipani |year=1958 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Alok |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |pages=34–35 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

[[Pohela Boishakh]] is a celebration of the new year and arrival of summer in the [[Bengali calendar]] and is celebrated in April. Most of households and business establishments worship [[Lakshmi]]-[[Ganesha|Ganesh]] in this particular day for their success and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2019 |title=Kolkatans ring in Naba Barsha with friends, family and food |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatans-ring-in-naba-barsha-with-friends-family-and-food/articleshow/68896279.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It features a funfair, music and dance displays on stages, with people dressed in colourful traditional clothes, parading through the streets.<ref name="mela2">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on |url-status=dead |title=Banglatown spices it up for the new year |work=The Londoner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501231154/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on |archive-date=1 May 2006 |access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> Festivals like [[Pahela Falgun]] (spring) are also celebrated regardless of their faith. The Bengalis of [[Dhaka]] celebrate [[Shakrain]], an annual kite festival. The [[Nabanna]] is a Bengali celebration akin to the [[harvest festival]]s in the Western world. [[Language Movement Day]] is observed in Bangladesh and India. In 1999, [[UNESCO]] declared 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]], in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world.<ref>Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz.2008.Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. International Mother Language Day</ref> [[Kolkata Book Fair]] is the world's largest non-trade and the most attended book fair, where people from different countries gather together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2017 |title=To find the world in books, here's a list of book fairs in the world |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/to-find-the-world-in-books-heres-a-list-of-book-fairs-in-the-world/articleshow/60894462.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Fashion and arts ===
====Visual art and architecture====
{{main|Bangladeshi art|Arts of West Bengal}}

The recorded history of art in Bengal can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when [[terracotta]] sculptures were made in the region. The architecture of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. [[Ivory]], [[pottery]] and [[brass]] were also widely used in Bengali art.

====Attire and clothing====
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Creative wedding photography.jpg
| caption1 = A Bengali Muslim man sporting a simple black [[sherwani]].
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| image2 = In a Bengali Village IB1733.jpg
| caption2 = A Bengali man in [[dhoti]], between 1939 and 1945.
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| caption3 = Bengali school students in ''Lal Paeer Saree'' at [[Science City, Kolkata]].
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}}

Bengali attire shares similarities with North Indian attire. In rural areas, older women wear the ''[[sari|shari]]'' while the younger generation wear the {{lang|bn-Latn|[[salwar kameez|selwar kamiz]]}}, both with simple designs. In urban areas, the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamiz}}'' is more popular, and has distinct fashionable designs. Traditionally Bengali men wore the ''[[jama (coat)|jama]]'', though the costumes such as the ''[[kurta|panjabi]]'' with ''{{lang|bn-Latn|[[sirwal|selwar]]}}'' or ''[[pyjama]]'' have become more popular within the past three centuries. The popularity of the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|fotua}}'', a shorter upper garment, is undeniable among Bengalis in casual environments. The {{lang|bn-Latn|[[lungi]]}} and {{lang|bn-Latn|[[gamucha|gamcha]]}} are a common combination for rural Bengali men. [[Islamic clothing]] is also very common in the region. During special occasions, Bengali women commonly wear either ''shari''s, {{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamizes}} or [[abaya]]s, covering their hair with [[hijab]] or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[dupatta|orna]]}}; and men wear a ''panjabi'', also covering their hair with a [[kufi|tupi]], {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Taqiyah (cap)|toqi]]}}, {{lang|bn-Latn|[[pagri]]}} or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Hejazi turban|rumal]]}}.

[[Mughal Bengal]]'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of [[Jamdani]] [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an [[intangible cultural heritage]]. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art ([[Paisley (design)|paisley]]). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|date=12 November 2015 |access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The traditional attire of Bengali Hindus is [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]] for men, and [[saree]] for women.

====Performing arts====
{{See also|Cinema of West Bengal|Music of West Bengal|Music of Bangladesh|Gaudiya Nritya|Theatre in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Chaou.jpg|thumb|left|Artistes from [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]] performs Chhau dance]]
Bengal has an extremely rich heritage of performing arts dating back to antiquity. It includes narrative forms, songs and dances, performance with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and the processional forms like the [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] and [[Cinematography|cinema]]. Performing of plays and [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatras]] were mentioned in [[Charyapada]], written in between the 8th and 12th centuries.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Hasan, Sheikh Mehedi |article=Dance}}</ref> [[Chhau dance]] is a unique martial, tribal and folk art of Bengal. Wearing an earthy and theatrical [[Chhau mask]], the dance is performed to highlight the folklore and episodes from ''[[Shaktism]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'' – ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other abstract themes.<ref name="Claus2003">{{Cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret Ann |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=109–110 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Ahmed, Wakil |article=Folk Dances}}</ref> In 2010 the [[Chhau dance]] was inscribed in the [[UNESCO]]'s [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO – Chhau dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526011220/https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali film is a glorious part of the history of world cinema. [[Hiralal Sen]], who is considered a stalwart of [[Victorian era]] cinema, sowed the first seeds of Bengali cinema.<ref name="Claus2003" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema |url=https://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=www.victorian-cinema.net |archive-date=23 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523154503/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1898, Sen founded the first film production company, named [[Royal Bioscope Company]] in Bengal, and possibly the first in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983 |last2=Rukmini |first2=S. |publisher=CINEMA India-International |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-090-5 |page=51 |language=en |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051039/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]], [[Tapan Sinha]] and others, the golden age of Bengali cinema begins with the hands of [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak|Rittwik Ghatak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC |title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition |publisher=Duke University Press |date=20 May 2009 |isbn=978-0-8223-9221-7 |location=[[Durham, England|Durham]] & London |page=134 |language=en |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051054/https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinnamul]] was recognised as the first [[Neorealism (art)|neo-realist]] film in India that deals with the [[partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Anjali Gera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC |title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement |last2=Bhatia |first2=Nandi |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1416-4 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2020 |title='Chinnamul' to 'Pather Panchali': Golden era Experiments that led to Bengali Cinema RENAISSANCE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626092802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Ray's first cinema ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955) achieved the highest-ranking Indian film on any Sight & Sound poll at number 6 in the 1992 Critics' Poll.<ref name="S&S">[[Sight & Sound#The Sight & Sound Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time|The ''Sight & Sound'' Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time]]
* {{cite web |title=1992 Directors' and Critics' poll |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052127/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}
* {{cite magazine |date=December 1992 |title=Top Ten: 250 Verdicts |magazine=Sight & Sound |publisher=British Film Institute |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=18–30}}</ref> It also topped the [[British Film Institute]]'s user poll of ''Top 10 Indian Films'' of all time in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002 |title=User Poll: Indian Top 10 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530205427/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> In the same year, [[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]], directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]] with the joint production of India and [[Bangladesh]], got the honour of ''best Bangladeshi films'' in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Bangladeshi Films |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527232052/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2007 |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

=== Gastronomy ===
{{main|Bengali cuisine}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image1 = Paan60.jpg
| caption1 = [[Paan]] and [[areca nut|supari]] are a typical meal concluder.
| image2 = A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg
| caption2 = A glass of [[Borhani]]
| image3 = Bangladeshi Biryani.jpg
| caption3 = A plate of [[Dhaka]]iya [[biryani]].
| image4 = Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg
| caption4 = Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)
}}

[[Bengali cuisine]] is the culinary style of the Bengali people. It has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from South Asia that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of [[French cuisine]], with food served course-wise rather than all at once. The dishes of Bengal are often centuries old and reflect the rich history of trade in Bengal through spices, herbs, and foods. With an emphasis on fish and vegetables served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and milk-based desserts. One will find the following items in most dishes; [[mustard oil]], [[Fish as food|fish]], [[panch phoron]], [[Sheep|lamb]], onion, rice, [[cardamom]], [[yogurt]] and [[spices]]. The food is often served in plates which have a distinct flowery pattern often in blue or pink. Common beverages include [[Sharbat (beverage)|shorbot]], [[borhani]], [[Chaas|ghol]], [[Mattha|matha]], [[lassi|lachhi]], [[falooda]], [[Rooh Afza]], natural juices like [[Sugarcane juice|Akher rosh]], [[Date juice|Khejur rosh]], Aamrosh, [[Doodh pati chai|Dudh cha]], [[Palm fruit juice|Taler rosh]], [[Masala chai|Masala cha]], as well as [[Kasa kasa|basil seed]] or [[Hyptis suaveolens|tukma]]-based drinks.

Bangladeshi and West Bengali cuisines have many similarities, but also many unique traditions at the same time. These kitchens have been influenced by the history of the respective regions. The kitchens can be further divided into the urban and rural kitchens. Urban kitchens in Bangladesh consist of native dishes with foreign Mughal influence, for example the [[Haji biryani]] and Chevron Biryani of [[Old Dhaka]].

'''Traditional Bengali Dishes:'''

[[Shorshe ilish]], [[Biryani]], [[Mezban]], [[Khichuri]], Macher [[Paturi (Bengali dish)|Paturi]], [[Chingri malai curry|Chingri Malai Curry]], [[Mishti doi|Mishti Doi]], etc. are some of the traditional dishes of the Bengali's.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Bengali literature|Bengali Renaissance}}

[[Bengali literature]] denotes the body of writings in the Bengali language, which has developed over the course of roughly 13 centuries. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature can be found within the [[Charyapada]], a collection of Buddhist mystic hymns dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. They were discovered in the Royal Court Library of [[Nepal]] by [[Hara Prasad Shastri]] in 1907. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods − ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Islamic epics by the likes of [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and [[Syed Sultan]], secular texts by Muslim poets like [[Alaol]] and Vaishnava texts by the followers of [[Krishna Chaitanya]]. Bengali writers began exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history. Royal courts such as that of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and the [[kingdom of Mrauk U]] gave patronage to numerous Bengali writers such as [[Shah Muhammad Saghir]], [[Daulat Qazi]] and [[Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan]].

The [[Bengali Renaissance]] refers to a socio-religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centered around the city of [[Calcutta]] and predominantly led by upper-caste [[Bengali Hindu]]s under the patronage of the [[British Raj]] who had created a reformed religion known as the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Historian [[Nitish Sengupta]] describes the Bengal renaissance as having begun with [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] (1775–1833) and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941).<ref name="sengupta">{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=211 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |quote=The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).}}</ref>

Though the Bengal Renaissance was predominantly representative to the Hindu community due to their relationship with British colonisers,<ref name="Sengupta2001p213">{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=213 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}</ref> there were, nevertheless, examples of modern Muslim littérateurs in this period. [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] (1847–1911) was the first major writer in the modern era to emerge from the Bengali Muslim society, and one of the finest prose writers in the Bengali language. His [[magnum opus]] [[Bishad Shindhu]] is a popular classic among Bengali readership. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (1899–1976), notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the National poet of Bangladesh. [[Begum Rokeya]] (1880–1932) was the leading female Bengali author of this period, best known for writing [[Sultana's Dream]] which was subsequently translated into numerous languages.

=== Marriage ===
[[File:All grown up and married!.jpg|thumb|The application of [[mehndi]] onto one's hand hosts a ceremony of itself during Bengali wedding seasons.]]
[[File:Bengali wedding (05).JPG|thumb|A Bengali groom [[dua|supplicating]] during his wedding.]]
A marriage among Bengalis often consists of multiple events rather than just one wedding. [[Arranged marriage]]s are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<ref name="Practiced">{{cite news |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788 |title=6 Places In The World Where Arranged Marriages Is Traditional & Historically Practiced |work=[[Elite Daily]] |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182605/https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788 |url-status=live}}</ref> Marriage is seen as a union between two families rather than just two people,<ref name="A BANGLADESHI WEDDING JOURNAL">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457 |title=A Bangladeshi Wedding Journal |date=11 November 2014 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085144/https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kottak |first=Conrad Phillip |author-link=Conrad Phillip Kottak |year=2019 |orig-year=First published 1996 |title=Mirror for humanity : a concise introduction to cultural anthropology |edition=12th |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-1-260-56570-6 |oclc=1132235649}}</ref> and they play a large part in developing and maintaining [[Interpersonal ties|social ties]] between families and villages. The two families are facilitated by ''Ghotok''s (mutual matchmakers), and the first event is known as the ''Paka Dekha''/''Dekhadekhi'' where all those involved are familiarised with each other over a meal at the bride's home. The first main event is the ''Paan-Chini''/''Chini-Paan'', hosted by the bride's family. Gifts are received from the groom's family and the marriage date is fixed in this event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Those 'paan-chini' days |author=Faruque, Nafisa |date=13 November 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182617/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598 |url-status=live}}</ref> An ''[[adda (South Asian)|adda]]'' takes place between the families as they consume a traditional Bengali banquet of food, ''[[paan]]'', tea and ''[[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|mishti]]''. The next event is the ''[[mehndi]]'' (henna) evening also known as the ''[[gaye holud]]'' (turmeric on the body). In Bengali Muslim weddings, this is normally followed by the main event, the ''[[walima]]'', hosting thousands of guests. An [[nikah|aqd]] (vow) takes place, where a contract of marriage (''Kabin nama'') and is signed. A ''[[qadi|qazi]]'' or ''[[imam]]'' is usually present here and would also recite the ''[[Qur'an]]'' and make ''[[dua]]'' for the couple. The groom is required to pay ''[[mahr|mohor]]'' (dowry) to the bride. For Bengali Hindu weddings, a Hindu priest is present, and the groom and bride follow Hindu customs culminating in the groom putting sindoor (vermillion) on the head of the bride to indicate that she is now a married woman. The ''Phirajatra''/''Phirakhaowa'' consists of the return of the bride with her husband to her home, which then becomes referred to as ''Naiyor'', and [[payesh]] and milk are served. Other post-marriage ceremonies include the ''[[Bou Bhat]]'' which takes place in the groom's home.
[[File:Bengali Aiburo Bhaat Thali, Own Home, Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Bengali ''Aiburo Bhaat Thali'' in Kolkata, West Bengal.]]
[[Arranged marriage]]s are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<ref name="Practiced"/> Though polygamy is rarity among Bengalis today, it was historically prevalent among both Muslims and Hindus prior to [[British colonisation]] and was a sign of prosperity.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Marriage|author=Rahman, Bilkis}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{main|Science and technology in Bangladesh}}

{{See also|List of Bangladeshi scientists|List of Indian Bengali scientists}}
The contribution of Bengalis to modern science is pathbreaking in the world's context. [[Qazi Azizul Haque]] was an inventor who is credited for devising the mathematical basis behind a [[Henry Classification System|fingerprint classification system]] that continued to be used up until the 1990s for criminal investigations. [[Abdus Suttar Khan]] invented more than forty different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, jet engines, train engines and industrial gas turbines. In 2006, [[Abul Hussam]] invented the [[Sono arsenic filter]] and subsequently became the recipient of the 2007 [[Grainger challenge]] Prize for [[Sustainability]].<ref name=nationalacademies>{{cite press release |title=National Academy of Engineering Announces Winners of $1 Million Challenge to Provide Safe Drinking Water |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02012007 |website=[[National Academies]] |access-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926153135/https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02012007 |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> Another biomedical scientist, [[Parvez Haris]], was listed among the top 1% of 100,000 scientists in the world by [[Stanford University]].<ref name="br24">{{cite web |url=https://britbangla24.com/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87/ |script-title=bn:বিশ্বের শীর্ষ বিজ্ঞানীদের তালিকায় প্রফেসর পারভেজ হারিস : আর্সেনিক নিয়ে গবেষণা সাড়া জাগিয়েছে |website=britbangla24 |date=23 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123232544/https://britbangla24.com/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rafiqul Islam (scientist)|Rafiqul Islam]] was the first to discover food saline ([[Oral rehydration therapy|Orsaline]]) for the treatment of [[diarrhoea]]. [[The Lancet]] considered this discovery to be "the most important medical discovery of the 20th century".<ref name="ds6Mar2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/oral-saline-inventor-no-more-1544038 |title=Oral saline inventor no more |work=The Daily Star |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

[[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was a structural engineer responsible for making many important advancements in high rise designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |title=Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122344/https://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He was the designer of [[Willis Tower]], the tallest building in the world until 1998. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |title=IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details |website=ialcce2012.boku.ac.at |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426000301/https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023, the billion-dollar [[Stable Diffusion]] [[deep learning]] [[text-to-image model]] was developed by [[Stability AI]] founded by [[Emad Mostaque]].<ref name="forbes billion">{{Cite web |last=Cai |first=Kenrick |title=Startup Behind AI Image Generator Stable Diffusion Is In Talks To Raise At A Valuation Up To $1 Billion |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrickcai/2022/09/07/stability-ai-funding-round-1-billion-valuation-stable-diffusion-text-to-image/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Lokesh |date=1 September 2022 |title=Stable Diffusion, a milestone? |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/stable-diffusion-a-milestone/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Stable Diffusion, you may never believe what you see online again – Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/09/with-stable-diffusion-you-may-never-believe-what-you-see-online-again/?amp=1 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=arstechnica.com| date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>

[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] was a [[polymath]]: a [[List of physicists|physicist]], [[biologist]], [[Botany|botanist]], [[Archaeology|archaeologist]], and writer of science fiction<ref>{{cite magazine |date=3 December 2004 |title=A versatile genius |url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=21 |issue=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203202750/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> who pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to [[plant science]], and laid the foundations of experimental science in [[the subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |page=6}}</ref> He is considered one of the [[People known as the father or mother of something|fathers]] of radio science,<ref>{{cite conference |title=Sir J.C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |year=1997 |volume=2 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}</ref> and is also considered the father of [[Bengali science fiction]]. He first practicalised the wireless radio transmission but [[Guglielmo Marconi]] got recognition for it due to European proximity. Bose also described for the first time that "''plants can respond''", by demonstrating with his [[crescograph]] and recording the impulse caused by bromination of plant tissue.

[[Satyendra Nath Bose]] was a [[physicist]], specialising in [[mathematical physics]]. He is best known for his work on [[quantum mechanics]] in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]. He is honoured as the namesake of the [[boson]]. He made first calculations to initiate [[Statistical Mechanics]]. He first hypothesised a ''physically tangible'' idea of [[photon]]. Bose's contemporary was [[Meghnad Saha]], an astrophysicist and politician who contributed to the theorisation of [[thermal ionization]]. The [[Saha ionization equation]], which was named after him, is used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Somaditya |date=1 August 2016 |title=Meghnad Saha: Physicist and nationalist |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3267 |issn=0031-9228 |bibcode=2016PhT....69h..38B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meghnad-N-Saha |title=Meghnad N. Saha {{!}} Indian astrophysicist |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090454/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meghnad-N-Saha |url-status=live}}</ref> His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] of [[star]]s to their actual temperatures.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=A forgotten star |journal=Distillations |year=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154731/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economics and poverty alleviation ===
Several Bengali economists and entrepreneurs have made pioneering contributions in economic theories and practices supporting poverty alleviation. [[Amartya Sen]] is an economist and philosopher, who has made contributions to [[welfare economics]], [[social choice theory]], [[Economic justice|economic]] and [[social justice]], economic theories of [[famine]]s, [[decision theory]], [[development economics]], [[public health]], and measures of [[well-being]] of countries. He was awarded the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]<ref name="AS NP Honor">{{cite news |title=Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen honoured in US |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17022920 |publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604093314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17022920 |url-status=live}}</ref> in 1998 and India's [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. [[Muhammad Yunus]] is a social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for founding the [[Grameen Bank]] and pioneering the concepts of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]. [[Abhijit Banerjee]] is an economist who shared the [[2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] with [[Esther Duflo]] and [[Michael Kremer]] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".<ref name="nobelpressrelease">{{cite press release |author= |date=14 October 2019 |title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2019 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101804/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece |title=Abhijit Banerjee among three to receive Economics Nobel |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=14 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014121518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sport and games ===
{{Main|Sport in Bangladesh|Sports in West Bengal}}

[[File:Lathi khela, Ancient Festival - Shamim Tirmizi.jpg|thumb|A ''[[lathi khela]]'' event taking place in [[Tangail District|Tangail]].]]
[[File:Rowing on Canal.jpg|thumb|A ''[[Nouka Baich]]'' competition taking place in the monsoon season.]]
Traditional Bengali sports consisted of various martial arts and various [[racing]] sports, though the British-introduced sports of [[cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are now most popular among Bengalis.

[[Lathi khela]] (stick-fighting) was historically a method of duelling as a way to protect or take land and others' possessions. The [[Zamindars of Bengal]] would hire ''lathial''s (trained stick-fighters) as a form of security and a means to forcefully collect tax from tenants.<ref name="prothom-alo">''[http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 ঈদ উৎসবের নানা রং] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042311/http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 |date=3 November 2013 }}'',সাইমন জাকারিয়া, দৈনিক প্রথম আলো। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: আগস্ট ০২, ২০১৩</ref> Nationwide ''lathi khela'' competitions used to take place annually in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] up until 1989, though its practice is now diminishing and being restricted to certain festivals and celebrations.<ref name=dhakamirror.com>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|title=Lathi Khela to celebrate Tangail Free Day|work=Dhaka Mirror|date=13 December 2011|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191316/http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Chamdi'' is a variant of ''lathi khela'' popular in [[North Bengal]]. [[Pehlwani|Kushti]] (wrestling) is also another popular fighting sport and it has developed regional forms such as ''[[boli khela]]'', which was introduced in 1889 by Zamindar Qadir Bakhsh of [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]]. A merchant known as Abdul Jabbar Saodagar adapted the sport in 1907 with the intention of cultivating a sport that would prepare Bengalis in fighting against British colonials.<ref name=independent>{{cite news |last=Zaman |first=Jaki |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela: Better Than WWE |url=http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299:jabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104225255/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299%3Ajabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175%3Aweekend-independent&Itemid=213 |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=thedailystar.net>{{cite news |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela tomorrow |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526151448/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1972, a popular [[Contact sport|contact]] [[team sport]] called [[Kabaddi|Kabadi]] was made the [[national sport]] of [[Bangladesh]]. It is a regulated version of the rural [[Hadudu]] sport which had no fixed rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Faroqi, Gofran|article=Kabadi}}</ref> [[Butthan]], a 20th-century Bengali martial arts invented by Grandmaster [[Mak Yuree]], is now practised in different parts of the world under the International Butthan Federation.<ref name=unb>{{cite news |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |date=13 October 2019 |title=Seminar on Butthan Combat Sports & Co-competition system held |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=[[United News of Bangladesh]] |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153506/http://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Nouka Baich]] is a Bengali boat racing competition which takes place during and after the rainy season when much of the land goes under water. The long canoes were referred to as ''khel nao'' (meaning playing boats) and the use of [[cymbal]]s to accompany the singing was common. Different types of boats are used in different parts of Bengal.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=S M Mahfuzur Rahman |article=Boat Race}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] was patronised most notably by the [[Dighapatia Raj]]as in [[Natore District|Natore]], and their [[Chalanbeel Horse Race]]s have continued to take place annually for centuries.

Football is the most popular sports among Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=Bengal's tryst with football: The beautiful game as part of art, drama & music |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Goal.com India |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008004000/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengal is the home to Asia's oldest football league, [[Calcutta Football League]] and the fourth oldest cup tournament in the world, [[Durand Cup]]. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] are the biggest clubs in the region and subsequently India, and among the biggest in Asia. East Bengal and Mohun Bagan participate in [[Kolkata Derby]], which is the biggest sports derby in Asia. Mohun Bagan, founded in 1889, is the oldest native football club of Bengal. The club is primarily supported by the [[Ghoti people|Ghotis]], who are the native inhabitants of [[West Bengal]]. East Bengal, on the contrary, was founded on 1 August 1920 and is a club Primarily supported by the ethnic eastern Bengalis. Mohun Bagan's first major victory was in 1911, when the team defeated an English club known as the Yorkshire Regiment to win the [[IFA Shield]]. In 2003, East Bengal became the first Indian club to win a major international trophy in the form of [[ASEAN Club Championship]]. While Mohun Bagan currently holds the most amount of national titles (6 in total), East Bengal is the stronger side in the Kolkata derby, having won 138 out of a total of 391 matches in which these two teams participited. East Bengal also takes the crown for having won the [[Kolkata Derby#Statistics|most major trophies in India]] (109 compared to the 105 of Mohun Bagan). [[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]] of [[Calcutta]] became the first [[South Asian]] to play for a European football club in 1936.<ref name="Breck">Breck, A. ''Alan Breck's Book of Scottish Football''. Scottish Daily Express, 1937, cited in {{cite web |url=http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |title=''Salim, Mohammed'' |publisher=thecelticwiki.org |date=29 May 2006 |work=All time A to Z of Celtic players |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529055952/http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |url-status=live}} See also, {{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |title=''Barefooted Indian who left Calcutta to join Celtic'' |work=The Scotsman |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235208/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his two appearances for [[Celtic F.C.]], he played the entire matches barefoot and scored several goals.<ref>''Scottish Daily Express'', 29 August 1936, cited in Majumdar, B. and Bandyopadhyay, K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 ''A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051543/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 |date=18 November 2022 }}. Routledge, 2006, p. 68.</ref> In 2015, [[Hamza Choudhury]] became the first Bengali to play in the [[Premier League]] and is predicted to be the first [[British Asian]] to play for the [[England national football team]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |last=Trehan |first=Dev |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=2 September 2019 |title=Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523150804/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengalis are very competitive when it comes to board and home games such as [[Pachisi]] and its modern counterpart [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]], as well as [[Latim]], [[Carrom Board]], Chor-Pulish, [[Kanamachi]] and [[Chess]]. [[Rani Hamid]] is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. [[Ramnath Biswas]] was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.

== See also ==
{{commons category|Bengali people}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Bengali nationalism]]
* [[Bengali Americans]]
* [[List of Bangladeshis]]
* [[List of Bengalis]]
* [[List of people from West Bengal]]
* [[States of India by Bengali speakers]]

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |title=History of the Bengali-Speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}
* Uberoi, Anuradha (6 January 2020), ''Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities'' & [https://www.thehindu.com/books/chennai-brew-tells-stories-of-people-from-other-parts-of-india-who-found-warmth-and-love-in-the-city/article30491202.ece "''These Communities Call Chennai 'home'''"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. {{ISBN|978-93-5351-676-5}}.

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |author-link=Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |year=1988 |title=[[Bangla O Bangali]] |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications |page=441 |isbn=978-81-7252-297-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=554 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=R. |date=1994 |title=History of the Bengali People |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |page=656 |isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Niharranjan |date=1994 |title=History of the Bengali people: ancient period |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=613 |isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=N |date=2013 |title=History of the Bengali People from Earliest Times to the Fall of the Sena Dynasty |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited |page=613 |isbn=978-81-250-5053-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=S.N. |date=1 December 2005 |title=The Bengalis: The People, Their History and Culture |page=1900 |publisher=Indigo Books |isbn=978-81-292-0066-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |date=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin UK |page=656 |isbn=978-81-8475-530-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nasrin |first1=Mithun B |last2=Van Der Wurff |first2=W.A.M |date=2015 |title=Colloquial Bengali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people |publisher=Routledge |page=288 |isbn=978-1-317-30613-9 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051520/https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |year=2016 |title=The Partition of Bengal: Fragile Borders and New Identities |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-06170-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=1 February 2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis (Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=604 |isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab |year=2009 |title=A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia |publisher=Peter Lang |page=294 |isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |date=2008 |title=People of India: West Bengal, Volume 43, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people |location=[[University of Virginia]] |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |page=1397 |isbn=978-81-7046-300-9 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051512/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Milne |first=William Stanley |orig-date=1913 |date=2007 |edition=New |title=A Practical Bengali Grammar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=561 |isbn=978-81-206-0877-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Claire |last2=Chatterji |first2=Joya |date=10 December 2015 |title=The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration |publisher=Routledge |page=304 |isbn=978-0-415-53073-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Mridula Nath |date=26 March 2014 |title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World |publisher=Routledge |page=254 |isbn=978-0-415-62588-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |date=16 October 2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Subrata |date=2009 |title=The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Permanent Black |page=286 |isbn=978-81-7824-279-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |page=627 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA627}}
* {{cite book |last=Glynn |first=Sarah |date=30 November 2014 |title=Class, Ethnicity and Religion in the Bengali East End: A Political History |publisher=[[Manchester University]] |page=304 |isbn=978-0-7190-9595-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=Aph Publishing Corporations |page=365 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Deodhari |first=Shanti |date=2007 |title=Banglar Bow (Bengali Bride) |publisher=AuthorHouse |page=80 |isbn=978-1-4670-1188-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Swarupa |date=2009 |title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C |publisher=BRILL |page=408 |isbn=978-90-04-17614-0 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Manisha |date=2010 |title=Bengali Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |page=232 |isbn=978-0-226-23044-3 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Basak |first=Sita |date=2006 |title=Bengali Culture And Society Through Its Riddles |publisher=Neha Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-212-0891-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |date=2013 |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |page=368 |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Inden |first1=Ronald B |last2=Nicholas |first2=Ralph W. |date=2005 |title=Kinship in Bengali culture |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=158 |isbn=978-81-8028-018-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicholas |first=Ralph W. |date=2003 |title=Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=248 |isbn=978-81-8028-006-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=S.N. |date=2002 |title=The Bengalis: The People, Their History, and Culture. Religion and Bengali culture. volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people |publisher=Cosmo Publications |page=321 |isbn=978-81-7755-392-5 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051541/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |date=2004 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |publisher=Anthem Press |page=440 |isbn=978-1-84331-144-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |date=2015 |title=Hungry Bengal : War, Famine, Riots and the End of Empire |publisher=Harper Collins India |page=344 |isbn=978-93-5177-582-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Guhathakurta |first1=Meghna |last2=Schendel |first2=Willem van |date=2013 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |page=568 |isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |date=19 November 2012 |title=Bengal Divided: The Unmaking of a Nation (1905-1971) |publisher=Penguin India |page=272 |isbn=978-0-14-341955-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Joy |last2=Basu |first2=Arindam |date=September 2015 |title=Chandraketugarh – rediscovering a missing link in Indian history |url=https://iitkgpsandhi.org/Chandraketugarh_Report.pdf |publisher=SandHI |isbn=978-93-80813-37-0 |ref={{harvid|Sen et al.|September 2015}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Rupendra Kumar |last2=Acharya |first2=Dipsikha |last3=Majumder |first3=Shubha |last4=Sain |first4=Malay Kumar |last5=Biswas |first5=Pampa |last6=Mondal |first6=Bijan |date=2013 |title=Excavation at Dihar 2012-2013 : An Interim Report |url=https://www.academia.edu/36290222 |access-date=27 September 2023 |ref={{harvid|Chattopadhyay et al.|2013}} |journal=Pratna Samiksha |volume=1 |pages=9–33}}
{{Refend}}

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Tribes of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengalis}}
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethno-cultural designations]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Collectivism]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]

The Westin Chennai Velachery

2026-03-26T02:54:31Z

Juliivg: Started Entry

{{short description|Luxury hotel in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = The Westin Chennai Velachery
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| image = Westin velachery.jpg
| caption = The Westin Chennai Velachery
| location = [[India]]
| address = 154 Velachery Main Road, [[Velachery]]<br />[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 042
| hotel_chain = [[Westin Hotels & Resorts]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9893838|80.2186913|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| opening_date = February 2013
| developer =
| architect =
| operator =
| owner = P. Mohamed Ali (Mfar Hotels and Resorts Limited)
| number_of_rooms = 215<ref name="TOI_WestinChennai"/>
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area =
| floor_count = 10
| height =
| parking =
| website = {{URL|https://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/maavw-the-westin-chennai-velachery/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''The Westin Chennai Velachery''' is a 10-storied [[Hotel rating|five-star]] [[hotel]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Located on [[Velachery Main Road]] in [[Velachery]], a southern suburb of Chennai, it is the sixth Westin hotel in India.

==History==
The hotel was opened in February 2013.<ref name="BT_WestinOpensChennaiProperty">{{cite news
| title = Westin opens Chennai Velachery property
| newspaper = Business Traveller
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 February 2013
| url = http://www.businesstraveller.com/news/westin-opens-chennai-velachery-property
| access-date = 26 Feb 2013}}</ref> In November 2013, the hotel launched its Asian speciality restaurant, EEST (standing for Elegant, Exquisite, Serenity and Triumph).<ref>{{cite news
| title = The Westin Chennai Velachery opens EEST restaurant
| newspaper = HospitalityBizIndia.com
| location = Mumbai
| publisher = HospitalityBizIndia
| date = 21 November 2013
| url = http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=18090&sid=1
| access-date = 7 Dec 2013}}</ref>

==The hotel==
The hotel is built on a plot measuring 7792 sq m.<ref name="CMDA_PPApproval">{{cite web
|title = PP Approval - MSB 2012 (January to October)
|publisher = CMDA
|year = 2012
|url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/msb/english/2012.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224004216/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/msb/english/2012.pdf#
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 24 December 2015
|access-date = 16 Nov 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> With a room count of 215,<ref name="TOI_WestinChennai">{{cite news
| last = Joshi
| first = Sonam
| title = The Westin Chennai Velachery
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 25 October 2016
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/hotels/10-plush-stays-in-chennai/the-westin-chennai-velachery/articleshow/24529785.cms
| access-date = 22 December 2024}}</ref> the hotel has four food and beverage venues, including an all-day dining, a specialty restaurant, a bar and a poolside restaurant. Leisure facilities in the hotel include a gym named Westin Workout, an outdoor pool, a spa named 'Heavenly Spa', and a group running programme called 'Run Westin'.<ref name="BT_WestinOpensChennaiProperty"/> It also features over 12,600 square feet (1,170 sq m) of meeting and function space,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Starwood signs agreement for first property in Chennai
| newspaper = Travel Biz Monitor
| location = Mumbai
| publisher = TravelBizMonitor.com
| date = 25 January 2012
| url = http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/starwood-signs-agreement-for-first-property-in-chennai-15498
| access-date = 16 Apr 2012}}</ref> including two pillarless ballrooms and 12 break-out rooms, in addition to a business centre.<ref name="BT_WestinOpensChennaiProperty"/> The hotel features an open swimming pool on the second-floor terrace level.<ref name="CMDA_PPApproval"/>

The hotel has three restaurants, namely, the all-day dining Seasonal Tastes, Pan Asia EEST and the Poolside Grill and Barbeque, in addition to the cricket-themed lounge bar Willows. There is a Westin Executive Club located on the top floor of the hotel.<ref name="BT_WestinOpensChennaiProperty"/>

The central courtyard of the hotel has a 35-feet cascading water body.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Westin® Hotels & Resorts Brings Inspired Well Being to Chennai, India with the Opening of the Westin Chennai Velachery
| newspaper = Fort Mill Times
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Fortmillstimes.com
| date = 25 February 2013
| url = http://www.fortmilltimes.com/2013/02/25/2517384/westin-hotels-resorts-brings-inspired.html
| access-date = 26 Feb 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Hotels in Chennai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/maavw-the-westin-chennai-velachery/}}

{{Hotels in Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Westin Chennai Velachery}}
[[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:Westin hotels]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2013]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2013]]

Vijayanandsuri

2026-03-25T20:09:06Z

Juliivg: expanded content

{{Short description|18th century Indian Jain ascetic}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Acharya
| name = Vijayanandsuri
| image = Vijayanandsuri Muni Atmaramji Jain monk.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| official_name = Acharya Vijayanand Suri
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1837|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lehra, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1896|5|20|1837|4|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| initiation_name = Anandvijay (earlier Atmaram)
| initiator = Muni Buddhivijay
| initiation_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| initiation_date = 1876
| works = ''Jain Tattvadarsh'', ''Agyana Timira Bhaskara'', ''Tattva Nirnaya Prāsād''
| successor = [[Vallabhsuri]]
| burial_place = [[Atmaramji Samadhi]] (Cremated remains), [[Gujranwala]], [[Pakistan]]
}}

Acharya '''Vijayanand Suri''' (6 April 1837 – 20 May 1896), also known as '''Atmaramji of [[Gujranwala]]''', was the first [[Swetambar]] [[Murtipujaka]] [[Jain]] monk in modern times to receive the title of [[Acharya]].<ref>Mangilal Bhutoria, Itihas ki Amar Bel- Oswal, Priyadarshi Prakashan, Calcutta, 1988</ref><ref name="Cort2009" /> Born and raised in [[Punjab]], he was initiated as a [[Sthanakvasi]] monk and later joined the Murtipujaka tradition. He travelled extensively in [[Gujarat]], [[Rajputana]] and Punjab; he organised and reformed Jain community, ascetic orders and literature. He wrote several books in Hindi and was invited to the first World Parliament of Religions in 1893 which was attended by [[Virchand Gandhi]] later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A short account of the life of Shrimat Vijayanandsuri |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007301/9?highlight=Vijayanandsuri}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Atmaramji Appreciation 01.jpg|left|thumb|Vijayanandsuri]]
[[File:Atmaram Disciples.jpg|thumb|left|Vijayanandsuri with his disciples in [[Ajmer]] in [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1946]]
{{Jainism}}
He was born on 6 April 1837 CE (Chaitra Shukla 1 [[Vikram Samvat]] 1893) in Lehara, Punjab to Ganeshchandra and Rupdevi. He was born in a Hindu family.<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1835357M/The_Chicago_prashnottar_or_questions_and_answers_on_Jainism_for_the_Parliament_of_Religions_held_at_ The Chicago prashnottar, or questions and answers on Jainism for the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago, U.S.A. in 1893 1st ed. by Ātmānanda, Published by Atmanand Jain Pustak Pracharak Mandal, Agra, 1918 ]</ref> His father was an army official of [[Ranjit Singh]]. His father died in his early childhood and he was raised by his mother. He was given to Sheth Jodhmal of Jira, Punjab for education in VS 1903. He studied Hindi and arithmetic. He came into contact with Sthanakvasi monks during his school life. A couple of influential Sthanakavasi monks initiated him in 1853 (VS 1910) at the age of sixteen and was given the name of Atmaram.<ref name="Cort2009">{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina : Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC&pg=PA7|access-date=June 24, 2013|date=November 16, 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=5–8}}</ref><ref name="University2001">{{cite book|author=John E. Cort|title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India: Religious Values and Ideology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC&pg=PA42|access-date=6 August 2014|date=22 March 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803037-9|pages=42–46}}</ref><ref name="CP">{{cite book|author=Vijayanandsuri|title=The Chicago-Prashnottar: Or Questions and Answers on Jainism for the Parliament of Religions Held at Chicago, U.S.A. in 1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY9QAQAAMAAJ|year=1918|publisher=Atmanand Jain Pustak Pracharak Mandal|pages=iii–vi|chapter=Short account of Life of Shrimat Vijayanandsuri, popularly known as Atmaramji}} [https://archive.org/details/chicagoprashnott00atma Alt URL]</ref>

==Ascetic career==
[[File:Shrine of Vijayanandsuri Atmaramji Gujranwala.jpg|thumb|left|[[Atmaramji Samadhi|Memorial shrine]] in [[Gujranwala]]. From Chicago Prashnottar, 1918]]

Atmaram began the study of Jain scriptures along with his fellow ascetics. He was later joined by a ''Yati'' of [[Tapa Gaccha]] lineage. After several years of study, he was convinced that the Sthanakavasi position of opposition of Idol-worshiping contradicted the scriptures.<ref name="Cort2009" /> Later in 1876 (VS 1943), he was initiated again as a Murtipujaka monk in [[Ahmedabad]] by Muni Buddhivijay, also known as Buterayji of Tapa Gaccha who himself was Sthanakvasi monk before. He was given a new name, Anandvijay.

In 1886, he was conferred the title of [[Acharya]] by the [[Sangha (Jainism)|congregation]] of [[Palitana]] during his [[Chaturmas]] (four months stay during rainy season) there. This was a notable event because since four centuries, there wasn't an ascetic who was conferred with the title of Acharya. He was the first Acharya of contemporary Jain history as till then only ''Yati''s were conferred with the title.<ref name="University2001"/> As a result of reforms advocated by him, the influence of [[yati]]s declined, although the yatis still survive in some locations.<ref>The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions
Penguin reference library, Penguin UK, 2010</ref>

He travelled extensively in Gujarat and Punjab. He convinced to open Jain Bhandaras (libraries) with Jain literature kept closed to people for years and had texts copied and examined by scholars. He brought this literature to light and instilled a sense of identity among Jains. In 1893, he was invited to participate in the first ever [[Parliament of the World's Religions#1893 Parliament|World Parliament of Religions]] at [[Chicago]] and since Jain monks do not travel overseas he sent [[Virchand Gandhi]] to United States to participate in the World Parliament of Religions. He won silver medal in 1893 at Chicago and was covered by many USA periodicals.<ref>Jainism: The World of Conquerors By Natubhai Shah, 1998 Sussex Academic Press</ref> Based on questions that he had received from the organizers of the Parliament, he wrote a book for the occasion entitled ''The Chicago-Prashnottar'' or ''Questions and Answers on Jainism for the Parliament of Religions Held at Chicago USA in 1893''. He was instrumental in reviving the tradition of fully initiated monks (''Samvegi sadhu''). He also convinced many Sthankvasis in the Punjab to join the Murtipujaka tradition. About 15000 people converted to Jainism due to his efforts. He also encouraged the construction and renovation of Jain temples. He had helped orientalist [[Rudolf Hoernlé]] in his studies on Jainism.<ref name="CP"/>

He died in [[Gujranwala]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) on 20 May 1896 (Jayeshtha Shukla 8 VS 1953).<ref name="University2001"/> A memorial shrine dedicated to him was built there by Lala Mayadas Nanakchand Bhabras.<ref name="CP"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-28|title=The legend of Atmaram Ji's Samadhi|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/402564/the-legend-of-atmaram-jis-samadhi/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> His footprints along with the ''chhatri'' (cenotaph) over them, are moved to [[Lahore Fort]] Museum. Some artefacts and decorations were also moved.<ref>[https://farm9.static.flickr.com/8047/8112713857_fc1c0c0fa8_b.jpg Foot prints of Atmaram ji]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Samadhi of Atmaram Ji declared as 'special premises' {{!}} Pakistan Today|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/05/27/samadhi-of-atmaram-ji-declared-as-declared-as-special-premises/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> The shrine was mistakenly identified as the memorial of Punjab ruler [[Ranjit Singh]]'s grandfather Charat Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=orientalarchitecture.com|title=Atmaramji Shrine, Gujranwala, Pakistan|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1220/pakistan/gujranwala/atmaramji-shrine|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The shrine came under the local police in 1984 and used as a police station until 2003 when most offices were moved to new place. The central chamber was used as an office of the Gujranwala Deputy Police Superintendent. The building was used by traffic police until 2015.<ref name=":2" /> In 2019, it was declared as a protected monument by the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The samadhi was visited by Jain Acharya Gachadhipati Dharmadhurandhar Suri on May 28, 2023, along with other Jain munis and lay Jains after a gap to more than 75 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://palisirohionline.in/2023/05/28/dharm-dhulandhr-jain-santh/ |title=पूजनीय आत्म वल्लभजी के गुरुदेव आत्मारामजी समाधि धाम में जैनाचार्य पूजनीय धर्मधुरंधर जी मा.सा का आगमन, PALI SIROHI ONLINE, Nagendra Agrawal, May 28, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607032036/https://palisirohionline.in/2023/05/28/dharm-dhulandhr-jain-santh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Vijayanandsuri.jpg|thumb|Idol of Vijayanandsuriji at Jain Golden Temple,Hosiyarpur,[[Punjab]]]]
He wrote a number of books in Hindi, including ''The Chicago-Prashnottar'' or ''Questions and Answers on Jainism for the Parliament of Religions Held at Chicago USA in 1893'' which was translated into English and published in 1918. His other important works are ''Jain Tattvadarsh'', ''Agyana Timira Bhaskara'', ''Samyaktva-shalyadwara'' and ''Tattva Nirnaya Prāsād''.<ref name="CP"/>

==Legacy==
He used to give more importance to education and established several libraries and ''Pathshala'' (religious schools) in Punjab. Later [[Vallabhsuri]], his disciple, built many schools, hospitals and educational institutes. He was given the title of ''Navyug Nirmata'' (builder of a new era) by Vallabhsuri.<ref name="CP"/>

His monkhood lineage has large number of ascetics which roughly covers {{1/4}} of all current ascetics of Tapa Gaccha. Major ascetic groupings are Atma-Vallabh Samuday, Prem-Ramchandra Suri and Prem-Bhuvanbhanu Suri Samuday.<ref name="Cort2009" />

==See also==
*[[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
*[[Hemachandra]]
*[[Hiravijaya]]
*[[Yashovijaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/55511 The Chicago-prashnottar (English) on Digital Library of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130207/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/55511 |date=2016-12-20 }}
* [http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=75830 Biographical article of 1935 on Atmaram]
* [http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=79541 Invitation of 1893, World religion Parliament to Acharya Vijayanandsuri/Muni Atmaram]

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:Jain reformers]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Husam Musa

2026-03-25T08:03:14Z

Juliivg: improved section based on references per sources

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{malay name|Husam|Musa}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay titles#Honorary style|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay titles#Datuk|Datuk]]
| name = Husam Musa
| native_name = حسام بن موسى
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|DMSM|JMK}}
| image = Husam_Musa_Putrajaya_2013.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| height =
| caption = Husam Musa in 2013
| office3 = Exco roles (Kelantan)
| subterm3 = 2004–2008
| suboffice3 = Chairman of the Planning, Finance and National Development
| subterm4 = 2008–2013
| suboffice4 = Chairman of the Economic Planning, Finance and Welfare
| office6 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Negara]]
| subterm6 = 2018–2021
| suboffice6 = [[Pakatan Harapan]]
| office10 = Faction represented in [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]
| subterm10 = 2004–2016
| suboffice10 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| subterm11 = 2016–2018
| suboffice11 = [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]]
| office8 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| subterm8 = 1999–2004
| suboffice8 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
|office14 = Other roles
|subterm14 = 2018–2020
|suboffice14 = Chairman of Kemubu Agriculture Development Authority (KADA)
|subterm15 = 2023–
|suboffice15 = Chairman of Syarikat Perumahan Negara Bhd (SPNB)
| office = State Chairman of the [[Pakatan Harapan]] of Kelantan
| term_start = 30 August 2017
| term_end = 9 March 2021
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| successor = [[Muhammad Husain]]
| birth_name = Husam bin Musa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|10|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kampung Kota, [[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]], [[Federation of Malaya]] <small>(now [[Malaysia]])</small>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]]
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) (till 2016) <br /> [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH) (since 2016)
| otherparty = [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) (1999-2004) <br /> [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) (2008-2015) <br /> [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) (since 2016)
| occupation = Politician
| relations =
| spouse = Rohana Abd Rahman
| children = 7 sons
| parents = Musa<br />Salma Idris
| alma_mater = [[University of Malaya]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.husammusa.com}}
| footnotes = {{pom|3775}}
}}
[[Malay titles|Datuk]] '''Husam bin Musa''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: حسام بن موسى; born 14 October 1959) is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]] who served as a senator in the [[Dewan Negara]] from 2018 to 2021. He held the position of vice-president in the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH), a component party of the [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) coalition, until September 2020.

