Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s

2026-05-08T10:14:18Z

JudithBehan6: creating a biography!

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the '''1970s'''.

==1970==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes/Music
|-
|''Aleyer Alo''||Mangal Chakravarty||Bhanu Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Savitri Chatterjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Darius|last=Cooper|title=The Carnivalesque in Satyajit Ray's Nights and Days in the Forest (1970)|journal=Asian Cinema|volume=10|issue=2|date=Spring–Summer 1999|pages=145–150|doi=10.1386/ac10.2.145_3}}</ref>|| [[Satyajit Ray]] || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Nominated for [[Golden Bear]]
|-
|''[[Baksa Badal]]''||[[Nityananda Datta]]||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]]|| ||
|-
|''Bilambita Loy''||Agragami, Narendranath Mitra||[[Uttam Kumar]], Supriya Choudhury, Deepa Chatterjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Dibratrir Kabya]]''||Bhimal Bhowmik, Narayan Chakraborty||Kanu Bannerjee, Anjana Bhowmik, Basanta Choudhury|| ||
|-
|''Duti Mon''||Piyush Bose||Robin Bannerjee, Asit Baran, Khudiram Bhattacharya|| ||
|-
|''Eai Korechho Bhalo''||Ajit Bandopadhyay||[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[June Banerjee]], Samarjeet, [[Lily Chakravarty]]|| ||
|-
|''Kalankita Nayak''||Salil Dutta||Uttam Kumar, [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Aparna Sen|| ||
|-
|''Mahakabi Krittibas''||Ashok Chatterjee||Ashim Kumar, Lily Chakravorty, Padmadevi||Drama||
|-
|''Manjari Opera''||Agradoot||Ajoy Bannerjee, Satya Bannerjee, Jyotsna Biswas||
||
|-
|''[[Nishi Padma]]''||Arabinda Mukhopadhyay||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] ||Drama||Two National Film Awards for Playback Singing
|-
|''Rajkumari''||Salil Sen||Bhanu Bannerjee, Asit Baran, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee|| ||
|-
|''Rupasi''||Ajit Ganguly||[[Sandhya Roy]], Samit Bhanja, Kali Bannerjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Sagina Mahato]]'' ||[[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Dilip Kumar]] || ||Entered into the [[7th Moscow International Film Festival]]
|-
|''Samantaral''||Gurudas Bagchi||Madhavi Mukherjee, Anil Chatterjee, Lolita Chatterjee|| ||
|}

== 1971 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Alo Amar Alo''
|Pinaki Bhushan Mukherjee
|Suchitra Sen, Uttam Kumar, Bikash Roy
|
|
|-
|''Aparna''
|Salil Sen
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tanuja]], Shubhendru Chattopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant]]''
|Purnendu Roy Chowdhury
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Chhadmabeshi]]''
|[[Agradoot]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Vikram |date=2018-12-07 |title=Lights, camera, remake: How Bollywood has thrived with take-offs from Bengali originals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lights-camera-remake/article25690210.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Ajoy Bannerjee
|Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Dhanyee Meye]]''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Ekhoni]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Chinmoy Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=Cinema as conscience: The politics of everyday life in Mrinal Sen’s films |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/life/cinema-as-conscience-the-politics-of-everyday-life-in-mrinal-sens-films |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Karuna Banerjee]]
|Parallel Drama
|
|-
|''Janani''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Sulochana Chatterjee]], [[Kali Banerjee]], Satya Banerjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jiban Jiggasa''
|Piyush Bose
|Mantu Bannerjee, Ashim Chakraborty, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Joyjayanti''
|Sunil Basu Mallick
|Biren Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee, Chandrabati Devi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuheli]]''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Suspense
|
|-
|''Mahabiplabi Aurobindo''
|Deepak Gupta
|[[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]], Subrata Chatterjee, [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Malyadan]]''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Nabaraag''
|Bijoy Bose
|Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Sen, Bijon Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''[[Nimantran]]''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Prathan Basanta''
|Nirmal Mitra
|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Pratidwandi]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Sansar''
|Salil Sen
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Nandini Maliya
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Seemabaddha]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Barun Chanda]]
|Social Drama
|
|}

== 1972 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Andha Atit]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Andha+Atit+1972&pg=PT238 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |isbn=9781135943189 |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>''
|[[Hiren Nag]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Kali Banerjee]]
|Thriller, Drama
|
|-
|''Anindita''
|Hemanta Mukherjee
|Subhendu Chatterjee, Moushumi Chatterjee, Basu Bandyopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''Biraj Bau''
|Manu Sen
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Bikash Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Calcutta 71]]<ref name="Prakash2019">{{cite book |author=Gyan Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cnx8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18672-6 |pages=91–}}</ref>''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Debraj Roy]], [[Satya Bandyopadhyay]]
|Parallel Drama
|
|-
|''Chhinapatra''
|Tarun Majumdar
|Uttam Kumar, Supriya Choudhury, Madhavi Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Har Mani Har''
|Salil Sen
|Samita Biswas, Lolita Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaban (film)|Jaban]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaban (1972) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306051043/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaban-34540 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>''
|Palash Banerjee
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Radha Saluja]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jiban Saikate]]''
|Swadesh Sarkar
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mem Saheb]]''
|Pinaki Mukherjee
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Gita Dey]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Padi Pishir Barmi Baksha]]''
|[[Arundhati Devi]]
|[[Chhaya Devi]], [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Adventure, Comedy
|
|-
|''Parivartan''
|D.S. Sultania
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], Heena Kausar
|
|
|-
|''[[Picnic (1972 film)|Picnic]]''
|[[Inder Sen]]
|[[Archana Gupta]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ranur Pratham Bhag]]''
|[[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
|[[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]], [[Gita Dey]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Stree (1972 film)|Stree]]''
|[[Salil Dutta]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Strir Patra]]''
|[[Purnendu Pattrea]]
|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|Social Drama
|
|}

== 1973 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aabirey Rangano''
|Amal Dutta
|[[Suchandra]], Anil Mukherjee, Salil Ghosh
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Achena Atithi (1973 film)|Achena Atithi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achena Atithi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single by Ajoy Das on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/achena-atithi-original-motion/id892224397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045504/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/achena-atithi-original-motion/id892224397 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=iTunes |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sukhen Das]], [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]
|[[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Samit Bhanja]], [[Sukhen Das]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ali Baba (1973 film)|Ali Baba]]''
|Rohit Mohra
|[[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]], Sekhar Chattopadhyay, [[Aparna Sen]]
|Animated Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]''
|Sushil Mukhopadhyay
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Historical Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ashani Sanket]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Bobita]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Basanta Bilap]]''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''Bindur Chheley''
|Gurudas Bagchi
|Madhavi Mukherjee, Sandhya Rani, Bikash Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Bon Palashir Padabali]]''
|Uttam Kumar
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Chithi''
|Nabyendu Chatterjee
|[[Sandhya Roy]], Samit Bhanja, Ajitesh Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Dholer Raja Khirode Natta]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|
|Documentary
|
|-
|''Dui Bon''
|Sachin Adhikari
|Bidya, Bijay Chakraborty, Master Goutam
|
|
|-
|''Jiban Rahasya''
|Salil Roy
|Pran Sikand, Madhavi Mukherjee, Subhendu Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Kayahiner Kahini''
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Marjina Abdulla]]''
|
|[[Gita Dey]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|
|
|-
|''Nani Gopaler Biye''
|Sudhir Mukherjee
|Chinmoy Roy, Juin Bannerjee, Ananda Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Natun Diner Alo''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Hasu Bandyopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Simi Garewal]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Raater Rajinigandha''
|Ajit Ganguly
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Aparna Sen, Adinath Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Raudro Chhaya''
|Sachin Adhikari
|Uttam Kumar, Anjana Bhowmik, Bhanu Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabuj Dwiper Raja]]''
|Tapan Sinha
|Samit Bhanja, Arunava Adhikari, Kalyan Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Shriman Prithviraj]]''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|Ayan Banerjee, [[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Sonar Khancha]]''<ref>{{Citation |last=Ayan Ray |title=Sonar Khancha (1973) |date=2010 |work=A river called Titash |url=http://archive.org/details/SonarKhancha1973 |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
|Agradoot
|Haradhan Bannerjee, Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty, Subrata Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=TITASH EKTI NADIR NAAM (A RIVER CALLED TITASH) |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/titash-ekti-nadir-naam/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|[[Prabir Mitra]], [[Rosy Samad]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1974 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Alor Thikana''
|Bijoy Bose
|Anil Chatterjee, Chhayadevi, [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Asati''
|Salil Dutta
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Aparna Sen, Utpal Dutt
|
|
|-
|''Bikaley Bhorer Phool''
|Pijush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chhera Tamsuk]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Does Tollywood always remember brilliance? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/priyanka-dasgupta-blog/does-tollywood-always-remember-brilliance/ |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>''
|[[Purnendu Pattrea]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chorus (1974 film)|Chorus]]<ref name="Moscow1975">{{cite web |title=9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194905/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975 |archivedate=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-05 |work=MIFF |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Bhaswar Chatterjee to be seen in the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bhaswar-chatterjee-to-be-seen-in-the-show-ek-masher-sahitya/articleshow/63847229.cms |access-date=8 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], Asit Banerjee, [[Sekhar Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Debi Chowdhurani''
|Dinen Gupta
|Haradhan Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Premangshu Bose
|
|
|-
|''[[Fuleswari]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Press Trust of India |date=23 April 2015 |title=Story is always my top priority |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/story-is-always-my-top-priority-tarun-majumder/ |access-date=19 March 2019 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Samit Bhanja]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jadi Jantem]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Jadi Jantem (1974) |url=http://www.banglamovienews.com/bangla-movies_1058.htm |access-date=26 June 2017 |website=banglamovienews.com}}</ref>''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Supriya Devi]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jadu Bansha''
|Partha Pratim Chowdhury
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], Aparna Sen
|
|
|-
|''Jiban Kahini''
|Rajen Tarafdar
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jukti Takko Aar Gappo]]''
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|Ritwik Ghatak, [[Tripti Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Mouchak]]''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''Raktatilak''
|Biswajeet Chatterjee
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Rodan Bhara Basanta''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|Uttam Kumar, Basabi Nandi, Utpal Dutt
|
|
|-
|''Sangini''
|Dinen Gupta
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Samita Biswas
|
|
|-
|''[[Shajarur Kanta (1974 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]''
|[[Manju Dey]]
|Shyamal Ghosal, Shailen Mukherjee
|Detective thriller
|
|-
|''[[Sonar Kella]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|Mystery
|
|-
|''[[Thagini]]''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1975 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Agnishwar]]''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Tarun Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Amanush''
|Shakti Samanta
|Uttam Kumar, [[Sharmila Tagore]], Prema Narayan
|
|
|-
|''Ami Shey O Sakha''
|Mangal Chakravorty
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], Kaberi Bose
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bagh Bondi Khela]]''
|Piyush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]]
|Thriller, drama
|
|-
|''Chhutir Pande''
|Salil Sen
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Kavi''
|Debaki Kumar Bose
|Nripati Chattopadhyay, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], Nitish Mukhopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''Nagar Darpane''
|Tarun Majumdar
|Partha Pratim Choudhury, Ashutosh Mukherjee, Yatrik
|
|
|-
|''Nishi Mrigaya''
|Dinen Gupta
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Soumitra Chatterjee, Vasant Choudhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Palanka (film)|Palanka]]''
|[[Rajen Tarafdar]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]]
|Historical drama
|
|-
|''[[Priyo Bandhabi]]''
|[[Hiren Nag]]
|[[Tarun Kumar Chatterjee]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Rag Anurag''
|Dinen Gupta
|Aparna Sen, [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sanyasi Raja]]''
|Piyush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Choudhury]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Swayansiddha''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Mithu Mukherjee, [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1976 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Ajasra Dhanyabad''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Anandamela''
|Mangal Chakravarty
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Banhishikha''
|Piyush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Supriya Devi]] and [[Olivia Gomez]]
|[[Science fiction film|Science fiction]] [[Action film|action thriller]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banhisikha |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/banhisikha/cast/2030322104/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Bilwamangal''
|Gobinda Roy
|Samit Bhanja, Seema Das, Sumita Das
|
|
|-
|''Chander Kachakanchi''
|Dilip Mukherjee
|Uttam Kumar, Satya Bannerjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Dampati''
|Anil Ghosh
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Mahua Roychoudhury, [[Mala Sinha]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Datta (1976 film)|Datta]]''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Samit Bhanja]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Hangsharaj''
|Ajit Ganguly
|Beauty Banerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Khudiram Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''Harmonium''
|Tapan Sinha
|Arati Bhattacharya, Samit Bhanja, Santu Mukhopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''Hotel Snow Fox''
|Tarun Majumdar
|Partha Pratim Chowdhury, Koutilya Gupta, Tarun Majumdar
|
|
|-
|''[[Jana Aranya]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Pradip Mukherjee]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jibon Marur Prante''
|Sadhan Chowdhury
|Master Babusona, Samit Bhanja, Sibani Bose
|
|
|-
|''Jora Dighir Chowdhury''
|Ajit Lahiri
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Mohunbaganer Meye''
|Manu Sen
|Rajasree Bose, Dipankar De, Bhanu Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Nidhiram Sardar''
|Rabi Ghosh
|Uttam Kumar, Aparna Sen, Nandita Bose
|
|
|-
|''[[Sei Chokh]]''
|[[Salil Dutta]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Sudur Niharika]]''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Soma Dey]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''Swikarokti''
|Gyanesh Mukherjee
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|
|
|}

== 1977 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Asadharan''
|Salil Sen
|Bhanu Bannerjee, [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Uttam Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Baba Taraknath''
|Sunil Bannerjee, Baren Chatterjee
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee]], Sulochana Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Bhola Moira''
|Piyush Ganguly
|Uttam Kumar, Supriya Choudhury, Satya Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Din Amader''
|Agradoot
|Ajoy Bannerjee, Rita Bhaduri, Biplab Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Ek Je Chhilo Desh''
|Tapan Sinha
|Sumitra Mukherjee, Dipankar De, [[Chhaya Devi]]
|
|
|-
|''Hate Raila Tin''
|Sarit Bannerjee
|Bimal Bannerjee, Satindra Bhattacharya, Biren Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaal Sannyasi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilingual E-archive Digital Platform for Bengal's Cinema |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTM3Nw== |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>''
|Salil Sen
|Uttam Kumar, Kamal Mitra, Arati Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabita]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=15 November 2016 |title=KB's continuum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/KB%E2%80%99s-continuum/article16448445.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123114238/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/KB%E2%80%99s-continuum/article16448445.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kabita (1977) - Kamal Hassan - Mala Sinha Classic |url=http://calcuttatube.com/2007/10/10/kabita-kamal-hasan-online-bangla-movie/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203203441/http://calcuttatube.com/2007/10/10/kabita-kamal-hasan-online-bangla-movie/ |archivedate=3 February 2009 |accessdate=2009-02-10 |publisher=calcuttatube.com}}</ref>
|Bharat Shamsher
|[[Mala Sinha]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
|
|
|-
|''Kal Tumi Aleya''
|Sachin Mukherjee
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Kitaab''
|Gulzar
|Bhushan Banmali, Samaresh Basu, Gulzar
|
|
|-
|''Mantramugda''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Sumitra Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Nagarik]]<ref name="The Citizen (1952)">{{cite web |title=The Citizen (1952) |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/146621/The-Citizen/details |url-status=dead |access-date=3 August 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref>''
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|Satindra Bhattacharya, [[Kali Banerjee]], [[Sova Sen]]
|Parallel
|completed in 1952
|-
|''Nanaranger Dinguli''
|Kanak Mukhopadhyay
|Ajoy Bannerjee, Satindra Bhattacharya, Mintu Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Pratishruti''
|Pinaki Bhushan Mukherjee
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Rajbansha''
|Piyush Bose
|Arati Bhattacharya, Swapan Kumar, Uttam Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabyasachi (film)|Sabyasachi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-15 |title='Sabyasachi' to 'Gumnaami': Bengali patriotic films to watch this Independence Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sabyasachi-to-gumnaami-bengali-patriotic-films-to-watch-this-independence-day/articleshow/77542861.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''
|Piyush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sesh Raksha''
|Shankar Bhattacharya
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Dipankar De]]
|
|
|}

== 1978 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Adyashakti Mahamaya''
|Purnendu Roy ChoWdhury
|Gurudas Bandopadhyay, Asit Baran, [[Lily Chakravarty]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Babla''
|Agradoot
|[[Shobha Sen]], Probha Devi, Jahar Ganguly
|
|
|-
|''Bandie''
|Alo Sircar
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], Amjad Khan
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Bansari (1978 film)|Bansari]]''
|Ashim Banerjee
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], Sumitra Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Charmurti]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Samiran Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g3H7eY5K6MC&q=Megh+o+roudra+written+in&pg=PA124 |title=Recritiquing Rabindranath Tagore |last2=Prasad |first2=Amar Nath |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176256612 |language=en}}</ref>''
|Umanath Bhattacharya
|[[Chinmoy Roy]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Kajal Gupta]]
|Comedy, Adventure
|
|-
|''Dak Diye Jai''
|Ranjitmul Kankaria
|[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], Subrata Chatterjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Dhanraj Tamang]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanraj Tamang {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhanraj_tamang |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Pijush Bose
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Dui Purush (1978 film)|Dui Purush]]''
|Sushil Mukhopadhyay
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]], [[Supriya Choudhury]]
|Action, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganadevata |url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1978/ganadevata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201107/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1978/ganadevata |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=2014-04-26 |publisher=Upperstall.com |df=dmy}}</ref>''
|[[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jiban Trishna''
|Asit Sen
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bikash Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Maan Aviman''
|Sukhen Das
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Chhaya Devi]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nadi Theke Sagare]]''
|Arabinda Mukhopadhyay
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nishan (1978 film)|Nishan]]''
|[[S. S. Balan]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Arati Bhattacharya
|Action
|
|-
|''Rajani''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Dipankar Dey]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Saat Bhai Champa''
|Chitra Samathi
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]], Chhanda Chatterjee
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Striker (1978 film)|Striker]]''
|Archan Chakraborty
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Sports Drama
|
|}

