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Mirnaa

2026-05-08T03:05:30Z

Jugnu: creating new stub from scratch

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mirnaa
| image = Mirnaa Menon at Naa Saami Ranga Pre Release Event.jpg
| caption = Mirnaa in 2024
| birth_name = Sayana Santhosh <ref name="TOI" />
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Athira Santhosh, Adhiti Menon<ref name="TOI" />
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actress
* model
}}
| years_active = 2016{{En dash}}present
}}

'''Mirnaa''' is an Indian actress who acts in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She started her film career as '''Adhiti Menon''' and debuted in the 2016 Tamil film ''[[Pattathaari]]''. After appearing in the Malayalam film, ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' (2020) <ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=When Siddique sir finalised me, I didn't know it was for a Lalettan film: Mirnaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-siddique-sir-finalised-me-i-didnt-know-it-was-for-a-lalettan-film-mirnaa/articleshow/72437744.cms|accessdate=20 December 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2019}}</ref> and the Telugu films ''[[Crazy Fellow]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]'' (2023), she landed a pivotal role in her highest-profile project till date, [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Mirnaa is a [[Malayali]],<ref name="auto2">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ameer-is-a-perfectionist-says-adhiti/articleshow/60004870.cms | title=Ameer is a perfectionist, says Adhiti | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 August 2017 }}</ref> hailing from [[Idukki]], [[Kerala]]. Her parents are Santhosh Kumar and Shobana Santhosh and she has two sisters.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2020/01/28/mirna-menon-actress-hometown-idukki-ramakkalmedu.html | title=Newcomer Mirna Menon is in love with Idukki }}</ref> She studied at the Sacred Heart High School in [[Ramakkalmedu]].<ref name="auto3"/>

== Career ==
Before pursuing a career in acting, Mirnaa has worked as a software developer<ref name=":1" /> in [[Dubai]] but since she had always wanted to be become an actress, she came back to Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Mirnaa had her start in television with her original name<ref name="TOI" /> when she made appearances in a reality show and a series named ''[[Dhathuputhri]]''.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actress-adhiti-nedunalvaadai-director-assault-details.html | title=What made Adhiti attempt suicide, actress reveals }}</ref> In October 2015,<ref name="auto5"/> Mirnaa accepted to play the female lead in the Tamil film ''[[Nedunalvaadai]]'', taking the [[Stage name|screen name]] Athira Santhosh. During the making of the film she was reported to have attempted suicide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-athithi-suicide-attempt-misogyny-hurting-women-south-indian-film-industries-50905 | title=Actor Athithi suicide attempt: Is misogyny hurting women in South Indian film industries? | date=5 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/kerala-actress-molestation-shows-rich-and-famous-are-as-vulnerable-as-other-women-in-india-3314960.html | title=International Women's Day 2017: Kerala actress' molestation shows all Indian women are vulnerable | date=6 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2016-10-05 |title=Actor Athithi suicide attempt: Is misogyny hurting women in South Indian film industries? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-athithi-suicide-attempt-misogyny-hurting-women-south-indian-film-industries-50905 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She alleged that she was harassed and tortured by its director Selvakannan and that she took the decision to end her life when she received no support from the police or the film authorities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/actress-aditi-says-harassment-selvakannan-left-feeling-suicide-way/ | title=Actress Aditi Says Harassment from Selvakannan Left Her Feeling "Suicide Was the Only Way Out" | date=3 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> After she left that project, she changed her name to Adhiti Menon and got cast in the Tamil film ''[[Pattathaari]]'', which released by late 2016 and marked her film debut.<ref name="TOI" /> Although the film opened to negative reviews, her performance won her appreciation, with ''[[The Times of India]]'' writing "Adhiti is expressive and is a promising find".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pattathari/movie-review/55632482.cms | title=Pattathari Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

Even prior to the release of ''Pattathaari'', she signed on to be part of [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]'s ''Santhana Devan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/031216/adhiti-signs-ameers-sandhanadevan.html|title=Adhiti signs Ameer's Sandhanadevan|date=3 December 2016 }}</ref> The film, which was reported to be a [[period piece]] revolving around [[Jallikattu]] and to feature [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and his brother Sathya, entered [[principal photography]] by early 2017, with Mirnaa also participating in major parts of the shooting;<ref name="auto2"/> however, the film has been miring in [[production hell]] and although news about a revival of the project emerged by 2021 again,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ameers-santhana-devan-to-revive-soon/articleshow/86032253.cms | title=Ameer's 'Santhana Devan' to revive soon | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 September 2021 }}</ref> the film has not been released yet. Her next release was the Tamil comedy ''[[Kalavani Mappillai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080218/aditi-menon-on-a-roll.html|title=Aditi Menon on a roll|date=8 February 2018 }}</ref> The film was the directorial debut of Gandhi, son of director [[Manivasagam]], and featured Mirnaa alongside [[Attakathi Dinesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010918/dinesh-in-a-rural-comedy.html|title=Dinesh in a rural comedy|date=September 2018 }}</ref> Writing about Mirnaa, Anupama Subramanian from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted that she "looks pretty and has given a decent performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111118/kalavaani-maapillai-movie-review-can-be-enjoyed-only-in-parts.html|title=Kalavaani Maapillai movie review: Can be enjoyed only in parts|date=11 November 2018 }}</ref>

By mid-2020 she underwent a name change once again, rechristening herself to Mirnaa.<ref name="TOI" /> She debuted in the Malayalam and Telugu film industry with ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' that starred [[Mohanlal]] and [[Aadi Saikumar]]'s ''[[Crazy Fellow]]'' (2022), respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=7 November 2021 |title=Finding her way into Telugu films: Mirnaa |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071121/finding-her-way-into-telugu-films-mirnaa.html |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120100748/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071121/finding-her-way-into-telugu-films-mirnaa.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Big Brother'', on which Mirnaa worked for almost 100 days,<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-romances-mirnaa-menon-in-kando-kando-song-from-big-brother/articleshow/73086300.cms |title=Mohanlal romances Mirnaa Menon in 'Kando Kando' song from 'Big Brother' |website=The Times of India |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626045745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-romances-mirnaa-menon-in-kando-kando-song-from-big-brother/articleshow/73086300.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> was [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s final film and ended as a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/big-brother-movie-review-mohanlal-kicks-off-2020-with-the-worlds-most-boring-film-7915791.html | title=Big Brother movie review: Mohanlal kicks off 2020 with the world's most boring film | date=16 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/big-brother-movie-review-mohanlal-siddique-6220029/ | title=Big Brother movie review: Siddique, why did you make this movie? | date=16 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-siddique-film-has-garnered-more-than-25-million-views-since-the-dubbed-version-was-uploaded-on-may-16/article34709237.ece | title=Hindi-dubbed version of Mohanlal's Malayalam film 'Big Brother' is a hit on YouTube | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 June 2021 }}</ref> About Mirnaa's performance in ''Crazy Fellow'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]''{{'}}s critic said that she "impresses with her realistic portrayal".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/15/crazy-fellow-movie-review-a-comedy-of-errors-that-entertains-mostly-2508249.html | title='Crazy Fellow' movie review: A comedy of errors that entertains, mostly | date=15 October 2022 }}</ref> Her first 2023 release was [[Allari Naresh]]'s ''[[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]''. Mirnaa then portrayed a young Muslim widow observing [[iddah]] in [[Sarjun KM|KM Sarjun]]'s ''[[Burqa (2023 film)|Burqa]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Sarjun's film with Kalaiyarasan and Mirnaa will have only two characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarjuns-film-with-kalaiyarasan-and-mirnaa-will-have-only-two-characters/articleshow/87227081.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327171151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarjuns-film-with-kalaiyarasan-and-mirnaa-will-have-only-two-characters/articleshow/87227081.cms |url-status=live|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref> She and her co-star [[Kalaiyarasan]] were both lauded for their performances in ''Burqa''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/burqa/ottmoviereview/99778804.cms | title=Burqa Review : Powerful writing and great visuals make Burqa a good watch | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/burqa-review-sincere-mature-debate-on-religion-repression-and-humanity-101680931631353.html | title=Burqa review: Sincere, mature debate on religion, repression and humanity | date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in a supporting role in the [[Nelson Dilipkumar|Nelson]]-directed ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Mirnaa Menon about working with Rajinikanth in 'Jailer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mirnaa-menon-about-working-with-rajinikanth-in-jailer/articleshow/99466231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423031540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mirnaa-menon-about-working-with-rajinikanth-in-jailer/articleshow/99466231.cms |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2016
| ''[[Pattathaari]]''
| Ilakiya
|rowspan ='2'|[[Tamil Language | Tamil]]
| Debut Film; credited as Adhiti Menon
|<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-lady-luck-shine-on-pattathari-actress-adhiti-menon-who-is-mirnaa-now/articleshow/75890513.cms|title=Will lady luck shine on Pattathari actress Adhiti Menon, who is Mirnaa now?|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018
| ''[[Kalavani Mappillai]]''
| Thulasi
| credited as Adhiti Menon
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mirnaa-i-dont-want-to-be-stuck-doing-films-in-just-one-language/articleshow/83403979.cms|title=Mirnaa: I don't want to be stuck doing films in just one language|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2020
| ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]''
| Arya Shetty
| [[Malayalam Language| Malayalam]]
|Malayalam debut
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-romances-mirnaa-menon-in-kando-kando-song-from-big-brother/articleshow/73086300.cms |title=Mohanlal romances Mirnaa Menon in 'Kando Kando' song from 'Big Brother' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626045745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-romances-mirnaa-menon-in-kando-kando-song-from-big-brother/articleshow/73086300.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Crazy Fellow]]''
| Chinni
|rowspan='2'|[[Telugu Language | Telugu]]
|Telugu Debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]''
|Aparna
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mirnaa comes on-board Allari Naresh starrer Ugram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mirnaa-comes-on-board-allari-naresh-starrer-ugram/articleshow/93962755.cms |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Burqa (2023 film)|Burqa]]''
|Najma
|rowspan='2'|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=A dignified debate on cultural practices: Director Sarjun KM speaks to TNM about Burqa |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dignified-debate-cultural-practices-director-sarjun-km-speaks-tnm-about-burqa-166905 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
|Swetha Pandian
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-02 |title='Jailer' actress Mirnaa on Rajinikanth's role: His character will be loaded with mass, class, and stylish elements |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jailer-actress-mirnaa-on-rajinikanths-role-his-character-will-be-loaded-with-mass-class-and-stylish-elements/articleshow/100704574.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]''
|Manga
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Birthmark (film)|Birthmark]]''
|Jennifer
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=Shabeer and Mirnaa's mystery drama revolves around natural birthing process |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shabeer-and-mirnaas-mystery-drama-revolves-around-natural-birthing-process/articleshow/100837485.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Shabeer Kallarakkal and Mirnaa to headline Birthmark">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Shabeer Kallarakkal and Mirnaa to headline Birthmark |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/07/shabeer-kallarakkal-and-mirnaa-to-headline-birthmark-44353.html |accessdate=17 January 2024 |date=7 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117052945/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/07/shabeer-kallarakkal-and-mirnaa-to-headline-birthmark-44353.html |archivedate=17 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|{{pending film|[[Jailer 2]]}}
|Swetha Pandian
| ||
|-
|{{pending film|Don Bosco}}
|Sumathi
|Telugu
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title= Movie "Don Bosco" Launched With Pooja Ceremony |work=Filmibeat |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/photo-gallery/movie-don-bosco-launched-with-pooja-ceremony-100530.html |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Platform
!Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2022
| ''[[Anantham (web series)|Anantham]]'' || Parvathy || Tamil || [[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantham on Zee5 |date=20 April 2022 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/director-priya-v-interview-on-her-web-series-anantham-on-zee-5#read-more |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421115716/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/director-priya-v-interview-on-her-web-series-anantham-on-zee-5#read-more |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Composer
!Singer
!Notes
|-
| 2025 || ''18 Miles (Tharana)'' || Tharana || [[Siddhu Kumar]] || Anand Aravindakshan ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10897331}}
*{{Twitter|mirnaaofficial}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar

2026-05-02T00:03:46Z

Jugnu: added basic entry needs work

{{Infobox hospital
| name = Institute of Mental Health (Government Mental Hospital)
| org_group = [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
| image = File:VSIMH-2.jpg
| caption = Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar
| logo = 
| location = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = Public
| type = Speciality
| specialty = Mental Health
| emergency = yes
| affiliation = Punjab Health Systems Corporation
| beds = 450
| founded = 1900
| closed = 
| website = {{URL| http://www.imhamritsar.org/ |imhamritsar.org}}
| other_links = 
}}

'''Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar''' also known as Dr. Vidyasagar Government Mental Hospital is [[Public hospital|public]] [[Psychiatric hospital|mental health]] institution and hospital run by [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]], located at circular road, [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98402|title=Mental Health Hospitals|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jan-aushadhi-at-mental-health-institute-soon-711973|title=Jan Aushadhi at mental health institute soon|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/no-mental-health-rules-punjab-waits-for-centre-to-issue-classification-of-institutions/articleshow/69919784.cms|title=No mental health rules, Punjab waits for Centre to issue classification of institutions|last=Kumar|first=Vinod|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> It serves the [[mental health]] patients from Punjab, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and other neighboring states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20050523-psychiatrist-turns-run-down-mental-hospital-in-amritsar-into-institute-of-repute-787585-2005-05-23|title=Psychiatrist turns run-down mental hospital in Amritsar into institute of repute|last= VINAYAK|first=RAMESH|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/06/25/prof-davinderpal-singh-bhullar-referred-to-hospital-of-mental-health/|title=Prof. Davinderpal Singh Bhullar referred to Hospital of Mental Health|website=Sikh24.com|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rdsoberliving.com/|title=Sober Recovery Housing|website=Rdsoberliving.com|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missing-in-hardoi-found-in-lahore/1111397/|title=Missing in Hardoi, Found in Lahore - Indian Express|website=Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2125/stories/20041217005003000.htm|title=Tale of an undertrial|website=Frontline|access-date=2020-01-13}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/17-years-on-bengal-man-unites-with-wife-in-amritsar-hospital/|title=17 years on, Bengal man unites with wife in Amritsar hospital|date=2012-07-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Dr Savinder Singh is current in-charge of the Dr. Vidya Sagar Institute of Mental Health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/dr-burnout-595562|title=Dr Burnout|last=Gill|first=Manmeet Singh|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

==History==
Established originally at Lahore in 1900, shifted at Amritsar in 1947 after [[Partition of India|Partition of Punjab]] when non-Muslim patients were transferred here. Punjab police has duty of shifting mentally ill patients roaming on roads to the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneindia.com/2014/20140221/asrtrib.htm#6|title=Police fail to shift mentally challenged to hospital|website=The Tribune|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> In 2008, 100 acres of lawns land of hospital was transferred to Taj Swarna hotel in Trilium Mall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/745297/punjabs-biggest-challenges-not-khalistan-but-political-corruption-static-agriculture-and-drugs|title=Punjab's biggest challenges: Not Khalistan but political corruption, static agriculture and drugs|last=Yadav|first=Anumeha|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/five-star-hotel-to-come-up-on-mental-asylum-land/332500/|title=Five star hotel to come up on mental asylum land|date=2008-07-09|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

== Shaheed Madan Lal Dhingra Memorial School of Nursing ==
School of Nursing at Dr. Vidyasagar Government Mental Hospital provides General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) and BSc Nursing courses<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/675-appear-for-gnm-counselling-463946|title=675 appear for GNM counselling|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> with hostel facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/4-boys-intrude-into-girls’-hostel-93106|title=4 boys intrude into girls' hostel|last=Jaiswar|first=PK|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*Dr. Vidya Sagar, in 1957, improved the hospital with some changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-community-mental-health-can-be-the-answer-to-indias-growing-mental-health-crisis-6877251.html|title=How community mental health can be the answer to India's growing mental health crisis|website=Firstpost|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
*Dr. B L Goel, Hospital Director in early 2000s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/08punj.htm|title=Mentally challenged women beaten up in Amritsar hospital|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/woman-patient-of-a-punjab-mental-hospital-molested_287674.html|title=Woman patient of a Punjab mental hospital molested|date=2006-04-11|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sentence-proves-trying-for-mentally-ill-convict/articleshow/15301442.cms|title=Sentence proves trying for mentally ill convict|last=Rana|first=Yudhvir|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Institute of Mental Health and Hospital]], [[Agra]]
*[[Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imhamritsar.org/ Official website]

{{coord|31.661770|N|74.877217|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Mental Health in India}}

[[Category:Psychiatric hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1900]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in India]]

Keyi Panyor district

2026-04-28T08:50:37Z

Jugnu: added first location needs work

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keyi Panyor district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 March 2024
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 30,000
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = https://igod.gov.in/district/mqv7UpQB15Llg5edj1we/sub_districts
| official_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
}}

'''Keyi Panyor district''' is one of the 28 [[Districts of Arunachal Pradesh|districts]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in northeastern India. [[Yachuli]] is its headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Arunachal Assembly passes bill for two new districts |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-assembly-passes-bill-for-two-new-districts-867224-2024-02-08 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
In December 2022, the All Yachuli Student Union (AYSU) demanded creation of Keyi Panyor district, by bifurcating the then existing Lower Subansiri district. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Create Keyi Panyor district by bifurcating Lower Subansiri: AYSU |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2022/12/06/create-keyi-panyor-district-by-bifurcating-lower-subansiri-aysu/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Arunachal Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2023, the Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] announced creation of district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Arunachal CM announces creation of 'Keyi Panyor' district |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-cm-announces-creation-of-keyi-panyor-district-2695077 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> And in February 2024, the cabinet approved the bill for district creation. It was formed by carved out 195 villages from [[Lower Subansiri district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal assembly passes bill to create two new districts |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/02/08/ces12-ar-assembly-bill.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> In March 1, 2024, the district was officially inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-03-01 |title=Arunachal: New District Keyi Panyor Officially Inaugurated Today |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/03/01/arunachal-new-district-keyi-panyor-officially-inaugurated-today/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The district is populated mainly by the [[Nyishi people]]. It has a population of over 30,000 and includes 195 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Arunachal government inaugurates 27th district, Keyi Panyor, amid grand celebrations |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-government-inaugurates-27th-district-keyi-panyor-amid-grand-celebrations-903517-2024-03-01 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Divisions ==
The district is represented by the [[Yachuli Assembly constituency]] in the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Arunachal: Pema Khandu inaugurates new district ‘Keyi Panyor’ |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-pema-khandu-inaugurates-new-district-keyi-panyor/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> The district is part of [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |title=Assembly Constituencies allocation w.r.t District and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Arunachal Pradesh website |access-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085549/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Rai Bagan

2026-04-27T23:21:54Z

Jugnu: Stub...

{{Short description|17th century female Mughal general}}
'''Savitribai of Mahur''' (died c. 1660s), better known by her title '''Rai Bagan''' or '''Raibagan''' ( Sanskrit - राजव्याघ्रि {{Langx|mr|रायबागन}}, lit. "Royal Tigress"), was a [[Regent|queen regent]] of Mahur. She was the widow of the Mughal [[sardar]] Raje Uddhavji ramji alias Udajiram alias Raje Udaram of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. After her son's death in [[Battle of Samugarh]], she took control of her husband's territory. She defeated and killed Harchand Rai when he attacked her son's territory. For her courage and valour, the emperor conferred upon her the royal title of Rai Bagan. She was involved in [[Shaista Khan|Shaista Khan's]] campaign against the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] empire's founder Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]].

== Family of Raje Udaram ==
Raje Uddhavji Ramji alias Raje Udaram alias Raje Udaji Ram, a close aid of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]]'s maternal grandfather Raje Lakhuji Jadhavrao, belonged to the first line of Maratha warriors, trained in Guerrilla Warfare. Initially, he worked with [[Malik Ambar]]. Later, due to differences with Malik Ambar, he joined Mughal forces after Ambar made an unsuccessful attack on his life.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Page 398-99}}</ref> He was a part of Mughal forces in the [[Battle of Bhatvadi]], fought between Mughal and Nizamshahi forces. In a letter dated 7 November 1624, addressed to the clerk of [[Adilabad]], which formed a part of territory under his control, he is titled as "Maharaja Udaji Ram".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shiv Charitra Sahitya Vol.4, Article no. 22}}</ref> The same title can be seen in a ''Mahjarnama'' dated 14 December 1631.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shiv Charitra Sahitya Vol.4, Article no.21}}</ref> These proceedings were presided over by Shahajahan. Maasir ul Umar states, ''"Though Udaji Ram was notorious for trickery and plotting, he also was famous for his ability and liberality. He never failed in charity to mankind, and in this respect was at the head of the Deccan officers."''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Maasir ul Umar, Volume II, Page 967}}</ref> He died somewhere between 28 March 1633 and 6 April 1633 at the foothills of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad fort]] during a besiege to the fort. After his death, his tender aged son Jagjivanrao was immediately conferred with his father's Mansab and title "Udaji Ram".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Maasir ul Umar, Vol. II, Page 469}}</ref>

Udajiram lived on a fortress of Mahur. The ''Jagir'' (land grant) of Udajiram was settled with Jagjivanrao only when he came to the age in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bharat Itihas Sanshodhan Mandal Traimasik Year 2, Page 50}}</ref> Till then, Rai Bagan managed the affairs of the family ''Jagir''. Maasir ul Umar states, ''"Rai Bhagini, who after his [Udaji Ram's] death skilfully managed the Zamindari affairs. As she had skilled servants in her employment, the Commander in Chief, after the death of Udaji Ram, in accordance with the necessity of the time and to prevent her men from deserting, proposed for her son Jagjivan, in spite of his tender age, the rank of 3,000 foot with 2,000 horse, and got for him the title of Udaji Ram."'' Jag Jivan was married to a woman named Laxmibai, who was conferred with a Jagir in [[pargana]] Daulatabad. This title remained with the all the descendants of Udaji Ram till the abolition of titles by the [[Constitution of India]] in 1950.

== Battle of Samugarh ==
Maasir ul Umar states, ''"When he [Jag Jivan] came to the years of discretion, he acquired a full acquaintance with Persian prose and poetry, and calligraphy. He also abandoned the ways of the Deccanis, and led a life like that of the officers of Upper (North) India. He conducted himself with honour and dignity, and held Mahor in fief."''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Maasir ul Umar, Vol. II, Pg. 969}}</ref> In 1658, prince Aurangzeb rebelled against his father [[Shah Jahan]], when he heard about his illness. It was a war of accession in which Aurangzeb fought with his brother [[Dara Shikoh]]. The Mughal Empire split into two factions, led by Aurangzeb on one side and Dara on the other. Since Aurangzeb was Subedar of Deccan, Mansabdars from Deccan sided with him. They fought the decisive [[Battle of Samugarh]] at Samugarh near Agra. On 28 May 1658, Jag Jivan Rao, son of Maharaja Udaji Ram, died while fighting alongside Aurangzeb. In the family records of Raje Udarams, a letter was found by Shahajahan addressed to Jag Jivan Rao which shows that the family was personally under a threat of destruction by Harchand Rai. Shahajahan asked Jag Jivan Rao to be present before him.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of Original letters held at Shardashram, Yavatmal by Y.K. Deshpande, Indian Historical Records Commission Proceedings Meetings Of The Twenty-seventh Session, Nagpur, December, 1950 Volume Xxvii, Page 200}}</ref> After the battle started, Jag Jivan Rao took the side of Aurangzeb. Probably when the news of his death reached, Harchand Rai attacked Mahur. Savitribai then retaliated and destroyed the forces of Harchand Rai. The courage and valour was recognised by Emperor Aurangzeb. He conferred title "Rai Bagan" to the only female warrior of the [[Mughal Army]] in those times.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1937|title=Indian historical records commission|volume=XIV}}</ref>

== Confrontation with Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ==

In 1661, when [[Shaista Khan]] was appointed governor of Deccan by Aurangzeb, he captured [[Pune]] and nearby important stations while Shivaji Maharaj was stuck in the siege of [[Panhala Fort]] by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur sultanate]]. When Shivaji Maharaj escaped the siege and finally managed to reach his base [[Rajgad Fort]], he turned his focus on Shahista Khan. Shivaji Maharaj made truces with Shahista Khan and also with [[Ali Adil Shah II]] of Bijapur. Rai Bagan was told to assist Shahista Khan. Meanwhile, Shahista Khan appointed Kartalab Khan and Rai Bagan to attack [[Konkan]], which was under Shivaji Maharaja's control. They chose the path of Kurvanda Ghat. Shivaji Maharaja and his army were waiting for them in the forest near Umberkhind (Umber Gorge). In the Battle of Umberkhind, around 300-400 Maratha archers and swordsmen led by Shivaji Maharaj defeated the Mughals. Raibagan, after seeing his bravery and fighting skills, started praising Shivaji Maharaj. It seems that she was warning the Mughals since the beginning not to take Marathas lightly. When defeat was sure, she advised Kartalab Khan to surrender and seek truce with Shivaji Maharaj. Kartalab listened to her advice. Kavindra Parmananda has described this incidence in his poetry 'Shri Shiv Bharat'. He described her as ''"जायामुदयरामस्य जगज्जीवनमातरम् । राजव्याघ्रीति यां प्राहुर्युधि व्याघ्रीमिवोध्दुराम् ll सा प्रतापेन महता बताप्रतिहतायुधा ll" (Meaning: A woman who is fearless in battles like a Tigress, who is unstoppable, a wife of Udaji Ram and mother of Jag Jivan, who is well known as 'Raj Vyaghri')."''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shri Shiv Bharat, Adhyaya 25, Shloka 52}}</ref>

Rai Bagan said, ''"You have done a great mistake by entering into a forest which dwells under the patronage of a Lion named Shivaji. It is miserable to see that you have brought this army of Ruler of Delhi (Aurangzeb) into the jaw of a Lion only because of your ego... It is also miserable to see that Shahista Khan, a foolish general of army of Aurangzeb, has brought you along with your forces into enemy's heat of valour."''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shri Shiv Bharat, Adhyaya 29, Shloka 4,5 and 9}}</ref>

It can be seen from the records that Rai Bagan was not a full time warrior into a Mughal Army. She was only filling the void created by the absence of male heir with discretion into the family. She played a role of administrator after the death of her husband Maharaja Udaji Ram. After the death of her son Jag Jivan Rao, she took control of her army until Jag Jivan's son Babu Rao came of age.

In April 1663, Shivaji Maharaja made a surgical strike on [[Lal Mahal]] where Shahista Khan was camping in Pune. Khan escaped with heavy losses. Later, he was sent to [[Bengal]] on the orders of Aurangzeb. Rai Bagan was patrolling nearby Pune, even after that.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Selected Waqai of Deccan|pages=89}}</ref> Even though there is a mention of Udaji Ram's troops during the [[Battle of Purandar]], she is nowhere mentioned.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Women from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]

Kunja Satyavathi

2026-04-25T13:34:47Z

Jugnu: added new page more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (1971–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Kunja Satyavathi''' (1 August 1971 – 15 October 2023) was an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. She was a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the Indian National Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Education: Education News in Telugu {{!}} Current Affairs {{!}} Job Notifications {{!}} Exams |url=https://education.sakshi.com/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Sakshi Education |language=te}}</ref> She was elected in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from won from the Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency, which was reserved for Scheduled Tribes in the erstwhile Khammam district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunja Satyavathi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BHADRACHELAM (ST)(KHAMMAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=81 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Satyavathi died of heart attack on 16 October 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Education: Education News in Telugu {{!}} Current Affairs {{!}} Job Notifications {{!}} Exams |url=https://education.sakshi.com/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Sakshi Education |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-10-16 |title=Bhadrachalam Ex MLA Kunja Satyavathi Passed Away : భద్రాచలం మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే కుంజా సత్యవతి కన్నుమూత |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/state/khammam/bhadrachalam-ex-mla-kunja-satyavathi-passed-away-kunja-satyavathi-died-of-heart-attack/ts20231016093434644644784 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ABN |title=మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే కుంజా సత్యవతి కన్నుమూత |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/telangana/khammam/kunja-satyavathi-expired-pvch-1154942.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016132441/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/telangana/khammam/kunja-satyavathi-expired-pvch-1154942.html |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Satyavathi was born on 1 August 1971 to Shulam Krishna and Seethamma in Vararamachandrapuram, Bhadrachalam mandal. She completed Class 10 and late discontinued her studies. She married Dharma Rao Kunja,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Telangana BJP leader Kunja Satyavathi passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-bjp-leader-kunja-satyavathi-passes-away/articleshow/104460730.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She had a son and a daughter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-10-17 |title=Ex-MLA K Satyavathi dies of heart attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Oct/17/ex-mla-k-satyavathi-dies-of-heart-attack-2624615.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Satyavathi started her political life with the CPM.<ref name=":0" /> Later, she joined the Indian National Congress and was elected as an MLA from Bhadrachalam in 2009. She polled 51,466 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Bhadrachalam 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30530 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> She lost to CPM candidate [[Sunnam Rajaiah]] in 2014 and resigned from Congress party. In 2017, she joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Bhadrachalam former MLA Kunja Satyavathi dies at 52 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bhadrachalam-former-mla-kunja-satyavathi-dies-at-52/article67426650.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyavathi, Kunja}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Khammam district]]

Danish Sait

2026-04-24T18:25:07Z

Jugnu: Created initial info from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Danish Sait
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|07|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8810169/ | title=Danish Sait - IMDb | publisher=IMDb }}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Stand-up comedian|Television host|Radio jockey|Actor|Writer}}
| years_active = 2013 {{endash}} present
| spouse = {{marriage|Anya Rangaswami |2021}}<ref name="Anya">{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/comedian-danish-sait-gets-married-anya-rangaswami-intimate-ceremony-150428 | title=Comedian Danish Sait gets married to Anya Rangaswami in intimate ceremony | publisher=The NewsMinute | date=10 June 2021 | accessdate=10 June 2021}}</ref>
| other_names = RJ Danish Sait<ref name="C"/> Mr. Nags
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Kubbra Sait]] (sister)|[[Tanveer Sait]] (uncle)|[[Azeez Sait]] (grandfather)}}
| website = {{URL|https://danishsait.com/}}
| youtube_id = UCjYJ5MNhRaMynpEufzdcsOw
| youtube_display_name = Danish Sait
| youtube_years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| youtube_genre = Sketch comedy and Parody Interviews
| youtube_subscribers = 244 thousand
| youtube_views = 29.57 million
| stats_update = 30 December 2025{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Danish Sait''' (born 1 July 1988) is an Indian comedian, television host, and film actor who prominently works in [[Kannada cinema]].

== Career ==
Danish Sait worked as a radio jockey for ''Supari'' on [[Fever 104 FM]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/lifestyle-offbeat/article/bite-his-supari|title=A bite of his 'Supari'|last=Rajendran|first=Nuvena|date=15 December 2013|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210194356/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/lifestyle-offbeat/article/bite-his-supari|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On the channel, he made several prank calls and enacted an array of fictional roles including Asgar, Chacko, Nagesh and Nagraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/humour-home-delivered-1699685-2020-07-12|title=Humour home-delivered|last=Kuriakose|first=Simi|date=12 July 2020|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712101006/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/humour-home-delivered-1699685-2020-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also a stand-up comedian and is a part of the [[Bengaluru]]-based comedy group [[The Improv (TV series)|The Improv]].<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/439591/why-not-have-symbol-positivity.html|title='Why not have a symbol of positivity?'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|first=Deepa|last=Natarajan Lobo|date=5 November 2014|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201180138/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/439591/why-not-have-symbol-positivity.html|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in 2014, he hosted several sports shows including [[Pro Kabaddi League]] and the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]] in 2015 before hosting Neevu Bhale Khiladi, a reality television show on [[Star Suvarna]].<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/636235/on-my-pinboard-danish-sait.html|title=On my pinboard - Danish Sait, actor and comedian|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 October 2017|last=Kurian|first=Anila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Know-more-about-Neevu-Bhale-Khiladi/articleshow/50292597.cms|title=Know more about Neevu Bhale Khiladi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2015|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226200611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Know-more-about-Neevu-Bhale-Khiladi/articleshow/50292597.cms|archive-date=26 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his film debut with the Kannada movie ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]'' in 2018 and portrayed the titular character in the film in addition to co-writing the film with director [[Saad Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/humble-politician-nograj-danish-sait-sumukhi-suresh-star-rating-5021587/|title=Humble Politician Nograj movie review: Danish Sait starrer mirrors real world|date=13 January 2018|last=Kumar R.|first=Manoj|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716170543/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/humble-politician-nograj-danish-sait-sumukhi-suresh-star-rating-5021587/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/230917/bombaat-tickles-with-nograj.html|title=Bombaat tickles with NOGRAJ|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Ikyatha|last=Yerasala|date=23 September 2017|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116101826/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/230917/bombaat-tickles-with-nograj.html|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="B"/> The film released to positive reviews with one critic stating that "Danish Sait never fails to draw the audience, irrespective of where and how he plans to entertain. What is appealing is that he remains true to the character of Nograj ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jan/12/humble-politician-nograj-review-good-for-voters-right-in-time-for-polls-1752339.html|title='Humble Politician Nograj' review: Good for voters, right in time for polls|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=12 January 2018|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}</ref> In 2020, he starred in the [[Hindi]]-language web series ''[[Afsos]]'' as a tourist in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/952487/in-amazon-web-series-afsos-black-humour-and-a-high-body-count-on-the-road-to-immortality|title=In Amazon web series 'Afsos', black humour and a high body count on the road to immortality|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=8 February 2020|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301223320/https://scroll.in/reel/952487/in-amazon-web-series-afsos-black-humour-and-a-high-body-count-on-the-road-to-immortality|archive-date=1 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, he starred in the [[comedy film|comedy]] ''[[French Biriyani]]'' as an [[auto rickshaw|auto]] driver along with [[Sal Yusuf]], whom he worked with in ''The Improv''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=10 June 2020 |title=French Biryani trailer to be released on Thursday |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/kannada-film-french-biryani-heads-to-amazon-prime-1.71961370 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=[[Gulf News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704164707/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/kannada-film-french-biryani-heads-to-amazon-prime-1.71961370 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="D"/> In the film, he reprised the role of Asgar from his prank calls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narrain |first=Aparna |date=22 July 2020 |title=Laugh your head off, says Danish Sait about 'French Biriyani' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laugh-your-head-off-and-go-to-sleep-says-danish-sait-about-french-biriyani/article32160986.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715105626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laugh-your-head-off-and-go-to-sleep-says-danish-sait-about-french-biriyani/article32160986.ece |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He starred in ''[[777 Charlie]]'' alongside [[Rakshit Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=1 July 2020 |title=Danish Sait joins Rakshit Shetty in 777 Charlie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-joins-rakshit-shetty-in-777-charlie/articleshow/76722945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715105807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-joins-rakshit-shetty-in-777-charlie/articleshow/76722945.cms |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He has worked with the Bengaluru-based cricket team [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] as an anchor and mascot for the team, he also plays as Mr. Nags on the RCB Insider Show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ullal |first=Naveen |date=2017-05-29 |title=How Danish Sait reinvented himself from being a radio host to 'Mr Nags' of RCB Insider Show |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-danish-sait-reinvented-himself-being-radio-host-mr-nags-rcb-insider-show-1623802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110109/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-danish-sait-reinvented-himself-being-radio-host-mr-nags-rcb-insider-show-1623802 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2020-09-24 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His sister [[Kubbra Sait]] is an actress while his uncle [[Tanveer Sait]] is a politician.<ref name="A"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/over-5000-visit-tipus-tomb-on-his-birth-anniversary/article29938942.ece|title=Over 5,000 visit Tipu's tomb on his birth anniversary|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2019|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111013318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/over-5000-visit-tipus-tomb-on-his-birth-anniversary/article29938942.ece|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> His grandfather, [[Azeez Sait]], was a minister in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/for-rj-danish-sait-bengaluru-has-a-better-sense-of-humour-than-delhi-mumbai/articleshow/53360547.cms|title=For RJ Danish Sait, Bengaluru has a better sense of humour than Delhi & Mumbai|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=24 July 2016|first=Smitabalram|last=Kumar|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618040617/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/for-rj-danish-sait-bengaluru-has-a-better-sense-of-humour-than-delhi-mumbai/articleshow/53360547.cms|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He married Anya Rangaswamy, a graphic designer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=10 June 2021 |title=Danish Sait ties the knot with fiancée Anya Rangaswami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-ties-the-knot-with-fiance-anya-rangaswami/articleshow/83395920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-ties-the-knot-with-fiance-anya-rangaswami/articleshow/83395920.cms |archive-date=15 July 2024 |accessdate=10 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Anya"/>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2018
| ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
| Nograj
| Also writer and lyricist for "Problem Song"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Humble-Politician-Nograj-is-a-film-star-now/articleshow/55574353.cms|title=Humble Politician Nograj is a film star now — Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125125515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Humble-Politician-Nograj-is-a-film-star-now/articleshow/55574353.cms|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/15/voices-of-reason-in-humble-politician-nograj-1593712.html|title=Voices of reason in humble politician Nograj|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913230949/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/15/voices-of-reason-in-humble-politician-nograj-1593712.html|archive-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[French Biriyani]]''
| Asgar
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-french-biriyani-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-july-24-trailer-to-release-on-july-16-1700520-2020-07-14|title=Kannada film French Biriyani to premiere on Amazon Prime on July 24, trailer to release on July 16|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[One Cut Two Cut]]''
|Gopi
|Also writer
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |date=4 February 2021 |title=Danish Sait starrer 'One Cut Two Cut' to begin principal photography on Feb 5th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-starrer-one-cut-two-cut-to-begin-principal-photography-on-feb-5th/articleshow/80686709.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-starrer-one-cut-two-cut-to-begin-principal-photography-on-feb-5th/articleshow/80686709.cms |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sold (2022 film)|Sold]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[777 Charlie]]''
| Karshan Roy
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="cinemaexpress">{{cite news |date=1 July 2020 |title=Danish Sait to appear as Karshan Roy in 777 Charlie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/01/danish-sait-to-appear-as-karshan-roy-in--777-charlie-19150.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715111055/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Jun/30/danish-sait-to-appear-as-karshan-roy-in--777-charlie-19150.html |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=cinemaexpress}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''
|Chamathakan
| [[Malayalam]] film
|
|-
| ''[[Dange (film)|Dange / Por]]'' || Church Father || Hindi-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual film; cameo
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dange-review-bejoy-nambiar-delivers-a-thought-provoking-film-packed-with-impressive-performances-8798365.html |title=Dange Review: Bejoy Nambiar Delivers A Thought-Provoking Film Packed With Impressive Performances |work=News18 |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''WOW Awards'' || Host || [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|Pro Kabaddi League Season 1]]'' || Host || [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015 || ''The Live Quotient Awards'' || Host || Zoom TV ||
|-
|''[[2015 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]]'' || Host || rowspan="3"|Star Sports ||
|-
|''[[2015 Indian Premier League|The RCB Insider Series]]'' || Host ||
|-
|''[[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|Pro Kabaddi League Season 2]]'' || Host ||
|-
| 2015 {{endash}} 16 || ''Neevu Bhale Khiladi'' || Host || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[2016 Indian Premier League|The RCB Insider Series]]'' || Host || Star Sports ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[62nd Filmfare Awards]]'' || Emcee || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony Entertainment]] ||
|-
| ''[[2017 Indian Premier League|The RCB Insider Series]]'' || Host || rowspan="2"|Star Sports ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[2018 Indian Premier League|Cricbuzz Live on Cricbuzz]]'' || Host ||
|-
| ''Improv All Stars: Games Night''
| Himself
| rowspan="2"| [[Prime Video]]
| English television film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Sushmita |date=2 October 2018 |title=In stand-up-loving India, a comic is determined to bring improv into the mainstream |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/895322/in-stand-up-loving-india-a-comic-is-determined-to-bring-improv-into-the-mainstream |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110324/https://scroll.in/magazine/895322/in-stand-up-loving-india-a-comic-is-determined-to-bring-improv-into-the-mainstream |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=scroll.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Afsos]]''
| Jim
| web series<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/afsos-review-amazon-s-new-indian-show-is-a-pitiful-letdown-undeserving-of-gulshan-devaiah/story-YDXxYj90svcV2zVMVxZThM.html|title=Afsos review: Amazon's new Indian show is a pitiful letdown, undeserving of Gulshan Devaiah|website=hindustantimes.com|date=7 February 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525115516/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/afsos-review-amazon-s-new-indian-show-is-a-pitiful-letdown-undeserving-of-gulshan-devaiah/story-YDXxYj90svcV2zVMVxZThM.html|archive-date=25 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Humble Politiciann Nograj (TV series)|Humble Politician Nograj]]''
|Nograj
| [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| Web Series, creator, producer
|-
|2026
|''[[Space Gen: Chandrayaan]]''
|Jairam Shetty
|[[JioHotstar]]
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Outcome
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || Outlook Social Media Awards || Breakout Star of the Year || {{n/a}} || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=OSM Breakout Star of the Year -Danish Sait |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/videos/osm-breakout-star-of-the-year-danish-sait/1703 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715231203/https://www.outlookindia.com/videos/osm-breakout-star-of-the-year-danish-sait/1703 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |work=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
| Wow Awards Asia: Live Quotient Awards || Best Master of Ceremonies for Corporate & Lifestyle Events - Male || {{n/a}} || {{Won}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-15193/meet-the-winners-of-the-live-quotient-awards-at-wow-2018|title=Meet the Winners of the LIVE Quotient Awards at WOW 2018|first=Shantanu|last=Jain|date=10 July 2018|work=Event FAQs|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143000/https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-15193/meet-the-winners-of-the-live-quotient-awards-at-wow-2018|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Debutant Actor || ''Humble Politician Nograj'' || {{won}} ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/230285/bengaluru-danish-sait-comedy-viral-online-lockdown-sushant-singh-rajput-india-nor41/|title=Exclusive: Danish Sait On Keeping India Entertained While Battling His Own Demons|work=The Better India|date=17 June 2020|last=Norbu Wangchuk|first=Rinchen|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617221006/https://www.thebetterindia.com/230285/bengaluru-danish-sait-comedy-viral-online-lockdown-sushant-singh-rajput-india-nor41/|archive-date=17 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Actor || ''French Biriyani'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8810169}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sait, Danish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Lavanya Rajamani