==Political career==
A vice-president of the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) from 2011 to 2015, he was considered the leader of the party's liberal wing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2009 |title=Mat Sabu likes the 'progressive way' |url=http://mt.m2day.org/2008/content/view/22676/84/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005034900/http://mt.m2day.org/2008/content/view/22676/84/ |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=Malaysia Today}}</ref> He was expelled from the party for alleged misconduct on 6 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/05/06/husam-sacked-by-pas/|title=Husam Musa sacked from PAS |publisher=www.thestar.com.my|language=ms|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref>

As a PAS member, Husam represented [[Salor (state constituency)|Salor]] (2008–2018) and [[Kijang (state constituency)|Kijang]] (2004–2008) in the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]. He was also the [[Dewan Rakyat|member of parliament]] for [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]] (1999–2004). His time as a member of parliament brought him some prominence, and he received the accolade of "Newsmaker of the Year 2003" from [[Malaysiakini]] for his tenacity to bring up issues of public interest.

In the [[2018 Malaysian general election]], he contested and failed to win the [[Kota Bharu (federal constituency)|Kota Bharu]] parliamentary and Salor state seats as a member of the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/2018/05/09/husam-tewas-di-dun-parlimen-kelantan/|title=Husam tewas di DUN, Parlimen Kelantan |date=9 May 2018 |work= FMT Reporters|publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|language=ms|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

He was appointed to serve a three-year term as senator, lasting from September 2018 to September 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/441434|title=Husam Musa sworn in as senator |date=3 September 2018 |work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

Husam resigned as vice-president of AMANAH in 2020 amid rumours of a disagreement between him and party leader [[Mohamad Sabu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2020 |title=Amanah denies Husam quit party, says stepped down from post to focus on winning seats in Kelantan |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/09/14/amanah-denies-husam-quit-party-says-stepped-down-from-post-to-focus-on-winn/1903037 |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=www.malaymail.com}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri |publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]] |language=ms|access-date=19 June 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web
| title = Malaysia General Election
| work = undiinfo Malaysian Election Data
| publisher = [[Malaysiakini]]
| url = http://undi.info/#
| access-date = 4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="resultpru13">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|'''P024 [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Husam Musa'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''25,384'''
|'''73.20%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Siti Jeliha @ Zaleha Hussin ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |9,293
|26.80%
|35,246
|16,091
|76.79%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|'''P125 [[Putrajaya (federal constituency)|Putrajaya]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Husam Musa ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |4,402
|30.69%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]]'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''9,943'''
|'''69.31%'''
|14,465
|5,541
|91.60%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|'''P021 [[Kota Bharu (federal constituency)|Kota Bharu]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=2|Husam Musa ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |22,422
| rowspan=2|33.48%
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''[[Takiyuddin Hassan]]''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''28,291'''
|'''42.24%'''
| rowspan=2|68,306
| rowspan=2|5,869
| rowspan=2|77.00%
|-
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Fikhran Hamshi Mohd Fatmi ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |16,256
|24.27%
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=3|'''P022 [[Pasir Mas (federal constituency)|Pasir Mas]]'''
|rowspan=3 {{Party shading/PH}} |
|rowspan=3|Husam Musa ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|rowspan=3 align="right" |6,439
|rowspan=3|9.88%
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Ahmad Fadhli Shaari]]'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''44,444'''
|'''68.21%'''
|rowspan=3|66,145
|rowspan=3|30,717
|rowspan=3|68.91%
|-
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Abdul Ghani Harun ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |13,727
|21.07%
|-
|{{Party shading/Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia}} |
| Nasrul Ali Hassan Abdul Latif ([[Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia|PUTRA]])
|align="right" |543
|align="right" |0.83%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="election results"/><ref name="undiinfo"/><ref name="resultpru13"/><ref name="GE14 results"/><ref name="The Star GE14"/>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|'''N05 [[Kijang (state constituency)|Kijang]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Husam Musa''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''6,916'''
|'''62.16%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Che Rosli Hassan ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |4,034
|36.26%
|11,126
|2,882
|79.35%
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|rowspan=4|'''N17 [[Salor (state constituency)|Salor]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Husam Musa'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''8,329'''
|'''60.96%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ismail Mamat ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |5,097
|37.31%
|13,662
|3,232
|82.66%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Husam Musa''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''10,231'''
|'''60.73%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Noordin Awang ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |6,548
|38.87%
|17,042
|3,683
|85.16%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Kelantan state election|2018]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=2|Husam Musa ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |3,617
| rowspan=2|16.93%
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Saiful Adli Abd Bakar''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |11,206
|52.46%
| rowspan=2|21,836
| rowspan=2|4,666
| rowspan=2|80.39%
|-
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Mohd Noordin Awang ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |6,540
|30.61%
|}

==Honours==
Husam was earlier conferred the [[List of post-nominal letters (Kelantan)|Dato' Paduka Jiwa Mahkota Kelantan]] award which carries the title ''Dato''' when he was an exco in 2006 by the previous [[Sultan Ismail Petra]] of Kelantan but the award was revoked by his son, [[Sultan Muhammad V]] in February 2018. On 13 October 2018, Husam was awarded Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka by Tuan Yang Terutama Yang Dipertua Negeri Melaka which carries the title ''Datuk''.
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}
** [[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 1925-2006.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Kelantan)|Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] (JMK) (2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=/2005/4/2/nation/10552188&sec=nation|title=Sultan of Kelantan birthday honours list|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=16 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716211726/http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=/2005/4/2/nation/10552188&sec=nation}}</ref>
** {{strikethrough|[[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 2006.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Kelantan)|Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] (DJMK) – '''Dato''''}} (2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=/2006/3/30/nation/13812646&sec=nation|title=Abdullah heads honours list|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|access-date=19 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716211731/http://thestar.com.my/news/list.asp?file=/2006/3/30/nation/13812646&sec=nation}}</ref> revoked on 7 February 2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/411402|title=Kelantan sultan strips Husam, former MP of datukship|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|date=7 February 2018|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/analysis/2018/02/07/with-datuk-revocation-kelantan-palace-sends-strong-signal-about-amanah/|title=With 'datuk' revocation, Kelantan palace sends strong signal about Amanah|author= Joceline Tan |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=7 February 2018|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Malacca}}
** [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Companion Class I of the [[Exalted Order of Malacca#Companion Class I|Exalted Order of Malacca]] (DMSM) – '''Datuk''' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malaysiadateline.com/husam-kembali-bergelar-datuk-mujahid-dr-dzul-ahmad-awang-datuk-seri/|title=Husam kembali bergelar 'datuk', Mujahid Dr Dzul Ahmad Awang 'datuk seri'|language=ms|work=MALAYSIADATELINE|date=13 October 2018|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606211611/http://www.husammusa.com/ Official site]}}
* {{pom|3775}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakatan Harapan}}
{{Malaysian Senators}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Husam Musa}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kota Bharu]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian journalists]]
[[Category:Former Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Negara]]
[[Category:Members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Kelantan state executive councillors]]
[[Category:University of Malaya alumni]]
[[Category:National Trust Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1999–2004]]

WION

2026-03-24T17:32:17Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|Indian multinational news channel}}
{{About|an Indian international television news channel}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = WION
| logo = WION news Logo.svg
| logo_size = 140px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2016|08|15|df=yes}}
| type = Radio, broadcast news, discussions
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<br />(downscaled to [[4:3]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| area = Worldwide
| network = [[Zee Media Corporation]]
| owner = [[Essel Group]]
| country = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| headquarters = [[Noida]], India
| webcast = [http://www.wionews.com/live-tv Watch Live]
| website = {{URL|wionews.com}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[Sky UK]] (United Kingdom)
| terr_chan_1 = LCN 523<ref name="skyuk">{{cite news | url=https://x.com/WIONews/status/1371459920764276738|title=WION is now available in the UK on Sky Channel 523 }}</ref>
| online_serv_1 = Live Streaming (International)
| online_chan_1 = * [http://www.wionews.com/live-tv Web stream at WION]
| terr_serv_2 = [[Freeview (UK) | Freeview]] (United Kingdom)
| terr_chan_2 = LCN 287<ref name="freeview">{{cite news | url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/wion-launched-on-uks-dtt-platform-freeview-301780222.html|title=WION launched on UK's DTT platform Freeview }}</ref>
| terr_serv_3 = [[Etisalat]] (United Arab Emirates)
| terr_chan_3 = LCN 550<ref name="etisalat">{{cite news | url=https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/home/packages/elife-family-channels-list.html|title=Elife Family Channels List }}</ref>
| terr_serv_4 = [[Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media|BEAM TV]] (Philippines)
| terr_chan_4 = [[DWKC-DTV|Channel x.3]] (planned)
| terr_serv_5 = [[Cignal TV]] (Philippines)
| terr_chan_5 = Channel 178 (planned)
| online_serv_2 = Live Streaming (India)
| online_chan_2 = * [https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/wion/0-9-wion Web stream at ZEE5]
| online_serv_3 = Live streaming (India)
| online_chan_3 = * [https://www.airtelxstream.in/livetv-channels/wion/MWTV_LIVETVCHANNEL_850 Web stream at Airtel Xtream]
}}

'''WION''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|i|.|ɑː|n}}, {{Respell|WEE|ahn}};<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjil5LvQh0s |title=WION - The Voice of South Asia |date=15 June 2016 |last=WION |type=Video |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=tjil5LvQh0s |archive-date=28 October 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> '''World is One News''') is an Indian [[English language]] [[news channel]] headquartered in [[Noida]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Shubhang |date=8 December 2016 |title=English News channel of Zee group' WION' announces its official launch |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/english-news-channel-of-zee-group-wion-announces-its-official-launch-1697674/ |website=India.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |date=4 December 2024 |url=https://www.wionews.com/about-us |publisher=WION}}</ref> WION is owned by the [[Essel Group]] and is a part of the [[Zee Media]] network of channels, whose majority owner is [[Subhash Chandra]] and family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhash Chandra and Family |url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/subhash-chandra-and-family/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=india.mom-gmr.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=Disclaimer |url=https://www.wionews.com/disclaimer |publisher=WION}}</ref> As of 2021, WION had presence in over 190 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=WION takes giant strides, marks its presence in 190 countries worldwide |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wion-takes-giant-strides-marks-its-presence-in-190-countries-worldwide-2875629 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

It has faced scrutiny from multiple foreign countries including China and Canada over its coverage, and in 2022 was blocked from [[YouTube]] for a period of time for broadcasting a speech by [[Sergey Lavrov]], the head of Russia's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]. The channel's former Pakistan bureau chief was forced into exile after a failed kidnapping attempt in Islamabad.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The channel has been accused of promoting [[misinformation]] regarding [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2020-04-01 |title=Is The Hantavirus A 'New' Disease Emerging From China? A FactCheck. |url=https://www.boomlive.in/world/is-the-hantavirus-a-new-disease-emerging-from-china-a-factcheck-7473 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.boomlive.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2021 |title="COVID-19" vaccine did not cause the death of a Portuguese woman, contrary to social media posts' suggestions |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/covid-19-vaccine-did-not-cause-the-death-of-a-portuguese-woman-contrary-to-social-media-posts-suggestions/ |access-date=March 14, 2026 |first=Iria |last=Carballo-Carbajal |website=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Zee Media hired [[Rohit Gandhi]] as the founder and first editor-in-chief to establish the channel in August 2015.<ref name="firstpost">{{cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Zee Media to launch English news broadcast, appoints Rohit Gandhi as editor-in-chief |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/zee-media-to-launch-english-news-broadcast-appoints-rohit-gandhi-as-editor-in-chief-2395800.html |access-date=21 March 2016 |publisher=firstpost.com}}</ref> Its simulcast was launched on its website in many countries as a [[free-to-air]] satellite service on 15 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2016 |title=WION on Periscope: "WION launch" |url=https://www.periscope.tv/w/1DXxyZkrOaWKM |access-date=17 September 2016 |publisher=Periscope.tv}}</ref> The television channel began airing on 15 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlanta's Archith Seshadri debuts as an anchor on Zee Media's global English news channel |url=http://www.nripulse.com/atlanta%E2%80%99s-archith-seshadri-debuts-as-anchor-on-zee-media%E2%80%99s-global-english-news-channel/ |access-date=17 September 2016 |publisher=NRI Pulse}}</ref> The channel was made available on [[Google Assistant]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee News and WION now on Google Assistant |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/zee-news-and-wion-now-on-google-assistant20200218105428/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]] served as its editor-in-chief after Gandhi until he left in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Aajtak's bet on Sudhir Chaudhary paying off? |date=21 October 2022 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/10/21/is-aaj-taks-bet-on-sudhir-chaudhary-paying-off}}</ref> Before switching to [[CNN-News18]], Palki Sharma Upadhyay served for 4 years and resigned in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Palki Sharma Upadhyay, the face of the WION news channel, quits: Report |work=[[Newslaundry]] |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/09/02/palki-sharma-upadhyay-the-face-of-wion-news-channel-quits-report |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref> Past team includes Naveen Kapoor and Kartikeya Sharma.

In 2021, the appointment of [[M.J. Akbar]], an Indian journalist and politician who has been accused of sexual assault by women, to WION as an "editorial consultant" was met with controversy, with more than 150 journalists signing a statement demanding that Akbar be removed by WION and [[Zee News]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 2021 |title=158 personalities write to Zee Media against MJ Akbar's appointment in WION Over 150 Journalists Sign Letter Asking WION News to Remove M.J. Akbar |website=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/media/150-journalists-ask-wion-news-to-remove-mj-akbar}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2022|reason=So what happened to his appointment then? Was he removed?}}

== Staff ==
The current team includes Sidhant Sibal of [[DD News]], who joined the media corporation on 1 April 2018. Madhu Soman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Media appoints Madhu Soman as a Chief Business Officer, WION - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-media-appoints-madhu-soman-as-chief-business-officer-wion-121654.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> joined as a chief business officer in 2022 but left in 2024. Rohit Banerjee looks after the branded content. While Molly Gambhir replaces Palki Sharma's position on Gravitas and Gravitas Plus to become the leading anchor of the WION channel, other associated journalists include Digvijay Singh Deo, Shivan Chanana, Rabin Sharma, Ieshan Wani, Esha Hanspal, Priyanka Sharma and Alyson le Grange.

The channel's Pakistan bureau chief, [[Taha Siddiqui]], was forced into exile after a failed kidnapping attempt in Islamabad. He was replaced by Anas Mallick. Anas Mallick resigned in July 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jorgic |first=Drazen |date=10 January 2018 |title=Pakistani journalist critical of military escapes kidnap attempt |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-media-kidnapping-idUSKBN1EZ0TK |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Taha |date=8 January 2019 |title=Opinion | I'm a journalist who fled Pakistan, but I no longer feel safe in exile |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/08/im-journalist-who-fled-pakistan-i-no-longer-feel-safe-exile/}}</ref>

== Content and responses ==

===Conflicts with China===
In 2020, the Chinese Embassy in India lodged a formal protest against WION for its interview with [[Joseph Wu]], head of Taiwan's foreign relations. The embassy criticized WION for promoting what it called "[[Democratic Progressive Party|Taiwan Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)]] separatist activities", claiming it contradicted India's adherence to the [[One-China policy]]. The embassy stated that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, as recognized by UN resolutions, and urged WION to respect India's official position. It warned that any challenge to China's territorial integrity regarding Taiwan would be strongly opposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China tries to dictate terms to Indian media, objects to WIONs interview with Taiwan FM Joseph Wu |url=https://zeenews.india.com/world/china-tries-to-dictate-terms-to-indian-media-objects-to-wions-interview-with-taiwan-fm-joseph-wu-2319546.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145413/https://zeenews.india.com/world/china-tries-to-dictate-terms-to-indian-media-objects-to-wions-interview-with-taiwan-fm-joseph-wu-2319546.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks by Spokesperson of Chinese Embassy in India on certain Indian media's interview with the head of Taiwan's foreign affairs office |url=http://in.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/embassy_news/202403/t20240302_11252832.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072248/http://in.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/embassy_news/202403/t20240302_11252832.htm |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=in.china-embassy.gov.cn}}</ref>

In the same year, the Chinese government blocked access to the WION website, as confirmed by [[GreatFire|GreatFire.org]], a Chinese internet monitoring watchdog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Outlook |first=Team Tech |date=2020-07-02 |title=Now China blocks Indian News Channel WION |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/web-social-media/now-china-blocks-indian-news-channel-wion/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=www.wionews.com is 100% blocked in China {{!}} GreatFire Analyzer |url=https://en.greatfire.org/www.wionews.com |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=en.greatfire.org}}</ref> Earlier WION has faced criticism from the Chinese government for a coverage on what it described as a "cover-up" of [[COVID-19 pandemic]] situation in China. In March, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Zhao Lijian]] blocked WION on Twitter. Chinese diplomats in India also critiqued its reporting. In June, the [[Global Times]], linked to the [[Chinese Communist Party]], named WION in an article, advising it to think "independently".<ref>{{Cite web |title=WION Website Blocked in China After India Bans 59 Chinese Apps, Including TikTok And UC Browser |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/wion-website-blocked-in-china-after-india-bans-59-chinese-apps-including-tiktok-and-uc-browser-4074325/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Ban in Nepal===
In July 2020, cable operators in [[Nepal]] ceased broadcasting several Indian news channels, including WION, in response to airing of a video that was deemed to be disrespectful to [[K. P. Sharma Oli]], the prime minister of Nepal and a leader of [[Nepal Communist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Giri |first1=Anil |last2=Raj Neupane |first2=Suresh |date=10 July 2020 |title=Cable operators ban Indian news channels in response to 'insulting' video about prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/07/09/cable-operators-ban-indian-news-channels-in-response-to-insulting-video-about-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109020845/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/07/09/cable-operators-ban-indian-news-channels-in-response-to-insulting-video-about-prime-minister |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref> After a month, some cable operators decided to lift the ban following public backlash from Nepali viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal Partially Lifts Ban On Indian Private News Channels |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-partially-lifts-ban-on-indian-private-news-channels-2262189 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-16 |title=Ban on Indian private news channels lifted in Nepal |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/ban-on-indian-private-news-channels-lifted-in-nepal-world-news-313637 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

===2022 YouTube block===
On 22 March 2022, WION was blocked from [[YouTube]] for "violating YouTube's community guidelines". YouTube had taken objection to a video posted on 10 March, broadcasting a speech by [[Sergey Lavrov]], the head of Russia's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], denying the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |title=YouTube blocks WION for 'trivialising' Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/03/26/youtube-blocks-wion-for-trivialising-russia-ukraine-war |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Newslaundry|date=26 March 2022 }}</ref> YouTube unblocked the channel on 26 March after a social media campaign by WION.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube unblocks WION after 12 hours and 25,000 posts in support of channel |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-youtube-unblocks-wion-after-12-hours-and-25000-posts-in-support-of-channel-2942173 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

===Alleged interference in Canadian issues===
WION was cited in a September 2024 report from [[G7 Rapid Response Mechanism|RRM Canada]] on "Potential Foreign Information Manipulation, and Interference following PM Statement on Killing of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]]". The report examined content from popular Indian state-aligned media outlets and influencers, including WION, finding that "Modi-aligned outlets amplified several state-supported narratives about Prime Minister Trudeau, "Canada's High Commissioner to India, Canada's national security agencies, Canada's Punjabi Sikh diaspora, and Hardeep Singh Nijjar's political beliefs." The report also noted the “massive digital footprint” of some of these media outlets in comparison to Canadian media outlets, and the likely reach they had to global and Canadian audiences.<ref name="print">{{cite web | last=Mago | first=Shivani | title=Month-old Canadian report flagged posts, news from 'Modi-aligned media' as 'foreign interference' | website=ThePrint | date=2024-10-18 | url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/month-old-canadian-report-flagged-posts-news-from-modi-aligned-media-as-foreign-interference/2317844/ | access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref><ref name="j202">{{cite web | last=Seli | first=Yeshi | title=Canada's RRM report claims Indian media shaped negative narratives about Trudeau | website=The New Indian Express | date=2024-10-20 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Oct/20/canadas-rrm-report-claims-indian-media-shaped-negative-narratives-about-trudeau | access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Potential Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference following PM Statement on Killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar |url=https://foreigninterferencecommission.ca/fileadmin/foreign_interference_commission/Documents/Exhibits_and_Presentations/Exhibits/CAN025923_0001.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2025 |language=English |type=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian report highlights Indian media's role in escalating bilateral tensions |url=https://www.newindiaabroad.com/english/diplomacy/canadian-report-highlights-indian-medias-role-in-escalating-bilateral-tensions |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=New India Abroad}}</ref>

== Litigation ==

After former anchor Palki Sharma Upadhyay announced her retirement from WION and the creation of a new talk show in [[CNN News18]], WION filed a lawsuit against Upadhyay, saying that "confidential and proprietary Zee information" was taken by Upadhyay, and demanded that Upadhyay should continue to work for WION until December 2022 and pay for damages worth ₹2 crores. However, the Delhi High Court refused WION's appeal, and the next hearing of the case was delayed until March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ayush |title=Why Zee Media won't let Palki Sharma Upadhyay join Network18 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/11/22/why-zee-media-wont-let-palki-sharma-upadhyay-join-network18 |access-date=23 November 2022 |agency=News Laundry |date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Essel Group}}
{{Media of India}}
{{Television news in India}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Essel Group]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2016]]
[[Category:Multilingual news services]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]

Katha Upanishad

2026-03-23T03:27:30Z

Juliivg: cleaned up references for consistency to improve readability

{{short description|One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Katha Upanishad 1.1.1 to 1.1.3 verses, Krishna Yajurveda.jpg
| caption = ''Katha Upanishad'' verses 1.1.1 to 1.1.3 of the (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| name = Katha
| Devanagari = कठ
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kaṭha
| composition_date = 5th to 1st century BCE
| type = [[Mukhya|Mukhya Upanishad]]
| Veda = [[Krishna Yajurveda]]
| commentary = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]], [[Rangaramanuja]]
}}
{{Upanishads}}
The '''''Katha Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|कठोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Kaṭhopaniṣad}}), is an ancient [[Hindu text]] and one of the ''[[mukhya]]'' (primary) [[Upanishads]], embedded in the last eight short sections of the ''{{IAST|Kaṭha}}'' school of the [[Krishna Yajurveda]].<ref>Johnston, Charles (1920-1931). ''The Mukhya Upanishads''. Kshetra Books. {{ISBN|9781495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014).</ref><ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen. ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda''. Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}. pages 269-273</ref> It is also known as ''{{IAST|Kāṭhaka}}'' Upanishad, and is listed as number 3 in the [[Muktika]] canon of 108 Upanishads.

The Katha Upanishad consists of two chapters (''Adhyāyas''), each divided into three sections (''Vallis''). The first ''Adhyaya'' is considered to be of older origin than the second.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> The Upanishad has the legendary story of a little boy, [[Nachiketa]] – the son of Sage Vajasravasa, who meets [[Yama]] (the king of the dead). Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) and [[moksha]] (liberation).<ref name=pauldeussenintro/>

The chronology of Katha Upanishad is unclear and contested, but it is generally considered to belong to the later Upanishads, dated to the 5th<ref name=King_1995/><ref name=Basham/> to first centuries BCE.{{sfn|Olivelle|1996|p=xxxvii}}

The Kathaka Upanishad is an important ancient Sanskrit corpus of the [[Vedanta]] sub-schools, and an influential [[Śruti]] to the diverse schools of [[Hinduism]]. It asserts that "Atman (Self) exists", teaches the precept "seek Self-knowledge, which is Highest Bliss", and expounds on this premise like the other primary Upanishads of Hinduism. The detailed teachings of Katha Upanishad have been variously interpreted, as [[Dvaita]] (dualistic)<ref>Ariel Glucklich (2008), ''[https://books.google.com/books?cd=1&q=isbn%3A9780195314052&btnG=Search+Books The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective]'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-531405-2}}, page 70, Quote: "The Upanishadic age was also characterized by a pluralism of worldviews. While some Upanishads have been deemed 'monistic', others, including the Katha Upanishad, are [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]]. Monism holds that reality is one – Brahman – and that all multiplicity (matter, individual Selfs) is ultimately reducible to that one reality. The Katha Upanishad, a relatively late text of the Black Yajurveda, is more complex. It teaches Brahman, like other Upanishads, but it also states that above the 'unmanifest' (Brahman) stands [[Purusha]], or 'Person'. This claim originated in [[Samkhya]] (analysis) philosophy, which split all of reality into two coeternal principles: spirit (purusha) and primordial matrix ([[prakriti]])."</ref> and as [[Advaita]] ([[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualistic]]).<ref name=shnasr>SH Nasr (1989), Knowledge and the Sacred: Revisioning Academic Accountability, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791401767}}, page 99, Quote: "Emerson was especially inebriated by the message of the Upanishads, whose nondualistic doctrine contained so lucidly in the Katha Upanishad, is reflected in his well known poem Brahma".</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadsandsr00agoog#page/n12/mode/2up Kathopanishad], in The Katha and Prasna Upanishads with Sri Shankara's Commentary, Translated by SS Sastri, Harvard College Archives, pages 1-3</ref>{{sfn|Olivelle|1996|p=Introduction Chapter}}

It is among the most widely studied Upanishads. Katha Upanishad was translated into Persian in the 17th century, copies of which were then translated into Latin and distributed in Europe.<ref>Philip Renard (1995), Historical bibliography of Upanishads in translation, Journal of Indian philosophy, vol 23, issue 2, pages 223-246</ref> Other philosophers such as [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] praised it, [[Edwin Arnold]] rendered it in verse as "The Secret of Death", and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] credited Katha Upanishad for the central story at the end of his essay ''Immortality'', as well as his poem "''Brahma''".<ref name=shnasr/><ref>R White (2010), Schopenhauer and Indian Philosophy, International Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 50, issue 1, pages 57-76</ref>

==Etymology==
Katha (Sanskrit: कठ) literally means "distress".<ref name=mmwdict>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html KaTha] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> Katha is also the name of a sage, credited as the founder of a branch of the Krishna Yajur-veda, as well as the term for a female pupil or follower of Kathas school of Yajurveda.<ref name=mmwdict/> [[Paul Deussen]] notes that the Katha Upanishad uses words that symbolically embed and creatively have multiple meanings. For example, a closely pronounced word ''Katha'' (Sanskrit: कथा) literally means "story, legend, conversation, speech, tale".<ref name=mmwdict/> All of these related meanings are relevant to the Katha Upanishad.

Nachiketa, the boy and a central character in the Katha Upanishad legend, similarly, has closely related words with roots and meanings relevant to the text. Paul Deussen<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> suggests ''Na kṣiti'' and ''Na aksiyete'', which are word plays of and pronounced similar to Nachiketa, means "non-decay, or what does not decay", a meaning that is relevant to second boon portion of the Nachiketa story. Similarly, ''Na jiti'' is another word play and means "that which cannot be vanquished", which is contextually relevant to the Nachiketa's third boon.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> Both Whitney and Deussen independently suggest yet another variation to Nachiketa, with etymological roots that is relevant to Katha Upanishad: the word ''Na-ciketa'' also means "I do not know, or he does not know".<ref>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, page 91</ref> Some of these Sanskrit word plays are incorporated within the Upanishad's text.<ref name=wdwhitney/>

Like Taittiriya Upanishad of Yajurveda, each section of the Katha Upanishad is called a ''Valli'' (वल्ली), which literally means a medicinal [[vine]]-like climbing plant that grows independently yet is attached to a main tree. Paul Deussen states that this symbolic terminology is apt and likely reflects the root and nature of the Upanishads in Black Yajur veda, which too is largely independent of the liturgical Yajur Veda, and is attached to the main text.<ref name=pauldeussen>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 217-219</ref>

==Chronology==
The chronology of Katha Upanishad is unclear and contested by scholars.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/>{{sfn|Olivelle|1996|p=Introduction Chapter}}

Richard King and [[A.L. Basham]] date the Katha Upanishad's composition roughly to the 5th century BCE, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons.<ref name=King_1995>Richard King (1995), Ācārya, Gauḍapāda - Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2513-8}}, pages 51-58</ref><ref name=Basham>A.L. Basham in Paul Williams, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tg2-QU2J10YC&q=9780415332279 Buddhism: Buddhist origins and the early history of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia]''. Taylor & Francis, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-415-33227-9}} (page 61).</ref> Olivelle assigns the Katha Upanishad to the verse Upanishads, together with the [[Kena Upanishad|Kena]], [[Isha Upanishad|Isha]], [[Svetasvatara]], and [[Mundaka Upanishad|Mundaka]],{{sfn|Olivelle|1996|p=xxxvii}} dating it to the first centuries BCE.{{sfn|Olivelle|1996|p=xxxvii}} Paul Deussen too considers Katha Upanishad to be a post-prose, yet earlier stage Upanishad composed about the time Kena and Isha Upanishads were, because of the poetic, mathematical metric structure of its hymns.<ref name=ssharma>S Sharma (1985), Life in the Upanishads, {{ISBN|978-8170172024}}, pages 17-19</ref>

Stephen Phillips notes the disagreement between modern scholars. Phillips places the Katha Upanishad chronologically after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Isha, Taittiriya, Aitareya and Kena, but before Mundaka, Prasna, Mandukya, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.<ref name=stephenphillips/>{{refn|group=note|Ranade<ref>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 13-18</ref> posits a view similar to Phillips, with slightly different ordering, placing Katha's chronological composition in the fourth group of ancient Upanishads along with Mundaka and Svetasvatara.}} Winternitz considers the Kathaka Upanishad as pre-Buddhist, pre-Jaina literature.<ref name=ssharma/><ref>M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802643}}</ref>

==Structure==
The Katha Upanishad has two chapters (''adhyāyas''), each with three sections (''valli''), thus a total of six sections. The first section has 29 verses, the second section 25 verses, and the third section has 17. The second chapter opens with the fourth section of the Katha Upanishad, which has 15 verses, while the fifth valli also has 15 verses. The final section has 17 verses.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/>

The first chapter with the first three ''vallis'' is considered older because the third section ends with a structure in Sanskrit that is typically found at the closing of other Upanishads. Additionally, the central ideas are repeated and expanded upon in the last three sections, which makes up the second chapter.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> This, however, does not imply a significant gap between the two chapters, both chapters are considered ancient, and from 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/>

The origin of the story of the little boy named ''Nachiketa'', contained in Katha Upanishad is of a much older origin.<ref name=wdwhitney>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 88- 112</ref> ''Nachiketa'' is mentioned in the verses of chapter 3.11 of [[Taittiriya Brahmana]], both as a similar story,<ref name=wdwhitney/> and as the name of one of five fire arrangements for rituals, along with ''Savitra'', ''Caturhotra'', ''Vaisvasrja'' and ''Aruna Agni''.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/><ref>Radhakrishnan, S. (1994). ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]''. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India. {{ISBN|81-7223-124-5}} p. ''593''.</ref>

The style and structure suggests that some of the verses in Katha Upanishad, such as 1.1.8, 1.1.16-1.1.18, 1.1.28, among others, are non-philosophical, do not fit with the rest of the text, and are likely to be later insertion and interpolations.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/><ref name=wdwhitney/><ref>The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages xxi-xxv, and page 5 with footnote 1</ref>

==Content==
===The son questions his father - First Valli===

The Upanishad opens with the story of Vajasravasa, also called ''Aruni Auddalaki Gautama'',<ref>(1962), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n57/mode/2up Katha Upanishad], in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 1 with footnote 1</ref> who gives away all of his worldly possessions. However, his son ''[[Nachiketa]]'' (Sanskrit: नचिकेत) sees the charitable sacrifice as a farce, because all those worldly things have already been used to exhaustion, and are of no value to the recipients. The cows that were given away, for example, were so old that they had "drunk-their-last-water" (पीतोदकाः), "eaten-their-last-grass" (जग्धतृणाः), "don't give milk" (दुग्धदोहाः) and "who are barren" (निरिन्द्रियाः).<ref>(1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 1-2 with footnote 3</ref> Concerned, the son asks his father,

{{blockquote|
<poem>
"Dear father, to whom will you give me away?"
He said it a second, and then a third time.
The father, seized by anger, replied: "To Death, I give you away."
</poem>
|Nachiketa, Katha Upanishad, 1.1.1-1.1.4<ref>{{cite book|title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hANGpmyMDjIC|year=1962|publisher=Courier Reprint (Original: Oxford University Press)|isbn=978-0-486-20993-7|page=xxii}}</ref><ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 275-276</ref>}}

Nachiketa does not die, but accepts his father's gifting him to Death by visiting the abode of [[Yama]] - the deity of death in the Indian pantheon of deities. Nachiketa arrives, but Yama is not in his abode. Nachiketa as guest goes hungry for three nights, states verse 9 of the first Valli of Katha Upanishad. Yama arrives and is apologetic for this dishonor to the guest, so he offers Nachiketa three wishes.<ref name=pauldeussen1110>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 277-278</ref>

Nachiketa's first wish is that Yama discharge him from the abode of death, back to his family, and that his father be calm, well-disposed, not resentful and the same as he was before when he returns. Yama grants the first wish immediately, states verse 1.1.11 of Katha Upanishad.<ref name=pauldeussen1110/>

For his second wish, Nachiketa prefaces his request with the statement that heaven is a place where there is no fear, no anxiety, no old age, no hunger, no thirst, no sorrow.<ref name=pauldeussen1110/> He then asks Yama, in verse 1.1.13 of Katha Upanishad to be instructed as to the proper execution of fire ritual that enables a human being to secure heaven. Yama responds by detailing the fire ritual, including how the bricks should be arranged, and how the fire represents the building of the world. Nachiketa remembers what Yama tells him, repeats the ritual, a feat which pleases Yama, and he declares that this fire ritual will thereafter be called the "Nachiketa fires".<ref name=pauldeussen1114/> Yama adds that along with "three Nachiketa fires", anyone who respects three bonds (with mother, father and teacher), does three kinds of karma (rituals, studies and charity), and understands the knowledge therein, becomes free of sorrow.<ref name=pauldeussen1114>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 278-279</ref>

In his third wish Nachiketa then asks Yama, in verse 1.1.20, about the doubt that human beings have about "what happens after a person dies? Does he continue to exist in another form? or not?"<ref name=pauldeussen1114/> The remaining verse of first Valli of Katha Upanishad is expression of reluctance by Yama in giving a straight "yes or no" answer. Yama states that even the gods doubt and are uncertain about that question, and urges Nachiketa to pick another wish.<ref name=pauldeussen1121>(1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 5-6</ref> Nachiketa says that if gods doubt that, then he "Yama" as deity of death ought to be the only one who knows the answer. Yama offers him all sorts of worldly wealth and pleasures instead, but Nachiketa says human life is short, asks Yama to keep the worldly wealth and pleasures to himself, declares that pompous wealth, lust and pleasures are fleeting and vain, then insists on knowing the nature of Atman (Self) and sticks to his question, "what happens after death?"<ref name=pauldeussen1121b>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 279-281</ref><ref>(1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 7</ref>

===The theory of good versus dear - Second Valli===
[[File:Yama teaches Nasiketha.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] teaches [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atma vidya]] to [[Nachiketa]]]]
[[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] begins his teaching by distinguishing between ''preya'' (प्रेय, प्रिय, dear, pleasant, gratifying),<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html Search for zreyas and priya spellings under Harvard-Kyoto convention for Sanskrit] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> and ''shreya'' (श्रेय, good, beneficial excellence).<ref name=easwaran09>p. 42, [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran]] (2009), ''[[Essence of the Upanishads]]'' (see [[Essence of the Upanishads (book)|article]]). Easwaran writes that "these alternatives have precise Sanskrit names that have no English equivalent: ''preya'' and ''shreya''. Preya is what is pleasant; shreya, what is beneficial. Preya is that which pleases us, that which tickles the ego. Shreya, on the other hand, has no reference to pleasing or displeasing. It simply means what benefits us" (p. 42).</ref><ref name=pauldeussen121/>

{{blockquote|
<poem>
Different is the good and different is the dear,
they both, having different aims, fetter you men;
He, who chooses for himself the good, comes to wellbeing,
he, who chooses the dear, loses the goal.

The good and the dear approach the man,
The wise man, pondering over both, distinguishes them;
The wise one chooses the good over the dear,
The fool, acquisitive and craving, chooses the dear.
</poem>
|Yama, Katha Upanishad, 1.2.1-1.2.2<ref name=pauldeussen121>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 281</ref><ref name=maxmuller121>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 8</ref>}}

The verses 1.2.4 through 1.2.6 of Katha Upanishad then characterizes knowledge/wisdom as the pursuit of good, and ignorance/delusion as the pursuit of pleasant.<ref name=maxmuller121/> The verses 1.2.7 through 1.2.11 of Katha Upanishad state knowledge/wisdom and the pursuit of good is difficult yet eternal, while ignorance/delusion and the pursuit of the pleasant is easy yet transient. Knowledge requires effort, and often not comprehended by man even when he reads it or hears it or by internal argument.<ref name=pauldeussen127>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 282-283</ref> The pursuit of knowledge and the good, can be taught,<ref>Note: in later verses, Katha Upanishad clarifies that empirical knowledge can be taught, but spiritual knowledge about Atman can not be instructed, only meditated upon and realized. See verses 1.2.23-1.2.25, Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 286</ref> learnt and thus realized.<ref>Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 9</ref>

A similar discussion and distinction between the pleasant and the beneficial is found in ancient Greek philosophy, such as in [[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]] by [[Plato]].<ref name=radhakrishnantpu>S Radhakrishnan (1994 Reprint, 1953), ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]'' (see [[The Principal Upanishads (book)|article]]), in discussing this verse, offers a quote from Plato's ''Phaedrus'' for comparison: "In every one of us there are two ruling and directing principles, whose guidance we follow wherever they may lead; the one being an innate device of pleasure, the other an acquired judgment which aspires after excellence. Now these two principles at one time maintain harmony, while at another they are at feud within us, and now one and now the other obtains mastery" (p. 608).</ref>

===Atman exists, the theory of Yoga and the essence of Vedas - Second Valli===
The Katha Upanishad, in verses 1.2.12, asserts that the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] – Self – exists, though it is invisible and full of mystery.<ref>Paul Deussen, Kathaka Upanishad in Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 283</ref> It also states that it is ancient and recognizable by [[Yoga]] (meditation on one's self). This is one of the earliest mentions of Yoga in ancient Sanskrit literature, in the context of Self-development and meditation.
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
{{lang|sa-Deva|तं दुर्दर्शं गूढमनुप्रविष्टं
गुहाहितं गह्वरेष्ठं पुराणम् <nowiki>।</nowiki>
अध्यात्म'''योगा'''धिगमेन देवं
मत्वा धीरो हर्षशोकौ जहाति <nowiki>॥ १२ ॥</nowiki>}}
|attr1=Katha Upanishad, 1.2.12<ref name=pauldeussen1212>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 283</ref><ref name=maxmuller1212>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 10</ref>|
He (the Atman), difficult to be seen, full of mystery,
the Ancient, primaeval one, concealed deep within,
He who, by yoga means of meditation on his self, comprehends Atman within him as God,
He leaves joy and sorrow far behind.}}

In verses 1.2.14 through 1.2.22, the Katha Upanishad asserts that the essence of Vedas is to liberate, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, refocus attention from ignorance to knowledge, leading to the means of blissful existence beyond joy and sorrow. This is achievable through the realization of Atman-[[Brahman]], asserts Katha Upanishad, and this essence is reminded in the Vedas through the word ''[[Om]]'' ({{large|ॐ}}, Aum), as stated in verses 1.2.15-1.2.16.<ref name=pauldeussen1214>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 284-286</ref> That syllable, ''Aum'', is in Brahman, means Brahman, means the Highest, means the Blissful within.<ref name=maxmuller1212/><ref name=pauldeussen1214/>

Yama is the spokesman in the second Valli of the Katha Upanishad. He asserts that man must not fear anyone or anything, not even death, as the true essence of man (Atman) is eternal, beyond birth and death, and identical to Brahman. These passages have been widely studied, and inspired Emerson among others:<ref name=shnasr/><ref>[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/175138 Brahma] Ralph Waldo Emerson, Poetry Foundation</ref>

{{blockquote|<poem>
The seer (Atman, Self) is not born, nor does he die,
He does not originate from anybody, nor does he become anybody,
Eternal, ancient one, he remains eternal,
he is not killed, even though the body is killed.
</poem>|Katha Upanishad, 1.2.18<ref name="pauldeussen1218" />{{rp|285}}}}

{{blockquote|<poem>
The Self (Atman), smaller than small, greater than great,
is hidden in the heart of that creature,
A man who is free from desires and free from grief,
sees the majesty of the Self by the grace of the Creator.
</poem>|Katha Upanishad, 1.2.20<ref name=maxmuller1218>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 10-11</ref>}}

In final verses of the second Valli, the Katha Upanishad asserts that the knowledge of the Atman cannot be attained through intellectual effort, reason, or scriptural study alone. Instead, it is revealed by the Self (Atman) to those whom it selects, but only if they meet certain moral preconditions.<ref name="maxmuller1218" /><ref name="pauldeussen1223">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 285-286</ref>

{{blockquote|<poem>
Not through instruction is the Atman attained,
not through reason and much scriptural learning;
He will be comprehended by him only whom He selects,
the Atman reveals his essential nature to him.
</poem>|Katha Upanishad, 1.2.23<ref name="pauldeussen1218">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}</ref>{{rp|286}}}}

Similar ideas are repeated in the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] in chapter 3.2, another classic ancient scripture of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="pauldeussen1223" />

=== The parable of the chariot - Third Valli ===
The third Valli of Katha Upanishad presents the parable of the [[chariot]], to highlight how Atman, body, mind, senses and empirical reality relate to a human being.<ref name=maxmuller133/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n371/mode/2up Katha Upanishad - Third Valli] The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), page 351</ref>
{{blockquote|
<poem>
Know that the Atman is the rider in the chariot,
and the body is the chariot,
Know that the Buddhi (intelligence, ability to reason) is the charioteer,
and Manas (mind) is the reins.