== 1979 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]]''
|Barun Kabasi
|[[Tarun Kumar]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|Fantasy
|
|-
|''Bono Basar''
|Sushil Roy
|Lina Bannerjee, Satya Bannerjee, Samit Bhanja
|
|
|-
|''Chirantan''
|Gurudas Bagchi
|Sumitra Mukherjee, Vasant Choudhury, [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Devdas (1979 film)|Devdas]]''
|[[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Choudhury]]
|Romantic Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ek Din Pratidin]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Mamata Shankar]], [[Gita Sen]]
|Parallel
|
|-
|''Ghatkali''
|Bimal Roy, jr.
|[[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Mahua Roy Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Jata Mat Tata Path]]''
|[[Gurudas Bagchi]]
|[[Gurudas Banerjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|Viewable on [[YouTube]]<ref name="jmtpyoutube">[http://www.youtuberepeater.com/watch?v=cxotSkE8dTY&name=Jata+Mat+Tata+Path+All+Paths+Lead+to+God+1979 '''YOUTUBE (2:03:38, English subtitles)''']</ref>
|-
|''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]]
|Mystery
|
|-
|''Meghnad Badh''
|Shakti Chattopadhyay
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Naukadubi''
|Ajoy Kar
|Kali Bannerjee, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Neem Annapurna]]''
|[[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
|[[Sunil Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Pankhiraj]]''
|Pijush Basu
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Nandita Bose]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Parashuram (1979 film)|Parashuram]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|Arun Mukherjee, [[Bibhas Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Priyatama''
|Dinen Gupta
|Mahua Roy Chowdhury, Sumitra Mukherjee, Kaushik Banerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabuj Dwiper Raja]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]
|Children's
|
|-
|''Samadhan''
|Jayanto Basu
|Ishani Bannerjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee, [[Chhaya Devi]]
|
|
|-
|''Sreekanther Will''
|Dinen Gupta
|Gita Dey, Tapati Ghosh, Shyamal Ghoshal
|
|
|-
|''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]''
|Sukhen Das
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Subhendu Chatterjee, Dilip Roy
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year]]

Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)

2026-05-03T03:47:47Z

JudithBehan6: Done

{{Short description|Indian film actor and film producer}}
{{distinguish|Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Babu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1976|05|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Babu as actor and producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vijay-Babu |website=Times of India |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film producer|producer]]|businessman|[[media executive]]}}
| spouse = Smitha
| years active = 2012–present
| website = {{url|http://fridayfilmhouse.com}}
}}
'''Vijay Babu''' is an Indian film producer, actor, and businessman, who works in the [[Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131227/entertainment-mollywood/article/vijay-babu-weekend-actor-turn-hero|title=Vijay Babu, weekend actor to turn hero|date=27 December 2013|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the founder of the film production company [[Friday Film House]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/nov/14/vijay-babu-in-the-lead-537334.html|title=Vijay babu in the Lead|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 November 2013 }}</ref>

Vijay Babu is best known for producing and starring in the films ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' (2013), ''[[Peruchazhi]]'' (2014), ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (2015), ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' (2016), ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' (2017), ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017), ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'' (2019), ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' (2021), and ''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]'' (2021). In 2014, he won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] (as producer) for ''Philips and the Monkey Pen''. In 2023, He received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] in Malayalam for [[Home (2021 film)|''Home'']] (2021).<ref name=":0" /> The character ''Sarbath Shameer'' played by Vijay Babu in ''Aadu'' film series had developed into a cult following.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aadu 2: Look of Sarbath Shameer and his 'castastrophic' crew revealed - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aadu-2-look-of-sarbath-shameer-and-his-castastrophic-crew-revealed/articleshow/61934118.cms|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The Times of India|date=5 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The name's Shameer, Sarbath Shameer | first1 = Kartik | last1 = Jayan | first2 = Rahul | last2 = Satish | work = The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2018/Jun/11/the-names-shameer-sarbath-shameer-1826751.html|access-date=2021-07-03| date=10 June 2018 }}</ref>

''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'', produced by him under his banner Friday Film House, is the first Malayalam film to have a direct release on an [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]], [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Babu is known for bankrolling many experimental films and supporting upcoming filmmakers in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sufiyum Sujatayum First Malayalam Film to be Released on OTT Platform|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sufiyum-sujatayum-first-malayalam-film-to-be-released-on-ott-platform-2700573.html|access-date=2020-08-05|website=News18|date=4 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sufiyum Sujathayum to be the first Malayalam film to release on OTT platform - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sufiyum-sujathayum-to-be-the-first-malayalam-film-to-release-on-ott-platform/articleshow/75752840.cms|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Times of India|date=15 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jayasurya starrer 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' to turn first Malayalam movie to get OTT release|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-rao-hydari-and-jayasuryas-sufiyum-sujatayum-becomes-first-malayalam-release-to-get-ott-release/article31590039.ece|access-date=2020-08-05|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 May 2020 |language=en |last1=Krishnakumar |first1=G. }}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Vijay Babu was born in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]],<ref name=NDwhois>{{cite news |title=Who Is Vijay Babu, Kerala Actor Accused Of Sexual Assault? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-vijay-babu-kerala-actor-accused-of-sexual-assault-2924712 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> to [[Nair]] parents Subashchandra Babu and Maya Babu. He has two siblings, Vinay Babu and Vijayalakshmi. He studied at St. Jude School, Kollam, and received a graduation from [[American College, Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Babu {{!}} Movie Actor |url=https://famousmallus.com/profile/vijay-babu-actor |website=famousmallus.com}}</ref><ref name=NDwhois/>

Babu started his media career at [[STAR India]] in Mumbai. In 2002, he was selected as the Best Employee of [[Star India|STAR TV]]. Later that year, he quit his job to venture as an entrepreneur in [[Dubai]]. After a few years, he joined as the COO of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and Sitara TV in [[Hyderabad]]. In 2009, Babu returned to Kerala as the vice president of [[Surya TV]].

Babu is married to Smitha, a [[Dubai]]-based employee. The couple has a son named Bharath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1DFOC_enIN706IN706&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=vijay+babu+son.html|title=Google|website=www.google.co.in}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2013, Babu quit his media career and joined the Malayalam film industry as an actor and producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/celebrity/vijay-babu-biography.html | title= Vijay Babu Biography| publisher = cochintalkies.com/|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2015}}

Babu is one of the founders and CEO of Friday Film House founded a Kerala-based film production company along with the actress Sandra Thomas. Friday Film House won seven of the Kerala state film awards in various fields in 2014.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Though the company was established after the success of the film ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'', the movie is considered the first production venture of Friday Film House.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Projects – Friday Film House|url=http://www.fridayfilmhouse.com/about|website=fridayfilmhouse.com|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

Babu is best known for his roles in ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' and ''[[Nee-Na]]'', and as the producer of ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'', ''[[Peruchazhi]]'' and ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]''. His role as Vinay Paniker in ''[[Nee-Na]]'' received appreciation from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news24hours.in/vijay-babus-class-act-in-as-vinay-paniker-in-the-film-nee-na-gets-appreciation-from-various-corners/|title=Vijay Babu's class act in as Vinay Paniker in the film Nee-na gets appreciation from various corners|publisher=News24hours.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523170716/http://news24hours.in/vijay-babus-class-act-in-as-vinay-paniker-in-the-film-nee-na-gets-appreciation-from-various-corners/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/vijay-babu-neena-promising-character-lal-jose.html | title= Would like to do characters that are of my age: Vijay Babu| publisher = english.manoramaonline.com/|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

==Controversy==
On 22 April 2022, a newcomer actress from the Malayalam film industry accused Vijay Babu of sexual and physical abuse over the past two months in the guise of friendship and guidance, and subsequently registered a criminal case which is currently being investigated.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-28|title=Malayalam actor claims Vijay Babu sexually, physically abused her for months: 'He was like a monster to me'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-actor-claims-vijay-babu-sexually-physically-abused-her-for-months-he-was-like-a-monster-to-me-7889894/|date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In response, he left India and is suspected to be in Dubai, with Indian police having issued a [[look out circular]] for him at the airports and planning to search his properties for evidence. In a Facebook Live stream four days later, Babu denied the accusations, claiming to be "the one who is suffering" and stating he would countersue for defamation. While his action received criticism, various men's rights groups came in support of him quoting the one-sided nature of law when it comes to such allegations. Activists like [[Rahul Easwar]] and Mithun Vijay Kumar announced [[MenToo movement|MenToo]] movement on various platforms to protect the actor from media trials and demanded a gender-neutral form of justice. Notably, he named his accuser in the video despite knowing it is illegal under Indian law, leading to him additionally being charged under [[Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code|IPC Section 228A]] for violating the victim's anonymity and criticism from supporters of sexual assault survivors.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-28|title=Why Vijay Babu naming a rape survivor is not the same as her naming him|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-vijay-babu-naming-rape-survivor-not-same-her-naming-him-163361|date=28 April 2022|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Smitha|last1=TK|access-date=2022-04-28|title='Look Out Notice': Producer Vijay Babu Booked for Outing Kerala Rape Survivor|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/vijay-babu-producer-kerala-charged-rape-actor-survivor-identity-facebook-police-lookout-notice|date=28 April 2022|website=TheQuint}}</ref> While the internal complaint commission of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA) recommended that Babu be expelled, the organisation ultimately did not do so, instead accepting a letter from him distancing himself from the executive board. In response to this inaction, four members ([[Maala Parvathy]], [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]], [[Shweta Menon]] and [[Hareesh Peradi]]) criticized AMMA's stance and left the association.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Nikhila|last1=Henry|access-date=2022-05-06|title=Kerala Film Body on the Rocks: Three Actors Resign from AMMA ICC Over Vijay Babu|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/kerala-film-body-on-the-rocks-three-actors-resign-from-amma-ic-over-vijay-babu|date=3 May 2022|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-06|title=Unhappy with AMMA stand in Vijay Babu case, actor Hareesh Peradi wants membership cancelled|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/04/amma-vijay-babu-case-actor-hareesh-peradi-membership-cancellation.html|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" width="33"|Year !! rowspan="2"|Film !! colspan="3"|Credited as !! rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! width=70|Actor !! width=70|Producer !! Role
|-
| rowspan=1|1982 || ''[[Sooryan (1982 film)|Sooryan]]'' || {{yes}} || || || Child artist
|-
| rowspan=1|2011 || ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'' || {{yes}} || ||Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan=5|2012 || ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || {{yes}} || || Benny ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' ||{{yes}} || || DCP Ameer Muhammed ||
|-
| ''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus]]'' || {{yes}} || || [[Kerala Forest Department|DFO]] Ravichandran ||
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || {{yes}} || ||Kiran Das ||
|-
| ''[[Karmayodha]]'' ||
|||| ||Dubbed for [[Rony David]]
|-
| rowspan=6|2013 || ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || {{yes}} || || SI George ||
|-
| ''[[Kili Poyi]]'' || {{yes}}|| || Pandey||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Padmachandran ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-movie-review.html |title=What got special on'Philips & the Monkey Pen' : Miracles never ends on M'Town |publisher=The Cine News |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110085732/http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-movie-review.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tikk">{{cite web|url=http://www.tikkview.com/movies/5110-philips-and-the-monkey-pen |title=Philips and the Monkey Pen – Find what you like |publisher=tikkview |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/malayalam-film-philips--the-monkey-pen-releases-today-south/20131107.htm |title=Malayalam film Philips & the Monkey Pen releases today |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Escape from Uganda]]'' || {{yes}} || || Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]''|| {{yes}} || || Kashinathan ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || {{yes}} || || Abbas ||
|-
| ''[[Peruchazhi]]'' || {{yes}}|| {{yes}} || Sunny Kurishingal ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecompleteactor.com/news/23/Mohanlal+in+%26+as+Peruchazhi.html|title=Mohanlal in & as Peruchazhi – thecompleteactor.com|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121053120/http://thecompleteactor.com/news/23/Mohanlal+in+%26+as+Peruchazhi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' || {{yes}} || || Purushan ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2015 || ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] [[Aadu (franchise)#SI Sarbath Shameer|Sarbath Shameer ]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15211/malayalam/aadu-oru-bheekara-jeeviyanu/4984/review/|title=Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu Review | Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218004112/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15211/malayalam/aadu-oru-bheekara-jeeviyanu/4984/review/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nee-Na]]'' || {{yes}} || || Vinay Panickar ||
|-
| ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || {{yes}} || ||Billy Gang ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2016 || ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Ramakrishna Bonachaud alias Rambo ||
|-
| ''[[Aakashvani]]'' || {{yes}} || || Akaashdas ||
|-
|''[[Pretham]]''||{{yes}} || || Commissioner Sam Alexander ||
|-
|2016–2017 ||''Home Minister'' ||||{{yes}} || ||TV series on [[Amrita TV]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017 ||''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''|| ||{{yes}}|| ||
|-
|''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]''||{{yes}}||||Commissioner Ajith Chandran||
|-
| ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]'' ||{{yes}}|| ||Sudheer||
|-
| ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]'' ||{{yes}}|| || Himself ||Cameo appearance
|-
| ''Overtake'' ||{{yes}} || || Nandan ||
|-
|''[[Lava Kusha (2017 film)|Lava Kusha]]'' ||{{yes}} || || Cyril Abraham / Banglan||
|-
|''Ayal Jeevichirippundu'' ||{{yes}} || || John Mathew Mathan||
|-
|''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]''||{{yes}} || ||Joe ||Segment: ''Pakshiyude Manam''
|-
|''Sadrishyavakyam''||{{yes}} || || Commissioner Binoy Idikula ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] [[Aadu (franchise)#SI Sarbath Shameer|Sarbath Shameer ]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019 ||''[[June (2019 film)|June]]''|| || {{yes}} || ||
|-
|''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]''||{{yes}}|| ||Jeevan George ||
|-
|''[[Janamaithri]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}} ||Raphael||
|-
|''[[Subharathri|Shubharathri]]''||{{yes}}|| ||CI Balachandran||
|-
|''Sullu''||{{yes}}|| ||Kishore||
|-
|''[[Puzhikkadakan]]''||{{yes}}|| ||Minister Avaran Pottakuzhi||
|-
|''[[Stand Up (2019 film)|Stand Up]]''||{{yes}}|| || ||
|-
|''Swarnamalsyangal''||{{yes}}|| || ||
|-
|''[[Thrissur Pooram (2019 film)|Thrissur Pooram]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}|| Commissioner Moorthy
|
|-
||''Parchayee''||{{yes}}||
|| Police Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020 ||''[[Anveshanam]]''||{{yes}} || || Dr. Gautham ||
|-
|''Oru Vadakkan Pennu''||{{yes}} || ||Sivan ||
|-
|''[[Sufiyum Sujathayum]]''|| || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Eighteen Hours]]''||{{yes}} || ||
|
|-
|''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Psychologist ||
|-
|''[[Sunny (2021 film)|Sunny]]''|| {{yes}} |||| Advocate Paul||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Anthakshari''||{{yes}}|| || Vasudevan ||
|-
|''[[Keedam]]''||{{yes}}|| ||CI Charles ||
|-
|''[[Theerppu]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||Ram Kumar Nair||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' || {{yes}} || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Maheshum Maruthiyum' to release on March 10 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/feb/28/maheshum-maruthiyumto-release-on-march-10-2551489.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pendulum (2023 film)|Pendulum]]'' || {{yes}} || || Dr. Mahesh Narayan ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=PendulumU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pendulum/movieshow/100986884.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Valatty]]'' || {{yes}} || {{Yes}} || Roy||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valatty (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/valatty/ET00361166 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''Qalb'' || || {{yes}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Sajid Yahiya's Big-budget Malayalam Film Qalb Set To Release In Theatres On January 12 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sajid-yahiyas-big-budget-malayalam-film-qalb-set-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-12-8736106.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]'' || {{yes}} || || Prosecution Advocate ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Censor Board has 'Bharatha' removed from Oru Bharatha Sarkar Ulpannam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/02/censor-board-has-bharatha-removed-fromaju-varghese-starrer-oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-52558.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Big Ben'' || {{yes}} || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-06-09 |title=Anu Mohan and Aditi Ravi's Big Ben gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/09/anu-mohan-and-aditi-ravis-big-ben-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || {{yes}} || || Stephen||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' || {{yes}} || ||Tony ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-01 |title=Mammootty-starrer Dominic and the Ladies' Purse gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/01/mammootty-starrer-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mother Mary'' || {{yes}} || || James ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-04-24 |title=Vijay Babu's Mother Mary gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/24/vijay-babus-mother-mary-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padakkalam]]'' ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Dr. S Shameer ||Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web | date=2025-04-13 |title=First single from Suraj Venjaramoodu and Sharafudheen's Padakkalam is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/13/first-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-sharafudheens-padakkalam-is-here |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2026||''[[Aadu 3]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] [[Aadu (franchise)#SI Sarbath Shameer|Sarbath Shameer ]] and Vareed Mappila
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayasurya-Midhun Manuel Thomas' 'Aadu 3' goes on floors|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jayasurya-midhun-manuel-thomas-aadu-3-vijay-babu-renji-panicker/article69563914.ece|date=11 May 2025|access-date=3 June 2025|website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]'' ||{{yes}}|| || Mujeeb sir||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-28 |title=Vaazha 2 trailer promises film lacing emotions and nostalgia with humour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/28/vaazha-2-trailer-promises-film-lacing-emotions-and-nostalgia-with-humour |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]'' ||{{yes}}|| || Mohandas ||<ref>{{Cite web | date=2026-03-29 |title=Mohiniyattam Trailer: Bharathanatyam sequel promises Drishyam-coded comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/29/mohiniyattam-trailer-bharathanatyam-sequel-promises-drishyam-coded-comedy |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''

* 2014 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] for ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2014 Announced – Winners List |url=http://www.keralatv.in/2014/04/kerala-state-film-awards-2014/ |access-date=12 September 2014 |website=Keralatv.in |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419211634/http://www.keralatv.in/2014/04/kerala-state-film-awards-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]'''

* 2021 – [[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film|Best Malayalam Film Award]] for [[Home (2021 film)|#Home]]<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-10-18 |title=This is how Malayalam movies fared at 69th National Film Awards |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/this-is-how-malayalam-movies-fared-at-69th-national-film-awards/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.fridayfilmhouse.com Official website of Friday Film House]
* {{IMDb name|5444787}}

{{Friday Film House}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kollam]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Randu

2026-04-26T22:42:04Z

JudithBehan6: Started New Details

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}
{{Distinguish|RANDU}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Randu
| image = Randu Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sujith Lal
| writer = Sujith Lal
| producer = Prajeev Sathyavarthan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Tini Tom]]
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
* [[Muhammad Musthafa|Musthafa]]
* [[Anna Rajan]]
* [[Mamitha Baiju]]
* [[Irshad]]
}}
| cinematography = Anishlal R S
| editing = Manoj Kannoth
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = Heavenly Movies Private Ltd
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|01|07}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Randu''''' ({{Translation|Two}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political satire]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film written and directed by Sujith Lal. The film stars [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Tini Tom]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], [[Muhammad Musthafa|Musthafa]], [[Anna Rajan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Irshad]] in lead roles. It was produced by Prajeev Sathyavarthan under the banner of Heavenly Movies Private Ltd and the music was composed by [[Bijibal]]. It was released on 7 January 2022.