2026-04-23T17:53:24Z

Jugnu: creating some info basic info

{{short description|Indian lawyer, author, and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}{{Infobox biography
| name = Lavanya Rajamani
| image =
| education = [[National Law School of India University|National Law School]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}} [[Hertford College, Oxford]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Civil Law|BCL]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]])}} [[Yale University]] {{small|([[Master of Laws|LLM]])}}
| occupation = Lawyer, Academic
| employer = [[University of Oxford]]
| known_for = International Climate Change Law International Environmental Law [[Common But Differentiated Responsibilities]]
| honours = [[Rhodes Scholarship]] (1996) Radhakrishnan Memorial Bequest (2002) [[ASIL]] Certificate of Merit (2018)
}}
'''Lavanya Rajamani''' is an Indian lawyer and academic whose area of expertise is international [[climate change]] law, [[International law|public international law]], and [[environmental law]] and policy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} Faculty of Law |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> She is currently a professor of International Environmental Law at the [[Faculty of Law, University of Oxford]], a Yamani Fellow in Public International Law at [[St Peter's College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} Faculty of Law |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

She is amongst the most prominent scholars in the field of international environmental law and has been considered to be "one of the biggest names" in the field.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=1999-11-30 |title=Brain Gain: Fifteen young academics who have reversed the brain drain at the peak of their careers by returning to India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20130923-young-academics-return-india-leaving-their-careers-767693-1999-11-29 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She is also the youngest Indian academic to be invited to offer a course in public international law at the [[The Hague Academy of International Law|Hague Academy of International Law]] in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=30 November 1999 |title=Brain Gain: Fifteen young academics who have reversed the brain drain at the peak of their careers by returning to India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20130923-young-academics-return-india-leaving-their-careers-767693-1999-11-30 |access-date=2018-10-05 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Education ==
Rajamani completed her undergraduate degree in law at the [[National Law School of India University]] in 1996. She then completed her [[Bachelor of Civil Law|Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL)]] from the [[University of Oxford]] in 1997 as a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes scholar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Lavanya Rajamani Profile |url=https://rhodesproject.com/lavanya-rajamani-profile |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Rhodes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1998, she completed her [[Master of Laws|Master of Laws (LLM)]] from [[Yale University]], following which she went on the complete her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.)]] from the University of Oxford in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} Faculty of Law |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Her [[thesis]] on [https://academic.oup.com/book/4639 '''Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law'']' was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/lavanya_rajamani.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241225175649/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/lavanya_rajamani.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-25 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Rajamani was also awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) ([[Ad eundem degree|By Incorporation]] ''Ad eundem'' degree) from the [[University of Cambridge]] in 2006.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} Faculty of Law |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajamani is currently a Professor of International Environmental Law at the University of Oxford and a Yamani Fellow in Public International Law at [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St. Peter's College, University of Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} St Peter's College Oxford |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/people/prof-lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.spc.ox.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Before coming to Oxford, she held a Professorship at the [[Centre for Policy Research]] in New Delhi.<ref name="cprindia.org">{{Cite web |title=Lavanya Rajamani |url=https://www.cprindia.org/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=[[Centre for Policy Research]]}}</ref> She has previously also been a Lecturer of Environmental Law, and a Fellow and Director of Studies in Law at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens’ College, Cambridge]], and a Junior Research Fellow in Public International Law at [[Worcester College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavanya Rajamani |url=https://cprindia.org/people/lavanya-rajamani/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=CPR |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajamani has held visiting positions and taught public international law, international climate change law, international environmental law, and human rights law at the [[The Hague Academy of International Law|Hague Academy of International Law]], Ashoka University, [[Osaka Gakuin University]], [[Aix-Marseille University]], and [[University of Bologna]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |others=Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University |title=Speakers |url=http://www.1point5degrees.org.uk/speakers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725145223/https://www.1point5degrees.org.uk/speakers |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=2018-10-05 |website=1point5degrees.org}}</ref>

Rajamani has made several important contributions to the international climate negotiations since 1998. Among other roles, she has served as a legal consultant to [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)]] secretariat, as a negotiator for the [[Alliance of Small Island States]], and as a legal adviser to the Chairs of Ad Hoc Working Groups under the UNFCCC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law: Lavanya Rajamani Bio |url=https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ls/Rajamani_bio.pdf}}</ref> Rajamani has also actively participated in the negotiation and drafting of various landmark international environmental treaties such as the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Bad COP, Good COP? Oxford law professor Lavanya Rajamani and why climate talks matter {{!}} Oxford University |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-10-01-bad-cop-good-cop-oxford-law-professor-lavanya-rajamani-and-why |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> She played a key role in the drafting of the Paris Agreement where she was a member of its core drafting and advisory team,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROF LAVANYA RAJAMANI |url=https://netzeroclimate.org/netzero_team/prof-lavanya-rajamani/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Net Zero Climate |language=en-GB}}</ref> and was considered a key influential figure at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Ed |date=2014-08-06 |title=Women to watch ahead of the UN's 2015 climate summit |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/08/06/women-to-watch-ahead-of-the-uns-2015-climate-summit/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Climate Home News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her expertise in these negotiations lie in drafting 'constructively ambiguous' provisions by innovating with the legal character of obligations to reflect political compromises and drive consensus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} St Peter's College Oxford |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/people/prof-lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.spc.ox.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She has advised governments and multilateral agencies, including the Danish Ministry of Climate Change, the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], the [[World Bank]], and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/lavanya_rajamani.pdf|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Consultant Profile|website=United National Climate Change|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> In 2018, the Government of [[Vanuatu]] appointed her Rajamani as External Counsel in relation to the landmark [[Obligations of States in respect of climate change|Climate Change Advisory Opinion]] before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Professor Lavanya Rajamani discusses landmark ICJ climate |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/professor-lavanya-rajamani-discusses-landmark-icj-climate-opinion-two-leading-podcasts |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Rajamani has also served as the Coordinating Lead Author for the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]'s [[Sixth Assessment Report]] and is a member of the influential Climate Crisis Advisory Group (CCAG).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} St Peter's College Oxford |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/people/prof-lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.spc.ox.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2022, Rajamani delivered the Heilbron Lecture at the [[Old Bailey]] which is part of a lecture series championing female legal experts organized annually by [[First 100 Years]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cY8oQCe9s7g |title=The Heilbron Lectures 2022 - Prof Lavanya Rajamani |date=2023-04-23 |last=First 100 Years |access-date=2026-04-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Lavanya Rajamani Delivers the 2022 Heilbron Lecture at the Old Bailey {{!}} St Peter's College Oxford |url=https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/news/prof-lavanya-rajamani-delivers-the-2022-heilbron-lecture-at-the-old-bailey |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.spc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> [[Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|Baroness Hale]] - the former [[President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|President]] of [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|UK Supreme Court]] - delivered the closing remarks and described Rajamani's lecture as "truly inspiring."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Heilbron Lectures |url=https://next100years.org.uk/what-we-do/lecture-series/ |website=The Next 100 Years}}</ref>

== Research ==
Rajamani has published well over 100 journal articles and book chapters, 4 books, and 4 edited volumes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Lavanya Rajamani {{!}} Faculty of Law |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/lavanya-rajamani |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Her writings have been published in prestigious peer-reviewed international journals such [[International and Comparative Law Quarterly|International & Comparative Law Quarterly]], [[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]], [[European Journal of International Law]], [[Climate Policy (journal)|Climate Policy]], Cambridge Journal of International Law and [[Theoretical Inquiries in Law]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Lavanya%20Rajamani&eventCode=SE-AU|title=Author Lavanya Rajamani|website=Cambridge Core|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref> She is also amongst the most highly cited Indian international law scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Top-Cited International Law Scholars from India |url=https://allaboutil.wordpress.com/2021/10/13/top-cited-international-law-scholars-in-india/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Indian Blog of International Law |language=en}}</ref> Rajamani's research has significantly shaped the jurisprudence on international environmental law and has been referenced widely by international courts. For instance, her works were relied upon heavily by several parties before the ICJ in the Climate Change Advisory Opinion proceedings such as [[Australia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written Statement of Australia |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20240326-wri-02-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref> [[France]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written Statement of France |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20240322-wri-29-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written Statement of the United Kingdom |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20240318-wri-01-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref> and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written statement of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20240319-wri-02-00-en.pdf |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref> Rajamani's work on fairness justifications for [[Nationally determined contribution|nationally determined contributions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Lavanya |last2=Jeffery |first2=Louise |last3=Höhne |first3=Niklas |last4=Hans |first4=Frederic |last5=Glass |first5=Alyssa |last6=Ganti |first6=Gaurav |last7=Geiges |first7=Andreas |title=National ‘fair shares’ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2021.1970504 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/14693062.2021.1970504}}</ref> was also relied upon centrally by claimants before the [[European Court of Human Rights]] including in the groundbreaking [[Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland|Klimaseniorennen]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22documentcollectionid2%22:%5B%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22%5D,%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-233206%22%5D%7D |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=hudoc.echr.coe.int}}</ref> Her research has also been instrumental in influencing domestic environmental law in India and has been referred to by the Supreme Court of India on multiple occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Of Gr. Mumbai vs Ankita Sinha |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/5754869/ |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gene Campaign vs Union Of India |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/85502318/ |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedanta Limited vs The State Of Tamil Nadu |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/151606927/ |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

She has co-authored and co-edited leading textbooks in international environmental law such as '<nowiki/>''[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41336 The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law]''' (co-authored with Jacqueline Peel; Oxford University Press, 2021) and '[https://academic.oup.com/oxford-law-pro/book/57770 ''International Climate Change Law''<nowiki/>'] (co-edited with Daniel Bodansky and [[Jutta Brunnée]]; Oxford University Press, 2017). For the latter, she was awarded a Certificate of Merit for a specialized area of international law by the [[American Society of International Law]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=web.developer |title=Previous Book Award Winners |url=https://asil.org/about/honors-and-awards/previous-book-award-winners/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=ASIL |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rajamani's course at the [[The Hague Academy of International Law|Hague Academy of International Law]] on '[https://brill.com/display/title/59239?srsltid=AfmBOor_lxthvC1JWV8Hq2iXmyN6-JleY78KvjsbCIpKMEAxhGm6_Gh3 ''Innovation and Experimentation in the International Climate Change Regime''],' has been published as part of the Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law/ Receuil des Cours in 2020. Her lecture on the ‘International Climate Change Regime: Evolution and Challenges’ features in the [[United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law|UN Audio Visual Library of International Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lecture Series: Ms. Lavanya Rajamani |url=https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Rajamani_EL.html |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=legal.un.org}}</ref>

=== Books ===

* Lavanya Rajamani, ''Innovation and Experimentation in the International Climate Change Regime'' (Brill/Nijhoff, 2020)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajamani |first=Lavanya |title=Innovation and Experimentation in the International Climate Change Regime |date=2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44440-9 |series=The Pocket Books of the Hague Academy of International Law / les Livres de Poche de l'Académie de Droit International de la Haye Ser |location=Boston}}</ref>
* Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée and Lavanya Rajamani, ''International Climate Change Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2017) (Winner of the ASIL 2018 Certificate of Merit for a specialized area of international law)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bodansky |first1=Daniel |title=International climate change law |last2=Brunnée |first2=Jutta |last3=Rajamani |first3=Lavanya |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-176109-6 |location=Oxford}}</ref>
*Siobhán McInerney-Lankford, Mac Darrow and Lavanya Rajamani, ''Human Rights and Climate Change'' (World Bank, 2011)<ref>{{Cite book |last=McInerney-Lankford |first=Siobhán Alice |title=Human Rights and Climate Change: A Review of the International Legal Dimensions |date=2011 |publisher=World Bank Publications |others=Mac Darrow, Lavanya Rajamani, World Bank Group |isbn=978-0-8213-8720-7 |series=World Bank Studies |location=Herndon}}</ref>
*Lavanya Rajamani, ''Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2006) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/differential-treatment-in-international-environmental-law-9780199280704?cc=in&lang=en&#|title=Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law|last=Rajamani|first=Lavanya|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199280704|series=Oxford Monographs in International Law|location=Oxford, New York}}</ref>

=== Edited Volumes ===

* Lavanya Rajamani and Jacqueline Peel, ''The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law'' (7th edn, Oxford University Press 2021)<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford handbook of international environmental law |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-188346-0 |editor-last=Rajamani |editor-first=Lavanya |edition=Second |series=Oxford handbooks online Law |location=Oxford |editor-last2=Peel |editor-first2=Jacqueline}}</ref>
*Jutta Brunnée, [[Meinhard Doelle]] and Lavanya Rajamani, ''Promoting Compliance in An Evolving Climate Regime'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/environmental-law/promoting-compliance-evolving-climate-regime|title=Promoting compliance evolving climate regime {{!}} Environmental law|website=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref>
* Richard Lord, Silke Goldberg, Lavanya Rajamani and Jutta Brunnée'', Climate Change Liability: Transnational Law and Practice'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Climate change liability: transnational law and practice |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-08438-3 |editor-last=Lord |editor-first=Richard |location=Cambridge}}</ref>
* Sandrine Maljean-Dubois and Lavanya Rajamani, ''Implementation of International Environmental Law'' (Brill, 2011)<ref>{{Cite book |title=La mise en œuvre du droit de l'environnement: = Implementation of international environmental law |date=2011 |publisher=Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-20916-9 |editor-last=Maljean-Dubois |editor-first=Sandrine |series=Les livres de droit de l'Académie |location=Leiden |editor-last2=Rajamani |editor-first2=Lavanya |editor-last3=The Hague Academy of International Law}}</ref>

=== Recent Journal Articles ===

* Lavanya Rajamani, 'The International Court of Justice on the Mitigation Obligations in the Paris Agreement’ [2026] Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (RECIEL)
*Lavanya Rajamani and others, 'Legal guardrails on States’ dependence on carbon dioxide removal to meet climate targets’ [2026] Climate Policy
*John Knox, Daniel Bodansky and Lavanya Rajamani, 'The Trump Administration Steps Back from International Environmental Cooperation’ (2025) 119(4) American Journal of International Law 767
*Lavanya Rajamani, ‘Empowering International Law to Address Claims for Climate Reparations’ (2025) 119(3) American Journal of International Law 484

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |date=13 September 2021 |title=Humans of Oxford Net Zero: Prof Lavanya Rajamani |url=https://skollcentreblog.org/article/humans-of-oxford-net-zero-prof-lavanya-rajamani |website=Skoll Centre Blog |publisher=Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamani, Lavanya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian environmental lawyers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of St Peter's College, Oxford]]

Potka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:18Z

Jugnu: Post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{about|the assembly constituency in Jharkhand|its namesake community development block|Potka block|its namesake village|Potka}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Potka
| map_image = Potka constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| established = 2000
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| district = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Sanjib Sardar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:288142}}
| constituency_no = 46
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Potka''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=60|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=40|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

==Overview==
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India, Potka Assembly constituency covers Potka police station, Palasbani, Asta, Kowali, Nunia, Kumarasol, Barakanjiya, Bomaro Bangoriya and Damudih gram panchayats in Musabani police station. Bagbera town and Karandih – Purihasa, Hargarghutu, Bagbera panchayats and Kitadih village in Jugsalai police station. It is a reserved constituency for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]. Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = East Singhbhum District Page 169-170, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Potka Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/potka-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Jugsalai cum Potka constituency''}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Supai Soren|| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Majhi Rasraj Tudu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1967-77: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Sanatan Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Hari Ram Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Maneka Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Amulya Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Maneka Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Sanjib Sardar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjib Sardar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,20,322 |percentage=51.97% |change={{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meera Munda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=92,420 |percentage=39.92% |change={{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagirathi Hansda |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,723 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Singh Sardar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,405 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,180 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,952 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,902 |percentage=12.05% |change= {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,31,528 |percentage=74.29% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,11,654 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjib Sardar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,10,753 |percentage=55.61% |change={{increase}}22.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maneka Sardar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,643 |percentage=33.97% |change={{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bulu Rani Singh |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=5,735 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar Murmu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,891 |percentage=1.95% |change={{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Soren |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,127 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh Deogam |party=Right to Recall Party |votes=1,872 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirma Dewgam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,330 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,993 |percentage=1.50% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,110 |percentage=21.65% |change= {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,99,150 |percentage=69.12% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,142 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maneka Sardar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=68,191 |percentage=36.68% |change={{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjib Sardar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=61,485 |percentage=33.07% |change={{increase}}14.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dukhni Mai Sardar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,227 |percentage=7.65% |change={{decrease}}13.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Singh Besra |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=12,177 |percentage=6.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Nath Sardar |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=10,905 |percentage=5.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar Murmu |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,767 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Besra |party=Independent politician |votes=2,270 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,730 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,706 |percentage=3.61% |change= {{decrease}}8.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,85,919 |percentage=68.71% |change= {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,70,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maneka Sardar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,095 |percentage=33.36% |change={{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Singh Sardar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,385 |percentage=21.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amulya Sardar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=24,789 |percentage=18.75% |change={{decrease}}21.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,244 |percentage=4.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chunka Mardi |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=5,317 |percentage=4.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mardi |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,669 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alhan Mardi |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,560 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,710 |percentage=11.89% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,181 |percentage=58.51% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,909 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amulya Sardar]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=53,760 |percentage=40.57% |change={{increase}}19.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maneka Sardar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,001 |percentage=30.19% |change={{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Singh Besra |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=21,162 |percentage=15.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Sardar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,403 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phudan Murmu |party=Jharkhand Disom Party |votes=2,067 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alhan Mardi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,008 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khela Ram Besra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,761 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,759 |percentage=10.38% |change= {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,509 |percentage=58.31% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,267 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Potka<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maneka Sardar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,132 |percentage=29.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mardi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=21,235 |percentage=20.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Singh Besra |party=Independent politician |votes=20,421 |percentage=20.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Sardar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,683 |percentage=16.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunadhar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,134 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aastik Sardar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,127 |percentage=4.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babulal Murmu |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,196 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,897 |percentage=8.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,874 |percentage=52.60% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,285 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.62|86.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

William Denison

2026-04-18T20:54:34Z

Jugnu: Created new info

{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1804–1871)}}
{{other people||William Dennison (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sir William Denison
|honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}
|image = William Denison 1859 SLNSW FL3318739.jpg
|caption = Sir William Denison, Sydney, 1859
|birth_date = {{birth date|1804|05|03|df=y}}
|birth_place = London, England
|death_date = {{death date and age|1871|01|19|1804|05|03|df=y}}
|death_place = [[East Sheen]], Surrey, England
|spouse = Caroline Hornby

|order3 = 7th
|office3 = Governor of Tasmania{{!}}Lieutenant-Governor of {{nowrap|Van Diemen's Land}}
|term_start3 = 25 January 1847
|term_end3 = 8 January 1855
|successor3 = Sir [[Henry Young]]
|predecessor3 = Sir [[Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet|John Eardley-Wilmot]]

|order2 = 11th
|office2 = Governor of New South Wales
|term_start2 = 13 January 1855
|term_end2 = 21 January 1861
|monarch2 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|premier2 = [[Stuart Donaldson]]
|successor2 = Sir [[John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar|John Young]]
|predecessor2 = Sir [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Charles FitzRoy]]

|order1 = 27th
|office1 = Governor of Madras
|term_start1 = 1861
|term_end1 = 1866
|successor1 = [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|The Lord Napier]]
|predecessor1 = [[William Ambrose Morehead]]

|education = [[Eton College]]
|alma_mater = [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
}}

'''Sir William Thomas Denison''' (3 May 1804 – 19 January 1871) was [[Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land]] from 1847 to 1855, [[Governor of New South Wales]] from 1855 to 1861, and [[Governor of Madras]] from 1861 to 1866.

==Early life==
Denison was the third son of [[John Denison (MP)|John Denison]], of Ossington, M.P. for Colchester and his second wife Charlotte Estwick,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8865845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714144703/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8865845|title=OBITUARY|newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]|location=Hobart, Tasmania|date=17 February 1871|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=14 July 2016|page=2|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> his brothers were [[Evelyn Denison]] (1800–1873), the future Speaker of the House of Commons, and clergymen [[Edward Denison (bishop)|Edward Denison]] (1801–1854) and [[George Anthony Denison]] (1805–1896). He was born in London and studied at a private school in Sunbury before going to study at [[Eton College]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] and entered the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1826 after spending some time in the Ordnance Survey. In November 1838 he married Caroline Hornby.<ref name=adb>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |first=C. H.|last=Currey|title =Denison, Sir William Thomas (1804–1871)|id=A040048b|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218060245/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040048b.htm|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2007|archive-date=18 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|author=Arbuthnot, A. J. (revised by A. G. L. Shaw)|chapter=Denison, Sir William Thomas (1804 1871)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7492}}</ref>

==Rideau Canal, Upper Canada==
Lt. Denison was one of the junior Royal Engineers who worked under Lt. Colonel [[John By]] on the [[Rideau Canal]] in [[Upper Canada]] (1826–1832). Of note, Denison carried out experiments under the direction of Lt. Col. By to determine the strength, for construction purposes of the old growth Canadian timber in the vicinity of [[Bytown]]. His findings were published by the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] in England who bestowed upon him the prestigious [[Telford Medal]] in silver.<ref>Legget, R. Rideau Waterway. 174 – 175.</ref>

He returned to England in 1831 and worked at Woolwich and as an instructor at Chatham from 1833. He worked at Greenwich observatory with Ramsden's zenith sector and in 1837 he was engineer in charge of Woolwich Dockyard. He was promoted to captain in 1841 and he visited Bermuda in 1842. In 1844 he worked with the royal commission on the health of towns. Denison was knighted for his work in the Admiralty in 1846.<ref name=odnb />

==Governor of Van Diemen's Land==
[[File:William Denison.jpg|thumb|William Denison in official regalia]]
Denison was offered the position of Lieutenant-Governor of [[Van Diemen's Land]] in 1846 on the recommendation of Sir [[John Fox Burgoyne|John Burgoyne]], and arrived at [[Hobart]] on 25 January 1847. Six members of the nominee [[Tasmanian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] had resigned in protest over the costs of the prison system, which was partly borne by Tasmanians, and increased by the suspension of [[convictism in Australia|transportation]] to [[New South Wales]]. There had been a strong protest from members of the [[Australasian Anti-Transportation League|Anti-Transportation League]] and Sir John Eardley-Wilmot had been recalled for his failure to administer. Denison was told that no convicts would be sent so that he could fix the problem. The Tasmanian Legislative Council had no [[quorum]]. Due to difficulties in appointing replacements, Denison chose to rule without a functioning Council, even though this meant he could not pass legislation, including that needed to amend some local tax laws that were subsequently found to be faulty.<ref name=adb/> He had a conflict with two judges that had arisen after a case of dog tax that John Morgan, the editor of ''Britannia'' had refused to pay. The case was taken to the Supreme Court where Chief Justice [[John Lewes Pedder|Pedder]] and Judge [[Algernon Montagu|Montagu]] ruled that the local Act was contrary to the imperial statute which required the revenue to be set aside for use to specific local purpose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Howell, P. A. Howell|chapter=Pedder, Sir John Lewes (1793–1859)|title= Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography|publisher= Australian National University|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pedder-sir-john-lewes-2542/text3457|year= 1967|access-date= 23 October 2016}}</ref>

In 1846, Grey's predecessor, [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] had suspended transportation of males to Tasmania for two years, and Grey had erroneously given the impression in dispatches to Denison that it would not be resumed, and Denison had passed this view on to the Legislative Council.<ref name="adb" /> Subsequently, the British Government began sending convicts in large numbers. The discovery of gold in Australia, reduced crime in England and the construction of prisons in England led to a decline in the convict transport and in 1852 Lord Stanley stopped the transport of prisoners to Van Diemen's Land and Denison closed the penal settlement on Norfolk Island.<ref name="dab">{{cite web|first=Percival|last=Serle|title=Denison, Sir William Thomas (1804–1871)|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg Australia]]|work=[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogD.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042706/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogD.html|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="odnb" />

==Governor of New South Wales==
Denison was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 20 January 1855. In 1856, he became both Governor of New South Wales and "Governor-General in and over all our Colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia", a role intended to encourage co-operation between the colonies. In response to the [[Crimean War]], he strengthened Sydney's defences, strengthening the batteries on [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]] and building [[Fort Denison]]. He successfully opposed the Colonial Office's initial decision to put [[New England (Australia)|New England]] and the [[Clarence River (New South Wales)|Clarence Valley]] in the new colony of [[Queensland]]. In 1859, he appointed Queensland's first [[Queensland Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and began the process of electing a [[Legislative Assembly of Queensland|Legislative Assembly]], inaugurated on 22 May 1860. While he opened the colony's first [[Rail transport in New South Wales|railway]] in 1855, he ignored the problem of different [[rail gauge]]s despite his role as Governor-General, although he was more active in developing arrangements for paying for postal connections with the United Kingdom, ameliorating inter-colonial tariffs and co-operation over the provision of [[lighthouse]]s.<ref name=adb/>

Denison was responsible for closing the penal colony on [[Norfolk Island]] and for resettling the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutineers of the Bounty]] from [[Pitcairn Island]]. He initially instructed that the Island, except for certain public reserves would be vested in the Pitcairners, and was then forced by the Colonial Office to withdraw the vesting of land, leading to a lasting grievance.<ref name=adb/>

==Governor of Madras==
Denison's first work was to reorganize the Sepoy army after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. He opposed separate armies for Bengal, Madras and Bombay and the introduction of Indians into the legislative councils in the presidencies and provinces. He condemned any ideas of self-rule and representation by Indians. He also opposed competition for the civil services and insisted that officers were above all to be "gentlemen".<ref name=odnb />

[[File:Akwa18 puntius2.jpg|thumb|Denison's barb was named after him by [[Francis Day]]]]
He passed a town improvement act in 1865 and revised the land revenue assessment principles. During this period he recalled an order for the withdrawal of troops involved in the Sitana campaign.<ref name=odnb /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Adye, John| title=Sitana: A mountain campaign on the borders of Afghanistan in 1863| publisher=Richard Bentley|place= London| year=1867|url=https://archive.org/stream/sitanaamountain00adyegoog#page/n94/mode/2up/|pages=79–81}}</ref>

In 1868 he chaired a royal commission to study the pollution of British rivers and held the post until his death. He died in [[East Sheen]], Surrey and was survived by his wife Caroline Lucy, daughter of Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, who he had married on 29 November 1838 (she died in 1899), six sons and four daughters (of thirteen children).<ref name=dab/><ref name=odnb />

Denison took an interest in science and supported studies on the natural history of India. He corresponded with Sir [[Roderick Murchison]] but was a staunch Anglican Christian, anti-Darwinian and wrote an essay on the antiquity of man and a critique of ''[[Essays and Reviews]]''.<ref name=odnb />

==Honours==
The [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] in the United Kingdom bestowed upon him the prestigious [[Telford Medal]] in 1837 for his paper on his experiments testing the strength of Canadian timber. He was one of the first recipients of this prize.

A [[Division of Denison|federal]] and [[Division of Denison (state)|state electoral division]] in Tasmania were named for Denison. [[Port Denison, Queensland|Port Denison]] (off the coast of [[Bowen, Queensland]]) was named after him.<ref>{{cite QPN|9741|Port Denison|access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Taxa named in honour of Denison==
Two Indian species are named after William Denison: a fish, the [[Denison barb]] (''Sahyadria denisonii'' ), from the [[Western Ghats]]; and a plant, ''[[Impatiens denisonii]]'', from the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri hills]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=1865|title=On the fishes of Cochin, on the Malabar Coast of India. Part II. Anacanthini|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28497236|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|volume=1865|pages=286–318|author=Day F}}</ref>

A [[genus]] of Australian [[venomous snake]]s, ''[[Denisonia]]'', is named in honour of William Denison.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Denison", p. 69).</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* William Denison (1870) ''Varieties of vice-regal life''. London: Longmans, Green, and co. [[iarchive:cu31924087994202|Volume 1]] [[iarchive:varietiesofvicer02deni|Volume 2]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sir William Thomas Denison|Sir William Denison}}
* {{cite Australasia|Denison, Major-General Sir William Thomas}}
* {{cite DNB |no-icon=1 |wstitle=Denison, William Thomas |last=Arbuthnot |first=Alexander John |author-link=Alexander John Arbuthnot |volume=14 |pages=355–357}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Governor of Tasmania|Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land]]
|before = Sir [[Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet|John Eardley-Wilmot]]
|after = Sir [[Henry Young]]
|years = 1847–1855}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Governor of New South Wales]]
|before = Sir [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Charles FitzRoy]]
|after = Sir [[John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar|John Young]]
|years = 1855–1861}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Governor of Madras]]
|before = [[William Ambrose Morehead]]
|after = [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|The Lord Napier]]
|years = 1861–1866}}
{{succession box
|title = [[Viceroy of India]], ''acting''
|before = Sir [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]] (acting)
|after = Sir [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]]
|years = 1863–1864}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Tasmania}}
{{NewSouthWales Governors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Denison, William}}
[[Category:Governors-general of India]]
[[Category:Governors of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Governors of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:Rideau Canal]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Colony of New South Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Van Diemen's Land people]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian public servants]]

Y. Adinarayana Reddy

2026-04-18T19:00:17Z

Jugnu: Created a details

{{Short description|Indian politician and philanthropist }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yerrapureddy Adinarayana Reddy
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image = Anreddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date |1916|10|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[T.Sundupalle]], [[Kadapa district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date |2002|06|08|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term = 1964-1970
| constituency1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term1 = 1982-1988
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency2 = [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1954
| constituency3 = [[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 1955
| term_end3 = 1962
| office4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency4 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 1974
| term_end4 = 1980
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Y. Basamma
| children = 4 sons and 3 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf
}}

'''Yerrapureddy Adinarayana Reddy''' (15 October 1916 – 8 June 2002) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. He organized the Individual Satyagraha Movement 1940 in the District and suffered three months in the Vellore Central Jail. During the Quit India Movement, he worked underground and later he was arrested and detained from 1942 to 1944 in the Vellore and Thanjavur Jails.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> He was a two term [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1983">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Parliamentary Committee: Summary of Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zq2AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 December 2017|year=1983|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Election Archives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRwvAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=23 December 2017|year=1978|publisher=Shiv Lal|page=859}}</ref> He even served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of the earlier [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] and [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]]. He was also elected as MLC by [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Anfamily.jpg|left|thumb|Adinarayana Reddy with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and his Family Members]]
Yerrapureddy Adinarayana Reddy was born on 15 October 1916 in [[T.Sundupalle]] in the [[Kadapa district]] of Andhra Pradesh. He completed his B.A. from [[University of Madras|Madras University]] and was an Agriculturist.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> Being born into a Hindu family as eldest son of Y Nagi Reddy, Adinarayana Reddy was married to Y. Basamma. They had 4 sons and 3 daughters - Y. Ravindra Reddy (Ex-Chairman [[APGENCO]]),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/%0D%0Anews/2002/sep/29ap.htm| title= TDP leader gunned down in Cuddapah district}}</ref> Shivaram Reddy, Dr Yerukala Reddy, Anand Reddy, Arundhati, Savithri Allapureddy and Sridevi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> He is related to many political personalities in the State. Then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] is his brother-in-law. Prestigious Pincha Project Dam on [[Penna River]] tributary is his brain child. Later in 2004 then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State [[Y S Rajashekar Reddy]] renamed it as Adinarayana Reddy Pincha Project as a tribute.