The senses are called the horses,
the objects of the senses are their paths,
Formed out of the union of the Atman, the senses and the mind,
him they call the "enjoyer".
</poem>
|Katha Upanishad, 1.3.3-1.3.4<ref name=maxmuller133>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 12-13</ref><ref name=pauldeussen133>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 287</ref>}}

The Katha Upanishad asserts that one who does not use his powers of reasoning, whose senses are unruly and mind unbridled, his life drifts in chaos and confusion, his existence entangled in [[samsara]]. Those who use their intelligence, have their senses calm and under reason, they live a life of bliss and liberation, which is the highest place of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=pauldeussen133/> Whitney clarifies that "Vishnu" appears in [[Vedas]] as a form of Sun, and "Vishnu's highest place" is a Vedic phrase that means "zenith".<ref name=wdwhitney103>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, page 103</ref> [[Madhvacharya]], the Dvaita Vedanta scholar interprets this term differently, and bases his theistic interpretation of Katha Upanishad by stating that the term refers to the deity ''Vishnu''.<ref>BNK Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815759}}, pages 8, 160-169</ref>

This metaphorical parable of chariot is found in multiple ancient Indian texts, and is called the ''[[Ratha Kalpana]]''. A similar [[simile]] is found in ancient Greek literature, such as the [[Parmenides]], [[Xenophon]]'s prologue of Prodikos, and in the Platonic dialogue ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]''.<ref name=maxmuller133/>

===The nature of Atman, need for ethics and the hierarchy of Reality - Third Valli===
The Katha Upanishad, in verses 1.3.10 through 1.3.12 presents a hierarchy of Reality from the perspective of a human being. It asserts that [[Artha]] (objects, means of life) are above ''Indriya'' (senses), that ''Manas'' (mind) is above ''Artha'' in this hierarchy, and above ''Manas'' is ''Buddhi'' (intellect, his ability to discern). Above ''Buddhi'' is [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (his Self, great Self).<ref name=maxmuller133/><ref name=wdwhitney103/> The Katha Upanishad states that beyond ''Atman'' is the ''Avyaktam'' (unmanifested Reality), and the [[Purusha]] (cosmic Self) is beyond the ''Avyaktam''. Beyond the ''Purusha'', there is nothing, as it represents the ultimate goal and the highest path.<ref name=maxmuller133/> At the basic level of life, the interaction occurs between ''Artha'' and ''Indriya'' (sensory organs); while at the highest level, man becomes aware of and holistically realizes the entire hierarchy. The Self is hidden in all beings, asserts the Katha Upanishad; it does not show itself, but its awareness is felt by seers with ''agrya sukshma'' (subtle, more self-evident conscious, keen thinkers).<ref name=wdwhitney103/><ref name=pauldeussen1310>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 288-289</ref>

In verse 1.3.13, Katha Upanishad states that ''Prajna'' (conscious man) should heed to the ethical precept of self-examination and [[Temperance (virtue)|self-restraint]], restraining his speech and mind by the application of his ''Buddhi'' (power to reason). Man should, asserts Katha Upanishad, holistically unify his tempered senses and mind with his intellect, all these with his ''Atman'' (Self), and unify his "great Self" with the Self of the rest, the tranquility of Oneness with the ''Avyaktam'' and "cosmic Self".<ref name=wdwhitney103/><ref name=pauldeussen1310/> Self (Atman) is soundless, touchless, formless, tasteless, scentless, without beginning, without end, imperishable, beyond great, blissful, and when one reveres one's own Self, he is liberated.<ref name=wdwhitney1315/> Such Self-realization is not easy according to Katha Upanishad,<ref name=maxmuller1314/>
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
{{lang|sa-Deva|उत्तिष्ठत जाग्रत
प्राप्य वरान्निबोधत <nowiki>।</nowiki>
क्षुरस्य धारा निशिता दुरत्यया
दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति ॥ १४ ॥}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषद्#Canto_III Katha Upanishad 1.III.14] Wikisource</ref>
|attr1=Katha Upanishad, 1.3.14<ref name=wdwhitney1315>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, page 104</ref><ref name=maxmuller1314>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 13-14</ref>|
Rise, awake!
Having obtained these boons, understand them!
Like the Razor's sharp edge is difficult to traverse,
The path to one's Self is difficult.}}

Paul Deussen states that verses 1.3.10 to 1.3.13 of Katha Upanishad is one of the earliest mentions of the elements of [[Yoga]] theory, and the recommendation of Yoga as a path to the highest goal of man, that is a life of spiritual freedom and liberation.<ref name=pauldeussenyoga/> This theory is significantly expanded upon in the second chapter of Katha Upanishad, particularly in the sixth Valli.<ref name=pauldeussenyoga>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 288, 298-299</ref>

===The theory of Atman, Oneness and Plurality - Fourth Valli===
The fourth Valli starts by asserting that inner knowledge is that of unity, eternal calmness and spiritual Oneness, while the external knowledge is that of plurality, perishable "running around" and sensory objects.<ref name=pauldeussen141>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 288, 290-292</ref><ref name=wdwhitney104>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 104-106</ref> The Katha Upanishad in fifteen verses of the fourth Valli, as well as those the fifth Valli, explains what is Atman, how it can be known, the nature of Atman, and why it ought to be known. For definition, it deploys an [[Pramana|epistemic]] combination of "positive assertions" as well as "exposition by elimination", the latter repeated with,<ref name=maxmuller143>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 15-17</ref>

{{Blockquote|
{{lang|sa-Deva|किमत्र परिशिष्यते <nowiki>।
एतद्वै तत् ॥ ४ ॥</nowiki>}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषद्#Canto_III Katha Upanishad 2.IV.3] Wikisource</ref>

What is left here?
Truly, this is that (Atman).
|Katha Upanishad, 2.4.3<ref name=pauldeussen141/><ref name=wdwhitney104/>}}

Atman, asserts Katha Upanishad, is the subject of Self-knowledge, the bearer of spiritual reality, that which is all-pervading, inside every being, which unifies all human beings as well as all creatures, the concealed, eternal, immortal, pure bliss. It exists and active when man is in awake-state, it exists and active when man is in dream-state.<ref name=pauldeussen141/><ref name=maxmuller143/> The empirical reality is the "honey" for the Atman,<ref name=wdwhitney104/> with the honey metaphor repeating "fruit of numerous karma flowers in the valley of life" doctrine found in other Upanishads, such as in the second chapter of [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]. To know Atman, look inward and introspect; to know objects, look outward and examine, states Katha Upanishad. Everything that changes is not Atman, that which was, is, will be and never changes is Atman.<ref name=pauldeussen141/> Just like a baby is concealed inside a mother's womb when conceived, Atman is concealed inside every creature, states verse 2.4.8 of Katha Upanishad.<ref name=maxmuller143/>

Self is the lord of the past, the lord of the now, and the lord of the future.<ref name=pauldeussen141/> Self is eternal, never born, never dies, part of that which existed before the universe was formed from "brooding heat".<ref name=maxmuller143/> Sun rests in it, gods rest in it, all nature rests in it, it is everywhere, it is in everything.<ref>This principle is repeated in many Vedic texts such as Atharva Veda in chapter 10.8, and the principle is more ancient than Katha Upanishad; for example, Rigveda states it in hymn 10.121.6; see Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 292</ref> To understand the eternal nature of one's Self is to feel calmness, inner peace, patience and freedom regardless of the circumstances one is in, affections or threats one faces, praises or insults one is subjected to. Anyone who runs after sensory-impressions, gets lost among them just like water flows randomly after rainfall on mountains, state verses 2.4.14 and 2.4.15 of the Katha Upanishad; and those who know their Self and act according to its [[Dharma]]<ref>inner law, ethics, morals, just, right, precepts</ref> remain pure like pure water remains pure when poured into pure water.<ref name=maxmuller143/><ref name=wdwhitney107>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 106-107</ref>

There is no plurality and separateness between the essence (Atman) of I and others, between the essence of nature and spirit, asserts Katha Upanishad in verses 2.4.10 and 2.4.11.<ref name=pauldeussen141/><ref name=wdwhitney107/> The Self-driven individual ignores the superficial individuality of others, and accepts their essential identity.<ref name=wdwhitney107/> Paul Deussen suggests that verses 2.4.6 and 2.4.7 posit a nondualistic (Advaita) position, where both ''Purusha'' and ''Prakrti'' are only ''Atman''. This position contrasts with one of the fundamental premises of the dualistic schools of Hinduism.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 291</ref> [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] agrees with this interpretation. [[Ramanuja]] does not and offers a theistic dualism based interpretation instead.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Kathakopanishad.with.Sankara.Bhasya.and.Ranga.Ramanujas.Prakasika#page/n171/mode/2up Kathakopanishad with Sankara Bhasya and Ranga Ramanuja's Prakasika] SS Pathak, in Sanskrit, pages 64-65, 150-151</ref>

===Life is highest joy, and what happens after death - Fifth Valli===
The fifth Valli of the Katha Upanishad is an [[eschatology|eschatological]] treatise. It begins by stating that human body is like a ''Pura'' (Sanskrit: पुर, town, city) with eleven gates<ref>These are two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, one mouth, two organs of evacuation/excretion, navel, and ''Brahmarandhram'' - the aperture at the top of head through which Atman links with Cosmic Self. See Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 293</ref> that connect it to the universe. The Katha Upanishad asserts that an individual who understands and reveres this town of eternal, non-changing spirit, is never crooked-minded and is always free.<ref name=wdwhitney108>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 107-108</ref><ref name=pauldeussen251>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 293-295</ref> The Self dwells in swan, in the atmosphere, in man, in wide spaces (''Varasad''), in eternal law, and everywhere in the universe. It is born of water, it is born of kine, it is born of [[Ṛta]] (right, truth, ethics, morals, eternal law), and it is born of stone (mountains) as the great ''Ṛta'', as it ought to be. This Self is worshipped by all the gods. Body dies, Self doesn't.<ref name=pauldeussen251/>

In verses 2.5.6 and 2.5.7, the Katha Upanishad discusses what happens to the Self after death, stating a variant of the premise of [[Karma]] theory that underlies major Indian religions,<ref name=maxmuller257>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 18-20</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
{{lang|sa-Deva|योनिमन्ये प्रपद्यन्ते शरीरत्वाय देहिनः <nowiki>।</nowiki>
स्थाणुमन्येऽनुसंयन्ति यथा'''कर्म''' यथा'''श्रुतम्''' <nowiki>॥ ७ ॥</nowiki>}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषद्#Canto_III Katha Upanishad 2.V.7] Wikisource</ref>

Some of these Selfs enter into the womb, in order to embody again into organic beings,
others assemble unto what is ''Sthānu'' (immovable things),
according to their ''karma'', according to their ''shrutam'' (श्रुतम्, knowledge, learning).
</poem>
|Katha Upanishad, 2.5.7<ref name=wdwhitney108/><ref name=pauldeussen251/><ref name=maxmuller257/>}}

The Self is always awake and active, while one is asleep, shaping wishful dreams. It is one with [[Brahman]]. It is everywhere, within and without, it is immortal. This universal, oneness theme is explained by the Katha Upanishad by three [[similes]], which Paul Deussen calls as excellent.<ref name=pauldeussen251/> Just like one light exists and penetrates the cosmic space, enveloping and clinging to everything and every form individually, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and dwells in all beings, clings to every form and remains still without, states the Katha Upanishad.<ref name=pauldeussen251/> Just like one air exists and penetrates the world, enveloping and clinging to everything and every being individually, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and dwells in all beings, clings to every form and remains still without.<ref name=wdwhitney108/> Just like the Sun exists and its nature is not contaminated by the impurities seen by the eyes, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and its nature is pure, never contaminated by the sorrows and blemishes of the external world.<ref name=pauldeussen251/><ref name=maxmuller257/> Parts of the ideas in these first two similes of Katha Upanishad are of far more ancient origins, and found for example in Book 6, Chapter 47 of Rig veda.<ref name=wdwhitney108/>

That individual is perennially happy, asserts Katha Upanishad, who realizes the ''Atman'' is within him, that he himself is the Master, that the inner Self of all beings and his own Self are "one form manifold", and none other.<ref name=maxmuller257/><ref>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 108-109</ref> Life is spirit, full of joy. Meaning is Atman, full of perennial peace. "Truly, this is that", once deeply felt and understood by man, is inexpressible highest joy. It is he who realizes this who shines, his splendour shines everything with and by (''Anu''), the whole world shines by such joy unleashed, such splendour manifested.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 295-296</ref>

===The theory of Yoga - Sixth Valli===
The sixth Valli continues the discussion of ''Karma'' and rebirth theory, sections of which Max Muller states is possibly interpolated and inserted in a later period. The first five verses of the last section of the Upanishad assert that those who do not know or do not understand Atman return to the world of creation, and those who do are free, liberated.<ref name=pauldeussen261>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 296-298</ref><ref name=wdwhitney109>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, pages 109-111</ref> Some unaware of Brahman's essence are naturally inclined to fear God and its manifestation such as nature (fire, lightning, sun), state verses 2.6.2 and 2.6.3 of Katha Upanishad.<ref name=pauldeussen261/> Those who are aware of Brahman's essence, are awakened to the knowledge, fear no one and nothing, become immortal as with Brahman.<ref>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 16-22</ref>

The Katha Upanishad, in verses 2.6.6 through 2.6.13 recommends a path to Self-knowledge, and this path it calls ''Yoga''.<ref>Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 22</ref>
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
{{lang|sa-Deva|यदा पञ्चावतिष्ठन्ते ज्ञानानि मनसा सह <nowiki>।</nowiki>
बुद्धिश्च न विचेष्टते तामाहुः परमां गतिम् ॥ १० ॥
तां '''योग'''मिति मन्यन्ते स्थिरामिन्द्रियधारणाम् <nowiki>।</nowiki>
अप्रमत्तस्तदा भवति '''योगो''' हि प्रभवाप्ययौ <nowiki>॥ ११ ॥</nowiki>}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/कठोपनिषद्#Canto_III Katha Upanishad 2.VI.10-11] Wikisource</ref>
|attr1=Katha Upanishad, 2.6.10-11<ref name=wdwhitney109/><ref name=pauldeussen2610>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 298-299</ref>|
Only when ''Manas'' (mind) with thoughts and the five senses stand still,
and when ''Buddhi'' (intellect, power to reason) does not waver, that they call the highest path.
That is what one calls Yoga, the stillness of the senses, concentration of the mind,
It is not thoughtless heedless sluggishness, Yoga is creation and dissolution.}}

===Realize you are perfect now and here - Sixth Valli===
The Katha Upanishad concludes its philosophical presentation in verses 14-15 of the sixth Valli. The state of perfection, according to the last section of the Upanishad, explains Paul Deussen, consists "not in the attainment of a future or yonder world, but it is already just now and here for one who is Self-realized, who knows his Self as Brahman (Cosmic Self)". This teaching is also presented in the other ancient scriptures of Hinduism, such as Brihadaranyaka Upanishad's Chapter 4.4.6.<ref name=pauldeussen2610/><ref name=wdwhitney111>WD Whitney, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935810 Translation of the Katha-Upanishad], Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 21, page 111-112</ref>

The verse 15 of the sixth Valli declares that the Upanishad concludes its teaching therein.<ref name=wdwhitney111/> Yet, the Valli contains three additional verses in modern era manuscripts. Scholars suggest<ref name=wdwhitney111/><ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 299-300</ref> that these remaining verses 2.6.16 – 2.6.18 are possibly modern additions as appendix and have been interpolated. This is due to the declaration of Upanishad's end in verse 15, and the additional three verses that are structured in prose-like manner, rather than the poetic, metric-perfection that Katha Upanishad is largely written in.

==Reception==
[[Charles Johnston (Theosophist)|Charles Johnston]] has called Katha Upanishad as one of the highest spiritual texts, with layers of metaphors embedded therein. To Johnston, the three nights and three boons in the first ''Valli'' of Katha Upanishad, for example, are among the text's many layers, with the three connoting the past, the present and the future.<ref>Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), pages 149-152</ref>

The Irish poet [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] dedicated several essays and sonnets to themes in Katha Upanishad and related ancient Upanishads of India.<ref>JZ Marsh, The Influence of Hinduism in William Butler Yeats's "Meru", Yeats Eliot Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, Winter 2005</ref> [[George William Russell]] similarly esteemed the Katha and other Upanishads.<ref>Peter Kuch (1986), Yeats and A.E.: "the antagonism that unites dear friends", Colin Smythe, {{ISBN|978-0861401161}}, pages 19-23</ref><ref>A Davenport (1952), WB Yeats and the Upanishads, Review of English Studies, Oxford University Press, Vol. 3, No. 9, pages 55-62</ref> The American poet [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] held Katha Upanishad highly, and wrote several poems and essays paralleling the themes in it.<ref>Andrew M. Mclean (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/363504 Emerson's Brahma as an Expression of Brahman], The New England Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pages 115-122</ref><ref>Frederick I. Carpenter, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2920134 Immortality from India], American Literature, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Nov., 1929), pp. 233-242</ref>

The various themes contained in Katha Upanishad have been subject of many scholarly works. For example, Elizabeth Schiltz<ref name=eschiltz/> has compared "the parable of the chariot" in Katha Upanishad and Platonic dialogue "Phaedrus", noting the "remarkable similarities give rise to a great many tantalizing historical and literary questions", and adding the comment, "each provides an image of the self as the chariot, they each offer a complex [[moral psychology]], and point toward an effective justification of the best life".<ref name=eschiltz>Elizabeth A. Schiltz (2006), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4488037 Two Chariots: The Justification of the Best Life in the "Katha Upanishad" and Plato's "Phaedrus"], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pages 451-468</ref> Radhakrishnan notes that Katha Upanishad's discussion of "good versus pleasant" is evidence of ethical theories and philosophical longings of ancient human beings in India by 1st millennium BCE, much like those in Greek city states in Europe.<ref>S. Radakrishnan, The Ethics of the Bhagavadgita and Kant, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Jul., 1911), pages 465-475</ref>

===In popular culture===
A verse in the Upanishad inspired the title and the [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] of [[W. Somerset Maugham]]'s 1944 novel ''[[The Razor's Edge]]'', later adapted, twice, into films of the same title (see articles on [[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|1946]] and [[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|1984]] films). The epigraph reads, "The sharp edge of a razor is difficult to pass over; thus the wise say the path to Salvation is hard." taken from a verse in the Katha-Upanishad – 1.3.14. Maugham had visited India in 1938 and met [[Ramana Maharishi]] at his [[Sri Ramana Ashram|ashram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=cx>[http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/katha.html Katha Upanishad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207183955/http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/katha.html |date=2009-02-07 }}, 1.3.14.</ref><ref>[http://www.timesquotidian.com/tag/katha-upanishad/ Razors Edge: The Katha Upanishad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927202833/http://www.timesquotidian.com/tag/katha-upanishad/ |date=2018-09-27 }} by Nancy Cantwell. Timequotidian.com, January 29, 2010.</ref>

Filmmaker [[Ashish Avikunthak]] made a film based on this Upanishad called “Katho Upanishad” which was first shown as a [[video installation]] at Gallery Chatterjee & Lal in [[Mumbai]] in 2012.<ref>{{ cite web|url= https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-secret-of--death/171664|title= The secret of death |date=9 July 2012|publisher= Mid Day, Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/should-high-art-evolve-with-the-times-to-stay-in-the-race|title= Should 'high art' evolve with the times to stay in the race?|date= 12 July 2012|publisher= [[The Sunday Guardian]]|access-date= 13 August 2019|archive-date= 9 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003103/https://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/should-high-art-evolve-with-the-times-to-stay-in-the-race|url-status= dead}}</ref>

[[Roger Zelazny]] included a quote from the Katha Upanishad as dialogue between two characters in his novel, [[Lord of Light]].

==See also==
*[[Chariot Allegory]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Olivelle | first =Patrick | year =1996 | title =The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0195124354}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*Deutsch, Eliot & Rohit Dalvi (Editors) (2004). The Essential Vedānta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedānta. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: World Wisdom, {{ISBN|0-941532-52-6}}
*{{cite book |title=Essence of the Upanishads: A key to Indian spirituality ''(see article)'' |last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2009 |publisher=Nilgiri Press |location=Tomales, CA |isbn=978-1-58638-036-6}}
*{{cite book |title=Upanishads|chapter=Katha Upanishad|last=Müller |first=Max|author-link=Max Müller|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|isbn=184022102X|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dq1_WC-Y5gC&q=katha+upanishad&pg=PA3 |date=January 2000}}
*Sarvananda, Swami (1987). ''Kathopanisad'' (14th ed.). Madras, India: Sri Ramakrishna Math. (Including original verses, constructed text, and word-by-word translations).
*[[S. Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan, S.]] (1994). ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]'' (see [[The Principal Upanishads (book)|article]]). New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India. {{ISBN|81-7223-124-5}} (translation and commentary on Katha Upanishad is in pp. 593–648) (original publication, 1953).
*{{cite book |title=The Upanishads|chapter=Katha Upanishad|last= Parmananda |first=Swami |author-link=Swami Paramananda (Ramakrishna Mission)|year=2004 |publisher=1st World Publishing|isbn=1-59540-120-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4t3ytSN-smAC&q=katha+upanishad&pg=PA27|ref=Pa }}

==External links==
{{wikisource|sa|कठोपनिषद्|Katha Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
{{wikisource|1=Sacred Books of the East/Volume 15/Katha-upanishad|2=Katha Upanishad (English Translation)}}
{{wikiquote}}
;Translations
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/katha-upanishad/ Multiple translations (Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Charles Johnston, Swāmi Nikhilānanda)]
*[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n361/mode/2up Katha Upanishad] in The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translation with some creative recomposition)
*[http://www.san.beck.org/Upan2-Katha.html Katha Upanishad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218094517/http://www.san.beck.org/Upan2-Katha.html |date=2019-12-18 }} Translated by Sanderson Beck, in Wisdom of China and India
*[http://www.yoga-age.com/upanishads/katha.html Translation and commentary by Swami Paramananda]
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/katha-upanishad-shankara-bhashya/index.html The Katha Upanishad with Shankara's Commentary] Translated by S. Sitarama Sastri, online ebook

;Text
* [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/upanisad/kathup/kathu.htm Kāṭha-Upaniṣad] edited by Marcos Albino, Erlangen 1996; Transliterated TITUS version by Jost Gippert
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Katha Upanishad |coda=(audio, video and text)}}

;Recitation
* [http://gaana.com/album/katha-upanishad Katha Upanishad recited by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823152204/http://gaana.com/album/katha-upanishad |date=2014-08-23 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127151238/http://www.samyogi.com/source/Samyogi-2012-Feb-Kathopanishad4.mp3 First from Compilation of Seven Discourses translating Sanskrit to English via mp3 audio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140814120555/http://www.chennaimath.org/katha-upanishad-chanting-by-swami-atmajnananda-on-swami-vivekananda-jayanti-jan-15-2012-4121 Recitation by Swami Atmajnananda]
'''Resources'''
* [http://vedantahub.org/katha-upanishad/ Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Katha Upanishad at Vedanta Hub]
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Sandesh Jhingan

2026-03-22T16:50:33Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sandesh Jhingan
| image = Sandesh Jjhingan 2019 AFC AsianCup.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Jhingan with [[India national football team|India]] at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]]
| fullname = Sandesh Jhingan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: Great feeling to be appointed Kerala captain|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Indian Super League|date=23 November 2017 |language=en|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123134358/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.85}}
| position = [[Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 3
| youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–2011
| youthclubs1 = [[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh|St Stephen's Academy]]
| years1 = 2011–2013
| clubs1 = [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
| caps1 = 21
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2013–2014
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
| caps2 = 11
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2014–2020
| clubs3 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps3 = 76
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2015
| clubs4 = → [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2016
| clubs5 = → [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017
| clubs6 = → [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
| caps6 = 11
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2020–2021
| clubs7 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps7 = 22
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2021
| clubs8 = [[HNK Šibenik]]
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps9 = 9
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps10 = 22
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2023–
| clubs11 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps11 = 37
| goals11 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2014–2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10{{efn-lg|Appearances as an [[List of overage players in Olympic football|overage player]] (four appearances in [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]])}}
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2015–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 71
| nationalgoals2 = 6
| club-update = 19:25, 13 August 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 22:00, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023 India]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Sandesh Jhingan''' (born 21 July 1993) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[centre-back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref>

He won the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] emerging player of the year award in 2014 and made his debut for the India national side in 2015. In 2020, Jhingan was honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]], the second-highest sporting honour of India. He is also the recipient of the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Men's Player of the Year|2020–21 AIFF Men's Player of the Year Award]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-07-21|title=Jhingan named AIFF men's Footballer of Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jhingan-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award/article35446021.ece|access-date=2021-07-21|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721124918/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jhingan-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award/article35446021.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Early career: 2011–14===
Born in [[Chandigarh]], Jhingan received his [[association football|football]] training at the [[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh|St Stephen's Academy]].<ref name="RB">{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan – Young Star Of Kerala Blasters|url=http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Red Bull|date=22 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141455/http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref> While with the academy, Jhingan helped the side reach the South-East Asian finals of the [[Manchester United Premier Cup]]. He also represented the [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh state team]] at the under-19 level, helping them win the [[B.C. Roy Trophy]].<ref name="Curious">{{cite news|last1=Lundup|first1=Tashi|title=The Curious Case of Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-curious-case-of--sandesh-jhingan/1083626/3|access-date=10 October 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=6 March 2013|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726100925/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-curious-case-of--sandesh-jhingan/1083626/3|url-status=live}}</ref>

After impressive performances for his state side and academy team, Jhingan received a call-up to attend trials at [[I-League 2]] side [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] in November 2011.<ref name="RB"/> The trials were successful and he signed for the club the next month. Playing alongside former [[India national football team|India internationals]], [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] and [[Renedy Singh]], Jhingan helped United Sikkim earn promotion to the [[I-League]] after the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012 season]].<ref name="RB"/>

In a June 2020 interview, Jhingan said that he was rejected by many second and third division clubs in Kolkata. He said, "It was during the starting phase of my career. Back then I was looking for clubs and I appeared for quite a few trials at a number of clubs in Kolkata — even in the second and third divisions. But I was rejected by all."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=Was rejected by lower-division teams in Kolkata initially: Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/rejected-lower-division-teams-kolkata-initially-sandesh-jhingan-1502897399.html|access-date=2020-06-07|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607152947/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/rejected-lower-division-teams-kolkata-initially-sandesh-jhingan-1502897399.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jhingan made his senior professional debut in the I-League on 6 October 2012 in United Sikkim's first match of the season against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]. Jhingan started the match and lasted the whole ninety minutes and scored the winning goal for United Sikkim as they won 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim 3–2 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121205326/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his second goal for the club on 18 November 2012 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]. His goal was the only one for United Sikkim as they lost 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Goa 2–1 United Sikkim|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/18/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/united-sikkim-sc/1394178/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506061757/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/18/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/united-sikkim-sc/1394178/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite United Sikkim suffering from relegation at the end of the season and conceding a league high 63 goals, Jhingan was noticed to be a bright talent from the team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan – Kerala Blasters FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/slideshow/8969|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=8 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018195532/http://www.goal.com/en-india/slideshow/8969|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2013 it was reported that Jhingan was receiving interest from [[Chinese League One]] clubs, and that he would head to China for trials.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=Srinivasan|title=China calling for United Sikkim's Sandesh Jhingan – report|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=7 February 2013|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193756/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report|url-status=live}}</ref> However, selection into the India national team meant that Jhingan could not attend trials.<ref name="RB"/>

After the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13 season]], Jhingan signed a contract with [[Indian Super League]] to eventually be part of the competition which was to start in 2014.<ref name="AM">{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan: I am still optimistic of playing for an I-League club|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/11/05/4383979/sandesh-jhingan-i-am-still-optimistic-of-playing-for-an-i-league-|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=5 November 2013|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328170653/http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/11/05/4383979/sandesh-jhingan-i-am-still-optimistic-of-playing-for-an-i-league-|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite struggling to sign a contract with an [[I-League]] club before the ISL began, Jhingan did reject an offer from [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]. "Dempo is a big club and to receive an offer from them in itself was a big thing for me. There is no doubt that being associated with the club and playing under coach Arthur Papas would have benefitted me as a player. However, I don't regret my decision," Jhingan said in an interview.<ref name="AM"/> In November 2013 it was reported that Jhingan had signed with [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] on loan for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Amoy|title=Rangdajied United to loan Gouramangi, Subrata and three more IMG-R players|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152738/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied Bolster Their Squad With National Stars |url=http://i-league.org/?p=9291 |work=I-League |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231641/http://i-league.org/?p=9291 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, not long after, it was announced that Jhingan had instead signed for [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] for the rest of the I-League campaign.<ref name="RB"/> He made his debut for the club on 7 December 2013 against [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]. Jhingan started the match and played for the whole match as Mumbai won 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 1–2 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/pune-fc/mumbai-fc/1585363/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312123011/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/pune-fc/mumbai-fc/1585363/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A few weeks later, on 15 December, Jhingan received a red card for a second yellow offense in a match against Rangdajied United. Despite being ejected, Mumbai still drew the match 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied United 1–1 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/15/india/i-league/arhima-club/mumbai-fc/1585379/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426005416/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/15/india/i-league/arhima-club/mumbai-fc/1585379/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters: 2014–2020===
====2014: Emerging Player of the Season====
On 22 July 2014, a day after his 21st birthday, Jhingan was selected in the second round of the [[2014 ISL Inaugural Domestic Draft]] by the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Amoy|title=ISL domestic player draft: Mumbai and Kerala pick four India internationals each|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-domestic-player-draft-mumbai-and-kerala-pick-four-india-internationals-each|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=22 July 2014|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308120312/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-domestic-player-draft-mumbai-and-kerala-pick-four-india-internationals-each|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared on the bench for the side in their opening match of the season against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 1–0 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/13/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/1931475/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226190838/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/13/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/1931475/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite not playing in the first match, Jhingan did start for the Blasters in their second match of the season against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He started the match and put in a good performance but could not prevent the Kerala Blasters from losing 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin 2–1 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/21/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/kerala-blasters/1931483/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092748/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/21/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/kerala-blasters/1931483/|url-status=live}}</ref> From that point Jhingan remained a constant presence for the Kerala Blasters throughout the [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 season]], appearing 14 times for the side. His performance for the Kerala Blasters helped earn Jhingan the "Emerging Player of the League" award.<ref name="Sporting">{{cite news|title=ISL Emerging Player of the League, Sandesh Jhingan, joins Sporting Clube de Goa|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1939-isl-emerging-player-of-the-league-sandesh-jhingan-joins-sporting-clube-de-goa|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=8 February 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143850/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1939-isl-emerging-player-of-the-league-sandesh-jhingan-joins-sporting-clube-de-goa|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 December 2014, Jhingan started for the Kerala Blasters in the [[2014 Indian Super League final]] against [[Atlético de Kolkata]]. Despite putting in a valiant performance, Jhingan could not prevent Atlético de Kolkata from taking the title as the Kerala Blasters fell 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Blasters 0–1 Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/12/20/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/1974793/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124085047/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/12/20/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/1974793/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2015====
'''Loan to Sporting Goa'''

On 8 February 2015, after the [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 ISL season]], Jhingan signed with [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on loan for the [[2014–15 I-League]].<ref name="Sporting" /><ref name="Crore" /> He made his debut for the club on the same day against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]. He started and played the full match as Sporting and Mumbai drew 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai 0–0 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/08/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1980990/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518222945/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/08/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1980990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''2015 ISL Season'''

After the conclusion of the season, Jhingan was retained by the Kerala Blasters for the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 season]] and in the process became the highest paid Indian player in the league, earning more than 10 million.<ref name="Crore">{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Shalini|title=Defender Sandesh Jhingan becomes Indian Super League's first Indian crorepati|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/defender-sandesh-jhingan-becomes-isls-first-indian-crorepati/|access-date=10 October 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=16 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011150217/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/defender-sandesh-jhingan-becomes-isls-first-indian-crorepati/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite his performances from last season, which also earned Jhingan interest from abroad, he was not able to replicate the same quality in 2015. Despite being partnered at times with former [[Spain national football team|Spanish international]] [[Carlos Marchena]] and former [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] defender [[Peter Ramage]], Jhingan and the Blasters conceded a league worst 27 goals and finished last in the table.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muralidharan|first1=Ashwin|title=Indian Super League Team Analysis: Kerala Blasters FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/12/17/18446222/indian-super-league-team-analysis-kerala-blasters-fc|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=17 December 2015|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828234432/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/12/17/18446222/indian-super-league-team-analysis-kerala-blasters-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2016====
'''Loan to DSK Shivajians'''

On 4 March 2016, after the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 ISL season]], it was announced that Jhingan would join [[I-League]] side [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]] on loan from the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan joins DSK Shivajians on-loan from KBFC|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3581-sandesh-jhingan-pens-deal-with-dsk-shivajians|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=4 March 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011150942/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3581-sandesh-jhingan-pens-deal-with-dsk-shivajians|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the side two days later on 6 March against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. He started the match and played the full ninety minutes as DSK Shivajians won the match 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=DSK Shivajians 2–0 East Bengal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/06/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/east-bengal-club-fc/2177581/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703055719/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/06/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/east-bengal-club-fc/2177581/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2016 ISL season====
Because of his solid performance at the defence and due to immense pressure from fans, Jhingan was once again retained in the draft by the Kerala Blasters for the [[2016 Indian Super League|2016 season]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2016: Kerala Blasters FC squad – A comprehensive guide|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fc-squad-comprehensive-guide|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=1 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152536/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fc-squad-comprehensive-guide|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first match of the season, Jhingan was placed at right-back as the center of defense was taken up by [[Aaron Hughes]] and [[Cédric Hengbart]]. Kerala Blasters lost the match 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 1–0 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/01/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/2348820/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112024350/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/01/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/2348820/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next match saw Jhingan return to his preferred center back role after Hughes left for [[FIFA World Cup]] qualification. The result did not improve as the Kerala Blasters were defeated 1–0 by Atlético de Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Blasters 0–1 Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/05/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/2348831/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124005105/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/05/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/2348831/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the rest of the season, after Hughes returned, Jhingan stayed primarily as a right-back, earning praise for his performances which helped the Blasters to reach their second Indian Super League final in three seasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=Constantine: KBFC look invincible in Kochi|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5461-constantine-kbfc-look-invincible-in-kochi|access-date=22 December 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=17 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221131/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5461-constantine-kbfc-look-invincible-in-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Loan to Bengaluru====
On 12 January 2017, another [[I-League]] club, [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]], announced the signing of Jhingan on a season long loan deal from the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref name="BFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2017/01/12/31423402/i-league-201617-bengaluru-fc-fortify-defence-with-the-capture-of-|title=I-League 2016/17: Bengaluru FC fortify defence with the capture of Sandesh Jhingan|first=Ashwin|last=Muralidharan|date=12 January 2017|work=Goal.com|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113144201/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2017/01/12/31423402/i-league-201617-bengaluru-fc-fortify-defence-with-the-capture-of-|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club six days later in a league match against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] as a 71st-minute substitute for [[Harmanjot Khabra]] as Bengaluru won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 3–0 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/01/18/india/i-league/bengaluru/mumbai-fc/2383748/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630192707/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/01/18/india/i-league/bengaluru/mumbai-fc/2383748/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan started his first match on 11 February 2017 against [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]] in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 1–1 Minerva Punjab|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/11/india/i-league/bengaluru/india-minerva-fc/2383773/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826184933/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/11/india/i-league/bengaluru/india-minerva-fc/2383773/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 March 2017, Jhingan played in his first career club continental match when he started for Bengaluru in an [[AFC Cup]] match against fellow Indian side [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He scored the equalizing goal for Bengaluru, his first for the club, in the 51st minute to tie the score at 1–1 before [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored the winner for the club six minutes later as the club achieved a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 2–1 Mohun Bagan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/14/asia/afc-cup/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/2401023/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826143532/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/14/asia/afc-cup/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/2401023/|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second goal for the club, and only goal in the league, on 22 April 2017 against his former club [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]. His 90th-minute goal was the last in a 7–0 rout by Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 7–0 DSK Shivajians|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/dsk-shivajians/2433183/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826125003/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/dsk-shivajians/2433183/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2017, Jhingan was part of the squad that helped Bengaluru FC win the [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2016–17 Federation Cup]], beating Mohun Bagan 2–0 in the final as Jhingan won his first top tier piece of silverware.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC wins Fed Cup|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-wins-fed-cup/article18520163.ece|access-date=7 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=21 May 2017|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153650/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-wins-fed-cup/article18520163.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2017–18 ISL: Assuming captaincy and final years at the Blasters====
On 8 July 2017, it was announced that Jhingan has been retained by the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Blasters]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18 season]] after he signed a long-term contract that made him the highest paid defender in the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name="Expensive">{{cite news|last1=Tennyson|first1=Rayson|title=Sandesh Jhingan is India's most expensive defender|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-is-indias-most-expensive-defender/articleshow/59500303.cms|access-date=21 December 2017|work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824065235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-is-indias-most-expensive-defender/articleshow/59500303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan - I grew as a player as well as a person at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sandesh-jhingan-transfer-clubs-kerala-blasters-isl-indian/18vrygpjvqqif1gvxasm79l8gi|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.goal.com|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153652/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sandesh-jhingan-transfer-clubs-kerala-blasters-isl-indian/18vrygpjvqqif1gvxasm79l8gi|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan was one of three Indian players retained by the Kerala Blasters, the others being [[C.K. Vineeth]] and [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]], and the deal he signed reportedly kept him at the club until 2020, paying him ₹38 million.<ref name="Expensive"/>
On 16 November 2017, a day before the Kerala Blasters' first match of the season against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]], Jhingan was announced as the captain of the Blasters for the upcoming season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan captain|url=https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/931066334342873088|website=Kerala Blasters FC (Twitter)|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032203/https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/931066334342873088|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: Great feeling to be appointed Kerala captain|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Indian Super League|date=23 November 2017 |language=en|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123134358/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|url-status=live}}</ref>
He continued as the captain in the following [[2018–19 Kerala Blasters FC season|2018–19 season]]. Before the beginning of the [[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20 season]], he was ruled out for the entire season due to [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL injury]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: Sandesh Jhingan Undergoes Successful Surgery on Injured Knee|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-undergoes-successful-surgery-on-injured-knee-2377717.html|date=2019-11-07|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803125442/https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-undergoes-successful-surgery-on-injured-knee-2377717.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2020, Kerala Blasters announced they have parted ways with Jhingan on mutual consent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blasters confirm Jhingan exit, retire no. 21 jersey|url=https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4098056/kerala-blasters-confirm-sandesh-jhingan-is-leaving-retire-no-21-jersey|date=2020-05-22|website=ESPN|language=en|access-date=2020-05-22|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531151311/https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4098056/kerala-blasters-confirm-sandesh-jhingan-is-leaving-retire-no-21-jersey|url-status=live}}</ref> ''When we parted ways, it was mutual and it was a mature decision from both ends. If my decision to leave Kerala was about money, I would have done that long ago when I had much-better offers. I remained loyal because I loved the project, the club and the fans. I’ve given my all to the club. I’ve played with stitches, concussions and muscle problems. Kerala Blasters will always remain a part of me. Nobody can take that away.'' Jhingan said about his decision of leaving the Blasters''.''<ref>{{Cite news|title=ATK Mohun Bagan's long-term project is addictive: Jhingan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/atk-mohun-bagans-long-term-project-is-addictive-jhingan/articleshow/78521619.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|date=7 October 2020 |language=en|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007193630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/atk-mohun-bagans-long-term-project-is-addictive-jhingan/articleshow/78521619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a tribute to his contributions to the club, Blasters permanently retired his jersey number 21.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Blasters retire Sandesh Jhingan's jersey - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/kerala-blasters-retire-sandesh-jhingans-jersey/articleshow/75871946.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/kerala-blasters-retire-sandesh-jhingans-jersey/articleshow/75871946.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> But the Blasters later brought back the jersey in April 2022 after Jhingan was involved in a [[#Controversy|controversy]] by making a [[sexist]] comment after a match against the Blasters during his second tenure at ATK Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandesh Jhingan: സന്ദേശ് ജിങ്കാന് മറുപടി, 21-ാം നമ്പര്‍ ജേഴ്സി തിരികെ കൊണ്ടുവന്ന് കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/football-sports/kerala-blasters-to-bring-back-sandesh-jhingan-s-jersey-number-21-rap3c9 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.asianetnews.com |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507000657/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/football-sports/kerala-blasters-to-bring-back-sandesh-jhingan-s-jersey-number-21-rap3c9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 21, 2022 |title=Bijoy Varghese inherits Sandesh Jhingan's retired No. 21 shirt at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ATK Mohun Bagan: 2020–2021 ===
On 26 September 2020, [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] announced the signing of Jhingan on a 5-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2020|title=ATK sign Indian defender Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-superleague/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-indian-defender-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/78333754.cms|access-date=14 October 2020|website=The Times Of India|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-superleague/atk-sign-indian-defender-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/78333754.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was chosen as one of the 5 captains of the team. Jhingan's partnership with [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]] in the backlne helped ATK Mohun Bagan to keep 10 clean sheets throughout the season in 22 matches. He was featured in all matches except one where he picked up an injury after a collision with his team's goalkeeper [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] against [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]. ATK Mohun Bagan finished as runners up in the playoffs and was qualified for the [[AFC Cup|AFC Cup 2022]]. They finished second in the league table behind [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== HNK Šibenik: 2021–2022 ===
Despite having a five-year deal with ATK Mohun Bagan, Jhingan's contract had clauses which allowed him to move to a European club upon receiving an offer.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|author=Marcus Mergulhao|date=Aug 11, 2021|title=Sandesh Jhingan agrees terms with Croatian top-tier club HNK Sibenik {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sandesh-jhingan-agrees-terms-with-croatian-top-tier-club-hnk-sibenik/articleshow/85221421.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811132625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sandesh-jhingan-agrees-terms-with-croatian-top-tier-club-hnk-sibenik/articleshow/85221421.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 August 2021, [[Croatian First Football League]] side [[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]] announced the signing of Jhingan on a one-year deal with an option to extend for another year, becoming the first Indian to play in Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan joins Croatian first division side HNK Sibenik|url=https://www.espn.in/football/atk-mohun-bagan/story/4456275/sandesh-jhingan-joins-croatian-first-division-side-hnk-sibenik%3fplatform=amp|date=18 August 2021|website=espn.in|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818134042/https://www.espn.in/football/atk-mohun-bagan/story/4456275/sandesh-jhingan-joins-croatian-first-division-side-hnk-sibenik%3Fplatform=amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/><ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/croatia/hnk-sibenik/505/transfers/ HNK Šibenik: transfers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817051153/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/croatia/hnk-sibenik/505/transfers/ |date=17 August 2021 }} ''int.soccerway.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2021</ref> Three days since signing the contract, Jhingan sustained a calf injury 30 hours prior to the next match day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-23|title=Sandesh Jhingan Will Have to Wait for His HNK Sibenik Debut After Sustaining Calf Injury|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingan-will-have-to-wait-for-his-hnk-sibenik-debut-after-sustaining-calf-injury-4116170.html|access-date=2021-08-30|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830112056/https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingan-will-have-to-wait-for-his-hnk-sibenik-debut-after-sustaining-calf-injury-4116170.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He returned to training in early October.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Tribune News Service|title=Sandesh Jhingan back to training in Croatia|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pvt-hospitals-to-pool-oxygen-cylinders-in-case-of-3rd-wavepurohit-to-review-action-on-standing-commit-320580|access-date=2021-10-26|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026151834/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pvt-hospitals-to-pool-oxygen-cylinders-in-case-of-3rd-wavepurohit-to-review-action-on-standing-commit-320580|url-status=live}}</ref> After nearly two-month long injury, he made it to matchday squad in a league match against [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]] on 22 October. However he didn't get any minutes as he was benched throughout the game.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=HNK Šibenik - Slaven Belupo 1:1 - Croatian Football Federation|url=https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707112/hnk-sibenik-slaven-belupo-1-1/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Croatian Football Federation|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024092101/https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707112/hnk-sibenik-slaven-belupo-1-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was again benched in the next match against [[NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac|Hrvatski Dragovoljac]] on 30 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrv. Dragovoljac - HNK Šibenik 1:1 - Croatian Football Federation|url=https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707119/hrv-dragovoljac-hnk-sibenik-1-1/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Croatian Football Federation|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104183404/https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707119/hrv-dragovoljac-hnk-sibenik-1-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Second stint at ATK Mohun Bagan: 2022 ===
During the 2022 January transfer window, Jhingan returned to ATK Mohun Bagan after parting ways with Šibenik. He signed a short-term contract with the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=After Jhingan's premature return from Croatia, Indian football must face hard facts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/after-an-early-end-jhingans-croatia-sojourn-indian-football-must-face-hard-facts-7715581/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728140934/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/after-an-early-end-jhingans-croatia-sojourn-indian-football-must-face-hard-facts-7715581/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jhingan totally played in nine matches during the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]]. On 28 July 2022, ATK Mohun Bagan announced the departure of Jhingan after the expiry of his contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Uttiyo |date=2022-07-28 |title=ATK Mohun Bagan part ways with Sandesh Jhingan |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-sandesh-jhingan-leaves-departure-official/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728141829/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-sandesh-jhingan-leaves-departure-official |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bengaluru FC: 2022–2023 ===
On 14 August 2022, Bengaluru FC announced the signing of Jhingan on a one-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Joseph |date=2022-08-14 |title=Sandesh Jhingan joins Bengaluru FC on one-year deal |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-bengaluru-fc-sign-centre-back-sandesh-jhingan-official/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815072544/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-bengaluru-fc-sign-centre-back-sandesh-jhingan-official |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== FC Goa: 2023–present ===
In June 2023, Jhingan was signed by [[FC Goa]] on a three-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-06-20 |title=ISL 2023-24: FC Goa confirms the signing of Sandesh Jhingan on a three-year deal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/fc-goa-complete-sandesh-jhingan-transfer-confirmation-till-2026-isl-2023-24-indian-super-league-football-news/article66989788.ece |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
===Youth===
After his triumph for his state team at the [[B.C. Roy Trophy]], Jhingan was called up to the [[India national under-19 football team|India under-19]] side. Injuries however meant that Jhingan could not attend.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rai|first1=Saurabh|title=Bhaichung Is The 'God of Indian Football': Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://feverpitch.in/interview.php?stateid=50&intvid=19&interview=Bhaichung-Is-The-%E2%80%9CGod-of-Indian-Football%E2%80%9D:-Sandesh-Jhingan|access-date=10 October 2016|work=FeverPitch|date=26 September 2012|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726100936/http://feverpitch.in/interview.php?stateid=50&intvid=19&interview=Bhaichung-Is-The-%E2%80%9CGod-of-Indian-Football%E2%80%9D:-Sandesh-Jhingan|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Jhingan was then called up to the senior [[India national football team|India]] side in February 2013 for their preparatory camp but once again an injury kept him off the team.<ref name="Curious"/>

Prior to the [[2013 SAFF Championship]], Jhingan was selected to be part of the India national team.<ref>{{cite news|title=SAFF Championship 2013: Team Profile – India|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2773/saff-championship/2013/08/27/4215462/saff-championship-2013-team-profile-india|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=27 August 2013|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193853/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2773/saff-championship/2013/08/27/4215462/saff-championship-2013-team-profile-india|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, Jhingan was selected into the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] side that would play in the [[2014 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine Hero ISL players in India under-23 Asian Games squad|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/news/316-nine-hero-isl-players-in-india-under-23-asian-games-squad|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=9 September 2014|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143852/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/news/316-nine-hero-isl-players-in-india-under-23-asian-games-squad|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan made his international debut at this level in India's opening match against the [[United Arab Emirates national under-23 football team|United Arab Emirates]] on 15 September 2014. He started the match and gave an own goal as India lost 5–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE U23 5–0 India U23|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/15/asia/asian-games/uae-u23/india-u23/1925161/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104440/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/15/asia/asian-games/uae-u23/india-u23/1925161/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Senior===