== Cast ==

* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Vava
* [[Tini Tom]] as Nalinan
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Shajahan
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]] as Rubina
* [[Muhammad Musthafa|Musthafa]] as Vava's friend
* [[Anna Rajan]] as Mercy
* [[Mamitha Baiju]] as Kunjumol
* [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]] as Mujeeb
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Chandran
* [[Parvathi T.|Mala Parvathy]] as Rubina's mother
* [[Rajesh Madhavan]] as Sulaiman
* [[Kalabhavan Rahman]] as [[Imam|mukri]]

== Production ==
The first look of the film was revealed by actor [[Mohanlal]] on 1 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First look of 'Randu': Mohanlal unveils poster of Vishnu Unnikrishnan and Tiny Tom starrer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-of-randu-mohanlal-unveils-poster-of-vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-tiny-tom-starrer/articleshow/76752366.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-of-randu-mohanlal-unveils-poster-of-vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-tiny-tom-starrer/articleshow/76752366.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] and [[Anna Rajan]] were announced as joining the production in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Anna Reshma Rajan join Randu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/03/vishnu-unnikrishnan-anna-reshma-rajan-join-randu-19183.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093949/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/03/vishnu-unnikrishnan-anna-reshma-rajan-join-randu-19183.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography started on 23 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filming begins for Vishnu Unnikrishnan-starrer Randu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/23/filming-begins-for-vishnu-unnikrishnan-starrer-randu-21898.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093951/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/23/filming-begins-for-vishnu-unnikrishnan-starrer-randu-21898.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the shoot was wrapped on 16 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Randu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/16/its-a-wrap-for-vishnu-unnikrishnans-randu-22866.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330094157/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/16/its-a-wrap-for-vishnu-unnikrishnans-randu-22866.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Director Sujith Lal conformed that Anna Rajan of Angamaly Diaries fame plays the female lead during an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan: Randu is a sensitively handled political satire |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-randu-is-a-sensitively-handled-political-satire/articleshow/81368161.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-randu-is-a-sensitively-handled-political-satire/articleshow/81368161.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later [[Tini Tom]] became the executive producer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Tiny Tom enjoyed being Randu's executive producer, but had a bad experience with established music director |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tiny-tom-enjoyed-being-randus-executive-producer-but-had-bad-experience-with-established-music-director/articleshow/81408728.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tiny-tom-enjoyed-being-randus-executive-producer-but-had-bad-experience-with-established-music-director/articleshow/81408728.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 7 January 2022. Anna Mathews critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Vishnu Unnikrishnan brings charm, innocence and sincerity to the role of Vava."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Randu Movie Review : A thought-provoking, entertaining satire |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/randu/movie-review/88759831.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330111126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/randu/movie-review/88759831.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith, a critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated that "The film is not in a hurry to get to its destination" and gave 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randu Per Movie Review: A subversive neo-noir romance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/jul/09/randu-per-movie-reviewa-subversive-neo-noir-romance-25384.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330095615/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/jul/09/randu-per-movie-reviewa-subversive-neo-noir-romance-25384.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[OTTplay]]'' critic gave 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "True to its title, the film's director shows the two different sides of communal politics that aims to divide people who are united. While the core message is ably delivered, it comes at the cost of the entertainment quotient of the political satire that only has few memorable moments."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randu movie review: Vishnu Unnikrishnan's slow-burner satire takes searing look at divisive religious politics |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnans-drama-takes-a-slow-but-searing-look-at-divisive-religious-politics/01eefeaad5362 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330095615/https://www.ottplay.com/review/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnans-drama-takes-a-slow-but-searing-look-at-divisive-religious-politics/01eefeaad5362 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ajith Babu critic of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' stated that "The film manages to remind us that everyone is equal and that this country belongs to all".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Randu' movie review: A significant story of our times |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/08/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506113441/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/08/randu-movie-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt12631654}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]

Suntikoppa Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:32:04Z

JudithBehan6: Stub

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Suntikoppa
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Suntikoppa Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included [[Suntikoppa]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Seat Number
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref>
|align="center"|1
|[[P. Lakha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|align="center"|2
|[[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]]
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Periyapatna Assembly constituency|Periyapatna]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanivarasanthe<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[P. Lakha]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2834}}
|percentage = 35.84
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2543}}
|percentage = 32.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. A. Chenagappa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:1338}}
|percentage = 16.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balagi Basuva
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:1193}}
|percentage = 15.09
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:4940}}
|percentage = 68.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:7254}}
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = {{formatnum:1496}}
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = {{formatnum:1205}}
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coords|12.452824|75.831117|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Kodagu-geo-stub}}

Narmdeshwar Tiwari

2026-04-24T08:51:06Z

JudithBehan6: Put up initial data v1.

{{Short description|Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Narmdeshwar Tiwari
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|SYSM|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 49th [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]
| term_start = 2 May 2025
| term_end = 31 December 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Sujeet Pushpakar Dharkar]]
| successor = [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
| office1 = [[South Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief South Western Air Command]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 2023
| term_end1 = 30 April 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Vikram Singh (air marshal)|Vikram Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
| office2 = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]
| term_start2 = 1 October 2021
| term_end2 = 30 April 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Suraj Kumar Jha]]
| successor2 = [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_place = Sikalpur, [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], [[Bihar]]
| allegiance = {{Country|India}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 7 June 1986 – 31 December 2025
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18270 <ref name="ntiwari-brf">{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/18270|title=Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari - BRF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>
| unit = [[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:SWAC Emblem.png|17px]] [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
* [[Jodhpur Airport|32 Wing]]
* 5 Forward Base Support Unit
* [[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron]]
}}
| battles = [[Kargil War]]
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]]
}}

[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Narmdeshwar Tiwari''', [[SYSM]], [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] is a retired officer of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=AIR MARSHAL NARMDESHWAR TIWARI RETIRES AS VICE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF, INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2210284&reg=3&lang=2 |website=PIB}}</ref> He last served as the [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=AIR MARSHAL NARMDESHWAR TIWARI PVSM AVSM VM TAKES OVER AS VICE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF, INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2126201 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> He was previously serving as the [[South Western Air Command|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Air Command]],<ref name="pib-010523">{{cite press release |title=AIR MARSHAL NARMDESHWAR TIWARI TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF SOUTH WESTERN AIR COMMAND |date=2023-05-01 |publisher=PIB |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1921204}}</ref> prior to that he was the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Deputy Chief of Air Staff, Air HQ, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/DCAS%20AHQ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
The Air officer was born in Siakalpur, [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internationalnewsandviews.com/after-pahalgam-terror-attack-spotlight-on-indian-air-force-bihars-narmdeshwar-tiwari-named-vice-chief/|title=Bihar's Narmdeshwar Tiwari Named Vice Chief|date=2025-04-30}}</ref> He is an alumnus of the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]], [[Dehradun]], the [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla and the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. In [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], he was awarded the President's Gold Medal. The Air marshal is also an alumnus of the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]] and the [[Air Command and Staff College]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari takes charge as IAF Vice Chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/air-marshal-narmdeshwar-tiwari-takes-charge-as-iaf-vice-chief/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iaf-swac">{{cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/south-western-air-command/|title=AOC-in-C-SWAC|publisher=Indian Air Force|date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505144628/https://indianairforce.nic.in/south-western-air-command/|archive-date=2023-05-05}}</ref>

==Military career==
He was commissioned as a fighter pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]] on 7 Jun 1986 from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. In a career spanning over 37 years, he has more than 3,600 hours of flying experience across various fighter jets.<ref name="th-010523">{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/air-marshal-narmdeshwar-tiwari/81855694.html|title= Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari |publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=2023-05-02}}</ref> He is a qualified flying instructor and experimental test pilot and has extensive weapons testing experience primarily on [[Mirage 2000]]. He played a key role in operationalising the ‘Litening’ laser designation pod during the Kargil Operations in 1999. As a [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]], he served as the commanding officer of [[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron]] and has been instrumental in test flying [[HAL Tejas]]. Upon his promotion to the rank of [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]], the air officer served as the chief test pilot at Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE) and was instrumental in flight testing various aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] including [[HAL Tejas]].

On getting promoted as [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], he served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India in [[France]] from 2013 to 2016 and later served as the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding]] of 32 Wing at the [[Jodhpur]] sector in the [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]].

As [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Project Director at National Flight Test Center, [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] at [[Bangalore]]. Later, he served as the Assistance Chief of Air Staff (Projects) and Assistance Chief of Air Staff (Plans), spearheading the acquisition and plans for the Indian Air Force.<ref name="th-160223">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iafs-114-fighter-tender-to-move-in-3-4-months-part-of-over-500-jet-procurement/article66516620.ece|title= IAF's acquisition of 114 fighter jets to be part of a major procurement plan |publisher=The Hindu|date=2023-02-16|first=Dinaker|last=Peri}}</ref>

After his promotion to the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]], on 1 October 2021 the Air officer took over as the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] at the Air Headquarters, New Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> On 1 May 2023, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Narmdeshwar Tiwari took over as the [[South Western Air Command|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Air Command]] succeeding [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Vikram Singh (air marshal)|Vikram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-01 |title=Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari takes charge as AOC-in-C of South Western Command |url=https://theprint.in/india/air-marshal-narmdeshwar-tiwari-takes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-of-south-western-command/1549645/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 2 May 2025, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Narmdeshwar Tiwari took over as the 49th [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Sujeet Pushpakar Dharkar]], who superannuated on 30 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2025-05-02 |title=Air Marshal N Tiwari takes charge as Vice Chief of Air Staff |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-air-marshal-n-tiwari-takes-charge-as-vice-chief-of-air-staff-2718666-2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Air officer superannuated on 31 December 2025.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and decorations ==
During his career, the air marshal has been awarded the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Independence Day 2025 for his role in [[Operation Sindoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on Republic Day 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 11 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022 <ref>{{cite press release |title=President approves 384 Gallantry Awards and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |date=2022-01-25 |publisher=PIB |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792624}}</ref> and the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2008 for his service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Jan 2008 |title=Republic Day gallantry and other Defence decorations 2008 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=34900&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=PIB}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Siachen_Glacier_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Operation Vijay Star]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Pilot Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|7 June 1986 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari 18270 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/18270 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
| 7 June1987 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flight Lieutenant]]
|Indian Air Force
|7 June 1991 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-3.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Squadron Leader]]
|Indian Air Force
|7 June 1997 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-4.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|Indian Air Force
|5 May 2003 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-5.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Group Captain]]
|Indian Air Force
|3 November 2008 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-6.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
|Indian Air Force
|24 September 2012 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-7.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 October 2018 <ref name=":0" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-8.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 October 2021 (AOC-in-C from 1 May 2023) <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Air Staff]]
| years = 1 May 2025 – 31 December 2025
| before = [[Sujeet Pushpakar Dharkar]]
| after = [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[South Western Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief South Western Air Command]]
| years = 1 May 2023 – 30 April 2025
| before = [[Vikram Singh (air marshal)|Vikram Singh]]
| after = [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]
| years = 1 October 2021 – 30 April 2023
| before = [[Suraj Kumar Jha]]
| after = [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Narmdeshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]

Pathala Bhairavi

2026-04-23T19:02:48Z

JudithBehan6:

{{short description|1951 film directed by Kadiri Venkata Reddy}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pathala Bhairavi
| image = Pathala Bhairavi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of the Telugu version
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| screenplay = K. V. Reddy [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| story = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Pingali}}
}}
| producer = [[Nagi Reddi]] [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] K. Malathi
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam M. S. Money
| studio = [[Vijaya Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1951|03|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 195 minutes
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}

'''''Pathala Bhairavi''''' ({{Translation|The Goddess of the [[Underworld|netherworld]]}}) is a 1951 Indian [[fantasy film]] directed by [[K. V. Reddy]] who co-wrote the film with [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] and [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. Shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, the film was produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] under the banner [[Vijaya Pictures]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] and K. Malathi. The film focuses on a gardener's son who has to amass wealth equal to that of the king of [[Ujjain]] to marry his daughter and a sorcerer who has to sacrifice an intelligent and brave young man to Goddess Pathala Bhairavi to gain access to a statuette which can grant any wish.

''Pathala Bhairavi'' is based on ''[[Kasi Majili Kathalu]]'', written by [[Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu]], though it was also partially inspired by the story of [[Aladdin]]. As the film is shot as a bilingual, production lasted for a whole year starting from 5 February 1950 until 8 February 1951. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the film's music and [[Marcus Bartley]] served as the cinematographer. The film was edited by the duo C. P. Jambulingam and M. S. Money, while Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film's art directors.

The Telugu version of ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was released on 15 March 1951, and the Tamil version on 17 May 1951. Both versions were commercially successful, with the Telugu version becoming the first in its language to have a direct run of 200 days. The Hindi dubbed version which featured two songs reshot in [[Color photography|colour]] was also commercially successful. The film was also remade in Hindi as ''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'' (1985).

''Pathala Bhairavi'' is considered to be a [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] film for both Rama Rao and Ranga Rao, and was also the only South Indian film to be featured at the [[International Film Festival of India#History|1st International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI). On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, [[CNN-IBN]] included ''Pathala Bhairavi'' in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". It was featured retrospectively in the restored classics section of the [[54th International Film Festival of India#Restored Classics|54th IFFI]].

== Plot ==
{{Hatnote|This plot summary refers to the Telugu version of the film.}}
The queen of [[Ujjain]] is keen for her daughter Indumathi (alias Indu) to marry her brother Surasena, a timid and mentally unstable person. When the gardener's son 'Thota' Ramudu assaults Surasena at a concert for irritating the common people, he is summoned by the king to the court. His boldness leaves a considerable impression, but when Ramudu declares his love for Indu a day before his death sentence for meeting Indu secretly, the king is reminded of the astrologers' prediction that only a brave man can save her from a wicked sorcerer. He then challenges Ramudu to amass wealth equal to that of his to marry Indu, to which Ramudu agrees. He is released from prison.

Ramudu meets a Nepali sorcerer during the latter's magic show in a street. The sorcerer, who is ordered by Goddess Pathala Bhairavi during his prayers to sacrifice an intelligent and brave young man before her to be granted a statuette that grants any wish, feels that Ramudu is suitable for the sacrifice. While taking a holy bath in the nearby pond, Ramudu kills a crocodile that immediately transforms into a woman after being killed. The woman informs Ramudu that he had freed her from a [[Rishi|hermit]]'s curse and also reveals the sorcerer's intentions. Just before the sacrifice, Ramudu sacrifices the sorcerer and wins the statuette, consequently amassing wealth equal to that of the king. In return, the king lives up to his promise and accepts Indu's wishes to marry Ramudu.

The sorcerer's apprentice Sadajapa discovers his master dead at Pathala Bhairavi's shrine and brings him back to life with the help of [[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevani]]. Upon resurrection, the sorcerer makes a deal with Surasena, who was about to commit suicide, to bring the statuette in exchange for everything Ramudu has, including Indu. Surasena agrees and steals the statuette, then handing it over to the sorcerer which changes the fate of Ramudu and Indu, leaving the former penniless. Ramudu pledges to bring Indu his wealth back and leaves for the sorcerer's lair along with his cousin, Anji.

While they are unable to locate the sorcerer's lair, Indu refuses the sorcerer's proposal to marry him. With the help of the statuette, the sorcerer brings Ramudu to his lair and tortures him in front of Indu with the hope that she would succumb to his proposal to marry him. Posing as Sadajapa, Anji requests the sorcerer to shave his beard to win Indu's heart. The sorcerer shaves his beard, losing his powers in the process. Afterward, Ramudu finds the statuette and wishes to bring the palace back to Ujjain. In a fight between Ramudu and the sorcerer mid-way in the sky, the latter is killed by Ramudu. The palace is back in Ujjain and Surasena apologises to both Ramudu and Indu before uniting them. While Anji marries Indu's best friend, the film ends with the marriage of Ramudu and Indu.

== Cast ==

;Male actors
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Thota Ramudu (Telugu) / Thota Rama (Tamil)
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as the Nepali sorcerer
* [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]] as the King of [[Ujjain]]
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relengi]] as Surasena<ref name="Cinegoer" />
* [[Valluri Balakrishna]] as Anji<ref name="Cinegoer" />
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Sadajapa<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 February 2010|title=Telugu comedian Padmanabham dies of heart attack|work=The Hindu|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/telugu-comedian-padmanabham-dies-of-heart-attack/article110807.ece|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063550/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/telugu-comedian-padmanabham-dies-of-heart-attack/article110807.ece|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