==Freedom struggle==
Adinarayana Reddy organized the Individual Satyagraha Movement from 1940 - 41 in the District as the D.C.C. President; he was fined Rs. 500/- and suffered three months S.I. from May 1941 in the Vellore Central Jail.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He exhorted the people throughout the District to organize and fight the British by any means at their disposal during the Quit India Movement, as per the famous Andhra P.C.C. circular of 1942. He worked underground before he was arrested and detained from December 1942 to December 1944 in the Vellore and Thanjavur Jails.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> He played a major role in formation of Andhra Pradesh State from [[Madras State]]. He was Editor of a Telugu weekly at Cuddapah ‘Azad Hind’.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He was awarded the [[Tamrapatra]] in 1974, an award for outstanding contribution to Indian Freedom Struggle by [[President of India|The President of India]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].

==Political life==
He worked as District Congress Committee President, [[Kadapa district]] from 1940-49.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> When the Food Crisis struck in 1952, he invited Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[C. Rajagopalachari]] to [[Rayachoti]] to explain the plight of the people during the drought and see to it that relief programs were put in place.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> He had close ties with many [[Indian National Congress]] leaders, including the then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> Later In 1969, he was selected as a Member of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> He was considered a part of the power center in the Andhra Pradesh Congress party due to his proximity to the then Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref>

During 1965-69 he worked as President of [[District Co-operative Central Bank]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.kadapa.info/adinarayana-reddy-yerrapureddy-freedom-fighter| title= Adinarayana Reddy, Yerrapureddy – Freedom Fighter| date= 11 June 2012}}</ref> He served as Director of Andhra Pradesh State Cooperative Bank and Andhra Pradesh State Cooperative Marketing Federation for three years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> He was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]] in erstwhile [[Madras State]] from 1952 to 1954 and again in 1954 to 1962 from [[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.kadapa.info/adinarayana-reddy-yerrapureddy-freedom-fighter| title= Adinarayana Reddy, Yerrapureddy – Freedom Fighter| date= 11 June 2012}}</ref> He was elected twice as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1964 and 1982.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s37dcd340d84f762eba80aa538b0c527f7/uploads/2019/02/2019020632.pdf| title= WHO'S WHO OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KADAPA DISTRICT}}</ref> In June 1974, he was elected as a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.kadapa.info/adinarayana-reddy-yerrapureddy-freedom-fighter| title= Adinarayana Reddy, Yerrapureddy – Freedom Fighter| date= 11 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1986 he represented as a member from [[India]] in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] held in [[United States|United States of America]].

== Death & Honours ==
On June 8, 2002, he had taken his last breath at his residence in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/yerrapareddy-adinarayana-reddy-lives-simple-life-his-political-career-1169918| title= రాజకీయ చాతుర్యం.. నిరాడంబర జీవితం | date= 15 March 2019 | publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref>

On 13th Oct. 2021, as part of the Azadi Ka Amrut Mahotsav Department of Posts released a Special Cover/Stamp on Shri Y Adinarayana Reddy - Unsung hero of our freedom movement. The Special Cover was released by Shri [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], Minister of Education, Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and Shri [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], Minister of Communications, Railways, and IT. They recollected the struggle of Shri Adinarayana Reddy and reminded the present generation of their duties to upkeep the values and path shown by these eminent personalities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1763693| title= AZADI KA AMRIT MAHOTSAV}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]

Moradabad Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:41Z

Jugnu: creating a stub more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Moradabad Nagar
| map_image = 28-Moradabad Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:529243}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 28
}}
'''Moradabad Nagar''' is one of the 403 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017/>

It is part of [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Moradabad Nagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/moradabad-nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kedar Nath
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Halimuddin
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Onkar Saran
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Halimuddin Rahat Maulaey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Dineshchandra Rastogi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Hafiz Siddiq]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Pushpa Singhal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Shamim Ahmad Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Zahid Hussain
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" |Sandeep Agarwal
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mohammad Yusuf Ansari]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Moradabad Nagar<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:148384}}
|percentage = 46.12
|change = {{increase}}1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Yusuf Ansari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:147602}}
|percentage = 45.88
|change = {{increase}}2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Irshad Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:14013}}
|percentage = 4.36
|change = {{decrease}}4.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rizwan Qureshi
|votes = {{formatnum:5351}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1400}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{increase}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:782}}
|percentage = 0.24
|change = {{decrease}}0.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:321704}}
|percentage = 60.79
|change = {{increase}}1.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

Bijnor have 8 vidhan seats
Bijnor have lok sabha seats
1) BIJNOR
2) NAGINA

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Moradabad Nagar<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:123467}}
|percentage = 44.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Yusuf Ansari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:120274}}
|percentage = 43.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ateeq Ahmed Saifi
|votes = {{formatnum:24650}}
|percentage = 8.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:855}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3193}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:276805}}
|percentage = 58.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +2.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Moradabad district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.84|78.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Moradabad]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Television in Tamil language

2026-04-11T09:40:14Z

Jugnu: Created new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

'''Television in the Tamil language''' traces its origins back to the 1990s. Key genres of television shows encompass serials, news programs, variety shows, game shows, movies, and documentaries. Many Indian-Tamil television programs are accessible on satellite and multicultural channels in overseas territories such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Australia]]. The pioneering private channel was [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sun-tv-network-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-17994.cms|title=Sun TV history|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The inception of Tamil language small-screen programming began in 1963 in [[Singapore]] and the 1980s in [[India]]. Initially, broadcasts ran from 7:15 pm to 11:15 pm daily, featuring programs in Singapore's four official languages (Tamil, Malay, Chinese, and English). Tamil programming initially aired on [[Channel 5 (Singaporean TV channel)|Channel 5]] and later also on [[Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)|Channel 8]]. On 30 March 1973, Channel 8 became the dedicated Tamil-language service, with limited programming, after a decision taken by RTS to streamline the language sof the two channels.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 1973 |title=NEW TIMES FOR TV SCREENING FROM FRIDAY |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19730327-1.2.46?qt=rts,%20%22channel%205%22,%20tamil&q=%22RTS%22%20%22Channel%205%22%20%22Tamil%22 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> When Channel 8 started on 31 August 1963 with a pilot schedule, it aired the Tamil film ''[[Naan Petra Selvam]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Television Singapura The Straits Times|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630831-1.2.109.1?ST=1&AT=filter&DF=&DT=&AO=true&NPT=&L=&CTA=&NID=&CT=&WC=&YR=&SortBy=Oldest&k=%22programme+summary%22%26ka%3d%22programme+summary%22&P=183&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=%22programmesummary%22&oref=article|access-date=29 July 2020|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=31 August 1963}}</ref> In [[India]], there was only one national channel, the government-owned Doordarshan, which commenced broadcasting programs in Indian languages in the 1980s,<ref name=podhigai/> although television signals had reached [[Chennai]], the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]], on 15 August 1975.<ref name="Kendra502009">[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Celebrating-a-milestone/article16885655.ece Celebrating a milestone]</ref> Dubbing of Hindi series to Tamil became mandatory at DD Chennai in 1985.<ref>''Southern Comfort'', TV and Video World, September 1985</ref>

The 2000s marked the golden era for the Tamil language television industry, witnessing phenomenal growth in every dimension.

==Television by country==
===India===
{{Main|List of Tamil-language television channels in India}}
The first Tamil television channels, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[DD Podhigai]],<ref name=podhigai>{{cite web |url=https://www.ddpodhigai.org.in/index.php/wings-2/about-the-kendra.html |title=About the Kendra |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204239/https://www.ddpodhigai.org.in/index.php/wings-2/about-the-kendra.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |title=Regional Language Satellite Service |access-date=2011-07-10 |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215640/http://ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref> were launched on April 14, 1993, in [[India]]. Businessman [[Kalanithi Maran]] established the first Tamil language TV station, Sun TV, which commenced broadcasting on April 14, 1993,<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Jaya|title=Karunanidhi wife pulls out stake in Sun TV|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=81585|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/28spec.htm |title=Rediff India Abroad, April 28, 2006 – Kalanithi Maran: A 'Sunshine' story, by Sanjiv Shankaran and S. Bridget Leena in New Delhi |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> initially offering four-and-a-half hours of programming per day under a time-sharing agreement with [[Asia Television Network|ATN]]. However, in January 1997, it transitioned to a 24-hour programming channel. The [[Sun TV Network]] recently launched a DTH service, making its channels available in several countries outside India.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

On October 14, 1994, [[Raj TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/raj-television-network-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-15767.cms|title=The Economic Times|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref> was launched by Rajendran and became the second most popular channel in Tamil in the early 2000s. The same year, another channel called Golden Eagle Communication was launched by [[N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/from-booze-to-news/200528|title=From Booze To News|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/091198/utv91198.htm|title=Why UTV bought Vijay TV|work=Indian Television}}</ref> which was later acquired by [[Star India]] in 2001. Star India took over the channel and rebranded it as [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/entertainment/star-india-buys-out-utvs-stake-in-vijay-tv/articleshow/808761.cms|title=Star India buys out UTV's stake in Vijay TV|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

On August 22, 1999, [[Jaya TV]] was launched in honor of the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[J. Jayalalithaa]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

The most recent channels and networks in the Tamil-based Indian broadcasting industry include [[Jaya TV]], [[Kalaignar TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/25343_kalaignar-tv-set-to-attract-viewers-with-new-launches|title=Kalaignar TV set to attract viewers with new launches|website=www.afaqs.com|date=29 Oct 2009|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tv-series-on-dmk-patriarch-karunanidhi-s-life-from-nov-2/story-y4d8JODnVkLkKBQqPr6jRP.html|title=TV series on DMK patriarch Karunanidhi's life from Nov 2|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=31 Oct 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[Zee Tamil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Zee launches Tamil channel|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/zee-launches-tamil-channel/372401|work=financialexpress.com|date=12 October 2008 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> [[Polimer TV]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/The-battle-for-original-Tamil-TV-content/articleshow/53735461.cms|title=The battle for original Tamil TV content|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> [[Colors Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-enters-tamil-market-with-launch-of-colors-tamil-ropes-in-actor-arya-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/62852267.cms|title=Viacom18 enters Tamil market with launch of Colors Tamil|date=2018-02-09|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> [[Vendhar TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/21309/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Vendhar-T.V-begins.htm|title=Vendhar TV begins|date=25 August 2014 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> [[Makkal TV]] and [[Puthuyugam TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Puthuyugam-spruces-up-prime-time/articleshow/49044861.cms | title=Puthuyugam spruces up prime time | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 September 2015 | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Currently, the major four cable general entertainment channels that dominate the [[Target rating point|TRP]] rivalry are [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Star Vijay]], [[Zee Tamil]], [[Kalaignar TV]], and [[Colors Tamil]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

===Singapore===
Singapore Television Twelve split the former Channel 12 on September 1, 1995, with the existing channel being replaced by Prime 12, including Tamil-language programming on its schedule. The first [[Singapore Tamils]] channel, [[Central (TV channel)|Vasantham Central]], was launched on January 30, 2000. It was founded and is owned by [[MediaCorp]]. On October 19, 2008, Vasantham Central was relaunched as [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Vasantham]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Alicia |title=Dedicated Indian and kids TV channels |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/today20080301-1.2.6.1 |website=Today (retrieved from NLB) |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Lists of Tamil-language media in Malaysia}}
The first [[Tamil Malaysians]] channel was [[Astro Vaanavil]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sankaran |first1=Chitra |last2=Pillai |first2=Shanthini |year=2011 |title=Transnational Tamil television and diasporic imaginings |journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.1177/1367877910391867|s2cid=145197401 }}</ref> It was launched on June 1, 1996, and created by [[Astro (television)|Astro]]. The second general entertainment channel was [[Astro Vinmeen HD]]. It was launched on October 18, 2013. The channel is co-owned by Southeast Asia's second richest man, [[Ananda Krishnan]], and Astro Malaysia Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singtel TV : Channels & On Demand : Channels : CH626 Astro Vinmeen HD |url=http://www.singteltv.com.sg/channels-on-demand_channels_details.asp?ch=626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012124039/http://www.singteltv.com.sg/channels-on-demand_channels_details.asp?ch=626 |archive-date=2015-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onscreenasia.com/article/astro-debuts-s-e-a-first-24-hour-tamil-hd-channel/13144 |title=Astro debuts S.E.A.'s first 24-hour Tamil HD channel | OnScreenAsia.com |access-date=2015-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122113609/http://www.onscreenasia.com/article/astro-debuts-s-e-a-first-24-hour-tamil-hd-channel/13144 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Astro Vellithirai also launched on 16 April 2007 and is special for Tamil movie fans.

===Sri Lanka===
The [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] channel emerged in the early 2000s. On October 20, 1998, [[Shakthi TV]] was launched by Capital Maharaja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shakthi TV|url=https://www.dialog.lk/television-channel-shakthi/|website=Dialog|access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref> It quickly became the most popular channel in [[Sri Lanka]].

===France===
The first [[Tamil population by nation|France-based]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language satellite television channel, [[Tamil Television Network]], was launched in June 1997. Its main audience was [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] living in [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_02/uk/dossier/txt14.htm |title=Sri Lankan expats find a guardian angel |last=Anbarasan |first=Ethirajan |date=February 2000 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Courier |accessdate=20 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022052/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_02/uk/dossier/txt14.htm |archivedate=May 17, 2008 }}</ref> It was the first Tamil-language TV station outside [[India]]. The channel ceased broadcasting on May 2, 2007, when [[Globecast]] stopped relaying the channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=22047|title=France suspends TTN broadcast|date=2 May 2007|publisher=[[TamilNet]]|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref>

===Canada===
The first [[Television in Canada|Canadian]]-based Tamil language channel, [[Tamil One]], was launched on September 6, 2001. Its main audience comprised [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]. The second entertainment channel, Tamil Vision International, based in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], was launched on September 7, 2001. It stands as the largest Tamil media outlet in [[North America]].

The third entertainment channel, [[Tamil Entertainment Television]], was officially launched on December 13, 2012, on [[Bell Fibe TV]]. It holds the distinction of being the first 24-hour Tamil channel in [[North America]] to broadcast in [[High-definition television|HD]].

===United Kingdom===
[[IBC Tamil]] Television was launched in April 2015 at a ceremonial event in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantelevision.com/channel/atn-ibc-tamil|title=Asian Television Network – Canada – Multicultural – South Asian TV – ATN IBC Tamil|website=Asiantelevision.com|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> It became the second Tamil channel in the [[United Kingdom]] after [[Deepam TV]]. The channel was inaugurated with over 1500 people in attendance. [[Deepam TV]] had been launched in June 2000 and broadcasts round the clock from its studios in Hayes.

In 2015, the company announced an investment of £2 million in state-of-the-art digital studio equipment. As a result, the channel now produces nearly all its video content in [[High-definition television|HD]] through its studios in the UK, [[India]], and [[Sri Lanka]].

===Australia===
The first [[Australians|Australian-Tamil]] television channel, Sigaram TV, was launched in the early 2000s. However, in September 2006, due to bankruptcy, Sigaram TV ceased operations, and its existing subscribers were acquired by [[Tharisanam TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/156/37/|title=Tharisanam TV Channel 1 Commences on THAI PONGAL DAY in Australia and Newzealand |date=12 December 2006 |publisher=Tamil Sydney|accessdate=22 December 2009}}</ref> In Europe, for a brief period in mid-2008, Tharisanam TV changed its name to Thendral TV due to a change in management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/11890|title=Breaking News: The LTTE TV Tharishanam goes off the air from today onwards|date=22 June 2008|publisher=[[Asian Tribune]]|accessdate=22 December 2009}}</ref> However, in [[Australia]], the channel continued to operate as Tharisanam TV.

In October 2008, the channel rebranded as [[Global Tamil Vision]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/tvlicensing/tvupdates/monthly/200810 |title=Television Broadcast Licensing Update October 2008 |work=Licensing updates |publisher=[[Ofcom]] |accessdate=19 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502082124/http://ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/tvlicensing/tvupdates/monthly/200810 |archivedate=May 2, 2009 }}</ref> Today, Global Tamil Vision stands as one of the largest Tamil TV networks in the world.

==Streaming service (OTT)==
Online video streaming, also known as [[Over-the-top media service|Over-the-top]] (OTT) services like [[Hotstar]], [[Sun NXT]], [[ZEE5]], [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Mediacorp]], [[MX Player]], and others, gained popularity among Tamil people after 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. This trend posed a threat to the [[Tamil television drama]] industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puthiyakath|first1=Hashim Hamza|last2=Goswami|first2=Manash Pratim|date=2021-05-06|title=Is Over the Top Video Platform the Game Changer over Traditional TV Channels in India? A Niche Analysis|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1326365X211009639|journal=Asia Pacific Media Educator|volume=31 |language=en|pages=133–150|doi=10.1177/1326365X211009639|s2cid=235405617 |issn=1326-365X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Channels by country==
===General entertainment===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Channel
! Launch
! Owner
! Country
|-
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 14 April 1993
| [[Sun TV Network]]
| rowspan="18" | India
|-
| [[Raj TV]]
| 14 October 1994
| [[Raj Television Network]]
|-
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 24 November 1994
| [[Disney Star]]
|-
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
| 15 September 2007
| [[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
| 19 November 2007
| Mega TV Network
|-
| [[Vasanth TV]]
| 5 May 2008
| [[Vasanth & Co|Vasanth & Co Group]]
|-
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 12 October 2008
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|-
| [[Polimer TV]]
| 2009
| Polimer Media Private Limited
|-
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| 23 October 2013
| rowspan="2" |SRM Group
|-
| [[Vendhar TV]]
| 24 August 2014
|-
| Vaanavil TV
| 14 February 2016
| Unknown
|-
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 19 February 2018
| [[Viacom18]]
|-
| [[Blacksheep TV]]
| 15 January 2023
| [[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
|-
|M Nadu TV
|15 January 2023
|TN Networks private limited
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Tamil-language television channels in India]]
* [[List of Tamil-language television channels]]
* [[Tamil television drama]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Tamil Television}}
{{Television in India}}
{{Tamil-language media}}
{{Television in Asia}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television| ]]
[[Category:Tamil-language entertainment]]
[[Category:Tamil culture|Television]]

Budithi bell and brass craft

2026-04-10T21:56:49Z

Jugnu:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Budithi bell and brass craft
| color =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = [[Handicraft]]
| area = Budithi, [[Srikakulam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 
| material = [[Bronze]]
| official website =
}}

'''Budithi bell and brass craft''' are the products made out of [[alloy]] like [[brass]] at Budithi, a village in [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[States and Territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=Budithi Brassware|url=http://www.aptourism.gov.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/274-budithibrassware#.VrGOatJ95kh|website=AP Tourism|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203115714/http://www.aptourism.gov.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/274-budithibrassware#.VrGOatJ95kh|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Recognition==
It was registered as one of the [[handicraft]] in the [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh by ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref name="GI">{{cite web |title=Registration Details of Geographical Indications |url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Registered_GI_01_04_19.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India, Government of India |access-date=14 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Brass objects==
The [[artisans]] mainly work on creating [[brassware]] objects such as, bells for temples, cooking utensils, flower pots, lamps etc., which have different geometric patterns as well.<ref name="info" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional crafts attract delegates|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/traditional-crafts-attract-delegates/article354303.ece|access-date=3 February 2016|date=14 February 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bidriware]]
* [[Kinnal Craft]]
* [[Navalgund Durries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.edcweapon.com/collections/brass-knuckles Brass Knuckles]

[[Category:Brass]]
[[Category:Indian metalwork]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]

Sanjay Pandey

2026-03-29T15:40:23Z

Jugnu: rework citations additionally and added references

{{short description|Indian actor}}

{{AfDM|page=Sanjay Pandey (2nd nomination)|year=2026|month=March|day=29|substed=yes|origtag=afdx|help=off}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sanjay Pandey
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|alma_mater =
|occupation = [[Actor]]
|years_active= 2001 – present
|website =
|parents = Indradev Pandey (Father), Malti Pandey (Mother)
|children = Sanjana Pandey
| spouse = Ragini Pandey
}}

'''Sanjay Pandey''' (born 12 March 1972) is an Indian actor mainly active in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]]. He is famous for his negative roles<ref>{{Cite web|title='Nirahua Hindustani' to 'Dabang Sarkar': Times when Sanjay Pandey impresses fans with his negative roles|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-hindustani-to-dabang-sarkar-times-when-sanjay-pandey-impresses-fans-with-his-negative-roles/photostory/80467075.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Pandey starts shooting for his next 'Aagaur Auhaag'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sanjay-pandey-starts-shooting-for-his-next-aagaur-auhaag/articleshow/84753229.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Pandey starts shooting for 'M.L.A Durga'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sanjay-pandey-starts-shooting-for-m-l-a-durga/articleshow/80770239.cms}}</ref> in films. He has worked as main villain in several Bhojpuri films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanjay-Pandey|title=SANJAY PANDEY|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2019|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anjana-singh-wishes-bhojpuri-star-sanjay-pandey-on-his-birthday/articleshow/68394188.cms|title=Anjana Singh wishes Bhojpuri star Sanjay Pandey on his birthday|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 March 2019|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/shubhi-sharma-wishes-sanjay-pandey-on-his-birthday-with-an-endearing-picture/articleshow/68389980.cms|title=Shubhi Sharma wishes Sanjay Pandey on his birthday with an endearing picture|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 March 2019|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/dabanggs-bhojpuri-avtaar/articleshow/15104231.cms|title=Dabangg's Bhojpuri avtaar!|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Sanjay Pandey started his career as a theater artist from [[Bhopal]] theatre.

In 2002, he made his in film acting debut as a villain in the Bhojpuri film 'Kahiya Doli Laike Aiba' directed by [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]] and his performance was highly praised by critics and audience. But after three films he stopped working in Bhojpuri and is busy in television. In 2009, [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]] approached him for a film named "Deewana" with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] and film was biggest hit on Bhojpuri box office.<ref>{{Cite web|title='M.L.A Darzi': Sanjay Pandey shares a still with co-star Ritesh Pandey from the sets of the film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/m-l-a-darzi-sanjay-pandey-shares-a-still-with-co-star-ritesh-pandey-from-the-sets-of-the-film/articleshow/80845181.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sanjay-pandey-does-a-pran/articleshow/14820533.cms|title=Sanjay Pandey does a Pran|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/dharmendra-to-do-a-bhojpuri-film-with-sanjay-pandey/articleshow/17965752.cms|title=Dharmendra to do a Bhojpuri film with Sanjay Pandey|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/500-rickshaws-at-bihari-rickshawala-shoot/articleshow/17583151.cms|title=500 rickshaws at Bihari Rickshawala shoot|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

He has worked in many blockbuster film such as [[Saat Saheliyan]], [[Nirahua Hindustani]], [[Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi]], [[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]], [[Mai Sehra Bandh Ke Aaunga]], [[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Saat Saheliyan' to 'Border': Sanjay Pandey's best Bhojpuri films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/saat-saheliyan-to-border-sanjay-pandeys-best-bhojpuri-films/photostory/78771280.cms}}</ref> and [[Nirahua Hindustani 3]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Ref.
|-
| 2002 || ''Kahiya Doli Leke Aiba'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Ghar Duwar'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Nadiya Ke Teer'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Ham Bal Bramhchari'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Gabbar Singh'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Saat Saheliyan]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Deewana'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Saiya Ke Sath Madaiya Me'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Mrityunjay''|| ||
|-
|2011 || ''Main Nagin Tu Nagina''|| ||
|-
| 2011 || '' Diljale'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Truck Driver'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Kaisan Piywa Ke Charitar Ba'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Bajrang'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Gajab Siti Maare Saiyan Pichware'' || ||
|-
| 2012 ||''Saugandh Ganga Maiya Ke''|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Jung Siyasat Ke'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Dil Ta Pagal Hola'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Sapoot'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Jeena Teri Gali Mein'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Biwi No.1'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Kasam Vardi Ke'' || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/viraj-bhatt-and-sanjay-pandeys-kasam-vardi-ki/articleshow/19575118.cms|title=Viraj Bhatt and Sanjay Pandey's 'Kasam Vardi Ki'|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Majnu Moterwala''|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Tadipaar'' || ||
|-
|2013 || ''Rajaji I Love You''|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Rihai'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Deewangi Had Se'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Nirahua Ek Sarfira'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Bihari Ban Gayil Hero'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]'' ||Bablu Yadav ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Ham Ke Daru Naahi Mehraru Chaahi'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chhora Ganga Kinare Wala]]'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Viraj Tadipaar'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Balam Rasiya'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Raja Babu'' || ||
|-
| 2015 ||''Vijaypath Ego Jung''|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sanjay-pandey-in-vijay-path/articleshow/21760351.cms|title=Sanjay Pandey in Vijay Path|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''Khakhi Vardiwala'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Kaat Ke Rakh Deb'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Yadav Paan Bhandar'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''The Power of Dahshat'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Tu Mera Dushman'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dil Ke Karib Jab Se Aa Gailu Tu'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dhadkela Tohre Naame Karejwa'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Aashik Awara'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi]]'' ||Bandook Singh||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dabang Aashiq'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Ram Lakhan'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahi'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Deewane'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Mahabharat'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Nayanvan Ke Baan'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Dilwala'' ||Navrangi ||
|-
|2017 || ''Garam Masala''|| ||
|-
|2017 || ''Ghus Ke Maarab'' || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/sanjay-pandey-busy-with-ghus-ke-maarab/articleshow/21014409.cms|title=Sanjay Pandey busy with Ghus Ke Maarab|agency=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Pahali Nazar Ko Salam'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''|| Paras Yadav||
|-
| 2017 || ''Rang'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Action Raja'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Beta Hoke Ta Aisan'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Ek Rajai Teen Lugai'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Jila Champaran'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mai Sehra Bandh Ke Aaunga]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Gundey'' || ||
|-
| 2018 ||''Shadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Hitler'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Karam Yug'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Hamar Mission Hamar Banaras'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]'' ||Dev Singh ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Gangstar Dulhaniya'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Ghoonghat Me Ghotala'' ||Inspector Sanjay Pandey ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Balamua Tohre Khatir'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || '' Khuddar'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || '' [[Dabang Sarkar]]'' ||Inspector Tripathi ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]'' || Jharkhandey||
|-
| 2019 || ''Dilwar'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2019 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Khesari Lal Yadav-Kajal Raghwani's 'Coolie No 1' to arrive in theatres on Eid, fans elated |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/khesari-lal-yadav-kajal-raghwanis-coolie-no-1-to-arrive-in-theatres-on-eid-fans-elated-2208910.html |access-date=5 June 2019 |work=Zee News |date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Lagal Raha Batasha''
|Inspector Lote
|
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Raajtilak]]''
|| ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/rajtilak-makers-unveil-the-trailer-of-the-arvind-akela-kallu-starrer/articleshow/67864155.cms|title='Rajtilak': Makers unveil the trailer of the Arvind Akela Kallu starrer|date=6 February 2019|work=Times Of India|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/jai-hind-pawan-singh-shares-the-new-poster-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/70364202.cms|title='Jai Hind': Pawan Singh shares the new poster of his upcoming film|last=TNN|date=24 June 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''[[Lallu Ki Laila]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-and-aamrapali-dubeys-lallu-ki-laila-first-look-out-pic-2208792.html|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav and Aamrapali Dubey's 'Lallu Ki Laila' first look out|last=Zee Media Bureau|date=3 June 2019|work=Zee News|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Farishta (2023 film)|Farishta]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Mere Husband Ki Shadi Hai]]
|
|
|-
|''Hamar Naam Вa Kanhaiya''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Bhojpuri: निरहुआ के नई फिल्म के सामने हिली प्रदीप पांडे चिंटू की 'ओम', रिलीज के एक दिन पहले लिया ये फैसला |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-pradeep-pandey-chintu-changed-date-of-his-film-in-front-of-nirahua-movie |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Punarjanm
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Bhojpuri: संजय पांडे की सस्पेंस-थ्रिलर फिल्म 'पुनर्जन्म' हुई रिलीज, आत्मा और जीवन के रहस्य के खुलेंगे कई राज |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-movie-punarjanm-released-on-stage-ott-platform |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Mission C1000]]''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7372570}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Periya Mariamman Temple

2026-03-25T21:58:31Z

Jugnu: Put Up...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Periya Mariamman Temple
| image = Erode Marriamman Ther.jpg
| alt = Mariamman
| image_upright =
| caption = Periya Mariamman Temple Car procession
| coordinates = {{coord|11|20|20.8|N |77|43|29.7|E}}
| native_name = பெரிய மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில்
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Erode]]
| location = [[Panneer Selvam Park]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Goddess [[Mariamman]]
| festivals= [[Panguni]] Ther Thiruvizha
| temple_tank =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator = Kongu Cholas
| website = http://www.erodeperiyamariamman.tnhrce.in/
}}
'''Periya Mariamman Temple''' (Tamil:பெரிய மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில்) is located near [[Panneer Selvam Park]], opposite to [[Municipal Corporation Building, Erode|Erode Corporation Building]] in the city of [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to [[Mariamman]], the [[Hindu]] Goddess. Kongu Cholas built the temple 1200 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/peria-mariamman/|title=Periya Mariamman Temple Erode|publisher=desibantu|accessdate=19 December 2016|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222110326/http://pedia.desibantu.com/peria-mariamman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Group Temples==
Along with this Periya Mariamman Temple, the Devasthanam includes two other temples in the city.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Mariamman-temple-car-festival-celebrated/article15196116.ece
|title=Mariamman Temple Car Festival celebrated|work=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref>
* Chinna Mariamman Temple in Periyar Street
* Vaikkal Mariamman Temple at Karaivakkal
Also, there are lot many other Mariamman temples inside the city including [[Karungalpalayam]] Mariamman, Nadu Mariamman, Narayana Valasu Mariamman, Kumulankuttai Mariamman, Ellai Mariamman. But, Periya Mariamman in worshipped as the Head of all Mariammans in the City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/peria-mariamman/|title=Periya Mariamman Temple Erode|publisher=desibantu|accessdate=19 December 2016|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222110326/http://pedia.desibantu.com/peria-mariamman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festivals==
Every year, during the Tamil month of [[Panguni]] (March- April), a grand festival is celebrated in the City.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/faith-and-frenzy-at-the-temple-car-festival-in-erode/article3282725.ece
|title=Faith and frenzy at the Temple Car Festival in Erode|work=[[the Hindu]]|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> The festival will start in the first Tuesday of [[Panguni]] simultaneously at Periya Mariamman, Chinna Mariamman and Vaikkal Mariamman Temples. The other activities in the celebration includes
* Kambam Naduthal
* Maa vilakku
* Karagam Eduthal
* [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]
* Therottam ([[Temple Car]] procession)
* Manjal Neerattu
The celebrations happen for 20 days between Kambam Naduthal and Manjal Neerattu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erodetoday.com/periya-mariamman-temple-erode-erode2338.html|title=Arulmigu Periya Mariamman Temple|publisher=erodetoday|accessdate=19 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220194238/http://www.erodetoday.com/periya-mariamman-temple-erode-erode2338.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bannari Amman Temple]]
*[[Mariamman temples]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=942|Dinamalar-Periya Mariamman Temple-Erode]

[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Erode district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Palum Pazhamum

2026-03-24T19:54:30Z

Jugnu:

{{short description|1961 film by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Confused|Paalum Pazhavum}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Palum Pazhamum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| screenplay = A. Bhimsingh
| story = G. Balasubramaniam Pasumani
| producer = G. N. Velumani
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao
| editing = [[A. Bhimsingh]] A. Paul Duraisingh R. Thirumalai
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Saravana Films
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1961|09|09|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 184 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Palum Pazhamum''''' ({{IPA|ta|paːlɯm paɻamɯm|pron}} {{translation|Milk and Fruit}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 9 September 1961. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Beratha Jeeva]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=சரோஜாதேவிக்கு பாராட்டும், சௌகார் ஜானகிக்கு ஏமாற்றமும் தந்த பாலும் பழமும் படம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-sarojadevis-appreciation-sowcar-janakis-disappointment-in-palum-pazhamum-film-866787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104160112/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-sarojadevis-appreciation-sowcar-janakis-disappointment-in-palum-pazhamum-film-866787.html |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]],'' the latter was remade in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as ''{{Ill|Yarım Kalan Saadet|tr}}'' (1970).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television |publisher=McFarland |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7864-6535-4 |editor-last=Marja Evelyn Mogk |pages=122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Järvinen |first=Anna |date=9 July 2021 |title=Cüneyt Arkın & Filiz Akın – Yarım Kalan Saadet (1970) - |url=https://sinematikyesilcam.com/2021/07/cuneyt-arkin-ve-filiz-akin-yarim-kalan-saadet-1970/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709140916/https://sinematikyesilcam.com/2021/07/cuneyt-arkin-ve-filiz-akin-yarim-kalan-saadet-1970/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=sinematikyesilcam.com |language=tr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ravi is a doctor searching for a [[cancer]] cure. Shanthi is Ravi's nurse who assists him in his research. Ravi offers to marry her after her father's death. After putting in enormous efforts, Ravi emerges successful in formulating a new drug but Shanthi is diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]]. Ravi begins to neglect his duties as a doctor, focusing on Shanthi's health. Shanthi flees on a train as she does not wish to divert him from his research.

The train crashes and Shanthi is believed to be dead. Ravi is heartbroken but vows to complete his research. Ravi's family forces him to marry Nalini, but they do not have a happy home life, as he is more oriented towards his research than his family. Nalini and Ravi fight, and in one of these fights Ravi loses his eyesight. Meanwhile, Shanthi escapes the train crash and goes to [[Switzerland]] to cure her tuberculosis. Shanthi returns from Switzerland to find that her husband has lost his eyesight. She offers to nurse Ravi; Ravi finds her voice familiar but does not recognise her, and confides in her that he is still fond of his ex-wife. Nalini overhears this, and complains to her parents. Shanthi faces criticism from the womenfolk of the house for her intimacy with Ravi.