[[File:Players of India and Bangladesh in action during a Football Match, at the 12th South Asian Games-2016, in Guwahati on February 13, 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|Jhingan (''in blue; no 4'') in action with India against Bangladesh at the [[2016 South Asian Games]] in Guwahati.]]
After his performance during the [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 ISL season]], Jhingan made his senior international debut for India against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]] in the country's [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier. Jhingan started the match and played the full ninety minutes as India won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2–0 Nepal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/12/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/nepal/2012936/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419000749/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/12/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/nepal/2012936/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan then scored his first international goal for India on 29 March 2016 against [[Turkmenistan national football team|Turkmenistan]]. His goal was the only one though for India as they fell 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 1–2 Turkmenistan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906023556/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan then scored his second goal for India on 7 June 2016 against [[Laos national football team|Laos]]. His 48th-minute goal was one of six as India won 6–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 6–1 Laos|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907024700/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to the qualifiers for the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]], Jhingan scored his third international career goal when he scored in the 54th minute in an international friendly against [[Cambodia national football team|Cambodia]] on 22 March 2017. His strike was the third for India as they went on to win 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia 2–3 India|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119201833/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his fourth goal for India in another international friendly, on 6 June 2017, against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]. The goal was the first for India as they won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2–0 Nepal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160423/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan was then handed the India national team captaincy by head coach [[Stephen Constantine]] before their friendly matches against [[Mauritius national football team|Mauritius]] and [[St. Kitts and Nevis national football team|St. Kitts and Nevis]] in the absence of regular captain [[Sunil Chhetri]].<ref name="Captain India">{{cite news|last1=Alva|first1=Suraj|title=Sandesh Jhingan should be playing in bigger league, says Stephen Constantine|url=http://www.asianage.com/sports/football/200817/sandesh-jhingan-should-be-playing-in-bigger-league-says-stephen-constantine.html|access-date=21 December 2017|work=Asian Age|date=20 August 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104844/http://www.asianage.com/sports/football/200817/sandesh-jhingan-should-be-playing-in-bigger-league-says-stephen-constantine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking after the match against Mauritius, in which India won 2–1, Constantine praised Jhingan, saying "Sandesh is a player who should be playing in a bigger league. He is a fighter and leads by example."<ref name="Captain India"/> A couple months later, on 11 November, India secured qualification for the Asian Cup when they defeated [[Macau national football team|Macau]] 4–1. Jhingan started that match, thus starting in all four of India's qualification matches up till that point, and helped India keep the clean sheet against Macau, Myanmar, and Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Want to dominate in Asia: Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/want-to-dominate-in-asia-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/61606906.cms|access-date=21 December 2017|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222071020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/want-to-dominate-in-asia-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/61606906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018 Intercontinental Cup]], Jhingan was a wall at the back for the Indian team. The Indian defense led by him got 3 clean sheets out of 4 matches and they won the tournament by defeating [[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India win 2018 Intercontinental Cup {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-win-2018-intercontinental-cup-final-kenya-mumbai/130u9ampl52hw1jwjfmabqpjec|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040847/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-win-2018-intercontinental-cup-final-kenya-mumbai/130u9ampl52hw1jwjfmabqpjec|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a friendly match against a stronger [[China national football team|Chinese]] side on 13 October 2018, Jhingan was named as the captain and the match ended 0–0. It was the first time that India were undefeated on Chinese soil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-13|title=India's defence, Gurpreet Sandhu stand tall in 0-0 draw against China|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/india-vs-china-draw-gurpreet-sandhu-5400855/|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040848/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/india-vs-china-draw-gurpreet-sandhu-5400855/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:India NT at 2019 AFC Asian Cup.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Jhingan (right end of the back row) with India national team in the match against Thailand at 2019 AFC Asian Cup.]]
The [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]] was the tournament where Jhingan performed at his full potential during his first 5 years with the national side. In the first match of the tournament against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]], India defeated them by a score of 4–1. Jhingan's performance during the match was praised by several football pundits. Even though India was defeated by a stronger [[UAE national football team|UAE]] by 2–0, in the next match they were at the verge of reaching the pre-quarter of the tournament. They only needed a draw against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] in their last group match. India was able to hold them for 90-minute.But an injury time penalty conceded by [[Pronay Halder]] costed them the game and they were eliminated from the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2019|title=AFC Asian Cup: India lose 0-1 to Bahrain, crash out of AFC Asian Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-lose-0-1-to-bahrain-crash-out-of-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/67532323.cms|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116141948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-lose-0-1-to-bahrain-crash-out-of-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/67532323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

9 September was the last time that Jhingan played for India in 2019. In a crucial away match against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], the match ended 0-0. He suffered an [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL injury]] later that month in a pre-friendly match and was reported to be sidelined for the next 6 months. He missed all the remaining 4 matches in this period due to this injury. His absence seriously affected the Indian team and they were at the bottom of the table when 5 matches were completed. They even ended up in a draw against a weaker [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] side. Bangladesh assistant coach [[Stuart Watkiss]] even said that the absence of Sandesh Jhingan for their Group E Asian Qualifiers for the FIFA World Cup was slightly advantageous for them. "I mean, obviously the two defenders are very good players. Sandesh is excellent, not only defending but he's a big threat from set pieces," he told the reporters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan's absence slightly advantageous for us: Bangladesh assistant coach|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2019/oct/12/sandesh-jhingans-absence-slightly-advantageous-for-us-bangladesh-assistant-coach-2046616.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040849/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2019/oct/12/sandesh-jhingans-absence-slightly-advantageous-for-us-bangladesh-assistant-coach-2046616.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jhingan made his comeback to the national team on 25 March 2021 in a friendly against [[Oman]], where he also captained the side.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=India vs Oman, Match Highlights: Manvir Singh's equaliser sees India grind out draw under immense pressure |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Firstpost|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325162108/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 21 August 2020, Jhingan became the twenty seventh footballer to win the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football: Sandesh Jhingan wins Arjuna Award, Sukhwinder Singh bags Dhyan Chand Award {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-wins-arjuna-award/wyg0fppwdrg91qks8a582mxw9|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153650/https://www.goal.com/en/news/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-wins-arjuna-award/wyg0fppwdrg91qks8a582mxw9|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan is a supporter of the [[Premier League]] club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: I've been a big fan of Manchester United for many years|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/sandesh-jhingan-ive-been-a-big-fan-of-manchester-united-for-many-years|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Indian Super League|date=4 November 2017 |language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153642/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/sandesh-jhingan-ive-been-a-big-fan-of-manchester-united-for-many-years|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is married to Ivanka Pavlova, a photographer from [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star India footballer Sandesh Jhingan marries Russian photographer Ivanka Pavlova|language=en|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/star-india-defender-sandesh-jhingan-ties-the-knot-with-russian-photographer-ivanka-pavlova|access-date=2021-12-08|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208143448/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/star-india-defender-sandesh-jhingan-ties-the-knot-with-russian-photographer-ivanka-pavlova|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Kerala Blasters captain Sandesh Jhingan ties the knot with Russian photographer Ivanka|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/12/07/sandesh-jhingan-marries-russian-ivanka-pavlova.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Malayala Manorama#Subsidiaries|OnManorama]]|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208143449/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/12/07/sandesh-jhingan-marries-russian-ivanka-pavlova.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
On 19 February 2022, Jhingan made headlines for making a '[[Sexism|sexist]] comment' after a match with ATK Mohun Bagan against his former club Kerala Blasters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-21|title=ISL: Sandesh Jhingan faces flak for sexist comment after match|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60458739|access-date=2022-02-21|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221173050/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60458739|url-status=live}}</ref> In an [[Instagram#Instagram Stories|Instagram story]] posted by ATK Mohun Bagan after the match concluded, Jhingan was heard saying "We have played a match with women, with women".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Sandesh Jhingan sparks controversy with 'played with women' comment {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/isl-sandesh-jhingan-controversy-played-with-women-comment/blte68fff5c92b59634|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221173050/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/isl-sandesh-jhingan-controversy-played-with-women-comment/blte68fff5c92b59634|url-status=live}}</ref> He was met with immediate criticism by the fans, and the hashtag ''#BringBack21'' trended on [[Twitter]] with Kerala Blasters fans urging the club management to revert the decision of retiring the number 21 jersey after Jhingan had left the club.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Sandesh Jhingan's Sexist Comment Causes Uproar on Social Media, ATKMB Star Tenders 'Unconditional Apology'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingans-sexist-comment-causes-uproar-on-social-media-atkmb-star-tenders-unconditional-apology-4792688.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221173050/https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingans-sexist-comment-causes-uproar-on-social-media-atkmb-star-tenders-unconditional-apology-4792688.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan later formally apologised through his social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-21|title=Top Indian footballer in sexism row for calling his teammates 'women'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/top-indian-footballer-in-sexism-row-for-calling-his-teammates-women-b2019557.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221173050/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/top-indian-footballer-in-sexism-row-for-calling-his-teammates-women-b2019557.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on 21 April 2022, the Blasters brought their number 21 jersey out of retirement and gave it to [[Bijoy Varghese]], while announcing his three-year contract extension with the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 21, 2022 |title=Bijoy Varghese inherits Sandesh Jhingan's retired No. 21 shirt at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|25 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|sandesh-jhingan/267433}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
!Apps
!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|21||2||2||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||23||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|11||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||11||0
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2014 Kerala Blasters FC season|2014]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|14||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||14||0
|-
|[[2015 Kerala Blasters FC season|2015]]
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||10||0
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Blasters FC season|2016]]
|17||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||17||0
|-
|[[2017–18 Kerala Blasters FC season|2017–18]]
|17||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||18||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Kerala Blasters FC season|2018–19]]
|18||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||19||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Kerala Blasters total
!76!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0
!
! !!78!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Sporting Clube de Goa season|2014–15]]
| rowspan="3" |I-League
|11||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||11||1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||7||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17]]
|11||1||5||0||4{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||1
|
| ||20||2
|-
| [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
|Indian Super League
|22||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||22||0
|-
|[[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]]
|[[2021–22 HNK Šibenik season|2021–22]]
|[[Croatian First Football League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|
| ||0||0
|-
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|9||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0
|
| ||11||0
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]]
|22||0||5{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—
|5{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}
|0||32||0
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|10||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
|5{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}
|0||15||1
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!200!!5!!14!!0!!6!!1
!
! !!220!!6
|}{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58436/Sandesh_Jhingan.html|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|website=www.national-football-teams.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418190630/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58436/Sandesh_Jhingan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2015||7||0
|-
|2016||5||2
|-
|2017||9||2
|-
|2018||7||0
|-
|2019||8||0
|-
|2021||4||0
|-
|2022||7||0
|-
|2023||13||1
|-
|2024||4||0
|-
|2025||7||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!71!!6
|}

====International goals====
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:"
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition !! Ref.
|-
| align="center" | 1 || 29 March 2016 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]], [[India]] || align=center | 9 || {{fb|TKM}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 1–2 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|title=India 1–2 Turkmenistan|website=Soccerway|date=29 March 2016|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906023556/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2 || 7 June 2016 || [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], [[India]] || align=center | 11 || {{fb|LAO}} || align=center | '''3'''–1 || align="center" | 6–1 || [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – play-off round|2019 Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|title=India 6–1 Laos|website=Soccerway|date=7 June 2016|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907024700/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 3 || 22 March 2017 || [[Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium|National Olympic Stadium]], [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] || align=center | 13 || {{fb|CAM}} || align=center | '''3'''–2 || align="center" | 3–2 || rowspan="3" |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|title=Cambodia 2–3 India|website=Soccerway|date=22 March 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119201833/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 4 || 6 June 2017 || [[Mumbai Football Arena]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]] || align=center | 15 || {{fb|NEP}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 2–0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|title=India 2–0 Nepal|website=Soccerway|date=6 June 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160423/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 5 || 28 March 2023 || [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]], [[Imphal]], [[India]] || align=center | 48 || {{fb|KGZ}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 2–0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/28/world/friendlies/india/kyrgyzstan/4054883/|title=India 1–0 Kyrgyzstan|website=Soccerway|date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328133336/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/28/world/friendlies/india/kyrgyzstan/4054883/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 6 || 29 August 2025 || [[Hisor Central Stadium]], [[Hisor]], [[Tajikistan]] || align=center | 69 || {{fb|TJK}} || align=center | '''2'''–0 || align=center | 2–1 || [[2025 CAFA Nations Cup]]
|}

==Honours==
'''United Sikkim'''
* [[I-League 2]]: [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]

'''Bengaluru'''
* [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2017]]
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]]
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series|2017]], [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]], [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]

'''India U23'''
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Silver medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

'''Individual'''
*[[Indian Super League]] Emerging Player of the Season: [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]<ref name="Awards">{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=AIFF Emerging Player of the Year 2014 Sandesh Jhingan: "Let my Coach decide on my position"|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sandesh-jhingan-let-my-coach-decide-on-my-position|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=15 February 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152856/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sandesh-jhingan-let-my-coach-decide-on-my-position|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Emerging Player of the Year: 2014<ref name="Awards"/>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Player of the Year: [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Men's Player of the Year|2020–21]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sandesh named AIFF Men's Footballer of the Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|access-date=2021-07-21|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310151646/http://the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]] Hero of The Tournament Award: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=90ndstoppage/status/1670469050277969921|url=https://twitter.com/90ndstoppage/status/1670469050277969921?t=OENwiP0bvLzZUVIGXiCxRw&s=19 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Indian Super League]] Team of the Season: [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ultimate XI of ISL 2024-25! 🔥
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DIgX3XiyRuN/ |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
'''Awards and accolades'''
* 2020 − [[Arjuna Award]], by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Ishant Sharma, Sandesh Jhingan, Dutee Chand, Manu Bhaker chosen for Arjuna Award with 23 others: Full list of winners|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ishant-sharma-sandesh-jhingan-dutee-chand-manu-bhaker-to-be-bestowed-with-arjuna-award-full-list-150023.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=mykhel.com|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824101442/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ishant-sharma-sandesh-jhingan-dutee-chand-manu-bhaker-to-be-bestowed-with-arjuna-award-full-list-150023.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/national-sports-awards-aiff-lauds-award-winners/article32424053.ece/|title=National Sports Awards — AIFF lauds award winners|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|date=24 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827205618/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/national-sports-awards-aiff-lauds-award-winners/article32424053.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sandesh-jhingan-sukhwinder-singh-national-awards-aiff-6565874/lite/|title=Sandesh Jhingan, Sukhwinder Singh lauded for their national awards by AIFF|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|date=22 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115354/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sandesh-jhingan-sukhwinder-singh-national-awards-aiff-6565874/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{sports links}}
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-10641-sandesh-jhingan-profile Sandesh Jhingan] on [[Indian Super League|ISL website]]
{{s-start-collapsible|header={{S-sports}}}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Kerala Blasters FC]]<br />Captain
| before = [[Aaron Hughes]]
| after = [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| years = 2017–2019
}}
{{s-end}}
{{FC Goa squad}}
{{Navboxes
| title = India squads
| bg = #2234F5
| fg = #FFFFFF
| bordercolor = #FF8000
| list =
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}
{{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}}
}}
{{Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhingan, Sandesh}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:United Sikkim FC players]]
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[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football central defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
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[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC draft picks]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
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[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
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[[Category:HNK Šibenik players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Croatian Football League players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Bijibal

2026-03-18T04:40:21Z

Juliivg: small changes

{{Short description|Indian music composer and playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bijibal
| image = Bijibal.jpg
| caption =Bijibal in 2017
| image_size =
| birth_name = Bijibal Maniyil
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thrikkakkara]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Music composer]]|[[Playback singer]]|[[Keyboardist]]|[[Violinist]]}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
|embed=yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|[[Filmi]]|[[World music]]| [[Dance music]]|[[Classical music]]}}
| instrument = [[Musical keyboard|Keyboard]], [[Violin]], vocals
| years_active = 2007–present
| current_member_of = {{ubl|Bodhi Silent Scape|Kochi Music Foundation}}
| website = {{URL|bodhisilentscape.com}}
}}
}}
'''Bijibal Maniyil''' is an Indian music composer and playback singer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam films]]. In a career spanning more than twenty years, he has composed for more than 150 feature films, several television commercials and a few documentaries.His work on the movie ''Kaliyachan'' earned him the National film award in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/354135/ |title=അംഗീകാരത്തിന്റെ 'പശ്ചാത്തല'ത്തില്‍..., Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217182521/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/354135/ |archive-date=2013-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Bijibal entered the film industry as a [[composer]] in 2007, with the satirical drama film ''[[Arabikatha]]'' directed by [[Lal Jose]].

In 2013, he won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award for Best Background Score]] and [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the film ''[[Kaliyachan]]''. He has also composed for several non-film [[Malayalam]] albums including ''Vasco Da Gama''. He has also often composed for short films besides directing the short titled ''Sundari'' and also composing its score. He also composed the music for the door-opening and door-closing notification system in [[Kochi Metro]] trains which continues to be in use to this date.

The notable feature films for which Bijibal has composed include ''[[Arabikatha]]'', ''[[Pathemari]]'', ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'', ''[[Munnariyippu]]'', ''[[101 Chodyangal]]'', ''[[Vellimoonga]]'', ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'', ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'', ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'', ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'', ''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]'', ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'', ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' and ''[[Vellam: The Essential Drink]]'' and ''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]'' among others.

==Personal life==
Bijibal started composing during his college days at St. Albert's College, Ernakulam. He was married to Santhi, who was a dancer by profession. Their marriage was held on 21 June 2002, after a brief relationship and long before Bijibal even entered the film industry. They have two children, Devadutt and Daya. Santhi, who was a post graduate in Bharatanatyam and was doing her research in Mohiniyattam died after a [[stroke]] on 29 August 2017, aged just 36. Their children Devadutt and Daya sang for films, and Daya is more popular for singing and appearing in the video of ''Onam Vannallo'', a rhyme made as a part of the [[Onam]] festival in 2014.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Discography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%"
|-
! width=35 | Year
! width=200 | Title
! width=50 | Songs
! width=50 | Score
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nazrani]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rock & Roll (film)|Rock & Roll]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Arabikatha]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||[[Malayalam cinema|Mullassery Raju Music Award]] for [[Music director|Best Music Director]]
|-
|2008 || ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2009 || ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || Only Title Song - "Paalerum Naadaya"
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || {{tick}} || {{X mark}} || Only Title Song - "Kadhayamama"
|-
| ''[[Swantham Lekhakan|Swa.Le.]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorvaragam]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="11"|2011 || ''[[Venicile Vyaapari]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{X mark}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sevens (film)|Sevens]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Violin (2011 film)|Violin]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || [[Malayalam cinema|Asiavison Movie Award]] for [[Music director|Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbasree Travels]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="12"|2012 || ''[[Kaliyachan]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]' for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]]<br>[[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
|-
| ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ozhimuri]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="14"|2013 || ''[[Vedivazhipadu]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Idukki Gold]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Blackberry'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[101 Chodyangal]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || Segment - ''[[5 Sundarikal|Gowri]]''
|-
| ''[[Thank You (2013 film)|Thank You]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || {{tick}} || {{X mark}} ||
|-
| ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="19"|2014 || ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri (film)|Lal Bahadhur Shasthri]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Homely Meals]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Njan]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Munnariyippu (film)|Munnariyippu]]''|| {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' ||{{tick}} || {{X mark}} ||
|-
| ''[[Angry Babies in Love]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[My Life Partner (2014 film)|My Life Partner]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Utsaha Committee'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Law Point'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Praise The Lord'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Alice A True Story]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pakida]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="15"|2015 || ''[[My God (film)|My God]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Salt Mango Tree]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]''|| {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[KL.10]]''|| {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Love 24x7]]''|| {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Acha Dhin]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[32aam adhyayam 23aam vaakyam|32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nee-Na]]''|| {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[She Taxi (film)|She Taxi]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Nellikka'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''White Boys'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="9"|2016 ||''[[Pinneyum]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttikalundu Sookshikkuka]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Ore Mugham]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Shikhamani''||{{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettennam Pinnale''||{{X mark}} || {{tick}}||
|-
| ''Dhanayathra''||{{X mark}} || {{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || North American Film Awards 2017;<br /> remade in Telugu as ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''
|-
| ''[[Leela (2016 film)|Leela]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan="16"|2017 ||''[[Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Pashu''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''Kadha Paranja Kadha''||{{X mark}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''Chakkara Maavin Kombathu''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''Gandhinagaril Unniyarcha''||{{X mark}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Sherlock Toms]]''||{{tick}}||{{X mark}}||
|-
| ''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam ]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum ]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}|||
|-
| ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}||
|-
| ''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]'' || {{tick}}||{{X mark}}||
|-
|''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]''||{{tick}}||{{tick}}|| 2 songs and score only
|-
|rowspan="13"|2018 || ''Paviyettante Madhurachooral'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Aanakkallan'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Thanaha'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Shabdam'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Udalaazham]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Chalakkudikkaaran Changathi'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Orayiram Kinakkalal]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Kinar]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} || Simultaneously shot in Tamil as ''Keni''
|-
| rowspan="17"|2019 || ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]] '' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Puzhikkadakan]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyarathri]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasha Ganga 2]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Kozhipporu'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Sathyam Paranjaa Vishwasikkuvo'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...|And the Oscar Goes to]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''March Randaam Vyaazham'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Muhabbathin Kunjabdhulla'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[A for Apple]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Subharathri]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Veyilmarangal]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pengalila]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Naan Petta Makan'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Kalikkoottukkaar'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Swarnna Malsyangal'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| rowspan="9"|2021 ||''Jwaalamukhi'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vellam: The Essential Drink]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{X mark}} || One song only
|-
| ''Black Coffee'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Pottakinar'' || {{X mark}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Varthamanam]]'' || {{X mark}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} || [[Remake]] of ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''.<br>Telugu debut.<br>First non-Malayalam film.
|-
| ''[[Kozhipporu]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Silencer'' || {{X mark}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan=12|2022 || ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Bharatha Circus'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Vanitha'' || {{X mark}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Viddikalude Maashu'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Village Cricket Boy]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lalitham Sundaram]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Aakashathinu Thazhe'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''[[Aquarium (film)|Aquarium]]'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Four'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Drama Single Shot'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Hawk's Muffin'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
| ''Thirimali'' || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} ||
|-
|rowspan=6|2023 ||''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]''||{{Tick}}||{{Tick}}||
|-
|''[[Ntikkakkakkoru Premondarnn]]''||{{X mark}}||{{Tick}}||
|-
|''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]''||{{Tick}}||{{Tick}}||
|-
|''[[Nila (2023 film)|Nila]]'' ||{{Tick}}||{{Tick}}||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/|title=Nila review: This well-intentioned movie from director Indu Lakshmi celebrates womanhood|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=26 March 2023|website=The South First}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Charlie's Angel}}||{{Tick}}||{{Tick}}||
|-
|{{Pending film|Aaro}}||{{Tick}}||{{Tick}}||
|-
|rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Swargam'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Aju Varghese starrer 'Swargam' first look poster out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aju-varghese-movie-swargam-first-look-poster-1.9820185 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''Poyyamozhi'' || {{X mark}} || {{tick}} ||<ref name="Sudhi Anna’s Malayalam Film Poyyamozhi To Premiere At Cannes">{{Cite web |title=Sudhi Anna's Malayalam Film Poyyamozhi To Premiere At Cannes |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sudhi-annas-malayalam-film-poyyamozhi-to-premiere-at-cannes-8894216.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''Ariku'' || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-12 |title=KSFDC production Ariku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/12/ksfdc-production-ariku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || {{tick}} || {{X mark}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! Award
! Year
! Project
! Category
|-
|'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''
|2022
|[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]]
|-
|'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''
|2018
|[[Aami]]
|[[Best Background Music]]
|-
|'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
|2017
|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|[[Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan=4|'''[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]'''
|2017
|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|Best music director
|-
|2017
|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|Best technical sound mixer
|-
|2017
|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|Song of the year
|-
|2017
|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|Best vocalist male Malayalam
|-
| '''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''
| 2017
| [[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]]
|-
| '''North American Film Awards'''
| 2017
| [[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
| Best Music Director
|-
| '''[[Kerala State Film Award]]'''
| 2015
| [[Pathemari]], [[Nee-Na]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|-
|-
| '''[[Asiavision Awards]]'''
| 2015
| ''[[Pathemari]]''/Kaliyachan
| [[Music director|Best Music Director]]
|-
| '''[[Kerala State Film Award]]'''
| 2014
| [[Njaan]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|-

| '''[[Kerala State Film Award]]'''
| 2013
| [[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
|-

| '''[[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]'''
| 2012
| ''[[Kaliyachan]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]]
|-
| '''[[Kerala State Film Award]]'''
| 2012
| [[Kaliyachan]], [[Ozhimuri]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
|-
| '''[[Asiavision Awards]]'''
| 2011
| ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''
| [[Music director|Best Music Director]]
|-
| '''[[Malayalam cinema|Mullassery Raju Music Award]]'''
| 2007
| ''[[Arabikkatha]]''
| [[Music director|Best Music Director]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A dream debut for Bijibal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205021916/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/19/stories/2008091950650200.htm | archive-date=2010-12-05 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/19/stories/2008091950650200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 December 2009 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=2735724}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijibal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Best Background Score National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Venky Harinarayan

2026-03-12T02:02:14Z

Juliivg: add structure to improve readability based on references

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venky Harinarayan
| image = Venky Harinarayan 2020 Photo Cred - Gianna Conci Photography.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Venkatesh Harinarayan
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] ([[PhD]]), [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]], ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]])
| occupation = Cambrian Ventures, [[Kosmix]] and [[Junglee Corp]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Venkatesh "Venky" Harinarayan''' is an Indian [[entrepreneur]]. He is the co-founder of Cambrian Ventures and [[Kosmix]]. Harinarayan also co-founded [[Junglee Corp]]. and played a significant role at [[Amazon.com]] in the late 1990s. Originally from [[Bombay]], [[India]], Harinarayan has a PhD in [[computer science]] from [[Stanford University]] (1997, under [[Jeffrey Ullman]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Venkatesh Harinarayan |url=https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=71412 |website=The Mathematics Genealogy Project |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> and a masters from UCLA. [[Bachelor of Technology]] He completed his bachelor's degree in computer science from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] (Class of 1988). While at Stanford, Harinarayan co-wrote a paper<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Venky | title = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '96 | pages = 205–216 | last1 = Harinarayan | author-mask = with | first2 = Anand | last2 = Rajaraman | author-link2 = Anand Rajaraman | first3 = Jeffrey D. | last3 = Ullman | author-link3 = Jeffrey D. Ullman| chapter = Implementing Data Cubes Efficiently | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1145/233269.233333 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.41.1205 | isbn = 978-0897917940 | s2cid = 3104453 }}</ref> on implementing [[data cube]]s with [[Anand Rajaraman]] and [[Jeff Ullman]], which is among the top 600 most cited computer science articles over the last 20 years.<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/stats/articles?t=articles&st=500 Most Cited Computer Science Articles] (501–600), [[CiteSeer]]. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2009.</ref>

Together with four other engineers, Harinarayan founded Junglee Corp. in 1996. Junglee Corp. pioneered Internet comparison shopping.<ref>Walter, Mark. [http://www.xml.com/pub/a/SeyboldReport/ip011201.html "Junglee Tries to Tame the Data Jungle"] xml.com. 5 August 1998. Retrieved on 1 August 2009.</ref> Junglee Corp. was acquired by Amazon.com Inc. in August 1998 for 1.6 million shares of stock valued at $250 million.<ref>[http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/1998/08/03/daily10.html "Amazon.com buys Junglee, PlanetAll"], ''Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal''. 5 August 1998. Retrieved on 20 July 2009.</ref> Harinarayan then became general manager at Amazon.com, where he worked with founder and CEO [[Jeff Bezos]] to help create Amazon.com's marketplace business. Marketplace is currently{{When |date=June 2013}} Amazon.com's most profitable and fastest-growing business, accounting for almost 25% of all US transactions.<ref>[http://www.cambrianventures.com/team/venky_harinarayan.html Venky Harinarayan, Founding Partner], [http://www.cambrianventures.com/ Cambrian Ventures]. Retrieved 31 July 2009.</ref> Harinarayan also was an inventor of the concept<ref>Venky Harinarayan et al., [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=Harinarayan.INNM.&OS=IN/Harinarayan&RS=IN/Harinarayan Hybrid machine/human computing arrangement], United States Patent, 27 March 2007</ref> underlying [[Amazon Mechanical Turk|Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk]].

Harinarayan and his business partner, Anand Rajaraman, co-founded Cambrian Ventures, an early stage [[venture capital]] fund, in 2000. Cambrian went on to back several companies later acquired by [[Google]]. Cambrian funded companies like [[Mobissimo]], [[Aster Data Systems]] and [[TheFind.com]].<ref>Ranganathan, Chandra and NS Ramnath. [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Men_who_did_not_buy_Google_are_creating_Kosmix/articleshow/2500516.cms "Men Who Spurn Google create Kosmix"] ''The Economic Times''. 30 October 2007. Retrieved on 17 March 2009.</ref> In 2017, Harinarayan became a special partner to [[NeotTribe Venture|NeoTribe Ventures]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Term Sheet -- Friday, February 17 | first=Erin | last=Griffith | url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/17/term-sheet-friday-february-17/ |work=Fortune |date=17 February 2017 |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cambrianventures.com/ Cambrian Ventures]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harinarayan, Venky}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the computer industry]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in online retailing]]
[[Category:Silicon Valley people]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]

Rajgir International Cricket Stadium

2026-03-06T02:51:53Z

Juliivg: added a article first draft

{{Short description|Cricket stadium complex in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Rajgir International Stadium
| nickname =
| country = India
| image = Rajgir_International_Cricket_Stadium.jpg
| location = [[Rajgir Sports Complex]], [[Nalanda]], Bihar
| establishment =
| seating_capacity = 45,000
| club1 = [[Bihar cricket team]]
| year1 = TBA
| date =
| year =
| source =
| coordinates={{coord|25.02094|85.36457|display=title,inline}}
|architect=[[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]}}

'''Rajgir International Cricket Stadium''' is part of [[Rajgir Sports Complex]], [[Bihar]]. After completion of construction, this stadium will be the home of [[Bihar Cricket Association|Bihar cricket team.]] The total capacity of the stadium will be 45,000. It was inaugurated on 5 October 2025, and it will be the second largest stadium in India and the most modern as well

==History ==
[[File:Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary and Jayant Raj Kushwaha at Rajgir Sports Stadium.jpg|thumb|Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, Deputy Chief Minister [[Samrat Chaudhary]] and Minister [[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]] overseeing various construction works at [[Rajgir Sports Complex]] on 29 August 2024.]]
In 2018, it was announced by the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at [[Rajgir]] in [[Bihar]]'s [[Nalanda district]]. On 12 October 2018, Nitish Kumar has laid the foundation stone of Rajgir international cricket stadium. The stadium will be the second stadium in [[Bihar]] that could host international matches after [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], and will be built on the model of [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]. The stadium will be built on 90 acres of land with an estimated cost of ₹633 Crore. It will serve as an international cricket stadium as well as a sports academy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=4 April 2021 |title=Rajgir international stadium likely to be ready by March '22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rajgir-international-stadium-likely-to-be-ready-by-march-22/articleshow/81890625.cms |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The construction should have been completed in 2022, but {{as of|January 2023}}, only 40% of the works have been finished.<ref>{{cite news |title=नालंदा में इस साल भी पूरा नहीं बना इंटरनेशनल स्टेडियम, 15 वर्ष पहले हुई थी घोषणा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/nalanda/nalanda-international-stadium-was-not-completed-even-this-year-axs |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=29 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> As of June 2025, the main pavilion's framework is complete, and finishing work such as plastering, wiring, and putty is underway. The playing surface is nearly ready, with high-quality red soil from Maharashtra used for the main pitch and black soil from Mokama for seven auxiliary pitches; grass has already been laid on much of the field. A comprehensive drainage system is also being installed to prepare for the monsoon<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2025-05-22 |title=Rajgir Cricket Stadium Nears Completion, Bringing World-Class Sport To Bihar |url=https://patnapress.com/rajgir-cricket-stadium-nears-completion-bringing-world-class-sport-to-bihar/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Patna Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Design & Features==
[[File:Rajgir cricket stadium established during Nitish Kumar.jpg|thumb|Rajgir cricket stadium established during ninth tenure of Nitish Kumar.]]
*The stadium is designed to seat approximately 45,000 spectators, making it among the largest in Bihar.
*The design draws inspiration from international venues such as the Sydney Cricket Ground.
*There will be multiple stands including East, West, and a Reverse Pavilion.
*For pitches, the main pitch is being constructed using red soil from Maharashtra, while auxiliary pitches use black soil from Mokama.
*The complex includes infrastructure such as floodlights, electronic scoreboards, drainage systems to manage monsoon rains, and standard facilities for players, media, officials, and VIPs. <ref name="PatnaPress2025">{{cite web
|url=https://patnapress.com/rajgir-cricket-stadium-near-completion-set-to-open-in-two-months/
|title=Rajgir Cricket Stadium Near Completion, Set to Open in Two Months
|website=Patna Press
|date=2 June 2025
|access-date=4 October 2025
|publisher=Patna Press
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004000000/https://patnapress.com/rajgir-cricket-stadium-near-completion-set-to-open-in-two-months/
|archive-date=4 October 2025
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]]
* [[Patna Golf Club]]
* [[Patliputra Sports Complex]]
* [[Saifai International Cricket Stadium]]
* [[Varanasi Cricket Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Cricket|Architecture}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Bihar]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Bihar]]
[[Category:Proposed sports venues in India]]
[[Category:Proposed stadiums]]
[[Category:Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Zameer (1975 film)

2026-03-03T23:42:38Z

Juliivg: corrected lead as per guidelines and corrected details per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zameer
| image = Zameer 1975.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Ravi Chopra]]
| producer = [[B. R. Chopra]]
| writer =
| story = C. J. Pavri (adaptation)
| based_on = {{based on|''A Double-Dyed Deceiver''|[[O. Henry]]}}
| screenplay = B. R. Films story Department<br />[[Akhtar ul Iman]] <small>(dialogue)</small>
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shammi Kapoor]]<br />[[Saira Banu]]<br />[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| music = Sapan Chakraborty
| cinematography = Dharam Chopra
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor = B. R. Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1975|3|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Zameer''''' ({{translation|Conscience}}) is a 1975 Hindi action-drama film directed by [[Ravi Chopra]] and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]] for B. R. Films. It stars [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Madan Puri]] and [[Vinod Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lokapalli|first=Vijay|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-zameer/article6617992.ece|title=Friday review Zameer (1975)|date=20 November 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by Sapan Chakraborty. All the songs of the movie were super hit. The movie was based on [[O. Henry]]'s short story ''A Double-Dyed Deceiver'' which was earlier adapted in 1960 as ''[[Bombai Ka Babu]]'' starring [[Dev Anand]].

The film was commercially successful.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-zameer/article6617992.ece|title=Zameer (1975)|first=Vijay|last=Lokapally|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 November 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref>

==Plot==

Maharaj Singh is a proud owner of several derby-winning stallions, and lives in a palatial farmhouse with his wife, Rukmini and young son, Chimpoo. One day dacoits attack his farmhouse with a view of stealing the stallions, but Maharaj fights them, killing the son of the leader of the dacoits, Maan Singh. Maan Singh swears to avenge the death of his son, and abducts Chimpoo. Years later, a servant of Maharaj, Ram Singh, brings a young man named Badal into the Singhs lives, and tells them that he is their missing son Chimpoo. Both Maharaj, Rukmini, and their daughter, Sunita, are delighted at having Chimpoo back in their lives. Then Badal and Sunita fall in love with each other. It is then Badal confesses to Maharaj that he is not Chimpoo, but a former convicted jailbird, who was asked to impersonate him by an embittered Ram Singh. Maharaj does not want to relay this information to an ailing Rukmini, and decides to keep it quiet for the rest of their lives. But sooner or later Rukmini is bound to find out - especially when Badal and Sunita openly show their love - will this shock of an intimate brother and a sister spare her or has fate something else in store for her?

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Shammi Kapoor]] as Thakur Maharaj Singh
*[[Saira Banu]] as Smita Singh
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Badal Singh / Fake Chimpoo Singh
*[[Madan Puri]] as Daaku Maan Singh
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Suraj "Chimpoo" Singh, Daaku Maan Singh's adoptive son & Thakur Maharaj Singh's biological son (Special Appearance)
*[[Indrani Mukherjee]] as Rukmini Singh, Thakur Maharaj Singh's wife
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Ramu (Servant of Thakur Maharaj Singh)
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Sheru
{{div col end}}

== Reception ==
Vijay Lokapally, in his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "There was little in the movie to remember. The dialogues were ordinary and less said about the acting the better. Everyone, with the exception of Madan Puri, just about went through the motions. Shammi Kapoor was disappointing as the garrulous stud farm owner.It was certainly not among the best films of Amitabh Bachchan. Or even Vinod Khanna. Yet, it is listed a hit."<ref name="auto"/>

==Soundtrack==
All music for the film was composed by Sapan Chakraborty, and all the songs are written by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and [[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Zindagi Hansne Gane Ke Liye Hai"
| Kishore Kumar
| Sahir Ludhianvi
|-
| 2
| "Phoolon Ke Dere Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| 3
| "Tum Bhi Chalo Hum Bhi Chale (Duet)"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| Sahir Ludhianvi
|-
| 4
| "Bade Dinon Men Khushi Ka Din Aaya"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| Sahir Ludhianvi
|-
| 5
| "Tum Bhi Chalo (Male)"
| Kishore Kumar
| Sahir Ludhianvi
|-
| 6
| "Aanka Baanka Tali Talaka"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Manna Dey]]
| [[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]]
|-
| 7
| "Ab Yahan Koi Nahin"
| Kishore Kumar
| Sahir Ludhianvi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0073924}}

{{B. R. Chopra}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Chopra]]
[[Category:1975 directorial debut films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jagapoga

2026-03-03T21:39:11Z

Juliivg: Creating article.

{{short description|2001 film by Dhanwanthari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Jagapoga
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dhanwanthari
| producer = Shan Kadavathur
| writer = Dhanwanthari
| screenplay =
| starring =[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
| music =M. G. Radakrishnan
| cinematography =Bijoys
| editing =T.S Muthuraj
| studio =
| distributor =Kolothu Filims
| released = {{Film date|2001}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Jagapoga''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 2001|2001]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film directed by Dhanwanthari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3463|title=Jagapoga|accessdate=2014-11-18|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?3504|title=Jagapoga|accessdate=2014-11-18|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> This film is based on the show of the same name from [[Kairali TV]].

==Plot==
The film deals with an idol of Lord Krishna being stolen from Puthnambady Temple and the ensuing investigation. SI Ajayan and constable Vijayan arrive to investigate the theft and murder of Neelakandan Potty.

==Cast==
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as [[Dada Sahib]], Prabhuthan,
* Unnikrishnan
* Suresh
* Kaladi Omana
*[[Kollam Thulasi]]
* Kumarakom Reghunath as SI of Police
* Mudavanmugal Krishnankutty
* Sangeetha Thampi
* Tharun Sagar as SI Ajayan
* Thirumala Chandran as Constable Vijayan
* Rajeev Kalamassery as Minister
* Raja Sahib as Thug, Panchayath Member
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Psychiatrist

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The film is based on a popular TV serial by the same name on Kairali TV. On the whole couple of look-alikes of popular stars do take-offs of the original creating a good laugh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jagapoga-review-malayalam-8938505.html|title=Jagapoga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428185327/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagapoga-review-malayalam-8938505.html|work=[[Sify]]|archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' wrote hat "Anyhow, the film gives us some scope for introspection. We are forced to think, taking into consideration the story line, if most of the mainstream films being made here, sans the established stars, are not similar meaningfull{{Sic}} stuff! Well, then after all it's good to see such films now and then. Isn't it?"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020111/rmala3.html|author=Unni R. Nair|title=''Jagapoga'': Worthless effort|magazine=[[Screen India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122085706/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020111/rmala3.html|archive-date=22 January 2010|date=11 January 2002 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0317752}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Snehamulla Simham

2026-03-03T21:12:11Z

Juliivg: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Snehamulla Simham
| image = Snehamulla Simham.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]]
| producer = P. T. Xavier
| writer = M. D. Ajayghosh<br />[[S. N. Swamy]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. N. Swamy
| starring = [[Mammootty]]<br>[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]<br>[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]<br>[[Lalu Alex]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| studio = Vijaya Movies
| distributor = Vijaya Movies
| released = {{Film date|1986|06|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Snehamulla Simham''''' ({{translation|A lion that loves}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film produced by P. T. Xavier under Vijaya Movies, directed by [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]] and written by [[Ponkunnam Damodaran|M. D. Ajayghosh]]. It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Lalu Alex]] in lead roles. The film features original songs composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], cinematography was done by [[Anandakuttan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/snehamulla-simham.html|title=Snehamulla Simham|access-date=2014-07-21|publisher=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1851|title=Snehamulla Simham|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1087|title=Snehamulla Simham|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> The film revolves around Maya, who falls in love with her professor, Vaishankaran. However, Vaishankaran, an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] doesn't approve of her love. The film is based on the novel written by [[Ponkunnam Damodaran|M. D. Ajayghosh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Snehamulla Simham |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/snehamulla-simham-malayalam-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022222410/http://spicyonion.com/title/snehamulla-simham-malayalam-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=spicyonion.com |accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Maya, a confident college student from a wealthy family falls for her recently joined professor Vaishakan. In a college arts festival, Vaishakan criticizes her poem and after that she takes a fancy to him.

Vaishakan from bad experiences in his personal life has become disillusioned, embittered, and anti-authoritarian and does not care much about his life. His fellow professor, Venu an old friend who hasn't seen him in some time, encourages him to give up his alcoholism and pursue a stable family life.

Her family wish for her to marry Mohan who is the son of a family friend and is considered by her family a suitable alliance. In the meantime, Vaisakhan has no interest in Maya's romantic feelings and clashes with her family.

The movie explores Vaishakan's background story and why he has become so embittered. It also explores the experience of a headstrong and confident young woman like Maya in a conventional Kerala household.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as M. A. Vaishakan
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Maya S. Menon
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Mohan Menon
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Venu
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Lathika
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Vilasini Venu
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Menon
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Hari S. Menon
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Kuttan
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Karunakaran Pillai
*[[Sukumari]] as Kamalamma
*[[Prathapachandran]] as C. R.
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Paruvamma
*[[Unnimary]] as Sudha
*[[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as P. C. Kurup
*[[Lalithasree]] as Cameo Appearance
*[[Kollam Ajith]] as Cameo Appearance
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Cameo Appearance
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==

=== Songs ===
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by Chunakkara Ramankutty.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Niramezhum Karalin" || [[Unni Menon]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 2 || "Sneham Kothichu" || Ashalatha || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|}

=== Background Score ===
The background score of this film won rave reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS2vxv3bwMM |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.youtube.com| date=17 September 2011 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0271791}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sajan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Love Story (1986 film)

2026-03-03T21:04:15Z

Juliivg: update references also and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Story
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]]
| producer = M. Mani
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]<br>[[Shafeeq (actor)|Shafeeq]]<br>[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]<br>[[Thilakan]]<br>[[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Sunitha Productions
| distributor = Sunitha Productions
| released = {{Film date|1986|12|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Love Story''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]] and produced by M. Mani. The film stars [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Shafeeq (actor)|Shafeeq]], [[Thilakan]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1918|title=Love Story|access-date=2014-10-22|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4345|title=Love Story|access-date=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/love-story-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022181134/http://spicyonion.com/title/love-story-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2014|title=Love Story|access-date=2014-10-22|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

''Love Story'' is a love story between a rich boy and a poor girl.