;Female actors
* K. Malathi as Indumati<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" />
* [[T. G. Kamala Devi|T. G. Kamala]] as a Veera Katha performer
* Hemalathamma Rao as Indumati's mother
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Pathala Bhairavi<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" />
* [[Surabhi Kamalabai]] as Kanthamma
The uncredited cast includes [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Gandharva Kanya, the woman who warns Ramudu of the sorcerer's intentions,<ref name="KK">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/indian-actress-krishna-kumari-dies-at-85-1.2162570|title=Indian actress Krishna Kumari dies at 85|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=5 November 2018|first=Nagarjuna|last=Rao|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as a dancer in the song "Ranante Rane Ranu".<ref name="S">{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|date=7 August 2011|title=Vanangamudi 1957|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vanangamudi-1957/article2331805.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063548/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vanangamudi-1957/article2331805.ece|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After making their debut with ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950), [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] of [[Vijaya Productions]] signed [[K. V. Reddy]] later in the year to make a folklore film.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=13 April 2013 |title=Pathalabhairavi (1951) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pathalabhairavi-1951/article4614079.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063103/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pathalabhairavi-1951/article4614079.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The film, ''Pathala Bhairavi'', was based on a story from ''[[Kasi Majili Kathalu]]'', written by [[Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu]].<ref name="Kasi Majilee Kathalu">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2011 |title=Tollywood on remake spree |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/jan/28/tollywood-on-remake-spree-222790.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721165919/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/jan/28/tollywood-on-remake-spree-222790.html |archive-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] adapted the content and wrote the film's story. [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] and K. V. Reddy worked on the screenplay.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> Pingali was also inspired from the story of [[Aladdin]].<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was made as a bilingual film, shot in Telugu and Tamil simultaneously with both the versions having the same title. The Tamil version's dialogues were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]].<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails14.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190720170759/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails14.asp |archive-date=20 July 2019 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[T. Prakash Rao]], who went on to make his directorial debut with ''[[Palletooru]]'' (1952), worked as an assistant director for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 May 2013 |title=Palletooru (1952) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palletooru-1952/article4707579.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063049/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palletooru-1952/article4707579.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> [[K. Viswanath]] also joined the film's crew as an assistant director,<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> along with K. Raghava as the film's action choreographer.<ref name="K Raghava">{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=7 March 2013 |title=K Raghava has seen 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/K-Raghava-has-seen-100-years-of-Indian-Cinema/articleshow/18843171.cms |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063047/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/K-Raghava-has-seen-100-years-of-Indian-Cinema/articleshow/18843171.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> [[Marcus Bartley]] was recruited as the film's cinematographer and the duo C. P. Jambulingam and M. S. Money edited the film. Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film's art directors. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the film's music.<ref name="Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Pathala Bhairavi (Telugu) |date=27 May 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Shalimar Telugu Movies |place=India |time=00:01:40 to 00:03:30 |time-caption=From}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Initially, director Reddy had [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in mind for the lead role.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> He later wanted to cast Raja Reddy in the lead role but replaced him with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in the last minute, who made his debut by playing a minor character in ''[[Mana Desam]]'' (1949).<ref name="K Raghava" /> Rama Rao was eventually signed as a part of his four-film contract with Vijaya Vauhini Studios after Reddy was impressed with Rama Rao when he met him on the sets of ''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1950).<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> With this film, Rama Rao became the first actor to have acted in two languages simultaneously.<ref name="175 days">{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=14 September 2013 |title=A few milestones in Tollywood |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-few-milestones-in-Tollywood/articleshow/22582171.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-few-milestones-in-Tollywood/articleshow/22582171.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] was initially considered for the role of the sorcerer, the film's antagonist. However with Rama Rao being signed as the protagonist, Reddy wanted to cast an actor without an image, thus [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] was signed.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> Ranga Rao wore costumes reminiscent of a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] anti-hero and used the catchphrase "Sahasam Seyara Dimbhaka" (''Be adventurous man'').<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiruvayapati |first=Rajagopal |date=8 June 2014 |title=Colossus an actor: reminiscences |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-08/Colossus-an-actor-reminiscences-97867 |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063418/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-08/Colossus-an-actor-reminiscences-97867 |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> He took inspiration from [[Shylock]], the antagonist of Shakespeare's play, ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', which he played when he was a stage-artist.<ref name="Cinegoer">{{Cite web |last=Palakodety |date=30 December 2005 |title=Nostalgia – Pathala Bhairavi (1951) |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/pathalabhairavi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150528063423/http://www.cinegoer.net/pathalabhairavi.htm |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=Cinegoer.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2 July 2018 |title=S V Ranga Rao @ 100 : A golden standard for the craft |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-v-ranga-rao-100-a-golden-standard-for-the-craft/article24311031.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703095839/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-v-ranga-rao-100-a-golden-standard-for-the-craft/article24311031.ece |archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> Muthudhuta Peethambaram, who joined Vijaya Productions in 1945, helped Ranga Rao take on the appearance of a 105-year-old man with the use of make-up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivprasadh |first=S. |date=3 March 2011 |title=Man who had the magic touch |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-who-had-the-magic-touch/article1506236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528063551/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-who-had-the-magic-touch/article1506236.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitiri]] made their debut through this film.<ref name="KK"/><ref name="S"/>

=== Filming ===
''Pathala Bhairavi'' was the first big budget film produced by Vijaya Productions.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=195}} The entire production lasted for a whole year starting from 5 February 1950 until 8 February 1951,<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web |title=Pathala Bhairavi (1951) {{mdash}} 'Alanati Chalana Chitram' by K. N. T. Sastry |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/pathala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064036/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/pathala.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=235}} due to the film being shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy conducted the choreography for the song sequences.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> Major portions of the film were shot in large sets and many [[Special effect|trick shots]] were used by Bartley during the process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=3 April 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples: Moonlit Movies (Part 1) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/04/03/filmy-ripples-moonlit-movies-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190720173606/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/04/03/filmy-ripples-moonlit-movies-part-1/ |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> Both versions were filmed using an [[Arri]] 11 CBR Camera.<ref name="Museum of Cinema">{{Cite news |last=Muttevi |first=Sri Lakshmi |date=8 June 2016 |title=And the magic begins at Rama Naidu studio |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/And-the-magic-begins-at-Rama-Naidu-studio/2016/06/08/article3471390.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621082141/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/And-the-magic-begins-at-Rama-Naidu-studio/2016/06/08/article3471390.ece |archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref>

For scenes in the film that featured the moon in the background, a circle was drawn on a screen which was lit to make it look like the moon. Though having other lights were not possible, Bartley made sure that all the characters in such scenes had their shadows away from the moon. Despite this, many of the transformations of elements in this film were shown using [[Dissolve (filmmaking)|dissolve]] techniques.<ref name="Cinegoer" /> No lights were hidden behind the painted moon, as a source for lighting.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=235}}

== Themes ==
According to [[K. N. T. Sastry]] in his book ''Alanati Chalana Chitram'', the film begins with the theme of ''Dhairye Sahase Lakshmi'' (Bravery gives wealth) which is present throughout the film. While the characters of Rama Rao and Ranga Rao epitomise heroism, the character of the princess played by Malathi epitomises innocence and sensuality.<ref name="Idlebrain" /> ''Pathala Bhairavi'' sets up an opposition between the worship of [[Rama]] by the protagonist's mother and the worship of Pathala Bhairavi by the sorcerer; the former being a frequent one inhabited in a domestic space while the latter being an uncivilised one.<ref name="academia">{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=S. V. |year=2001 |title=Telugu Folklore Films: The Case of Patala Bhairavi |url=https://www.academia.edu/558108 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

According to [[Azim Premji University]] liberal studies faculty member S. V. Srinivas, ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was a blend of folklore and social drama.<ref name="academia" /> Srinivas stated that the depiction of the goddess Pathala Bhairavi before Ramudu sacrifices the sorcerer was reminiscent of the representation of [[Poleramma]] worship by Dalits in the film ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' (1938).<ref name="academia" /> He added that ''Pathala Bhairavi'' "ratifies certain social relationships by presenting them as natural and given" and "at the same time, some other practices are presented as inhuman and uncivilised".<ref name="academia" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pathala Bhairavi
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = To Pathala Bhairavi
| artist = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the digitally remastered version released in 2003
| released = 1 December 1950
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:07
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = Ghantasala
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], the lyrics of which were written by Pingali and Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass for the Telugu and Tamil versions respectively.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /><ref name="Anandan" /> The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. It was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta and was orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy.<ref name="Credits" /> The songs were composed using Mohana, [[Bhimpalasi]] and [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] [[raga]]s, with "Prema Kosamai Valalo Padene" and "Kanugona Galano" notably being modulated on the same raga.<ref name="Cinegoer" /> The soundtrack was released on 1 December 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1950 |title=iTunes – Music – Pathala Bhairavi by Ghantasala & P.Leela |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/pathala-bhairavi/id850846732 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064034/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/pathala-bhairavi/id850846732 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref> Also, a digitally remastered version was released and marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] in 2003; the album cover depicts a still image from the film featuring Rama Rao and Malathi.

Relangi sang the comedy song "Vinave Bala Naa Prema Gola" which was filmed on himself. A costly [[Hammond organ]] was specially imported for this film which was played by Master Venu.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> For the Hindi dubbed version, [[T. G. Kamala Devi]] sang the song "Sunloji Sardaro" ("Ithihasam Vinnaara" in Telugu) and [[Jikki]] sang the song "Bindiya Chamke" ("Vagaloi Vagalu" in Telugu).<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> The latter became the first Telugu film singer to record a song for a Hindi film with this Hindi dubbed version of ''Pathala Bhairavi''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 August 2004 |title=Her tantalising voice will live forever ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/20/stories/2004082002330400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064033/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/20/stories/2004082002330400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list – Telugu version<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Pathala Bhairavi Telugu track list |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD8J0-dKvBie51aLvduG2mmhFqssUipLV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528125431/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD8J0-dKvBie51aLvduG2mmhFqssUipLV |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |publisher=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 27:07
| title1 = Theeyani Oohalu
| extra1 = [[P. Leela]] and Chorus
| length1 = 02:46
| title2 = Ithihasam Vinnaara
| extra2 = [[T. G. Kamala Devi]]
| length2 = 03:22
| title3 = Kalavaramaye
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and P. Leela
| length3 = 02:54
| title4 = Entha Ghatu Premayo
| extra4 = P. Leela and Ghantasala
| length4 = 03:28
| title5 = Vinave Bala Naa Prema Gola
| extra5 = [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
| length5 = 02:39
| title6 = Vagaloi Vagalu
| extra6 = [[Jikki]] and Chorus
| length6 = 04:17
| title7 = Prema Kosamai Valalo Padene
| extra7 = V. J. Varma
| length7 = 02:48
| title8 = Hayiga
| extra8 = Ghantasala and P. Leela
| length8 = 02:41
| title9 = Kanugona Galano
| extra9 = Ghantasala
| length9 = 02:48
| title10 = Ranathe Raneravoyi
| extra10 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|P. Nageswara Rao]] and T. G. Saraswathi
| length10 = 01:24
| all_writing =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list – Tamil version<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1951 |title=Pathala Bhairavi Tamil track list |url=http://gaana.com/album/pathala-bhairavi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605014005/http://gaana.com/album/pathala-bhairavi |archive-date=5 June 2015 |access-date=5 June 2015 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcVj2Rp4V-w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/qcVj2Rp4V-w |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Kanintha Kadhalarukku HD Song |date=8 February 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=[[Raj Television Network|Raj Video Vision Tamil]] |place=India |access-date=17 January 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=21 |language=Tamil}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 21:59
| title1 = Ithikasam Kaeteera
| extra1 = [[T. G. Kamala Devi]] with group
| length1 = 03:30
| title2 = Ennathaan Un Premaiyo
| extra2 = P. Leela and Ghantasala
| length2 = 03:24
| title3 = Mathavel Kanaiya
| extra3 = Jikki
| length3 = 03:30
| title4 = Prema Paasathaal
| extra4 = V. J. Varma
| length4 = 02:51
| title5 = Uyirudan Unnai Kaanbeno
| extra5 = Ghantasala
| length5 = 02:46
| title6 = Aananthame Tharum
| extra6 = [[Jikki]] and P. Leela
| length6 = 02:47
| title7 = Amaithi Illa En Maname
| extra7 = Ghantasala and P. Leela
| length7 = 03:02
| title8 = Kanintha Kadhalarukku
| extra8 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[P. Leela]]
| length8 = 02:31
| title9 = Kaniye Nane Kadhal
| extra9 = [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
| length9 =
| title10 = Naan Maaten Neeyum
| extra10 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|P. Nageswara Rao]] and T. G. Saraswathi
| length10 = 01:08
}}

== Release ==

[[File:Pathala Bhairavi Tamil 1951.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Theatrical release poster of the Tamil version]]
The Telugu version of ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was released on 15 March 1951, and the Tamil version was released two months later on 17 May 1951.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=210}} Both versions were commercially successful, with the Telugu version completing a theatrical run of 100 days.{{efn|While A. S. Sashidhar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' states the number of theatres where the film completed the 100th day of its theatrical run to be 28,<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=13 August 2012 |title=Donga Ramudu was included in FTII |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Donga-Ramudu-was-included-in-FTII/articleshow/15476065.cms |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Donga-Ramudu-was-included-in-FTII/articleshow/15476065.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Srivastava Banerjee, in his book ''One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography'' claims it to be in 34 theatres.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2013|page=148}}}} ''Pathala Bhairavi'' became the first Telugu film to run continuously for 175 days,<ref name="175 days" /> and the first Telugu film to have a direct run of 200 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2015 |title=Balakrishna's film, Legend sets a new TFI record |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Balakrishnas-film-Legend-sets-a-new-TFI-record/articleshow/47250360.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064310/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Balakrishnas-film-Legend-sets-a-new-TFI-record/articleshow/47250360.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> It completed the 175th day of its theatrical run in a total of 13 theatres.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2013|page=148}}

[[S. S. Vasan]] acquired the film's Hindi dubbing rights and reshot two song sequences – "Ithihasam Vinnara" and "Vagaloi Vagalu" in colour. The Hindi dubbed version was commercially successful.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was the only South Indian film to be screened at the first [[International Film Festival of India]] held at [[Mumbai]] on 24 January 1952.<ref name="175 days" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Film Festival of India |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528092902/http://www.dff.nic.in/iffi.asp |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]}}</ref> Sahitya Surabhi organised a programme at the Visakha Public Library in [[Visakhapatnam]] on 7 March 2015 on the eve of the 64th anniversary of this film's release and writer Rambhatla Nrusimha Sastry attended the programme as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2015 |title=Programme on 'Paatala Bhairavi' |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/programme-on-paatala-bhairavi/article6961758.ece |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064315/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/programme-on-paatala-bhairavi/article6961758.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2015 |title=Visakhapatnam Today |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/visakhapatnam-today/article6968810.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/visakhapatnam-today/article6968810.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Pathala Bhairavi'' received critical acclaim.<ref name="Kasi Majilee Kathalu" /> A. Seshagiri Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' writing his review on 16 March 1951 called ''Pathala Bharavi'' a landmark film, not just for [[Telugu cinema]] but for [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] as well. He praised Reddy's direction and observed that the team spirit of the cast and crew in making this film was visible.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri Rao |first=A. |date=16 March 1951 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: పాతాళా భైరవి |language=te |trans-title=Film Review: Pathala Bhairavi |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EAV/ |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> On 4 April 1951, ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' opined that ''Pathala Bhairavi'' was a film made intelligently, and compared the story to that of a train which runs tirelessly without halting for a second. While praising the character of the Nepali sorcerer and Ranga Rao for his portrayal, the reviewer criticised the film for poorly developing the other characters, in contrast to ''Shavukaru''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 1951 |title=విజయవారి పాతాళా భైరవి |language=te |trans-title=Vijaya's Pathala Bhairavi |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EAU/1 |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> In his 1988 book ''One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography'', Srivastava Banerjee gave a polarised review of the film by calling it "an extraordinarily meaningless modern myth".{{Sfn|Banerjee|2013|page=147}}

In his book, ‘''The Age of Heroes—The Incredible World of Telugu Cinema''“, Mukesh Manjunath points out how a lot of the structuring and conceits seen in KV Reddy’s ''Pathala Bhairavi'' have prominently shaped Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2024-07-01 |title=Celebrating KV Reddy, the renaissance man of Telugu cinema |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/telugu/celebrating-kv-reddy-and-his-career-defining-film-pathala-bhairavi/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref>

== Cancelled plans of digitisation and colourisation ==
In late November 2007, a [[Hyderabad]]-based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the [[Photographic film|film negative]] rights of 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios, including ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''Pathala Bhairavi'', to release their digitally re-mastered versions in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Old classics in colour soon |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> After the success of the digitised and colourised version of ''Mayabazar'' released in January 2010, its makers announced that ''Pathala Bhairavi'' would be the next film to be remastered and re-released in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2010 |title=Colourful 'Mayabazar' draws crowds |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/colourful-mayabazar-draws-crowds/article702819.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121552/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/colourful-mayabazar-draws-crowds/article702819.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> However Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining 14 films including ''Pathala Bhairavi'', saying that most of the producers who sold the rights of the negatives to TV channels lost control over them, adding that there were also a lot of legal issues over ownership and copyright issues whenever other producers try to do something on their own.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=11 February 2014 |title=Preserving Tollywood's timeless classics |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy and impact ==
{{quote box
| quote = "''Pathala Bhairavi''{{'}}s importance lies in laying the groundwork for the emergence in the Telugu film industry of the star-system as we know it today. ''Pathala Bhairavi'' offers a promise of fulfilment of certain expectations of the protagonist, expectations which are themselves introduced by the narrative."
| source = S. V. Srinivas, faculty member of liberal studies at [[Azim Premji University]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="academia" />
| align = right
| width = 32.5%
}}
''Pathala Bhairavi'' achieved cult status in Telugu cinema; in July 2010, Hemanth Kumar of ''[[South Scope]]'' called ''Pathala Bhairavi'' a film that "took an entire generation by storm" and praised its special effects in particular, which Kumar felt were ahead of their time.{{Sfn|Southscope|2010|page=66}} The lines "Nijam Cheppamantara Abaddham Cheppamantara" ("Shall I say the truth? or shall I lie?"), "Sahasam Seyara Dimbhaka" ("Be adventurous man!"), "Naruda Yemi Nee Korika?" ("O Human, what is your desire?") became popular and phrases such as "dingari" ("servant") and "dimbhaka" ("fool") later became a part of Telugu vernacular.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> The film's story is regularly staged as a play by [[Surabhi (theatre group)|Surabhi theatre group]], known as ''Sri Venkateswara Natya Mandali''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2011 |title=Surabhi ropes in Tanikella, Shafi |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/surabhi-ropes-in-tanikella-shafi/article2746456.ece |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122209/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/surabhi-ropes-in-tanikella-shafi/article2746456.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Velcheti |date=15 February 2013 |title=Surabhi spell continues |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/surabhi-spell-continues/article4416374.ece |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122207/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/surabhi-spell-continues/article4416374.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=5 December 2014 |title=Spare a day for Surabhi |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/spare-a-day-for-surabhi/article6662800.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122205/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/spare-a-day-for-surabhi/article6662800.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

During a programme ''Telugu Cinema Prasthanam'' organised by the film society of [[Visakhapatnam]], writer include actor [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] placed ''Pathala Bhairavi'' among other cult films like ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913), ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1932), ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' (1938), ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), and ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963) during a speech on the role of Telugu cinema in the hundred years of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2013 |title=Call to promote good cinema |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122347/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' included ''Pathala Bhairavi'' in its list, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref name="IBN Live">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121404/http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

[[File:KVJ Pathala Bhairavi.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Rana Daggubati]] (''left'') and [[Raghu Babu]] (''right'') as artistes from [[Surabhi (theatre group)|Surabhi theatre group]] performing a play based on ''Pathala Bhairavi'' in the film ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' (2012).]]
The film is considered to be a [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] film for both Rama Rao and Ranga Rao.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" /> Rama Rao later starred in other folklore films like ''[[Chandirani]]'' (1953), ''[[Rechukka]]'' (1954), and ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1955); all of which were commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=3 August 2013 |title=Chandirani (1953) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/chandirani-1953/article4985649.ece |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122802/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/chandirani-1953/article4985649.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=18 April 2014 |title=Rechukka (1954) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rechukka-1954/article5923356.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122803/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rechukka-1954/article5923356.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 August 2014 |title=Jayasimha (1955) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-jayasimha/article6317743.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122805/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-jayasimha/article6317743.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> When the film's unit was travelling by train to attend the 100th day celebrations of ''Pathala Bhairavi'' at Bellary, the then Union Home Minister [[C. Rajagopalachari]] was travelling in [[Thiruvananthapuram Mail|Madras Mail]]. When both the trains happened to halt at [[Guntakal]], people who had come to greet Rajagopalachari rushed to the other platform to have a glimpse of the film's unit, which left Rajagopalachari amazed by the popularity that the film had attained.<ref name="BFP Bhairavi" />

''Pathala Bhairavi'' was also remade in Hindi, 34 years after the release of the original film, as ''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'' (1985) starring [[Jeetendra]] and [[Jaya Prada]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Pataal Bhairavi' - Bollywood fantasy films that captured our imagination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-fantasy-films-that-captured-our-imagination/pataal-bhairavi/photostory/64120970.cms |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006111251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-fantasy-films-that-captured-our-imagination/pataal-bhairavi/photostory/64120970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Pathala Bhairavi'' inspired Vijaya Productions along with its collaborator [[Chandamama]] to produce ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994) directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] starring Rama Rao's son [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in the lead along with [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]].{{Sfn|Southscope|2010|page=66}}

In the pre-climax sequences of the Telugu film ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003), when Obul Reddy (played by [[Prakash Raj]]) is about to murder Ajay (played by [[Mahesh Babu]]), the latter compares the former with Ranga Rao's character in ''Pathala Bhairavi'' who was murdered by Rama Rao's character.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=[[Okkadu]] (Telugu) |date=22 May 2014 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Shalimar Telugu Movies |place=India}} Clip from 02:27:20 to 02:27:55.</ref> The film's story was used as a play in the Telugu film ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' (2012), which was based on the Surabhi theatre group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=28 November 2012 |title=Rana: Krishnam Vande is a milestone in my career |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rana-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-is-a-milestone-in-my-career/20121128.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528123051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rana-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-is-a-milestone-in-my-career/20121128.htm |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pataal Bhairavi]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Srivastava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVDaAAAAQBAJ |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-84105-8 |orig-date=1988}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 }}
*{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Southscope July 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y52yT4yniywC&q=Pathala+Bhairavi&pg=PA66 |journal=[[South Scope]] |ref={{harvid|Southscope|2010}}}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kadiri Venkata Reddy}}

[[Category:1951 fantasy films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Rahul Ranade

2026-04-19T23:21:39Z

JudithBehan6: Started A Post

{{no footnotes|date=October 2018}}
{{External links|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rahul Ranade
| image = Rahul Ranade.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|05|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| genre = [[Filmi Music]] [[Indian Classical music]] [[World Music]] [[Jingles]]
| occupation = Music Composer, Event Designer, Producer, Director, Actor
| years_active = 1986-present
| label =
| website = http://www.RahulRanade.com
}}

'''Rahul Ranade''' (born 23 May 1966) is a [[music composer]]. His work in music spans from composing music for films, television, drama to events, concerts, composing music for ballets, advertisements, and also albums.