Ravi's brother Sekar grows fond of Shanthi and tells Ravi so. Ravi suggests they marry. Shanthi is upset and reveals her identity to Ravi's family. Ravi's sight is restored by an operation. He recognises Shanti and rushes to the marriage hall to find that Shanthi's sister is married to his brother. Ravi reunites with Shanti while Nalini joins the [[Swiss Red Cross|Red Cross]] and flies to Switzerland. The movie ends with Ravi and Shanthi working together to benefit mankind.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Dr. Ravi
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Shanthi & Neela
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Nalini
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Mama
*[[T. S. Balaiah]] as Chinnavar
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Periyavar
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Gomathi
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Sanjeevi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Mayilvahanam
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Maruthayee
*K. Sairam as Devangu
*S. A. Kannan as Shanthi Ungel
*T. Thangaraj
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Doctor (Guest Appearance)
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Sekar
*[[K. D. Santhanam]] as Bai

== Production ==
The song "Thendral Varum" which was picturised on Sowcar Janaki was removed from the film due to length issues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜானகி |first=சௌகார் |author-link=Sowcar Janaki |date=21 March 1993 |title=வீசாத தென்றலும் வராத சேதியும் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1993-03-21/kalki1993-03-21.pdf |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=57–59 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]) with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palum Pazhamum |url=https://gaana.com/album/paalum-pazhamum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180126/https://gaana.com/album/paalum-pazhamum |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "Ennai Yaarendru" is based on [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=10 May 2013 |title=Light and melodious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124042709/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Indha Nadagam" is based on [[Shubhapantuvarali]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2012 |title=Sorrowful Subhapantuvarali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2904925.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213101941/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2904925.ece |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Kadhal Siragai" is based on [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2012 |title=Notes that intrigue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235754/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Paalum Pazhamum" is based on [[Natabhairavi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ராகங்களும் திரைப்படப் பாடல்களும் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/tamilbooks/Aranthia-Maniyan/aranthia-maniyan04.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810164849/http://lakshmansruthi.com/tamilbooks/aranthia-maniyan/aranthia-maniyan04.asp |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Naan Pesa Ninaippathellam" was written by Kannadasan to showcase his friendship with Viswanathan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2004 |title=Melody, magic and MSV |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/melody-magic-and-msv/article28658687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213102027/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/melody-magic-and-msv/article28658687.ece |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aalaya Mainiyin" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:19
|-
| "Ennai Yaar Endru" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 03:50
|-
| "Intha Nadagam" || P. Susheela || 03:27
|-
| "Kadhal Siragai" || P. Susheela || 04:04
|-
| "Naan Pesa Ninaippathellam" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:06
|-
| "Naan Pesa Ninaippathellam" (Sad) || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:24
|-
| "Paalum Pazhamamum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:23
|-
| "Ponaal Pogattum Poda" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| 06:10
|-
| "Thendral Varum" || P. Susheela || 03:11
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Palum Pazhamum'' was released on 9 September 1961,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 1961 |title=Palum Pazhamum |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610908&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=71–80 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126232053/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=3 December 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> and distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 1961 |title=Palum Pazhamum |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19611015&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kumudam]]'' praised the film for Saroja Devi's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 5. நீ சாந்தி தானே...! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/21/சரோஜா-தேவி-5.-நீ-சாந்தி-தானே...-2512590.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212045604/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/may/21/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-5.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87...-2512590.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film title's lack of relevance to the story, but called the film an entertainer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 September 1961 |title=பாலும் பழமும் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/24-09-1961/p33.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722104329/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/24-09-1961/p33.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=13 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=Ta}}</ref> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |pages=241 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The film's title also became the name for a collection of silk saris.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=23 October 2014 |title=Checks go out of the box |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/checks-go-out-of-the-box/article6527978.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174423/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/checks-go-out-of-the-box/article6527978.ece |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about nurses]]
[[Category:Films about scientists]]
[[Category:Films about surgeons]]
[[Category:Films about tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films about railway accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Rail transport films]]

Perumbavoor

2026-03-22T17:02:29Z

Jugnu: rework intro additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Refimprove|date=August 2022}}
{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Ernakulam, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perumbavoor
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]] in [[Kochi]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=17 April 2018 | access-date=18 May 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Bethel suloko church perumbavoor.jpg
| photo2a = Perumbavoor Taluk Office Kunnathunad.jpg
| photo2b = Perumbavoor KSEB.jpg
| photo3a = Perumbavoor Bhajana Madam.jpg
| photo3b = Perumbavoor Masjid- പെരുമ്പാവൂർ മസ്ജിദ്-001.JPG
| photo4a = Perumbavoor Ambalam (Temple).jpg
| spacing = 2
| space = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 270
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: Bethel Suloko Church; [[KSEB|KSEB Office Perumbavoor]]; Juma Masjid; Perumbavoor Temple; Bhajana Madam; Taluk Office Kunnathunad
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = Left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.11422|N|76.47749|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Sangeetha K N
| leader_title2 = Municipal Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Biju John Jacob
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total = 28,110
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 683542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = KL-40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kochi]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.perumbavoormunicipality.in/Perumbavoor}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Perumbavoor''' ({{IPA|ml|peɾumbaːʋuːr|}}) is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=17 April 2018 | access-date=18 May 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref> and a north eastern suburb of the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]]. It is located {{convert|24|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the district collectorate in [[Thrikkakara]] and about {{convert|221|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Perumbavoor is part of the [[Kochi metropolitan area]] and is located {{convert|32|km|1|abbr=on}} northeast of the [[Kochi]] city centre. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Perumbavoor has a population of 28,110 people, and a population density of {{convert|2065|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

In recent years, Perumbavoor has experienced a large influx of [[Migrant labourers in Kerala|migrant labourers]] from other states in India, primarily [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=State of inclusion of migrant workers in Ernakulam District, Kerala | url=https://cmid.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/State-of-Inclusion-of-Migrant-Workers-in-Ernakulam-District-Kerala-CMID-2020.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122181704/http://cmid.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/State-of-Inclusion-of-Migrant-Workers-in-Ernakulam-District-Kerala-CMID-2020.pdf | archive-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> Estimates for their numbers in Perumbavoor vary widely, ranging from the low thousands to over one lakh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Dec/10/kandanthara-a-mini-bengal-powered-by-toil-of-migrant-workers-2073856.html | title=Kandanthara: A 'mini Bengal' powered by toil of migrant workers | date=10 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/perumbavoor-a-mini-north-india-in-kerala/articleshow/52055285.cms | title=Perumbavoor: A mini North India in Kerala | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 May 2016 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Empty section|date=August 2023}}

==History==
{{expand section | additional citations|date=April 2017}}
Perumbavoor municipality was formed in 1936. It was one among the 4 Panchayats sanctioned by [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer]] ([[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan]]-[[travancore|Thiruvithamcore]]). The others were [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Nedumangad]] and [[Boothapandi]].<ref>[http://paravoorsouth.blogspot.in/p/history.html Historic Paravur]</ref> Perumbavoor constituency is one of the most Jacobite Christian-populated areas in India.

== Politics ==
Perumbavoor assembly constituency is a part of [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. [[Eldhose Kunnappilly]] is the current MLA from Perumbavoor and [[Benny Behanan]] is the current MP.

==Judicial institutions==
Its jurisdiction formerly encompassed the towns of [[Alwaye]] and [[Kolenchery]], which were separated later. It has a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class, Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, and Subordinate Judge's Court (Sub-court).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/courts/|title = Courts | Ernakulam District Website | India}}</ref>

==Economy==
Perumbavoor is a predominantly agricultural town and Asia's Largest plywood industry. Commodities like rubber, pepper, ginger, turmeric, plantain, vegetables, coconut, nutmeg, cocoa, rice, arecanut, cloves, etc., are traded every day in the local market. Most of these commodities are supplied to mainstream exporters in Kochi or to local retailers. The rest of the economy is shared by the government, the private sector, and small industries. Perumbavoor is an important city for the timber trade in Kerala.

{{columns-list}}
==Image Gallery==

Pictures of the town taken on 9 July 2012 at 8:00 AM. Historic images of the town are liked by all.

<gallery>
File:Perumbavoor Taluk Office Kunnathunad.jpg|Perumbavoor Taluk Office Kunnathunad
File:Perumbavoor KSEB.jpg|Perumbavoor KSEB
File:Perumbavoor Muicipal Office.jpg|Perumbavoor Municipal Office
File:Perumbavoor Taluk Office.jpg|Old Perumbavoor Taluk Office
File:Perumbavoor Masjid- പെരുമ്പാവൂർ മസ്ജിദ്-001.JPG|Town Juma-masjid
File:Perumbavoor Ambalam (Temple).jpg|Perumbavoor Ambalam (Temple)
File:Perumbavoor Temple Pond.jpg|Perumbavoor Temple Pond
File:Perumbavoor Church.jpg|Perumbavoor Church
File:Perumbavoor Kalady Junction.jpg|Perumbavoor Kalady Junction
File:Perumbavoor Upper Bus stop.jpg|Perumbavoor Upper Bus stop
File:Perumbavoor Aushadi Junction.jpg|Perumbavoor Aushadi Junction
File:Perumbavoor Kalady Road.jpg|Perumbavoor Kalady Road
File:Perumbavoor GOV Hospital Junction.jpg|Perumbavoor GOV Hospital Junction
File:Perumbavoor GOV Hospital.jpg|Perumbavoor GOV Hospital
File:Perumbavoor Bhajana Madam.jpg|Perumbavoor Bhajana Madam
File:Perumbavoor Vegetable Market CUM Shopping Complex.jpg|Perumbavoor Vegetable Market CUM Shopping Complex
File:Perumbavoor Flower Shop.jpg|Perumbavoor Flower Shop
File:Perumbavoor Shopping Complex.jpg|Perumbavoor Shopping Complex
</gallery>

==Notable people==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[P. P. Thankachan]] - Politician
* [[D. Babu Paul]] - IAS
* [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] - Indian Musician
* [[Jayaram]] - actor and mimicry artist
* Roshni Suresh - Playback Singer, Radio Artist.
* [[Antony Perumbavoor ]]- Film Producer
* [[T. H. Musthafa]] - Politician
* [[M. K. Sankaran Namboothiri]] - classical musician
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] - actor
* [[Asha Sarath]] - classical dancer and actor
* [[Kalidas Jayaram]] - Actor
* [[Mathukkutty]] - Indian radio jockey, television host, actor and director
* [[Basil Thampi]] - Cricketer
* [[Mariam Vattalil]] - Indian Social Worker
* [[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] - Indian actress
* [[N. N. Pisharody]] - Director
* [[Mithra Kurian]] - Indian Actress
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] - Indian Actress
* [[Saju Paul]] - Indian Politician
* [[Baselios Augen I]] - Indian Catholicose
* [[Roopesh Peethambaran]] - Indian film director
* [[Swasika]] - Actress
* [[Muralee Thummarukudy]] - Chief of Disaster Risk Reduction in the UN
}}

==Transportation==
[[File:Perumbavoor KSRTC Bus Terminal.jpg|thumb|Perumbavoor KSRTC Busterminal]]
[[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-40 is the RTO code for Kunnathunad Taluk and Perumbavoor. Perumbavoor JRTO is situated at Pattal. Perumbavoor has a KSRTC Subdepot operating several long-distance services to places inside and outside Kerala. Private bus services run to several neighbouring towns. [[AutoRickshaws]] are commonly used for small distances. There are frequent bus services to Ernakulam, Aluva, Angamaly, Kothamangalam, Muvattupuzha, Kolenchery, Thrippunithura, etc. from here. The nearest railway stations are [[Angamaly]] and [[Aluva]]. The [[Cochin International Airport]] at [[Nedumbassery]] is only 14 km from the town.

Perumbavoor is surrounded by many small but populous commuter villages, connected to the town by bus services. The notable ones are Vallam, Koovappady, [[Vengola]], Mudickal, Thottuva, Ponjassery, Manjappetty, Kodanad, Akanad, Meempara, Chooramudy, Alattuchira, Panamkuzhy, Cheranalloor, Punnayam, Odakkaly, Panichayam, Payyal, Nedungapra, Kallil, Malayidomthuruth, Kottapady, Keezhillam, etc. Kuruppampady town is one of the main interchange points for public transport.

==Educational organisations==
{{Example farm|date=November 2019}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{Main article|List of educational organisations in Perumbavoor}}
*Amrita Vidyalayam
*Jai Bharath Arts And Science College, Perumbavoor<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Bharath Arts and Science College - Ernakulam |url=https://campusways.com/college/jai-bharath-arts-and-science-college/ |website=campusways.com |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
*Sree Sankara Vidhyapeetom College
*Sree Sankara Vidyapeetom College, Airapuram, Valayanchirangara
*KMP College of Arts & Science, Perumbavoor
*Marthoma College of Management & Technology (MCMAT), Perumbavoor
*Mar Thoma College for Women, Perumbavoor
*St Mary's College of Commerce and Management Studies, Thuruthiply, Perumbavoor
*Adishankara Institute of Engineering Technology, Kalady
*Jama-ath Higher Secondary School, Thandekkad
*Nusrathul Islamic V.H.S.S, Marampally
*Queen Mary's English Medium High School, Mudickal
*Govt.H.S.S, Mudickal
*Asram Higher Secondary School, Perumbavoor
*Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Perumbavoor
*Govt Girls Higher Secondary School, Perumbavoor
* St Thomas Public School, Iringole,
* Vimala Central School, Perumbavoor
*MGM Higher Secondary School,Kuruppampady
}}

==Healthcare==
Even though Perumbavoor has a government taluk headquarters hospital, several private hospitals, numerous dental care centres, and advanced labs, the healthcare sector remains underdeveloped, especially for trauma, emergency and speciality healthcare.

==Main hospitals==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
[[File:Perumbavoor Taluk Headquarters Hospital.jpg|thumb|Perumbavoor Taluk Headquarters Hospital (taluk hospital in Ernakulam district, Kerala)]]
*Government Taluk Hospital
*Baby Memorial Hospital, Kochi, Perumbavoor (under construction)
*Perumbavoor Super Speciality Hospital (under construction)
*ESI Hospital
*Sanjoe Hospital
*Vathiyayath Hospital
*M V Joseph Memorial Hospital
*Government Ayurveda Hospital
*Parathuvayalil Hospital,
*Bharath Hospital
*Mount Senai Mission Hospital
*SN Mission Hospital,
*Luke Memorial Eye Hospital
*Government Hospital, Vengola
*Ideal Mind Care Hospital, Vengola
}}

==Churches==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* St. Mary's Syrian Cathedral, Kuruppampady, is one of the oldest churches in Perumbavoor
* SH Church, Aimury, Perumbavoor
* St. Paul's Marthoma Church, Perumbavoor.
* [[E.A.E Arch Diocese|Evangelistic Association of the East, Head Office & Orphanage]]
* India Pentecostal Church of God, Perumbavoor Town
* Assemblies of God in India, Perumbavoor
* St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India, AM Road, Perumbavoor
* The Pentecostal Mission, Perumbavoor
* San Thome Malankara Catholic Church, MC Road, Perumbavoor Town
* Bethel Suloko Orthodox Cathedral, Perumbavoor Town
* St. Mary's Catholic Church, MC Road. Perumbavoor Town
* St. George Latin Catholic Church, MC Road. Perumbavoor
* Mar Kauma Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church Vengoor.
* Brotheren Assembly Asramam Perumbavoor.
* Independent Baptist Church Kuruppampady.
* Mar Malke Orthodox Church, Kodanad
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Thurithiply
* St. Peter & Paul's Church, Mudukkari Kuruppampady
* St.Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Nellimolam
}}

==Mosques==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* South Vallam juma-masjid, Perumbavoor. It is the first mosque in Ernakulam (about 900years old)
* Town Central Juma-masjid, Perumbavoor
* Akashwani Masjid, Near Pathipalam, Perumbavoor
* Vallam Rayonpuram Juma-masjid, Perumbavoor
* Vallam Junction Juma-masjid (SH) Airport road
* Madina Masjid, Near Private bus stand, Perumbavoor
* Meca Masjid, A.M Road Perumbavoor
* Juma Masjid Mudickal (3.5 km) The second largest Masjid in Kerala
* Kandanthara Juma Masjid, Kandanthara, Perumbavoor. Kandanthara is the most populated Muslim Jamaath in the Ernakulam district
* Parappuram Juma Masjid Parappuram Vallam, Perumbavoor
* Poopani Muslim Juma Masjid Poopani Perumbavoor
* Juma Masjid Thandakkad, Perumbavoor
* Vengola Hydrose Muslim Jamaath, West Vengola
* Pallipram Padinjare Muslim Jama'ath PuthanPalli, West Mudickal
}}

==Temples==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*Kuzhupilli kavu, Perumbavoor
*Alppara kavu, Onnam mile, Perumbavoor
*Naklikkattu Kalari Bhadrakali Temple Allapra
*Naklikkattu Naga Paradevatha Temple Allapra
*Valakara Temple, Allapra
*Pisharikkal Bhagavathy temple, Aimury, Perumbavoor
* Punnayam mahadeva temple, punnayam
* Iringol kavu, which is the largest Kavu in Kerala
* Koottumadom Sree Subramanya Swami Temple, Rayamangalam
* Perumbavoor Sri Dharmasastha Temple
* Kallil Temple, Kallil Bhagavathi Cave Temple, Methala
* Thottuva Dhanwanthari temple (8 km from Perumbavoor)
* Chelattu Kavu Mookambika & Bhadhrakali Temple, Aimury
* Cheruvallykkavu-Padickal Puthen Veedu, Aimury
* Devi Temple, Vengoor
* [[Chelamattom Shree Krishna Swami Temple]]
* Aananthanath Bhagavath Temple, Mudakkuzha
* Vaniappilly Pancheswaravishnu Temple, Chundakkuzhi
* Keezhillam Perumthrikovil Mahadeva Kshetram
}}

==How to reach==
Perumbavoor lies in the north-eastern corner of the Kochi urban area. The geographic advantages of Perumbavoor are that NH 47 lies closer to this town apart from [[Main Central Road]] and the Aluva-Munnar highway passing through this place. Perumbavoor is surrounded by important towns like Aluva, Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, Angamaly, etc., in close distances. Important suburban regions of Kochi, like Aluva, Kalamassery, Kakkanad, and Thrippunithura, are all in proximity to Perumbavoor.
* '''[[Kochi]]''' - [[Edappally|Edapally]] - Pookkattupady - [[Chembarakky]] (34 km)
* '''[[Thodupuzha]]''' - [[Vazhakulam|Vazhakkulam]] - [[Muvattupuzha]] -Keezhillam (40 km)
* '''[[Thrissur]]''' - [[Chalakudy]] - [[Angamaly]] (59 km)
* '''[[Kottayam]]''' - [[Ettumanoor]] - [[Koothattukulam]] - [[Muvattupuzha]] (76 km)
* '''[[Alappuzha]]''' - [[Cherthala]] - [[Kundannoor]] - Petta - Pallikkara - [[Kizhakkambalam]] (85 km)
* '''[[Munnar]]''' - [[Pallivasal]] - [[Adimali]] - [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]] (98 km)
* '''[[Thiruvananthapuram]]''' - [[Kottarakkara]] - [[Pandalam]] - [[Changanassery]] - '''Kottayam''' -Muvattupuzha (228 km)

==See also==
* [[Kochi]]
* [[Piravom]]
* [[Kothamangalam]]
* [[Aluva]]
* [[Muvattupuzha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://ernakulam.nic.in/ Ernakulam District website]
*[http://perumbavoornews.blogspot.com/ Perumbavoornews]
*[http://www.kuruppampady.com/ Kuruppampady]
*[[Places of worship in Perumbavoor]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Perumbavoor Municipality Election 2020]

{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
{{Northern Travancore}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]

Sarkar (film series)

2026-03-03T11:57:35Z

Jugnu: brief adjusted details and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarkar film series
| caption =
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma [[Parag Sanghvi]] (''Sarkar'') Praveen Nischol (''Sarkar Raj'') Rahul Mittra Anand Pandit Gopal Shivram Dalvi Krishan Choudhary WeOne (''Sarkar 3'')
| writer = [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]] (''Sarkar'') [[Prashant Pandey]] (''Sarkar Raj'') [[P. Jaya Kumar]] Nilesh Girkar (''Sarkar 3'')
| screenplay = Ram Gopal Varma
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Abhishek Bachchan]] [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] [[Supriya Pathak]] [[Tanishaa]]
| music = [[Amar Mohile]] [[Bapi-Tutul]] Ravi Shankar (''Sarkar 3'')
| cinematography = Amit Roy Amol Rathod (''Sarkar 3'')
| editing = Amit Parmar Nitin Gupta (''Sarkar'') Nipun Ashok Gupta (''Sarkar Raj'') Anwar Ali (''Sarkar 3'')
| studio = Alumbra Entertainment Wave Cinemas Company Product [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation|AB Corp Ltd]]
| distributor = [[K Sera Sera]] [[Sahara One]] (''Sarkar'') Showman Pictures [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] (''Sarkar Raj'') [[Eros International]] (''Sarkar 3'')
| released = {{Nowrap|''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|1]]'': {{Start date|2005|7|1|df=y}}}} {{Nowrap|''[[Sarkar Raj|2]]'': {{Start date|2008|6|6|df=y}}}} {{Nowrap|''[[Sarkar 3|3]]'': {{Start date|2017|5|12|df=y}}}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|76|c}} (Three films)
| gross = {{INRConvert|100|c}} (Two films)
}}

'''''Sarkar''''' is a series of Indian [[political film|political]] [[crime thriller]] films set in the world of [[Shiv Sena|Marathi politics]] and [[Crime film|crime]], co-produced and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The first part ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' released in 2005, the second part ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/30sarkar.htm|title=Sarkar is just Godfather, dumbed-down|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/05/23/bollywood_news_sarkar_cannes_feature.shtml|title=BBC - Shropshire - Entertainment - Sarkar Raj unveiled at Cannes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-biggies-bet-big-on-cannes-1164120|title=Bollywood biggies bet big on Cannes|work=dna|date=13 May 2008}}</ref> and the third installment ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sarkar-3/movie-review/58629107.cms|title=Sarkar 3 Review {3/5}: Abhishek Bachchan is in top form, mesmerizing you with his grey shades and grey irises|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://skjbollywoodnews.com/sarkar-3-movie-review-watch-sarkaar-3-way-varma-frames-familial-feud-flames-fury/|title=Sarkar 3 Movie Review- Watch Sarkaar 3 for the way Varma frames the familial feud in flames of fury! - SKJ Bollywood News|first=Subhash K .|last=Jha|date=11 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/tabloid/film/sarkar-3-film-review-1.2025637|title='Sarkar 3' film review|first=Manjusha | last=Radhakrishnan|date=11 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="sarkar3">{{cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Ram Gopal Varma on Sarkar 3 - Reports on rest of cast apart from Amitji are wrong |url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ram-Gopal-Varma-on-Sarkar-3-Reports-on-rest-of-cast-apart-from-Amitji-are-wrong/articleshow/53823525.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912101115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ram-gopal-varma-on-sarkar-3-reports-on-rest-of-cast-apart-from-amitji-are-wrong/articleshow/53823525.cms |archive-date=12 September 2016 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Overview==
===''Sarkar'' (2005)===
{{main| Sarkar (2005 film)}}

Subhash Nagre ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), known to his followers as Sarkar, lives in [[Mumbai]]. The opening scenes show a rape victim's father ([[Veerendra Saxena]]) approaching Sarkar for justice (which the corrupt law and order system has failed to deliver) which Sarkar promptly establishes by having the rapist beaten up by his henchmen. His son, Vishnu ([[Kay Kay Menon]]), plays a sleazy producer who is more interested in the film actress Sapna ([[Nisha Kothari]]) than his wife Amrita ([[Rukhsar Rehman|Rukhsar]]). Sarkar's other, more upright son, Shankar ([[Abhishek Bachchan]]), returns from the United States with his love Pooja ([[Katrina Kaif]]) after completing his education there. Pooja's doubts about Sarkar's image cause Shankar, who firmly believes in his father's righteousness, to break up with her later in the movie.

One day, a [[Dubai]]-based don, Rasheed ([[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]) tries to strike a deal with Sarkar; he promptly refuses on moral grounds and also forbids him from doing it himself. Rasheed tries to eliminate Sarkar's supremacy with the help of Selvar Mani ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]), Sarkar's former associate, Vishram Bhagat and Swami Virendra ([[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]). Meanwhile, they trap Sarkar by assassinating a righteous, upright, [[Ahimsa]] political leader and an outspoken critic of Sarkar, Motilal Khurana ([[Anupam Kher]]). Everyone, including Vishnu believe that Sarkar is guilty but Shankar has deep faith in his father. Sarkar gets arrested. Shankar now takes over the position of Sarkar temporarily. On learning of a plot to murder his father in prison, he approaches the police commissioner (Anant Jog) who mocks him and his father besides not providing protection. By the time he reaches the prison and appropriate action is taken, the attempt on Sarkar's life is already made. Sarkar is later acquitted. He remains bedridden as Shankar takes on Sarkar's enemies.

Meanwhile, Selvar Mani, Swami, Vishram and Rasheed try to convince Vishnu to murder Sarkar. Vishnu was previously thrown out of Sarkar's house because he had murdered the actor who was having an affair with Sapna. Vishnu returns home pretending to have repented. When he approaches Sarkar in the dark of the night with the intent of murdering him, Shankar foils his plan and later kills him (establishing justice by the way of his father). Shankar eliminates Rasheed, Vishram and Selvar Mani. He also succeeds in making Swami his puppet. Shankar has also realised that Chief Minister Madan Rathore ([[Deepak Shirke]]) also has a part in the attempt to end Sarkar and his rule. This results in legal action against the Chief Minister. The closing scenes show people approaching Shankar for justice and his father apparently retired.

===''Sarkar Raj'' (2008)===
{{main| Sarkar Raj}}

The sequel is chronologically set two years after the first film. Anita Rajan ([[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]), CEO of an international electrical power firm based in London, holds a meeting with Mike Rajan ([[Victor Banerjee]]), her father and boss and Hassan Qazi, as a seemingly shady adviser and facilitator; regarding an ambitious proposal to set up a multimillion-dollar power plant in rural parts of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.

Qazi states that this project will be impossible due to possible political entanglements. When Anita asks him for a solution, Qazi states that enlisting the support of Subhash Nagre ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) (commonly referred to by his title of Sarkar), who he describes as a criminal in the garb of a popular and influential political leader, might help their cause. The resulting socio-political drama forms the crux of the story.

===''Sarkar 3'' (2017)===
{{main|Sarkar 3}}

In 2009, Ram Gopal Varma stated that he had no plans finalised for the third installment in the series and subsequently shelved ''Sarkar 3''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=21 July 2009 |title=Sarkar 3 shelved! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sarkar-3-shelved/iplarticleshow/4801701.cms |access-date=9 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, in 2012, it was reported that the sequel was in the [[pre production]] stage. The film was expected to go on floors at the end of 2013, primarily with the same cast of [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]], albeit leaving the latter's character dead at the end of ''Sarkar Raj.'' [[Aishwarya Rai]] was reported to have been left out.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title=Amitabh, Abhishek to star in Sarkar 3 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news-interviews/31399630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707040953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news-interviews/31399630 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title='Sarkar 3' on cards, sans Aishwarya: Ram Gopal Varma |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sarkar-3-on-cards-sans-aishwarya-rgv/252284-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428062724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sarkar-3-on-cards-sans-aishwarya-rgv/252284-8-66.html |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |publisher=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref>

In August 2016, director Ram Gopal Varma confirmed ''Sarkar 3''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=22 August 2016 |title=Ram Gopal Varma announces Sarkar 3 - Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/20875542/Ram-Gopal-Varma-announces-Sarkar-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823173414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/20875542/Ram-Gopal-Varma-announces-Sarkar-3 |archive-date=23 August 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> He stated on Twitter that Abhishek and Aishwarya will not be a part of the third installment.<ref name="sarkar32">{{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma on 'Sarkar 3': Reports on rest of cast, apart from Amitji, are wrong - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ram-Gopal-Varma-on-Sarkar-3-Reports-on-rest-of-cast-apart-from-Amitji-are-wrong/articleshow/53823525.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912101115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ram-gopal-varma-on-sarkar-3-reports-on-rest-of-cast-apart-from-amitji-are-wrong/articleshow/53823525.cms |archive-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="60%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Character
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' (2017)
|-
! Subhash Nagre {{small|Sarkar}}
| colspan="3" | [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
! Pushpa Nagre
| colspan="3" | [[Supriya Pathak]]
|-
! Shankar Nagre
| colspan="2" | [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Abhishek Bachchan {{small|(Archived footage)}}
|-
! Avantika
| colspan="2" | [[Tanishaa]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Chander
| colspan="2" | [[Ravi Kale]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Vishnu Nagre
| [[Kay Kay Menon]]
| Kay Kay Menon {{small|(Archived footage)}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Pooja
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Motilal Khuana
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Amrita
| [[Rukhsar Rehman|Rukhsar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Khan Saab
| [[Ishrat Ali]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Vishram Bhagat
| [[Raju Mavani]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Rashid
| [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Selver Mani
| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Girl's father
| [[Virendra Saxena]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Police Commissioner
| [[Anant Jog]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] Madan Rathod
| [[Deepak Shirke]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Hero in Vishnu's film
| [[Carran Kapoor]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Heroine in Vishnu's film
| [[Nisha Kothari]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Virendra Swami
| [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Shobha
| [[Mangal Kenkre]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Pooja's father
| Saurabh Dubey
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Anita Rajan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Hassan Qazi
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Govind Namdeo]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Mike Rajan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Victor Banerjee]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Karunesh Kaanga
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Rao Saab
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Bala
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Sumeet Nijhawan]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Kantilal Vora
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Upendra Limaye]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Sanjay Somji
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Rajesh Sringarpure]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Chief Minister Sunil Shinde
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Shishir Sharma]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Negi (the mystery man)
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Javed Ansari]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Shivaji "Cheeku" Nagre
| Chintan Atul Shah
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Amit Sadh]]
|-
! Annu Karkare
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|-
! Govind Deshpande
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|-
! Gokul Satam
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|-
! Michael Vallya (Sir)
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Jackie Shroff]]
|-
! Raman Guru
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Parag Tyagi]]
|-
! Gorakh Rampur
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Bharat Dhabolkar]]
|-
! Rukku Bai Devi
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|[[Rohini Hattangadi]]
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' (2017)
|-
! Director
| colspan="3" | Ram Gopal Varma
|-
! Producer(s)
| Ram Gopal Varma [[Parag Sanghvi]]
| Ram Gopal Varma Praveen Nischol
| Rahul Mittra Anand Pandit Gopal Shivram Dalvi Krishan Choudhary WeOne
|-
! Screenplay
| [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]] Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Prashant Pandey]] Ram Gopal Varma
| Ram Gopal Varma [[P. Jaya Kumar]]
|-
! Story
| [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]] Ram Gopal Varma
| [[Prashant Pandey]] Ram Gopal Varma
| Nilesh Girkar Ram Gopal Varma
|-
! Composer(s)
| colspan="2" | [[Amar Mohile]] [[Bapi-Tutul]]
| Ravi Shankar
|-
! Cinematography
| colspan="2" | Amit Roy
| [[Amol Rathod]]
|-
! Editor
| Amit Parmar Nitin Gupta
| Amit Parmar Nipun Ashok Gupta
| Anwar Ali
|-
|}

== Production ==
The first film, ''Sarkar'' (2005), is often said to be a remake of ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972).

Debutante Rajesh Shringarpore's character of Sanjay Somji in its sequel ''Sarkar Raj'' (2008) was also reportedly based on [[Raj Thackeray]], the estranged nephew of political leader [[Bal Thackeray]]; thus furthering the general viewpoint that the series is based on [[Bal Thackeray]] and his family. Apparently [[Ram Gopal Verma]] had even shown Raj Thackeray rushes of the film to allay his fears of being wrongly portrayed.<ref name="adaptation">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=30&contentid=20080509200805090206278538342fe46|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|last=Shah|first=Kunal|title=Why Raj wants to see Sarkar...|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archivedate=24 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Release and revenue==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Film
! style="text-align:center;"| Release date
! style="text-align:center;"| Budget
! style="text-align:center;"| Box office revenue
|-
| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' || 1 July 2005 || {{INRConvert|130|m}}<ref name="sarkar">{{Cite web | url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sarkar | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125200300/http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sarkar | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=Unknown}}</ref> || {{INRConvert|400|m}}<ref name="sarkar" />
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' || 6 June 2008 || {{INRConvert|280|m}} || {{INRConvert|594.6|m}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)|website=Box Office India|accessdate=9 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarkar 3]]''
|12 May 2017
|₹350 million
(US$5.4 million)
<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-21 |title='Sarkar 3', 'Rangoon', 'Jagga Jasoos': Bollywood films that came, but couldn't conquer the box office |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sarkar-3-rangoon-jagga-jasoos-bollywood-films-that-came-but-couldnt-conquer-the-box-office/articleshow/62050892.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|₹99.3 million
(US$1.5 million)
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | Total
! style="text-align:center;" |
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|760|m}} {{small|Three films}}
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|1.09|b}} {{small|Three films}}
|}

==Awards and nominations==

===''Sarkar''===
* [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award]] for [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Male]] for [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[IIFA Best Supporting Actor Award|IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for [[Abhishek Bachchan]]

===''Sarkar Raj''===

==== Star Screen Awards ====

'''Nominated'''

* Screen Award for Best Film (2009)
* Screen Award for Best Director (2009)- [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
* Screen Award for Best Actor (2009)- [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* Screen Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (2009)- [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Male/Female) (2009)- Dilip Prabhawalkar
* Screen Award for Best Background Music (2009)- Amar Mohile

==== Stardust Awards ====

'''Nominated'''

* Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male (2009)- Amitabh Bachchan
* Stardust Award for The New Menace (2009)- Rajesh Shringapure
* Stardust Award for Best Director (2009)- Ram Gopal Varma
* Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male (2009)- Abhishek Bachchan
* Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female (2009)- [[Aishwarya Rai]]

==== Filmfare Awards ====

'''Nominated'''

* Filmfare Award for Best Actor in Supporting Role (2009)- Abhishek Bachchan

==== IIFA Awards ====

'''Nominated'''

* IIFA Award for Best Actor in Supporting Role (2009)- Abhishek Bachchan

==Games==
A promotional [[mobile video game]] based on the ''Sarkar Raj'' was released by Mauj Mobile in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Sheeba |date=31 May 2008 |title='Sarkar Raj' power play |url=https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/sarkar-raj-power-play-3447 |website=Masala}}</ref>

==Remake==
The [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] sequel, titled [[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]], in the backdrop of south Indian factionism, was released on 4 April 2014. ''Rowdy'' had also received equally positive reviews from critics but was a moderate commercial success, grossing approximately {{INR|8}} [[crore]]s in its full run.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q717788|id=tt0432047|title=Sarkar}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q3473636|id=tt0490210|title=Sarkar Raj}}

[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Bal Thackeray]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Thriller film series]]
[[Category:2000s crime drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Works based on The Godfather]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]

Aaragan

2026-03-03T02:27:43Z

Jugnu: put up a article

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aaragan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun KR
| writer = Arun KR
| producer = Harikaran Panchalingam
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Michael Thangadurai]]
* Kavipriya Manoharan
}}
| cinematography = Surya Vaithi
| editing = Sasi Dhaksha
| music = Vivek Jeshwanth
| studio = Trending Arts Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|10|04|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Aaragan''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Arun KR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=அமானுஷ்ய சக்திகளுடன் போராடும் தம்பதிகள் - ஆரகன் திரைப்படம் - Sooriyan Gossip |url=https://gossip.sooriyanfm.lk/22560/2022/10/sooriyan-gossip.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918113454/https://gossip.sooriyanfm.lk/22560/2022/10/sooriyan-gossip.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Sooriyan FM]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Michael Thangadurai]] and Kavipriya Manoharan in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=ஆரகன் படத்தின் டீசர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dinamani.com/videos/video-cinema/2022/Oct/01/aaragan---teaser--michael-thangadurai-kavipriya--arun-kr--vivek--jeshwanth--harikaran-13754.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918113454/https://www.dinamani.com/videos/video-cinema/2022/Oct/01/aaragan---teaser--michael-thangadurai-kavipriya--arun-kr--vivek--jeshwanth--harikaran-13754.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title=ஆரகன் படத்துக்காக குகைக்குள் ஷூட்டிங் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/877467-shooting-inside-a-cave-for-aaragan-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918113454/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/877467-shooting-inside-a-cave-for-aaragan-movie.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 4 October 2024.
== Plot ==
Saravanan & Magizhnila, in love but financially unstable, see hope when Magizhnila lands a better job in a new town. However, her path soon fills with unexpected struggles. Her journey through these challenges is the essence of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Michael Thangadurai]] as Saravanan<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Marimuthu |date=18 September 2024 |title=Vijay: விஜய்க்கு ஆர்.எம்.வீ., பண்ருட்டியார் மாதிரி ஆள் இல்லை; புஸ்ஸி ஆனந்த் எல்லாம் பத்தாது: செய்யாறு பாலு பேட்டி |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cinema-journalist-cheyyaru-balu-interviewed-that-vijay-does-not-have-a-man-like-r-m-v-and-panrutti-ramachandran-131726652588717.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005144917/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cinema-journalist-cheyyaru-balu-interviewed-that-vijay-does-not-have-a-man-like-r-m-v-and-panrutti-ramachandran-131726652588717.html |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* Kavipriya Manoharan as Magizhnila
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Valaralmadhi
* [[Kalairani]]
* Yazar as Senthil

== Production ==
The film was produced by Harikaran Panchalingam under the banner of Trending Arts Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title="நான் பணத்திற்காகவோ, நடிகர்களுக்காகவோ பாடல் எழுதவரவில்லை" - சினேகன் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/snehan-talk-about-arakkan-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005144918/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/snehan-talk-about-arakkan-movie |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=மைக்கேல் தங்கதுரை நடிக்கும் 'ஆரகன்' படத்தின் முதல் பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/192861 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918114956/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/192861 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=ta}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Surya Vaithy while editing was handled by Sasi Dhaksha and music composed by Vivek and Jeshwanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title='Nee Thaane' lyrical video from Aaragan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/03/nee-thaane-lyrical-video-from-aaragan-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918102251/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/03/nee-thaane-lyrical-video-from-aaragan-out |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Aaragan'' was theatrically on 4 October 2024.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=Michael Thangadurai starrer Aaragan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/26/michael-thangadurai-starrer-aaragan-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926152423/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/26/michael-thangadurai-starrer-aaragan-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''Aaragan'' is a confusing film. The story itself is rather convoluted, and you often find yourself wondering where it’s all headed."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=4 October 2024 |title=Aaragan Movie Review : A fantasy thriller lost in its own plot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaragan/movie-review/113929802.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005144917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaragan/movie-review/113929802.cms |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' praised the realistic romance in the film while criticising the graphics and confusions in the ending of the second half.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Aaragan {{!}}Tamil {{!}}Movie{{!}}Review |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/videos/tamil-cinema-videos/aaragan-tamil-moviereview/296659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005145028/https://www.dinamalar.com/videos/tamil-cinema-videos/aaragan-tamil-moviereview/296659 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Virakesari]]'' appreciated the background music, art direction, cinematography and editing, saying the film's first half gives a great experience to the moviegoers but the second half gives a familiar experience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=ஆரகன் - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/195487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005144117/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/195487 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33348082}}

[[Category:2020s fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hira Singh of Nabha

2026-03-02T18:29:53Z

Jugnu: added the biography basic info

{{Short description|Maharaja of Nabha from 1871–1911}}
{{About|the Maharaja of Nabha State|the Talbot Mundy novel|Hira Singh (novel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hira Singh
| image = Sir Hira Singh, Raja of Nabha (c.1843-1911).jpg
| caption =
| reign = 9 June 1871 – 24 December 1911
| birth_date = 18 December 1843
| birth_place = [[Badrukhan]], [[Jind State]], [[Gosal]] (now district Sangrur)
| death_date = 24 December 1911 (age 68)
| death_place =
| occupation =
| spouse = Jasmir Kaur
| father = Maharaja Sukha Singh Nabha
| mother =
}}
Sir '''Hira Singh''' [[GCSI]] [[GCIE]] (18 December 1843 – 24 December 1911) was the ruler of [[Nabha State]] from 1871 to 1911. Nabha was one of the [[Phulkian]] states in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000127U00007000 NABHA: Sir Hira Singh, Raja of Nabha (c. 1843–1911).]</ref>

==Early life==
Hira Singh was born at [[Badrukhan]], [[Jind State|Jind]], on 18 December 1843, the second son of Sukha Singh (died 1852), from a distant branch of the royal Sikh [[Phulkian]] dynasty of [[Patiala]], [[Jind]] and [[Nabha]]. He was a descendant of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind, being the great-grandson of his grandson. Little is known about his early life. He was the head of a village until he was called upon to succeed the throne of Nabha.<ref name=":0" />

==Rule==
In 1871, the line of the Phulkian dynasty which had ruled Nabha, a small 11-gun state, since 1718 became extinct upon the death from [[tuberculosis]] of the young Raja, Bhagwan Singh (1842–1871). The remaining two lines of the dynasty-the rulers of Patiala and Jind-in conjunction with the British government fixed upon Hira Singh Gosal as the successor to the Nabha ''gadi'' (throne). Hira Singh ascended the throne of Nabha on 9 June 1871 and began a long and successful reign that would usher Nabha into the modern era. Great monuments and public buildings were erected, roads, railways, hospitals, schools and palaces were constructed and an efficient modern army established that saw service during the [[Second Afghan War]] and the [[Tirah Expedition]]. As well, agriculture flourished with the construction of an irrigation canal at Sirhind, and Nabha soon produced bountiful harvests of wheat, sugarcane, pulses, millet and cotton, thus enabling the state to increase the value of its land revenue assessments.
[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha State with officials, Shepherd and Robertson, ca.1870's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha State with officials, Shepherd and Robertson, ca.1870's]]
As a result of Hira Singh's improvements, in 1877 Nabha was raised to a salute of 13-guns and Hira Singh himself was decorated with the [[Empress of India Medal|Empress of India Gold Medal]] and knighted two years later with the GCSI.[[File:The Raja of Nabha - Sir Hira Singh.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Sir Hira Singh, the Raja of Nabha, taken by an unknown photographer in the 1890s.]]In 1894, Hira Singh was granted the title of Raja-i-Rajagan and in 1898 was granted a 15-gun personal salute. He attended the 1903 [[Delhi Durbar]] to mark the succession of [[Edward VII]] as Emperor of India, where he played an important part as one of the senior ruling princes present.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=Latest intelligence - The Delhi Durbar|date=13 January 1903|page=3|issue=36976}}</ref> He received the honorary rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel in the Army]] and was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]] on 1 January 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=The Durbar Honours|date=1 January 1903|page=8|issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 27511
| date = 1 January 1903
| page = 3
| supp = y
}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 27511
| date = 1 January 1903
| page = 4
| supp = y
}}</ref> He was made a Colonel of the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1904.