==Cast==
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Shobha
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
*[[Shafeeq (actor)|Shafeeq]] as Raju
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kumaran Nair, Radhakrishnan (double role)
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Satheeshan
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Savithri
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Janakiyamma
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Krishnankutty
*[[V. D. Rajappan]] as Blade Shishumadan
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Durgadas
*[[Lalithasree]] as Typing tutor
*KPAC Azeez as Vikraman
*Sukumari as Rukmini
*Sankaradi as Sreedharan
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as H. C. Balan Pilla
*Jagannatha Varma as Menon
*Tony as Ajayan, college student
*[[Jagadish]] as Hameed
*Kollam Ajith as Gunda
*Thilakan

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by Chunakkara Ramankutty.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chellakkuruvi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 2 || "Oru Kadalolam" || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]], Chorus || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 3 || "Oru Malarthoppile" || K. J. Yesudas || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 4 || "Poovaaya "Poo || K. S. Chithra || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 5 || "Poovaaya Poo" || K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 6 || "Sneham Poothulanju" || K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0352533|Love Story}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sajan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sardukupodaam Randi

2026-03-03T18:12:23Z

Juliivg: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sardukupodaam Randi
| image = Sardukupodaam Randi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Diwakar Babu {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br />Dhinraj {{small|(main story)}}
| screenplay = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| producer = Burugupalli Siva Ramakrishna
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]]<br />[[Soundarya]]
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| based_on = ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]'' (1958)
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Art Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|4|23}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Sardukupodaam Randi''''' ({{translation|Come, Let's Get Adjusted}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] produced by Burugupalli Siva Ramakrishna on Sri Venkateswara Art Films banner and directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sardukupodam Randi review: Sardukupodam Randi (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com | url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/sardukupodam-randi/telugu/sardukupodam-randi-movie-reviews-717-2.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118181957/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/sardukupodam-randi/telugu/sardukupodam-randi-movie-reviews-717-2.html | access-date=2025-01-16 | archive-date=18 November 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> Starring [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Soundarya]] and music also composed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]. The film is inspired from [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]]'s old Telugu film ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]'' 1958. The film recorded as ''Hit'' at box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/y2k/filmslist.html|title = Telugu cinema in 2000 - films list}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Krishna & Radha's marriage; they spend their seven years of married life happily. But after that, Radha becomes busy with household responsibilities. Krishna becomes fed up with her behavior and is attracted to his Secretary, Nisha. The rest of the story is about how Radha protects her husband.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jagapati Babu]] as Krishna
*[[Soundarya]] as Radha Rani
*[[Asha Saini]] as Nisha
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Problem Paramkusam
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Singaraju Lingaraju
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Marideswara Rao
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Anandam
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*Mithai Chitti
*[[Gautham Raju]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]]
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*[[Rajitha]]
*Siva Parvathi
*Parvathi
*Ratna Kumari
*Rajasri
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as [[item number]]
*Master Teja
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sardukupodaam Randi
| type = film
| artist = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:44
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| prev_title = [[Kodanda Ramudu]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Sri Srimati Satyabhama]]
| next_year = 2000
}}

Music composed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.<ref name="Songs">{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/Sardukupodam-Randi-A0000163 |title=Songs |publisher=Raaga}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Alakaluru Needata
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length1 = 4:28

| title2 = Kottimeera Puvvulaanti Pillaro
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length2 = 5:23

| title3 = Kabbadi Kabbadi
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = Gangadhar, Sudha Rani
| length3 = 5:30

| title4 = Vagalaadi Telisinda Ipudu
| lyrics4 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length4 = 4:35

| title5 = Unnamaata Vinnavista
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra5 = Udit Narayan, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length5 = 4:34
}}

==Reception==
''Andhra Today'' wrote "Director Krishna Reddi takes the familiar theme of the married couple and the trials and tribulations to their relationship with the advent of the "other woman". It might prove an impressive success with the female audiences. With entertainment and humor as main ingredients, the director makes the movie a smooth sail".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sarduku.htm|title=SARDUKU PODAM RANDI|website=Andhra Today|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201162148/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sarduku.htm|archive-date=1 December 2001}}</ref> ''Telugucinema'' wrote "This is a kind of theme Krishna Reddy handles with ease and he did it effortlessly. The lead couple Jagapathi Babu and Soundarya also have done their roles with ease. For Jagapathi Babu this is a repeat performance of his own roles in Shubhalagnam and Mavichiguru and this well played subdued husband's role takes his career five years back. Soundarya has out and out imitated Aamani in the earlier hits. The comedy track, rather two different comedy tracks, with Brahmanandam and L B Sriram respectively have succeeded in evoking response though in bad taste at times. On the whole it’s a clean family entertainer of SVK brand".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/sardukupodamrandi.html|title=SARDUKUPODAM RANDI|website=Telugucinema.com|access-date=4 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605110242/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/sardukupodamrandi.html|archive-date=5 June 2001}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Krishna Reddy handles the film's theme with ease and his music weaves the magic of his earlier films. Jagapthi Babu does justice to his role though his performance is a repeat of that in Shubhalagnam and Mavichiguru . [..] On the whole, it's a clean family entertainer that ends on an interesting and hilarious note".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sardukupodam Randi - A family entertainer|first=C|last=Vanaja|website=Indiainfo|access-date=25 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609210359/http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/sarduku.html|archive-date=9 June 2001|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/sarduku.html}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]] - [[M. S. Narayana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:2000 romantic drama films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

For Regn

2026-03-03T12:11:56Z

Juliivg: Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = For Regn
| image = For Regn.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Naveen Dwarakanath
| writer = Naveen Dwarakanath
| producer = Naveen Rao
| starring = [[Pruthvi Ambaar]]<br />[[Milana Nagaraj]]<br />[[P. Ravishankar]]
| cinematography = Abhilash Kalatthi<br />Abhishek Kasaragod
| editing = Manu Shedgar
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>R. K. Harish<br />'''Score:'''<br/>[[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| studio = Nischal Films
| distributor = Deepak Gangadhar Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|02|23|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''For Regn''''' (For Registration) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romantic drama|romantic drama film]] written and directed by Naveen Dwarakanath, in his debut and produced by Naveen Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lokesh |first=Vinay |date=2023-11-07 |title=Had a great experience directing 'For Regn': Naveen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/naveen-dwarakanath-directs-rom-com-family-drama-for-regn-with-strong-bonds-and-innovative-technology/articleshow/107853936.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229090224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/naveen-dwarakanath-directs-rom-com-family-drama-for-regn-with-strong-bonds-and-innovative-technology/articleshow/107853936.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lokesh |first=Vinay |date=2023-11-07 |title=For Regn unpacks the complexities of love: Producer N Naveen Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/for-regn-unpacks-the-complexities-of-love-producer-n-naveen-rao/articleshow/107913916.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229090224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/for-regn-unpacks-the-complexities-of-love-producer-n-naveen-rao/articleshow/107913916.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] and [[Milana Nagaraj]] in the lead roles. The film's score is by [[Nakul Abhyankar]] and soundtrack is composed by R. K. Harish. To enhance the visual experience, the film's team used Mocobot camera to shoot few scenes and an underwater shot song choreographed by [[Imran Sardhariya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Sridevi |date=2023-12-06 |title=Underwater, Milana was like a dolphin and Pruthvi winked: Imran Sardhariya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/underwater-milana-was-like-a-dolphin-and-pruthvi-winked-imran-sardhariya/articleshow/96018284.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229090225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/underwater-milana-was-like-a-dolphin-and-pruthvi-winked-imran-sardhariya/articleshow/96018284.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 23 February 2024 to mixed reviews and underperformed at the box-office.

== Premise==
The story is about Akshay and Anvita who are secretly married and live a double life and later face many challenges which causes rift in their marriage.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Akshay
* [[Milana Nagaraj]] as Anvita
* [[P. Ravishankar]]
* Babu Hiranaiah as Akshay's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Akshay's mother
* [[Tabla Nani]] as himself
* Swathi as Anvita's mother
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
* [[Aravind Bolar]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Dingri Nagaraj]]}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = For Regn
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = R. K. Harish
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer = R. K. Harish
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
R. K. Harish has composed the film's soundtrack while [[Nakul Abhyankar]] has provided the background score.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Kaddu Kaddu
| length1 = 4:41
| all_lyrics = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra1 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| title2 = Lovegal Sumadhura
| length2 = 3:38
| extra2 = Airaa Udupi, Deepak Doddera
| title3 = Onde Ondu Saari
| length3 = 3:55
| extra3 = Airaa Udupi
| total_length =
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released across Karnataka on 23 February 2024.

The film opened to mixed reviews from critics and audience. Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "For Regn is a rom-com family drama that can be enjoyed with friends and family", praising the cinematography and editing while criticizing the story and writing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=For Registration Movie Review : for regn review: pruthvi and milana shine in this family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/for-regn-for-registration/movie-review/107944501.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229090223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/for-regn-for-registration/movie-review/107944501.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pranitha A. S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 2/5 and criticized the movie as "Pointless film with a TV serial vibe. With incessant fights between the couple, lots of melodrama, lousy comedy, cliched dialogues and constant efforts of a cousin to break them up, the film feels more like a TV serial".<ref>{{Cite web |title='For Regn' movie review: Pointless film with a TV serial vibe |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/for-regn-movie-review-pointless-film-with-a-tv-serial-vibe-2908139 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229084721/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/for-regn-movie-review-pointless-film-with-a-tv-serial-vibe-2908139 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External sources ==
* {{IMDb title|15333630}}, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/for-regn-for-registration/movie-review/107944501.cms Times of India]

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Films about interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]

Net (film)

2026-03-03T09:17:00Z

Juliivg: added new details w/ refs

{{short description|2021 Indian thriller drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Net
| image = Net 2021 poster.png
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Bhargav Macharla
| writer = Bhargav Macharla
| producer = Surya Rahul Tamada<br />Saideep Reddy Borra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Avika Gor]]|Praneetha Patnaik|[[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]}}
| cinematography = Abhiraj Nair
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = Naresh Kumuran
| studio = Tamada Media
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2021|9|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Net''''' (stylized as '''''NET''''') is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller drama]] film written and directed by debutant Bhargav Macharla. It is produced by Surya Rahul Tamada and Saideep Reddy Borra of Tamada Media. The film stars [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], [[Avika Gor]], Praneetha Patnaik and [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]. It premiered on the [[Over-the-top media service|streaming service]] [[ZEE5]] on 10 September 2021.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Plot==
The plot revolves around a youngster in the cyber world. He gets trapped in the events around cybercrimes. Every moment in life is being monitored and used by strangers.

== Cast ==
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Lakshman
* [[Avika Gor]] as Priya
* Praneetha Patnaik as Suchitra
* [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] as Ranjith
* Vishnu Oi
* Dakshi Guutikonda
* Shoban Chitraprolu
* Amulya Mende
* Harishchandra
* Anthony Som

== Production ==
The film marks the feature film debut of director Bhargav Macharla. Macharla wrote the script after studying data leaks and privacy breaches. ''Net'' was initially planned as a six-episode web series, but was later made as a [[direct-to-video]] film for [[ZEE5]]. Macherla cast Ramakrishna as he wanted someone who would look like a "regular guy in the neighbourhood" while Patnaik was signed after watching her performance in ''[[C/o Kancharapalem]]'', as Macharla felt she could pull of a character in a realistic setting.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-07|title=Telugu thriller 'NET' walks down the dark alley of the web|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhargav-macharla-on-telugu-film-net-starring-rahul-ramakrishna-praneeta-patnaik-avika-gor/article36333139.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In her review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo called the film a "telling tale of online voyeurism." Praising the performances of Ramakrishna, Patnaik and Gor, Dundoo wrote, "''NET'' could have been a full-fledged tech thriller had it looked at a crackdown on cybercrime, but it stays content in being a human drama, and leaving us with uneasy questions on privacy breach."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-10|title='NET' movie review: A telling tale of online voyeurism|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/net-movie-review-a-telling-tale-of-online-voyeurism/article36394012.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sravan Vanaparthy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated: "Director Bhargav Macharla puts forward a good film in ''NET'' that tells the story in a natural and convincing manner."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vanaparthy|first=Sravan|date=10 September 2021|title=NET REVIEW: AN INTRIGUING TALE THAT EXPOSES THE DARK SIDE OF TECHNOLOGY|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/net/ottmoviereview/85507922.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] critic Ram Venkat Srikar felt that the film was more of a tale of voyeurism than a surveillance thriller. He concluded his review saying: "''NET'' is a self-aware attempt that works more as a drama than a thriller. A brilliant performance from Rahul Ramakrishna and the straightforward treatment makes it one of the better films of the year."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srikar|first=Ram Venkat|date=10 September 2021|title=NET movie review: Rahul Ramakrishna shoulders a no-frills thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/sep/10/net-movie-review-rahul-ramakrishna-shoulders-a-no-frills-thriller-26551.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Praveen Kumar Vadla of ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' also praised the writing and performances, in addition to the technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vadla|first=Praveen Kumar|date=9 September 2021|title=NET movie review: రాహుల్ రామకృష్ణ NET రివ్యూ.. మూడో కన్ను చూస్తుంది జాగ్రత్త..!|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rahul-ramakrishna-avika-gor-net-movie-review-and-zee-5-original-came-with-a-thriller-with-some-flaws-pk-1025950.html|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Hacked (film)]]

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14992960}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/net/0-0-1z51610 ''NET''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films about pornography]]
[[Category:Films about cybercrime]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about technological impact]]

Doru Shahabad

2026-03-03T00:57:43Z

Juliivg: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description| Town in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Doru Shahabad
| native_name = Door Shahabad
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = An aerial view of Dooru Shahabad, Kashmir.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of the town
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Anantnag, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.43|N|75.09|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 192211
| registration_plate = JK03
| website =
| footnotes = }}

'''Dooru Shahabad''' or '''Door Shahabad''' is a town and the headquarters of the Dooru tehsil in the [[Anantnag District|Anantnag district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also known as a historical township in South Kashmir's [[Anantnag district]]. Doru Shahabad is considered as a place of intelligence, where great scholars like [[Mahmud Gami|Mehmood Shah Gami]], [[Rasul Mir|Rasul Mir Shahabadi]] were born. Religious scholars like [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] also share a lineage. These scholars contributed to the literature and culture of [[Kashmir]]. In present times, Shahabad has produced chief ministers such as [[Syed Mir Qasim]], and other [[politician]]s, [[bureaucrat]]s, and leading [[agricultural scientist]]s.

==Demographics==
[[File:Tehsil Library, Dooru Shahabad.jpg|thumb|Tehsil Library, Dooru Shahabad]]

According to the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Doru had a population of 19,429. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Doru had an average literacy rate of 70.61%, higher than the national average of 68%, with 83.09% of the males and 58.41% of females literate. 23% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Literature==
Kashmiri poets, such as [[Rasul Mir]], [[Mahmud Gami]], [[Hamidullah Shahabadi|Hamidullah]] an many others lived in Doru Shahabad. The religious Kashmiri pandit scholar Damodhar Pandita Shahabadi and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] also had there roots in the town. Doru is also inhabited by heirs of Kashmiri poetry.

[[File:An inside view of the Tehsil Library.jpg|left|thumb|Tehsil Library, Dooru Shahabad]]
[[File:Tehsil Library, Dooru Shahbabad, an insider's view.jpg|right|thumb|Tehsil Library, Dooru Shahabad]]
The historian of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Aabideen]]'s court, Mullah Mohammad, who translated ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' from Sanskrit into Persian, was from Doru Shahabad.

=== Politics and activism ===
Doru was home to Ghulam Ahmad Itoo, a [[peasant]] reformer for Kashmiri peasants under the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] rule. Itoo was a pioneer of the [[Land reform in India|Land Reform]] Movement which worked for the rights of Kashmiri peasants. He was jailed by the authorities. [[Syed Mir Qasim]], who served as Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister from 1971 to 1975, as well as social activist [[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Gani Malik]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041214/j&k.htm#5 | title=Mir Qasim's burial today | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | date=13 December 2004 | accessdate=27 January 2024 }}</ref> [[Syed Hussain]] has been an M.L.A, M.L.C, chairman of the legislative council and executive member of several other as a member of the Rajya Sabha.

== Religion ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
The Khankah Faiz Panah shrine was constructed by Mir Mohammad Hamadani, the son of Ameer-i-Kabeer Mir Syed Ali Hamadani. The other important shrines of the town include Ziyarat Shah Mohammad Azam Sahib, Syed Jaffer Madani, and Shah Asraar. Hindu tirths such as [[Luk Bawan]] (Lokapunya), Vitasta, and [[Goswanigund]] are located in Doru.

== Settlements ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}

The older muhallas (settlements) of the town are: Mohalla Shah Sahib, [[Mirmaidan]] (birthplace of [[Rasul Mir|Rasool Mir]]), Arabal, [[Sehpora]], Mirgund, Bragam, Khudhamam, [[Nadoora]], Ghaziabad (Nathipora) and [[Arampora]] (birthplace of [[Syed Mir Qasim]]).

New colonies like College Road and Iqbal Colony have developed more recently. The well-known spring and Mughal garden [[Verinag]] is located 4 kilometres from Doru Shahabad. The two other springs in the area, [[Shehilnag]] and [[Sumnag]], are known as "siblings" of [[Verinag]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dooru Shahabad}}
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/10380138#map=10/33.5357/75.2289&layers=T Dooru tehsil], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 4 May 2022.
*[https://jammukashmirwatch.blogspot.com/2010_11_24_archive.html Senior Hurriyat Leader and Acting Chairman Jammu Kashmir Peoples League, Mukhtar Ahmad Waza today visited Dooru Shahabad], Kashmir Watch
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kk2u9hkn_lI Kashmiri Song (Brem Dith Wajnas Naway)], YouTube video of song from Doru Shahabad

{{Kashmir Valley |state=collapsed}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Villages in Anantnag district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Indians in Japan

2026-03-01T18:22:36Z

Juliivg: formatting fix

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2026}}
{{See also|Nepalis in Japan|Burmese people in Japan|Sri Lankans in Japan}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Japan
| image = Indian Color Flowers at Indian Water Fountain.jpg
| population = 53,974 (in December 2024) Indian nationals<ref name="toukei_ichiran_touroku">{{cite web | url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/policies/statistics/toukei_ichiran_touroku.html | title=【在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）統計表】 {{pipe}} 出入国在留管理庁 }}</ref><ref name="令和5年6月末現在における在留外国人数について">[https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00052.html 令和6年末現在における在留外国人数について]</ref>
| genealogy =
| popplace = [[Tokyo]], [[Kobe]], [[Yokohama]]
| langs = {{hlist|[[Indian English|English]]|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />'''Indian languages''':<br />[[Hindi]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Meitei language|Manipuri]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|Other [[languages of India]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA258 258]}}; she lists the religions and languages in alphabetical order therein</ref>}}
| rels = {{hlist|[[Hinduism in Japan|Hinduism]]|[[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Islam]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258" />|}}
| native_name = जापान में भारतीय<br>日本にいるインド人
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}

'''Indians in Japan''' consist of those with Japanese citizenship and those with foreign citizenship.

As of early 2026, there are approximately 55,000 Indian nationals residing in Japan.<ref name="ISA_2024">"Number of Foreign Residents as of the End of 2024," Immigration Services Agency of Japan, March 2025.</ref> Within Japan's total foreign population of nearly 4 million, India ranks as the 12th largest immigrant group overall, trailing significantly behind Nepal (approx. 273,000) but remaining larger than the populations of Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name="JapanTimes_2025">"Foreign residents in Japan hit record 3.95 million," The Japan Times, 10 October 2025.</ref><ref name="ISA_June2025">"Statistics on Foreign Residents," Immigration Services Agency of Japan, October 2025.</ref>

The demographic is uniquely defined by its high concentration of highly skilled professionals in the IT and engineering sectors; a bilateral 2025 action plan aims to further expand this footprint by targeting the recruitment of 50,000 additional skilled Indian workers by 2030.<ref name="MEA_ActionPlan">"Action Plan for India-Japan Human Resource Exchange," Ministry of External Affairs, India, 29 August 2025.</ref>

Since unification, Japan’s perception of India has evolved from a mythical "Heavenly Abode" (Tenjiku) during the Edo period to a modern strategic anchor, resulting in a foreign policy that prioritizes India as a vital democratic partner for regional stability in the Indo-Pacific.<ref name="Horimoto2018">Horimoto, T. (2018). ''India-Japan Relations in the New Era''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0429423581.</ref><ref name="Taniguchi2020">Taniguchi, T. (2020). "The Evolution of Japan-India Relations: From Tenjiku to a Strategic Partnership." ''Journal of Asian Affairs'', 12(2).</ref> As of 2026 the Japanese government views India as an indispensable strategic partner and its most promising economic destination, focusing on a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" while actively recruiting high-skilled Indian talent to address domestic labor shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan-India Relations (Basic Data)|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/index.html|access-date=7 February 2026|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref>

Public opinion in Japan toward India is characterized by a high degree of strategic trust and growing cultural affinity. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2025, a majority of Japanese respondents hold a favorable view of India, with favorability particularly high among younger adults (under 35) and men, who show double-digit leads in positive sentiment over older demographics and women, respectively.<ref name="Pew2025">{{cite web |last1=Gubbala |first1=Sneha |last2=Prozorovsky |first2=Andrew |date=13 August 2025 |title=How people in 24 countries view India |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/08/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-india/ |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Historically, in populations influenced by Chinese characters such as the Japanese, they referred to [[India]] as ''[[Tenjiku]]'' ({{langx|label=none|ja|天竺}}). Consequently, people of Indian origin were occasionally referred to as ''Tenjiku-jin'' ({{langx|label=none|ja|天竺人}}), though this term is now considered archaic and restricted to classical literature or religious contexts.<ref name="Sen2015">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Tansen |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India–China Relations, 600–1400 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2015 |isbn=978-1442254725 |page=45}}</ref> In modern [[Japanese language|Japanese]], the standard endonym for an Indian person is ''Indo-jin'' ({{langx|label=none|ja|インド人}}), composed of the [[katakana]] for "India" ({{langx|label=none|ja|インド}}) and the [[Kanji]] suffix for "person" ({{langx|label=none|ja|人}}).<ref name="Gottlieb2005">{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first=Nanette |title=Language and Society in Japan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0521532846 |page=124}}</ref>

The term ''[[Zainichi]] Indo-jin'' ({{langx|label=none|ja|在日インド人}}, lit. "Indian person staying in Japan") is frequently utilized in government statistics and sociological studies to distinguish the resident diaspora from short-term visitors.<ref name="Kudo2015">{{cite journal |last=Kudo |first=Masako |year=2015 |title=Negotiating Identity and Belonging: Indian IT Professionals in Japan |journal=Contemporary Japan |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=35–52 |doi=10.1515/cj-2015-0003}}</ref>

In the broader context of [[Southeast Asia]], the term "Indian" often functions as a [[pan-ethnic]] label that encompasses all individuals of South Asian descent, including [[Nepalis in Japan|Nepalis]], [[Sri Lankans in Japan|Sri Lankans]], and other South Asians, for example the [[Indian Indonesians]].<ref name="Amrith2013">{{cite book |last=Amrith |first=Sunil S. |title=Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0674724839 |pages=120–125}}</ref> This linguistic pattern is particularly evident in the use of the term [[Kling (word)|Keling]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], or [[Khaek]] ({{langx|th|แขก}}) in [[Thailand]]; while these terms are etymologically linked to "India" or "guests," they historically applied to the entire [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Thompson2003">{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Eric C. |year=2003 |title=Malay Identities over Time |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=433–450}}</ref> Japanese government administration generally maintains sharper distinctions between South Asian nationalities. Nevertheless, in casual social settings or when referring to South Asian cuisine (such as "Indian curry" shops), the term is frequently used as a [[metonym]] for the diverse South Asian community, many of whom—particularly Nepalis—operate a significant portion of the "Indian" restaurants in Japan.<ref name="Ito2016">{{cite news |last=Ito |first=Masami |date=14 May 2016 |title=The changing face of Tokyo's Indian restaurants |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ |work=The Japan Times}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancient ===
Evidence for indirect contact between India and Japan dates back to the transition from the Late Jōmon to the early Yayoi period, when the expansion of Austronesian maritime networks began linking the South Asia to the East Asia<ref>Theodore, G. (2014). ''The Maritime Silk Road: A History of Early Chinese Seafaring''. McFarland. p. 84.</ref>. Starting from the initial expansion in 3000 BCE, Austronesian groups eventually established settlements in [[Kyushu]], [[Ryukyu Islands]], along the coasts of southeastern India and [[Sri Lanka]], facilitating the transfer of maritime technology and crops across the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Anderson2010">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |title=The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521191241 |pages=238–240}}</ref><ref name="Fuller2011">{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian |date=2011 |title=Across the Indian Ocean: the settlement of Madagascar and the movement of plants and animals |journal=Antiquity |volume=85 |issue=329 |pages=544–558 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00067934 }}</ref> This maratime route is evidenced by the arrival of specialized prestige goods, such as etched carnelian and Indo-Pacific glass beads, which were manufactured in Indian workshops like Arikamedu and transported via Austronesian "relay trade" through the Thai-Malay Peninsula to the Japanese archipelago<ref>Kumar, A. (2009). ''Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Ritual''. Routledge. pp. 45–47.</ref>. Some scholars further argue that the sudden introduction of wet-rice agriculture and bronze metallurgy in Japan was catalyzed by these southern maritime routes, which moved technology from the Austroasiatic and Austronesian spheres of influence toward the Ryukyu Islands and Kyushu<ref>Sen, T. (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 112.</ref>. Early interactions are theorized to have occurred at maritime hubs along the Thai-Malay Peninsula.<ref>Theodore, G. (2014). ''The Maritime Silk Road: A History of Early Chinese Seafaring''. McFarland. p. 84.</ref>

The Himalayas, Arakan Mountains and Patkai Range formed a significant geographic land barrier between modern-day South Asia and East Asia that historically restricted overland contact.<ref>{{cite book |last=Myint-U |first=Thant |title=Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2011 |isbn=978-0374163426 |pages=78–81}}</ref> Following the 1st century [[Common Era|CE]], a complex series of indirect [[Silk Road|relay trade routes]] emerged between [[Ancient India|India]] and [[History of China|China]] through Central Asia and the vast arid expanses of Western China, that added to the existing more direct maratime trade routes.<ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Tansen |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 |date=2003 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0824825935}}</ref><ref name="Beckwith2009">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691135892 |pages=70–75}}</ref> The arduous nature of traversing these desert and distant regions was famously written into the 16th-century Chinese novel by Wu Cheng'en ''[[Journey to the West]]''.<ref name="Wriggins2004">{{cite book |last=Wriggins |first=Sally Hovey |title=The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang |date=2004 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0813365992 |pages=15–22}}</ref><ref name="Kumbier2006">{{cite journal |last=Kumbier |first=Alana |date=2006 |title=The Narrative of the Silk Road |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=611–613}}</ref> The introduction of [[Buddhism in Japan]] is often attributed to the [[Kudara]] (Baekje) mission in the 6th century; however, historical scholarship increasingly emphasizes the role of the [[Maritime Silk Road]] in connecting Japan with Southeast Asian Buddhist centers; archaeological finds of Southeast Asian-style votive tablets and the influence of Indian Srivijayan artistic motifs in early Japanese statuary suggest a "Southern Route" of influence that bypassed the continental path.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ishige |first=Naomichi |title=The History and Culture of Japanese Food |year=2001}}</ref> This maritime network facilitated the exchange of [[Esoteric Buddhism|esoteric texts]] and ritual objects between the Japanese archipelago and the Buddhist polities of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] and the [[Malay Archipelago|East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hosking |first=Richard |title=A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients & Culture |year=1995}}</ref> While the land-based routes have historically received more scholarly attention due to reasons such as the greater accessibility of archaeological sites, modern economic historians argue that the maritime routes were actually more significant in terms of trade volume and cultural exchange.<ref name="Frankopan2015">{{cite book |last=Frankopan |first=Peter |title=The Silk Roads: A New History of the World |publisher=Knopf |year=2015 |isbn=978-1101946329}}</ref><ref name="UNESCOMaritime">{{cite web |title=Maritime Silk Road |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/maritime-silk-road |accessdate=20 May 2024 |website=UNESCO Silk Roads Programme}}</ref><ref>Sen, T. (2003). Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India-China Relations, 600–1400. University of Hawaii Press.</ref><ref>Hourani, G. F. (1995). Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University Press.</ref>

These early connections laid the foundation for more formal exchanges, such as the 8th-century arrival of the Indian monk Bodhisena to consecrate the Great Buddha at Tōdai-ji<ref>Sen, T. (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 112.</ref>. Bodhisena did not travel as a solitary figure; rather, he arrived in Japan in 736 CE as part of a massive diplomatic entourage of nearly 600 people carried aboard four imperial Kentōshi ships<ref>Theodore, G. (2014). ''The Maritime Silk Road: A History of Early Chinese Seafaring''. McFarland. p. 84.</ref>. His immediate retinue included religious disciples, monks, and scholars, and even brought a troupe of musicians to introduce Southeast Asian performing arts to the Nara court.<ref>Kumar, A. (2009). ''Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Ritual''. Routledge. pp. 45–47.</ref> This large-scale mission included not only clergy but also diplomats, servants, and specialized craftsmen, facilitating a broad transfer of South Asian and Southeast Asian material culture directly into the Japanese capital<ref>Sen, T. (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 112.</ref>. This collective mission was instrumental in the cultural landscape of the Nara period, as the group brought with them South Asian and Southeast Asian music, dance, and ritual expertise that were showcased during the "eye-opening" ceremony of the Great Buddha at Tōdai-ji in 752 CE<ref>Kumar, A. (2009). ''Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Ritual''. Routledge. pp. 45–47.</ref>.

=== Colonialism, Sakoku and Pax Britannica ===
[[File:B26055978I - India quae Orientalis dicitur, et insvlae adiacentes.jpg|thumb|Portuguese colonial voyage to Japan|316x316px]]The establishment of the [[Nanban trade]] route between the [[Portuguese India|Estado da Índia]] and Japan led to a significant demographic exchange, characterized by the movement of South Asians to the port of [[Nagasaki]]. Portuguese [[Carrack|carracks]] operating from [[Goa]], [[Portuguese Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[Malacca]] were frequently manned by "[[Lascar|Lascars]]"—sailors recruited from South Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oka |first=Mihoko |title=The Voyage of Kanmon: Portuguese Business in the Venture to Japan |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-9004461017}}</ref> During the 16th and 17th centuries, Indian contact with Japan was largely facilitated through the maritime network of Portuguese India, particularly via the trading hub of Goa.<ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History. Longman, 1993.</ref> Indian sailors, soldiers, and merchants, collectively referred to by the Portuguese as lascars or banian (merchants), accompanied Portuguese carracks traveling the Nanban trade route between Goa and Nagasaki.<ref>Clulow, Adam. The Company and the Shogun: The Dutch Encounter with Tokugawa Japan. Columbia University Press, 2014.</ref> This presence is prominently documented in 16th-century [[Nanban art]], where dark-skinned South Asians are depicted alongside Portuguese merchants and Jesuit missionaries walking the streets of Nagasaki.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leupp |first=Gary P. |year=1995 |title=Images of Black People in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan |journal=Japan Forum |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/09555809508721524}}</ref> These Indian participants were integral to the transfer of commodities and cultural practices between the two regions, often acting as intermediaries in transactions involving Indian textiles, spices, and Portuguese firearms.<ref>Shastry, Bhagamandala S. Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763. Xavier Centre of Historical Research, 2000.</ref> Small numbers of these individuals settled permanently in the city, integrating into the local Christian community until the implementation of the [[Sakoku]] edicts in the 1630s, which forced the expulsion of most foreign residents to [[Macau]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Boxer |first=C.R. |title=The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1951 |pages=232–235}}</ref>

Following the expulsion of the Portuguese, the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) became the sole European entity permitted to trade with Japan, operating from the island of [[Dejima]] in [[Nagasaki]]. During the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) managed its trade route between India and Japan from its administrative headquarters in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], utilizing Dejima in Nagasaki harbor as its exclusive trading post in Japan from 1641.<ref>Boxer, C. R. The Dutch in Japan, 1600–1858. Oxford University Press, 1968.</ref>This trade was supported by an extensive intra-Asian network where [[Dutch Ceylon]] and the [[Coromandel Coast]] played pivotal roles as suppliers of cinnamon and textiles. <ref>{{cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500-1700 |publisher=Pearson |year=2008 |isbn=978-0131933880}}</ref> The VOC's maritime operations relied heavily on [[Lascar]] sailors and domestic workers recruited from South Asia. While the high-ranking officials on Dejima were European, Japanese woodblock prints known as [[Nagasaki-e]] frequently depict Dutch merchants accompanied by South East Asian and South Asian attendants and servants.<ref>{{cite book |last=Viallé |first=Cynthia |title=The Deshima Diaries: Marginalia 1700-1740 |publisher=Japan Historical Society |year=2005 |pages=45–52}}</ref> These individuals formed a transient but consistent South Asian presence in Nagasaki throughout the [[Edo period]], though they were strictly confined to the island of Dejima under the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]'s maritime restrictions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Grant K. |year=2000 |title=Japan and the Dutch 1600-1853 |journal=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315028088 |isbn=978-1-136-83229-1 }}</ref>

Following the end of [[Sakoku]] and the opening of Japanese ports to international trade, the expansion of the [[British Raj]]'s maritime influence in the late 19th century facilitated the establishment of a robust trade corridor connecting [[South Asia]] with the Japanese [[Treaty ports]], most notably [[Nagasaki]] and [[Kobe]]. Driven by the exchange of raw Indian cotton for Japanese manufactured goods, this route relied heavily on [[Lascar]] labor—seamen recruited from the Indian subcontinent to man the steamships.<ref name="Ebrey2006">Ebrey, P. B. (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Houghton Mifflin.</ref> These vessels frequently departed from [[British Ceylon]], integrating the island's tea and gemstone exports into the broader East Asian trade network.<ref name="Metcalf2007">Metcalf, T. R. (2007). ''Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920''. University of California Press.</ref> While many sailors returned home, a small number of South Asian merchants and maritime workers settled permanently in Nagasaki. This fledgling diaspora established some of the earliest South Asian cultural footprints in Japan, serving as essential intermediaries in the trans-Pacific shipping industry and forming the bedrock of the region's international merchant community.<ref name="Marker2012">Marker, J. (2012). "Lascars and the Making of the Global Port City." ''Journal of Maritime History'', 24(1), 12-34.</ref> The history of modern Indian settlement in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1872, a few Indian businessmen and their families had settled in [[Yokohama]] as well as [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].<ref name="Singhvi">{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=283}}</ref> In 1891, [[Tata Group|Tata]], then a small trading firm, established a branch in [[Kobe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=5}}</ref> By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from [[British India]] living in Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=4}}</ref> Local statistics of the [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.<ref name="Minamino">{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=6}}</ref>

=== Imperial Japan onwards ===
After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], the Indian traders there migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of Japan's Indian community's growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=15}}</ref>[[File:Pacific War - Southern Asia 1942 - Map.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Japanese operation in South Asia in 1942. Nagumo's forces are shown at the bottom of the map.]]By 1939, on the eve of [[World War II]], the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=7}}</ref>

India was considered an important potential colony for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity. Indians in Malaya (modern day Malaysia and Singapore) were often treated more favorably by the Japanese due to the importance of India in the global war plans of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In comparison, Chinese were sidelined due to the ongoing war between Chinese and Japanese forces in China.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=JAPANESE RACIAL POLICY IN MALAYA AND SINGAPORE DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION : ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION |url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/174882 |date=1998 |degree=Thesis |first=KEIKO |last=SOEDA}}</ref>

Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred in the [[Kobe]] area. However, after 1990, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase.<ref name="Azuma">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=256}}</ref> Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japanese car manufacturers]] which had set up factories in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=258}}</ref> IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]] and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]] wards.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=66}}</ref>

In 2016, the two sides signed the "Manufacturing Skill Transfer Promotion Programme" agreement for training 30,000 people over 10 years. In 2021, Japan and India signed an agreement to allow Indian citizens to obtain the specified skilled visa, which allows Indians to work in several fields including nursing, industrial machinery, shipbuilding, aviation, agriculture and the food services industry.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=India, Japan sign agreement to give skilled Indian workers access to Japanese job market |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-japan-sign-agreement-to-give-skilled-indian-workers-access-to-japanese-job-market-101610982197561.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>\

The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) has noted that India is viewed by the public as an "indispensable partner" for regional security, particularly within the framework of the "Free and Open Indo-Pacific."<ref name="MOFA2026">{{cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=India and Japan: A New Golden Chapter in a Mutually Complementary Relationship |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/pageite_000001_00009.html |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> This sentiment is reinforced by economic data; for instance, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) has ranked India as the most promising destination for overseas business expansion for four consecutive years as of 2026.<ref name="MOFA2026" /> While strategic alignment remains the primary driver of India's popularity, cultural interest is also rising, with bilateral initiatives aiming to facilitate the exchange of 500,000 personnel over five years to deepen people-to-people ties.<ref name="JointStatement2025">{{cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=15th India-Japan Annual Summit Joint Statement |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/40062 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, India}}</ref>

== Business and employment ==
[[File:Indian drinking fountain 01.jpg|thumb|The Indian Water Fountain in [[Yamashita Park]], [[Yokohama]] was donated by the local Indian community to remember those who perished in the [[1923 Great Kanto Earthquake]], including more than 90 Indians.|171x171px]]Indians in Japan largely fill more professional roles due to a combination of the language barrier and lower salaries for the specified skilled visa, for which there are only 434 Indians. There are far more students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India unlikely to solve Japan's labor shortage |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/India-unlikely-to-solve-Japan-s-labor-shortage |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> The first batch of construction workers from India arrived in Japan in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=4 December 2019 |title=1st batch of construction workers from India arrives in Japan on paid internship program |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/1st-batch-construction-workers-india-arrives-japan-paid-internship-program-113483 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Indians represent a growing and notable influence in the world of IT.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Costa |first=Anthony P. |date=April 2013 |title=Positioning Indian emigration to Japan: the case of the IT industry |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/21632324.2013.773153 |journal=Migration and Development |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–36 |doi=10.1080/21632324.2013.773153 |issn=2163-2324|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{As of|2000}}, there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993.<ref name="Singhvi_a">{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=284}}</ref> Kenichi Yoshida, a director of the Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that the Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with the India."<ref>{{cite news|title=FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT|url=http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=469103|newspaper=[[Kyodo News]]|location=[[Minato, Tokyo]]|date=9 November 2009|access-date=6 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/06/indian-engineers-becoming-backbone-of-japan-it-industry.htm|newspaper=[[Rediff.com]]|location=[[Mumbai]]|date=6 November 2009|access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> Japan has been increasingly looking to India as a source for IT workers and talent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Supriya |date=12 July 2022 |title=Japanese tech titans looking for Indian solution to talent crunch |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/12/business/india-japan-tech-solutions/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Another 870 Indians were employed as [[Indian cuisine|cooks]].<ref name="Singhvi_a" />

Japan also become the new destination for Indian nurses in 2023, with salaries that are over eight times higher than those found in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=30 July 2023 |title=Japan is now the new work destination for Indian nurses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/japan-is-now-the-new-work-destination-for-indian-nurses/article67138554.ece |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many Indian nurses in Japan come from the private sector because private hospitals in India often offer lower salaries than government hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurse Migration from India: Time to Say Goodbye?(Yuko TSUJITA) |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/ResearchColumns/Columns/2023/tsujita_yuko.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Institute of Developing Economies |language=ja}}</ref> Indian nurses working in Japan can save over 1 lakh per month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=HRK News |date=31 July 2023 |title=Indian nurses seek Japan as their latest work destination |url=https://www.hrkatha.com/news/indian-nurses-seek-japan-as-their-latest-work-destination/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=HR Katha |language=en-US}}</ref>

Others are engaged in trading, importing the Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.<ref name="Singhvi" />

== Communities ==
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi Bust Nishi Kasai.jpg|alt=Mahatma Gandhi Bust Nishi Kasai|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi Bust in Nishi Kasai|265x265px]][[File:Kobe Jain temple.jpg|thumb|Kobe Jain Temple|227x227px]]
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi bust in Hiroshima City.jpg|alt=Mahatma Gandhi bust in Hiroshima, Japan|thumb|225x225px|Mahatma Gandhi bust in [[Hiroshima]], Japan]]

=== Tokyo ===
{{As of|2018}} 3,758 people of Indian ancestry, about 10% of the people of Indian origin in Japan and about 30% of the people of Indian origin in Tokyo Metropolis, reside in [[Edogawa, Tokyo]]. The {{ill|Nishikasai|ja|西葛西}} area of Edogawa Ward has a high concentration of Indian origin families. The Indian community increased when engineers came to Japan to fix the [[Y2K bug]]. Indian people settled in Nishikasai due to the proximity to the [[Tokyo Metro Tozai Line]], which connects to their places of employment.<ref name="IkedaTsukuru">{{Cite web|date=20 May 2018|title=Tokyo's Nishikasai a second home for Indians in Japan|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/tokyos-nishikasai-second-home-indians-japan-1502638470.html|access-date=19 March 2021|last=Ikeda|first=Tsukuru|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|place=[[Kolkata]]|language=en-IN}}</ref> India International School of Japan (IISJ) and [[Global Indian International School Tokyo]] caters to the Indian expatriate community.<ref name="IkedaTsukuru" />

A bust of Mahatma Gandhi was installed in Nitta No. 6 Park in the Nishi-Kasai area of Edogawa City, Tokyo, as a gift from the Government of India and a symbol of Japan–India friendship and goodwill.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2024 |title=EAM Jaishankar unveils bust of Mahatma Gandhi in Tokyo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eam-jaishankar-unveils-bust-of-mahatma-gandhi-in-tokyo-101722152139695.html |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The bronze sculpture, including its pedestal, stands approximately 1.8 m high and 0.6 m wide, and was created by Indian sculptor Naresh Kumawat.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} The unveiling ceremony took place on 28 July 2024, attended by India’s Minister of External Affairs [[S. Jaishankar]], India’s Ambassador to Japan [[Sibi George]], and Edogawa Ward Mayor Takeshi Saito, among others.<ref name=":3" />

=== Kobe ===
The Indian community in Kobe has developed primarily since the late 20th century, as professionals, traders, and business owners from India settled in the Kansai region. Kobe’s role as an international port city and its proximity to Osaka made it an attractive location for commerce, manufacturing, and information technology-related work. Over time, a small but stable Indian population emerged, supported by community organizations, cultural associations, and religious institutions, reflecting the broader pattern of Indian migration to western Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=FEATURE: Indian community in Kobe built by those who fled 1923 Kanto quake |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/articles/-/41691 |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Japan Wire by KYODO NEWS |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820041205/https://english.kyodonews.net/articles/-/41691|archive-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Hiroshima ===
The Indian community in Hiroshima, though small (a few hundred residents including professionals, students, and families), remains active through groups like the Japan-India Association of Hiroshima. In May 2023, during the G7 Summit in Japan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a bronze bust of Mahatma Gandhi in Hiroshima, gifted by India as a symbol of friendship, peace, and non-violence. Crafted by artist Ram Vanji Sutar, the sculpture stands near the Peace Memorial Park, embodying Gandhian ideals in a city scarred by the atomic bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=PM Modi unveils Mahatma Gandhi's bust in Hiroshima, site of world's first nuclear attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-unveils-mahatma-gandhis-bust-in-hiroshima-site-of-worlds-first-nuclear-attack/articleshow/100373067.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Cuisine ==
[[File:Mumbaipalaceindianresttokyo.jpg|thumb|150px|An Indian restaurant in Tokyo]]The majority of the Indian restaurants in Japan are a "fusion" of Nepali and Indian cuisine, who are by far the largest South Asian ethnic group in Japan, but many restaurants are also run by Indians and Sri Lankans, the latter of whom number around 35,000 and make the third largest South Asian ethnic group after Nepalis and Indians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）在留外国人統計月次 2023年6月 {{!}} ファイル {{!}} 統計データを探す |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year=20230&month=12040606&tclass1=000001060399 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=政府統計の総合窓口 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=KHAREL |first=Dipesh |date=16 May 2022 |title=Vulnerability and Pathways to Precarity: How COVID-19 Has Affected Japan's Nepali Immigrants |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyac007 |journal=Social Science Japan Journal |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.1093/ssjj/jyac007 |issn=1369-1465|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Historical and Cultural Exchange ===
The culinary relationship between India and Japan was historically characterized by the indirect transmission of dietary philosophies and ingredients via the spread of [[Buddhism]] and maritime trade.<ref name="Sen20032">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Tansen |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 |year=2003}}</ref> Imperial decrees by [[Emperor Tenmu]] in 675 CE that prohibited the consumption of meat.<ref name="Ishige20012">{{cite book |last=Ishige |first=Naomichi |title=The History and Culture of Japanese Food |year=2001}}</ref> This period saw the development of ''[[Shojin ryori]]'', a sophisticated Japanese temple cuisine rooted in Indian [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] principles of balance and the "Rule of Five".<ref name="Hosking19952">{{cite book |last=Hosking |first=Richard |title=A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients & Culture |year=1995}}</ref> While direct trade of "[[canoe plants]]" like the [[coconut]] was primarily limited to [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] routes between Southeast Asia and coastal India, spiritual and medicinal items such as [[black pepper]] and [[sugar]] reached Japan as rare luxuries during the [[Nara period]], often brought through the entourage of [[Bodhisena]], who presided over the dedication of the [[Daibutsu]] at [[Tōdai-ji]].<ref name="Coaldrake19912">{{cite book |last=Coaldrake |first=William H. |title=The Way of the Gods: Ancient History of Japan |year=1991}}</ref>

== Religion ==
[[File:INOKASHIRA1.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Benzaiten shrine, [[Inokashira Park]]]]

===Hinduism===
{{empty section|date=June 2025}}

=== Jainism ===
{{Main|Jainism in Japan}}

Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=259}}</ref> The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in [[Taitō, Tokyo]].<ref name="Azuma_a">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=262}}</ref>

=== Sikhism ===
There are Sikh [[gurudwaras]] in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=264}}</ref> Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises had to [[Sehajdhari|cut their hair short]] and remove [[dastar|their turbans]] in violation of the principle of ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'', because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and [[religious discrimination|do not give them any latitude]] in their style of dress. They consider this as just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|pp=263–264}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:India International School in Japan, Tokyo.JPG|thumb|left|[[India International School in Japan, Tokyo]]]]
[[File:Globalindianschooltokyo.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus]]]]
Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools.

The first Indian-specific school, [[India International School in Japan]], was established in 2004 in Tokyo's [[Koto, Tokyo|Koto]] ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.<ref name="Sawa_a">{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=21}}</ref>

The [[Global Indian International School]], a Singapore-based school, has operated [[Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus|a branch in Tokyo]] since 2006, and plans to open another in [[Yokohama]] in 2008.<ref name="Sawa">{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=19}}</ref> They follow the Indian [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] curriculum. Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at the boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.<ref name="Sawa_a" />

Jeevarani "Rani Sanku" Angelina<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309051805/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/history.html History]}}." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on 9 March 2015.</ref> established the Little Angels International School (now [[Musashi International School Tokyo]]), which caters to Japanese students.<ref name=Fackler>{{cite news|last=Fackler|first=Martin|url=http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Nytimes.pdf|title=Losing an Edge, Japanese Envy India's Schools|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 January 2008|access-date=9 March 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309142533/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Nytimes.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2015|quote=Unlike other Indian schools, Ms. Angelina said, Little Angels was intended primarily for Japanese children, to meet the need she had found when she sent her sons to Japanese kindergarten.}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
The leading motivations for Indian tourists to Japan are eating Japanese cuisine, sightseeing, shopping, walking around and experiencing Japanese culture and history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan: leading travel motivations of Indian tourists 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1069696/japan-leading-travel-motivations-indian-tourists/ |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> March 2024 marked the highest ever number yet of inbound tourists from India to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=訪日外客数（2024年3月推計値）{{pipe}}JNTO（日本政府観光局） |url=https://www.jnto.go.jp/news/press/20240417_monthly.html |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=日本政府観光局（JNTO） - Japan National Tourism Organization |language=ja}}</ref> Indian films have periodically used Japan as a filming backdrop, the most iconic being [[Love in Tokyo|Love in Tokyo (1966)]], [[Youngistaan|Youngistaan (2014)]] and [[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha (2015)]].