==Early life==
Rahul started his musical journey at a very young age. He has been trained in percussion (tabla) and has received vocal lessons in [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical]]. Thanks to the encouragement from his mother, he continued to pursue his passion for music even through college. He soon received accolades and gained experience in real music at "Shishuranjan". At a very tender age, he got the opportunity to perform and tour with the troupe of Ghashiram Kotwal (Marathi: घाशीराम कोतवाल) along with eminent personalities like [[Mohan Agashe|Dr. Mohan Agashe]] and [[Jabbar Patel|Dr. Jabbar Patel]]. Rahul was privileged to learn from virtuosos such as, [[Sai Paranjpye]], Rajdutt, Srinivas Khale and [[Ketan Mehta]].

==Personal life==
Rahul is married to Meena Ranade. She has a B.Com/MBA and now has her own marketing firm, Mirage Creations. Rahul and Meena have two sons, Yash who is a practicing attorney of law ([[Duke University School of Law]]) and Jay who is an avid writer and a hotel management graduate ([[Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai|IHM]]).

==Musical associations==

Rahul has been one of the founders for Grips Theater, Pune – associated with [[Grips-Theater|Grip Theater]], Germany. He also acts as a visiting faculty at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] Pune, [[Whistling Woods International Institute|Whistling Woods]], [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]], FLAME, and [[National School of Drama]].
* Music Composers Association of India – [http://www.mcai.in/committee.html committee] and board of directors
* [http://www.artsgurukul.com/mentors.html ArtsGurukul, India]
* [http://www.iprs.org/cms/Membership/Members/ComposersSorted.aspx?StartsWith=R The Indian Performing Right Society Limited]

== Selected discography ==
Rahul's musical compositions have highlighted more than 35 films, including ''Nidaan'', ''Vaastav'', ''Astitva'', ''Saatchya Aat Gharaat'', ''Kaakasparsha'', ''Dr Prakash Baba Amte'', and the [[National Film Awards|National Award]] winning movie ''[[Kaccha Limbu]]''.

He has scored music for more than 200 Plays in Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, English and German. He was also invited by Grips Theater, Germany to compose music for one their initiatives.

Rahul composed music for the World's Largest Audio book, [[Dasbodh]] (दासबोध), penned by [[Samarth Ramdas|Shri Ramdas Swami]]. As part of the 100 years of Indian Cinema initiative, he composed music for India's first film, "Raja Harishchandra" directed by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]

=== Silent films ===
* Raja Harishchandra
* Kaliya Mardan
* Jamai Babu

=== Hindi films ===
* 2010 – Kaalo
* 2010 – Just 47
* 2006 – Panga Na Lo
* 2005 – Ho Sakta Hai
* 2003 – [[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]
* 2002 – [[Pitaah]]
* 2002 – [[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyaar]]
* 2001 – Tera Mera Saath Rahen
* 2000 – Nidaan
* 2000 – Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai
* 2000 – Astitva
* 1999 – [[Vaastav: The Reality|Vaastav]]
* 1999 – Disha

=== Marathi films ===
* 2018 – Ranangan
* 2016 – Kaccha Limbu
* 2016 – [[Sarpanch Bhagirath]]
* 2014 – Salaam
* 2013 – Koknastha
* 2013 – [[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero|Dr Prakash Baba Amte]]
* 2012 – [[Kaksparsh]]a
* 2010 – Sumbaran
* 2010 – Samudra
* 2010 – Paaradh
* 2010 – Jhing Chik Jhing
* 2010 – Eka Shabdaat Saangato
* 2008 – Dhudgus
* 2005 – Sane Guruji
* 2005 – Khandobachya Naavana
* 2004 – Saatchya Aat Gharaat
* 1995 – Aai

== Selected directorial events ==

=== Events ===
* 2018 – [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=968011843400630 The Masters] – at [https://www.shanmukhananda.com/home.html Shanmukhananda Hall], Mumbai ([[Rashid Khan (musician)|Ustad Rashid Khan]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] in [[Jugalbandi]])
*2018 – The Bengal Tigers – Mumbai (A Journey of 4 Iconic Bengali Music Composers, [[S. D. Burman|SD Burman]], [[Hemanta Mukherjee|Hemant Kumar]], [[Salil Chowdhury]] and [[R. D. Burman|RD Burman]] – featuring Sumeet Raghavan, Special Appearance by Asha Bhosle)
* 2018 – Viraasat – Pune (featuring Vikku Vinayakram, Selva Ganesh, Louiz Banks, Gino Banks, Ganesh & Kumresh, Taufiq Qureshi and Zakir Hussain – playing as an ensemble)
* 2017 – [https://www.facebook.com/MaifilShabdSuranchi/ Maifil Shabd Suranchi] – Dubai (with Guru Thakur)
*2016 – Full Circle – Pune (Journey of 100 years of Marathi Music – featuring Mahesh Kale)
* 2016 – [https://www.facebook.com/MaifilShabdSuranchi/ Maifil Shabd Suranchi] – US, Switzerland (with Guru Thakur and Sunil Barve)
* 2016 – MAAI MICTA 2016 – Sydney
* 2015 – My Country My Music – (Design and Direction for Shankar Mahadevan Productions)
* 2015 – MICTA 2016
* 2015 – Sangeetkar Sammelan
* 2015 – Sur Kavitanche
* 2014 – MICTA 2014
* 2013 – 2014 – Zee SaReGaMaPa Marathi(As Creative Director)
* 2013 – MICTA 2013 – Macau
* 2012 – Cinema Navacha Manus (Theatrical Biopic of the great film maker V.Shantaram)
* 2012 – Garja Maharashtra Maza – Anuj Bidve Fundraiser in London
* 2012 – MIFTA 2012 – Singapore (featuring the legendary Asha Bhosle)
* 2011 – Nakshatranche Dene – Shravanmasi
* 2011 – Nakshatranche Dene – Shrinivas Khale

== Awards and recognition ==

=== Wins and nominations ===
* 2019 – 19th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani – Hamlet
*2019 – 31st Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Hamlet and Tila Kahi Sangaychay
*2018 – Majja Digital Awards – Best Music Director – Kaccha Limbu [Nomination]
*2017 – 29th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Magna Talyakathi
*2016 – Mata Sanman – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe
* 2016 – MICTA Award – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe
* 2016 – 16th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani – Perfect Mismatch
* 2016 – 28th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Perfect Mismatch (3rd)
* 2016 – Zee Gaurav – Best Music Director – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe [Nomination]
* 2010 – 10th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav – Jhing Chik Jhing [Nomination]
*2014 – Kala Gaurav Award
* 2014 – Keshavrao Bhole Puraskar
* 2014 – Swaranand Puraskar
* 2013 – MICTA Award – Du and Me
* 2012 – 24th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Me Revati Deshpande (1st)
* 2012 – V. Shantaram Award – Samudra

== Media ==

=== [[Loksatta]] ===
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/communication-4-1337579/ संवाद संवादिनीशी!][13 November 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/rahul-ranade-share-memories-with-asha-bhosle-1328692// ‘दिल है छोटासा..’][30 October 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/legendary-playback-singer-asha-bhosle-1319328/ दिल है छोटासा..][16 October 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/film-and-sound-2-1295400/ चित्रपट आणि ध्वनी भाग 2] [4 September 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/film-and-sound-1284087/ चित्रपट आणि ध्वनी] [14 August 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/music-composer-shrinivas-khale-2-1276130/ चांगल्या चालीचा माणूस भाग 2] [31 July 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/music-composer-shrinivas-khale-1268232/ चांगल्या चालीचा माणूस][17 July 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/lyrics-writer-and-musician-1260826/ आधी कोंबडी की..?][3 July 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/drama-performance-and-music-1252921/ नाटय़प्रयोग आणि संगीत][19 June 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/drama-and-music-1246661/ नाटय़ आणि संगीत!][5 June 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/background-music-in-marathi-movie-dr-prakash-baba-amte-1241253/ विचारवाटा आणि संगीत!][22 May 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/language-of-emotions-1236205/ पाणघोडा आणि संगीत!][8 May 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/effective-way-of-learning-background-music-1230720/ पाश्र्व आणि संगीत][24 April 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/my-best-friend-mahesh-manjrekar-1225216/ M बोले तो.. (भाग २)][10 April 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/my-friend-mahesh-manjrekar-1219734/ ‘M’ बोले तो..][27 March 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/radio-jams-studio-music-directors-anand-modak-1214308/ गुरुबिन ग्यान.. भाग २][13 March 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/my-real-musical-guru-anand-modak-1208769/ गुरू बिन ग्यान..][28 February 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/ghashiram-kotwal-marathi-natak-1201970/ एक तेचि भास्करदा!][14 February 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/a-musical-salute-to-marathi-music-director-anil-arun-1195921/ ‘भाई’ हो तो ऐसा!][31 January 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/maifileet-majhya-news/music-knowledge-of-anil-mohile-1189800/ संगीतातले ‘भाई’][17 January 2016]
* [http://www.loksatta.com/vishesh-news/the-importance-of-music-in-film-1183156/ मैफिलीत माझ्या.. : संगीतातले इंटीरिअर डेकोरेटर्स][3 January 2016]

=== [[Sakal|eSakal]] ===
* [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=a41FIF लंडनमध्ये गरजला "महाराष्ट्र माझा"!][7 October 2012]
* [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110904/4841467228019957068.htm अवखळ, अल्लड 'छोटीसी आशा'][4 September 2011]
* [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100625/4854419058079012572.htm माझे गाणे][25 June 2010]
* [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110108/5298438469053234704.htm बिनघोड्याचे जॉकीज्‌!][8 January 2011]

=== [http://www.saptahiksakal.com/saptahiksakal/index.htm Saptahik Sakal] ===
* [http://www.saptahiksakal.com/saptahiksakal/20150726/5028445728344162865.htm मेघ'मल्हार][26 July 2015]

==External links==

=== Video ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xrehm6ovlrQ Exclusive interview of the music director Rahul Ranade and the director Kiran Yadnyopavit on their latest 'Salaam'][2 May 2014]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrO5qrn0-RA Rahul Ranade] talks about Salaam[3 April 2014]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63ql13hKHDQ Rahul Ranade] talks about [[Kaksparsh|Kaaksparsh]][4 May 2012]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmCoilH786Q Rahul Ranade]'s interview on Star Maza by Amit Bhandari [12 August 2010]

=== Audio ===
* {{IMDb name|0709371}}
* [https://www.reverbnation.com/rahulranade Rahul Ranade] at Reverbnation

=== Other ===
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/bandha-mukta-drama-preview-1291549/ 'नाटय़रंग : ‘बंध-मुक्त’ उत्कंठावर्धक मीडिया ट्रायल'] [28 August 2016]
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/drushti-aadchi-srushti-news/creative-artist-story-1290454/ 'सहसर्जनाचा डोळस सोहळा'] [27 August 2016]
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/magna-talyakathi-marathi-drama-review-1246839/ 'नाटय़रंग : ‘मग्न तळ्याकाठी’ मूल्यांची पडझड अन् पारलौकिकाची ओढ'] [4 June 2016]
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/loksatta-review-on-ashad-bar-marathi-play-1238743/ ‘आषाढ बार’ : कॅलिडोस्कोपिक सृजनचिकित्सा'] [15 May 2016]
* Maharashtra Times – [http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/shekhar-khosla-drama-review/articleshow/51836067.cms 'गुंग करणारा नात्याखेळ'] [15 April 2016]
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/all-new-play-ha-shekhar-khosla-kon-aahe-1219905/ ‘हा शेखर खोसला कोण आहे?’] [27 March 2016]
* Loksatta – [http://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/festival-celebrated-on-the-street-1201815/#vuukle_div 'रस्त्यावर उत्सव साजरे करण्याला धर्म समजणे ही चूकच!'] [13 February 2016]
* Maharashtra Times – [http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/articleshow/50760112.cms 'परफेक्ट मिसमॅच: अभिनयातून तरारलेला प्रयोग'] [29 January 2016]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=b3ILAu "सूर कवितांचे" खेडोपाडीही घुमावेत!][21 October 2015]
* The Times of India – '[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Poetry-takes-musical-route-to-score-high-with-students/articleshow/49343495.cms Poetry takes musical route to score high with students]' [13 October 2015]
* The Times of India – [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Gujarat-CM-launches-Sanedo-for-cleanliness/articleshow/49286713.cms Gujarat CM launches 'Sanedo' for cleanliness] [9 October 2015]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=F2JIVP अभ्यासातली 'गाणी' गाऊ चला!][14 October 2015]
* [[The Navhind Times|The Navhind times]] – [http://www.navhindtimes.in/on-the-edge-of-the-seat/ On the edge of the seat][15 April 2015]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=B569AJ आव्वाज कुणाचा... व्हीआयटीचा..].[24 March 2015]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=U57TZL चांगला अन्‌ यशस्वी चित्रपट वेगवेगळा][11 January 2015]
* ZeeTalkies – Celebs Speak – [http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/interview-of-music-director-rahul-ranade.html Music of the film should take the story ahead: Rahul Ranade][September 2014]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=I3KT1C 'मराठी नाटक-चित्रपटांच्या प्रसारासाठी मिक्ता महोत्सव '][21 August 2014]
* Navshakti – [http://navshakti.co.in/thane/179371/ 'मराठी नाटक-चित्रपटांचा सर्वत्र प्रसार होण्यासाठीच `मिफ्ता’ महोत्सव – राहूल रानडे'][19 August 2014]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=G4V8UX मैदानावर भरला आठवणींचा "क्‍लास"][3 March 2014]
* Rang Marathi – [http://rangmarathi.com/swwapnil-joshi-ankush-chaudhari-fight-for-micta-2013/ Swwapnil Joshi, Ankush Chaudhari fight for MICTA 2013][9 September 2013]
* My Theater Cafe – {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161003181200/http://mytheatrecafe.com/interviews/rendezvous-with-rahul-ranade-music-director-zee-gaurav-puraskar/ Rendezvous with Rahul Ranade: More than music]}}[2 July 2013]
* My Theater Cafe – {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161003181155/http://mytheatrecafe.com/reviews/du-cultures-meet/ Du Cultures Meet?]}}[26 May 2013]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=Y5Y31M विंदा, कुसुमाग्रजांचे साहित्य ऑडिओ बुकच्या स्वरुपात][22 February 2013]
* live mint – [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NvPrAmGaIXwz2n18uh05JN/Commemoration--Silents-please.html Commemoration {{!}} Silents please] [25 January 2013]
* SoundBox – [http://www.soundbox.co.in/q-a-with-rahul-ranade/ Q&A with Rahul Ranade][27 August 2012]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110820/4776505929458996147.htm हिंदीशी स्पर्धा करणार मराठी रिऍलिटी शोमधील सेट][20 August 1011]
* eSakal -[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110402/5261054418189024020.htm जळगावकरांसाठी सोमवारी 'बाजीराव मस्त मी'चा प्रयोग] [2 April 2011]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110330/5287463213011743637.htm 'सकाळ'तर्फे गुढीपाडव्यास विनोदी नाटकाची मेजवानी][30 March 2011]
* Dadar Matunga Cultural Center – [http://www.dadarmatungaculturalcentre.org/art_sm.php संगीतकारांची मांदियाळी][December 2010]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101118/5660198851279472599.htm उत्तम सादरीकरणाने इंद्रधनुष्य स्पर्धा रंगली][18 November 2010]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101117/4974855457550750140.htm 'सुंबरान' चित्रपटाच्या संगीत अल्बमचे प्रकाशन][17 November 2010]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100829/5508384693718398024.htm भरकटलेल्या तरुणाईची अचूक "पारख"][29 August 2010]
* eSakal – [http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091221/5387202402647156490.htm विनागुरूच्या कलेने ऑडिशन्स फेरी][21 December 2009]

== References ==
* http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/
* http://www.livemint.com/
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
* http://www.loksatta.com/?s=rahul+ranade
* http://www.saptahiksakal.com/saptahiksakal/index.htm
* http://online3.esakal.com/
* http://note.taable.com/post/1EE7A2/Kaksparsh/2b-79-3850T-533-8145643T-T4383844
* http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/keshavrao-bhole-and-manik-varma-awards-declared-1046658/
* http://kiffindia.com/awards.html
* http://navshakti.co.in/
* [http://www.tarunbharat.com/?p=338538 http://www.tarunbharat.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Rahul}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Music directors]]
[[Category:Musicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

2026-04-19T16:20:53Z

JudithBehan6: adding new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NPC = IND
| NPCname = [[Paralympic Committee of India]]
| games = Summer Paralympics
| year = 2024
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|www.paralympicindia.org.in|Paralympic India}}
| location = [[Paris]], France
| start_date = {{start date|2024|8|28}}
| end_date = {{end date|2024|9|8}}
| competitors = 84
| sports = 12
| flagbearer_open = [[Bhagyashree Jadhav]] [[Sumit Antil]]
| flagbearer_close = [[Preethi Pal]] [[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]]
| rank = 18
| gold = 7
| silver = 9
| bronze = 13
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year =
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

India competed at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Paris]] from 28 August to 8 September 2024. The nation made its official debut at the [[1968 Summer Paralympics]] and has appeared in every edition of the [[Summer Paralympic Games|Summer Paralympics]] since [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984]]. This was India's 13th appearance at the Summer Paralympics.