==Death and succession==
Only a fortnight before his death, Hira Singh was raised to the rank of Maharaja of Nabha. Hira Singh died at the Hira Mahal on Christmas Eve 1911, aged 68 after a four-decade reign. He was succeeded by his only son, [[Ripudaman Singh of Nabha|Ripudaman Singh]].

== Legacy ==
[[Valentine Cameron Prinsep]] stated the following on Hira Singh:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prinsep |first=Valentine Cameron |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151859406946675.pdf |title=Imperial India, An Artist's Journals |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1879 |edition=2nd, revised |pages=257}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=On Wednesday I had my last sitting of Nabha, and in that afternoon of Thursday went to bid him [Hira Singh] adieu. He was most polite, and set me on his throne of state, while he occupied a lowly chair by my side. He was not born in the purple [royalty], and was once only the head of a village, till called to the ''guddee'' [throne] by the death of his cousin. This accounts for his modesty and a certain manliness not found in porphyrogenitous rajahs|title=Imperial India, An Artist's Journals (1879)|source=page 257|author=Valentine Cameron Prinsep}}

==Family==
Hira Singh married four times and had two children, a son and a daughter
*1. Karangarhwalia; married in 1858
*2. Aonanliwali Rani;
*3. Jasmir Kaur (d 1921). Married in 1880 and had one son and one daughter:
**Ripaduman Singh, who succeeded to the Nabha throne as Maharaja [[Ripudaman Singh of Nabha|Ripudaman Singh]] (1883–1942); r. 1911–1928.
**Ripudaman Devi (1881–1911); married [[Rana Ram Singh|Ram Singh]]
*4.wife; Khachedu bai

==Honours==
*Prince of Wales gold medal-1876
*[[Empress of India Medal]]-1877
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1879
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1903
*Delhi Durbar gold medal-1903
*Delhi Durbar gold medal-1911

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabha, Hira Singh Of}}
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Nabha State]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Shakha

2026-02-26T13:31:14Z

Jugnu: Created pg

{{Short description|Hindu theological school}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}

{{Vedas and Shakhas}}A '''shakha''' ({{Langx|sa|शाखा|lit=branch|translit=śākhā}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[Theology|theological]] school that specializes in learning certain [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts, or else the traditional texts followed by such a school.<ref name="S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary p. 913">V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column.</ref><ref name="Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1062">Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 1062, right column.</ref> An individual follower of a particular school or recension is called a ''{{IAST|śākhin}}''.<ref>V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column</ref> The term is also used in [[Hindu philosophy]] to refer to an adherent of a particular [[nastika|orthodox system]].<ref>E.g., Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. {{ISBN|0-691-01958-4}}. p. 560. The example is given here of a text which refers to a dispute involving ''śākhins'' [followers] who do not accept a particular position.</ref>

A related term ''{{IAST|caraṇa}}'', ("conduct of life" or "behavior") is also used to refer to such a Vedic school:<ref>V. S. Apte. ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary''. p. 429, middle column</ref> "although the words ''{{IAST|caraṇa}}'' and ''{{IAST|śākhā}}'' are sometimes used synonymously, yet ''{{IAST|caraṇa}}'' properly applies to the sect or collection of persons united in one school, and ''{{IAST|śākhā}}'' to the traditional text followed, as in the phrase ''{{IAST|śākhām adhite}}'', (''"he recites a particular version of the Veda"'')".<ref name="Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1062"/> The schools have different points of view, described as "difference of (Vedic) school" (''{{IAST|śākhābhedaḥ}}''). Each school would learn a specific Vedic {{IAST|Saṃhita}} (one of the "four [[Vedas]]" properly so-called), as well as its associated [[Brahmana]], [[Aranyaka]]s, [[Shrautasutra]]s, [[Grhyasutra]]s and [[Upanishad]]s.<ref name="S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary p. 913"/><ref name="Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1062"/>

In traditional Hindu society affiliation with a specific school is an important aspect of class identity. By the end of the Rig Vedic period the term [[Brahmin|{{IAST|Brāhmaṇa}}]] had come to be applied to all members of the priestly class, but there were subdivisions within this order based both on varna (class) and on the shakha (branch) with which they were affiliated.<ref>Basham, A. L. ''The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming Of The Muslims''. (Grove Press, Inc.: New York, 1954) p. 139.</ref> A [[Brahmin|{{IAST|Brāhmaṇa}}]] who changed school would be called "a traitor to his ''śākhā''" (''{{IAST|śākhāraṇḍaḥ}}'').<ref name="S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary p. 913"/>

==Summary of schools==
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|right|Late Vedic culture (1100-500 BCE), with shakhas shown in red. The Kosala-Magadha region was not considered part of [[Aryavarta]] until after Vedic times, despite the presence of sakhas. It constituted a culturally markedly different region, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.<ref>Samuel (2010), ''The Origins of Yoga and Tantra''; Bronkhorst (2007), ''Greater Magadha''.</ref>]]
The traditional source of information on the shakhas of each Veda is the ''{{IAST|Caraṇa-vyūha}}'', of which two, mostly similar, versions exist: the 49th [[Parisista|''{{IAST|pariśiṣṭa}}'']] of the Atharvaveda, ascribed to [[Shaunaka]], and the 5th ''{{IAST|pariśiṣṭa}}'' of the Śukla (White) Yajurveda, ascribed to [[Katyayana|Kātyāyana]]. These have lists of the numbers of recensions that were believed to have once existed as well as those still extant at the time the works were compiled. Only a small number of recensions have survived.<ref>For a brief summary of the shakhas as given in Shaunaka's ''{{IAST|Caraṇa-vyūha}}'' see: Monier-Williams, ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', p. 1062, right column.</ref>

[[Saraswati Gangadhar]]'s devotional poetry written in Marathi called [[Shri Guru Charitra|Shri Gurucharitra]] describes different shakhas of 4 Vedas in 27th chapter.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Guru Charitra |url=https://ganagapura.com/guru-charitra.html |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Shri Kshetra Ganagapur Dattatreya Temple |quote=In chapters 25, 26,27 the essence of Vedas is encapsulated very accurately.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The schools are enumerated below, categorised according to the Veda each expounds.

===[[Rigveda]]===

{{IAST|Śaunaka}}'s ''{{IAST|Caraṇa-vyuha}}'' lists five shakhas for the Rig Veda, the {{IAST|[[Shakala Shakha|Śākala]]}}, {{IAST|Bāṣkala}}, {{IAST|Aśvalāyana}}, {{IAST|Śaṅkhāyana}}, and {{IAST|Māṇḍukāyana}} of which only the {{IAST|[[Shakala Shakha|Śākala]]}} and {{IAST|Bāṣkala}} and very few of Asvalayana are now extant.
The Bashkala recension of the Rigveda has the [[Khilani]] which are not present in the Shakala text but is preserved in one Kashmir manuscript (now at Pune).
The ''[[Shakala Shakha|Shakala]]'' has the [[Aitareya-Brahmana]], The Bashkala has the [[Kausitaki-Brahmana]].

[[Shri Guru Charitra|Shri Gurucharitra]] mentions 12 shakhas for the Rig Veda namely śrāvakā, śravaṇiyā, jaṭā, śaphaṭa, pāṭhakrama(2), daṇḍa, aśvalāyanī, śāṃkhāyanī, śākalā, bāṣkalā and māṇḍūkā (श्रावका, श्रवणिया, जटा, शफट, पाठक्रम(2), दण्ड, अश्वलायनी, शांखायनी, शाकला, बाष्कला, माण्डूका) in [[Ovi (poetry)|Ovi]] 35 to 38.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Shri Gurucharitra by Saraswati Gangadhar |publisher= |year= |editor-last=Kamat |editor-first=Ramchandra Krishna |language=Marathi}}</ref>

There is, however, [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Sutra literature]] from the {{IAST|Aśvalāyana}} shakha,
both a shrauta sutra and a grhya sutra, both surviving with a commentary (''vrtti'') by Gargya Naranaya.
Gargya Naranaya's commentary was based on the longer commentary or ''bhashya'' by Devasvamin, written in the 11th century.<ref>''Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books in the British Museum'' (1876) [https://archive.org/stream/cataloguesanskr03manugoog#page/n20/mode/2up p. 9].
B.K. Sastry, [http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/reviewsjul83.htm review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084413/http://yabaluri.org/triveni/cdweb/reviewsjul83.htm |date=2016-03-14 }} of K. P. Aithal (ed.), ''Asvalayana Grihya Sutra Bhashyam of Devasvamin'', 1983.</ref>

The {{IAST|Śaṅkhāyana}} shakha has been recently rediscovered in [[Banswada]] in [[Rajasthan]] where two septuagenarians are the last surviving practitioners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiafacts.org/after-millenia-tradition-reborn-vaidika-bharata|title = After millennia a Tradition is Reborn|date = 12 June 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Shakha
! Samhita
! Brahmana
! Aranyaka
! Upanishad
|-
| '''[[Shakala Shakha|Shakala]]'''
|
| Aitreya Samhita
| Aitreya Aranyaka
| Aitreya Upanishad
|-
|}

===[[Yajurveda]]===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}

{{IAST|Śaunaka}}'s ''{{IAST|Caraṇa-vyuha}}'' lists forty-two or forty-four out of eighty-six shakhas for the Yajur Veda, but that only five of these are now extant, with a sixth partially extant.
For the Yajur Veda the five (partially in six) shakhas are the ([[Vajasaneyi Brahmin|Vajasaneyi]] Madhandina, Kanva; [[Taittiriya]], Maitrayani, Caraka-Katha, Kapisthala-Katha).

The Yajurvedin shakhas are divided in ''Shukla'' (White) and ''Krishna'' (Black) schools. The White recensions have separate Brahmanas, while the Black ones have their(much earlier) Brahmanas interspersed between the Mantras.
* Shukla Yajurveda: ''{{IAST|Vājasaneyi Samhita Madhyandina}}'' (VSM), ''{{IAST|Vājasaneyi Samhita Kānva}}'' (VSK): [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (ShBM, ShBK)
*Krishna Yajurveda: ''{{IAST|Taittirīya Saṃhita}}'' (TS) with an additional Brahmana, [[Taittiriya Brahmana]] (TB), ''{{IAST|Maitrayani Saṃhita}}'' (MS), ''{{IAST|Caraka-Katha Saṃhita}}'' (KS), ''{{IAST|Kapiṣṭhala-Katha Saṃhita}}'' (KapS).

====Shukla====
{| class="wikitable"
! Shakha
! Samhita
! Brahmana
! Aranyaka
! Upanishad
|-
| '''[[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandina (VSM)]]'''
|Currently recited by all over North Indian Brahmins and by [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s, and Yajurvedi Shrimali Brahmins
| Madhyandina Shatapatha (SBM)
| survives as Shatapatha XIV.1-8, with accents.
| [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] = SBM XIV. 3–8, with accents, [[Isha Upanishad|Ishavasya Upanishad]] = VSM 40
|-
| '''[[Kanva Shakha|Kanva (VSK)]]'''
| Currently recited by [[Utkala Brahmin]]s, [[Kannada Brahmins]], some [[Karhade Brahmin]]s and few [[Iyer]]s
| Kanva Shatapatha (SBK)(different from madhyandina)
| survives as book XVII of SBK
| [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]=SBK, with accents, [[Isha Upanishad|Ishavasya Upanishad]] = VSK 40
|-
| '''Katyayana'''
|
|
| -
| -
|}

====Krishna====
{| class="wikitable"
! Shakha
! Samhita
! Brahmana
! Aranyaka
! Upanishad
|-
| '''[[Taittiriya Shakha|Taittiriya]]'''
| TS, Present all over India and in [[Konkan]] recited by [[Chitpavan Brahmins]]
| [[Taittiriya Brahmana]] (TB) and Vadhula Br. (part of Vadhula Srautrasutra)
| [[Taittiriya Aranyaka]] (TA)
| [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] (TU)
|-
| '''Maitrayani'''
| MS, Recited by few Brahmins in [[Nasik]]
| -
| virtually same as the Upanishad
| [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]
|-
| '''Caraka-Katha'''
|
|
| [[Katha Aranyaka]] (almost the entire text from a solitary manuscript)
| [[Kathaka Upanishad]], Katha-Shiksha Upanishad<ref>a lost Upanishad reconstructed by [[Michael Witzel]] as having been very similar in content to the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]], chapter 1. M. Witzel, ''An unknown Upanisad of the Krsna Yajurveda: The Katha-Siksa-Upanisad.'' Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol. 1, Wiesbaden-Kathmandu 1977, pp. 135</ref>
|-
| '''Kapishthala'''
| KapS (fragmentary manuscript, only first sections accented), edited (without accents) by Raghu Vira.
|
| -
| -
|}

===[[Samaveda]]===
{{IAST|Śaunaka}}'s ''{{IAST|Caraṇa-vyuha}}'' lists twelve shakhas for the Sama Veda out of a thousand that are said to have once existed, but that of these only one or perhaps two are still extant.
The two Samaveda recensions are the Jaiminiya and [[Kauthuma Samhita|Kauthuma]].

In [[Ovi (poetry)|Ovi]] 203 to 210 of chapter 27, [[Shri Guru Charitra|Shri Gurucharitra]] mentions 8 of the thousands of shakhas namely āsurāyaṇīyā, vāsurāyaṇīya़ā, vātāntareyā, prāṃjalī, ṛjñagvainavidhā, prācīna yogyaśākhā, jñānayoga and rāṇāyaṇīyā (आसुरायणीया, वासुरायणीय़ा, वातान्तरेया, प्रांजली, ऋज्ञग्वैनविधा, प्राचीन योग्यशाखा, ज्ञानयोग, राणायणीया). Of these rāṇāyaṇīyā (राणायणीया) has 10 shakhas namely rāṇāyaṇīyā, sāṃkhyāyanī, śāṭhyā, mugdala, khalvalā, mahākhalvalā, lāṅ‌galā, kaithumā, gautamā and jaiminī (राणायणीया, सांख्यायनी, शाठ्या, मुग्दल, खल्वला, महाखल्वला, लाङ्‌गला, कैथुमा, गौतमा, जैमिनी).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The Kauthuma shakha has the PB, SadvB, the [[Jaiminiya]] shakha has the [[Jaiminiya Brahmana]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Shakha
! Samhita
! Brahmana
! Aranyaka
! Upanishad
|-
|'''Kauthuma'''
| edited, Recited by all over North and in South India<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2019 |title=Kauthumasakha – Information About Kauthuma shakha |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2019/05/kauthumasakha-information-about.html |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Hindu Blog}}</ref>
| edited (8 Brahmanas in all), no accents
| None. The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’.
| [[Chandogya Upanishad]]
|-
| '''Ranayaniya'''
| Manuscripts of Samhita exist.Recited by [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]], and [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
| Same as Kauthuma with minor differences.
| None. The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’.
| Same as Kauthuma.
|-
| '''Jaiminiya/Talavakara'''
| Samhita edited.Recited by [[Nambudiri]]s and [[choliyal]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Two distinct styles of Saman recitation, partially recorded and published.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
| Brahmana published (without accents) – Jaiminiya Brahmana, Arsheya Brahmana
| Tamil Nadu version of Talavakara Aranyaka (=[[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana]]) published{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
| [[Kena Upanishad]]
|-
| '''Shatyayana'''
|
|
| -
| -
|}

===[[Atharvaveda]]===

Only one shakha of an original nine is now extant for the Atharvaveda. The nine sakhas were Paippalada, Tauda, Mauda, Shaunakiya, Jajala, Jalada, Brahmavada, Devadarsa and Chaarana-Vaidya. In [[Ovi (poetry)|Ovi]] 217 to 219 of chapter 27, [[Shri Guru Charitra|Shri Gurucharitra]] mentions 9 shakhas namely paippalā, dāntā, pradāṃta, stotā, autā, brahmadā yaśadā, śaunakī, vedadarśā and caraṇavidyā (पैप्पला, दान्ता, प्रदांत, स्तोता, औता, ब्रह्मदा यशदा, शौनकी, वेददर्शा, चरणविद्या).<ref>{{cite web |title=Atharva Veda |url=https://srisharadavedalayam.org/atharva-veda/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Veda Vedanta Gurukula Mahavidyalaya |quote=According to Charan Vyuha Grantha, Atharva Veda had nine shakhas, namely, Paipalad, Daant, Pradaant, Snat, Sowl, Brahmadabal, Shounak, Devadarshat and Charan Vidya.}}</ref>

The Shaunaka is the only shakha of the Atharvaveda for which both printed texts and an active oral tradition are known to still exist.

For the Atharvaveda, both the Shaunakiya and the Paippalada traditions contain textual corruptions, and the original text of the Atharvaveda may only be approximated from comparison between the two.

{| class="wikitable"
! Shakha
! Samhita
! Brahmana
! Aranyaka
! Upanishad
|-
| '''Shaunaka'''
| AVS, edited and recited by all over North India and South India
| Fragmentary Gopatha Brahmana (extant and published), no accents.
| -
| [[Mundaka Upanishad]] (?) published.
|-
| '''Paippalada'''
| AVP; recited by [[Utkala Brahmin]]s as samhita patha only. otherwise, two manuscripts survive: Kashmiri (mostly edited) and Oriya (partly edited, by Dipak Bhattacharya and others, unaccented)
| lost, similar to that of Gopatha Brahmana
| -
| Prashna Upanishad, Sharabha Upanishad etc. – all edited.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
|}

The Paippalada tradition was discontinued, and its text is known only from manuscripts collected since the 20th century. However some Orissa Brahmins<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedamu.org/Media/audio/Atharvaveda.asp|title=Vedamu.org - Vedic Literature - Course|date=January 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106205840/http://www.vedamu.org/Media/audio/Atharvaveda.asp |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}</ref> still continue the tradition of Paippalada.
No Brahmana is known for the Shaunaka shakha.
The Paippalada is possibly associated with the [[Gopatha Brahmana]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*List of Pundits from different shakhas in India [http://vedpradip.com/vedpandit.php?linkid=3 Vedpradip :: A Resource on Preservation and Research of Vedas]
*State wise list of shakhas [http://vedpradip.com/pan_state_shakha_cnt.php?linkid=8 Vedpradip :: A Resource on Preservation and Research of Vedas]
* [[Michael Witzel]], ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, 1989, 97–265.

[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Hindu studies]]

Vijayan (actor)

2026-02-22T23:38:16Z

Jugnu: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijayan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|9|22|1944|05|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = [[Film actor|Actor]]
| othername = Vijayan
| yearsactive = 1975 - 2007
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Tirur Vijayan'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Vijayan no more|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep232007/national2007092326890.asp|publisher=deccanherald.com|access-date=2011-11-08|date=23 September 2007|archive-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227003832/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep232007/national2007092326890.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian actor, primarily working in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a hero before transitioning to supporting roles. He died following a cardiac arrest in 2007 while he was shooting for ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33751.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201195039/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33751.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref> His wife was the niece of former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[E. K. Nayanar]].

==Partial filmography==

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !!Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail|Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'' || Pattalathaar ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1979
|''[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]''|| Vijayan||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vidukadhai Oru Thodarkadhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' || Sundaravadivelu ||
|-
|''[[Chakkalathi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'' || Rangan ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1980 || ''Chinna Chinna Veedu Katti'' || ||
|-
| ''Mattravai Neril'' || ||
|-
|''Malargale Malarungal'' || ||also storywriter
|-
| ''Puthiya Adimaigal'' || ||unreleased
|-
| ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]'' || Gopinath's brother||
|-
| ''Pournami Nilavil'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theru Vilakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kumari Pennin Ullathile'' || ||
|-
| ''Valli Mayil'' || ||
|-
| ''Meenakshi'' || ||
|-
| ''Veli Thandiya Velladu'' || ||
|-
| ''Oli Pirandhadhu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Azhaippugal]]'' || Dr. Vijayan ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1981 || ''Mayil'' || ||
|-
| ''Sumai'' || ||
|-
| ''Vaadagai Veedu'' || ||
|-
| ''Kannadi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanneer Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Nandri, Meendum Varuga]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mann Vasanai (film)|Mann Vasanai]]'' || Mookkaiyan||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' || Dr.Unnikrishnan||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal|Paalaivana Rojakkal]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987|| ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'' || Aarusamy||
|-
| ''[[Cooliekkaran]]'' || Ramanathan||
|-
| ''[[Nayakan]]'' || Durai||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Kodi Parakuthu]]'' || ||Guest appearance
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Kadhal Enum Nadhiyinile]]'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vasal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Manasara Vazhthungalen]] '' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Rathnasamy||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' || Elango's father||
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' || Bhadrinarayanan||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Pallavan]]'' || Meena and Reena's father ||
|-
| ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' || Vijayan||
|-
|''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || Kadhir's father||
|-
| ''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]'' || ||Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Adhu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Singara Chennai]]'' || Bhuvana's father||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Thirupaachi]]''||City Police Commissioner||
|-
| ''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]'' || ||
|-
|2006|| ''[[Kusthi]]''|| ||
|-
|2011|| ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sathurangam]]''|| ||Filmed in 2004; delayed release
|}

=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Note
|-
| rowspan="3" |1975
|''[[Uttarayanam|Utharayanam]]''||||
|-
|''[[Kalyaanappanthal]]''||||
|-
|''[[Pravaham]]''||Raman||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976||''[[Udyaanalakshmi]]''||||
|-
|''[[Srishti (film)|Srishti]]''||||
|-
|1980||''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]''||Aathman||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981||''[[Guha (film)|Guha]]''||Prabhu||
|-
|''[[Sreeman Sreemathi|Sreemaan Sreemathi]]''||||
|-
|''Kayam''||||
|-
|1982||''[[Vidhichathum Kothichathum]]''||Rajan||
|-
|1983||''[[Asthram (1983 film)|Asthram]]''||||
|-
|1984||''[[Ethirppukal]]''||||
|-
|rowspan="2" |1985||''[[Njan Piranna Nattil|Njaan Piranna Naattil]]''||Surendran||
|-
|''[[Aarodum Parayaruthu]]''||||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Ente Shabdham|Ente Shabdam]]''||I.G||
|-
|''Ithramathram''||Johny||
|-
|1988||''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]''||Muniyandi Thevar||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989||''Ivalente Kaamuki''||||
|-
|''Padippura''||||
|-
|1989||''[[Adikkurippu]]''||||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990||''Sankarankuttikkoru Pennuvenam''||||
|-
|''Sthreekku Vendi Sthree''||||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Gandeevam|Gaandeevam]]''||||
|-
|''[[Bharanakoodam]]''||Minister||
|-
|2000||''[[Mister Butler]]''||||
|-
|2001||''Goa''||||
|-
|2002||''Njaan Raajaavu''||Antony||
|-
|2005||''[[Kochi Rajavu]]''||Parthasarathy||
|}

=== Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|1987||''Kachchi Kali''||
|-
|1990||''Gulabi Raaten''||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1129408|name=Vijayan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Maharshi Dayanand Law College

2026-02-18T09:06:10Z

Jugnu: creating new info and citations

{{Short description|Law college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Maharshi Dayanand Law College''' situated at [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India, is affiliated to the [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur, which was established in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdlawcollegejaipur.org/|title=Home - Maharshi Dayanand Law College|website=Mdlawcollegejaipur.org}}</ref> It is approved by [[Bar Council of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/List-of-Law-Colleges-having-approval-by-the-BCI.pdf|title=List of Law Colleges having approval of affiliation of the Bar Council of India as on 2nd April, 2018 : ANDHRA PRADESH|website=Barcouncilofindia.org|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> According to The Indian Wire, Maharshi Dayanand Law College is the 9th most popular 3 year [[LLB]] program in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=shivangisingh|date=2020-08-23|title=List of 10 most popular, top 3 year-LLB colleges in India|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/education/3-year-llb-colleges-india-285464/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Indian Wire|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Law schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Medipally, Telangana

2026-02-14T15:55:30Z

Jugnu: creating new post and citations

{{Other uses|Medipalle (disambiguation){{!}}Medipalle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Cite check|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medipally
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Peerzadiguda Municipal Corporation
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = 040
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TS-08 X XXXX
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Medipally''' is a [[town]] located in [[Medchal district|Medchal Malkajgiri district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is the mandal headquarters of '''Medipally mandal''' in Keesara revenue division.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Medchal−Malkajgiri district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125523/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=V|first1=Swathi|title=Groundwater levels plummet in RR dt.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/groundwater-levels-plummet-in-rr-dt/article2653989.ece|access-date=2 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref> It is also a part of [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HMDA list of villages |url=http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf |website=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority |access-date=2 November 2016 |page=6 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184642/http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

Medipally town is a part of [[Peerzadiguda]] Municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BT road works begin in Peerzadiguda Municipal Corporation|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/bt-road-works-begin-in-peerzadiguda-municipal-corporation-602818|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2020-02-05|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

==Villages in Medipally mandal==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of localities/villages of HMDA, mandal wise.|url=https://hmda.gov.in/listofVillages.php|website=HMDA GOV.IN|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
*Bibi shaeb Maqta
*Boduppal
*Chengicherla (part of Boduppal municipal corporation)
*Gulamaliguda
*Medipally
*Parvathapur
*Peerzadiguda

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Villages in Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

Kidnapping of Dr. Rajkumar

2026-02-12T13:01:27Z

Jugnu: added the biography basic info

{{Short description|Abduction of an Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox event
| name = Kidnapping of Dr. Rajkumar
| image = File:Dr. Rajkumar (5).jpg
| alt = Portrait of Dr. Rajkumar
| caption = Dr. Rajkumar in 1995
| date = {{start date|2000|07|30|df=y}} – {{end date|2000|11|15|df=y}}
| time =
| duration = 108 days
| venue = [[Gajanur, Tamil Nadu|Gajanur]], Tamil Nadu, India
| location = Near [[Sathyamangalam]] forest
| coordinates =
| type = [[Kidnapping]]
| theme =
| cause = Ransom and political demands
| motive =
| target = [[Rajkumar (actor)|Dr. Rajkumar]]
| organisers = [[Veerappan]]'s gang
| patrons =
| filers =
| arrests = Multiple associates later captured
| victims = Dr. Rajkumar (released unharmed)
| perpetrators = Veerappan's forest brigands
| suspects =
| footnotes =
| outcome = Victim released after negotiations
| reported_in = [[The Hindu]], [[BBC News]], [[Deccan Herald]]
}}

[[Kannada]] film actor [[Dr. Rajkumar]] was abducted by the Indian bandit [[Veerappan]] on July 30, 2000, during the course of an armed attack on a [[farmhouse]] belonging to the actor in [[Gajanur, Tamil Nadu|Gajanur]], India.<ref name="thehindu_20000801">{{cite news|title=Veerappan kidnaps Rajkumar, three others|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/01/stories/01010001.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105040251/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/01/stories/01010001.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2013|first=A.|last=Jayaraman|date=1 August 2000|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajkumar was released by Veerappan on November 15, 2000, after spending 108 days in his custody.<ref name="bbc_20041018">{{cite news|title=Death of a legendary bandit|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2219574.stm|work=[[BBC]]|date=18 October 2004|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=10 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410223528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2219574.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The abduction resulted in further deterioration of already strained relations between the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]], creating a tense situation in the two states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/09/kid-s11.html|title=The kidnapping of an actor puts the spotlight on India's bitter regional politics|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626161914/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/09/kid-s11.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
Abducting people and ransoming them for political favours was a part of Veerappan's ''[[modus operandi]]''. In 1997, Veerappan kidnapped nine forest officials at Marapala in the Burude forests of Kollegala taluk and demanded an official pardon from the government in return for releasing them. However, the hostages were eventually released after 7 weeks in captivity with no concessions to Veerappan's demands.

According to Rajkumar's son, [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF) appointed to capture Veerappan, had warned him about the possibility of an abduction a year prior to his eventual capture.<ref name="frontline_1716">{{cite journal|title=Veerappan's prize catch|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1716/17161310.htm|volume=17|issue=16|date=5–18 August 2000|first=Ravi|last=Sharma|access-date=18 October 2011|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110170447/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1716/17161310.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> But Rajkumar had ignored them<ref name="frontline_1716" /> joking that by abducting him, Veerappan would get nothing more than "a shirt and a [[dhoti]]".<ref name="thehindu_20000801" />

== Attack, abduction, and aftermath ==
At around 9:30 PM on July 30, 2000, Veerappan attacked Rajkumar's farmhouse in Gajanur in Tamil Nadu with an armed band of 10 or 12 men.<ref name="frontline_1716" /> Rajkumar had travelled to Gajanur on July 27, 2000, to conduct the [[house-warming]] ceremony for a new house that he had constructed. Rajkumar had just finished dinner when Veerappan and his gang barged in.<ref name="frontline_1716" />

According to [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]], wife of Rajkumar, Rajkumar and his family members were watching television when Veerappan entered the house and asked in [[Kannada]], "We want sir!"<ref name="thehindu_20000801" /> They led Rajkumar out of the house, and into the pouring rain.<ref name="thehindu_20000801" /> Once they were outside, Veerappan questioned Rajkumar about the other people in the house. Based on this information, Veerappan returned to the house and also kidnapped Rajkumar's son-in-law S. A. Govindaraj, another relative, Nagesh, and Nagappa, an assistant film director.<ref name="thehindu_20000801" /> Rajkumar was released 108 days later. A police official later claimed a ransom of 300 million [[Indian rupee|rupees]] was paid to secure the actor's release; however, Rajkumar's family has denied this claim.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3943969.stm |title='Treasure hunt' for bandit's loot |date=22 October 2004 |website=BBC News |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225061008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3943969.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Inspector-General of Police]], Tamil Nadu, M. Balachandran and Commander of the STF, Harshavardhan Raju were at a meeting in Dimbum, 55 kilometres from Rajkumar's farmhouse in Gajanur at the time of the abduction.<ref name="frontline_1716" /> Based on a tip-off that Veerappan would be visiting a Hindu temple in Dimbum, they laid a trap to capture him.<ref name="frontline_1716" />

==See also==
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[List of solved missing person cases (post-2000)]]
*[[Prem Nazirine Kanmanilla]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite news|title=Held to ransom: The Rajkumar kidnapping saga|date=24 November 2002|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/13606/}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/rajakid.htm The Abduction of Dr Rajakumar] ''Rediff.com''. 31 July 2002 – 17 July 2002

[[Category:2000 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Formerly missing Indian people]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Indian people]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Rajkumar family]]

Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte

2026-02-12T06:16:58Z

Jugnu: improved article

{{Short description|Marathi writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte
| image = Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|06|22}}
| birth_place = Narwel, Malkapur, [[Buldhana]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1998|04|09|1908|6|22}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Bhausaheb Kolte
| known_for = Research in ''Mahanubhav'' Literature
| occupation = Academics
}}

'''Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte''' (1908–1998), popularly called '''Bhausaheb Kolte''' was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer and researcher of old [[Marathi literature]]. He hailed from [[Maharashtra]], India. He served as Vice chancellor in [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]].

==Life==
Kolte was born on 22 June 1908 in [[Leva Patidar]] family in Narwel in [[Malkapur, Buldhana district|Malkapur taluka]] in [[Buldana district]] in [[Bombay Presidency]]. His father Bhikaji Kolte was a farmer and a member of [[Satyashodhak Samaj]].

Kolte received his school education in [[Malkapur, Buldana|Malkapur]] and [[Khamgaon]]. He received his B.A. from Morris College in [[Nagpur]], and M.A. from [[University of Nagpur|Nagpur University]], securing three gold medals.

Kolte started his professional career as an assistant professor of Marathi at Vidarbha Mahavidyalaya in [[Amravati]] and then Morris College in [[Nagpur]]. He moved on to be the principal of Morris College. At Nagpur University, he became a member, and later chairman, of the Board of Studies in Marathi; a member, and later dean, of the faculty of Arts; and a member of the Academic Council and the Executive Council. He retired as the vice-chancellor of Nagpur University. He was also a member of the Board of Studies and the faculty of Arts of four other universities.

Kolte presided over ''Vidarbha Sathiya Sangh'' and ''Maharashtra Bhasha Sabha''. He was a member of the general council of [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]] during 1956-1961.

==Scholarly work==
Kolte did pioneering work in the field of [[Mahanubhava]] literature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=K.C |title= Who's Who of Indian Writers, 1999 |year=1999 |isbn= 81-260-0873-3 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |volume=one |page=615}}</ref>

He researched about 20 ancient copper plates and stone inscriptions in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Prakrit]], and [[Kannada]] languages. He decoded literature of ''Mahanubhav pandits'', which they had written in an obscure code language in the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th century. He wrote exhaustive introductions to his books about the researched literature.

For Kolte's scholarly book on [[Leela Charitra]], the first known biography in [[Marathi language|Marathi]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Religions and Communities of India |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |year=1982 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-0-85692-081-3 |pages=53 }}</ref> the All India Mahanubhava Parishad conferred on him in 1956 the title ''Vidyaratna''.