== Community organizations and activists ==
[[File:India Club in Kobe.jpeg|alt=India Club in Kobe|thumb|India Club in Kobe]]
One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Minamino" /> In 2000, Indian expatriates living in [[Edogawa, Tokyo]], founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.<ref name="Azuma_a" /> Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose [[Diwali]] celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.<ref name="Singhvi_a" /> In 2017, the All-Japan Association of Indians (AJAI) was established with support from several Indian associations in Japan, with a singular focus on serving the community through welfare activities.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Jagmohan Chandrani, head of the Edogawa Indian Association, want to increase the amount of Indians in Japan in the future, and views Nishi-Kasai as a model for all neighbourhoods in the future. He says the future of Japan is cosmopolitan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nishi-Kasai's Little India is a model of expat integration {{!}} The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14966281 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420050627/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14966281 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Asahi Shimbun |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lekh Juneja, is the chairman and CEO of Kameda Seika, and he advocates for increasing immigration to Japan. He criticise Japanese mindset and culture. He doesn't think it's enough that an employee only speaks or write Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sturdee |first=Simon |date=15 December 2024 |title=Indian-born CEO of Japanese company says nation needs immigration to thrive |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/12/15/companies/india-born-kameda-ceo/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Yogendra 'Yogi' Puranik, the first person of Indian origin to be elected to office in Japan, says that Japanese people will have to change in order to adapt to an increasing number of foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Yogendra 'Yogi' Puranik: The first Indian voice in Tokyo politics |work=Japan Up Close |url=https://japanupclose.web-japan.org/culture/c20200228_1.html}}</ref>

== Other ==

=== Domestic violence ===
An article in the ''[[Japan Times]]'' complained that patriarchy perpetuates among Indian immigrants to Japan, whereas Indian women may feel more empowered in societies such as Berlin, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Megha |date=3 January 2024 |title=How patriarchy perpetuates among Tokyo's Indian migrants |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/01/03/japan/indian-migrants-women-tokyo-berlin/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> As in the native Japanese culture, many Indian women to Japan rarely stay for career advancement, but rather prefer staying to become a housewife.<ref name="academic.oup.com2">{{Cite journal |last1=Christopher |first1=Stephen |date=2022 |title=Indian Migrants in Tokyo: A Study of Socio-Cultural, Religious, and Working Worlds |url=https://academic.oup.com/ssjj/article/25/1/197/6448825 |journal=Social Science Japan Journal |volume=25 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1093/ssjj/jyab044 |access-date=20 March 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Illegal immigration ===
A number of people born in Japan to asylum seekers or illegal immigrants have reported being told to return to India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Japan forces a harsh choice on children of migrant families |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/japan-detention-children/}}</ref>

=== Racism ===
There have been complaints about facing Islamophobia and racial profiling.<ref name="academic.oup.com2" /> Islam is considered a foreign culture within the framework of Japanese multiculturalism and is treated as such by most Japanese people. Large scale opposition to Muslim migration began in the 1990s, albeit targeting those from the Middle East, and Iranians and Pakistanis in particular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamashita |first=Yoko |date=January 2022 |title=Islam and Muslims in "non-religious" Japan: caught in between prejudice against Islam and performative tolerance |journal=International Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1017/S1479591421000012 |issn=1479-5914 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In early 2024 an Indian, along with a Black American and Pakistani, sued the Japanese government for racial discrimination; "There's a very strong image that 'foreigner' equals 'criminal'," Pakistan-born Syed Zain told Japanese reporters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Pak, US-Born Residents Sue Japan Government Over Alleged Racial Profiling |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-pak-us-born-residents-sue-japan-government-over-alleged-racial-profiling-4964207 |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{multiple image
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| title =
| image1 = Arata.JPG
| caption1 = {{font|size=110%|text=[[Arata Izumi]]}}
| image3 = TC Blau-Wiess 2009.jpg
| caption3 = {{font|size=110%|text=[[Anastasia Malhotra]]}}
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* [[Anastasia Malhotra]], professional tennis player (Indian-British/Greek-British father)
* [[Arata Izumi]], football player (Indian father)
* [[Bodhisena]], Buddhist scholar and monk
* [[Priyanka Yoshikawa]], fashion model
* [[Sarbjit Singh Chadha]], enka singer
* [[Yogendra Puranik]], politician and civil services officer
* [[Ryuko Hira]], investor
* [[Jaideep Singh]], boxer
* [[Annu Mari]], actress

== See also ==
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[India–Japan relations]]
* [[Japanese–Manipuri cultural relations]]
* [[Hinduism in Japan]]
* [[Buddhism in Japan]]
* [[Japanese people in India]]
* [[Nepalis in Japan]]
* [[Indians in Thailand]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Sources ==
* Wadhwa, Megha (2021), ''Indian Migrants in Tokyo: A Study of Social, Cultural and Religious Worlds, London,'' NewYork: Routledge, 2021, https://www.routledge.com/Indian-Migrants-in-Tokyo-A-Study-of-Socio-Cultural-Religious-and-Working/Wadhwa/p/book/9780367569990
* {{citation|last=Waterhouse|first=David|year=1991|chapter=Where did Toragaku come from?|editor-last=Marett|editor-first=Allan|title=Musica Asiatica|volume=6|pages=73–94|publication-place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39050-7|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511896071.006}}
* {{citation|last=Singhvi |first=L. M. |chapter=Asia-Pacific Region |pages=273–288 |title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |publication-place=New Delhi |chapter-url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012}}
* {{citation|script-title=ja:在日インド人社会の変遷--定住地神戸を事例として |trans-title=Changes in Indian society in Japan—focused on the case of Kobe residents |language=ja |last1=Minamino |first1=Takeshi |first2=Munenori |last2=Sawa |url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000944.pdf |access-date=25 September 2009 |pages=4–15 |year=2005 |script-journal=ja:兵庫地理 |volume=50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208021125/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000944.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}
* {{citation|last1=Sawa|first1=Munenori|last2=Minamino|first2=Takeshi|title=Emerging of An Indian Community in Tokyo: A Case Study of Nishikasai|journal=The Indian Geographical Journal|volume=82|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=2007|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000733.pdf|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222044734/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000733.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|year=2008|chapter=Indians in Tokyo and its vicinity|last=Azuma|first=Masako|pages=255–269|title=Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia|editor-first=K.|editor-last=Kesavapany|editor2-first=A.|editor2-last=Mani|editor3-first=Palanisamy|editor3-last=Ramasamy|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-799-6}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Eston|first=Elizabeth|year=2019|title=Rash Behari Bose: The Father of the Indian National Army, Vols 1-6|url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B07QMVG6GX/|publisher=Tenraidou}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=Nile|title=Shared infrastructures, informational asymmetries: Persians and Indians in Japan, c.1890–1930|journal=Journal of Global History|volume=8|issue=3|year=2013|pages=414–435|issn=1740-0228|doi=10.1017/S1740022813000351|s2cid=162765204}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Yamashita|editor-first=Kiyomi|script-title=ja:エスニック・ワールド：世界と日本のエスニック社会 |trans-title=Ethnic World: Global and Japanese ethnic societies |script-chapter=ja:日本のインド人社会 |chapter=Indian society in Japan|last=Sawa|first=Munenori| date=April 2008 |isbn=978-4-7503-2758-7|publisher=Akashi Shoten|oclc=226814973}}
* {{citation|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/kaken/K0001496.pdf|script-title=ja:グローバリゼーション下のディアスポラ —在日インド人のネットワークとコミュニティ|trans-title=Diaspora under globalisation: Networks and community of Indians in Japan|date=October 2008|series=院人間発達環境学研究科報告書|publisher=Kobe University|volume=13680081|last=Sawa|first=Munenori|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603234349/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/kaken/K0001496.pdf|url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Japanese people of Indian descent}}

{{Ethnic groups in Japan}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Japan]]
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List of Bangladesh ODI cricketers

2026-02-28T12:07:03Z

Juliivg: updated page

{{Short description|None}}
{{About|the men's cricketers|the women's cricketers|List of Bangladesh women ODI cricketers}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
A [[One Day International]] (ODI) is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref name="ICC">{{cite journal|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/05/14/4206b166-cd4e-439e-8de6-02ed3edf2b90/15757-ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket_May-2019.pdf|page=2|website=[[International Cricket Council]] (ICC)|date=14 May 2019|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904024044/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/05/14/4206b166-cd4e-439e-8de6-02ed3edf2b90/15757-ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket_May-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] per team is limited, and that each team has only one [[innings]], 154 players have represented the [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh national team]] in ODIs, since its debut in 1986.<ref name="apps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/caps.html?country=25;class=2 |title=Bangladesh Players by Caps |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

Bangladesh gained ODI status on the 10 October 1997 following their win at the [[1997 ICC Trophy]]. Previously they held special ODI status for the [[Asia Cup]] between [[1986 Asia Cup|1986]] and [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]] with an appearance at the [[1990 Austral-Asia Cup]]. The team's first appearance in a One Day International was at the 1986 Asia Cup where was defeated by seven wickets over [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and it would twelve years until they recorded their first victory against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in 1998 in their twenty-third ODI which at the time was a record.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2570000/newsid_2573000/2573035.stm|title=Toothless Tigers|date=2 January 2003|access-date=4 September 2019|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref>

This list includes all players who have played at least one ODI match and is initially arranged in the order of debut appearance. Where more than one player won their first cap in the same match, those players are initially listed alphabetically at the time of debut.

==Key==
{|
|-
| valign="top" style="width:30%" |
'''General'''
* {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="list of capt">{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=25;type=team | title = Records / Bangladesh / One Day Internationals / List of captains |website = ESPNcricinfo | access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;team=25;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Statsguru / One Day Internationals / Fielding records – as designated wicketkeeper |website = ESPNcricinfo | access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
* '''First''' – Year of ODI debut for Bangladesh
* '''Last''' – Year of latest ODI for Bangladesh
* '''Mat''' – Number of ODI appearances for Bangladesh

| valign="top" style="width:23%" |
'''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]'''
* '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career
* '''HS''' – Highest score
* '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]]
* '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]]
| valign="top" style="width:23%" |
'''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]'''
* '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career
* '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career
* '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]]
* '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]]
* '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]]
| valign="top" style="width:24%" |
'''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]'''
* '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches taken]]
* '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] effected
|}

==Players==
''Last updated 23 October 2025.''<ref name="apps"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |title=Bangladesh – ODI Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |title=Bangladesh – ODI Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Bangladesh ODI cricketers
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General
! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
! colspan=5 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! [[First cap|Cap]]
! Name
! scope="col"|First
! scope="col"|Last
! Mat
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! HS
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]]
! [[Century (cricket)|100]]
! [[Cricket ball|Balls]]
! [[Wicket|Wkt]]
! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]]
! [[Bowling average|Avg]]
! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]]
! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]]
! [[Stump (cricket)|St]]
|-
| 1|| {{sortname||Gazi Ashraf}} || 1986||1990 ||7||59||18||8.42||0||0||51||2||1/7||16.50||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 2|| {{sortname||Gholam Nousher}} || 1986||1990 ||9||8||4||8.00||0||0||408||5||1/27||62.80||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 3|| {{sortname||Golam Faruq|dab=cricketer}} || 1986||1990 ||5||44||23*||22.00||0||0||186||2||1/22||58.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 4|| {{sortname||Hafizur Rahman|Hafizur Rahman (cricketer)}} || 1986||1986 ||2||8||8||8.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 5|| {{sortname||Jahangir Shah}} || 1986||1990 ||5||16||8*||8.00||0||0||234||2||2/23||86.00||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 6|| {{sortname||Minhajul Abedin}} || 1986||1999 ||27||453||68*||18.87||2||0||546||13||2/39||39.30||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 7|| {{sortname||Nurul Abedin}} || 1986||1990 ||4||15||13||3.75||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 8|| {{sortname||Rafiqul Alam|dab=cricketer}} || 1986||1986 ||2||24||14||12.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 9|| {{sortname||Raqibul Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1953}} || 1986||1986 ||2||17||12||8.50||0||0||1||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 10|| {{sortname||Samiur Rahman}} || 1986||1986 ||2||4||4||2.00||0||0||60||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 11|| {{sortname||Shaheedur Rahman}} || 1986||1986 ||2||62||37||31.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 12|| {{sortname||Aminul Islam Bulbul|Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)}} || 1988||2002 ||39||794||70||23.35||3||0||412||7||3/57||58.71||0||13||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 13|| {{sortname||Athar Ali Khan}} || 1988||1998 ||19||532||82||29.55||3||0||420||6||2/33||60.83||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 14|| {{sortname||Azhar Hossain}} || 1988||1990 ||7||96||54||13.71||1||0||263||4||1/20||52.25||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 15|| {{sortname||Harunur Rashid|dab=cricketer}} || 1988||1988 ||2||0||0||0.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 16|| {{sortname||Nasir Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1964}} || 1988||1990 ||7||25||11||12.50||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||1
|-
| 17|| {{sortname||Zahid Razzak}} || 1988||1990 ||3||14||6||4.66||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 18|| {{sortname||Akram Khan|dab=cricketer}} || 1988||2003 ||44||976||65||23.23||5||0||117||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 19|| {{sortname||Faruk Ahmed}} || 1988||1999 ||7||105||57||15.00||1||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 20|| {{sortname||Wahidul Gani}} || 1988||1988 ||1||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||36||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 21|| {{sortname||Enamul Haque|dab=cricketer, born 1966}} || 1990||2002 ||29||236||32||11.23||0||0||1238||19||2/40||57.00||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 22|| {{sortname||Jahangir Alam Talukdar}} || 1990||1990 ||2||7||7*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||42||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 23|| {{sortname||Saiful Islam|dab=cricketer, born 1969}} || 1990||1997 ||7||37||22*||18.50||0||0||303||6||4/36||42.66||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 24|| {{sortname||Anisur Rahman|dab=cricketer}} || 1995||1998 ||2||2||2||1.00||0||0||48||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 25|| {{sortname||Javed Omar}} || 1995||2007 ||59||1312||85*||23.85||10||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||12||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 26|| {{sortname||Khaled Mashud}} || 1995||2006 ||126||1818||71*||21.90||7||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||91||35
|-
| 27|| {{sortname||Mohammad Rafique|dab=cricketer}}<sup>1</sup> || 1995||2007 ||123||1190||77||13.52||2||0||6294||119||5/47||38.75||1||28||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 28|| {{sortname||Sajjad Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1974}} || 1995||1995 ||2||15||11||7.50||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 29|| {{sortname||Habibul Bashar}} || 1995||2007 ||111||2168||78||21.68||14||0||175||1||1/31||142.00||0||26||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 30|| {{sortname||Hasibul Hossain}} || 1995||2004 ||32|| 172||21*||8.60||0||0||1375||29||4/56||46.13||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 31|| {{sortname||Naimur Rahman}} || 1995||2002 ||29||488||47||19.52||0||0||1094||10||2/51||90.40||0||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 32|| {{sortname||Sheikh Salahuddin|dab=cricketer}} || 1997||1997 ||6||24||12||12.00||0||0||246||4||2/48||62.25||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 33|| {{sortname||Mafizur Rahman}} || 1997||1997 ||4||53||16||17.66||0||0||66||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 34|| {{sortname||Zakir Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1972}} || 1997||1997 ||1||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||12||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 35|| {{sortname||Jahangir Alam|dab=cricketer, born 1973}} || 1997||1999 ||3||4||3||1.33||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||1
|-
| 36|| {{sortname||Shahriar Hossain}} || 1997||2004 ||3||98||44||19.80||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||1
|-
| 37|| {{sortname||Shafiuddin Ahmed}} || 1997||2000 ||11||22||11||5.50||0||0||495||11||3/42||38.72||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 38|| {{sortname||Khaled Mahmud}} || 1998||2006 ||77||991||50||14.36||1||0||3385||67||4/19||42.76||0||17||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 39|| {{sortname||Sanwar Hossain}} || 1998||2003 ||27||290||52||11.60||1||0||383||10||3/49||32.70||0||11||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 40|| {{sortname||Shariful Haque}} || 1998||1998 ||1||10||10||10.00||0||0||18||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 41|| {{sortname||Zakir Hossain|dab=cricketer}} || 1998||1998 ||1||0||0||0.00||0||0||24||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 42|| {{sortname||Mehrab Hossain|dab=cricketer, born 1978}} || 1998||2003||18||449||101||24.94||2||1||30||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 43|| {{sortname||Morshed Ali Khan}} || 1998||1998 ||3||2||2*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||138||2||1/26||42.50||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 44|| {{sortname||Al Sahariar}} || 1999||2003 ||29||374||62*||13.35||2||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 45|| {{sortname||Manjural Islam|dab=cricketer}} || 1999||2003 ||34||53||13||5.88||0||0||1591||24||3/37||53.50||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 46|| {{sortname||Aminul Islam, Jr.}} || 1999||1999 ||1||1||1*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||30||1||1/33||33.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 47|| {{sortname||Mahbubur Rahman|dab=cricketer}} || 1999||1999 ||1||3||3||3.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 48|| {{sortname||Niamur Rashid}} || 1999||1999 ||2||5||4*||5.00||0||0||78||1||1/46||46.00||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 49|| {{sortname||Ahmed Kamal|dab=cricketer}} || 1999||1999 ||1||11||11||11.00||0||0||30||1||1/39||39.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 50|| {{sortname||Mushfiqur Rahman}} || 2000||2004 ||28||360||49||16.36||0||0||1332||19||2/21||51.73||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 51|| {{sortname||Mohammad Sharif|dab=cricketer}} || 2001||2007 ||9||53||13*||13.25||0||0||499||10||3/40||42.40||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 52|| {{sortname||Mohammad Ashraful}}<sup>1</sup> || 2001||2013 ||175||3468||109||22.37||20||3||697||18||3/26||36.72||0||35||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 53|| {{sortname||Fahim Muntasir}} || 2001||2002 ||3||6||5||3.00||0||0||169||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 54|| {{sortname||Mashrafe Mortaza}}<sup>1</sup> || 2001||2020 ||218||1773||51*||13.85||1||0||10827||269||6/26||32.65||1||61||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 55|| {{sortname||Tushar Imran}} || 2001||2007 ||41||574||65||14.35||2||0||126||1||1/24||103.00||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 56|| {{sortname||Tareq Aziz}} || 2002||2004 ||10||26||11*||26.00||0||0||465||13||3/19||32.61||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 57|| {{sortname||Alok Kapali}} || 2002||2011 ||59||1235||115||19.60||5||1||1452||24||3/49||52.29||0||29||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 58|| {{sortname||Tapash Baisya}} || 2002||2007 ||56||336||35*||12.00||0||0||2608||59||4/16||41.55||0||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 59|| {{sortname||Hannan Sarkar}} || 2002||2004 ||20||383||61||19.15||3||0||3||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 60|| {{sortname||Mazharul Haque}} || 2002||2002 ||1||3||3||3.00||0||0||4||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 61|| {{sortname||Talha Jubair}} || 2002||2003 ||6||5||4*||2.50||0||0||204||6||4/65||42.50||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 62|| {{sortname||Anwar Hossain Monir}} || 2002||2002 ||1||0||0*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||48||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 63|| {{sortname||Rafikul Khan}} || 2002||2002 ||1||0||0||0.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 64|| {{sortname||Ehsanul Haque}} || 2002||2003 ||6||57||20||9.50||0||0||141||3||2/34||37.66||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 65|| {{sortname||Anwar Hossain|dab=cricketer}} || 2002||2002 ||1||42||42||42.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 66|| {{sortname||Mohammad Salim}} || 2003||2003 ||1||9||9||9.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 67|| {{sortname||Rajin Saleh}} || 2003||2006 ||43||1005||108*||23.92||6||1||539||15||4/16||30.60||0||9||
|-
| 68|| {{sortname||Jamaluddin Ahmed}} || 2003||2003 ||1||18||18*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||24||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 69|| {{sortname||Manjural Islam Rana}} || 2003||2006 ||25||331||63||20.68||1||0||996||23||4/34||29.95||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 70|| {{sortname||Nafees Iqbal}} || 2003||2005 ||16||309||58||19.31||2||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 71|| {{sortname||Al Mohammad Moniruzzaman}} || 2003||2003 ||2||1||1||0.50||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 72|| {{sortname||Faisal Hossain}} || 2004||2010 ||6||43||17||10.75||0||0||73||1||1/27||53.00||0||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 73|| {{sortname||Abdur Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || 2004||2014 ||153||779||53*||13.43||1||0||7965||207||5/29||29.29||4||32||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 74|| {{sortname||Aftab Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}} || 2004||2010 ||85||1954||92||24.73||14||0||739||12||5/31||54.66||1||29||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 75|| {{sortname||Nazmul Hossain|Mohammad Nazmul Hossain}} || 2004||2012 ||38||35||6*||4.37||0||0||1649||44||4/40||31.50||0||6||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 76|| {{sortname||Enamul Haque Jr}} || 2005||2009 ||10||12||5||3.00||0||0||576||14||3/16||30.14||0||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 77|| {{sortname||Shahriar Nafees}} || 2005||2011 ||75||2201||123*||31.44||13||4||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||13||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 78|| {{sortname||Syed Rasel}} || 2005||2010 ||52||81||15||5.06||0||0||2657||61||4/22||33.62||0||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 79|| {{sortname||Shahadat Hossain}} || 2006||2013 ||51||79||16*||7.90||0||0||2198||47||3/34||45.59||0||5||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 80|| {{sortname||Farhad Reza}} || 2006||2011 ||34||412||50||16.18||1||0||1139||22||5/42||46.22||1||13||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 81|| {{sortname||Mushfiqur Rahim}} || 2006||2025 ||274||7795||144||36.42||49||9||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||243||56
|-
| 82|| {{sortname||Shakib Al Hasan}} || 2006||2023 ||247||7570||134*||37.29||56||9||12575||317||5/29||29.52||4||60||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 83|| {{sortname||Mehrab Hossain, Jr.}} || 2006||2009 ||18||276||54||17.25||1||0||253||4||2/30||53.50||0||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 84|| {{sortname||Tamim Iqbal}} || 2007||2023 ||243||8357||158||36.65||56||14||6||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||68||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 85|| {{sortname||Mahmudullah}} || 2007||2025 ||239||5689||128*||36.42||32||4||4380||82||3/4||46.45||0||82||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 86|| {{sortname||Junaid Siddique}} || 2007||2011 ||54||1196||100||23.00||1||6||12||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||23||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 87|| {{sortname||Dhiman Ghosh}} || 2008||2008 ||14||126||30||14.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||9||4
|-
| 88|| {{sortname||Mosharraf Hossain|dab=cricketer}} || 2008||2016 ||5||26||8||6.50||0||0||198||4||3/24||36.75||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 89|| {{sortname||Raqibul Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1987}} || 2008||2011 ||55||1308||89||27.82||8||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||18||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 90|| {{sortname||Nazimuddin|dab=cricketer}} || 2008||2012 ||11||147||47||13.36||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 91|| {{sortname||Dolar Mahmud}} || 2008||2009 ||7||61||41||15.25||0||0||210||8||4/28||32.25||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 92|| {{sortname||Naeem Islam}} || 2008||2014 ||59||975||84||27.08||5||0||1743||35||3/32||40.20||0||19||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 93|| {{sortname||Imrul Kayes}} || 2008||2018 ||78||2434||144||32.02||16||4||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||21||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 94|| {{sortname||Mahbubul Alam|dab=cricketer}} || 2009||2009 ||5||81||59||40.50||1||0||222||7||2/42||40.00||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 95|| {{sortname||Rubel Hossain}} || 2009||2021 ||104||144||17||4.96||0||0||4678||129||6/26||34.31||1||20||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 96|| {{sortname||Shafiul Islam}} || 2010||2020 ||60||134||24*||6.09||0||0||2540||70||4/21||36.12||0||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 97|| {{sortname||Suhrawadi Shuvo}} || 2010||2011 ||17||98||20*||14.00||0||0||762||14||3/14||40.85||0||9||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 98|| {{sortname||Jahurul Islam|dab=cricketer}} || 2010||2013 ||14||270||53||22.50||1||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 99|| {{sortname||Nasir Hossain}} || 2011||2018 ||65||1281||100||29.11||6||1||1256||24||3/26||41.16||0||34||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 100|| {{sortname||Shuvagata Hom}} || 2011||2011 ||4||70||35*||35.00||0||0||12||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 101|| {{sortname||Elias Sunny}} || 2011||2012 ||4||2||1*||1.00||0||0||204||5||2/21||32.20||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 102|| {{sortname||Abul Hasan|dab=cricketer}} || 2012||2018 ||7||11||7||3.66||0||0||216||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 103|| {{sortname||Anamul Haque}} || 2012||2024 ||49||1352||120||29.39||5||3||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||15||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 104|| {{sortname||Mominul Haque}} || 2012||2018 ||28||557||60||22.28||3||0||234||7||2/13||27.14||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 105|| {{sortname||Sohag Gazi}} || 2012||2014 ||20||184||30||15.33||0||0||919||22||4/29||32.81||0||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 106|| {{sortname||Ziaur Rahman|dab=Bangladeshi cricketer}} || 2013||2014 ||13||124||41||11.27||0||0||390||10||5/30||30.10||1||5||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 107|| {{sortname||Robiul Islam}} || 2013||2013 ||3||0||0*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||133||2||1/21||58.50||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 108|| {{sortname||Shamsur Rahman|dab=cricketer}} || 2013||2014 ||10||266||96||26.60||2||0||6||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 109|| {{sortname||Al-Amin Hossain}} || 2014||2020 ||15||4||2*||2.00||0||0||663||22||4/51||27.63||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 110|| {{sortname||Arafat Sunny}} || 2014||2015 ||16||48||15||12.00||0||0||830||24||4/27||25.00||0||5||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 111|| {{sortname||Mohammad Mithun}} || 2014||2021 ||34||714||73*||27.46||6||0||12||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||7||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 112|| {{sortname||Taskin Ahmed}} || 2014||2025 ||83||237||21||7.18||0||0||3902||117||5/28||29.86||2||11||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 113|| {{sortname||Sabbir Rahman}} || 2014||2019 ||66||1333||102||25.63||6||1||306||3||1/12||115.00||0||37||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 114|| {{sortname||Jubair Hossain}} || 2014||2015 ||3||5||5||5.00||0||0||114||4||2/41||28.50||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 115|| {{sortname||Soumya Sarkar}} || 2014||2025 ||79||2338||169||33.40||14||3||558||16||3/18||35.43||0||43||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 116|| {{sortname||Taijul Islam}} || 2014||2024 ||20||110||39*||10.00||0||0||1050||31||5/28||25.96||1||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 117|| {{sortname||Litton Das}} || 2015||2025 ||95||2569||176||29.87||12||5||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||59||4
|-
| 118|| {{sortname||Mustafizur Rahman}} || 2015||2025 ||116||172||20||7.47||0||0||5549||177||6/43||27.01||5||19||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 119|| {{sortname||Mosaddek Hossain|dab=cricketer, born 1995}} || 2016||2022 ||43||634||52*||25.36||2||0||1130||17||3/13||57.00||0||18||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 120|| {{sortname||Nurul Hasan|dab=cricketer}} || 2016||2025 ||13||237||45*||33.85||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||12||5
|-
| 121|| {{sortname||Subashis Roy}} || 2016||2016 ||1||1||1*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||60||1||1/45||45.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 122|| {{sortname||Tanbir Hayder}} || 2016||2016 ||2||5||3||2.50||0||0||60||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 123|| {{sortname||Mehidy Hasan}} || 2017||2025 ||114||1790||112*||24.52||7||2||5558||121||4/25||36.55||0||49||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 124|| {{sortname||Sunzamul Islam}} || 2017||2018 ||3||19||19||19.00||0||0||150||5||2/22||15.80||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 125|| {{sortname||Mohammad Saifuddin}} || 2017||2021 ||29||362||51*||36.20||2||0||1283||41||4/41||31.19||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 126|| {{sortname||Abu Hider}} || 2018||2018 ||2||1||1||1.00||0||0||108||3||2/50||29.66||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 127|| {{sortname||Najmul Hossain Shanto}} || 2018||2025 ||58||1705||122*||31.57||10||3||116||2||1/10||61.50||0||18||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 128|| {{sortname||Mohammad Nazmul Islam|Nazmul Islam}} || 2018||2018 ||5||7||7||7.00||0||0||264||5||2/38||44.80||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 129|| {{sortname||Fazle Mahmud}} || 2018||2018 ||2||0||0||0.00||0||0||18||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 130|| {{sortname||Ariful Haque|dab=cricketer}} || 2018||2018 ||1||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||18||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 131|| {{sortname||Abu Jayed}} || 2019||2019 ||2||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||108||5||5/58||22.80||1||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 132|| {{sortname||Afif Hossain}} || 2020||2024 ||34||667||93*||27.79||3||0||124||4||1/0||30.50||0||12||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 133|| {{sortname||Mohammad Naim}} || 2020||2025 ||9||102||28||12.75||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 134|| {{sortname||Hasan Mahmud|dab=cricketer}} || 2021||2025 ||26||63||15||4.84||0||0||1131||33||5/32||35.00||2||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 135|| {{sortname||Mahedi Hasan}} || 2021||2023 ||11||122||29*||15.25||0||0||528||14||4/71||31.14||2||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 136|| {{sortname||Shoriful Islam}} || 2021||2024 ||40||101||16||7.76||0||0||1842||58||4/21||29.43||4||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 137|| {{sortname||Yasir Ali|dab=Bangladeshi cricketer}} || 2022||2023 ||9||102||50||14.57||1||0||6||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 138|| {{sortname||Nasum Ahmed}} || 2022||2025 ||20||201||44||18.27||0||0||976||21||3/11||33.66||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 139|| {{sortname||Ebadot Hossain}} || 2022||2023 ||12||3||1*||1.50||0||0||540||22||4/42||22.90||1||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 140|| {{sortname||Towhid Hridoy}} || 2023||2025 ||44||1265||100||34.18||11||1||1||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||11||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 141|| {{sortname||Mrittunjoy Chowdhury}} || 2023||2023 ||1||8||8||8.00||0||0||48||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 142|| {{sortname||Rony Talukdar}} || 2023||2023 ||1||4||4||4.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 143|| {{sortname||Tanzid Hasan}} || 2023||2025||28||558||84||20.66||4||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||9||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 144|| {{sortname||Shamim Hossain}} || 2023||2025||7||33||16||8.25||0||0||102||2||1/22||41.00||0||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 145|| {{sortname||Tanzim Hasan Sakib}} || 2023||2025 ||15||151||45||18.87||0||0||683||24||3/14||27.29||4||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 146|| {{sortname||Khaled Ahmed}} || 2023||2023 ||2||1||1||1.00||0||0||80||3||3/60||24.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 147|| {{sortname||Zakir Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1998}} || 2023||2024||2||5||4||2.50||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 148|| {{sortname||Rishad Hossain}} || 2023||2025 ||14||176||48*||19.55||0||0||733||22||6/35||29.13||0||8||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 149|| {{sortname||Jaker Ali}} || 2024||2025||12||394||68||39.40||3||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||5||1
|-
| 150|| {{sortname||Nahid Rana}} || 2024||2025 ||5||6||4*||{{sort dash}}||0||0||264||5||2/40||45.00||0||2||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 151|| {{sortname||Parvez Hossain Emon}} || 2025||2025||3||108||67||36.00||1||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||1||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 152|| {{sortname||Tanvir Islam}} || 2025||2025 ||9||42||11||7.00||0||0||528||16||5/39||23.18||1||3||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 153|| {{sortname||Saif Hassan}} || 2025||2025 ||9||42||11||7.00||0||0||73||4||3/6||11.50||0||4||{{sort dash}}
|-
| 154|| {{sortname||Mahidul Islam Ankon}} || 2025||2025||3||69||46||23.00||0||0||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||{{sort dash}}||0||{{sort dash}}
|}
Notes:
*<sup>1</sup> [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]], [[Mohammad Ashraful]] and [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] also played 2 ODI matches for the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|Asia XI]]. Only their records for [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] are given above.

==See also==
*[[One Day International]]
*[[Bangladesh national cricket team]]
*[[List of Bangladesh Test cricketers]]
*[[List of Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricketers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of Bangladeshi cricketers}}
{{International cricketers}}

[[Category:Bangladesh One Day International cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi cricketers|ODI]]
[[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers|Bangladesh]]

2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League

2026-02-27T10:49:15Z

Juliivg: New New Article...

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League
| image =
| caption =
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[play-offs]]
| administrator = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| participants = 8
| champions = [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| count = 1
| runner up = [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| player of the series = [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] ([[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]])
| most runs = Shivam Singh ([[Dindigul Dragons]]) (364)
| most wickets = M. Poiyamozhi ([[Salem Spartans]]) (16)
| matches = 32
| fromdate = 5 July
| todate = 4 August 2024
| previous_year = [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
| next_year = 2025
}}
The '''2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League''' (also known as '''TNPL-8''' and branded as '''Shriram Capital TNPL''' was the eighth season of the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] (TNPL). It took place from 5 July 2024 to 4 August 2024. [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]] were the defending champions, having won the [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|previous season]]. In the final, the [[Dindigul Dragons]] defeated the Lyca Kovai Kings by six wickets to win their first TNPL title.

== Background ==
The [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] is a franchise [[Twenty20]] cricket league held in India, organized by the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]].<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="Franchise"/> It is held annually since [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Dhoni-launches-the-TNPL/article14576737.ece |title=Dhoni launches the TNPL |date=19 August 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142254/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Dhoni-launches-the-TNPL/article14576737.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]] were the defending champions, having won their second title in the [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|previous season]] after beating [[Nellai Royal Kings]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2023-1379595 |title=2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922092902/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2023-1379595 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Format ===
The format remained the same since the [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017 season]], wherein the eight teams played against each other in the league phase in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format and the top four qualified for the [[playoffs]]. The playoffs consist of three matches – one eliminator and two qualifiers, followed by the final. The top two teams from the league phase play against each other in the first qualifier match with the winner progressing to the final. The loser would play against the winner of an eliminator match between the third and fourth-place teams from the league phase play in the second qualifier. The winner of this match would play the winner of the first qualifier for the title.<ref name="TNPL17R">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2017-1107170/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League, Results |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142306/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2017-1107170/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c |title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2024 schedule, fixtures, match times, latest results and points table |work=Sporting News |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142245/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Schedule ===
The season was held from 5 July to 4 August 2024.<ref name="Schedule"/><ref name="TNL">{{cite news |url=https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/17052 |title=TNPL starts on July 5 |work=[[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920050054/https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/17052 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c |title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2024 schedule, fixtures, match times, latest results and points table: Full list of matches for TNPL |work=Sporting News |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142245/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Prize money ===
The winners of TNPL are awarded {{INRConvert|10|mn}} with the runners-up receiving {{INRConvert|6|m}}. The two semi-finalists are awarded {{INRConvert|4|m}} each with the remaining four teams receiving {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} each.<ref name="Mint"/>

=== Sponsorship ===
[[Shriram Group]] continued to be the title sponsor of the event, having won the rights in 2020.<ref name="TNL"/><ref>{{cite news |access-date=1 June 2024 |date=18 July 2021 |title=It'll be Shriram Capital TNPL this season |url=http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail/?mediaId=11992&mId=3&sId=2021 |work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718054606/http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail/?mediaId=11992&mId=3&sId=2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Broadcasting ==
[[Star India]] has held the television rights since the inaugural season in 2016. The matches are telecast with commentaries in [[English language|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="Mint"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Star-India-set-to-bag-TNPL-media-rights/articleshow/52615711.cms |title=Star India set to bag TNPL media rights |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 June 2016 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201222009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Star-India-set-to-bag-TNPL-media-rights/articleshow/52615711.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[FanCode]] is the streaming partner since the last season.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-live-streaming-when-and-where-to-watch-tamil-nadu-premier-league-matches-291667.html |title=TNPL 2024 Live Streaming: When and where to watch Tamil Nadu Premier League Matches |date=4 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=mykhel}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|alt=Locations of the TNPL teams
|places={{location map~ |Tamil Nadu
|lat=13.091567|long=80.2770915 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.366588 |long=77.977368 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Dindigul Dragons]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.014730|long=76.951098|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=8.7139|long=77.7567|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.7743|long=78.1460|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Salem Spartans]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=9.923381 |long=78.122825 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Madurai Panthers]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.789860|long=78.694516|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Trichy Grand Cholas|Trichy Cholas]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.105955|long=77.339521 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]}}</div>|position=right}}
|caption=Team locations|float=right|width=200}}

Eight franchises are competing in the league. The franchises are named after a city it is representing in the state.<ref name="Mint">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html |title=Backed by N Srinivasan, Tamil Nadu gets its own Premier League |last2=Ananth |first1=Dharani |last1=Thangavelu |first2=Venkat |date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Livemint]] |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310110015/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu2">{{cite news|last=Dinakar|first=S.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/TNPL-is-full-of-possibilities-says-CEO/article14260955.ece|title=TNPL is full of possibilities, says CEO|date=28 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922092026/https://sync.richaudience.com/74889303289e27f327ad0c6de7be7264/?consentString={gdpr_consent}&r=https%3A%2F%2Fsync.adtelligent.com%2Fcsync%3Ft%3Dg%26ep%3D108%26traffic_source%3Dsnippet%26sp%3D852559%26pb%3D753264%26c%3D794620%26a%3D757195%26domain%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2FTNPL-is-full-of-possibilities-says-CEO%2Farticle60528656.ece%26extuid%3D%5BPDID%5D|url-status=live}}</ref> Each team can have a maximum of 20 players that includes two outstation players.<ref name="Auction">{{cite news |url=https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/16934 |title=Tamil Nadu Premier League Auction 2024: Sai Kishore and Sanjay Yadav Set New Records |date=8 February 2024 |work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142256/https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/16934 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+TNPL teams
|-
!Team<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/teams |title=TNPL teams |date=4 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717053023/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/teams |url-status=live}}</ref>
!City
!Captain<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-squads-captains-and-players-of-eight-teams-in-tamil-nadu-premier-eighth-edition-291679.html |title=TNPL 2024 Squads: Captains and players of eight teams in Tamil Nadu Premier eighth edition |date=4 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=mykhel |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821163133/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-squads-captains-and-players-of-eight-teams-in-tamil-nadu-premier-eighth-edition-291679.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
!Coach<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcorner.net/tnpl-all-teams-squad-coaches/ |title=TNPL all teams squad and coaches |work=Cricket Corner |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922092055/https://cricketcorner.net/tnpl-all-teams-squad-coaches/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
!Owner<ref name="Franchise">{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srinivasan-unveils-eight-franchise-tnpl-1024661 |title=Srinivasan unveils eight-franchise TNPL |date=10 June 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922091943/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srinivasan-unveils-eight-franchise-tnpl-1024661 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Owner">{{cite web |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/ |title=TNPL 2023: Owners of all 8 teams |work=Crictracker |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Baba Aparajith]]
|[[Hemang Badani]]
|[[Dina Thanthi|Metronation Chennai Television]]
|-
|[[Dindigul Dragons]]
|[[Dindigul]]
|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
|Take Solutions
|-
|[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]]
|Sriram Somayajula
|[[Lyca Productions]]
|-
|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|[[Arun Karthik]]
|A. G. Guruswamy
|Crown Forts
|-
|[[Salem Spartans]]
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Shijit Chandran
|[[B. Ramprakash]]
|Selvakumar
|-
|[[Madurai Panthers]]
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Chezhian Harinishanth|Hari Nishaanth]]
|[[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]]
|Seichem Technologies
|-
|[[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]
|[[Antony Dhas]]
|[[Tinu Yohannan]]
|Drumstick Productions
|-
|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Sai Kishore]]
|[[Ramaswamy Prasanna]]
|iDream Cinemas and Properties
|}

=== Personnel changes ===
For the season, the teams were permitted a maximum of 20 players and were allowed to retain a set of players before the rest went into an auction.<ref name="Auction"/> About 61 players were sold in the auction with the maximum bid at {{INRconvert|2.2|m}}.<ref name="Auction2">{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-auction-sai-kishore-sanjay-yadav-most-expensive-players-sold-list-teams-tamil-nadu-premier-league/article67822515.ece |title=Sai Kishore, Sanjay turn heads in auction with record sum at TNPL 2024 |date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529153211/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-auction-sai-kishore-sanjay-yadav-most-expensive-players-sold-list-teams-tamil-nadu-premier-league/article67822515.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Top buys at the auction<ref name="Auction2"/>
|-
!Player
!Team
!Price
|-
|[[Sai Kishore]]
|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|{{INRconvert|2.20|m}}
|-
|[[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]]
|[[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
|{{INRconvert|2.20|m}}
|-
|[[S Harish Kumar]]
|[[Salem Spartans]]
|{{INRconvert|1.54|m}}
|-
|[[Abhishek Tanwar]]
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|{{INRconvert|1.22|m}}
|-
|[[T Natarajan]]
|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|{{INRconvert|1.125|m}}
|-
|}
== Venues ==
{{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|alt=Locations of the TNPL teams
|places={{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.241207 |long=78.187190 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[NPR College Ground|Dindigul]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=8.799398 |long=77.736355 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Indian Cement Company Ground|Tirunelveli]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=13.063344 |long=80.279583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]}}</div>|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.65 |long=78.39 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium|Salem]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.022718|long=76.985422|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[SNR College Cricket Ground|Coimbatore]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}|caption=Match venues|float=right|width=200}}

The group stage matches were held in four venues across the state. The last two matches of the league including the final was held at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in Chennai.<ref name="Schedule">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |title=TNPL 2024-Fixtures and Results |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922091943/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Stadium
!City
!Capacity
|-
|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
|[[Chennai]]
|38,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008 |title=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206170647/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|5,000 (expandable to 25,000)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/salem-to-soon-have-a-cricket-stadium-of-intel-stature/articleshow/59613797.cms |title=Salem to soon have a cricket stadium of international stature |date=16 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/salem-to-soon-have-a-cricket-stadium-of-intel-stature/articleshow/59613797.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[SNR College Cricket Ground]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Limited (expandable)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://statistics.cbtfspeednews.com/ground/120/SNR-COLLEGE-CRICKET-GROUND,-COIMBATORE |title=SNR College Cricket Ground |work=CBF News |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922092102/https://statistics.cbtfspeednews.com/ground/116/SNR-COLLEGE-CRICKET-GROUND,-COIMBATORE |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[NPR College Ground]]
|[[Dindigul]]
|5,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://advancecricket.com/cricket-stadium/npr-college-ground-dindigul/19709406 |title=NPR College Ground, Dindigul |work=Advance cricket |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706065106/https://advancecricket.com/cricket-stadium/npr-college-ground-dindigul/19709406 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Cement Company Ground]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|4,000<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jul/29/an-improved-tirunel-welcome-for-fans-1635187.html |title=An improved Tirunelveli ground welcome for fans |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 July 2017 |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142850/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jul/29/an-improved-tirunel-welcome-for-fans-1635187.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Points table ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|-
|update=complete
|show_tie=no
|showteam=
|source=ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/points-table-standings |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |title=TNPL 2024-Points Table |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922091945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/points-table-standings |url-status=live}}</ref>

|team_order= LKK, ITT, CSG, DD, NRK, TGC, SMP, SS

|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=E
|result4=E

|win_CSG=4
|loss_CSG=3
|nr_CSG=
|nrr_CSG=0.362

|win_DD=4
|loss_DD=3
|nr_DD=0
|nrr_DD=0.109

|win_ITT=4
|loss_ITT=3
|nr_ITT=
|nrr_ITT=0.677

|win_LKK=6
|loss_LKK=1
|nr_LKK=
|nrr_LKK=0.728

|win_NRK=3
|loss_NRK=3
|nr_NRK=1
|nrr_NRK=0.039

|win_TGC=3
|loss_TGC=4
|nr_TGC=
|nrr_TGC=0.012

|win_SS=1
|loss_SS=6
|nr_SS=
|nrr_SS=-0.858

|win_SMP=2
|loss_SMP=4
|nr_SMP=1
|nrr_SMP=-1.152

|name_CSG=[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|name_DD=[[Dindigul Dragons]] '''(C)'''
|name_ITT=[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|name_LKK=[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
|name_NRK=[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|name_TGC=[[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
|name_SS=[[Salem Spartans]]
|name_SMP=[[Madurai Panthers]]

| col_Q=#cfc| col_E=#ffc| col_X=#fcc
}}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} Advanced to the [[#Playoffs|qualifiers]]
* {{Color box|#ffc|border=silver}} Advanced to the [[#Eliminator|eliminator]]

== Playoffs ==
{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width=150px
| score-width=150px

| RD1 = '''[[#match29|Qualifier 1]] / [[#match30|Eliminator]]'''
| RD1-text1 = 30 July 2024 - [[NPR College Ground|Dindigul]]
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''201/3 (18.5)'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| RD1-score2 = 200/3 (20)
| P1Winner = [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| P1Margin = 7 wickets
| P1Matchno = 29

| RD1-text2 = 31 July 2023 - [[NPR College Ground|Dindigul]]
| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| RD1-score3 = 158/6 (20)
| RD1-seed4 = '''4'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Dindigul Dragons]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''161/6 (19.5)'''
| P2Winner = [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| P2Margin = 4 wickets
| P2Matchno= 30

| RD2 = '''[[#match31|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD2-text1 = 2 August 2024 - [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]
| RD2-seed1 = Q1L
| RD2-team1 = [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| RD2-score1 = 108 (19.4)
| RD2-seed2 = EW
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Dindigul Dragons]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''112/1 (10.5)'''
| P3Winner = Dindigul Dragons
| P3Margin = 9 wickets
| P3Matchno= 31

| RD3 = '''[[#match32|Final]]'''
| RD3-text1 = 4 August 2024 - [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]
| RD3-seed1 = Q1W
| RD3-team1 = [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| RD3-score1 = 129/7 (20)
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Dindigul Dragons]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''131/4 (18.2)'''
| FinalWinner = Dindigul Dragons
| FinalMargin = 6 wickets
| FinalMatchno= 32
}}
----
===Qualifier 1===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 30 July 2024
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| score1 = 200/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Amit Sathvik 67 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]] 1/38 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| score2 = 201/3 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 123[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = P. Bhuvaneswaran 1/36 (3.5 overs)
| result = Lyca Kovai won by 7 wickets
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439789.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[NPR College Ground]], [[Dindigul]]
| umpires = [[Subramanian Anand]] and Rakesh Raghavan
| motm = [[Sai Sudharsan]] (Lyca Kovai Kings)
| toss = Tiruppur Tamizhans won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes =
}}
----