India sent a contingent consisting of 84 athletes competing across 12 sports in the Paralympic Games. [[Bhagyashree Jadhav]] and [[Sumit Antil]] were the [[2024 Summer Paralympics Parade of Nations|flag bearers]] during the [[2024 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]]. Later, [[Preethi Pal]] and [[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]] served as the flag bearers during the [[2024 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].

India won 29 medals including seven gold, nine silver, and thirteen bronze medals. This marked India's highest ever medal tally in Paralympic Games surpassing the tally of 19 medals won in the [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Games]].

== Background ==
The [[Paralympic Committee of India]] was formed in 1994, five years after the [[International Paralympic Committee]] was established in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympicindia.com/who-we-are/|title=Paralympic India: Who are we?|work=[[Paralympic Committee of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712113955/https://www.paralympicindia.com/who-we-are/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history|title=History of IPC|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130085921/https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history|url-status=live}}</ref> The nation made its [[India at the 1968 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics debut]] in [[1968 Paralympics|1968]] and have appeared in every edition of the Summer Paralympic Games since 1984. This edition of the Games marked the nation's 13th appearance at the Summer Paralympics.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-at-the-paralympics-a-brief-history|title=India at the Paralympics: A brief history|date=19 December 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133210/https://olympics.com/en/news/india-at-the-paralympics-a-brief-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

India had won 31 medals across Paralympic Games with the most successful Paralympic campaign being the [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Tokyo edition]] with 19 medals including five gold, eight silver and six bronze medals.<ref name="All">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-paralympics-medals|title=India's Paralympics medal winners: The full list|date=24 August 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Medal">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-tokyo-2020-paralympics-medal|title=India's Tokyo 2020 Paralympics medal winners|date=5 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816045006/https://olympics.com/en/news/india-tokyo-2020-paralympics-medal|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian contingent for the 2024 Games consisted of 84 people across 12 sports.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-paris-2024-paralympics|title=All Indian athletes qualified for Paris 2024 Paralympics|date=16 August 2024|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904073222/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-paris-2024-paralympics|url-status=live}}</ref> Athletes [[Bhagyashree Jadhav]] and [[Sumit Antil]] were the [[2024 Summer Paralympics Parade of Nations|flag bearers]] for the [[2024 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/paralympic-games-indian-contingent-led-out-by-sumit-antil-bhagyashri-jadhav-at-opening-ceremony/article68579929.ece|title=Paralympic Games: Indian contingent led out by Sumit Antil, Bhagyashri Jadhav at opening ceremony|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2024|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref> [[Preethi Pal]] and [[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]] served as the flag bearers of the [[2024 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/harvinder-singh-preeti-pal-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-paralympics-closing-ceremony/article68613591.ece|title=Harvinder Singh, Preeti Pal to be India's flag-bearers for closing ceremony|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914134931/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/harvinder-singh-preeti-pal-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-paralympics-closing-ceremony/article68613591.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Medal summary ==
{{main|2024 Summer Paralympics medal table}}
India won 29 medals including seven gold, nine silver, and thirteen bronze medals.<ref name="Winner">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-medal-india-tally-winners-table|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics medal tally: India's results, medal table - full list and table|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830220844/https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-medal-india-tally-winners-table|url-status=live}}</ref> The Games marked India's highest ever medal tally at the Paralympics.<ref name="All"/> The medal haul included four instances of multiple podium finish in the same event.<ref name="Winner"/>

=== Gold medalists ===
[[Avani Lekhara]] won India's first gold medal in the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|women's 10 m air rifle]] event. This was Lekhara's second consecutive gold medal in the event and she became first Indian woman athlete to win multiple medals at the Paralympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-shooting-avani-lekhara-india-gold-medal|title=Avani Lekhara becomes first Indian woman to win two gold medals at Paralympics|date=30 August 2024|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904073227/https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-shooting-avani-lekhara-india-gold-medal|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kumar Nitesh]] won the country's second gold medal in the Games at the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|badminton]] events. He won the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|men's singles SL3]] event, in which compatriot [[Pramod Bhagat]] had won the gold medal in the [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|previous Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Nitesh Kumar Bags Gold Medal In Para-badminton With Thrilling Win In Final, Takes India's Medal Tally To 9|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/paris-paralympics-2024-nitesh-kumar-bags-gold-medal-in-parabadminton-with-thrilling-win-in-final-takes-indias-medal-tally-to9-10184887|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902120703/https://english.jagran.com/lite/sports/paris-paralympics-2024-nitesh-kumar-bags-gold-medal-in-parabadminton-with-thrilling-win-in-final-takes-indias-medal-tally-to9-10184887|url-status=live}}</ref> Sumit Antil became the first Indian male athlete to win back-to-back gold medals in the same event after his victory in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F64|men's javelin throw F64]] event. He also set two Paralympic records in the process.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sumit Antil breaks Paralympic record to win javelin gold, defends title in Paris|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/sumit-antil-breaks-paralympic-record-to-win-javelin-gold-defends-title-in-paris-101725299668531-amp.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904073331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/sumit-antil-breaks-paralympic-record-to-win-javelin-gold-defends-title-in-paris-101725299668531-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Harvinder Singh won India's first Paralympic gold medal in [[Archery at the Paralympics|archery]]. This was his second medal after the bronze he won at the previous Games.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 September 2024|title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Harvinder Singh wins India's first-ever gold medal in archery|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/harvinder-singh-wins-gold-medal-archery-paris-2024-paralympics-men-recurve-open-final-score-results-details/article68606619.ece/|access-date=4 September 2024|work=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909095138/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/harvinder-singh-wins-gold-medal-archery-paris-2024-paralympics-men-recurve-open-final-score-results-details/article68606619.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dharambir Nain]] won India's fifth gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|men's club throw F51]] event.<ref name="Club">{{cite news|date=4 September 2024|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Dharambir wins gold with new Asian Record in men's club throw F51, Pranav clinches silver|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/dharambir-wins-gold-medal-pranav-silver-paris-2024-paralympics-men-club-throw-f51-final-amit-saroha-india-results/article68605709.ece|access-date=4 September 2024|work=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909095136/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/dharambir-wins-gold-medal-pranav-silver-paris-2024-paralympics-men-club-throw-f51-final-amit-saroha-india-results/article68605709.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]] won India's third athletics gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T64|men's high jump T64]] event.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 September 2024|title=Praveen Kumar wins India's record-breaking sixth gold at Paris Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paris-paralympics-praveen-kumar-gold-men-high-jump-t64-asian-record-2595039-2024-09-06|access-date=9 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Navdeep Singh (athlete)|Navdeep Singh]], who had earlier finished second in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F41|men's javelin throw F41]] event, was awarded the gold medal after [[Iran at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Iran's]] [[Sadegh Beit Sayah|Sadegh Sayah]] was disqualified. Navdeep's throw of 47.32 meters also set a new Paralympic record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/why-was-iranian-javelin-thrower-sadegh-beit-sayah-disqualified-and-stripped-of-gold-at-paris-paralympics-101725759632322.html|title=Why did Iranian athlete Sadegh Beit Sayah get disqualified and lead to Navdeep's gold upgrade at Paralympics?|date=8 September 2024|access-date=8 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Silver medalists ===
[[Manish Narwal]] won India's first silver medal of the Games in the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P1 Men's 10 metre air pistol SH1|men's 10 m air pistol]] event, which was his second medal after his gold medal at the previous Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-shooting-manish-narwal-india-silver-medal|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Manish Narwal wins silver medal in 10m air pistol shooting|date=30 August 2024|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831094804/https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-shooting-manish-narwal-india-silver-medal|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nishad Kumar]] and [[Yogesh Kathuniya]] won silver medals in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T47|men's high jump T47]] and the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw F56|men's discus throw F56]] events respectively, in a repeat of their performance from [[Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games|Tokyo 2020]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/nishad-kumar-clinches-silver-in-mens-high-jump-indias-paris-paralympics-medal-tally-up-to-7-101725219626789.html|title=Nishad Kumar clinches silver in men's high jump, India's Paris Paralympics medal tally up to 7|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902005934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/nishad-kumar-clinches-silver-in-mens-high-jump-indias-paris-paralympics-medal-tally-up-to-7-101725219626789.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-discus-throw-yogesh-kathuniya-silver-medal|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Yogesh Kathuniya left wanting for more after winning silver medal in discus throw|work=[[Olympics.com]]|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> [[Thulasimathi Murugesan]] won the only Indian silver medal at the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SU5|women's badminton]] event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/paris-paralympics-thulasimathi-murugesan-silver-family-modest-means-9546699/|title=Shuttler Thulasimathi Murugesan takes silver, vindication for family of modest means|date=3 September 2024|access-date=3 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903024328/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/paris-paralympics-thulasimathi-murugesan-silver-family-modest-means-9546699/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Suhas Yathiraj]] won a silver medal for the second consecutive Games in the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL4|men's singles SL4]] para-badminton event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/suhas-yathiraj-signs-off-with-back-to-back-badminton-silver-at-paralympics-101725296670751.html|title=Suhas Yathiraj signs off with back-to-back badminton silver at Paralympics|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902192720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/suhas-yathiraj-signs-off-with-back-to-back-badminton-silver-at-paralympics-101725296670751.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ajeet Singh Yadav]] won the silver medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F46|men's javelin throw F46]] event.<ref name="F46">{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-javelin-throw-ajeet-singh-sundar-singh-medals|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Ajeet Singh clinches silver medal in javelin throw, Sundar Singh Gurjar wins bronze|date=4 September 2024|access-date=4 September 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> [[Sharad Kumar (athlete)|Sharad Kumar]] won his second Paralympic medal, a silver in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T63|men's high jump T63]] event.<ref name="T63">{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-high-jump-sharad-kumar-mariyappan-thangavelu-medal|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Sharad Kumar wins silver medal in high jump, Mariyappan Thangavelu bags bronze|date=4 September 2024|access-date=4 September 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904184324/https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-high-jump-sharad-kumar-mariyappan-thangavelu-medal|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sachin Sarjerao Khilari|Sachin Khilari]] won India's fifth athletics silver medal, finishing second in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F46|men's shot put F46]] event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/world-champion-sachin-khilari-wins-silver-in-mens-shot-put-f46-in-paralympics-6488129|title=World Champion Sachin Khilari Wins Silver In Men's Shot Put (F46) In Paralympics|work=[[NDTV]]|date=4 September 2024|access-date=4 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904093952/https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/world-champion-sachin-khilari-wins-silver-in-mens-shot-put-f46-in-paralympics-6488129|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bronze medalists ===
[[Mona Agarwal]] won India's first bronze medal at the Games in the women's 10 m air rifle event in which Lekhara won the gold medal.<ref name="Winner"/> Preethi Pal won India's first ever track medal in [[Athletics at the Summer Paralympics|athletics]] by winning a bronze medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T35|women's 100 m T35]] event. Pal became the only Indian multi-medalist in the Games after she won her second bronze in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T35|women's 200 m T35]] event.<ref name="Pal">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/paris-paralympics-2024-preeti-pal-wins-her-2nd-medal-bronze-in-womens-200m-t35-9035489.html|title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Preeti Pal Wins Her 2nd Medal, Bronze in Women's 200m T35|work=[[News18]]|date=2 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901212623/https://www.news18.com/sports/paris-paralympics-2024-preeti-pal-wins-her-2nd-medal-bronze-in-womens-200m-t35-9035489.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rubina Francis]] won India's fourth shooting medal with a bronze in the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P2 Women's 10 metre air pistol SH1|women's 10 m air pistol]] event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/who-is-rubina-francis-indias-history-maker-who-once-struggled-to-stay-steady-now-a-medallist-at-paris-paralympics-101725194800180.html|title=Who is Rubina Francis? India's history-maker who once struggled to stay steady, now a medallist at Paris|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=1 September 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904073808/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/who-is-rubina-francis-indias-history-maker-who-once-struggled-to-stay-steady-now-a-medallist-at-paris-paralympics-101725194800180.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheetal Devi]] became the youngest Indian Paralympic medalist after she won a bronze medal in the [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|compound archery]] event along with [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/sheetal-devi-bronze-youngest-indian-paralympics-medallist-paris-2024-age-archery-mixed-team-compound-event/article68598613.ece/|title=Archer Sheetal Devi becomes youngest Indian Paralympic medallist, wins bronze in mixed team event in Paris|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=3 September 2024|access-date=3 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904073725/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/sheetal-devi-bronze-youngest-indian-paralympics-medallist-paris-2024-age-archery-mixed-team-compound-event/article68598613.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manisha Ramadass]] and [[Nithya Sre Sivan|Nithya Sivan]] won bronze medals in women's para-badminton events to take the Indian medal tally in the badminton events to five.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 September 2024|title=Paralympics: India's Nithya Sre Sivan bags bronze in badminton SH6 category|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paralympics-nithya-sre-sivan-bags-bronze-badminton-2592554-2024-09-03|access-date=3 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903001354/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/paralympics/story/paralympics-nithya-sre-sivan-bags-bronze-badminton-2592554-2024-09-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Deepthi Jeevanji]] became the youngest Indian track medalist at the Paralympic Games after she won the bronze medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 400 metres T20|women's 400 m T20]] race.<ref>{{cite news|last=Malik|first=Varun|date=3 September 2024|title=Deepthi Jeevanji clinches bronze in women's 400m event at Paris Paralympic Games 2024|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/deepthi-jeevanji-clinches-bronze-in-womens-400m-event-at-paris-paralympic-games-2024-2024-09-03-950239|access-date=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903171425/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/sports/other/deepthi-jeevanji-clinches-bronze-in-womens-400m-event-at-paris-paralympic-games-2024-2024-09-03-950239|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sundar Singh Gurjar]] won a bronze medal in the men's javelin throw F46 event, which was his second medal after he finished third in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F46|same event in the previous Games]].<ref name="F46"/> [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] won a medal for the third successive Paralympic Games with a bronze in the men's high jump event.<ref name="T63"/> [[Kapil Parmar]] won a bronze medal in [[Judo at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Judo]], which was India's first Paralympic medal in the sport.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 2024|title=Kapil Parmar scripts history, wins India's first-ever Paralympic medal in judo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/kapil-parmar-wins-india-first-ever-paralympic-medal-in-judo-2594520-2024-09-05|access-date=5 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=5 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905145214/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/paralympics/story/kapil-parmar-wins-india-first-ever-paralympic-medal-in-judo-2594520-2024-09-05|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hokato Hotozhe Sema]] won a bronze medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F57|men's shot put F57]] event and [[Simran Sharma]] won India's final bronze medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T12|women's 200 metres T12]] event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-shot-put-hokato-hotozhe-sema-bronze-medal|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics: Armyman Hokato Hotozhe Sema wins bronze medal in shot put|date=7 September 2024|access-date=7 September 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907000837/https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-india-shot-put-hokato-hotozhe-sema-bronze-medal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/navdeep-singhs-gold-simran-sharmas-bronze-take-indias-paralympic-tally-to-29/article68619438.ece|title=Navdeep Singh's gold, Simran Sharma's bronze take India's Paralympic tally to 29|date=7 September 2024|access-date=7 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909011259/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/navdeep-singhs-gold-simran-sharmas-bronze-take-indias-paralympic-tally-to-29/article68619438.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Medalists ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|+Medalists <ref name="Winner"/>
|-
!style="width:5em"| Medal
!style="width:12em"| Name
!style="width:9em"| Sport
!style="width:20em"| Event
!style="width:6em"| Date
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Avani Lekhara]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|Women's R2 10 m air rifle standing SH1]]
| 30 August
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Kumar Nitesh]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|Men's singles SL3]]
| rowspan="2"|2 September
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Sumit Antil]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F64|Men's javelin throw F64]]
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]]
| [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Archery]]
| [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual recurve open|Individual recurve open]]
| rowspan="2" | 4 September
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Dharambir Nain]]
| rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|Club throw F51]]
|-
| {{gold1}} Gold
| [[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T64|High jump T64]]
| 6 September
|-
|{{gold1}} Gold
| [[Navdeep Singh (athlete)|Navdeep Singh]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F41|Javelin throw F41]]
| 7 September
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Manish Narwal]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P1 Men's 10 metre air pistol SH1|Men's P1 10 m air pistol SH1]]
| 30 August
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Nishad Kumar]]
| rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T47| Men's high jump T47]]
| 1 September
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Yogesh Kathuniya]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw F56| Men's discus throw F56]]
| rowspan="3"|2 September
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Thulasimathi Murugesan]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SU5|Women's singles SU5]]
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Suhas Yathiraj]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL4|Men's singles SL4]]
|-
|{{silver2}} Silver
|[[Ajeet Singh Yadav]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F46|Javelin throw F46]]
| rowspan="2" |3 September
|-
|{{silver2}} Silver
|[[Sharad Kumar (athlete)|Sharad Kumar]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T63|High jump T63]]
|-
|{{silver2}} Silver
|[[Sachin Sarjerao Khilari|Sachin Khilari]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F46|Men's shot put F46]]
| rowspan="2"|4 September
|-
| {{silver2}} Silver
| [[Pranav Soorma]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|Club throw F51]]
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Mona Agarwal]]
|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|Women's R2 10 m air rifle standing SH1]]
| rowspan="2" |30 August
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Preethi Pal]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T35|Women's 100 m T35]]
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Rubina Francis]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P2 Women's 10 metre air pistol SH1|Women's P2 10 metre air pistol SH1]]
| 31 August
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Preethi Pal]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T35|Women's 200 m T35]]
| 1 September
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Manisha Ramadass]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SU5|Women's singles SU5]]
| rowspan="3"|2 September
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Sheetal Devi]] [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]]
| [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Archery]]
| [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|Mixed team compound]]
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Nithya Sre Sivan|Nithya Sivan]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SH6|Women's singles SH6]]
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Deepthi Jeevanji]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 400 metres T20|Women's 400 m T20]]
| rowspan="3"|3 September
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T63|Men's high jump T63]]
|-
| {{bronze3}} Bronze
| [[Sundar Singh Gurjar]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F46|Men's javelin throw F46]]
|-
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|[[Kapil Parmar]]
|[[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Judo]]
|[[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 60 kg J1|Men's J1 -60 kg]]
|5 September
|-
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|[[Hokato Hotozhe Sema]]
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F57|Men's Shot put F57]]
|6 September
|-
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|[[Simran Sharma]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T12|Women's 200 m T12]]
|7 September
|}