Kolte authored a book on simplification of Marathi [[orthography]]. He was President of [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]], the conference on Marathi Literature held at [[Bhopal]] in 1967.

==Authorship==
Kolte's writings include over 250 research articleski and over 20 books.<ref name="kolte">
{{cite web |title=Kolte -- an academician par excellence |publisher=The Indian Express | date=10 April 1998| url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980410/10050634.html}}</ref> The following is a partial list of the books which he authored:

* ''Lavhali'' (A collection of poems) (1928)
* ''Marathi Santon Ka Samajik Karya'' (Critique) (1935) (''in [[Hindi]]'')
* ''Bhaskar Bhatt Borikar: Charitra Va Kavyavivechan'' (Critique) (1935)
* ''Swastik'' (A collection of poems) (1937)
* ''Mahanubhava Tatvadnyan'' (1945)
* ''Mahanubhava Achardharma'' (1948)
* ''Shri Chakradhar'' (Literary biography) (1952)
* ''Mahanubhav Sanshodhana'' in two volumes (1962 and '84)
* ''Sahitya Sanchar'' (Essays) (1965)
* ''Pracheen Marathi Sahitya Sanshodhan'' (Essays on medieval Marathi literature) (1968)
* ''Chakradhar Shevatache Prakaran'' (1982)
* ''Maharashtratil Kahi Tamrapat Va Shilalekh'' (1987)
* ''Marathi Asmitecha Shodh'' (1989)
* ''Snehabandh'' (Essays) (1994)
* ''Giriparna'' (Essays)

==Editorship==
The following is a partial list of over 15 books which Kolte edited:

* ''Uddhav Geeta'' (1935)
* ''Sthan Pothi'' (1937)
* ''Rukmini Swayamvar'' (1940)
* ''Vachaharan'' (1953)
* ''Shishupal Vadha'' (1960)
* ''[[Leela Charitra]]'' (1978)
* ''Shri Govind Prabhu'' (1994)

==Honors==
Kolte was honored with a [[Padma Shri]] title by the Government of India in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Padma Shri Awardees |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |publisher= Government of India}}</ref>

A [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] was conferred on him in 1994.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolte, Vishnu Bhikaji}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]

Shirin Vajifdar

2026-02-11T07:25:17Z

Jugnu: Created a post

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox dancer|spouse={{marriage|[[Mulk Raj Anand]]|1950|2004|end=died}}|death_date={{death date|2017|09|29|df=y}}|dances=[[Kathak]]|birth_place=[[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]] (now in [[Maharashtra]])|occupation={{hlist|Dancer|choreographer|instructor|critic}}}}

'''Shirin Vajifdar''' (died 29 September 2017) was an [[Indian classical dance]]r, choreographer, instructor and critic. She was one of the first [[Parsi]]s who took up Indian classical dance. A doyenne of [[Kathak]], she was an acclaimed performer and teacher. Her choreography in the film ''[[Mayurpankh]]'' (1954) was lauded.

==Life==
Shirin Vajifdar was born in [[Bombay]], [[India]]. She had two younger sisters, Khurshid and Roshan.<ref name=wire1>{{cite news|newspaper=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/183843/remembering-shirin-vajifdar-dancer/|title=Remembering Shirin Vajifdar – Pioneer in All Schools of Dance|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|date=3 October 2017|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> They were brought up in an orphanage in Bombay.<ref name="SinghIndia).1986">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Nancy|title=The Sugar in the Milk: the Parsis in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g5uAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Institute for Development Education|location=Madras|page=39}}</ref>

In the 1930s, defying the disapproval of her community, Vajifdar began to learn Kathak with Sunder Prasad, a teacher from the Jaipur Gharana.<ref name=Kothari1989/> She also attended the Nrityalayam dance academy run by Madame Menaka in [[Khandala]], at the same time as Shevanti Bhonsale and [[Damayanti Joshi]]. Here she learned other forms of Indian dance: [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Kathakali]].<ref name=wire1/>

Vajifdar married [[Mulk Raj Anand]] in 1950. She was his second wife.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Anand, Mulk Raj|first=Anna|last=Rutherford|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-349-86101-9%2F1.pdf|accessdate=4 October 2017|page=20|encyclopedia=Commonwealth Literature|year=1979|isbn=978-1-349-86101-9}}</ref>

==Career==
Vajifdar taught dance to Khurshid and Roshan,<ref name="Bharatan2016">{{cite book|last=Bharatan|first=Raju|title=Asha Bhosle: A Musical Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kK00DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT283|date=1 August 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-85827-16-7|page=283}}</ref> with whom she began to perform as the ''Vajifdar sisters''. They trained in all the major schools of Indian dance, including [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Mohiniattam]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/arc-lights-to-oblivion/article3657699.ece|title=Arc lights to oblivion|last=Basu|first=Soma|accessdate=4 October 2017|date=19 July 2012}}</ref>

The sisters were the first Parsis to perform Indian classical dance.<ref name="Haskell1960">{{cite book|last=Haskell|first=Arnold Lionel|title=The Ballet Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Y7AQAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=A. & C. Black|page=111}}</ref> While conservatives in the Parsi community were opposed to them, she received support from others.<ref name=wire1/>

The modernist dancer [[Ram Gopal (dancer)|Ram Gopal]] was one of their instructors. Among the Vajifdars' contemporaries in performance were [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], and the Poovaiah sisters.<ref name=wire1/>

Vajifdar ran a dance academy, ''Nritya Manjari'', in Cuffe Parade in Bombay.<ref>{{cite book|title=Parsiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_T4vAAAAYAAJ|volume=22|year=1999|publisher=P. Warden|page=158}}</ref><ref name="Kothari1989">{{cite book|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C&pg=PA182|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-223-9|page=182}}</ref> Along with Krishna Kutty, she founded the ''Nritya Darpana Society''.<ref name="SinghaMassey1967">{{cite book|last1=Singha|first1=Rina|last2=Massey|first2=Reginald|title=Indian dances: their history and growth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tUTAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Faber|page=223|isbn=9780807604274}}</ref>

On the eve of Indian independence in 1947, Vajifdar and her pupils, ''The Marwari Belles'', performed at Bombay's [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|url=https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/food-for-thought-india-can-take-some-feasting-lessons-from-italy/|title=Food for thought: India can take some feasting lessons from Italy|date=9 August 2017|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1951, Vajifdar and her sisters toured South East Asia, performing and promoting Indian culture.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=19 January 1951|accessdate=4 October 2017|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19510119-1.2.113|title=Dancers Due in S'pore}}</ref>

There do not appear to be any extant recordings of Vajifdar's performances. The [[Films Division of India]] had made a film, but it was lost.<ref name=wire1/> In 1952, she appeared on BBC Television.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f8160d3f1a2c4b3f81c03d7a6dae8d83|title=Shirin Vajifdar and Krishna Kutty in their New Indian Ballet|journal=The Radio Times|issue=1505|pages=45|date=19 September 1952|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1954, Vajifdar choreographed a dance sequence in [[Kishore Sahu]]'s film ''[[Mayurpankh]]''. Roshan and Khurshid performed in the sequence.<ref name="Bharatan2016">{{cite book|last=Bharatan|first=Raju|title=Asha Bhosle: A Musical Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kK00DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT283|date=1 August 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-85827-16-7|page=283}}</ref>

In 1955, she was part of a dance delegation to [[China]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Cultural Delegation in China, 1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBpwAAAAIAAJ|year=1955|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|page=60}}</ref> She essayed the role of [[Mohini]] and [[Bhasmasur]]a with Krishna Kutty,<ref name=wire1/> to considerable acclaim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDdkAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|pages=162–163}}</ref>

By 1957, Vajifdar had retired from performance. She then began to write reviews of dance for the [[Times of India]].<ref name=wire1/>

==Selected publications==
* {{cite journal|title='Menaka', Pioneer of Kathak Dance Drama|date=September 1959|journal=Marg – A Magazine of the Arts|number=4|volume=XII|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/35167359/Marg-A-Magazine-of-the-Arts-September-1959-Vol-12-XII-Number-4-Kathak}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vajifdar, Shirin}}

[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]

R. K. Damodaran

2026-02-10T02:39:54Z

Jugnu: Done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R K Damodaran
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|08|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| title = [[Poet]], [[lyricist]], [[composer]]
| spouse = Rajalakshmi
| children = Anagha
| website = {{URL|rkdamodaran.com}}
}}
'''R. K. Damodaran''' (born 1 August 1953) is a poet and lyricist<ref name="Suresh">{{cite web|last1=Suresh|first1=Meera|title=R K Damodaran: Four decades of finest verses|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/09/r-k-damodaran-four-decades-of-finest-verses-1695977.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 April 2018|date=9 November 2017}}</ref> who has worked predominantly in the Malayalam movie industry. He also worked as a journalist in [[Mathrubhumi]] from 1982 to 2013. He has written lyrics for almost 3,600 songs in devotional, political, environmental, drama and light music genres, including two Sanskrit songs. He has worked in more than 100 Malayalam films<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam Songs written by RK Damodaran| url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?l=1238|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="film bio">{{cite web|title=Exclusive biography of #RKDamodaran|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/r-k-damodaran/biography.html|website=FilmiBeat|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> and written songs like "Ravivarma Chithrathin", "Thalam Thettiya Tharatt", "Manjil Chekkerum", "Sukham", "Chandrakiranathin Chandanamunnum", "Thani Thankakkinapponkal" and "Pakalppoove".

== Career ==
Damodaran, from [[Manjapra]] in [[Ernakulam district]], studied BA Malayalam at [[Maharajas College,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/dec/14/sahityavedi-held-at-maharajas-college-1726698.html|title='Sahityavedi' held at Maharaja's College|publisher=}}</ref> Kochi]] and [[Sanskrit]] language at [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Kochi. He entered the film music world in 1977, when he was a second year BA student at Maharaja's College. His first song was "Ravivarma Chithrathin Rathi Bhavame" for the 1978 movie ''[[Raju Rahim]]'' (recorded on 2 November 1977 at AVM-C Theatre, Chennai). He soon made a name for himself in the Malayalam movie industry. During a career spanning over four decades,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/021117/40-years-of-rk-damodaran.html|title=40 years of RK Damodaran|date=2 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref> he has written 118 film songs and worked with music masters like [[Dakshinamurthy]], Devarajan Master, M. S. Viswanathan, Ilayaraja, Arjunan Master, Johnson, Raveendran, Syam, S. P. Venkitesh, Jerry Amaldev, Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath, Vidyadharan, Mohan Sithara, T. S. Radhakrishnan, Vidya Sagar, K.P. Udayabhanu, M. Jayachandran, Deepak Dev and Berny-Ignatious. The film ''[[Cleopatra (2013 film)|Cleopatra]]'', released in 2013, was his last film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore/2971/r-k-damodaran-on-his-song-rasaleela/E?PageSpeed=noscript|title=ക്ലിയോപാട്രയുടെ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി ആര്‍.കെ ദാമോദരന്‍|website=www.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>

Besides writing lyrics for Malayalam movies, he also published four books. Two were collection of his poetry, ''Athunathanam'' and ''Kadharaavaneeyam''. The other two were devotional song collections namely ''Amme Narayana'' and ''Aravana Madhuram''. He also wrote two dramas, ''Poorapparambu'' and ''Kannakiyude Mula''. He has also learned to play the chenda, Kerala's traditional percussion instrument, from Babu Kanjilasseri of Kozhikode.

Damodaran was selected as a member of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy during 2001 to 2004 which is run by the government of Kerala. Since 2012, he has been an executive member of Bharat Bhavan which is under the Department of Culture, government of Kerala. He has been an executive member of Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad since 2016.

== Personal life ==
Damodaran was born to [[Manjapra, Palakkad district|Manjapra]] Kothanath Chirayil Kalathil Ramankutty Nair, a government employee by profession and [[Palakkad]] Pallatheri Kappadathu Puthanveettil Kalyanikkutty Amma on 1 August 1953 in Kochi. He was named after his paternal grandfather, according to the then-existing customs. He is deeply influenced by the fertile cultural landscape of his family place. He married Rajalakshmy (a native of [[North Paravoor]]), who was his classmate at Maharaja's College, on 7 June 1985. They have a daughter named Anagha (b. 1986). They are currently{{when|date=September 2022}} residing at Kochi, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rkdamodaran.com/|title=R K Damodaran|website=rkdamodaran.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
These are some of the awards and achievements in the career life of R. K. Damodaran.
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy Kalasree Award]] - 2013<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-announces-kalashri-awards/article5335032.ece|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi announces Kalashri awards|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2013|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Kunjunni Master Award for poetry - 2008
* Vaadya Mithra Award with Suvarna Mudra - 2006
* Kesava Poduval Smaraka Puraskaram - 2018
* Pavakulathamma Award -2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/apr/15/pavakulathamma-award-for-r-k-dhamodharan-1801705.html|title=Pavakulathamma Award for R K Dhamodharan|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>
* P.Gokulapalan Sankam Kala Group Award -2017
* Thirumantham Kunnu Neerajanam Award- 2014
* Parasseri Meen Kulathi Bhagavathi Temple's Bhadrapriya Award - 2014
* Paloor Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple Award - 2014
* Akhila Bharathiya Ayappa Samithi Award - 2014
* Pattambi Sreethali Mahadeva Puraskaram- 2013
* Oottoor Unni Namboothirippadu Smaraka Puraskaram- 2011
* Kashypa Veda Research Foundation Award - 2010
* Mayilppeeli Award from Guruvayoor - 2010
* Thathvamasi Award - 2010
* Pambadi Pambumkavu Sree Nagaraja Puraskaram - 2009
* Jaycey Foundation Award - 2005
* Kerala Film Audience Council Award - 2004 & 2005
* Sangam Kala Group Award - 2003
* MTV Award and Smrithi Award - 2002
* Harivarasanam Award - 2001
* Drisya Award - 2000, 2002, 2004 & 2007
* Malayalam Tele Viewers Association Award - 2000
* Ayyappa Ganasree Award - 1994
* IPTA Award for the Best National Integration Song - 1992
* Nana Miniscreen Award - 1991
* Chottanikkara narayana Marar memorial NAVA NAARAAYAM award-2018

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/r-k-damodaran.html R K Damodaran famous movie songs], ''Filmibeat''
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/021117/40-years-of-rk-damodaran.html 40 Years of R K Damodaran], ''Deccan Chronicle''
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-announces-kalashri-awards/article5335032.ece Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards], ''The Hindu''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodaran, R K}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Nasira Akhter

2026-02-08T18:04:21Z

Jugnu: creating basic entry v1

{{Short description|Indian inventor (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nasira Akhter
| image = Nari Shakti Puraskar to Nasira Akhter (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nasira Akhter
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
}}
'''Nasira Akhter''' (born 1 February 1972) is an Indian inventor from [[Kulgam]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="KL">{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Tahir |title=Kashmir Woman Honoured For Landmark Innovation |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-woman-honoured-for-landmark-innovation-288010/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Kashmir Life |date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314214630/https://kashmirlife.net/kashmir-woman-honoured-for-landmark-innovation-288010/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ABR">{{cite web |title=FIRST INDIAN WOMAN TO CONVERT POLYTHENE TO ASHES |url=https://www.asiabookofrecords.com/first-indian-woman-record-to-convert-polythene-to-ashes/ |website=Asia Book of Records |access-date=28 April 2022 |date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309114028/https://www.asiabookofrecords.com/first-indian-woman-record-to-convert-polythene-to-ashes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She dropped out of school and became interested in the uses of herbs.<ref name="KL" /> Akhter worked at the [[Kashmir University]] Science Instrumentation Centre for over eight years to develop a means to make [[polythene]] biodegradable.<ref name="Tatsat">{{cite news |last1=Kainthola |first1=Deepanshu |title=President Presents Nari Shakti Puraskar for the Years 2020, 2021 |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309001953/https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She found a solution using an undisclosed herb in 2008.<ref name="KM">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=M. Aamir |title='Unsung heroes': Meet J&K women who received 'Nari Shakti' award from President - The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/unsung-heroes-meet-jk-women-who-received-nari-shakti-award-from-president/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Kashmir Monitor |date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412125658/https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/unsung-heroes-meet-jk-women-who-received-nari-shakti-award-from-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The herb is made into a paste and this is applied to the polythene before it is set alight. The polythene is disposed of without any reported pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir's Nasira gets Nari Shakti award for invention on bio-degradation of plastic |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/kashmir-s-nasira-gets-nari-shakti-award-for-invention-on-bio-degradation-of-plastic-10279.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In recognition of her achievements, she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on [[International Women's Day]] 2022 from the [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="Tatsat" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhter, Nasira}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Women from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malladihalli Raghavendra

2026-02-07T05:51:16Z

Jugnu: minor update

{{Short description|Indian Hindu guru (1890–1996)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Tiruka
| image = MalladihalliRaghavendraPic.jpg
| birth_date ={{Birth date|1890|7|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Barkur [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 21 August 1996
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = Teacher of [[Yoga]] and [[Ayurveda]], author
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks= Swayum Vaidya (Ayurvedic
encyclopedia), Dehaswasthyakkagi Yogasana
| website = {{URL|www.malladihalliast.com}}
}}

'''Raghavendra Swami of Malladihalli''' ([[Kannada]]: ಮಲ್ಲಾಡಿಹಳ್ಳಿ ಶ್ರೀ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ) (1890–1996), popularly known as ತಿರುಕ '''Tiruka''' ("beggar"), was the founder of Anatha Sevashrama Trust, Malladihalli. He taught [[yoga]] from his base as Malladihalli near [[Holalkere]] in [[Chitradurga]] district, a village in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

==Early life==
Raghavendra Swami, was born on 27 July 1890,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViwqAQAAIAAJ&q=Malladihalli+Raghavendra |title=Sruti |publisher=P.N. Sundaresan |year=1999 |page=181}}</ref> in a small village Barkur, in Karnataka. He was their only child. His parents named him Kumaraswamy. Later, urged by the head priest of Mantralaya Mutt, his name was changed to Raghavendra.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

He has said that he met Palani Swami,<ref name=mtal>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-S4nAgAAQBAJ&q=palani%20swami%20malladihalli&pg=PT52 |title=Sadhguru: More Than A Life |last=Subramaniam |first=Arundhati |publisher=Penguin |year=2013 |isbn=9788184753110 |page=52}}</ref> a yogi. He has claimed to have learned [[hatha yoga]], [[asanas]] and [[pranayama]] from him.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Suryanamaskara - Principle and Practice |last=Raghavendra |first=Malladihalli |publisher=Anatha Sevashrama Trust |year=1977 |page=45}}</ref> He was adopted by Puthali Bai and Narasimhaiah on the advice of Bhirthi Ramachandra Shastry after the death of his mother. Anantha Padmanabha, leaving his son in the care of the foster parents went on a pilgrimage to Himalayas.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

He learnt [[Carnatic music]], singing [[Bhajans]] and devotional songs. As a school boy he participated and acted in many plays, [[Yakshagana]], and Thala Maddale.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Later life==
He met Siddharudha Swami to do social works in [[Hubli]], [[Karnataka]]; but left after few days for [[Tumkur]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Kumaraswamy started his association with [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], a budding artist, who later, acquired the skills of drama, and its intricate styles, at the Amba Prasaditha Nataka Company, in Tumkur. Shivaram Karanth took Raghavendra to Ranganatha Thamankar, who offered him a job as a clerk at his drama company. He was entrusted with the sales of tickets and disbursement of salaries and wages to the staff of the drama company. Later during this period, he left his job.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

He has said he learnt from [[Paramahamsa Yogananda]], [[Swami Shivananda Tirtha]] and the wrestler Rajaratna Manick Rao.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcNDAAAAQBAJ&q=tiruka&pg=PA45
|title=Yoga Traveling: Bodily Practice in Transcultural Perspective |last=Hauser |first=Beatrix |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |isbn=9783319003153 |page=45}}</ref> Kumaraswamy learnt various martial arts under the guidance of Manekrao.

He was sent to [[Lahore]] to learn under from [[Lakshman Das]], a [[Yoga]] and [[Ayurvedic]] practitioner.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Jaggi Vasudev was 12 or 13 years of age when he came in contact with Swamiji (who was then about 81 years old) and learned [[hatha yoga]] from him.<ref name=mtal/> Later on [[Jaggi Vasudev]] founded the [[Isha Foundation]] and came to be known as Sadhguru by his followers.

==Social works==
He claimed that he had treated more than 3 million people for various diseases with [[ayurvedic]] medicines, and yoga without any surgery. He built an Ayurvedic hospital at Malladihalli and Vishwa Yoga Mandira (World Yoga Trust) and various educational institutions, on a non-profit basis.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Bibliography==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
He was the author of books on yoga and ayurveda, as well as novels and plays in [[Kannada]] published under the pen name of Tiruka.
{{div col}}

===Yogasana===
*Surya Namaskara (ಸೂರ್ಯ ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ)
*Surya Namaskara (Salutations to the Sun—English)
*Surya Namaskara (pictures, chart)
*Pranayama (ಪ್ರಾಣಾಯಾಮ)
*Pranayama (English)
*Angamardhana (ಅಂಗಮರ್ದನ)
*Dehaswasthyakkagi Yogasanagalu (ದೇಹ ಸ್ವಾಸ್ಥ್ಯಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಯೋಗಾಸನಗಳು)
*Dehaswasthyakkagi Yogasanagalu (Yogasanas for good health—English)
*Katharoopaka Yogasana (ಕಥಾರೂಪಕ ಯೋಗಾಸನ)
*Shatkarmavidhi (ಶಟ್ಕರ್ಮವಿಧಿ)
*Sarvangasundara Vyayama (Kannada)
*Gurunamaskara (ಗುರುನಮಸ್ಕಾರ)
*Gurunamaskara (English)
*Pranayama for Body and Soul (English) 1988. XIV, 90 S.: Ill

===Ayurveda===
*Swayum [[Vaidhya]] ([[Ayurvedic]] Encyclopedia) (ಸ್ವಯಂ ವೈದ್ಯ)
*Aushadhi Ayurveda Chikitsa Sangraha (ಔಷಧಿ ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಾ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ)
*Gruha Vaidhya Kaipidi (ಗೃಹ ವೈದ್ಯ ಕೈಪಿಡಿ)
*Vanaushadhigala Gunadharma (ವನೌಷಧಿಗಳ ಗುಣಧರ್ಮ)

===Kadambari (Novels)===
*Koneya Gutuku (ಕೊನೆಯ ಗುಟುಕು)
*Mooleya Handara (ಮೂಳೆಯ ಹಂದರ)
*Chiteyo Samaadiyo (ಚಿತೆಯೋ ಸಮಾಧಿಯೋ)
*Udayastha (ಉದಯಾಸ್ಥ)
*Soothrada Bombe (ಸೂತ್ರದ ಬೊಂಬೆ)
*Rasarushi (ರಸಋಷಿ)
*Thyagajeevi (ತ್ಯಾಗಜೀವಿ)
*Changaoli Cheluva (ಚಂಗೋಳಿ ಚೆಲುವ)

===Plays===
*Ranachandi (ರಣಚಂಡಿ)
*Mahakavi Bharavi (ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಭಾರವಿ)
*Nyayamantri (ನ್ಯಾಯಮಂತ್ರಿ)
*Usha Swayumvara (ಉಶಾ ಸ್ವಯಂವರ)
*Vanamahotsava (ವನಮಹೋತ್ಸವ)
*Thirunama (ತಿರುನಾಮ)
*Sukhee Raajya (ಸುಖೀ ರಾಜ್ಯ)
*KarmaYogi (ಕರ್ಮ ಯೋಗಿ)
*Uddara (ಉದ್ಧಾರ)
*Bhakta Shabari (ಭಕ್ತ ಶಬರಿ)

===Other===
*Joligeya Pavada(ಜೋಳಿಗೆಯ ಪವಾಡ)
*Athma Nivedane (ಆತ್ಮ ನಿವೇದನೆ)
*Bhava Bindu (ಭಾವ ಬಿಂದು)
*Bruhadyoga Darshana (Collections from expert saints) (ಬೃಹದ್ ಯೋಗ ದರ್ಶನ)
*Devaru Yaaru? (ದೇವರು ಯಾರು)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025201021/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071911660400.htm Malladihalli Raghavendra]

{{Physical culture}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendra Swamiji, Malladihalli Sri}}
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]

Deputy commissioner

2026-01-31T07:43:31Z

Jugnu: updated details

{{short description|Police, income tax or administrative official}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2020}}
A '''deputy commissioner''' is a [[police]], [[income tax]] or administrative official in many countries. The rank is commonplace in police forces of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, usually ranking below the Commissioner.

==Australia==
In all Australian police forces, deputy commissioner is the rank directly below that of [[commissioner]] and senior to the rank of [[Assistant commissioner (police)|assistant commissioner]]. In all forces, excepting the New South Wales Police Force where the insignia is crossed and wreathed tipstaves surmounted by a crown, the same insignia as that of a [[lieutenant-general]] in the army, the insignia is a diamond (or a star, in the case of the Victoria Police), the same as that of a [[major-general]] in the army.

==Bangladesh==
The Deputy Commissioner (popularly abbreviated to "DC") or [[Deputy Commissioner (Bangladesh)|District Magistrate]] is the executive head of the [[districts of Bangladesh|district]], an administrative sub-unit of a [[divisions of Bangladesh|division]]. The deputy commissioners are appointed by the government from a [[ministries of Bangladesh|Deputy Secretary]] of [[Bangladesh Civil Service|BCS]] Administration Cadre. [[Deputy Commissioner of Taxes]] (popularly abbreviated as DCT) is an Income-tax authority. Deputy Commissioner of Taxes are basically officers of [[Bangladesh Civil Service|BCS]] Taxation Cadre. DCT includes Assistant Commissioner of Taxes, Extra Assistant Commissioner of Taxes as well.

==Hong Kong==
[[Hong Kong Police Force]] have three DCPs, which are in charge of the Operational Department, Management Department and National Security Department.

== India ==
{{main|Deputy commissioner (India)}}

=== Executive ===
The ''deputy commissioner'' or [[district magistrate]] is the executive head of a [[List of districts in India|district]], an administrative sub-unit of a [[States and union territories of India|state]]. The '''district magistrates''' are entrusted with overall responsibility for law and order, implementation of government schemes and are also authorised to hear revenue cases pertaining to the district. A district magistrate is also authorised to collect Land Revenue and is therefore also referred as a [[district collector|collector]] (revenue) and also to control encroachment of government land in the district. In India officers of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) cadre are appointed this office.

The designation Deputy Commissioner is commonly used for officers serving as deputies to a Commissioner in various government agencies, such as the Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, Excise, Transport, and Food Safety.

=== Police ===
The Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) is a senior police designation found exclusively in the [[Commissioner of Police (India)#Police commissionerates|police commissionerates]] of India, which are policing systems in major cities. The city's police force is headed by a [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], typically a high-ranking officer from the [[Indian Police Service]]. The DCP holds a position equivalent to the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) in the state police. In the hierarchy, the rank above DCP is Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl.CP), and below is Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police (Addl.DCP).

{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 151
| image1 = Senior Superintendent of Police.png
| caption1 = Deputy Commissioner of Police (Selection Grade) rank insignia.
| image2 = Superintendent of Police.png
| caption2 = Deputy Commissioner of Police rank insignia.
| caption_align = left
}}

==New Zealand==
In the [[New Zealand Police]], deputy commissioner is the rank directly below that of the [[Commissioner of Police (New Zealand)|commissioner of police]] and senior to the rank of [[Assistant commissioner (police)|assistant commissioner]]. Deputy commissioner is the first rank that requires a statutory appointment. As of 2024 there are 3 deputy commissioners who command, Frontline Operations, Operational Services & Road Policing and People, Leadership & Culture. The rank insignia is a sword and a rectangular cylinder crossed over each other with a single star above.

== Pakistan ==

In Pakistan usually the Pakistan Administrative Service, formally known as District Management Group, cadre of the Central Superior Services or officers of Provincial Management Services erstwhile Provincial Civil Services are appointed to this office.

== Papua New Guinea ==
In the [[Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary]], there are three Deputy Commissioners. They report to the [[Police Commissioner]] and are in charge of all Police Duties by directing their respective [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP's]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Alan Scott appointed Deputy Police Commissioner in PNG |url=https://news.pngfacts.com/2016/02/australian-alan-scott-appointed-deputy.html |website=Papua New Guinea Today |language=id}}</ref>
* Operations
* Administration
* Training, Reform and [[Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]

==United Kingdom==
The [[Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis]] is the deputy head of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]].

The [[City of London Police]] now uses the term "deputy commissioner" for the rank directly beneath commissioner; this was traditionally "assistant commissioner". {{As of|2025}}, there are two deputy commissioners.<ref name="Chief officer team">{{Cite web |title=City of London Police – Chief officer team |url=https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/police-forces/city-of-london-police/areas/city-of-london/about-us/about-us/chief-officers/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |publisher=City of London Police}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (Singapore)]]
* [[Police commissioner]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Police ranks]]

Harsh Kumar

2026-01-24T14:58:13Z

Jugnu: added basic biography w/ refs

{{short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harsh Kumar
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr. Harsh Kumar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2015.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr. Harsh Kumar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2015
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Glaucoma]] management
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] A. C. Aggarwal Trophy Bodh Raj Sabharwal Medal
}}
'''Harsh Kumar''' is an Indian ophthalmologist,<ref name="Express Glaucoma Filtration Device by Dr. Harsh Kumar">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7KjH9GMyVM | title=Express Glaucoma Filtration Device by Dr. Harsh Kumar | publisher=Centre for Sight | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=4 December 2014 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> who is reported to have described nine [[Laser surgery|laser surgical procedures]] for [[glaucoma]] and anterior segment of which one procedure is cited by ''Shields Text Book of Glaucoma'',<ref name="Shields' Textbook of Glaucoma">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3AmrUxtT04C | title=Shields' Textbook of Glaucoma | publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | author=R. Rand Allingham | year=2005 | pages=702 | isbn=9780781739399}}</ref> a known reference book on glaucoma management.<ref name="Centre for Sight">{{cite web | url=http://www.centreforsight.net/doctors/dr-harsh-kumar/ | title=Centre for Sight | publisher=Centre for Sight | date=2015 | access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> He is the director of Glaucoma Services at [[Centre For Sight|Centre for Sight]], New Delhi<ref name="Times of india">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dont-let-glaucoma-disrupt-your-vision/articleshow/19086940.cms | title=Don't let glaucoma disrupt your vision|work=The Times of india| date=16 April 2013 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> and also serves at the [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha|Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Delhi]].<ref name="Sehat">{{cite web | url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-harsh-kumar-eye-doctor-delhi | title=Sehat | publisher=Sehat | date=2015 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2015 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Harsh Kumar graduated in medicine (MBBS) from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], New Delhi, secured his master's degree (MD) in ophthalmology from [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences]], both with gold medals<ref name="Sehat" /> and did senior residency at R. P. Centre to pass out with the best senior resident award.<ref name="Centre for Sight" /> He joined his alma mater as a member of faculty and served the institution as an additional professor of the glaucoma unit.<ref name="Centre for Sight" /><ref name="Sehat" /> He works at Centre for Sight, Delhi as the director of Glaucoma unit<ref name="Centre for Sight" /> and at the [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha]], as a consultant surgeon.<ref name="Apollo">{{cite web | url=http://www.apollohospdelhi.com/ophthalmology-team-of-doctors | title=Apollo | publisher=Apollo Hospitals | date=2015 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

Kumar is a former president of the Glaucoma Society of India.<ref name="Centre for Sight" /><ref name="Sehat" /> He is known to have done extensive research on glaucoma and has published three books and 66 papers, besides contributing chapters to several textbooks on the subject.<ref name="Centre for Sight" /><ref name="Sehat" /> He is reported to have described nine [[Laser surgery|laser surgical procedures]] for glaucoma and one of the procedures has been included in the ''Shields Text Book of Glaucoma'',<ref name="Centre for Sight" /> a widely referred reference book on the disease. He is also involved in continuous medical education by conducting classes and workshops on the subject<ref name="Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 1">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21UPp-Io4Uo | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 1 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 2">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V2OdNaL3k4 | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 2 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 3">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acvm9hkM2jE | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 3 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> and has mentored twenty five students in their doctoral researches.<ref name="Centre for Sight" />

Kumar, a recipient of [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] fellowship, has received several awards such as Bodh Raj Sabharwal Medal (1985), A. C. Aggarwal Trophy (1988), P. N. Taneja Award (1994), D. B. Chandra oration Award (2007), Pratap Narain Memorial Lecture Award (2008) and A. N. Pandeya Oration Award (2010).<ref name="Centre for Sight" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2015.<ref name="Sehat" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Glaucoma]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7KjH9GMyVM | title=Express Glaucoma Filtration Device by Dr. Harsh Kumar | publisher=Centre for Sight | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=4 December 2014 | access-date=26 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21UPp-Io4Uo | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 1 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V2OdNaL3k4 | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 2 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acvm9hkM2jE | title=Glaucoma Patient Information: Part 3 | publisher=Vinod Yadav | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=3 April 2012 | access-date=26 February 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Harsh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

E-mail (film)

2026-01-09T14:33:26Z

Jugnu: Created new info and citations - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = E-mail
| image = E-mail film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = SR Rajan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = SR Rajan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
*[[Ragini Dwivedi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sevlam Madhappan
| editing = Rajesh Kumar
| music = '''Song''': Avinash Gavaskar '''Score:''' Jubin
| studio = SR Film Factory
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|9}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''E-mail''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by SR Rajan and starring [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]] and [[Ragini Dwivedi]]. The film talks about the ill effects of online gaming scams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Ragini Dwivedi & Muruga Ashok's 'Email' censored U/A |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ragini-dwivedi-muruga-ashoks-email-censored-u/a/articleshow/106517759.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106041546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ragini-dwivedi-muruga-ashoks-email-censored-u/a/articleshow/106517759.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released on 9 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Praveen Chandra |title=ಈ ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ ಇಮೇಲ್‌ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ; ರಾಗಿಣಿ ದ್ವಿವೇದಿ ನಟನೆಯ ಇಮೇಲ್‌ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೇಲರ್‌, ಹಾಡುಗಳು ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-kannada-actress-ragini-dwivedi-email-movie-release-date-feb-9-trailer-and-songs-released-pcp-181707125579227.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=kn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Vimal
*[[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Abhi
*Aadhav Balaji as Ganesh
* Aarti Shree as Reshma
*[[Manobala]] as Kailasam
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Sundar
*Billy Murali as Shiva
*Akshay Raj as Karthik
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot on beaches in Chennai, Goa, Karnataka and Pondicherry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title=ರಾಗಿಣಿ 'ಇಮೇಲ್'ಗೆ ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್ ಸಾಥ್‌ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/sandalwood-kannada-movie-ragini-dwivedi-prajwal-devaraj-2632331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108051637/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/sandalwood-kannada-movie-ragini-dwivedi-prajwal-devaraj-2632331 |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[Prajavani]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=ರಾಗಿಣಿ ದ್ವಿವೇದಿಯ 'ಇಮೇಲ್' ಟ್ರೈಲರ್ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿ ಕೊಂಡಾಡಿದ ಪ್ರಭುದೇವ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/ragini-dwivedi-starrer-e-mail-kannada-tamil-movie-trailer-released-mcr-776344.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206174742/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/ragini-dwivedi-starrer-e-mail-kannada-tamil-movie-trailer-released-mcr-776344.html |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[TV9 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EMAIL First Look : ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಆಯ್ತು ರಾಗಿಣಿ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಇ-ಮೇಲ್' ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಲುಕ್ | Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/email-first-look |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116143703/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/email-first-look |archive-date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[Udayavani]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2024 |title=ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್ ರಿಂದ ರಾಗಿಣಿ ದ್ವಿವೇದಿ ಅಭಿನಯದ ʻಇಮೇಲ್ʼ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಲುಕ್ ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/ragini-dwivedi-starrer-email-movie-first-look-released-by-prajwal-devaraj-181277 |website=[[Zee News|Zee News Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Avinash Gavaskar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y. Maheswara |date=6 February 2024 |title=You've got Email |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/youve-got-email/articleshow/107436867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206042006/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/youve-got-email/articleshow/107436867.cms |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = E-mail
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Avinash Gavaskar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:38
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = Avinash Gavaskar
| prev_title = [[Memories (2023 film)|Memories]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[The Smile Man]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6:38
| title1 = Cindrella
| lyrics1 = Anbuchezhian
| extra1 = Vishnu Ram, Shobika
| length1 = 3:09
| title2 = Velvet Baby
| lyrics2 = Anbuchezhian
| extra2 = Sanjana Kalmanje
| length2 = 3:29
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 9 February 2024.