===Eliminator===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 July 2024
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Baba Aparajith]] 72 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| score2 = 161/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = Shivam Singh 64 (49)
| wickets2 = J. Prem Kumar 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Dindigul Dragons won by 4 wickets
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439790.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[NPR College Ground]], [[Dindigul]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and M Madhu
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Dindigul Dragons)
| toss = Dindigul Dragons won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
}}
----

===Qualifier 2===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 August 2024
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| team1 = [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| score1 = 108 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = Maan Bafna 26 (19)
| wickets1 = P. Vignesh 3/8 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| score2 = 112/1 (10.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 69[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = P. Bhuvaneswaran 1/22 (1.5 overs)
| result = Dindigul Dragons won by 9 wickets
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439791.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Rajesh Kannan and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm = P. Vignesh (Dindigul Dragons)
| toss = Dindigul Dragons won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
}}
----

=== Final ===
In the final, the [[Dindigul Dragons]] defeated the Kovai Kings by six wickets to win their first TNPL title.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/lyca-kovai-kings-vs-dindigul-dragons-final-1439792/match-report |title=Ashwin fifty powers Dindigul Dragons to maiden TNPL title |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805064144/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/lyca-kovai-kings-vs-dindigul-dragons-final-1439792/match-report |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 4 August 2024
| time = 19:15
| night = y
| bg = #eee
| team1 = [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| score1 = 129/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Ram Arvindh 27 (26)
| wickets1 = P. Vignesh 2/15 (4 overs)
| team2 = [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| score2 = 131/4 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 52 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Manimaran Siddharth]] 1/14 (4 overs)
| result = Dindigul Dragons won by 6 wickets
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439792.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Saidharshan Kumar and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Dindigul Dragons)
| toss = Dindigul Dragons won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Team
!{{Abbr|Inns.|Innings}}
!{{Abbr|HS|High score}}
!{{Abbr|Ave|Average}}
!{{Abbr|100s|Hundreds scored}}/{{Abbr|50s|Fiftys scored}}
|-
! {{nts|364}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Shivam Singh]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| {{nts|9}}
| {{nts|106[[Not out|*]]}}
| {{nts|45.50}}
| {{nts|1}}/{{nts|3}}
|-
! {{nts|324}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Tushar Raheja]]
| [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| {{nts|9}}
| {{nts|81}}
| {{nts|36.00}}
| {{nts|-}}/{{nts|3}}
|-
! {{nts|286}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Baba Indrajith]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| {{nts|10}}
| {{nts|96[[Not out|*]]}}
| {{nts|40.85}}
| {{nts|-}}/{{nts|2}}
|-
! {{nts|260}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Arun Karthik]]
| [[Nellai Royal Kings]]
| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|84}}
| {{nts|43.33}}
| {{nts|-}}/{{nts|2}}
|-
! {{nts|252}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| {{nts|9}}
| {{nts|69[[Not out|*]]}}
| {{nts|36.00}}
| {{nts|-}}/{{nts|3}}
|-
| colspan="14" |<small>{{center|Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-16419 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922092101/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-16419 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}</small>
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;
|-
!{{Abbr|Wkts.|Wickets}}
!Player
!Team
!{{Abbr|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Abbr|BBI|Best Bowling Innings}}
!{{Abbr|Ave|Bowling Average}}
!{{Abbr|4W|Four wicket hauls}}
|-
! {{nts|16}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[M Poiyamozhi]]
| [[Salem Spartans]]
| {{nts|7}}
| 4/28
| {{nts|13.68}}
| {{nts|1}}
|-
! {{nts|13}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]]
| [[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| {{nts|9}}
| 3/13
| {{nts|15.30}}
| {{nts|-}}
|-
! {{nts|13}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Athisayaraj Davidson]]
| [[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
| {{nts|7}}
| 4/32
| {{nts|15.46}}
| {{nts|1}}
|-
! {{nts|12}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[T Natarajan]]
| [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| {{nts|8}}
| 4/36
| {{nts|17.50}}
| {{nts|1}}
|-
! {{nts|12}}
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Sandeep Warrier]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| {{nts|10}}
| 2/17
| {{nts|19.25}}
| {{nts|-}}
|-
| colspan="14" |<small>{{center|Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-16419 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922091945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-16419 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}</small>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results Series home] at ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''

{{Tamil Nadu Premier League}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Premier League]]

Nungou Yumthangba

2026-02-26T22:21:48Z

Juliivg: added some page v1

{{Infobox royalty|name=Nungou Yumthangba|title=Progenitor of Chenglei/Sarang-Leishangthem clan|successor=Yuchiklei|birth_name=Nungou Yumthangpa|issue=Yuchiklei|house=[[Chenglei dynasty]]|father=Tharang|mother=Huimu Leima|occupation=|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}}
'''Nungou Yumthangba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯨꯉꯧ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯪꯕ}}) or '''Nungngou Yumthangba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯧ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯪꯕ}}) was the founder of the [[Chenglei]] ([[Sarang Leishangthem]]) clan of the [[Meitei confederacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devi|first=Thangjam Chinky|date=April 2018|title=The Formation of Meitei Polity: A Historical Perspective|url=https://www.nairjc.com/assets/img/issue/9264nA_H5Q6Ja_3oQj9y_wqgV48_351116.pdf|journal=North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science and Humanities|volume=4|issue=4|pages=4|isbn=}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Family ==
Nungou Yumthangba was a son of Tharang and Huimu Leima. His brothers were Lamlekshang (Hao Oiba) and Thengkoipa (Lokpa).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466076|title=Leithak Leikharol|last=Hemchandra|first=Chanam|date=2010|publisher=Digital Library of India|pages=106, 130|via=Archive.org}}</ref> According to the Chengleiron, Nungou Yumthangba had one more brother called Lokton Atonba.<ref name=":1" />

== Founding lineages of the Chenglei clan ==
Among the four brothers, Nungou Yumthangba is recognized as the originator of the primary branch of the [[Chenglei]] ([[Sarang Leishangthem]]) clan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sanjenbam Jugeshwor|date=2023-06-29|title=Relation between Meitei and other Ethnic Communities of Manipur as per old Books|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/relation-between-meitei-and-other-ethnic-communities-of-manipur-as-per-old-books/|access-date=2025-07-04|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur|title=History of the People of Manipur|last=Goshwami|first=Hareshwar|publisher=Yaol Publishing Limited|year=2019|isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3|location=London|pages=163, 215, 233|via=Archive.org}}</ref>

According to the [[Leithak Leikharol]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Hemchandra |first=Chanam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466076 |title=Leithak Leikharol |date=2010 |publisher=Digital Library of India |pages=106, 130 |via=Archive.org}}</ref>, Pudin, and Leishangthemlon, Nungou Yumthangba's older brother, Lamlekshang, relocated to the hills and made his home there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://dipr.mn.gov.in/NewsFiles/CE_02Feb21_0102_january%20mt.pdf|title=Indian Republic and Inter-Community Relationship: The Manipur Experience|last=Singh|first=Prof. S Mangi|date=January 2021|publisher=DIPR Manipur Today|pages=15}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> His lineage eventually evolved into the Songbu Kabui tribes, who currently reside in the southwestern hills of present-day Manipur.<ref name=":1" />

Thengkoiba (Lokpa) started the Haorok-Konthou lineage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sanjenbam Jugeshwor|date=2023-06-29|title=Relation between Meitei and other Ethnic Communities of Manipur as per old Books|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/relation-between-meitei-and-other-ethnic-communities-of-manipur-as-per-old-books/amp/|access-date=2025-11-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External sites ==

* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nongmaithem Manaoyaima |title=Chengleiron |date=2010 |publisher=Digital Library of India |language=Manipuri}}

[[Category:Meitei royalty]]

International Indian Public School, Riyadh

2026-02-21T23:16:37Z

Juliivg: Creating page

{{Distinguish|International Indian School, Riyadh}}
{{Infobox school
| name = International Indian Public School Riyadh
| native_name =
| logo = IIPS Riyadh logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| address =
| region =
| city = As-Sulaimaniyah, [[Riyadh]]
| state =
| country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|41|27|N|46|42|17|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| other_name =
| former_name = SEVA School (1995–1998)
| former_names =
| schooltype = Private
| patron =
| established =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| founder =
| status =
| closed =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| district =
| educational_authority = [[Ministry of Education (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia]]
| school_number =
| school_code =
| chairman =
| chairperson = Mrs. Amandeep Kaur(2024-2026)
| administrator =
| principal_label = Principal In-Charge
| principal = Mr. Mohammad Arshad Ali Khan
| principal_label1 =
| principal1 =
| principal_label2 =
| principal2 =
| principal_label3 =
| principal3 =
| head_teacher =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| grades = [[K–12]]
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-education]] (till [[GRADE V]])<br />[[Single-sex education|Gender-isolated]] (from [[sixth grade]])
| age_range = 4 to 18
| enrollment =
| enrollment_as_of =
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| system = [[Education in India|Indian]]
| language = English
| houses =
| song =
| accreditation =
| affiliation = [[CBSE Gulf Sahodaya]]
| information =
| website = {{URL|https://iipsr.edu.sa/}}
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
| module = 
}}

'''International Indian Public School Riyadh (IIPS-R)''', formerly '''SEVA School''' is a [[K–12]] [[Single-sex education|gender-isolated]] [[English medium|English-medium]] community-based [[international school]] in as-Sulaimaniyah, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Established in 1995, it primarily serves the [[Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia|Indian diaspora]] of the city and provides Indian curriculum prescribed by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. It is a member of the [[CBSE Gulf Sahodaya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Chapter – CBSE Gulf Sahodaya |url=https://cbsegulf.info/chapters/saudi-chapter/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228145052/https://cbsegulf.info/chapters/saudi-chapter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is approved by the [[Ministry of Education (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Education]], Government of Saudi Arabia.

== History ==
International Indian Public School was established in 1995 as SEVA School. In 1998, its name was renamed to its current name. In 2012, Imtiaz Ahmed, an area sales manager for Saudi Scaffolding Factory was elected as the new chairman of the school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-21 |title=IIPS announces new officers of managing committee |url=https://www.arabnews.com/iips-announces-new-officers-managing-committee |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Ali Hasan Adnan, a student from the school bagged a prestigious scholarship from the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Indian Ministry of Science and Technology]] to pursue his higher education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-28 |title=IIPS student wins prestigious scholarship |url=https://www.arabnews.com/iips-student-wins-prestigious-scholarship |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, the school organized a science exhibition on the birth anniversary of former Indian president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIPSR marks students' day |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/824941/amp |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the school honored around 200 of its students for its outstanding performance and for winning various positions in diverse competitions including sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-14 |title=IIPS-Riyadh honors outstanding achievers |url=https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/894896 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In 2019 Mr Salman Khalid took over the charge of Chairman with following members: Dr Farook Badiuddin,Dr Rashid, Dr Pervez, Mr Sudhakar and Mrs Shalini

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Yara International School]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:International schools in Riyadh]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Saudi Arabia]]

Manpasand Ki Shaadi

2026-02-15T00:08:53Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Manpasand Ki Shadi.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* Drama
* Romantic
}}
| creator = [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Esha Suryawanshi
*Akshun Mahajan
*[[Akshit Sukhija]]
}}
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Sooraj Barjatya]]
*Devansh Barjatya
}}
| company = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| location =
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 80
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|28|df=y}}
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| narrated =
| related =
}}
'''''Manpasand Ki Shaadi''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama romantic series that aired on 11 August 2025 to 28 November 2025 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on JioHotstar. It produced by [[Sooraj Barjatya]] under [[Rajshri Productions]]. It stars Esha Suryawanshi, Akshun Mahajan and [[Akshit Sukhija]].

==Plot==
Arohi Shinde is a Marathi girl and lives in hostel of Indore due to her study. Her parents want to get her married off with Sagar. But she never wants to marry him because she believes that Sagar isn't correct for her. Her father Rajaram gives her a month to find a perfect boy. Now she is looking for a boy who everyone will say is not just the son-in-law of this house, but also the son. For this, Arohi posts her photo in a matrimonial site with the help of her friend Ritika. Her profile is chosen by Abhishek Dewan who is from a powerful family. His mother Anuradha likes Arohi as she is also Marathi. But one day, when Arohi goes to meet her another friend Atharva, Abhishek insults her in drunkard. At this, she becomes angry and slaps him. That's why, Abhishek decides to take revenge from her. So, he frames Arohi in a false case. However, with the help of her Matron Devika, she proves herself innocent.
Later the two fall in love and get married and live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Esha Suryawanshi as Arohi Dewan (nee Shinde)
* Akshun Mahajan / [[Akshit Sukhija]] as Abhishek Dewan

=== Recurring===
* Aditi Shetty as Parineeta
* [[Milind Gawali]] as Rajaram Shinde
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Sharda Shinde
* Sameer Vijayan as Mr. Shinde
* Swati Deval as Savita Shinde
* Iravati Nadguda as Bharti
* Abhijeet Kelkar as Vilas
* Prince Kazim as Jinku
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Kailashnath Dewan
* [[Gungun Uprari]] as Anuradha Dewan
* [[Sailessh Gulabani]] as Kundan Dewan
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Sarojini Dewan
* Sandhya Gemawat as Kanika Dewan
* [[Ankit Narang]] as Sagar
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as Ghanshyam
* Unknown as Ritika
* Unknown as Atharva
* Jaswinder Gardner as Devika Dewan

== Productions ==
=== Development ===
In August 2025, [[Colors TV]] announced a new series titled ''Manpasand Ki Shaadi''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=8 August 2025|title=‘Manpasand Ki Shaadi’ our most modern show: Sooraj Barjatya
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/traditionvsmodernity/manpasand-ki-shaadi-our-most-modern-show-sooraj-barjatya|access-date=10 August 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=8 August 2025|title=Sooraj Barjatya: 'Manpasand Ki Shaadi' is our most modern show
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sooraj-barjatya-manpasand-ki-shaadi-is-our-most-modern-show/cid/2117141|access-date=10 August 2025|work=[[The Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Sailessh Gulabani]] was roped in the show, playing Kundan Dewan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 July 2025|title=Sailessh Gulabani returns to TV after a year with Manpasand Ki Shaadi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sailessh-gulabani-returns-to-tv-after-a-year-with-manpasand-ki-shaadi/articleshow/122573948.cms|access-date=10 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, Akshun Mahajan<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 October 2025|title=Akshun Mahajan on quitting TV show Manpasand Ki Shaadi as a lead after two months: Destiny always has its say
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/akshun-mahajan-on-quitting-tv-show-manpasand-ki-shaadi-as-a-lead-after-two-months-destiny-always-has-its-say-101760275015652.html|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> who playing Abhishek Dewan quit the show and replaced by [[Akshit Sukhija]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Anandbagh

2026-02-11T18:30:00Z

Juliivg: New Article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anandbagh
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad|Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the state of [[Telangana]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|54|N|78|31|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
|subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code Postal Area and Head Office]]
| postal_code = 500047
| registration_plate = TG-08
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
}}

'''Anandbagh''' is a locality and a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] in [[Malkajgiri]] [[List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad|suburb]] of [[Hyderabad]] city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2020|first=Nabinder|last=Bommala|title=Land acquisition process for Anandbagh RuB completed, project to be ready by July|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/land-acquisition-process-for-anandbagh-rub-completed-project-to-be-ready-by-july/articleshow/74107483.cms|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It falls under the [[Malkajgiri mandal]] of the [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district of the [[Indian State]] of [[Telangana]]. It is administered as [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Ward No. 139]] of the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation wards|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|access-date=2020-07-01|website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Anandbagh is a [[portmanteau]] of two words: ''Anand'' and ''Bagh'', meaning Joy and Garden respectively in language. Therefore, Anandbagh translates to Joy Garden. Earlier(1578-1970's) times AnandBagh is forest in between Neredmet Village - Malkajgiri Village. Then it was converted into Agricultural fields and Fruit Gardens.

==Locality==
Anandbagh is bifurcated into East Anandbagh and West Anandbagh.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vadlamudi|first=Swathi|date=2019-09-25|title=A repeat ordeal for East Anandbagh residents|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/a-repeat-ordeal-for-east-anandbagh-residents/article29512116.ece|access-date=2020-07-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> While East Anandbagh is predominantly residential, West Anandbagh has many commercial establishments. Nearby neighbourhoods include [[Safilguda]], [[Vinayak Nagar]], [[Neredmet]] and [[Moula Ali]].

==Transportation==
Anandbagh is well connected by [[TSRTC]] city bus services with [[Secunderabad]] and [[ECIL X Roads]]. The nearest railway station is [[Safilguda railway station]] and the nearest [[Hyderabad Metro|metro]] is [[Mettuguda metro station]].

== References ==
<references />

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]

Damdim railway station

2026-02-10T02:42:20Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Damdim Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = ডামডিম রেলওয়ে স্টেশন ১.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 17, dam dim, Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8656|88.6698|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|162|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DDM
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Damdim Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Damdim railway station''' is the railway station which serves the areas of [[Dam Dim]], [[Jalpaiguri district]], [[Gorubathan]], [[Kalimpong district]] and other nearby areas like [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden|Fagu tea gardens]], etc lying on [[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from Damdim Railway Station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/damdim-ddm/7538|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It lies in the [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]].

==Trains==
Major trains running from Damdim Railway Station are as follows:

*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Soori (actor)

2026-02-03T13:07:11Z

Juliivg:

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soori
| image = Soori at Marudhu Press Meet.jpg
| caption = Soori in 2015
| birth_name = Ramalakshmanan Muthuchamy Thevar
| other_names = Parotta Soori
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|08|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Comedian]]}}
| years active = 1998–present
| spouse = Mahalakshmi (m.2009)
| children = 2
}}
'''Ramalakshmanan Muthuchamy Thevar''' (born 27 August 1977),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=Actor Soori: I Am Not Against Temples |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/actor-soori-i-am-not-against-temples-news-215147 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422092245/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/actor-soori-i-am-not-against-temples-news-215147/ |url-status=live }}</ref> professionally known as '''Soori''', is an Indian actor and comedian who predominantly appears in [[Tamil cinema]]. Debuting in 1998, he acted in several uncredited roles before his major breakthrough in ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), where he earned the moniker '''Parotta Soori'''. After a decade as a comedian, his dramatic turn as a lead actor in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' (2023) received critical acclaim.

==Career==
Soori moved from [[Madurai]] to [[Chennai]] in 1996 with the intention of becoming an actor in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] industry. After failing to get any roles, he took up work in the city as a cleaner to fund his acting ambitions.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-madurai-to-chennai-and-13-years-later-sooris-fascinating-journey/article29542288.ece|title=From Madurai to Chennai, and 13 years later: Soori's fascinating journey|first=Pradeep|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 September 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011141305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-madurai-to-chennai-and-13-years-later-sooris-fascinating-journey/article29542288.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

He played occasional uncredited roles in films as a junior artiste, appearing especially in comedy scenes, such as in ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003).<ref name="hindu"/> and thereafter Ezhil's Deepavali.

Soori notably appeared in the critical and commercial hit film ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009). The suffix "[[Paratha|parotta]]" was soon attached to his name because of the film's famous 'parotta competition' scene, in which Soori's character stuns a hotelier by eating 50 parottas and getting ready to eat the same number once again.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/soori-reveals-he-ate-17-parottas-for-the-comedy-scene-in-vennila-kabadi-kuzhu-tamil-news-160282| title = Soori reveals an important secret about the Parotta comedy - Tamil News - IndiaGlitz.com| date = 3 June 2016| access-date = 2 May 2021| archive-date = 2 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502155559/https://www.indiaglitz.com/soori-reveals-he-ate-17-parottas-for-the-comedy-scene-in-vennila-kabadi-kuzhu-tamil-news-160282| url-status = live}}</ref>
He later appeared in a number of films in well-received comedic and sidekick roles, such as [[Poraali]] (2011), ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012), ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), and ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140116/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-soori-great-demand|title = Actor Soori in great demand|date = 16 January 2014|access-date = 4 August 2019|archive-date = 4 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190804162423/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140116/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-soori-great-demand|url-status = live}}</ref> His supporting roles were also praised in ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' (2016) ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (2016), ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' (2016), and ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' (2017).

In 2018, he was seen in both [[Sivakarthikeyan]]'s ''[[Seema Raja]]'' and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s ''[[Saamy Square]].'' However, his comedic performances in these two films were heavily criticised, prompting Soori himself to respond.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soori-slams-online-reviewers-critics-1350812-2018-09-27|title=Soori blasts critics for slamming his comedy in Seema Raja and Saamy Square|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502155556/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soori-slams-online-reviewers-critics-1350812-2018-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to have back-to-back releases with the successful ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019) and the panned ''[[Sangathamizhan]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/interviews/2019/sep/22/soori-i-know-if-its-a-bad-comedy-even-while-acting-sivakarthikeyan-vijay-sethupathi-namma-veettu-14444.html| title = Soori: I know if it's a bad comedy even while acting; Sivakarthikeyan Vijay Sethupathi Namma Veettu- Cinema express| website = [[Cinema Express]]| access-date = 2 May 2021| archive-date = 2 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502155559/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/interviews/2019/sep/22/soori-i-know-if-its-a-bad-comedy-even-while-acting-sivakarthikeyan-vijay-sethupathi-namma-veettu-14444.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2023, Soori was cast against type as the main protagonist of [[Vetrimaaran]]'s period crime thriller, ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]].'' His performance garnered highly positive appreciation from critics as well as audiences.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kuniyl |first=Sarath Ramesh |date=31 March 2023 |title=Viduthalai - Part 1 review: Soori steals the show in this Vetrimaaran flick |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/03/31/viduthalai-part-1-review-soori-steals-the-show-in-this-vetrimaaran-flick.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233013/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/03/31/viduthalai-part-1-review-soori-steals-the-show-in-this-vetrimaaran-flick.html |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> This was followed by leading roles in ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]'' (2024), a neo-noir action film, and ''[[The Adamant Girl|Kottukkaali]]'' (2024), a drama-comedy about caste, as well as ''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]'' (2024), a period-bending romantic drama. All three films widely received critical acclaim for their direction and performances, with ''[[The Adamant Girl|Kottukkali]]'' and ''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]'' being screened at the [[74th Berlin International Film Festival]] and the [[53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam]] respectively.

==Personal life==
After watching ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991), Muthuchamy adopted the protagonist's name, Surya, which was shortened to 'Soori' after he entered cinema.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii3KPJR8XNU&list=TLPQMDMwNjIwMjSPk3AmnwiihA&index=3 |title=" 🙏 தயவுசெய்து என் கதைய திருடி படமா எடுக்காதீங்க " - The SS Podcast ft. Soori Muthuchamy |date=2024-05-31 |language=Ta |publisher=[[SS Music]] |time=1:31:00 to 1:31:45 |time-caption=From |access-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603122241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii3KPJR8XNU&list=TLPQMDMwNjIwMjSPk3AmnwiihA&index=3 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Soori lives in a joint family and has six siblings. He is married and has a son and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Soori's cute photos with his kids wins hearts! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/soori-and-kids-cute-photos-trending-social-media--news-260906 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724012034/https://www.indiaglitz.com/soori-and-kids-cute-photos-trending-social-media--news-260906 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Maru Malarchi]]'' || Audience member || Uncredited role
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' || Crowd member || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000 || ''[[James Pandu]]'' || Railway porter || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]'' || Man in a temple || Uncredited role
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthey]]'' || Illicit liquor smuggler || Uncredited role
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || Thief || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan=2|2003 || ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Kaipullai's henchmen || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]'' || Balan and Anandan's acquaintance ||Uncredited role<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vay_oYH_sEo|title = Ooruku Nooruper Tamil Movie Scenes | Ooruku Nooruper Climax Scene | Hans Kaushik | B Lenin|website = [[YouTube]]|access-date = 8 January 2022|archive-date = 8 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155251/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vay_oYH_sEo|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || Thief || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal]]'' || Mansion mate || Uncredited role
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' || College student ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007 || ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Fish seller ||
|-
| ''[[Dhandayuthapani]]'' || Dhandayuthapani's friend ||
|-
| ''Nyabagam Varuthey'' || "Jalra" Soori ||
|-
| ''Thiruvakkarai Sri Vakrakaliamman'' || Police constable ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Kee Mu]]'' || "Nethili" Murugan ||
|-
| ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || Chinna's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Naai Kutty]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010 || ''[[Kalavani]]'' || Manikandan ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkaga En Kadhal]]'' || "Blade" Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkaga Oru Kavithai]]'' || Vinoth's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="12"| 2011 || ''[[Varmam (film)|Varmam]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || Karuppu ||
|-
| ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || Address informer for Theru Trisha ||
|-
| ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]'' || Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Appavi]]'' || Bharathi's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Bodinayakkanur Ganesan]]'' || Gilaki ||
|-
| ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || Soori ||
|-
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || Man at theatre ||
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]'' || Abdullah ||
|-
| ''[[Poraali]]'' || Soori || '''Winner''', [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Gurusamy]]'' || Priest || Special appearance in the song "Thengaayil Nei"
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2012 || ''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]'' || Mechanic ||
|-
| ''[[Friends Book]]'' || "Millionaire" Venugopal || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]'' || Panneer's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Kandathum Kanathathum]]'' || Mukil's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || Nalla Thambi ||
|-
| ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' || Soori ||
|-
| ''[[Paagan]]'' || Vellayangiri || Also playback singer ("Simba Simba")<ref>[http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/parotta-soori-and-pandi-sing-a-kuthu-number-in-paagan-50606.html Parotta Soori and Pandi sing a kuthu number in Paagan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002300/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/parotta-soori-and-pandi-sing-a-kuthu-number-in-paagan-50606.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Kolly Talk. 29 December 2011.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Murugesan || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]]<br />Nominated, [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Kai (film)|Kai]]'' || Siva's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2013 || ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' || Kandasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' || Sindru ||
|-
| ''Chikki Mukki'' || Karuvaya ||
|-
| ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Mano ||
|-
| ''[[Thulli Vilaiyadu]]'' || Mano ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || Kodi || '''Winner''', [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]<br />'''Winner''', [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Comedian]]<br /> Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' || Thambi ||
|-
| ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || Soori ||
|-
| ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' || Ganesan ||
|-
| ''Vellai Desathin Idhayam'' || Rahim's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="13"| 2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Gopal || Nominated, [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || Arunachalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Chokku ||
|-
| ''[[Bramman]]'' || NBK ||
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Ramachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Maan Karate]]'' || "Tiger" Tyson || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]'' || Sivabalan ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]'' || Muthupandi ||
|-
| ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' || "Senior" David ||
|-
| ''[[Poojai]]'' || Kutti Puli ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]'' || Mike ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Police Pandi ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2015 || ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || Chinnasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththukkutti]]'' || Ginger ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Laxmidas ||
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Sanjay Ramasamy || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2016 ||''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' || Thotathree || Nominated, [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Devadas, Sandhu Bondhu Naadimuthu ||
|-
| ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || Anbuchelvan's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Marudhu]]'' || Kokkarako ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' || Vaasu ||
|-
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || Sakkarai ||
|-
| ''[[Angali Pangali]]'' || Chandra ||
|-
| ''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]'' || Thangarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || Deva / Chithra Master ||
|-
| rowspan="12"| 2017 || ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'' || Veera Babu "Veeram" ||
|-
| ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Kalyanam ||
|-
| ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || Sooranam || '''Winner''', [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]]<br />'''Winner''', [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Ramar || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]'' || Suruli Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Paakanum Pola Irukku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Savarikkadu]]'' || Master ||
|-
| ''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]'' || "Tiger" Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' || Annadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' || Daivakolundhu ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2018 || ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Bommai ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' || Rocky ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' || Sivagamiyin Selvan ||
|-
| ''[[Seema Raja]]'' || Adiasamy (Kanakku/Maths) ||
|-
| ''[[Saamy Square]]'' || Sakthi ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2019 || ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' || Govindan||
|-
| ''[[Devarattam]]'' || Vetri's 4th brother-in-law ||
|-
|''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
|''[[Kennedy Club]]''|| Subramani ||
|-
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || Paramu ||
|-
|''[[Sangathamizhan]]''|| Soori ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021 ||''[[Sarbath]]'' || Arivu's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' || Pakkadi ||
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Pachaikili ||
|-
| ''[[Velan (film)|Velan]]'' || 'Mamookka' Dineshan ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022 || ''[[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| ''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]'' || Ghilli (voice) || Voice only<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/feb/06/anbulla-ghilli-movie-review-excruciating-mess-of-a-pet-film-29526.html | title=Anbulla Ghilli Movie Review: Excruciating mess of a pet film | website=[[Cinema Express]] | access-date=12 February 2022 | archive-date=2 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080911/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/feb/06/anbulla-ghilli-movie-review-excruciating-mess-of-a-pet-film-29526.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' ||Aavani Soolamani||
|-
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' ||Perusu ||
|-
| ''[[Viruman]]'' || Kuthukal ||
|-
| ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || Abroad Guy || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023 ||''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' || Kumaresan || Debut as lead actor<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maarans-viduthalai-part-1-trailer-promises-an-intriguing-serious-drama/articleshow/98500248.cms |title=Vetri Maaran's 'Viduthalai Part 1' trailer promises an intriguing serious drama |access-date=19 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316035931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maarans-viduthalai-part-1-trailer-promises-an-intriguing-serious-drama/articleshow/98500248.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> '''Winner''', [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Actor]]<br /> Nominated {{Emdash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 || ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]'' || Sokkan ||
|-
|''[[Kottukkaali]]'' || Paandi ||
|-
|''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' || Kumaresan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Badava]]'' || Urappu ||
|-
|''[[Maaman]]'' || Inba
|Also Story
|-
| {{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]}} || Young Kasi, Young Maari || Post-production
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film |[[Mandaadi]]}}
| To be announced
| Post-production
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Channel
|-
|2007-2008
| ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
|Amirtham
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4262344}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soori}}
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Basmati

2026-01-25T23:17:06Z

Juliivg: added references

{{short description|Variety of long-grain rice originating from Indian subcontinent}}
{{Distinguish|Bagmati|Basmachi}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Basmati rice
| image = Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg
| image_caption = Brown short-grain rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice (right)
| genus =
| species = ''[[Oryza sativa]]''<ref name="pmid32153645"/>
| group = Basmati
| cultivar = Basmati Sal, Basmati 370<ref name="pmid32153645">{{cite journal |last1=Kishor |first1=DS |last2=Seo |first2=J |last3=Chin |first3=JH |last4=Koh |first4=HJ |title=Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (''Oryza sativa'' L.)|journal=[[Frontiers in Genetics]]|date=2020 |volume=11 |pages=86 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00086 |pmid=32153645 |pmc=7046879|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
[[File:Cooked cilantro lime dish basmati rice India.jpg|thumb|250px|White basmati rice cooked with Burmese [[fish mint]]]]
'''Basmati''' ({{IPA|hns|'bɑːsmət̪iː|pron}}) is a variety of long, slender-grained [[aromatic rice]] which originates from the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in the regions of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Sindh]] and many other states and provinces of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Big money in specialty rices">[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "specialty rices"] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations (2002)</ref> {{As of|2019}}, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.<ref name="apeda">{{cite web|title=India Export Statistics|url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/genReport_combined.aspx#content|access-date=11 July 2019|publisher=APEDA}}</ref><ref name="dawnnews">{{cite news |title=Pakistani rice: Second to all|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474525|date= 8 April 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=Dawn}}</ref> Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521172103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand |date=2017-05-21 }} [[Bloomberg News]] (13 February 2014)</ref> however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/madhya-pradesh-loses-gi-tag-claim-for-basmati-india-may-ask-pakistan-to-check-farming/1103234 Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711092631/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/madhya-pradesh-loses-gi-tag-claim-for-basmati-india-may-ask-pakistan-to-check-farming/1103234/ |date=2019-07-11 }} ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' (19 March 2018)</ref>

According to the Indian [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority|Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)]], a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of {{cvt|6.61|mm}} and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to {{cvt|2|mm}}, among other parameters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Basmati_Characterstics.pdf|title=Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati|publisher=[[APEDA]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040000/https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Basmati_Characterstics.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

== History and etymology ==
===Etymology===
The word Basmati is derived from two root words in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]; ''vas'' meaning fragrance and ''mayup'' meaning present or ingrained. When combining the two, ''mayup'' becomes ''mati'' resulting in ''vasmati'' more commonly pronounced as ''Basmati''.<ref name=Singh />

===History===
Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] for millenia. The earliest mention of basmati rice was made in the epic ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' composed by the Punjabi poet, [[Waris Shah]] in 1766.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book |title=Aromatic Rices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |isbn=978-81-204-1420-4 |author=VP Singh |pages=135–36}}</ref><ref name="Daniel2010">{{cite book |author=Daniel F. Robinson |title=Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates |url=https://archive.org/details/confrontingbiopi0000robi |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=[[Earthscan]]|isbn=978-1-84977-471-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/confrontingbiopi0000robi/page/47 47]}}</ref>

== Production and cultivation ==
India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/basmati-rice-industry-may-revive-in-next-harvest-2016-17-icra-116040300236_1.html|title=Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=3 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2018|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> A small portion of that is being [[Organic farming|grown organically]]. Organisations such as [[Kheti Virasat Mission]] are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.magazine.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-basmati-witte-rijst-met-een-donkere-rand-1|title=De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand |magazine=[[National Geographic Nederland/België]]|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614234936/http://www.magazine.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-basmati-witte-rijst-met-een-donkere-rand-1|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://journalismgrants.org/projects/basmati-rice-the-unsustainable-truth|title=The Price of Basmati|website=[[Journalism Grants]]|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427010152/http://journalismgrants.org/projects/basmati-rice-the-unsustainable-truth|archive-date=27 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In India===
The areas which have a [[geographical indication]] for basmati rice production in India are in the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drdpat.bih.nic.in//Export%20Potential%20-%2001.htm |title=Directorate of Rice Development}}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], western [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2020 |title=MP's Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns |work=[[IAS Parliament]] |url=https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/mps-basmati-gi-tag-demand-validity-and-concerns#:~:text=In%20May%202010%2C%20APEDA%20got%20GI%20certification%20for%20Basmati.&text=The%20above%20GI%20applied%20for,Himalayas%2C%20spreads%20across%207%20states.&text=According%20to%20APEDA%2C%20Basmati%20rice,%27 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127101809/https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/mps-basmati-gi-tag-demand-validity-and-concerns#:~:text=In%20May%202010%2C%20APEDA%20got%20GI%20certification%20for%20Basmati.&text=The%20above%20GI%20applied%20for,Himalayas%2C%20spreads%20across%207%20states.&text=According%20to%20APEDA%2C%20Basmati%20rice,%27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Rice in Electric Cooker.jpg|thumb|Long Grain Basmati rice is widely used for many meat and vegetarian curries in India]]
India's total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-basmati-idINL3E8I62QO20120706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307122444/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-basmati-idINL3E8I62QO20120706 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2016 |title=India's to export record basmati rice in 2012/13 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 July 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/genReport_combined.aspx |title=India Export Statistics |website=agriexchange.apeda.gov.in |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India's basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India's total basmati exports. Others are exported to [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[European Union|EU]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], [[Turkey]], [[United Kingdom|the UK]] and [[United States|US]].<ref name="Rice Export from India">{{Cite web |url=http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Export.htm |title=Rice Export from India |website=drdpat.bih.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.<ref name="Rice Export from India" /> From 2018 to 2021 annual exports have surpassed US$4 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/652163/export-value-of-rice-by-type-india |title=India: Value of rice exports by type 2022}}</ref>

=== In Pakistan ===
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), Pakistan's original basmati area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of basmati takes place in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] where total production was {{ Convert |2.47|e6MT}} in 2010.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/333479/rice-export-pakistan-has-potential-of-4b-but-barely-touches-1b/ Rice export: 'Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b'] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401073105/https://tribune.com.pk/story/333479/rice-export-pakistan-has-potential-of-4b-but-barely-touches-1b/ |date=2019-04-01 }}. ''The [[Express Tribune]]''. 8 February 2012.</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/410164/global-market-pakistani-basmati-may-slip-down-the-pecking-order/ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071542/https://tribune.com.pk/story/410164/global-market-pakistani-basmati-may-slip-down-the-pecking-order/ |date=2019-04-01 }}. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.</ref><ref>Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. ''International Policy Digest'', (7 Dec).[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141886106.pdf] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315183034/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141886106.pdf|date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref name="Singh2000">{{cite book |author=U. S. Singh |title=Aromatic Rices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=IRRI ([[International Rice Research Institute]]) |isbn=978-81-204-1420-4 |page=137}}</ref> In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.<ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1606296#:~:text=Pakistan%20produces%207.4m%20tonnes,3.275m%20earning%20%241.384bn. |title=Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=9 February 2021}}</ref> In overall basmati exports, [[European Union]], [[Turkey]] and [[United Kingdom|the UK]] holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]] and [[United States|the US]].<ref name="dawn.com"/>

=== In Indonesia ===
[[Indonesia]] produced its own local variant of basmati in [[West Java]] and [[Central Kalimantan]], with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://industri.kontan.co.id/news/kemtan-akan-luncurkan-varietas-beras-basmati-bernama-bamora|title=Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora|last=Safitri|first=Kiki|editor-last=Winarto|editor-first=Yudho|location=[[Jakarta]]|publisher=Grahanusa Mediatama|date=16 January 2019|website=[[Kontan]]|language=id|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The [[Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Agriculture]] then managed to produce and cultivate a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between basmati and local rice in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatra.com/nasional/384041-Kementan-Berhasil-Merakit-Beras-Basmati-Asli-Indonesia|title=Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia|website=[[Gatra (magazine)|Gatra]]|language=id|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

===In Nepal===
Basmati rice is produced mainly in the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]] and some parts of [[Kathmandu Valley]]. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 July 2016 |title=Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-07-12/traders-call-for-easing-ban-on-basmati-exports.html |newspaper=[[Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref>

===In Sri Lanka===
Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foodsofnations.com/product/raw-red-rice-srilankan/ |title=Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain |website=[[Kalustyan's]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709040531/https://foodsofnations.com/product/raw-red-rice-srilankan/ |archive-date=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snukfoods.com/products/sri-lankan-red-basmati-rice|title=Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery|access-date=2020-07-09|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127184225/https://snukfoods.com/products/sri-lankan-red-basmati-rice|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ratwatte |first=Milroy |date=26 February 2002 |title=Who says we can't grow Basmathi? |url=http://www.island.lk/2002/02/26/opinio03.html |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325184022/http://www.island.lk/2002/02/26/opinio03.html |archive-date=25 March 2003}}</ref>

== Aroma and flavour ==
Basmati rice has a typical ''pandan''-like (''[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]'' leaf) flavour caused by the [[aroma compound]] [[2-acetyl-1-pyrroline]].<ref name="wongpornchai">{{cite journal |author1=S. Wongpornchai |author2=T. Sriseadka |author3=S. Choonvisase |year=2003 |title=Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (''Vallaris glabra'' Ktze) |journal=[[J. Agric. Food Chem.]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=457–462 |pmid=12517110 |doi=10.1021/jf025856x|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..457W }}</ref> Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.<ref name="Big money in speciality rices">[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "speciality rices"] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations (2002)</ref> This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.<ref>Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), [[CRC Press]], {{ISBN|978-1420090772}}, p. 36</ref>

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.

== Glycemic index ==
According to the [[Canadian Diabetes Association]], basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium [[glycemic index]] (between 56 and 69), opposed to [[jasmine rice|jasmine]] and [[Instant rice|instant white rice]] with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for [[diabetic]]s as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.<ref name="CDA">{{cite web |title=The Glycemic Index |url=https://www.diabetes.ca/diabetes-and-you/healthy-living-resources/diet-nutrition/the-glycemic-index |website=Canadian Diabetes Association |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

== Varieties and hybrids ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Grano de arroz basmati integral, 2020-06-12, DD 01-11 FS.jpg|thumb|Grain of brown variety, high resolution]]
There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani basmati rice varieties are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice, and D-98.

Scientists at [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has [[Awn (Botany)|awns]]); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

=== Approved varieties ===

==== Dehradun Basmati (Indian) ====
Dehradun Basmati or traditional basmati rice variety type 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=D. K. |last2=Akhtar |first2=Z. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=A. |last5=Chakraborty |first5=M. |date=March 2017 |title=Production strategies of organic basmati rice in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13165-015-0143-1 |journal=Organic Agriculture |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1007/s13165-015-0143-1 |bibcode=2017OrgAg...7...21S |issn=1879-4238|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is a group of various basmati varieties that originated in the present day [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India. From Dehradun the variety was propagated and grown in other regions of Uttarakhand, most notably in Tapovan, Tehri. The basmati varieties collectively known as Dehradun Basmati are significant because of their higher grain quality, unique 'popcorn' aroma and flavour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गुम हो गई वो महक: कभी विदेशों तक थे देहरादून के बासमती के चर्चे, अब ढूंढने से भी नहीं मिल रहा खेती के लिए बीज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/dehradun-basmati-rice-was-extinct-now-seeds-not-available-for-farming-2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The Dehradun Basmati has also been the source of other GMO varieties grown in present-day Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Despite not all varieties having received official GI certification Dehradun Basmati varieties consistently rank among the highest rated rice varieties in the world and are distinct for their popcorn like aroma. The popcorn aroma is among some of the special properties basmati exhibits when grown under the agro-climatic conditions of the Himalayan region. The variety is significant to the farmer identity in state of Uttarakhand, for whom it is among the most profitable crops.

==== Indian varieties ====
Basmati, [[Punjab region|P3 Punjab]], type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, [[Pusa 1121 Rice|Pusa 1121]], '''Pusa 1718''', '''Pusa 1509''', '''Pusa 1692''', '''Pusa 1637''', '''Pusa 1401''' and '''1121 Basmati'''.

==== Pakistani varieties ====
Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.<ref name="foodstandards.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |title=Survey on Basmati Rice |work=multimedia.food.gov.uk |date=March 2004 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531054743/http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Related varieties from around the world ==
In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called ''baroma'' ({{Lang|id|basmati aromatik}}; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.<ref name=":0" /> This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://republika.co.id/share/plsfmu368|title=Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma|date=23 January 2019|work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called ''Texmati'' is grown in [[Texas]]. The rice is produced by [[RiceSelect|Rice Select]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fiaz|first1=N|last2=Khalid|first2=F|last3=Sarwar|first3=MA |title=Whiff of Pearls|journal=[[Rice Plus Magazine]]|date=2013|url=http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152710/http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).<ref>{{cite web|title=RiceTec, Inc|url=http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/chron/ricetec-inc|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=17 March 2013|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205172144/http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/chron/ricetec-inc|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Kenya]], a rice variety called ''Pishori'' or ''Pisori'' is grown in the [[Mwea Constituency|Mwea]] region.<ref name="Sanginga2009">{{cite book |last=Sanginga |first=P. C. |title=Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers' Livelihoods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i14nRDcKw8C&pg=PA301 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84407-671-0 |pages=301–302}}</ref> The word ''Pishori'' is an alteration of the word [[Peshawar|''Peshawari'']] from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.<ref>Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. "Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa." In ''Knowledge and the Indian Ocean'' (pp. 225-243). [[Palgrave Macmillan]], [[Cham, Switzerland]].</ref>

== Basmati certification ==
The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).<ref name=basmatimark1>{{cite web |url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm |title=Basmati Export Development Foundation |website=apeda.gov.in|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered basmati rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm | title=Basmati Export Development Foundation}}</ref>

== Adulteration ==
Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the [[Food Standards Agency]] found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.<ref>British Retail Consortium (July 2005). [http://www.brc.org.uk/Downloads/Basmati_Code.pdf Code of practice on Basmati rice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114142/http://www.brc.org.uk/Downloads/Basmati_Code.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Tim |url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505113010/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2013 |title=Probe finds fake basmati |publisher=This is Leicestershire |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=11 September 2013 }}</ref>

A [[polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]-based assay similar to [[DNA fingerprinting]] in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.<ref>[http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=17920 Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424030608/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=17920 |date=2016-04-24 }}. defra.gov.uk</ref> Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.<ref>Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). [https://archive.today/20121217211239/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114280458/ABSTRACT "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)"] and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). {{doi|10.1021/jf0714517}} "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)"].</ref> Based on this protocol, which was developed at the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]], the Indian company Lab India has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.<ref>[http://www.labindia.com/basmati-testing/basmati-testing.php Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404011730/http://www.labindia.com/basmati-testing/basmati-testing.php |date=4 April 2008 }}. Labindia.</ref>


== Patent battle ==
In September 1997, an American company, [[RiceTec]], was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secured lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by [[Hans-Adam II|Prince Hans-Adam]] of [[Liechtenstein]], faced international outrage over allegations of [[biopiracy]]. It also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the [[WTO]] as a violation of [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|TRIPS]], the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]], RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products ''basmati''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205223143/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/05/stories/2006110503701000.htm "Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 November 2006</ref> A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.<ref name=NYTimes>[https://thewitshub.com/india-and-pakistan-battle-for-basmati-rice/ "India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801115654/https://thewitshub.com/india-and-pakistan-battle-for-basmati-rice/ |date=2021-08-01 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref name="2001-patent-NYT">{{cite web | title=India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled | website=The New York Times | date=2001-08-25 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/25/business/india-us-fight-on-basmati-rice-is-mostly-settled.html | access-date=2022-05-03 | first=Saritha | last=Rai}}</ref> The original patent expired in 2019.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Agriculture}}
* [[Ambemohar]]
* [[Camargue red rice]]
* [[Domsiah]]
* [[Jasmine rice]]
* [[List of rice varieties]]
* [[Wild rice|Manoomin]]
* ''[[Oryza sativa]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Basmati rice}}
{{wiktionary|basmati}}
*[https://snl.no/basmatiris Basmati rice] at ''[[Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''
*[https://www.tasteatlas.com/basmati Basmati] at [[TasteAtlas]]

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Rice production in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bihar]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Haryana]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]

Doctors (2024 TV series)

2026-01-21T17:22:42Z

Juliivg: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Doctors (2024 TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Medical drama]]
| based_on =
| writer = [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
| director = Sahir Raza
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sharad Kelkar]]
* [[Harleen Sethi]]
* [[Aamir Ali]]
* [[Viraf Patel]]
}}
| music = Soutrik Chakraborty
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 10 
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|[[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]|Sapna Malhotra}}
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Vivian Singh Sahi
| editor = Satya Sharma
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 31-48 mins
| company = Alchemy Films Pvt Ltd<br/>[[Jio Studios]]
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|12|27}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Doctors''''' is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]] television series written by [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] and directed by Sahir Raza.<ref>{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Squid Game S2 to Doctors: New films and shows streaming on OTT this week | website=Telegraph India | date=24 December 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-films-and-web-series-streaming-this-week/cid/2073077}}</ref> Produced by [[Jyoti Deshpande]], [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] and Sapna Malhotra under Alchemy Films Pvt Ltd and [[Jio Studios]], it stars [[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Harleen Sethi]], [[Aamir Ali]] and [[Viraf Patel]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Kar | first=Shramana | title=Doctors on OTT: Intense medical tensions, compelling arguments about being a good doctor, romance drama, and more reasons to watch the web series | website=OTTPlay | date=22 December 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/reasons-to-watch-doctors-web-series-on-jiocinema-on-december-27-2024/fd0d01eafb477 | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=1 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101112449/https://www.ottplay.com/news/reasons-to-watch-doctors-web-series-on-jiocinema-on-december-27-2024/fd0d01eafb477 | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 27 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mukhopadhyay | first=Sounak | title=Doctors OTT release: When and where to watch the Hindi web series {{!}} Today News | website=mint | date=24 December 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/doctors-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-hindi-web-series-11735037254442.html}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The series delves into the lives of newly appointed resident doctors, surgeons, nurses, and terminally ill patients at the Elizabeth Blackwell Medical Centre in Mumbai. At the centre of it all are two lead characters—resident doctor Nitya Vasu ([[Harleen Sethi]]), who has joined with a motive for revenge, defined in the opening episode, and neurosurgeon Dr Ishaan Ahuja ([[Sharad Kelkar]]), whom Nitya believes is responsible for her brother Dhawal’s ([[Aamir Ali]]) botched surgery that left him with permanent damage.