=== Summary ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible"style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+Medals by sport
|-
!Sport
!width=40 style="background-color:gold;"|{{gold1}}
!width=40 style="background-color:silver;"|{{silver2}}
!width=40 style="background-color:#c96;"|{{bronze3}}
!width=40 |Total
|-
|align=left|[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;"|4
|style="background:#DCE5E5;"|6
|style="background:#FFDAB9;"|7
!17
|-
|align=left|[[File:Badminton pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;"|1
|style="background:#DCE5E5;"|2
|style="background:#FFDAB9;"|2
!5
|-
|align=left|[[File:Shooting pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;"|1
|style="background:#DCE5E5;"|1
|style="background:#FFDAB9;"|2
!4
|-
|align=left|[[File:Archery pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Archery]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;"|1
|style="background:#DCE5E5;"|0
|style="background:#FFDAB9;"|1
!2
|-
|align=left|[[File:Judo pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] [[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Judo]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;"|0
|style="background:#DCE5E5;"|0
|style="background:#FFDAB9;"|1
!1
|-
!Total
!style="background:gold;"|7
!style="background:silver;"|9
!style="background:#c96;"|13
!29
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+|Medals by day
|-
!Day
!Date
!width=40 style="background-color:gold;"|{{gold1}}
!width=40 style="background-color:silver;"|{{silver2}}
!width=40 style="background-color:#c96;"|{{bronze3}}
!width=40 |Total
|-
|1
|align=left|29 August
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"| 0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"| 0
!0
|-
|2
|align=left|30 August
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 1
|style="background:#dce5e5;"| 1
|style="background:#ffdab9;"| 2
!4
|-
|3
|align=left|31 August
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|1
!1
|-
|4
|align=left|{{nowrap|1 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|1
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|1
!2
|-
|5
|align=left|{{nowrap|2 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|2
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|3
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|3
!8
|-
|6
|align=left|{{nowrap|3 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|2
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|3
!5
|-
|7
|align=left|{{nowrap|4 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|2
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|2
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|0
!4
|-
|8
|align=left|{{nowrap|5 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|1
!1
|-
|9
|align=left|{{nowrap|6 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|1
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|1
!2
|-
|10
|align=left|{{nowrap|7 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|1
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|1
!2
|-
|11
|align=left|{{nowrap|8 September}}
|style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0
|style="background:#dce5e5;"|0
|style="background:#ffdab9;"|0
!0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!style="background:gold;"|7
!style="background:silver;"|9
!style="background:#c96;"|13
!29
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+Medals by gender
|-
!Gender
!width=40 style="background-color:gold;"|{{gold1}}
!width=40 style="background-color:silver;"|{{silver2}}
!width=40 style="background-color:#c96;"|{{bronze3}}
!width=40 |Total
|-
|align=left|Male
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |6
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |8
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |4
!18
|-
|align=left|Female
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |1
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |1
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |8
!10
|-
|align=left|Mixed
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
!1
|-
!Total
!style="background:gold"|7
!style="background:silver"|9
!style="background:#c96"|13
!29
|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+Multiple medalists
|-
!Name
!Sport
!width=30 style="background-color:gold;"|{{gold1}}
!width=30 style="background-color:silver;"|{{silver2}}
!width=30 style="background-color:#c96;"|{{bronze3}}
!Total
|-
|[[Preethi Pal]]
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
|bgcolor=F7F6A8|0
|bgcolor=DCE5E5|0
|bgcolor=FFDAB9|2
!2
|}

{{col-break}}
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

== Competitors ==
The Indian contingent consisted of 84 athletes who took part in 74 medal events across 12 sports.<ref name="List"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Sport
!Men
!Women
!Total
|-
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Archery]]
| 3 || 3 || 6
|-
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]
| 28 || 10 || 38
|-
| align=left|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton]]
| 7 || 6 || 13
|-
| align=left|[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Cycling]]
| 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Judo]]
|1 ||1 ||2
|-
| align=left|[[Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Paracanoeing]]
| 1 || 2 || 3
|-
|align=left|[[Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Powerlifting]]
|2 ||2 ||4
|-
| align=left|[[Rowing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Rowing]]
| 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]]
| 7 || 3 || 10
|-
| align=left|[[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Swimming]]
| 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Table tennis]]
| 0 || 2 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Taekwondo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Taekwondo]]
| 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! Total !! 52 !! 32 !! 84
|}

== Archery ==
{{main|Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

India entered six athletes in [[compound archery|compound]] and [[recurve archery|recurve]] events by their result at the [[2023 World Para Archery Championships]] held in [[Plzeň]], Czechia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olszewska serves two thrillers to grab Paris 2024 quota and reach final|url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/201292/olszewska-serves-two-thrillers-grab-paris-2024-quota-and-reach-final|work=[[World Archery]]|date=21 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523210124/https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/201292/olszewska-serves-two-thrillers-grab-paris-2024-quota-and-reach-final|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Compound
The ranking round was held on 29 August 2024. In the men's ranking round, [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]] and [[Shyam Sundar Swami]] finished fifth and fifteenth respectively. [[Sheetal Devi]] scored 703 points in the women's ranking round to finish second and [[Sarita Adhana]] was ranked ninth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Sheetal Devi finishes second in compound archery ranking round, misses world record by one point|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/paralympics-2024-india-archery-ranking-round-results-sheetal-devi-sarita-harvinder-shyam-sundar-rakesh-pooja-13809552.html|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 August 2024|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> In the mixed team rankings, Kumar and Devi scored 1399 points to break the previous world record held by Kumar and Adhana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paralympics 2024 Para-Archery: Compound mixed team creates world record in ranking rounds - Highlights|url=https://thebridge.in/paralympics-2024/paralympics-2024-para-archery-live-49339|work=The Bridge|date=29 August 2024|access-date=29 August 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901052831/https://thebridge.in/paralympics-2024/paralympics-2024-para-archery-live-49339|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the men's individual round, Shyam Sundar Swamy had an early exit after losing to Thailand's [[Comsan Singpirom]] in the round of 32. Rakesh Kumar won his round of 32 match easily, but his next two matches were decided on the basis of shoot-offs, with Kumar emerging victorious both times and securing his place in the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, Kumar faced [[Ai Xinliang]] of China, where Kumar suffered his first defeat by 143–145. He lost to China's [[He Zihao]] by a narrow margin of just one point in the bronze medal match and finished fourth in the category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rakesh Kumar Misses Paralympics Archery Bronze By A Point | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/rakesh-kumar-misses-paralympics-archery-bronze-by-a-point-6468749|publisher=NDTV Sports|date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

Sheetal Devi got a bye in the round of 32. In the round of 16, she lost to [[Archery at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual compound open|2020 Games silver medalist]] [[Mariana Zúñiga]] by just one point. Sarita Adhana won her first two matches by easy margins but lost the quarterfinal match against eventual gold medalist [[Öznur Cüre]] and finished sixth in the women's individual category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paralympics 2024: Heartbreak for Sheetal Devi and Other Highlights from Day 3 | url=https://thebridge.in/paralympics-2024/paralympics-day-3-highlights-sheetal-devi-49400|publisher=The Bridge|date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Paralympics 2024: Sheetal Devi, Sarita Kumari Paris Paralympics 2024 Highlights: Sheetal loses in last 16; Sarita ousted in QF | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sheetal-devi-and-sarita-kumari-paris-paralympics-2024-para-archery-medal-live-updates-9543361/|publisher=Indian Express|date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Ranking Round
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2" |Finals / BM
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual compound open|Men's individual]]
|696
|5
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Aliou Drame|Drame]]|SEN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 136–131
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Ken Swagumilang|Swagumilang]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 144–144 {{abbr|SO|Decision by Shoot-off}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Kyle Tremblay|Tremblay]]|CAN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 144–144 {{abbr|SO|Decision by Shoot-off}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Ai Xinliang|Xinliang]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 143–145
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[He Zihao|Zihao]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 146–147
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Shyam Sundar Swami]]
|688
|15
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Comsan Singpirom|Singpirom]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 138–138 {{abbr|SO|Decision by Shoot-off}}
|colspan="4" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|17
|-
|align=left|[[Sheetal Devi]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual compound open|Women's individual]]
|703
|2
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mariana Zúñiga|Zúñiga]]|CHI|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 137–138
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|9
|-
|align=left|[[Sarita Adhana]]
|682
|9
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Nur Jannaton|Jannaton]]|MAS|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 138–124
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Eleonora Sarti|Sarti]]|ITA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 141–135
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Öznur Cüre|Cüre]]|TUR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 140–145
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|6
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sheetal Devi]] [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|Mixed team]]
|1399 '''{{abbr|WR|World Record}}'''
|1
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Teodora Audi Ayudia Ferelly|Ferelly]] / [[Ken Swagumilang|Swagumilang]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 154–143
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Fatemeh Hemmati|Hemmati]] / [[Hadi Nori|Nori]]|IRI|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 152–152 {{abbr|SO|Decision by Shoot-off}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Matteo Bonacina|Bonacina]] / [[Eleonora Sarti|Sarti]]|ITA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 156–155
|{{Bronze3}}
|}

;Recurve
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Ranking Round
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2" |Finals
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual recurve open|Men's individual]]
|637
|9
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Tseng Lung-hui|Lung-hui]]|TPE|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 7–3
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Setiawan Setiawan|Setiawan]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Héctor Ramírez (archer)|Ramírez]]|COL|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mohammad Reza Arab Ameri|Arab Ameri]]|IRI|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 7–3
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Łukasz Ciszek|Ciszek]]|POL|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 6–0
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Pooja Jatyan]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual recurve open|Women's individual]]
|585
|7
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Yağmur Şengül|Şengül]]|TUR|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 6–0
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Wu Chunyan|Chunyan]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 4–6
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Harvinder Singh (archer)|Harvinder Singh]] [[Pooja Jatyan]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team recurve|Mixed team]]
|1222
|5
|{{n/a}}
|{{FlagIPCathlete|[[Taymon Kenton-Smith|Kenton-Smith]] / [[AJ Jennings|Jennings]]|AUS|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 5–4
|{{FlagIPCathlete|[[Łukasz Ciszek|Ciszek]] / [[Milena Olszewska|Olszewska]]|POL|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 6–0
|{{FlagIPCathlete|[[Stefano Travisani|Travisani]] / [[Elisabetta Mijno|Mijno]]|ITA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 2–6
|{{FlagIPCathlete|[[Dejan Fabčič|Fabčič]] / [[Živa Lavrinc|Lavrinc]] |SLO|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 4–5
|4
|}

== Athletics ==
{{main|Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

Indian athletes achieved quota places based on their results at the [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships|2023]] and [[2024 World Para Athletics Championships]], or through allocation quotas, provided they have met the minimum entry standard (MES) for the respective events. The athletics contingent consisted of 38 members including 10 women.<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=[[Sportstar]] |archive-date=2024-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814190845/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2024 |title=Paralympics 2024: India to send their biggest ever contingent to Paris |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/india-biggest-contingent-paris-paralympics-49084 |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Bridge |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814200801/https://thebridge.in/para-sports/india-biggest-contingent-paris-paralympics-49084 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Track events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|rowspan="2" align=left|'''[[Preethi Pal]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T35|Women's 100 m T35]]
|rowspan=2 colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|14.21 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
| {{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T35|Women's 200 m T35]]
|30.01 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|rowspan="2" align=left|'''[[Simran Sharma]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T12|Women's 100 m T12]]
|12.17
|1 '''Q''' '''{{AthAbbr|SB}}'''
|12.33
|2 '''q'''
|12.31
|4
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres#T12|Women's 200 m T12]]
|25.41
|1 '''Q'''
|25.03
|1 '''Q'''
|24.75 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Deepthi Jeevanji]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 400 metres T20|Women's 400 m T20]]
|55.45
|1 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 rowspan=3 {{n/a}}
|55.82
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rakshitha Raju]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 1500 metres T11|Women's 1500 m T11]]
|5:29.92
|4
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dilip Gavit]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 400 metres#T47|Men's 400 m T47]]
|49.54
|3 '''Q''' '''{{AthAbbr|SB}}'''
|49.99
|8
|}
{{smalldiv|1=
Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
}}

;Men's field events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! Athlete
! Event
! Result
! Rank
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Dharambir Nain]]'''
|align="left" rowspan="3" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|Club throw F51]]
|34.92 '''{{AthAbbr|AR}}'''
|{{Gold1}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Pranav Soorma]]'''
|34.59
|{{Silver2}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Amit Kumar Saroha]]
|23.96
|10
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Yogesh Kathuniya]]'''
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's discus throw F56|Discus throw F56]]
|42.22 '''{{AthAbbr|SB}}'''
|{{Silver2}}
|-align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Sharad Kumar (athlete)|Sharad Kumar]]'''
|rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T63|High jump T63]]
|1.88
|{{Silver2}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Mariyappan Thangavelu]]'''
|1.85
|{{Bronze3}}
|- align="center"
| align="left" |[[Shailesh Kumar (para-athlete)|Shailesh Kumar]]
|1.85
|4
|-align=center
| align="left" |'''[[Nishad Kumar]]'''
|align="left" rowspan="2" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T47|High jump T47]]
|2.04 '''{{AthAbbr|SB}}'''
|{{Silver2}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Rampal Chahar]]
|1.95 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|7
|-align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]]'''
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump T64|High jump T64]]
|2.08 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}} {{AthAbbr|AR}}'''
|{{Gold1}}
|-align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Navdeep Singh (athlete)|Navdeep Singh]]'''
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F41|Javelin throw F41]]
|47.32 '''{{AthAbbr|PR}} {{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|{{Gold1}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Ajeet Singh Yadav]]'''
|rowspan="3" align="left"|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F46|Javelin throw F46]]
|65.62
|{{Silver2}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Rinku Hooda]]
|61.58
|5
|-align=center
|align="left" |'''[[Sundar Singh Gurjar]]'''
|64.96
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Dipesh Kumar]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F54|Javelin throw F54]]
|26.11
|7
|-align="center"
|align="left" |[[Praveen Kumar (born 1992)|Praveen Kumar]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw#F57|Javelin throw F57]]
|42.12
|8
|-align="center"
|align="left" |[[Sandip Sanjay Sargar|Sandip Sargar]]
| rowspan="3" align="left"|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw F64|Javelin throw F64]]
|58.03
|7
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Sandeep Chaudhary]]
|62.80
|4
|-align=center
| align="left" |'''[[Sumit Antil]]'''
|70.59 '''{{AthAbbr|PR}}'''
|{{Gold1}}
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Arvind Malik]]
| align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - Men's shot put F35|Shot put F35]]
|13.01 '''{{AthAbbr|SB}}'''
|6
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Manu (para athlete)|Manu Manu]]
|align="left"| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F37|Shot put F37]]
|13.86
|6
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Ravi Rongali]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F40|Shot put F40]]
|10.63 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|5
|-align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Sachin Sarjerao Khilari|Sachin Khilari]]'''
| rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F46|Shot put F46]]
|16.32 '''{{AthAbbr|AR}}'''
|{{Silver2}}
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Mohd Yasser]]
|14.21
|8
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Rohit Kumar (para athlete)|Rohit Kumar]]
|14.10
|9
|-align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Hokato Hotozhe Sema]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put F57|Shot put F57]]
|14.65 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Soman Rana]]
|14.07
|5
|}

;Women's field events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! Athlete
! Event
! Result
! Rank
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Kanchan Lakhani]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's discus throw F53|Discus throw F53]]
|10.06 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|7
|-align="center"
|align="left" |[[Sakshi Kasana]]
| align="left" rowspan="2" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw F55]]
|21.49
|8
|-align="center"
|align="left" |[[Karamjyoti Dalal]]
|20.22
|9
|-align="center"
| align="left" |[[Bhavanaben Ajabaji Chaudhary|Bhavanaben Chaudhary]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's javelin throw#F46|Javelin throw F46]]
|39.70 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|5
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Bhagyashree Jadhav]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's shot put F34|Shot put F34]]
|7.28
|5
|-align=center
|align="left" |[[Amisha Rawat]]
|align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's shot put#F46|Shot put F46]]
|9.25 '''{{AthAbbr|PB}}'''
|14
|}

{{smalldiv|1=
;Legend
*'''Q''' = Qualified for the next round
*'''q''' = Qualified for the next round (next fastest)
*'''PR''' = Paralympic Record
*'''AR''' = Area (or continental) record
*'''NR''' = National record
*'''WR''' = World record
*'''SB''' = Season's best
*'''PB''' = Personal best}}