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''[[Charlie's Angels (2000 film)|Charlie's Angels]]'' is a film that already falls into the guilty pleasure category. So, basically, Email is the guilty pleasure version of an already existing guilty pleasure".<ref>{{Cite news |title=E-mail Movie Review : A guilty pleasure among guilty pleasures that feels like a poorly written email |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/e-mail/movie-review/107575215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213025449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/e-mail/movie-review/107575215.cms |archive-date=2024-02-13 |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' wrote that "Director S.R. Rajan, who has told the story focused on the dangers of online games with suspense and many unpredictable twists, could have told its effects a little more clearly".<ref>{{Cite web |title=இ-மெயில் விமர்சனம் [E-mail review] |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/02/12/220235.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182202/http://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/02/12/220235.html |archive-date=2024-02-12 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[Thinaboomi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt31149938}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
Is there a solution to reducing the population recorded in the census?

Threats from supernatural forces

Indeed, there is no evidence, and the authorities always say this is not a fact. However, to me, this is a fact because there is a conspiracy between local authorities and other authorities.

I experienced this and became a victim of a type of black magic.

The incident occurred in a village on Jl. Pondok Beron, Tuban Regency, Rengel District, Punggul Rejo, East Java, Indonesia. This incident occurred about three years ago, and to this day, no action has been taken.

This black magic is commonly known as spirit magic, or "MO PHI," which can be used for intimate contact with the spirit world from a distance. This magic can also communicate from the spirit world.

The question here is who is using this magic?

This is not a practice, and it is not a joke. This is real.

That's all I have to say. Please follow up, and this is going too far.

There is someone using spirit magic. This spirit magic can induce sexual intercourse remotely, especially when affecting someone who is not involved.

This is indeed illogical,

and indeed, there is no concrete evidence.

This is because those affected by this magic are invited to prod, harassed, and even nearly suffer mental attacks. Even stranger, the authorities are only able to talk about it.

They cannot cure it.

This is not an act of revenge or hatred; it is deliberate.

This incident occurred about three years ago, and the investigation is still ongoing, and the cause of this spirit magic, or MHO PI, has not been discovered.

The location is in Beron Village, Jalan Pondok Beron, Rengel District, Tuban Regency.

This is not an epidemic. It seems this magic comes seeking targets to use as something unknown, only to be later assumed to have been brought by them for unclear reasons. According to reliable sources, a police officer has damaged his own image through slander, fraud, threats, domestic violence, and human rights violations.

Furthermore, he used a type of spiritual magic that enabled long-distance sexual intercourse.

This isn't practical, and it's not a game either; the perpetrator is a police officer, claiming to be from the central government.

So, this case involves both police officers and the local community.

This happened about three years ago, and to this day, there's still no clear solution.

This incident occurred in Beron Village, Pondok Beron Street, Tuban Regency, Rengel District, East Java, Indonesia. This magic affects people, even if they aren't the intended targets.

This isn't practical, and it's not what it seems.

This is real, a kind of black magic, and I'm still fortunate to be able to talk to them day and night. That's how I survive.

I'm not crazy, but I'm being driven insane.

I'm not sick, but I'm injured.

All of this is being done by supernatural forces. I'm being persecuted by supernatural forces.

From the beginning, I came uninvited, was told to leave, and then they tried to kill me. This can't be called knowledge that comes naturally.

This can't be called practicing knowledge.

This also can't be called knowledge that comes naturally.

Because this is paranormal, because the sender...

Still under monitoring.

Please help.

That's all. Thank you.

Note:

Generally, women are raped, but this time a man was raped, only by supernatural means.

It's impossible, but it's a reality.

The most important thing about this benefit is the estimation of whether it will reach God or not, and whether it will receive His grace.

Only found in Kampung Beron.

Rumor has it that it all started with PT. MCP in Karang Pilang, Surabaya.

This is a parliamentary group whose responsibilities are delegated. If it isn't disbanded, it will result in death, but it will definitely lead to death.

This handling should not be delegated.

What do you think...?

Should it be punished completely, or what...

An outrageous business event

Kalinga TV

2025-12-28T08:18:30Z

Jugnu: small changes

{{short description|Indian Odia-language television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = KALINGA TV
| logo = KalingaTV.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2015|4|17|df=y}}
| picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]])
| owner = [[Kalinga Media & Entertainment Pvt Ltd]]
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar, Odisha]], India
| sister_channels =
| former_names =
| replaced =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kalingatv.com/}}
}}
'''Kalinga TV''' is an [[Odia language]] 24-hour cable and satellite news channel in [[Bhubaneswar, Odisha]], India. The channel was launched in April 2015 by Kalinga Media and Entertainment, a unit of [[KIIT Group of Institutions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM Stresses Media Role in Government Operation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/apr/19/cm-stresses-media-role-in-government-operation-744371.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The New Indian Express |date=19 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=58752 |title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik Launches24x7 New Channel Kalinga TV, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192711/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=58752 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Indrajitsingha|first1=Susanta Kumar|last2=Routray|first2=Sudhansu Sekhar|last3=Paikray|first3=Susanta Kumar|last4=Misra|first4=Umakanta|date=2016-09-30|journal=Logforum|volume=12|issue=3|doi=10.17270/j.log.2016.3.1|issn=1895-2038|doi-access=free}}</ref>

It is classified as Indian Non-Government Company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha to get another news channel {{!}} OdishaChannel.com |url=https://odishachannel.com/index.php/4013/odisha-to-get-another-news-channel/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Odia-language television channels]]
*[[List of television stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Odia TV Channels}}

[[Category:Odia-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Odisha]]

Mohyal Brahmin

2025-12-16T09:15:19Z

Jugnu: further refined citations per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Sub-caste of Saraswat Brahmins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Mohyal Brahmins''' are a sub-caste of [[Saraswat Brahmins]] from the [[Punjab]] region.<ref name=":0" /> A sub-group of the [[Punjabi Hindu]] community, Mohyal caste comprises seven clans named [[Bali clan|Bali]], [[Bhimwal]], [[Chhibber]], [[Datt]], [[Lau clan|Lau]], [[Mohan (clan)|Mohan]] and [[Vaid (surname)|Vaid]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&q=Mohyal |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=2003-05-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |location=USA |pages=89, 414, 605 |language=en}}</ref>

Several Mohyal families might also opt to use surnames like [[Bakhshi]], [[Bhai (surname)|Bhai]], [[Chaudhri]], [[Dewan]], [[Malik]], [[Mehta]], and [[Raizada]], as a hereditary courtesy title bestowed upon their families for their bravery and service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-26 |title=Mohyal History – Mohyal History |url=https://mohyalhistory.com/mohyal-history/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to an oral tradition, some Mohyal Brahmins helped [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]] in the [[Battle of Karbala]]; these Mohyal Brahmins are called [[Hussaini Brahmin]]s.<ref name="HussainiBrahmins">Multiple sources:
*{{cite news | date=5 November 2014 | language=en | publisher=Firstpost | url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/meet-the-hussaini-brahmins-hindus-who-observe-muharram-alongside-muslims-1788623.html | url-status=live | access-date=14 April 2022 | title=Meet the Hussaini Brahmins, Hindus who observe Muharram alongside Muslims | archive-url=https://archive.today/20220414061233/https://www.firstpost.com/living/meet-the-hussaini-brahmins-hindus-who-observe-muharram-alongside-muslims-1788623.html | archive-date=14 April 2022 }}
*{{cite news |date=30 September 2019 |last=Datta |first=Nonica |url=https://thewire.in/religion/the-forgotten-history-of-hussaini-brahmins-and-muharram-in-amritsar |url-status= live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130440if_/https://thewire.in/religion/the-forgotten-history-of-hussaini-brahmins-and-muharram-in-amritsar |archive-date=1 November 2020 |title=The Forgotten History of Hussaini Brahmins and Muharram in Amritsar |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}
*{{cite news |date=5 November 2014 |last=Akram |first=Maria |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/For-Hussaini-brahmans-its-Muharram-as-usual/articleshow/45039950.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122165217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/For-Hussaini-brahmans-its-Muharram-as-usual/articleshow/45039950.cms |archive-date=22 January 2016 |title=For Hussaini brahmans, it's Muharram as usual |work=[[The Times of India]]}}
*{{cite news |date=21 September 2018 |first=Khalid|last=Alvi|author-link=Khalid Alvi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hussaini-brahmins-hindus-muslims-muharram-mohyal-brahmins-5367234/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928131917/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hussaini-brahmins-hindus-muslims-muharram-mohyal-brahmins-5367234/ |archive-date=28 September 2018 |title=In Good Faith: The Hindus with Hussain |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}
*{{cite news |date=31 December 2017 |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379906 |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101100115/https://www.dawn.com/news/1379906 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |title=Spiritual connect of two villages on both sides of the divide |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan}}
*{{cite news |date=4 October 2018 |last=Rasool Dehlvi |first=Ghulam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/041018/mystic-mantra-hussaini-brahmins-upheld-the-truth.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003234208/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/041018/mystic-mantra-hussaini-brahmins-upheld-the-truth.html |archive-date=3 October 2018 |title=Mystic Mantra: Hussaini brahmins upheld the truth |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}
*{{cite news |date=25 November 2012 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/where-hindus-join-shias-to-mourn-imam-hussain/story-WYAq3mZrRbABPzSXlSCR0J.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815180628/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/where-hindus-join-shias-to-mourn-imam-hussain/story-WYAq3mZrRbABPzSXlSCR0J.html |archive-date=15 August 2017 |title=Where Hindus join Shias to mourn Imam Hussain |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}
*{{cite news |date=5 November 2014 |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/11/05/why-these-hindus-celebrate-the-muslim-festival-of-moharram/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220330150436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/11/05/why-these-hindus-celebrate-the-muslim-festival-of-moharram/ |archive-date=30 March 2022 |title=Why these Hindus celebrate the Muslim festival of Moharram |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}
*{{cite web |date=16 May 2004 |first=Yoginder|last=Sikand|author-link=Yoginder Sikand |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31May04-Print-Edition/1605200441.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824205552/https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31May04-Print-Edition/1605200441.htm |archive-date=24 August 2004 |title=Hindu followers of Muslim imam |work=[[The Milli Gazette]]}}</ref> Prior to the [[Partition of India]], Mohyal Brahmins lived primarily in the western [[Punjab]], including present-day [[Hazara Division|Hazara division]] and the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal]] regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] respectively.

After the partition, most migrated to, and settled in the new created [[Republic of India]]. As per data by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]], the priestly practice of Mohyal Brahmins has slowly reduced after the partition.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2012 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1305628/1226_1374670688_ind39846.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107153948/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1305628/1226_1374670688_ind39846.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2022 |title=Country Advice: India |work=[[Refugee Review Tribunal]]}}</ref> Mohyals do not perform priestly duties.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttcnAQAAMAAJ&q=Sharma|title=Multiculturalism: Public Policy and Problem Areas in Canada and India|last=Raj|first=Christopher S.|year=2009|publisher=Manak Publications |isbn=9788178311845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fazl |first=Abul |date=5 November 2014 |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2014/11/05/the-brahmins-who-fought-for-imam-hussain-at-karbala/ |access-date=8 July 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204202830/https://kashmirobserver.net/2014/11/05/the-brahmins-who-fought-for-imam-hussain-at-karbala/ |archive-date=4 December 2021 |title=The Brahmins Who Fought For Imam Hussain at Karbala |work=Kashmir Observer Online}}</ref>{{Hinduism in India| collapse}}

== Contributions to Sikhism ==
The majority of Mohyal Brahmins identify as [[Hindu]], with some also identifying as [[Sikh]]. [[Guru Nanak]], continuing in the tradition of [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] Saints, revitalised [[Sanātanī|Sanatan]] ('Hindu') wisdom in order to make to accessible for the common people of late [[Medieval India]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhakti religion in North India : community identity and political action|date=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|others=Lorenzen, David N.|isbn=0-585-04526-7|location=Albany|oclc=42854916}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2024}} As a part of this transformation, many Punjabi Hindus, including the Mohyals, revered and followed Guru Nanak. This devotion towards Nanak's ''mat'' (teachings/wisdom) led them to follow Nanak's successors and then assist in the creation of the Sikh ethos. Moreover, as the latter Gurus became martial, this community was a natural home for the warrior-class of the Punjabi Hindus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Who is a Sikh? : the problem of Sikh identity|last=McLeod, W. H.|date=1989|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-826548-4|location=Oxford|oclc=19125681}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2024}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=The Construction of religious boundaries : culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition|last=Oberoi, Harjot.|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-61592-8|location=Chicago, IL|oclc=30157084}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2024}}

Some notable Mohyals include the brothers [[Bhai Mati Das]] and [[Bhai Sati Das]], both died alongside the ninth Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], for protecting [[Hinduism]] from [[Persecution of Hindus#Aurangzeb|Aurangeb's extremist policy.]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The history of Sikh gurus|last=Prithi Pal Singh, 1928-|date=2006|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=81-8382-075-1|location=New Delhi|oclc=297207913}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Punjabi Hindus]]
* [[Saraswat Brahmins]]
* [[Hussaini Brahmin]]s

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/book-captures-indias-military-history-tales-warriors]
* [https://www.mohyalonline.com/ Official Website of General Mohyal Sabha]
* [https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31May04-Print-Edition/1605200441.htm Hindu followers of Muslim imam, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.10, (16–31 May 04)]
* [https://www.merit.ac.in/ Official Website of Educational Institution Directly run by G.M.S.]

{{India topics}}
{{Demographics of India}}
{{Brahmin communities}}
{{Hinduism in Pakistan}}
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
{{Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{The seven Mohyal clans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohyal (Jati)}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Mohyal]]
[[Category:Brahmins]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Hindu communities of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi Brahmins]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tribes of Rawalpindi District]]

Hemidactylus srikanthani

2025-12-16T04:00:51Z

Jugnu: added initial info basic info

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = srikanthani
| authority = Adhikari, Achyuthan, Kumar, Khot, Shreeram, & Ganesh, 2022
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus srikanthani''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=srikanthani}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113561054}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Kumrek

2025-12-10T00:12:00Z

Jugnu: added initial entry basic info

{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumrek
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Urban village|Urban Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1845|N|88.5503|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakyong District]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_ft = 656
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 737136
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (Gorkha), [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Magar language|Mangar]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rhenock Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest City
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong]]- 40 km, [[Gangtok]]- 42 km
| registration_plate ='''SK01/SK 07'''
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website = {{URL|https://eastsikkim.nic.in}}
}}
'''Kumrek''' is an [[urban village]] lying on the bank of [[Rangpo River|River Rangpo]] in [[Pakyong District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. The nearest [[town]]s are [[Rangpo]] ({{convert|4|km}} away) and [[Rorathang]] ({{convert|8|km}}). It is about {{convert|200|m}} above sea level giving it a [[sub-tropical]] climate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atm in Kumrek|url=https://near-me.hdfcbank.com/branch-atm-locator/hdfc-bank-atm-kumrek-atm-kumrek-east-sikkim-16860/Contact-Us/hi|website=hdfcbank.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikkim : Legal Awareness Programme On 'Gender Violence' Organized at Kumrek|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/04/11/sikkim-legal-awareness-programme-on-gender-violence-organized-at-kumrek/|website=northeasttoday.in|date=11 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cipla pharmaceuticals Kumrek|url=https://indiapl.com/sikkim/cipla-manufacturing-plant-255613|website=indiapl.com}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|title=State-Level International Labour Day Celebration Held At Kumrek|url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/state-level-international-labour-day-celebration-held-at-kumrek/|website=voiceofsikkim.com|date=May 2023 }} </ref>

==Transport==
Kumrek lies on the road connecting [[Rangpo]] to [[Rorathang]].
Nearest airport from Kumrek is [[Pakyong Airport]] 32 kilometres away and nearest railway station from Kumrek is [[Rangpo railway station]] 5 kilometres away.

==Economy==
The entire belt of Kumrek – Rorathang and Kumrek – Rangpo is the manufacturing hotspot of Sikkim. There are numerous pharmaceutical companies along this way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=containment zone of Zuventus Kumrek|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/media/press-release/press-info?name=Containment+of+Zuventus+Pharmaceuticals%2C+Kumrek|website=sikkim.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=pharmaceutical companies in sikkim|url=http://www.pharmatips.in/Articles/Pharma-Companies/List-Of-Pharma-Companies-In-Sikkim.aspx|website=pharmatips.in}}</ref>

List of some of major companies of Kumrek are as follows:
*[[Alkem Laboratories]]
*[[Cipla]]
*Indchemie Health Specialities Pvt. Ltd.
*Zuventus Healthcare.
*[[Zydus Lifesciences]]
*Scorpion Containers Pvt. Ltd.
*Malu Electrodes Private Limited
*Seigneur Medipack Unit Sikkim.
*[[Lupin Limited]]
*Madhya Bharat Power Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Powerhouse is located near Kumrek on Rangpo-Rorathang road on the right bank of Rangpochu.|url=http://www.sserc.in/power-generators/madhya-bharat-power-corporation-limited|website=sserc.in|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130030856/http://www.sserc.in/power-generators/madhya-bharat-power-corporation-limited|url-status=dead}}</ref> Etc.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakyong district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Villages in Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Pakyong district]]

Cancel

2025-11-23T18:40:56Z

Jugnu: updated page

{{wiktionary|cancel|cancellation|cancelled}}

'''Cancel''', '''cancellation''', or '''cancelled''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}

== Business ==
*[[Project cancellation]], in government and industry
*[[Cancellation (mail)]], a postal marking applied to a stamp or stationery indicating the item has been used
*[[Cancellation (insurance)]], the termination of an insurance policy
*[[Flight cancellation and delay]], not operating a scheduled flight

== Sociology ==
*[[Cancel culture]], boycotting and ostracism calling out offensive behavior on social media or in real life

== Technology and science ==
*[[Cancel leaf]], a bibliographic term for replaced leaves in printed books
*[[Cancellation property]], the mathematical property if ''a''×''b'' = ''a''×''c'' then ''b'' = ''c''
**[[Cancelling out]], a technique for simplifying mathematical expressions
*[[Catastrophic cancellation]], numerical error arising from subtracting approximations to nearby numbers
*[[Noise cancellation]], a method for reducing unwanted sound
*[[Interference (wave propagation)|Phase cancellation]], the effect of two waves that are out of phase with each other being summed
*[[Cancel message]], a special message used to remove Usenet articles posted to news servers
*[[Cancel character]], an indication that transmitted data are in error or are to be disregarded
*[[Resolution (logic)#Resolution rule|Resolution rule]], in propositional logic a valid inference rule that produces a new clause by two clauses containing complementary literals.
*[[Cancellable (linguistics)]], a property of implicatures and presuppositions

== Entertainment ==
*[[Cancellation (television)]], the termination of a television series
*[[Cancelled (South Park)|"Cancelled" (''South Park'')]], a 2003 episode of the TV series ''South Park''
*[[Cancelled (Shameless)]], an episode of the American TV series Shameless
*[[Canceled (Nikita)|"Canceled" (''Nikita'')]], a 2013 episode of ''Nikita''
*[[Canceled (song)|"Canceled" (song)]], a 2020 song by Larray
*[[Cancelled (EP)|''Cancelled'' (EP)]], a 2024 EP by Mötley Crüe
*[[Canceled (film)]], a Swedish horror film
*"[[Cancelled!]]", a song by Taylor Swift from the 2025 album ''The Life of a Showgirl''

== People and characters ==
*[[Robinson Cancel]] (born 1976), baseball catcher
*[[Rafael Cancel Miranda]] (born 1930), political activist
*An alternate name for the archangel [[Camael]]

== Government ==
*[[Cancellation of removal]], a form of immigration relief available to aliens in the United States who be otherwise inadmissible or deportable
*Cancellation of [[nationality]]

==See also==
* [[Mitigation]]
* [[Nullification (disambiguation)]]
{{srt}}

{{disambiguation}}

Chettithody Shamshuddin

2025-11-13T05:32:16Z

Jugnu:

{{Short description|Indian cricket umpire (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Chettithody Shamshuddin
| country = India
| fullname = Chettithody Shamshuddin
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| role = [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]]
| umpire = true
| odisumpired = 43
| umpodidebutyr = 2013
| umpodilastyr = 2020
| t20isumpired = 20
| umpt20idebutyr = 2012
| umpt20ilastyr = 2020
| wodisumpired = 3
| umpwodidebutyr = 2010
| umpwodilastyr = 2013
| wt20isumpired = 3
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2016
| umpwt20ilastyr =
| date = 12 February 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/340535.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Chettithody Shamshuddin''' (born 22 March 1970) is an Indian cricket umpire. He is a member of the Emirates [[International Panel of ICC Umpires]] in the on-field category and officiates in [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20Is).

==Umpiring career==
Shamsuddin was appointed as the Indian representative to the International Panel of [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] Umpires in the third umpire category in 2013.<ref name="times-icc">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/BCCI-lists-4-for-ICC-umpires-panel/articleshow/21715963.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907183224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-09/top-stories/41236647_1_umpires-vineet-kulkarni-icc | url-status=live | archive-date=7 September 2013 | title=BCCI lists 4 for ICC umpires panel | date=9 August 2013 | access-date=16 August 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Subbaiah, Sunil}}</ref> As of February 2020, he had officiated in 43 ODIs and 20 T20I matches.

==See also==
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamshuddin, Chettithody}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Tushaspha

2025-10-29T13:07:57Z

Jugnu: further refined details for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Location map
| India
| width = 300px
| float =
| border =
| caption = Location of [[Girnar]] in [[India]].
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Girnar
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 21.5
| lon_deg = 70.5
}}
[[File:Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman (portion).jpg|thumb|Tushaspa is mentioned in [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] (150 CE).]]
'''Tushaspa''' ([[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Tuṣāspha}}) was a "[[Yavana]][[raja]]" (Greek King or Governor) for Emperor [[Ashoka]], in the area of [[Girnar]], near [[Junagadh]], in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name="HOI"/> He is only known from the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]], in which the [[Western Satrap]] king [[Rudradaman]], writing circa 150 CE, mentions his role in the construction of a local dam, in which he added a canal through [[Sudarshana Lake]] during the reign of [[Ashoka]].<ref name="HOI"/> The part of the inscription mentioning him reads:

{{blockquote|"(L.8) (The dam was) ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]]; adorned with conduits for [[Ashoka]] the Maurya by the [[Yavana]] king Tushaspa while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach, the extensive dam..."
|[[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]]<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1905-6, 45-49</ref><ref name="WB">[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm |date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>}}

According to some authors, the name Tushaspa seems to be Persian rather than Greek.<ref name="HOI">A History of India, Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT154 p.154]</ref> Other authors however, consider that he was [[Greco-Bactrian]], given his qualification as a "[[Yavana]]", the usual name for Greeks in the east.<ref>Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor, Charles Allen, Hachette UK, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT129 p.129]</ref>

Ashoka is known to have mentioned the presence of "Yavanas" in his kingdom in several of his [[Edicts of Ashoka]]:

{{blockquote|"Here in the king's domain among the [[Yavana|Greeks]], the [[Kambojas]], the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the [[Satavahanas|Andhras]] and the [[Paradas|Palidas]], everywhere people are following Beloved-Servant-of-the-Gods's instructions in Dhamma".|Rock Edict No.13 (Translated by S. Dhammika)}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indo-Greeks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:People from the Maurya Empire]]

{{India-noble-stub}}

Ramanbhai Solanki

2025-10-21T02:19:46Z

Jugnu:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Ramanbhai Solanki''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Solanki Ramanbhai Bhikhabhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BORSAD(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5206 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Borsad Assembly constituency in [[Anand district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Borsad Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Solanki Ramanbhai Bhikhabhai Wins From Borsad , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/borsad-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568251 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Solanki is from [[Borsad]], Anand district, Gujarat. He is the son of Bhikhabhai Solanki. He passed Class 10 and later did a diploma in agriculture. He is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Solanki won from [[Borsad Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 91,772 votes and defeated his nearest rival and two time sitting MLA, Rajendrasinh Dhirsinh Parmar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,165 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Borsad Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Solanki Ramanbhai Bhikhabhai of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/borsad-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561913.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Borsad Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Borsad constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/borsad-109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202212307/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/borsad-109 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Ramanbhai}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maratha Military Landscapes of India

2025-08-24T04:56:34Z

Jugnu: creating initial post basic info

{{short description|World Heritage Site in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site|WHS=Maratha Military Landscapes of India|Criteria=Cultural: (iv), (vi)|ID=1739|Location=[[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]|Year=2025|Session=47th|image={{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2/2/2/2
| image1 = Salher 1.jpg{{!}}Salher Fort
| caption1 = [[Salher]]
| image2 = Shivneri fort1.JPG{{!}}Shivneri Fort
| caption2 = [[Shivneri Fort]]
| image3 = View of Lohgad.jpg{{!}}Lohagad
| caption3 = [[Lohagad]]
| image4 = Forsaken cannon at Khanderi 01.jpg{{!}}Khanderi Fort
| caption4 = [[Khanderi]]
| image5 = Raigad Fort-Rigad.JPG{{!}} Raigad
| caption5 = [[Raigad Fort]]
| image6 = .... Rajgad 17.JPG{{!}}Rajgad
| caption6 = [[Rajgad Fort]]
| image7 = Pratapgad The Fort of Valour.jpg{{!}}Pratapgad
| caption7 = [[Pratapgad]]
| image8 = Suvarnadurg fort.JPG{{!}}Suvarnadurg
| caption8 = [[Suvarnadurg]]
| image9 = Panhala.10.jpg{{!}}Panhala Fort
| caption9 = [[Panhala Fort]]
| image10 = Vijaydurg Fort 20.jpg{{!}}Vijaydurg
| caption10 = [[Vijaydurg Fort]]
| image11 = Underwater rocks make the way to Sindhudurg Fort difficult.jpg{{!}}Sindhudurg
| caption11 = [[Sindhudurg Fort]]
| image12 = Gingee Fort Villupuram Tamil Nadu 20181001 125022.jpg{{!}}Gingee Fort
| caption12 = [[Gingee Fort]]
}}|Coordinates={{Location map many|India
| coordinates1={{coord|20.7225|N|73.9425|E}}
| coordinates2={{coord|19.196667|N|73.858333|E}}
| coordinates3={{coord|18.71|N|73.476667|E}}
| coordinates4={{coord|18.703889|N|72.813333|E}}
| coordinates5={{coord|18.236111|N|73.444444|E}}
| coordinates6={{coord|18.246111|N|73.6825|E}}
| coordinates7={{coord|17.935833|N|73.578611|E}}
| coordinates8={{coord|17.816389|N|73.084444|E}}
| coordinates9={{coord|16.811111|N|74.108056|E}}
| coordinates10={{coord|16.560833|N|73.333333|E}}
| coordinates11={{coord|16.0425|N|73.459722|E}}
| coordinates12={{coord|12.250556|N|79.401389|E}}
}}|locmapin=}}

The '''Maratha Military Landscapes of India''' are a group of 12 forts that were occupied and developed by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rulers between the 17th and 19th-century. These include [[Salher]], [[Shivneri Fort]], [[Lohagad]], [[Khanderi]], [[Raigad Fort]], [[Rajgad Fort]], [[Pratapgad]], [[Suvarnadurg]], [[Panhala Fort]], [[Vijaydurg Fort]], [[Sindhudurg Fort]], all located in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gingee Fort]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Spread across various geographical terrains, these forts showcase the military prowess of Maratha rule. It was declared as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |title=Maratha Military Landscapes of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1739/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 2021, the Maratha Military Landscapes of India were included in the Tentative World Heritage List.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6533/|title=Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=May 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508093325/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6533/}}</ref> They were then picked as the official nomination from India for inscription in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25, as announced by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Maratha Military Landscapes of India" will be India's nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417142148/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Maharashtra has more than 390 forts, out of which only 11 forts were selected for this list along with one fort in Tamil Nadu. These forts span across the diverse topographies of the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Range]], [[Deccan Plateau]], [[Konkan|Konkan Coast]], and the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The Maratha military strategy that involved these forts was developed during the reign of the Maratha ruler [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] in the 17th-century and continued till the [[Peshwa|Peshwa rule]] in the early 19th-century.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=India: "Maratha Military Landscapes of India" will be India's nomination for UNESCO World Heritage List |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2920612628 |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=Asia News Monitor |id={{ProQuest|2920612628}} }}</ref>

The nomination process was followed with a survey of the forts by the UNESCO team in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Unesco team to visit forts nominated for World Heritage Site tag in Oct |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/unesco-team-to-visit-forts-nominated-for-world-heritage-site-tag-in-oct/articleshow/113269086.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In February 2025, a four-member delegation from Maharashtra led by [[Ashish Shelar]], had visited [[Paris]] to provide technical and diplomatic presentations in a bid to push the World Heritage status for these forts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mutha |first=Snehal |date=2025-02-23 |title=Shelar-led delegation off to Paris to obtain UNESCO heritage status for 12 forts of Shivaji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/shelar-led-delegation-off-to-paris-to-obtain-unesco-heritage-status-for-12-forts-of-shivaji/article69255530.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During the 47th session of World Heritage Convention in July 2025, the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] (ICOMOS) had recommended to defer India's entry stating that,“it fails to convincingly demonstrate how the dozen geographically scattered forts ... functioned as an integrated military defense system.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tulsian |first=Vrinda |date=9 July 2025 |title=Maha's Unesco label dreams for Shivaji forts stumble on technical hurdles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mahas-unesco-label-dreams-for-shivaji-forts-stumble-on-technical-hurdles-101752000598032.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, India's diplomatic response along with support from the international delegates, helped the nomination to be officially inscribed as a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulsian |first=Vrinda |date=12 July 2025 |title=Int'l support helps 12 Maratha forts scoop Unesco World Heritage label |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/intl-support-helps-12-maratha-forts-scoop-unesco-world-heritage-label-101752260140929.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== List of forts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Name
! Image
! Year
! Type
! District with coordinates
! State
|-
| 1
| [[Salher]]
| [[File:Salher Fort.jpg|100px]]
| 1671
| Hill
| [[Nashik district]] {{Coord|20.7225|73.9425}} || rowspan="11" style="text-align:center" |[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2 || [[Shivneri Fort]] || [[File:Shivneripic7.jpg|100px]] || 1595 || Hill || [[Pune district]] {{Coord|19.196667|73.858333}}
|-
| 3 || [[Lohagad]] || [[File:Greenery at Lohagad Fort.jpg|100px]] || 1648 || Hill || [[Pune district]] {{Coord|18.71|73.476667}}
|-
| 4 || [[Khanderi]] || [[File:British cannon at Khanderi fort.jpg|100px]] || 1679 || Island || [[Raigad district]] {{Coord|18.703889|72.813333}}
|-
| 5 || [[Raigad Fort]] || [[File:Buruj, Raigad Fort, India.jpg|100px]] || 1674 || Hill || [[Raigad district]] {{Coord|18.236111|73.444444}}
|-
| 6 || [[Rajgad Fort]] || [[File:.... Rajgad 16.JPG|100px]] || 1647 || Hill || [[Pune district]] {{Coord|18.246111|73.6825}}
|-
| 7 || [[Pratapgad]] || [[File:Mahabaleshwar Pratapgad 023.jpg|100px]] || 1656 || Hill-forest || [[Satara district]] {{Coord|17.935833|73.578611}}
|-
| 8 || [[Suvarnadurg]] || [[File:Suvarnadurg fort.JPG|100px]] || 1696 || Island || [[Ratnagiri district]] {{Coord|17.816389|73.084444}}
|-
| 9 || [[Panhala Fort]] || [[File:Panhala walls (2065387115).jpg|100px]] || 1659 || Hill-plateau || [[Kolhapur district]] {{Coord|16.811111|74.108056}}
|-
| 10 || [[Vijaydurg Fort]] || [[File:Vijaydurg Fort 20.jpg|100px]] || 1653 || Coastal || [[Sindhudurg district]] {{Coord|16.560833|73.333333}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sindhudurg Fort]] || [[File:Sindhudurg Fort Exterior Wall.jpg|100px]] || 1664 || Island || [[Sindhudurg district]] {{Coord|16.0425|73.459722}}
|-
| 12 || [[Gingee Fort]] || [[File:Genji Fort (2).jpg|100px]] || 1677 || Hill || [[Villupuram District]] {{Coord|12.250556|79.401389}} || [[Tamil Nadu]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Maratha Military Landscapes of India}}

* {{YouTube|id=mhqewpLHpKk|title=Vote of thanks by the Indian delegation at WHC 2025}}
* {{YouTube|id=G_hFykdEQb8|title=Maratha Military Forts Join UNESCO World Heritage List|link=no}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India|*]]

Valerian Rodrigues

2025-07-20T09:08:53Z

Jugnu: further correct intro based on references

{{Short description|Indian political scientist (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Valerian Rodrigues, Photo H.S Manjunath .jpg|thumb|'''Born''' 29 July 1949|alt=]]
'''Valerian Rodrigues''' (born 29 July 1949) is an Indian political scientist. He is known for his influential work on [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Valerian|title=The Essential Writings of B.R.Ambedkar|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-567055-4 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-essential-writings-of-br-ambedkar-9780195670554?cc=gb&lang=en&}}</ref> and for his formulations of themes in Modern Indian Political Thought.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Valerian|title=Reading Texts and Traditions: The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2011|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2011/02/special-articles/reading-texts-and-traditions-ambedkar-gandhi-debate.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Valerian|title=In Search of an Anchor: Muslim Thought in Modern India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2011|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2011/49/special-articles/search-anchor-muslim-thought-modern-india.html}}</ref> Rodrigues has made substantial contributions to the debate on the working of the [[Indian Parliament]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Valerian|title=The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtz2RAAACAAJ}}</ref> constitutionalism in India,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhargava|first1=Rajeev|title=Politics and Ethics of the Indian Constitution|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569255-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xY9AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> and agrarian politics in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/special-articles/political-power-and-democratic-enablement.html|title=Political Power and Democratic Enablement|date=5 June 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=25|pages=7–8|via=www.epw.in}}</ref> As a Professor at the Centre for Political Studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/sss/cps/FormerFaculty.htm|title=JNU Faculty Directory}}</ref> he was popular for his lectures on Indian Political Thought and Intellectual History, and critically reading the same through political concepts of [[modernity]], [[secularism]] and [[nationalism]].

== Early life ==

Rodrigues was born in Loretto, Bantwal Taluk, Karnataka.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Vice-President Ansari Releases Book by Mangalore's Prof V Rodrigues |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=93769 |website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref> He received his MA from the University of Pune, and his M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. As a political activist in the 1970s, he was influential in securing land titles for landless farmers and farm workers of Coastal Karnataka under the Karnataka Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974.<ref name="auto" />

== Career ==
Before joining JNU, Rodrigues taught at the Department of Political Science at [[Mangalore University]], Karnataka, India.<ref name="auto1" /> He has held the first Ambedkar Chair at the [[Ambedkar University Delhi]], has been ICCR (Indian Council of Cultural Relations) Visiting Professor at the [[University of Erfurt]] Germany, Visiting Professor at the [[University of Würzburg]] Germany, Visiting Professor at [https://www.sfu.ca/ Simon Fraser University], Canada and Fellow at the [https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/max-weber-kolleg/ Max Weber Center for Advanced Studies], Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy and Religious Minorities in India |url=https://www.uni-erfurt.de/fileadmin/public-docs/Max-Weber-Kolleg/6-pdfs/vortraege/2012-06-20_guest_lecture_rodrigues.pdf |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812082346/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/fileadmin/public-docs/Max-Weber-Kolleg/6-pdfs/vortraege/2012-06-20_guest_lecture_rodrigues.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Valerian |year=2014 |title=Elections and Civil Society in India |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/10500 |journal=Würzburger Arbeitspapiere zur Politikwissenschaft und Soziologie (Waps); 4 |doi=10.25972/OPUS-10500 |via=opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de}}</ref> Rodrigues is a regular political columnist and commentator with ''[https://www.thehindu.com/ The Hindu]'' and ''[https://indianexpress.com/ The Indian Express].''