== Cast ==
* [[Sharad Kelkar]]<ref name="Cast">{{cite web | title='Doctors' Series Review: A Medical Drama That Operates on Vibes Alone | website=The Hollywood Reporter India | date=27 December 2024 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/doctors-series-review-a-medical-drama-that-operates-on-vibes-alone}}</ref> as Dr. Ishaan Ahuja
* [[Harleen Sethi]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Nitya Vasu
* [[Aamir Ali]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Dhaval Vasu
* [[Viraf Patel]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Abhijat Gupta
* [[Vivaan Shah]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Roy Saldanha
* Abhishekh Khan<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Ridhun Sethi
* Niharika Lyra Dutt<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Keyuri "Kay" Patel
* [[Sarah Hashmi]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Nahida Jaffri
* Vansh Sethi<ref name="Cast" /> as Dr. Neil Shastri

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Frater | first=Patrick | title=India's Jio Studios Unveils Content Slate of 100-Titles | website=Variety | date=13 April 2023 | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/india-jio-studios-content-slate-1235582254/ | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=1 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101112449/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/india-jio-studios-content-slate-1235582254/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the series began in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Raut | first=Rahul | title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Hichki director Siddharth P Malhotra to next produce a medical drama series starring Sharad Kelkar and Harleen Sethi | website=PeepingMoon | date=11 January 2019 | url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/66162/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Hichki-director-Siddharth-P-Malhotra-to-next-produce-a-medical-drama-series-starring-Sharad-Kelkar-and-Harleen-Sethi.html | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103170958/https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/66162/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Hichki-director-Siddharth-P-Malhotra-to-next-produce-a-medical-drama-series-starring-Sharad-Kelkar-and-Harleen-Sethi.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released in 16 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Sonal | title=Doctors Trailer: Gripping Medical Drama Starring Sharad Kelkar, Harleen Sethi To Premiere On THIS Date | website=Times Now | date=16 December 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/doctors-trailer-gripping-medical-drama-starring-sharad-kelkar-harleen-sethi-to-premiere-on-this-date-article-116369566 | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=1 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101112951/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/doctors-trailer-gripping-medical-drama-starring-sharad-kelkar-harleen-sethi-to-premiere-on-this-date-article-116369566 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sanap | first=Mayur | title=Doctors Review: Marred By Chronic Melodrama | website=Rediff | date=27 December 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/doctors-review/20241227.htm | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=1 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101112924/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/doctors-review/20241227.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Doctors review: Sharad Kelkar's show makes you feel and think, doesn't sugarcoat harsh realities of medical profession | website=The Indian Express | date=30 December 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/doctors-review-sharad-kelkar-show-makes-you-feel-and-think-9746810/}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the series as a palatable and binge-worthy drama.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mathur | first=Abhimanyu | title=Doctors review: Sharad Kelkar is the beating heart of this brilliant, raw take on medical professionals' lives | website=Hindustan Times | date=29 December 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/doctors-review-sharad-kelkar-is-the-beating-heart-of-this-brilliant-raw-take-on-medical-professionals-lives-101735463630126.html | access-date=1 January 2025 | archive-date=29 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229140640/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/doctors-review-sharad-kelkar-is-the-beating-heart-of-this-brilliant-raw-take-on-medical-professionals-lives-101735463630126.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35019393}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/doctors/4074685 ''Doctors''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]

Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-01-21T16:04:25Z

Juliivg: Started Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{About other people|the Uttar Pradesh politician|Vikram Singh|Vikram Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Vikram Singh}}
'''Vikram Singh''' is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Election Results: SP loses 4 assembly seats too |work=[[Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Election-Results-SP-loses-4-assembly-seats-too/articleshow/35226245.cms |date=17 May 2014}}</ref> affiliated with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. He is member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], won election in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fatehpur Election Results 2014 |publisher=elections.in |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fatehpur.html |date=23 February 2015}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Singh
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Fatehpur (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| predecessor = Syed Qasim Hasan
| successor2 = [[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]
| term_start = May 2014
| term_end = March 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|5|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]]
| education = Graduate
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Mala Dhawan Singh
| children =
| profession = Politician
| parents =
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India}}
* [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vikram}}
[[Category:People from Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College

2026-01-19T13:31:06Z

Juliivg: Started Stub

{{Short description|Engineering college in Bihar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox university
| image = Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College Logo.png
| image_size = 120px
| former_name = Government Engineering College, Araria
| type = Public
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| affiliation = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| free_label = Approvals
| free = [[AICTE]]
| principal = Aatmaram Gupta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/dst/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=1380|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Principal, Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>
| address = Simaraha, Araria
| city = Araria
| state = Bihar
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|11|55.9|N|87|19|17.6|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| language = English & [[Hindi]]
| website = {{URL|https://spnrecararia.ac.in//}}
}}
'''Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College''' formerly known as '''Government Engineering College, Araria''' is a government engineering college in [[Araria district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Araria News : बाढ़ से त्रस्त रहनेवाले अररिया को मिली 88 करोड़ की सौगात, रेणु के नाम पर इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/araria/cm-nitish-kumar-inaugurated-project-worth-88-crore-for-flood-affected-district-araria-bihar/articleshow/83742821.cms|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> It was established in the year 2019 under [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]] and was named after writer [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-01-07|title=Nitish Kumar launches schemes worth Rs 727.93 crore in Bihar's Araria|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-launches-schemes-worth-rs-72793-crore-in-bihars-araria/article30498631.ece|access-date=2022-02-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is affiliated with [[Bihar Engineering University]] and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Engineering & Pharmacy Colleges under AKU|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|access-date=2022-02-02|website=akubihar.ac.in}}</ref>

== Admission ==
Admission in the college for four years [[Bachelor of Technology]] course is made through [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]] conducted by [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]]. To apply for [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]], appearing in [[JEE Main]] of that admission year is required along with other eligibility criteria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UNDER GRADUATE ENGINEERING ADMISSION COUNSELLING (UGEAC) 2021|url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Pros/PROS_UGEAC21.pdf|website=bceceboard.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

== Departments ==

The college has six branches in [[Bachelor of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College, Araria Bihar: Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking, Admission 2022|url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/shri-phanishwar-nath-renu-engineering-college-araria-bihar-other-146497|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://spnrecararia.org/}}

{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}
{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]

Roshan Meka

2026-01-13T17:04:32Z

Juliivg: added new details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshan Meka
| image =
| caption = Meka at ''[[Nirmala Convent]]'' (2015) audio launch
| birth_place =
13 March 1999
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actor
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] (father)
* [[Ooha]] (mother)
}}
| yearsactive = 2015–present
}}

'''Roshan Meka''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He is the son of actors [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Ooha]]. He made his debut in a lead role with ''[[Nirmala Convent]]'' (2016) and won [[SIIMA Award]] for [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Shivarajkumar, Jr NTR, Rakul Preet win big. Here are all the winners. See photos, videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2017-day-1-shivarajkumar-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-here-are-the-winners-list-see-photos-videos-4730224/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He has since played the lead in ''[[Pelli SandaD]]'' (2021).

== Early life and career ==
Roshan Meka is the son of actors [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Ooha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vamsi |first1=Krishna |title=Nirmala Convent: Nagarjuna sets stage for sons of Srikanth, Mahadevan, Rahman and Koti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nirmala-convent-nagarjuna-sets-stage-for-sons-of-srikanth-mahadevan-rahman-and-koti-3022952/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his education in The Future kids school. Meka formally trained in acting in [[Mumbai]] and moved to USA. He worked as an assistant director in [[Hindi cinema]] before foraying into acting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Srikanth's daughter to make on-screen debut in Telugu |url=https://telanganatoday.com/srikanths-daughter-to-make-on-screen-debut-in-telugu |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=30 August 2021}}</ref>

He first appeared on screen in the film [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] (2015).<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2013-07-22|title=Srikanth's children to play key roles in 'Rudhramadevi'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/srikanth-s-children-to-play-key-roles-in-rudhramadevi-113072200215_1.html}}</ref> The following year, he made his debut as a lead in ''[[Nirmala Convent]]'' (2016), alongside [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palaparthi |first1=Srividya |last2=Jonnalagedda |first2=Pranita |title=Look at Roshan! Doesn't he want to make you fall in love?: Nagarjuna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/look-at-roshan-doesnt-he-want-to-make-you-fall-in-love-nagarjuna/articleshow/54348386.cms |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=16 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Vamsi |first1=Krishna |title=Nirmala Convent movie review: Script falls short of passing marks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nirmala-convent-movie-review-akkineni-nagarjuna-roshan-meka-shriya-sharma-star-rating-3034270/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing his performance, Pranitha Jonnelagadda from ''[[The Times of India]]'' called him very promising. "His diction, style and even dances are commendable for a start," Jonnelagadda added.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jonnalagedda |first1=Pranita |title=Nirmala Convent Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nirmala-convent/movie-review/54377989.cms |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Among other positive reviews, a reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Roshan [...] looks an assured actor on-screen. His body language oozes confidence with sharp dialogue delivery."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirmala Convent: Needed more homework |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Nirmala-Convent-Needed-more-homework/article14983764.ece |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Nirmala Convent movie review: Outdated syllabus in Nirmala Convent |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180916/nirmala-convent-movie-review-outdated-syllabus-in-nirmala-convent.html |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=18 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> He went on to win [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]] award that year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2017|title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Shivarajkumar, Jr NTR, Rakul Preet win big. Here are all the winners. See photos, videos|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2017-day-1-shivarajkumar-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-here-are-the-winners-list-see-photos-videos-4730224/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2021, Meka appeared in ''[[Pelli SandaD]]'', a spiritual sequel to the 1996 film ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' which starred his father Srikanth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |title='Pelli SandaD' movie review: Done and dusted old school romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Srikanth's son Roshan to star in Pelli Sandadi sequel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/09/srikanths-son-roshan-to-star-in-pelli-sandadi-sequel-20700.html |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=9 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Thadagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Roshan pulls off the emotions required of him well, it's the perfect launch for him as a hero."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-15|title=Pelli SandaD Movie Review : Story goes for a toss while paying homage to Raghavendra Rao|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pelli-sandad/movie-review/87040497.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The Hans India]]'' also appreciated Meka's performance, stating: "He has all the qualities of a good-looking hero. He dances very well and also emoted well in a few scenes. There is a long career for him in the industry."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-10-16|title=Pelli SandaD Movie Review & Rating {2.25/5}|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-rating-2255-78516|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''
|Chalukya Veerabhadra
|Child actor
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rudhramadevi-to-release-on-october-9/|title='Rudhramadevi' to release on October 9|date=31 August 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Nirmala Convent]]''
|Samuel
|Debut in lead role;<br/>[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
|<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|2021
|''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
|Ravipati Vasishta and Arjun Ravipati Vasishta
|Dual role
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2021-10-16|title='Pelli SandaD' movie review: Done and dusted old school romance|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
|Michael C. Williams
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roshan’s ‘Champion’ joins the Christmas 2025 race {{!}} Telugu Cinema |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/roshans-champion-joins-the-christmas-2025-race |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=telugucinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|8441615}}
*{{Instagram|iamrshn}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meka, Roshan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Calicut Medical College Stadium

2025-12-28T20:50:11Z

Juliivg: further updated references for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Football stadium in Kozhikode, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = CMC Stadium
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Olympian Rahman Stadium, Calicut
| former_names = Medical College Ground
| location = [[Calicut Medical College]], [[Kozhikode]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.27998|75.83736|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| broke_ground = 1991
| built = 1991
| opened = 2013 (Estimated)
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Calicut Medical College]]
| operator = [[Calicut Medical College]]<br />[[Kerala Football Association]]<br />[[Kerala Cricket Association]]
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = Rs.15 Crores
| suites =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor = Gryphons India Constructions
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 15,000
| record_attendance =
| executive_suites =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| tenants = [[Calicut Medical College]] <br />[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves|Kerala Blasters FC (B)]] (secondary ground) <br />[[Kerala Football Association]]<br/ >[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala State Cricket Team]]
}}
'''Calicut Medical College Stadium''' (officially ''Olympian Rahman Stadium'') is a football stadium in the city of [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]]. Council Kozhikode District Sports Council and [[Kozhikode Corporation]] had constructed the stadium for [[2015 National Games of India|35th National Games]]. The stadium hosted football matches along with [[EMS Stadium]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kerala-to-host-35th-national-games-from-january-31/article6152611.ece Hindu]</ref><ref>[http://www.kerala2015.com/general-info/venue-managers Kerala 2015]</ref>

== Location ==

Sports Complex is located in the campus of [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]] which is about {{convert|10|km|mi}} east from the heart of [[Kozhikode|Calicut city]]. The college is around {{convert|10|km|mi}} east of Calicut Railway station and around {{convert|30|km|mi}} from [[Calicut International Airport]]. The college is {{convert|5|km|mi}} from the [[National Highway 766 (India)|NH 212]] highway.

== Facilities ==

* Three storied new pavilion with the following facilities Change rooms and toilets for players
* Media work station
* Dope testing rooms
* VIP facilities
* Turfing with Mexican grass
* 400 metre synthetic track
* Internal drain, External drain and Peripheral drain

== Kerala Blasters FC (B) ==

The reserve squad of [[Kerala Blasters FC]], the [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves|Kerala Blasters FC (B)]] use the stadium as their secondary home ground for [[Kerala Premier League]] and [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] matches.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180530062335/http://calicutmedicalcollege.ac.in/ www.calicutmedicalcollege.ac.in]

{{Stadiums in Kerala |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Kerala]]
[[Category:Football venues in Kerala]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sport in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:University sports venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1991]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Lohapur

2025-12-14T09:16:25Z

Juliivg: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lohapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.31212|N|87.962141|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,133
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731237 (Lohapur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03465
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lohapur''' is a village in [[Nalhati II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Bhadrapur===
[[Bhadrapur, Birbhum|Bhadrapur]] is a village with [[Gram Panchayat]]. It has links with [[Maharaja Nandakumar]], is about 4–5 miles from Lohapur railway station. Maharaja Nandakumar was born around 1705 at Bhadrapur. The ruins of the ''Raj bari'' can be seen there. Bhadrapur is culturally and educationally an enriched village in the Lohapur Block. Bhadrapur is also quite famous for its [[Durga Puja]]. The Banerjee Thakur Bari puja is one of the grand and glorious puja of the village Bhadrapur, this Durga Puja commenced 400 years back. And it itself is a grandeur. At Akalipur, nearby, on the banks of the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani River]] there is a Kali temple dedicated to Maa [[Guhya Kali]], built by Maharaja Nandakumar.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 281-284, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

===Baragram===
Baragram is located near Lohapur railway station. It is a predominantly Muslim village. There are graves of many [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] and Muslim religious persons in this village – Lohajang, Sultan Shah, Nangta Shah, Jamal Shah, Makhdum Zilani, Makhdom Husseini, Syed Shah, Hossain Ali, Muharam Ali, Lang Shah, Darab Shah and others. Many of them came from places in the Middle-east or Central Asia, but a vast majority of the population were local converts to Islam. Over the years, the local people have been digging out numerous stone idols from all around. Most of these seem to be belonging to the [[Pala Empire|Pala era]]. There are a large number of idols of Hindu deities but the majority are Buddhist deities, including a number of figures showing Buddha in the [[Vajrasana (yoga)|vajrasana]] pose. Many of the idols were damaged in the process of crude methods of recovery. These recoveries lead to the belief that the area was once dominated by Buddhists, who converted to Islam.<ref name=binoyghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 284-289, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

[[Binoy Ghosh]] opines that the main centres of Buddhism were in eastern and northern Bengal, and it was easier to convert them to Islam because of the strong anti-Hindu mentality that the Buddhists had. Such centres were rare in western Bengal. He also notes the strong feelings of amity between Hindus and a fairly large Muslim population that he observed in Rampurhat subdivision.<ref name=binoyghosh/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre.<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|20|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bishnupur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Nalhati]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rampurhat]] (M)|label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Lohapur (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]] (R)|shape-color27=#A40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Nalhati II CD block are located at Lohapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

===Overview===
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Lohapur had a total population of 4,133 of which 2,152 (52%) were males and 1,981 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 568. The total number of literates in Lohapur was 2,262 (74.67% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}
Lohapur is off [[National Highway 14 (India)|National Highway 14]], running from Morgram (in Murshidabad district) to Kharagpur (in Paschim Medinipur district) and [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|State Highway 7]] running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) (it is a common route in this section).<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[Lohapur railway station]] is situated at Lohapur on the [[Nalhati-Azimganj branch line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18342| title= 73033 Azimganj Nalhati DEMU | work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | accessdate = 1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Post Office==
Lohapur has a delivery sub post office, with PIN 731237, under Rampurhat head office. Branch offices using the same PIN are situated at Bandhkhola, Bara, Bhadrapur, Gopalchak, Jesthabhanipur, Kantagoria, Krishnapur, Noapara, Salisand, Sitalpur and Ujirpur.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170715031911/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 15 July 2017 | title = Birbhum Postal Zip Code Finder by Post Office | publisher = pincodezip.in |accessdate = 1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Lohapur Block Primary Health Centre at Lohapur has 15 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}

[[Category:Villages in Birbhum district]]

SS Sangola

2025-12-11T19:59:21Z

Juliivg: refined formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Merchant steamship built in the UK in 1901}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|name= *1901: ''Sangola''
*1923: ''Goshu Maru''
|namesake=
|owner= *1901: [[British India Steam Navigation Company|British India SN Co]]
*1923: Fukuhara Kisen KK
|operator=
|registry= *1901: {{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} [[Glasgow]]
*1923: {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Port of Dalian|Dairen]]
|route=
|ordered=
|builder= [[William Denny and Brothers|William Denny & Bros]], [[Dumbarton]]
|original_cost= £89,420
|yard_number= 647
|laid_down=
|launched= 18 June 1901
|sponsor=
|completed= 16 August 1901
|maiden_voyage=
|acquired=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|identification= *UK [[official number]] 113974
*1901: [[code letters]] SNCG
*{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Golf}}
*1923: code letters QBSN
*{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Bravo}}{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|November}}
|fate= Scrapped 1933
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= "S" class [[cargo liner]]
|tonnage= {{GRT|5149}}, {{NRT|3323}}, {{DWT|8122}}
|displacement=
|length= {{cvt|410.8|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{cvt|50.7|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{cvt|25|ft|1|in|abbr=on|2}}
|depth= {{cvt|29.1|ft|abbr=on}}
|decks= 2
|power= 383 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]], 2,329 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]]
|propulsion= *1 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]]
*1 × [[Propeller|screw]]
|speed= {{convert|11+1/2|kn|km/h}}
|capacity= *cargo: {{convert|381390|cuft}}
*passengers: 6 × 1st class, 16 × 2nd class, & large number of deck class
|troops=
|crew= 94
|complement=
|armament=
|sensors=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''SS ''Sangola''''' was a [[Steamship|steam]] [[cargo liner]] that was launched in Scotland in 1901, renamed '''''Goshu Maru''''' in 1923, and scrapped in Japan in 1933. She was one of a [[Ship class|class]] of seven steamships that were built for the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BI) in 1901 and 1902. From 1908 until 1910 she took [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured labourers]] to [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]].

She was the first of two BI ships to be called ''Sangola''. The second was a [[motor ship]] that was launched in 1947 and scrapped in 1963.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=162}}

=="S" class cargo liners==
In 1901 and 1902 BI took delivery of a class of seven new cargo liners. BI gave each ship a name beginning with "S", so they became known as the "S" class.

[[William Denny and Brothers]] of [[Dumbarton]] in Scotland, with whom BI had a preferential business relationship, built four of the ships. [[A. & J. Inglis]] of [[Glasgow]] built one. [[James Laing (shipbuilder)|Sir James Laing & Sons]] of [[Sunderland]] in England built two. Denny launched ''Sangola'', {{SS|Santhia||2}} and ''Satara'' in 1901, and ''Surada'' in 1902. Inglis launched ''Shirala'' in 1901. Laing launched ''Sealda'' in 1901 and ''Sofala'' in 1902.{{sfn|Haws|1987|pp=15, 87, 88}}

''Satara'' was wrecked in 1910. [[U-boat]]s sank ''Shirala'' and ''Surada'' in 1918. In 1923 BI sold the remaining four ships to buyers in Asia. A buyer in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] sold ''Sealda'' to a [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] shipowner. She was scrapped in Italy in 1925. Japanese shipowners bought ''Sangola'', ''Santhia'', and ''Sofala'' and renamed them. They were scrapped in Japan between 1933 and 1935.{{sfn|Haws|1987|pp=87, 88}}

==Building==
Denny built ''Sangola'' as yard number 647 for £89,420. She was launched on 18 June 1901 and completed on 16 August. Her registered length was {{cvt|410.8|ft|abbr=on}}, her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|50.7|ft|abbr=on}}, her depth was {{cvt|29.1|ft|abbr=on}} and her [[Draft (hull)|draught]] was {{cvt|25|ft|1|in|abbr=on|2}}. Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|5149}}, {{NRT|3323}}, and {{DWT|8122}}.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=87}}<ref name=P&OH>{{cite web |url= https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94432SANGOLA-1901pdf.pdf |title=Sangola (1901) |work=P&O Heritage |date=November 2008 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

Her holds had capacity for {{convert|381390|cuft}} of cargo. She had berths for six passengers in first class and 16 in second class. She also had space for large number of unberthed deck class passengers.<ref name=P&OH/>

She had a single [[Propeller|screw]], driven by a three-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]] built by Denny. It was rated at 383 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1902|loc=SAN}} or 2,329 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]], and gave her a speed of {{convert|11+1/2|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=P&OH/>

==''Sangola''==
BI [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Sangola'' at [[Glasgow]]. Her [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] [[official number]] was 113974 and her [[code letters]] were SNCG.{{sfn|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1902|p=340}}

On 23 March 1908 ''Sangola'' was anchored in [[Suva]] Harbour in [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]]. She had disembarked a party of Indian indentured labourers, and was discharging her cargo into [[Lighter (barge)|lighters]], when a [[cyclone]] swept her and the lighters ashore. She was refloated undamaged.<ref name=P&OH/>

From 1908 to 1910 ''Sangola'' made six voyages to Fiji, bringing Indian indentured labourers from [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta]] and Madras (now [[Chennai Port|Chennai]]), as shown in the table below.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Fiji voyages
|-
! Voyage Number
! Date of Arrival
! Number of Passengers
|----- align="center"
| I || 18 March 1908 || 1132
|----- align="center"
| II || 6 June 1908 || 1086
|----- align="center"
| III || 1 February 1909 || 1152
|----- align="center"
| IV || 21 April 1909 || 667
|----- align="center"
| V || 7 March 1910 || 926
|----- align="center"
| VI || 5 June 1910 || 869
|}

In 1914 ''Sangola'' was briefly requisitioned as a [[Troopship|troop ship]]. She carried part of an [[Indian Army during World War I#Indian Expeditionary Force A|Indian Expeditionary Force]], which reached [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]] that September.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=87}}

From May 1917 until March 1919, ''Sangola'' came under the Liner Requisition Scheme. That September she grounded at Fulta Point in the [[Hooghly River]] while inbound to [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta]]. She was refloated undamaged.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=87}}

==''Goshu Maru''==
In June 1923 Fukuhara Kisen KK bought ''Sangola'' for £13,500.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=87}} She was delivered to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] on 18 August.<ref name=P&OH/> She was renamed ''Goshu Maru'' and registered at [[Port of Dalian|Dairen]] in the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]]. Her code letters were QBSN.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1924|loc=GOR–GOT}} She was scrapped in Japan in the last quarter of 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15199 |title=Sangola |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1987 |title=British India S.N. Co |series=Merchant Fleets |volume=11 |place=Burwash |publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications |isbn=0-946378-07-X}}
*{{cite book |year=1902 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1903ST/page/n704/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1902}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1924 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers and Motorships |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1925ST/page/n462/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1924}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1902 |title=Mercantile Navy List |place=London |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Sangola&year=1902&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter |via=Crew List Index Project |ref={{harvid|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1902}} }}

{{1908 shipwrecks}}
{{1919 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangola, SS}}

[[Category:1901 ships]]
[[Category:Cargo liners]]
[[Category:Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1908]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1919]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Japan]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Japan]]
[[Category:Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Steamships of Japan]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]

Alapini veena

2025-12-08T13:09:03Z

Juliivg: New A Entry...

{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
|header = ''Ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' and ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''

| image2 =Alapini vina @ Art Institute of Chicago - detail of black schist of God Vishnu with His Consorts Lakshmi and Sarasvati - Bangladesh or Eastern India, Pala period, 10th-12th century.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā
| caption2 = Bangladesh, [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] 10th–12th century C.E. [[Saraswati]] with a [[tube zither]], an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' or ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''.<ref name=Vivi/>

| image1 =Ellora, cave 21, Shiva with vina.jpg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 = India, [[Ellora Caves]], cave 21, 7th-8th century C.E. Shiva with an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''.
| caption1 =India, [[Ellora Caves]], cave 21, 7th-8th century C.E. Shiva with an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''.

|footer = The alapini vina is represented in sculpture with two thickness of tube or stick. Earliest images show a much thinner stick. By the 10th—12th century C.E., the larger tube zither form was common as well.
}}

The '''''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''''' was a medieval [[stick zither|stick-zither]] [[veena]] in India, with a single string and a gourd resonator. Later forms added more strings. The instruments became prominent in Indian music after 500 C.E. as instruments of court music. Alongside the [[Eka-tantri Vina|eka-tantri vina]] and [[kinnari vina]] it replaced the [[Ancient veena|harp-style veenas]] and lute-style veenas. The instruments were used in Southeast Asia, both mainland and island nations, and were recorded in sculpture and relief sculpture.

Although the stick zithers and [[tube zither]]s are very similar, it is possible that they have different origins. Early paintings of stick zithers in India date back at least to the 5th century C.E. The earliest currently known stick zither is in the Caves of Ajanta at the end of the 5th century.<ref>{{cite web |website= rudravina.com |title= The History |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225154/http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html |archive-date= 1 May 2021 |url=http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html}}</ref> After a period of assuming that tube zithers spread from India to Southeast Asia, modern scholars have been trying to decide if the tube zithers might have originated in Southeast Asia and spread to India. Whatever the origins, Indian influence on musical culture in Southeast Asia is recorded in the archaeological remains of past civilizations.<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |author2= Gordon Geekie |author3= Richard Widdess |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |pages=729–730 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=Vivi>{{cite journal |journal= National Security |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |date=January–March 2021 |author1= Piyal Bhattacharya |author2= Shreetama Chowdhury |title= How the Ancient Indian Vīṇā Travelled to Other Asian Countries: A Reconstruction through Scriptures, Sculptures, Paintings and Living Traditions |publisher= Vivekananda International Foundation |pages= 50–53 |url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/national-security-vol-4-issue-1-article-pbhattachary&schowdhury.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Wrazen>{{cite journal |author= Louise Wrazen |title= The Early History of the Vīṇā and Bīn in South and Southeast Asia |journal= Asian Music |date= Autumn–Winter 1986 |volume= 18 |issue= 1 |pages=37–42 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi= 10.2307/834157 |jstor= 834157 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/834157 |url-access= subscription }}</ref>

Similar instruments today include the Cambodian [[kse diev]] and Thai [[phin namtao]].

== Identifying the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''==

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right

| header = Development of fretted instrument
| image1 = Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E.jpg
| width1 = 135
| alt1 =Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E.
| caption1 = Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E. This image clearly shows the bridge (bottom of instrument) which would sustain the string's note and create a buzzing quality.

| image2 =Sarasvati with fretted Eka-tantri vina.jpg
| width2 = 209
| alt2 = Sarasvati with fretted Eka-tantri vina
| caption2 =Sarasvati with a fretted ''[[kinnari vina]]'', with an apparent ''makara'' or ''yali'' on the top. Fretted tube-zither vinas are mentioned in literature by 800 C.E., coexisting with the non-fretted vinas. The [[rudra veena]] descends from the kinnari veena.<ref name=intotovina>{{cite journal |title= An Introduction to the Vina |author= Karaikudi S. Subramanian |journal= Asian Music |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |date=Spring–Summer 1985 |page= 9-13, 19 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi = 10.2307/833772 |jstor= 833772 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/833772 |quote=Kumba (1400 A.D.) attributes the invention of the fourteen fretted kinnari to Matanga (800 A.D.) the author of Brhad-desi. [Tarlekar 1961- 172]...]|url-access= subscription }}</ref> The square at the bottom of the instrument is a stylized version of the bridge from the ''eka-tantri vina''.

| image3= A 19th century strolling singer musician playing Tingadee instrument, Madras.jpg
| width3 = 200
| alt3 = Kinnari veena or tingadee
| caption3 =[[Madras]], 1876. ''Kinnari vina'' labeled "tingadee." The spike is a bridge, directing string energy to resonator. In later kinnari vinas a third gourd was added in the center, which was pressed into the chest, similar to the alapini vina.

|footer= The ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'', ''eka-tantri vina'' and ''kinnari vina'' were all mentioned in the 12th-13th century book [[Sangita Ratnakara]] by [[Śārṅgadeva]].<ref name=grove/> The 19th-century kinnari vina appears to have traits of both the ''alapini vina'' and the ''eka-tantri vina''. The gourd of the kinnari vina pressed into the musician's chest is similar to the ''alapini vina''. The gourd high enough to go over the shoulder is a trait of the ''eka-tantri vina''. Eka-tantri means single string. The alapini vina may have developed into a multi-stringed instrument. The kinnari veena had two strings in the early to mid-19th century; the early 20th century kinnari vina in the Metropolitan Museum of Art has two main strings, and like the rudra veena that came from it, three side strings. The kinnari vina had waxed on frets, and the alapini vina may also have developed frets.
}}

Instruments in paintings and sculpture are not generally labeled, and researchers have had to apply the names ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' and ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' (one-string vina) to different instruments. Iconography can't show whether the rods or bodies are hollow, and researchers have had to look for clues in literature.

Instruments in surviving images that are labeled ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' are generally tube zithers with wide tubes and a gourd attached to the top, the gourd held over the musician's shoulder and the other end past their hip, with a single string and no frets. Musician's are shown sliding the straightened fingers of their upper hand on the string, or holding a stick to slide on the string, and plucking with their lower hand.<ref name=Koch1>{{cite journal |title= Klang und Kultur: Musikethnologische Erkenntnisse als Grundlagen für musikarchäologisches Arbeiten |author= Lars-Christian Koch |journal= Archäologie in Deutschland
|date= 2015 |pages= 12–21 |publisher= Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG) |jstor= 26321804 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321804 |quote= Sonderheft: Musikarchäologie Klänge der Vergangenheit: Theiss (2015) [translation: Special Issue: Music Archeology Sounds of the Past: Theiss]}}</ref>

Instruments labeled ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' tend to be stick zithers, held shoulder to hip with a gourd resonator that is pressed into the musician's stomach, chest or shoulder, the musician's upper hand normally held over that gourd with fingers wide to choose notes, the lower hand plucking the string.<ref name=Koch1/> The body of the instrument may have been made of a 2 inch thick rod of red sandal wood or khadira wood, or may have been a bamboo tube.<ref name=varieties>{{cite web |title= Varieties of Veena |website= SARASWATHI VEENA(SARASWATI VEENA) |url= http://www.theveena.com/the-veena/varieties-of-veena/ |quote= [paraphrased-translation placed online of parts of the Sangeeta Ratnakara of Sarngadeva]}}</ref><ref>P. Sambamoorthy, p. 210</ref> The earliest of these instruments were obvious stick zithers, the stick too narrow to make an effective resonating tube. Later instruments were as thick, the musician's hand barely able to stretch around the tube. Often in sculpture, the stick has curves.

The instruments are fretless, the earliest depictions showing a single string. The later instruments labeled '' [[kinnari vina]]'' we're fretted and show traits of both instruments, with gourds that are pressed into the chest and also rise above the shoulder.<ref name=Koch1/>

In medieval artwork, a second lower gourd has been seen on both stick zithers and tube zithers. Artwork for the eka-tantri vina commonly shows a second carved resonator or gourd resonator near the instrument's lower end.

That is more rare in the alapini vina style stick zithers. Patrick Kersale identified two at the [[Bayon]] temple in [[Angkor]], Cambodia, from the 13th century circus scene.<ref name=Kersaledouble>{{cite web |author= Patrick Kersale |title= Double-resonator zither |url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/old-instruments/zither-double-resonator-va/ |access-date= 2021-06-08 |archive-date= 2021-05-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210503162517/https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/old-instruments/zither-double-resonator-va/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Another can be seen in alcove 46 or 47 of the [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= R Muthusamy |title= Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram Alcove 47 Rudra Veena Panel |date= 19 October 2013 |url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/muthusamy/10454153264}}</ref>

===Modern instruments===
Musicologist Lars-Christian Koch pointed out that modern instruments exist in Orissa or Radhjasthan, which can help us understand how the instruments might have sounded.<ref name=Koch1/> Similarly, ethnomusicologist Patrick Kersale has documented modern instruments, including in Cambodia the [[kse diev]], in Laos the kani zither ([[Oi language|Oy]] people) and in Vietnam the brok zither ([[Jarai people]] and [[Rade people|Êdê people]]).<ref name=Kersalefretted>{{cite web |author= Patrick Kersale |title= Fretted zither |url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/ancient-music/zither-fretted-va/}}</ref> With the kse diev, the gourd is pressed with different pressures into the player's, and the ring finger of the right hand plucks, while the left hand applies pressure on the string at the players chest.<ref>{{cite web |author= Patrick Kersale |title= Zither - kse diev - ខ្សែដៀវ |url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/traditional-music/zither-kse-diev/}}</ref>

Koch warns about assuming too much when looking at modern instruments. He said there is no "direct transfer of playing technique, tone supply or repertoire" so that the instruments in medieval India may have been played differently and to different kinds of music compared to modern instruments.<ref name=Koch1/>

===The instruments in literature===
[[File:1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Dancing Saraswati.jpg|thumb|200px|14th century A.D. Saraswati playing a likely Alapini veena at the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]].]]
Based on definitions from Indian literature, the unifying criterion is that both have a single string and a gourd resonator. The literature includes the [[Nāṭyaśāstra]] (written sometime between 2nd century B.C.E. - 3rd century C.E.) by [[Bharata Muni]] and the [[Sangita Ratnakara]] (written 1210 - 1247 AD) by [[Śārṅgadeva]].<ref name=Vivi/>

====According to Śārṅgadeva====
In the 13th century, the Sangita Ratnakara placed vinas into three categories: fretless (into which the ''eka-tanktri vina'' was placed), [[ancient veena|harps]], and fretted vinas (which included the ''alapini vina'' and the ''kinnari vina''). Frets were possibly introduced as a reaction to the invention of the 12-string scale, ca. 700-800. In 1400, the frets on the ''kinnari vina'' were attributed to Matanga (800 A.D.) the author of Brhad-desi.<ref name=intotovina/>

For the ''alapini vina'' Śārṅgadeva described an instrument 36 inches long, the [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sandalwood]] or [[Senegalia catechu|Khadirah wood]] or bamboo rod 2 inches in circumference. The cup (tumba) was made from coconut, and its string was reportedly made of silk, producing a delicate sound.<ref name=varieties/>

Comparison, the ''eka-tantri vina'' which Śārṅgadeva described was instrument made of [[Senegalia catechu|Khadirah wood]], less than a yard long, with a dandam "a stetched palm" (about 5-8 inches) in circumference, and 1.5 inches narrower on the bottom where a [[yali (mythology)|yali]] might be carved.<ref name=varieties/>

====Modern researchers====
Researchers Piyal Bhattacharya and Shreetama Chowdhury described the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' as being a larger instrument, with a "bigger tube" and bigger gourd, compared to the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'', which they described as a stick zither. The researchers looked at where the instrument's gourd was placed while playing; they indicated instruments with the gourd over the shoulder were ''eka-tantrī vīṇās'' and those pressed against the chest were ''ālāpiṇī vīṇās''.<ref name=Vivi/>

The writers for the vīnā entry in the '' New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments'' called the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' a stick zither, in which the stick might be a bamboo or wooden tube. They focused on how the vinas were played. The gourd on the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' was cut to form a cup or bowl, the opening of which could be placed against the musician's body while playing, creating a "closed resonance chamber". On the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' and later ''Kinarri vina'' the gourd (bottom intact) used for the resonance chamber rested over the musician's shoulder. These latter two might have a second or third gourd added further down, creating the modern ''kinarri vina'' and ''[[rudra veena]]''<ref name=grove/>

===Symbolism===
[[File:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam si0563.jpg|thumb |200px|17th century sculpture of a [[rudra veena]] that has a figure carved into the vina's tube, just below the upper gourd. The carving resembles a crocodile, in a style similar to that on the Malayan [[kundu (drum)|kundu]] drum. The crocodile was called a [[makara]] in Hindi. One early vina was called the makara vina.]]
Different symbolism appears on the instruments over time. In Hinduism, the instruments have been associated with the gods [[Shiva]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Nataraja]].<ref name=Koch1/> Shiva has been portrayed playing it romantically for [[Paravati]], and as an ascetic, Natajara, in his form as the divine dancer. Saraswati is a goddess of flowing things, including water, wisdom and music. Much less frequently, [[Krishna]] has also been portrayed playing the vina and dancing; the instrument is not iconically associated with him, as his instrument is the flute.

The instrument has been portrayed in Buddhist temple art in the hands of humans, as well as celestial ''[[kinnara]]s'', half human, half bird figures.

Some kinnari vinas in museums seem to have bird-related carvings and feathers on the ends. Some ''alapini vinas'' and ''eka-tantri vinas'' have very styled ends that resemble the heads of monsters, similar to the [[Makara]] water monster's or the [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]]'s. Both monsters had forms that included an elephant's trunk, a feature found on some kinnari vinas.

<gallery>
File:Makara or yali on alapini vina, 12th century, Pala Empire artwork.jpg|Makara or yali on alapini vina, 12th century, Pala Empire artwork
File:Makara or yali, from Saraswati playing alapini vina, from Hindu stone sculpture in National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Makara or yali (or possibly a bird), from Saraswati playing alapini vina, from Hindu stone sculpture in National Museum, New Delhi
</gallery>

==Playing==
When playing the musician could press the cut off side of the gourd into their chest; in modern versions such as the Cambodian [[Kse Diev]], the musician tightens and loosens the gourd to their chest to change tone. The player holds the instrument with their left hand; this limits his ability to move the hand to one stop on the string. While plucking with the right hand, the player uses their forefinger to lightly touch the string for more notes.<ref name=grove/>

==Stick zithers==
The instruments were recorded in sculpture and relief sculpture in [[Sambor Prei Kuk]] in the 7th century C.E., Borobudur in the 9th century C.E., the [[Pala Empire]] in the 10th—12th centuries C.E., [[Bayon]] in the 13th century, and [[Angkor Wat]] in the 16th century.

Instruments using the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā's'' style of pressing to the players chest can be seen in to Southeast Asia. Examples can be seen in ruins from Malayan culture at [[Borobudur]] and Cambodian culture at [[Angkor Wat]]. Modern instruments related to it or using a similar half-gourd resonance system include the Cambodian ''[[kse diev]]'', Thai ''[[phin namtao]]'' and Indian ''[[tuila]]'' (among tribes in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]).<ref name=grove/><ref name=Vivi/> These instruments have different features; some like the [[kse diev|kse muoy]] have an extra gourd or the phin namtoa multiple strings. This may be seen as "evidence" that the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' developed into other instruments.<ref name=Vivi/>

At least one example of the chest-pressed Southeast Asian zithers has bee-n found in artwork with a second gourd, in [[Bayon]]. The instruments were played in the same style as the zithers with a single gourd.<ref name=Kersaledouble/> These instruments are thus linked to the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' for the method of playing them, and to the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' for the additional gourd, a path that led to the rudra vina in India.

<gallery>
File:Alapini vina, Ajanta Caves, Cave 17.jpg|India, 5th century C.E. [[Ajanta Caves]], Cave 17. Musician plucking an alapini vina, a stick-zither style veena resting on his shoulder.
File:Kinnaras playing alapini vina and chime cymbals, from Mammallapuram relief.jpg|Ca. 7th century C.E. Kinnaras playing alapini vina and chime cymbals, from [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Mammallapuram relief]].
File:Large-5d6e38b2567c4.jpg|Hindu. 650-700 C.E., Thailand, Ku Bua, ([[Dvaravati]] culture). Three musicians in right are playing (from center) a 5-stringed lute, cymbals, a [[tube zither]] or [[bar zither]] with gourd resonator.
File:Siva playing a stick-zither vina for Parvati in Ellora Caves, image in side passage of Kailash temple (cave 16) b.jpg|India, ca. 8th century C.E. [[Shiva|Siva]] playing a stick-zither vina for [[Parvati]] in [[Ellora Caves]], image in side passage of [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailash temple]] (cave 16)
File:Alapini vina Kanchi Kailasanathar.jpg|India, ca. 7th-8th century C.E. A kinnara (?) playing Alapini vina at [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kanchi Kailasanathar]].
File:Alapini vina at Kailasanathar Temple.jpg|India, 7th-8th century C.E. Figure holding an Alapini vina at Kailasanathar Temple
File:Stick zither with resonator in Borobudur.jpg|9th century C.E. Stick zither with resonator in [[Borobudur]].
File:Kinnara playing vina.jpg|Indonesia (Java), ca. 900-925 C.E. Kinnara playing vina
File:Kinnaras with cymbals and stick-zither vina from Borobudur, photo by Kassian Céphas - Relief of the hidden base of Borobudur - 1890-1891 veena.jpg|9th century C.E. [[Kinnara]]s with cymbals and stick-zither veena; they are standing on [[tifa (drum)|tifa]]-like drums or pots. Bas-relief at Borobudur near Magelang - 1890-1891.
File:Le temple de Shiva Nataraja (Chidambaram, Inde) (14052235333).jpg|[[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]], ca. 12th-13th century C.E. Shivakamasundari (one of the forms of [[Parvati]]) playing an alapini vina, the resonator pressed into her shoulder
File:Relief sculptures of Brahma (l) and Saraswati (r) from the Hoysala period at the ASI museum in Halebidu.JPG|India, ca. 12th century C.E. Hoysaleswara Temple. Saraswati playing a stick zither. The gourd at the top of the broken-off instrument is on her left breast.
File:Sculptures at the Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura, Mysuru, Karnataka, India (2002)0820.jpg|India, [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Keshava temple]], ca. 13th century C.E. Saraswati playing a stick zither.
File:12th century Saraswati Devi Chennakesava temple at Somanathapura, Karnataka, India.jpg|India, [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava temple]], ca. 12th century. Saraswati with stick-zither vina
File:Chennakesava Temple Sculpture detail (3925681370).jpg|Somanathapur, India. Chennakesava Temple, ca. 12th-13th century. Krishna dancing with a stick-zither vina.
File:Alapini vina, from India nord-orientale, vishnu vasudeva, 12th century.jpg|Saraswati with an alapini vina or possibly [[eka-tantri vina]]. The instrument has no apparent resonator except the thick tube of the body. Alapini vinas tended to have narrower tubes.<ref name="varieties" />
File:Kse diev at Angkor Wat, North Section, 16th Century.jpg|[[Angkor Wat]], 16th century AD, showing a musician playing a kse diev.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/ancient-instruments-va/zither-monochord-va/|title= Monochord zither|last= Kersalé|first= Patrick|website= soundsofangkor.org|access-date= 13 July 2019|quote= Angkor Wat, north gallery. 16th century|archive-date= 19 June 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190619222808/https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/ancient-instruments-va/zither-monochord-va/|url-status= dead}}</ref>
File:Yoeun Mek tries kse diev 2001.jpg|Modern kse diev
</gallery>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Gourd musical instruments]]
[[Category:Monochords]]
[[Category:Tube zithers]]
[[Category:Stick zithers]]