=== Academic career ===
After receiving his MA from the University of Pune, Rodrigues first taught at Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College, Ujire, Karnataka. He received his PhD from the Centre for Political Studies, JNU, India, in 1986, and was Agatha Harrison Fellow at St. Anthony’s College, [[Oxford]] from 1989–1991.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Garimella|first1=Subramanium|title=Untouched..By Change|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/09/02/stories/1302129c.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was also a senior fellow at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]], Shimla, from 1999–2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iias.ac.in/oldwebsite/earchive_fellows_1.html|title=IIAS Fellow Archive}}</ref> Rodrigues taught Political Science at Mangalore University, Karnataka from 1982 to 2003 before moving to Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, where he was Professor of Political Studies from 2003 to 2015. He is also National Fellow of the Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/reclaiming-a-space-for-the-church/article7474638.ece|title=Reclaiming a space for the Church|first=Valerian|last=Rodrigues|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 July 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zGPtAAAAMAAJ <nowiki>"Making a Tradition Critical: Ambedkar's Reading of Buddhism", in Peter Robb, ed., Dalit Movements and the Meanings of Labour in India, Oxford University Press, 1993]</nowiki>]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=pmcMAQAAMAAJ The Essential Writings of B.R Ambedkar (Oxford University Press) 2002]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=KJejtAaonsEC "Dalit-Bahujan Discourse in Modern India" in V.R. Mehta and Thomas Pantham eds. ''Political Thought in Modern India'', Sage, 2005]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=L8xqKQEACAAJ "Untouchability, Filth and the Public Domain", in Gopal Guru eds.,''Humiliation: Claims and Context,'' Oxford University Press, 2009]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtz2RAAACAAJ <nowiki>The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work, (Oxford University Press], 2010</nowiki>]
* [http://www.epw.in/journal/2011/02/special-articles/reading-texts-and-traditions-ambedkar-gandhi-debate.html Reading Texts and Traditions: The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate, ''Economic and Political Weekly'', 2011]
* [http://www.ihdindia.org/ihdjournal/search.aspx?uname=130&Title= "Justice as the Lens: Interrogating Rawls through Sen and Ambedkar", ''Indian Journal of Human Development'', Jan-June 2011]
* [http://www.epw.in/journal/2011/49/special-articles/search-anchor-muslim-thought-modern-india.html In Search of an Anchor: Muslim Thought in Modern India, ''Economic and Political Weekly'', 2011]
* [http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/special-articles/political-power-and-democratic-enablement.html "Political Power and Democratic Enablement: Devraj Urs and Lower Caste Mobilisation in Karnataka", ''Economic and Political Weekly'', 2014]
* [http://www.epw.in/journal/2017/15/special-articles/ambedkar-political-philosopher.html "Ambedkar as a Political Philosopher", ''Economic and Political Weekly'', 2017]
*[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-60904-1 "Parliamentary Opposition and Government Backbenchers in India" in Nizam Ahmed ed., ''Inclusive'' ''Governance in South Asia,'' Springer, 2017].
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/pressing-concerns/cid/1465555 ''Speaking for Karnataka,'' co-authored with Rajendra Chenni, Nataraj Huliyar and S.Japhet, Bengaluru University Press,2018]
*[https://cup.columbia.edu/book/conversations-with-ambedkar/9788193732953 ''Conversations with Ambedkar: 10 Ambedkar Memorial Lectures,''] [[Tulika Books]], 2019

== See also ==

* [[Mangalorean Catholics]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Valerian}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:People from Mangalore]]

Mrigthuni

2025-07-17T16:57:55Z

Jugnu: enhanced content and improved wording

{{Short description|Mountain of Kumaon Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mrigthuni
| other_name =
| photo =Mrigthuni.jpg
| photo_caption = Mrigthuni
| elevation_m = 6855
| elevation_ref =<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen3.php?act=1 | title=Himalayan Index - Results of Search by Group }}</ref>
| prominence_m = 1060
| prominence_ref =<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/mrigthuni.html | title=Mrigthuni }}</ref>
| listing =
| range = [[Kumaon Himalayas]]
| location =[[Bageshwar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map = Uttarakhand
| range_coordinates =
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|17|24|N|79|49|47|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = June 19, 1958 - An Indian expedition led by [[Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)|Gurdial Singh]] made the first ascent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/21/9/mrigthuni-1958/|title = The HJ/21/9 MRIGTHUNI, 1958}}</ref>
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Mrigthuni''' ({{langx|hi|मृगथूनी}}) is a mountain of Kumaon Himalaya in [[Uttarakhand]], India. Mrigthuni standing majestically at 6855 meter 22,490 feet. Its joint 28th highest located entirely within the Uttarakhand, India. [[Nanda Devi]] is the highest mountain in this category. It is the 394th highest peak in the world.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Highest peaks in Asia | url=https://4sport.ua/_upl/2/1442/highasiato6650DRAFT-a-and-b-peaks.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912122307/https://4sport.ua/_upl/2/1442/highasiato6650DRAFT-a-and-b-peaks.pdf | archive-date=2021-09-12}}</ref> It is located at the southern rim of Nanda Devi Sanctuary. It is located just west of [[Devtoli]] 6788 meter and north west of [[Trisul]] 7120 meter. on the northeast side lies the mighty [[Nanda Devi]] 7816 meter and [[Devistan]] 6678 meter. on the southern side lies [[Tharkot]] 6099 meter.

==Climbing history==

On June 19, 1958, an Indian expedition led by [[Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)|Gurdial Singh]] made the first ascent of Mrigthuni 22,490 feet via the northeast face on the southern rim of the Nanda Devi basin in Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/21/9/mrigthuni-1958/|title = The HJ/21/9 MRIGTHUNI, 1958}}</ref> Gurdial Singh, Aamir Ali, Rajendra Vikram Singh, and two [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] high-altitude porters reached the summit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12195932801|title = AAC Publications - Himalaya, India, Mrigthuni}}</ref> In 1964, an all women's team consisting of members from the Bharat Scouts and Guides was led by [[Joyce Dunsheath]] to the summit.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dunsheth, Joyce |title=The HJ/26/13 MRIGTHUNI |year=1965 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/26/13/mrigthuni |journal=Himalayan Journal |volume=26}}</ref> On 28 September 1976 another Indian group from [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]], climbed Mrigthuni (22,490 feet). The team consist of Nitai Roy, Sisir Ghosh, Swapan Sikdar, Rajani Rakshit, Ranjit Rit, Yadav Singh and Sher Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197652605|title = AAC Publications - Asia, India, Garhwal, Mrigthuni}}</ref>

In 1981 a Spanish expedition was led by Gonzalo Suárez reached the summit (6885 meters) on 11 September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198127502|title = AAC Publications - Asia, India–Garhwal, Mrigthuni}}</ref>

{{wide image|File:Mrigthuni, Devtoli annd Maiktoli from Dhakuri top.jpg|575px|Mrigthuni, Devtoli and Maiktoli from Dhakuri top left to right}}

==Glaciers and rivers==
It is surrounded by Glaciers on both sides, the [[Trisul Glacier]] on the northern side and [[Dakshini Rishi Glacier]] on the eastern side. On the southern side lies [[Sundardunga Glacier]]. Trisul nala and [[Rishi Ganga]] met with the River [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauli Ganga]] near Lata village and Dhauli Ganga met with [[Alaknanda river]] at [[Vishnu Prayag]]. Alaknanda river is one of the main tributaries of [[Ganga]].

==Neighboring peaks==

The neighboring peaks of Deoban:
* [[Nanda Devi]]: {{Convert|7816|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|55|12|N|79|35|30|E}}
* [[Trisul]]: {{Convert|7120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|18|36|N|79|46|12|E}}
* [[Maiktoli]]: {{Convert|6803|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|16|24|N|79|52|18|E}}
* [[Devistan]]: {{Convert|6678|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|20|24|N|79|52|48|E}}
* [[Devtoli]]: {{Convert|6788|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|17|09|N|79|51|12|E}}
* [[Tharkot]]: {{Convert|6099|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|13|30|N|79|49|24|E}}

==See also==

* [[List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]

K. Rajeshwar

2025-04-15T14:37:47Z

Jugnu: added initial info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = K. Rajeshwar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| birth_name =
| other_names = Somasundareswar
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = Film director
| spouse =
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| website =
}}

'''K. Rajeshwar''' is an Indian film director, who has worked in Tamil films. He was active primarily as a film maker and a writer in the 1990s collaborating in ventures which often included [[Pratap Pothan]].

==Career==
Rajeshwar grew up in Mumbai and became interested in films, as his father was also in the business. He later schooled in [[Tirunelveli]], before moving to [[Chennai]] and enrolled in [[Loyola College, Chennai]] to study Economics. During his time at college, he was actively involved in writing scripts for skits and plays before his passion for cinema and writing, saw him join the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Adyar Film Institute]].<ref name="krss">{{Cite web |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |title=K. Rajeshwar Interview: Future Perfect|work=Silverscreen.in |access-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109103207/http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajeshwar started his career as scriptwriter under the name Somasundareshwar. His first script was ''[[Aval Appadithan]]'' (1978), and was adapted by his college senior [[C. Rudhraiya]] from a short story to a feature-length film featuring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]]. Upon release, the film won critical acclaim and is widely considered as one of the finest Tamil films of all time. He also went on to write scripts for successful films including the romantic dramas ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' (1981), ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986) and ''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/between-reviews-a-small-slice-of-great-genius/|title = Between Reviews: A Small Slice of Great Genius|date = 14 February 2009}}</ref> He changed his screen name to Rajeshwar, following the insistence of director [[Bharathiraja]], who wanted to distinguish him from a different director called Somasundar during the period.<ref name="krss"/>

Rajeshwar then gained acclaim after writing the script and screenplay for the successful [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer ''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' (1989), before going on to win the second runner up award for the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film Award]] by the Tamil Nadu State for his first directorial venture, ''Nyaya Tharasu'' (1989). The film was a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Panchagni]]'', and had a screenplay written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. He then went on to make two successful films with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in the lead with ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'' and ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'', before writing the script for [[Pratap Pothan]]'s ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' (1994). He planned a project titled ''Kovilppatti Veeralakshmi'' as early as 1996 with [[Swetha Menon]] but could not find financiers for the venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.tamil/J68fuQkdCtw|title=Redirecting to Google Groups}}</ref> Both the latter films were inspired by real-life characters and prompted Rajeshwar to head back to their respective villages and have an elongated recce, while writing the script.<ref name="krss"/>

He subsequently ended up starting ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]'' with [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in the lead role, though despite much pre-release publicity, the film released in 2003 and became a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?id=12631728&ctid=5&cid=2423| title = sify.com| website = [[Sify]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030503075218/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?id=12631728&ctid=5&cid=2423| archive-date = 3 May 2003}}</ref> Rajeshwar announced a film titled ''Malligai Malare'' in 2007 with [[Namitha]] roped in to play five roles, though the film never took off.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/namitha-in-malligai-malarae-tamil-news-30327|title = Namitha in Malligai Malarae - Tamil News|date = 5 April 2007}}</ref> He returned in 2009 by directing ''[[Indira Vizha]]'', featuring [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], Namitha and [[Sruthi Marathe]], though the film garnered poor reviews at release.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/glam-game-gone-awry-indira-vizha/article3021683.ece| title = Glam game gone awry -- Indira Vizha - CHEN - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajeshwar then co-wrote the story for the Hindi film ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' alongside [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and in 2010, revealed that he was set to direct the Tamil remake of that film titled ''Dhideer Nagaril Oru Kadhal Gaana'' with his son Ranjan in the lead role. The film began production but eventually did not release.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sify.com/movies/director-rajeshwar-launches-his-son-news-tamil-klnjP6gjjeb.html| title = sify.com| website = [[Sify]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101115152442/http://sify.com/movies/director-rajeshwar-launches-his-son-news-tamil-klnjP6gjjeb.html| archive-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref> In 2015, he revealed that another one of his son's had taken over the project and it was in its pre-production stages.<ref name="krss"/> Later in 2015, he began work on a sequel to ''Amaran'' starring Karthik, but the project was shelved after the actor fell ill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gautham-Karthik-offers-his-tips-for-Amaran-2/articleshow/47624398.cms|title = Gautham Karthik offers his tips for Amaran 2|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]'' || 3rd – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'' ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'' ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Thuraimugam]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Athey Manithan]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' ||
|-
|}

===As writer===
* ''[[Aval Appadithan]]'' (1978)
*''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' (1981)
*''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' (1982)
*''[[Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai]]'' (1985)
*''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986)
*''[[Thulasi (1987 film)|Thulasi]]'' (1987)
*''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' (1989)
*''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' (1994)
*''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009; Hindi)

===As lyrics===
*''Thuraimugam'' (all songs)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeshwar, K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nikhil Anand

2025-04-04T00:28:38Z

Jugnu: New...

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2001)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nikhil Anand
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|1|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Sharif Nalanda, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 4 February 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1214423.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Nikhil Anand''' (born 26 January 2001) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1214423.html |title=Nikhil Anand |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 4 February 2020, for [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203588.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Patna, Feb 4-7 2020 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 11 December 2021, for Bihar in the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280357.html |title=Plate Group, Jaipur, Dec 11 2021, Vijay Hazare Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1214423}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Nikhil}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bihar cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}

2022 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad election

2025-03-18T06:14:47Z

Jugnu:

{{Short description|Local elections in Siliguri, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad election
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 2015
| next_election = [[2027 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad election]]
| next_year = [[2027 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad election|2027]]
| election_date = 26 June 2022
| seats_for_election = [[Gram Panchayat]]: 462 [[Panchayat Samiti]]: 66 Mahakuma Parishad :9
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 81.94%
| image1 = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress logo (1).svg|65px|center]]
| party1 = Trinamool Congress
| alliance1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| last_election1 = MP: 3
| image2 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|60px|center]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| last_election2 = MP: 0
| image3 = [[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|70px]]
| party3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance3 = [[Sanjukta Morcha|SM]]
| last_election3 = MP: 5
| image4 = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|55px]]
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance4 = [[Sanjukta Morcha|SM]]
| last_election4 = MP: 0
| image5 = [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|70px]]
| party5 = [[Independent politician|Independents]]
| alliance5 =
| last_election5 = MP: 0
| 1blank = Gram Panchayat (GP)
| 2blank = Panchayat Samiti (PS)
| 3blank = Mahakuma Parishad (MP)
| 1data1 = 320
| 1data2 = 86
| 1data3 = 14
| 1data4 = 17
| 1data5 = 25
| 2data1 = 55
| 2data2 = 9
| 2data3 = 0
| 2data4 = 0
| 2data5 = 2
| 3data1 = 8 ({{increase}}5)
| 3data2 = 1 ({{increase}}1)
| 3data3 = 0 ({{decrease}}5)
| 3data4 = 0
| 3data5 = 0
}}

The '''2022 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad election''' was held on 26 June 2022 to elect all members of Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad, its Panchayet Samitis and its Panchayets.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Order2021 - West Bengal State Election Commission |url=http://wbsec.gov.in/home/page/Order2022_P |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=wbsec.gov.in}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The election schedule was declared by [[West Bengal State Election Commission]] on 27 May 2022.<ref name="auto2"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Poll event
!Schedule
|-
|Notification Date
|'''27 May 2022'''
|-
|Last Date for filing nomination
|'''3 June 2022'''
|-
|Scrutiny of nomination
|'''4 June 2022'''
|-
|Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|'''6 June 2022'''
|-
|Date of poll
|'''26 June 2022'''
|-
|Date of counting of votes
|'''29 June 2022'''
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
Source:<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=GEMS : Home |url=http://portal.wbsec.org/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=portal.wbsec.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<big>Party</big>
! rowspan="3" |<big>Symbol</big>
! rowspan="3" |<big>Alliance</big>
! colspan="8" |No. of contesting candidates
|-
! colspan="2" |MP
! colspan="2" |PS
! colspan="2" |GP
! colspan="2" |TOTAL
|-
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg|50x50px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| style="text-align:right" |1
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" |8
|2
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" |54
| style="text-align:right" |7
| rowspan="2" |306
|10
| rowspan="2" |368
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right" |7
| style="text-align:right" |52
|299
|358
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All_India_Trinamool_Congress_symbol_2021.svg|50x50px]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |9
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |66
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |462
| colspan="2" |537
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |9
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |60
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |391
| colspan="2" |460
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |7
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |20
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |126
| colspan="2" |153
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] CPI(ML)L*
|[[File:Flag_Logo_of_CPIML.png|50x50px]]
| rowspan="5" |NONE
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |3
| colspan="2" |4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}" |
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] SUCI(C)*
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery Torch.svg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |7
| colspan="2" |9
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kamtapur People's Party}}" |
|[[Kamtapur People's Party]] KPP
| style="text-align:right" |As IND
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |5
| colspan="2" |5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px|center]]
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |1
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
|As IND
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |8
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |27
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |211
| colspan="2" |246
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Marked parties may have allotted other independents symbols as they are recognized in states other than West Bengal. Their symbols listed in the table are allotted by [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] as state parties of other states.

== Candidates ==
Source:<ref name="auto1"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of candidates
! colspan="2" |Constituency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}" colspan="3" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|'''Left Front''']]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" colspan="3" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|'''AITC''']]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" colspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" colspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
|-
!#
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
|-
!1
|NAXALBARI 1
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[CPI(M)]]
|GAUTAM GHOSH
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|ARUN GHOSH
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|DILIP BARAI
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#FF0000" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] supports [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-06-04 |title=বামেদের উদ্দেশে জোট বার্তা কংগ্রেসের, মহকুমা পরিষদের ভোটে কি এবার শিলিগুড়ি মডেল ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/darjeeling-will-there-be-alliance-between-congress-and-left-on-siliguri-mahakuma-parishad-vote-894034 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
!2
|NAXALBARI 2
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|NIRODE SINGHA
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|NALINI RANJAN RAY
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|REKHA ROY (SINGHA)
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|JYOTIRMOY BARMAN
|-
!3
|MATIGARA 3
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[CPI(M)]]
|SWASTIKA RAM MAHALI
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|JYOTI TIRKI
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|SUNITA ORAON
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|MANISHA ORAON
|-
!4
|MATIGARA 4
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|MONI THAPA
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|PRIYANKA BISWAS
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|MAMPI DAS (DEBNATH)
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|DURGA KHARKA
|-
!5
|KHARIBARI 5
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|KARUNAMOY CHOWDHURY
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|KAJAL GHOSH
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|AJAY ORAON (NISTU)
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|ROSHAN KUMAR GOSWAMI
|-
!6
|KHARIBARI 6
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|BADAL CHANDRA SARKAR
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|KISHORI MOHAN SINGHA
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|UTTAM KUMAR SINGHA
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#FF0000" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] supports [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
!7
|PHANSIDEWA 7
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[CPI(M)]]
|TASBIRA CHHETRI
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|KUMUDNI BARAIK GHOSH
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|RENU DEVI ROY YADAV
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|KANCHAN SOBAR
|-
!8
|PHANSIDEWA 8
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] supports [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref name="auto"/>
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|AINUL HAQUE
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|PRAN GOURANGA DEBNATH (PANU)
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|SHYAMAL KUMAR MANDAL
|-
!9
|PHANSIDEWA 9
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[CPI(M)]]
|SANTA LAKRA
| style="color:inherit;background:#3CB371" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|ROMA RASHMI EKKA
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|RADHIKA TUDU
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|DIPTI ORAON
|-
|}

== Voter Turnout ==
Source:<ref name="auto1"/>
{| class="wikitable"
! Body Name
! No of Booths
! No of Voters
! No of Polled Votes
! Male Votes
! Male%
! Female Votes
! Female%
! Turnout %
|-
|'''KHARIBARI PS'''
|112
|87979
|74327
|38390
|51. 65
|35937
|48. 35
|84.48
|-
|'''MATIGARA PS'''
|190
|154784
|124872
|62453
|50. 01
|62418
|49. 99
|80.68
|-
|'''NAXALBARI PS'''
|166
|128533
|102977
|50953
|49. 48
|52024
|50. 52
|80.12
|-
|'''PHANSIDEWA PS'''
|189
|156642
|130409
|67188
|51. 52
|63221
|48. 52
|83.25
|-
|'''SILIGURI MAHAKUMA PARISHAD TOTAL'''
|'''657'''
|'''527938'''
|'''432585'''
|'''218984'''
|'''50. 62'''
|'''213600'''
|'''51. 38'''
|'''81. 94'''
|}

== Result ==

=== Party-wise Result ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Party<ref name="auto1"/>
! rowspan="3" |<big>Alliance</big>
! colspan="8" |No. of won seats
! colspan="6" |No. of won bodies
! colspan="8" |Secured vote share
|-
! colspan="2" |MP
! colspan="2" |PS
! colspan="2" |GP
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |PS
! colspan="2" |GP
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |MP
! colspan="2" |PS
! colspan="2" |GP
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
!Party wise
!Alliance wise
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
| rowspan="2" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| style="text-align:right" |0
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
|0
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| style="text-align:right" |0
| rowspan="2" |14
|''0''
| rowspan="2" |''14''
|0
| rowspan="2" |0
|0
| rowspan="2" |0
|0
| rowspan="2" |0
|0.78
| rowspan="2" |13.50
|0.60
| rowspan="2" |14.73
|0.51
| rowspan="2" |12.11
|0.63
| rowspan="2" |13.45
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
| style="text-align:right" |0
| style="text-align:right" |0
|14
|''14''
|0
|0
|0
|12.72
|14.13
|11.60
|12.82
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |8
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |55
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |320
| colspan="2" |''383''
| colspan="2" |4
| colspan="2" |19
| colspan="2" |23
| colspan="2" |45.56
| colspan="2" |45.77
| colspan="2" |47.68
| colspan="2" |46.34
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |9
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |86
| colspan="2" |''96''
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |28.98
| colspan="2" |29.53
| colspan="2" |27.34
| colspan="2" |28.62
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |17
| colspan="2" |''17''
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |5.65
| colspan="2" |3.81
| colspan="2" |4.79
| colspan="2" |4.75
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] CPI(ML)L*
| rowspan="5" |NONE
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |''0''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0.00
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0.25
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0.30
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |0.18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}" |
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] SUCI(C)*
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kamtapur People's Party}}" |
|[[Kamtapur People's Party]] KPP
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] BSP
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |0
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:right" |25
| colspan="2" |''27''
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |0
| colspan="2" |6.32
| colspan="2" |5.90
| colspan="2" |7.79
| colspan="2" |6.67
|-
| colspan="3" |'''TOTAL'''
| colspan="2" |'''9'''
| colspan="2" |'''66'''
| colspan="2" |'''462'''
| colspan="2" |'''''537'''''
| colspan="2" |'''4'''
| colspan="2" |'''22'''
| colspan="2" |'''26'''
| colspan="2" |'''100.00'''
| colspan="2" |'''100.00'''
| colspan="2" |'''100.00'''
| colspan="2" |'''100.00'''
|}

=== MP-wise result ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Results<ref name="auto1"/>
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Ward number
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
|-
|'''Naxalbari 1'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Arun Ghosh
| style="text-align:right" |23,888
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gautam Ghosh
| style="text-align:right" |12,644
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |11,244
|-
|'''Naxalbari 2'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Nalini Ranjan Ray
| style="text-align:right" |24,055
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rekha Roy Singha
| style="text-align:right" |15,078
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |8,977
|-
|'''Matigara 3'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Jyoti Tirkey
| style="text-align:right" |24,574
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunita Oraon
| style="text-align:right" |18,080
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |6,494
|-
|'''Matigara 4'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Priyanka Biswas
| style="text-align:right" |32,511
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mampi Das Debnath
| style="text-align:right" |22,568
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |9,943
|-
|'''Kharibari 5'''
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajay Oraon
| style="text-align:right" |17,473
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kajal Ghosh
| style="text-align:right" |15,921
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,552
|-
|'''Kharibari 6'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kishori Mohan Singha
| style="text-align:right" |15,399
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Uttam Kumar Singha
| style="text-align:right" |10,382
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |5,017
|-
|'''Phansidewa 7'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kumundi Baraik Ghosh
| style="text-align:right" |19,266
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Renu Devi Roy Yadav
| style="text-align:right" |11,783
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |7,483
|-
|'''Phansidewa 8'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ainul Haque
| style="text-align:right" |19,594
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Mohammad Akhtar Ali
| style="text-align:right" |17,937
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |1,657
|-
|'''Phansidewa 9'''
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Roma Rashmi Ekka
| style="text-align:right" |22,471
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Radhika Tudu
| style="text-align:right" |7,661
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:black" |14,810
|}

=== PS-wise Result ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:102%; text-align:center;"
|+
| rowspan="2" |'''PS'''<ref name="auto1"/>
| rowspan="2" |'''Total Seats'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Seats for majority'''
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:16%;" |'''AITC+'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:16%;" |'''LF'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:16%;" |'''UPA'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:16%;" |'''NDA'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:16%;" |'''IND'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:16%;" |'''OTHERS'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Comment'''
|-
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|-
|'''KHARIBARI'''
|12
|7
|9
|0
|0
|3
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''MATIGARA'''
|15
|8
|12
|0
|0
|3
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''NAXALBARI'''
|18
|10
|17
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''PHANSIDEWA'''
|21
|11
|17
|0
|0
|2
|2
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''Total'''
| colspan="2" |'''66'''
|'''55'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''9'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
| -
|}

=== GP-wise Result ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:102%; text-align:center;"
|+
| rowspan="2" |'''PS'''<ref name="auto1"/>
| rowspan="2" |'''GP'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Total Seats'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Seats for majority'''
| style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; width:16%;" |'''AITC+'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:16%;" |'''LF'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:16%;" |'''UPA'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:16%;" |'''NDA'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:16%;" |'''IND'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:16%;" |'''OTHERS'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Comments'''
|-
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|'''Seats'''
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''KHARIBARI'''
|'''BINNABARI'''
|13
|''7''
|8
|0
|0
|5
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''BURAGANJ'''
|22
|''12''
|13
|3
|1
|3
|2
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''KHARIBARI-PANISHALI'''
|17
|''9''
|11
|1
|1
|4
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''RANIGANJ-PANISHALI'''
|27
|''14''
|14
|0
|0
|8
|5
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''Total in PS'''
| colspan="2" |'''79'''
|'''47'''
|'''4'''
|'''2'''
|'''19'''
|'''7'''
|'''0'''
| -
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''MATIGARA'''
|'''ATHARAKHAI'''
|30
|''16''
|20
|1
|2
|7
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''CHAMPASARI'''
|26
|''14''
|24
|1
|0
|1
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''MATIGARA I'''
|14
|''8''
|8
|0
|2
|4
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''MATIGARA II'''
|25
|''13''
|23
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''PATHARGHATA'''
|28
|''15''
|14
|3
|1
|9
|1
|0
|[[Hung parliament|HUNG]]
|-
|'''Total in PS'''
| colspan="2" |'''123'''
|'''88'''
|'''5'''
|'''5'''
|'''23'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
| -
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''NAXALBARI'''
|'''GOSSAIPUR'''
|19
|''10''
|15
|0
|0
|4
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''HATIGHISA'''
|16
|''9''
|14
|0
|0
|1
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''LOWER BAGDOGRA'''
|21
|''11''
|17
|1
|0
|3
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''MANIRAM'''
|18
|''10''
|13
|0
|0
|5
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''NAKSHALBARI'''
|26
|''14''
|18
|2
|1
|4
|1
|
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''UPPER BAGDOGRA'''
|21
|''11''
|11
|0
|7
|2
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''Total in PS'''
| colspan="2" |'''121'''
|'''88'''
|'''3'''
|'''8'''
|'''19'''
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
| -
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''PHANSIDEWA'''
|'''BIDHANNAGAR I'''
|19
|''10''
|18
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''BIDHANNAGAR II'''
|18
|''10''
|14
|1
|0
|2
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''CHATHAT-BANSGAON'''
|18
|''10''
|9
|0
|0
|1
|8
|0
|[[Hung parliament|HUNG]]
|-
|'''GHOSPUKUR'''
|22
|''12''
|20
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''HETMURI-SINGIJHORA'''
|24
|''13''
|16
|1
|0
|6
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''JALAS-NIJAMTARA'''
|22
|''12''
|11
|0
|0
|10
|1
|0
|[[Hung parliament|HUNG]]
|-
|'''PHANSIDEWA-BANSGAON-KISMAT'''
|16
|''9''
|9
|0
|2
|4
|1
|0
|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|-
|'''Total in PS'''
| colspan="2" |'''139'''
|'''97'''
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
|'''25'''
|'''13'''
|'''0'''
| -
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''Overall Total'''''
| colspan="2" |'''''462'''''
|'''''320'''''
|'''''14'''''
|'''''17'''''
|'''''86'''''
|'''''25'''''
|'''''0'''''
| -
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Siliguri]]

All Bengal Primary Teachers Association

2025-02-20T03:17:12Z

Jugnu:

{{Sources exist|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All Bengal Primary Teachers Association
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1935|02|09}}, [[Sirajganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| native_name = নিখিলবঙ্গ প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক সমিতি
| native_name_lang = bn
| abbreviation = ABPTA
| type =
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = 89, [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)|M.G. Road]], [[Burrabazar|Barabazar]], [[Kolkata]]-700007
| membership = {{increase}}1.2 lakh (approx.)
| language =
| leader_title = General Secretary
| leader_name = Dhrubasekhar Mandal
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Mohan Das Pandit
| key_people =
| affiliations = School Teachers' Federation of India
| region_served = [[West Bengal]]
}}

The '''All Bengal Primary Teachers Association (ABPTA)''' is the oldest primary teachers' organization in India, founded in 1935.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Muchkund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhQHEAAAQBAJ&dq=ABPTA+largest+teachers+organization&pg=PA224 |title=Vision of Education in India |last2=Mitra |first2=Susmita |date=2020-11-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-28207-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The All Bengal Primary School Teachers Association was established on 9-10 February 1935, at Sirajganj Intermediate College.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক সমাজের প্রথম সংগঠনটি |website=Dainik Shiksha |url=https://m.dainikshiksha.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8/73276/#:~:text=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF,%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%20%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%20%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref> The founding conference elected [[S. Wazed Ali]] as president and Maulbi Ahmed Hossain as general secretary.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=বাংলাদেশ প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক সমিতির সোনালী ইতিহাস ও বর্তমান অবস্থা |website=Teachers.gov.bd |url=https://v3-stage.teachers.gov.bd/content/details/919999?page=2622&banglades-prathmik-sikshk-smitir-sonalee-itihas-oo-brtman-obstha-1m-prw |access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref>

The second conference of the association was held on 7-8 August 1937, at Albert Hall and Rammohan Library in Kolkata. During this conference, the association changed its name to the All Bengal Primary Teachers Association, removing the word "School." The conference was presided over by [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Sir Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy]]. The leadership remained unchanged, and the association was officially registered under the Society Registration Act.<ref name=":1" />

In 1938, the third conference took place on 3–4 September in Kolkata. The conference was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Bengal's Prime Minister]], [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|A.K. Fazlul Huq]], and presided over by Justice [[Charu Chandra Biswas]]. During this conference, Professor Mohitosh Ray Chaudhuri was elected president, and Radhika Prasad Bandyopadhyay became the general secretary.<ref name=":1" />

The fourth conference was held in December 1940 in Rajshahi. There were no changes in the positions of president and general secretary. Due to the impact of [[World War II]] and the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], subsequent conferences were delayed. The fifth conference was eventually held on 2-3 November 1945, at the [[Calcutta University]] auditorium. The leadership remained unchanged. In 1946 and 1947, Professor Mohitosh Ray Chaudhuri remained president for both the sixth and seventh conferences.<ref name=":1" />

Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal in 1947]], the association in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) reformed as East Pakistan Primary Teachers' Association, while the association in [[West Bengal]] continued to operate under the same All Bengal Primary Teachers Association.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলাদেশ প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক সমিতির সোনালী ইতিহাস ও বর্তমান অবস্থা ০২ |url=https://v3-stage.teachers.gov.bd/content/details/940135?page=2536 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Teachers Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swamy |first=Sreedasyam Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyM0AAAAMAAJ&q=all+bengal+primary+teachers+association |title=Teacher Organisations in India |date=1980 |publisher=All India Federation of Educational Associations |language=en}}</ref>

The 46th State Conference, held from 23-25 August 2019, in Mathurapur elected Mohan Das Pandit as General Secretary and Debashis Dutta as President. The 47th Conference, on 10-11 September 2022, in Kalna elected Dhruva Shekhar Mondal as General Secretary and elected Mohandas Pandit as President. They currently{{when?|date=February 2025}} lead the organization.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

With over 120,000 members, stands as the largest primary teachers' organization in the country.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
*[[All Bengal Teachers Association]]
*[[Students' Federation of India]]
*[[All India Students Federation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Education trade unions]]
[[Category:Trade unions in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1935]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in British India]]

M. A. Ramlu

2024-11-07T03:23:50Z

Jugnu: rework formatting for consistency additionally

{{Short description|Indian academic (1927–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
'''Madisetti Anant Ramlu''' (12 February 1927<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usScAAAAMAAJ&q=Madisetti+Anant+Ramlu+February+12+,+1927 | title=Learned Asia: Educationists who's who | year=1992 }}</ref> – 6 March 2023) was an Indian academic who was the founder and first Head of the Department of Mining Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT) in [[Kharagpur]], from 1958 until 1987, when he retired as the Deputy Director & Acting Director of IIT.<ref>[http://www.universitiespress.com/display.asp?categoryID=-1&isbn=978-81-7371-573-0 Author biography on Universities Press web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083644/http://www.universitiespress.com/display.asp?categoryID=-1&isbn=978-81-7371-573-0 |date=30 September 2007 }}.</ref> He was an expert in the area of mines safety, machinery, and open-cast mining. He received his BS in Mining & Metallurgy from the [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) and his PhD in Mining Engineering from Germany ([[Clausthal University of Technology|Bergakadamie Clausthal]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=Ravi |title=Learned Asia: Educationists who's who |date=1992 |publisher=Rifacimento International |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usScAAAAMAAJ|page=305 |language=en}}</ref>

M. A. Ramlu was married to Saroja, and had two sons – Dr. Vijay K. Madisetti of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and Dr. Avanindra Madisetti of Mobius Semiconductors in [[Irvine, California]].

Ramlu was awarded the 2009 S. K. Bose Memorial Teaching Excellence Award by the Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute (MGMI) of India.

Ramlu died on 6 March 2023 at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mighty Miner |url=https://kgpchronicle.iitkgp.ac.in/the-mighty-miner/ |website=The KGP Chronicle |access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>

==Publications==
* Madisetti Anant Ramlu (1956). ''Ablagerung von feinem Kohlenstaub in einem Staubversuchsraum unter Tage''. Clausthal, Bergak., F. f. Bergbau u. Hüttenw., Diss. v. 16. Juli 1956 (Nur in beschr. Anz. f. d. Aust.).
* {{cite book | title = Mine Disasters and Mine Rescue | author = Madisetti Anant Ramlu | publisher = A.A. Balkema | location = Rotterdam | year = 1991 | isbn = 90-6191-964-9 }}
* {{cite book | title = Mine Hoisting | author = Madisetti Anant Ramlu | location = Rotterdam; Brookfield, VT | publisher = A.A. Balkema | year = 1996 | isbn = 90-5410-298-5 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramlu, M. A.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]

Dhopkhel

2024-11-06T18:10:15Z

Jugnu: Created initial post v1

{{Short description|Traditional Indian ball game}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Dhopkhel-A traditional game of Assam.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Dhopkhel is played by both indigenous Assamese men and women]]
'''''Dhopkhel''''', also transliterated '''''dhop khel''''' and '''''dhoop khel''''' ({{langx|as|ঢোপখেল}}), is a [[Traditional games of India|traditional]] [[ball game]] played in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]]. The game is played between two teams of 11 on a 125 m × 80 m field bounded by four [[flag]]s. The players take turns throwing the ball at the opponent to knock them out of the game, while seeking to catch the ball and avoid being tagged by other players. It is a test of speed, stamina, and acrobatic skills.<ref name="indiapress">{{cite web | url=http://sports.indiapress.org/dhopkhel.php | title=Traditional Sports in India | accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref>

Matches of the game were traditionally made to observe the spring and New Year festival of [[Bihu]].<ref name="Assam Tribune">{{cite news | title=Rare dhop khel organized at Jamugurihat | work=Assam Tribune | date=25 April 2008 }}</ref> The game was once played to amuse [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] royalty as a spectator sport. It is no longer widely played in Assam, though efforts are being made to revive it.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/guwahati/31373082_1_assamese-games-ahom | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/guwahati/31373082_1_assamese-games-ahom | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | title=Kids, adults now game for traditional Assamese sports | date=20 April 2012 | accessdate=28 February 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Das, Gaurav}}</ref>

== Rules ==
The field is divided into two halves, with a player of one team trying to throw the ball so that it hits a designated opponent below the waist. If the hit is successful, the designated opponent must try to catch the ball after it rebounds off of them (making sure none of the opponents catch the ball), and then run back to their own team's half of the field without being touched by any of the players on the first team, in order to be successful. At the end of the game, the team with the greater number of successful players wins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhopkhel- The Indigenous Game of Assam |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Sports/Dhopkhel-the-Indigenous-Game-of-Assam/1141 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Chase Your Sport |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]