== Badminton ==
{{main|Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

India qualified ten para badminton players through the [[Badminton World Federation]] para-badminton Race to Paris Paralympic rankings.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Paralympic Games Para Badminton Qualifiers List |url=https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/5012/docs/Paris%202024%20PG%20-%20Qualifiers%20List.pdf |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[Badminton World Federation]] |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605140724/https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/5012/docs/Paris%202024%20PG%20-%20Qualifiers%20List.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Manoj Sarkar]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|Singles SL3]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Kumar Nitesh|Nitesh]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (13–21, 21–18, 18–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Mongkhon Bunsun|Bunsun]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (19-21, 8-21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Yang Jianyuan|Yang]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–15, 21–11)
|3
|rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Kumar Nitesh]]'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Manoj Sarkar|Sarkar]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–13, 18–21, 21–18)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Yang Jianyuan|Yang]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–5, 21–11)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Mongkhon Bunsun|Bunsun]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–14)
|1 '''Q'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Daisuke Fujihara|Fujihara]]|JPN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–16, 21–12)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Daniel Bethell|Bethell]]|GBR|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–14, 18–21, 23–21)
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Suhas Yathiraj]]'''
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL4|Singles SL4]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Hikmat Ramdani|Ramdani]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–7, 21–5)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Shin Kyung-hwan|Shin]]|KOR|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (26–24, 21–14)
|rowspan=3 {{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|rowspan=3 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Sukant Kadam|Kadam]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–17, 21–12)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Lucas Mazur|Mazur]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (9–21, 13–21)
|{{Silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Sukant Kadam]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mohd Amin Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin]]|MAS|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (17–21, 21–15, 22–20)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Siripong Teamarrom|Teamarrom]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–12)
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Yathiraj]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (17–21, 12–21)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Fredy Setiawan|Setiawan]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (17–21, 18–21)
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Tarun Dhillon]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Rogério de Oliveira|Oliveira]]|BRA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–17, 21–19)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Lucas Mazur|Mazur]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (7–21, 16–21)
|2
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
| align="left" |[[Krishna Nagar (para-badminton)|Krishna Nagar]]
| rowspan="2" align="left"|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SH6|Singles SH6]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Miles Krajewski|Krajewski]]|USA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (16–21, 18–21)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Nattapong Meechai|Meechai]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (20–22, 3–11r)
|{{n/a}}
|3
|colspan=4 rowspan =2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
| align="left" |[[Sivarajan Solaimalai]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Subhan (para-badminton)|Subhan]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (15–21, 17–21)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Chu Man Kai|Kai]]|HKG|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (13–21, 21–18, 15–21)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Krysten Coombs|Coombs]]|GBR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (12–21, 10–21)
|4
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Manasi Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SL3|Singles SL3]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Qonitah Ikhtiar Syakuroh|Syakuroh]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–16, 13–21, 18–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Oksana Kozyna|Kozyna]]|UKR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–10, 15–21, 21–23)
|rowspan=2{{n/a}}
| 3
|colspan="4"{{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Mandeep Kaur (para badminton)|Mandeep Kaur]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mariam Eniola Bolaji|Bolaji]]|NGR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (8–21, 14–21)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Céline Vinot|Vinot]]|AUS|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–23, 21–10, 21–17)
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mariam Eniola Bolaji|Bolaji]]|NGR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (8–21, 9–21)
|rowspan=2 colspan="3" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Palak Kohli]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SL4|Singles SL4]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Milena Surreau|Surreau]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–14)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Leani Ratri Oktila|Oktila]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–18, 5–21, 13–21)
| {{n/a}}
| 2 '''Q'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Khalimatus Sadiyah|Sadiyah]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (19–21, 15–21)
|-
|align=left|'''[[Thulasimathi Murugesan]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SU5|Singles SU5]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Roza Efomo de Marco|de Marco]]|ITA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–9, 21–11)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Beatriz Monteiro (badminton)|Monteiro]]|POR|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–8)
|rowspan=2{{n/a}}
| 1 '''Q'''
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Manisha Ramadass|Ramadass]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (23–21, 21–17)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Yang Qiuxia (badminton)|Yang]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (17–21, 10–21)
|{{Silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Manisha Ramadass]]'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Maud Lefort|Lefort]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (8–21, 21–6, 21–19)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Yang Qiuxia (badminton)|Yang]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (15–21, 7–21)
| 2 '''Q'''
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Mamiko Toyoda|Toyoda]]|JPN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–16)
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Thulasimathi Murugesan|Murugesan]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–23, 17–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Cathrine Rosengren|Rosengren]]|DEN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–8)
|{{Bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Nithya Sre Sivan|Nithya Sivan]]'''
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SH6|Singles SH6]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Jayci Simon|Simon]]|USA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–7, 21–8)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Cai Yi-Lin|Cai]]|TPE|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–19)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Lin Shuangbao|Lin]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (20–22, 18–21)
| 2 '''Q'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Oliwia Szmigiel|Szmigiel]]|POL|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–4, 21–7)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Lin Shuangbao|Lin]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (13–21, 19–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Rina Marlina|Marlina]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–14, 21–6)
|{{Bronze3}}
|}

;Mixed
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Kumar Nitesh]] [[Thulasimathi Murugesan]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed doubles SL3–SU5|Doubles SL3–SU5]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Yathiraj]] / [[Palak Kohli|Kohli]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–14, 21–17)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Hikmat Ramdani|Ramdani]] / [[Leani Ratri Oktila|Oktila]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (15–21, 8–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Lucas Mazur|Mazur]] / [[Faustine Noël|Noël]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (22–24, 19–21)
|3
|colspan=3 rowspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|align=left|[[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj|Suhas Yathiraj]] [[Palak Kohli]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Kumar Nitesh|Nitesh]] / [[Thulasimathi Murugesan|Murugesan]]|IND|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (14–21, 17–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Lucas Mazur|Mazur]] / [[Faustine Noël|Noël]]|FRA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (15–21, 9–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Hikmat Ramdani|Ramdani]] / [[Leani Ratri Oktila|Oktila]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (11–21, 17–21)
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Sivarajan Solaimalai]] [[Nithya Sre Sivan|Nithya Sivan]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed doubles SH6|Doubles SH6]]
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Miles Krajewski|Krajewski]] / [[Jayci Simon|Simon]]|USA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–23, 11–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Natthapong Meechai|Meechai]] / [[Chai Saeyang|Saeyang]]|THA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' (21–7, 21–17)
| {{N/A}}
| 1 '''Q'''
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Miles Krajewski|Krajewski]] / [[Jayci Simon|Simon]]|USA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (21–17, 14–21, 13–21)
| {{flagIPCathlete|[[Subhan (para-badminton)|Subhan]] / [[Rina Marlina|Marlina]]|INA|2024 Summer}} '''L''' (17–21, 12–21)
| 4
|}
Legend: '''W''' = Win; '''L''' = Loss; '''Q''' = Qualified for the next phase

== Cycling ==
{{main|Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

India qualified two para-cyclists (one in each gender) based on the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] rankings on 31 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title=Paris 2024 Paralympic Games Qualification - 2022 UCI Nations Ranking Allocation |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/761l7gh5x5an/1g4sYjFaky7t93kxUKvDb0/86a4a2ce07692d91d16a0071016fd556/Paris_2024_-_2022_Quota_allocation_Para_cycling.pdf |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]] |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829121048/https://assets.ctfassets.net/761l7gh5x5an/1g4sYjFaky7t93kxUKvDb0/86a4a2ce07692d91d16a0071016fd556/Paris_2024_-_2022_Quota_allocation_Para_cycling.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="List"/>

;Road
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Arshad Shaik]]
|align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's road time trial C2|Men's road time trial C2]]
|25:20.11
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's road race C1–3|Men's road race C1-3]]
| -1 LAP
|align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Jyoti Gaderiya]]
|align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's road time trial C1–3|Women's road time trial C1–3]]
|30:00.16
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's road race C1–3|Women's road race C1-3]]
| -1 LAP
| align="center"|
|}

;Track
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Arshad Shaik]]
| align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's time trial C1–3|Men's time trial C1-3]]
| align="center" |1:21.416
| align="center" |17
| colspan=2 rowspan=4 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
| align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's pursuit C2|Men's pursuit C2]]
| align="center" |4:20.949
| align="center" | 9
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Jyoti Gaderiya]]
| align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's time trial C1–3|Women's time trial C1-3]]
| align="center" |49.233
| align="center" |11
|-
| align="left" |[[Cycling at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual pursuit C1–3|Women's pursuit C1-3]]
| align="center" |4:53.929
| align="center" |10
|}

== Judo ==
{{main|Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics}}

India qualified for Judo for the first time after [[Kapil Parmar]] and [[Kokila Kaushiklate]] secured quota places based on the [[International Blind Sports Federation]] Judo Rankings.<ref name="List"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
! colspan="2" |Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Opposition result
!Opposition result
!Opposition result
!Opposition result
!Opposition result
!Opposition result
!Rank
|- align="center"
| align="left" |'''[[Kapil Parmar]]'''
| align="left" |[[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 60 kg J1|Men's J1 -60 kg]]
| {{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Marcos Dennis Blanco|Blanco]]|VEN|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 10–0
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Meysam Banitaba|Banitaba]]|IRI|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 0–10
|colspan=2{{n/a}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Elielton de Oliveira|de Oliveira]]|BRA|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 10–0
|{{Bronze3}}
|- align="center"
| align="left" |[[Kokila Kaushiklate]]
| align="left" |[[Judo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 48 kg J2|Women's J2 -48 kg]]
| {{n/a}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Akmaral Nauatbek|Nauatbek]]|KAZ|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 0–10
| {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Yuliia Ivanytska|Ivanytska]]|UKR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 0–10
| {{n/a}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

== Paracanoeing ==
{{main|Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics}}

India earned three quota places through the [[2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|2023]] and [[2024 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships]] conducted by the [[International Canoe Federation]].<ref name="List"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Yash Kumar (paracanoeing)|Yash Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's KL1|Men's KL1]]
|1:03.28
|6
|1:02.03
|5
|colspan=2 rowspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Pooja Ojha]]
|align=left|[[Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's KL1|Women's KL1]]
|1:16.09
|5
|1:17.23
|4
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Prachi Yadav]]
|align=left|[[Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's VL2|Women's VL2]]
|1:06.83
|4
|1:05.66
|3 '''FA'''
|1:08:55
|8
|}
'''FB''' = Final B (non-medal) '''FA''' = Final A (medal)

== Powerlifting ==
{{main article|Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

Two men ([[Paramjeet Kumar]] and [[Ashok Malik]]) and two women ([[Sakina Khatun]] and [[Kasthuri Rajamani]]) secured their Paralympic berths through the Paralympic Qualification rankings after having completed the mandatory requirements of competing in certain tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2024|title=World Para Powerlifting Qualification Pathway 2021-2024|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/2022_World%20Para%20Powerlifting%20Qualification%20Pathway%20Road%20Map_v2_0.pdf|work=[[World Para Powerlifting]]|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325112802/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/2022_World%20Para%20Powerlifting%20Qualification%20Pathway%20Road%20Map_v2_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2023|title=2024 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/2023_03_21%20Paris%20QR_v1.5.3.pdf|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411103000/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/2023_03_21%20Paris%20QR_v1.5.3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
!Athlete
!Event
!Score
!Rank
|-
| align="left" |[[Paramjeet Kumar]]
| align="left" |[[Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 49 kg|Men's -49 kg]]
|150
|8
|-
| align="left" |[[Ashok (powerlifter)|Ashok Malik]]
| align="left" |[[Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 65 kg|Men's -65 kg]]
|199
|6
|-
|align="left" |[[Sakina Khatun]]
|align="left" |[[Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 45 kg|Women's -45 kg]]
|86
|7
|-
|align="left" |[[Kasthuri Rajamani]]
|align="left" |[[Powerlifting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 67 kg|Women's -67 kg]]
|106
|8
|}

== Rowing ==
{{main article|Rowing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics}}

India qualified one boat in mixed double sculls through the 2024 Asian / Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta held in [[Chungju]], South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2023|title=2024 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide|url=https://worldrowing-admin.soticcloud.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paris-2024-Paralympic-Games-Qualification-Regulations-at-8-August-2023.pdf|work=[[World Rowing]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424092223/https://worldrowing-admin.soticcloud.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paris-2024-Paralympic-Games-Qualification-Regulations-at-8-August-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="List"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heats
!colspan=2|Repechage
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anita (para rower)|Anita Anita]] [[Narayana Konganapalle]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – PR3Mix2x|PR3 mixed double sculls]]
| 8:06.84
| 5 '''R'''
| 7:54.33
| 3 '''FB'''
| 8:16.96
| 8
|}

Legend: '''R''' = Repechage; '''FB''' = Final B (non-medal)

== Shooting ==
{{main article|Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

[[File:Avani_Lekhara_in_2022.jpg|thumb|[[Avani Lekhara]] won a gold medal in the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|women's R2 10 m air rifle standing SH1]] event to become the first Indian woman paralympic athlete to win multiple gold medals.]]

India entered nine para shooters after achieving quota places through various qualifying events after they attained the minimum qualifying score (MQS) for the respective events by 15 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/Paris%202024%20Quota%20after%20Lima%202023%20-%20Day%207.pdf|title=Lima 2023 Quota Allocation to Paris 2024 Day 7 28.09.2023|date=29 September 2023|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015005436/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/Paris%202024%20Quota%20after%20Lima%202023%20-%20Day%207.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Avani Lekhara wins gold with World Record at Para Shooting World Cup, books Paris 2024 quota|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/avani-lekhara-wins-gold-world-record-para-shooting-world-cup-books-paris-2024-quota/article38501160.ece|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202174755/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/avani-lekhara-wins-gold-world-record-para-shooting-world-cup-books-paris-2024-quota/article38501160.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chateauroux 2022 World Cup: Ramakrishna joins Lekhara in clinching gold, secures Paris 2024 quota|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/chateauroux-2022-world-cup-ramakrishna-joins-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-secures-paris-2024-quota-article-92085168|access-date=1 June 2024|date=8 June 2022|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018085134/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/chateauroux-2022-world-cup-ramakrishna-joins-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-secures-paris-2024-quota-article-92085168|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rubina Francis]] and [[Swaroop Mahavir Unhalkar|Swaroop Unhalkar]] received a bi-partite invitation from the International Paralympic Committee for the Games.<ref name="List"/>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rudransh Khandelwal]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P1 Men's 10 metre air pistol SH1|P1 10 m air pistol SH1]]
| 561
| 9
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Manish Narwal]]'''
| 566
| 5 '''Q'''
| 234.9
|{{Silver2}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swaroop Mahavir Unhalkar|Swaroop Unhalkar]]
|align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R1 Men's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|R1 10 m air rifle standing SH1]]
| 613.4
| 14
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Avani Lekhara]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|R2 10 m air rifle SH1]]
|625.8
|2 '''Q'''
|249.7 '''{{tooltip|PR|Paralympic Record}}'''
|{{Gold1}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Mona Agarwal]]'''
|623.1
|5 '''Q'''
|228.7
|{{Bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Avani Lekhara]]
| align="left" rowspan="2" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R8 Women's 50 metre rifle 3 positions SH1|R8 50 m rifle 3 positions SH1]]
|1159
|7 '''Q'''
|420.6
|5
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mona Agarwal]]
|1147
|13
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Rubina Francis]]'''
|align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P2 Women's 10 metre air pistol SH1|P2 10 m air pistol SH1]]
|556
|6 '''Q'''
|211.1
|{{Bronze3}}
|}

;Mixed
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Avani Lekhara]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R3 Mixed 10 metre air rifle prone SH1|R3 10 m air rifle prone SH1]]
|632.8
|11
|rowspan=10 colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sidhartha Babu]]
|628.3
|28
|-align=center
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Sriharsha Ramakrishna Davareddi|Sriharsha Davareddi]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R4 Mixed 10 metre air rifle standing SH2|R4 10 m air rifle SH2]]
|630.7
|9
|-align=center
| align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - R5 Mixed 10 metre air rifle prone SH2|R5 10 m rifle prone SH2]]
|630.2
|26
|-align="center"
|align=left|[[Mona Agarwal]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R6 Mixed 50 metre rifle prone SH1|R6 50 m rifle Prone SH1]]
|610.5
|30
|- align="center"
| align="left" |[[Sidhartha Babu]]
|615.8
|22
|-align="center"
|align=left|[[Nihal Singh (sport shooter)|Nihal Singh]]
| rowspan="2"align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P3 Mixed 25 metre pistol SH1|P3 25 m pistol SH1]]
|569
|10
|-align="center"
|align=left|[[Amir Ahmed Bhat|Amir Bhat]]
|568
|11
|-align="center"
|align=left|[[Nihal Singh (sport shooter)|Nihal Singh]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – P4 Mixed 50 metre pistol SH1|P4 50 m pistol SH1]]
|522
|19
|-align="center"
|align=left|[[Rudransh Khandelwal]]
|517
|22
|}

Legend: '''Q''' = Qualified for the next phase; '''PR''' = Paralympic Record

== Swimming ==
{{main article|Swimming at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Swimming at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

India qualified one swimmer to compete at the games after [[Suyash Narayan Jadhav|Suyash Jadhav]] achieved the Minimum Qualification Standard (MQS) in the [[butterfly (swimming)|butterfly]] event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/ranking/sw/pdf/type/MQS/list/1001/category/LC |title=World Para Swimming Rankings Paris 2024 Paralympic Games |work=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Events
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Suyash Jadhav]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's 50 metre butterfly S7|50 m butterfly S7]]
|33.47
|10
| colspan="2" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}

== Table tennis ==
{{main|Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Qualification}}

India entered two athletes for the Paralympic Games. [[Sonalben Patel]] and [[Bhavina Patel]] qualified through the [[International Table Tennis Federation]] World Rankings.<ref name="List"/><ref>{{cite web|date=25 March 2023|title=2024 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/2023_03_21%20Paris%20QR_v1.5.3.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411103000/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/2023_03_21%20Paris%20QR_v1.5.3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-align=center
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sonalben Patel]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual – Class 3|Women's individual C3]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Anđela Mužinić|Mužinić]]|CRO|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3
|colspan="4" {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bhavina Patel]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual – Class 4|Women's individual C4]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Martha Verdín|Verdín]]|MEX|2024 Summer}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Zhou Ying (table tennis)|Zhou]]|CHN|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3
|colspan="4" rowspan="2"{{n/a|Did not advance}}
|-
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sonalben Patel]] [[Bhavina Patel]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's doubles WD10|Women's doubles D10]]
| {{n/a}}
| |{{flagIPCathlete|[[Jung Young-A|Jung]] / [[Moon Sung-hye|Moon]]|KOR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3
|}

Legend: '''W''' = Won; '''L''' = Lost

== Taekwondo ==
{{main|Taekwondo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics}}

[[Aruna Tanwar]] qualified for the event following her win in the 2024 Asian Qualification Tournament in [[Tai'an]], China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/taekwondo-player-aruna-tanwar-qualifies-for-paris-paralympics-enn24031703592|title=Taekwondo Player Aruna Tanwar Qualifies for Paris Paralympics|date=17 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=ETV|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831094805/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/taekwondo-player-aruna-tanwar-qualifies-for-paris-paralympics-enn24031703592|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tanwar took an early exit from the competition after losing to her Turkish opponent, [[Nurcihan Ekinci]] in the Round of 16.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paris-paralympics-injury-heartbreak-aruna-tanwar-taekwondo-round-of-16-2590220-2024-08-29|title=Paris Paralympics: Injury heartbreak for Aruna Tanwar in taekwondo round of 16|date=17 March 2024|access-date=29 August 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829191322/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paris-paralympics-injury-heartbreak-aruna-tanwar-taekwondo-round-of-16-2590220-2024-08-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!First round
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Aruna Tanwar]]
|align=left|[[Taekwondo at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 47 kg|Women's –47 kg]]
|{{flagIPCathlete|[[Nurcihan Ekinci|Ekinci]]|TUR|2024 Summer}} '''L''' 0–19
|colspan=5 {{n/a|Did not advance}}
|}
Legend: '''L''' = Lost

== See also ==
* [[India at the Paralympics]]
* [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{NPCsin2024SummerParalympics}}

[[Category:India at the Paralympics|2024]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Narayana Educational Institutions

2026-04-17T04:43:49Z

JudithBehan6: Put up a stub added tags

{{Short description|Educational conglomerate in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Narayana Educational Institutions
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1979}}
| logo =
| image =
| image_alt = Narayana Educational Institutions
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| founder = [[Ponguru Narayana]]
| type = Educational institution
| status =
| purpose = Sramayeva Jayate (philosophy); Your Dreams Are Our Dreams (belief); Determination, Progress and Service (vision)
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = 
| membership =
| language =
| leader_title2 = Directors and Presidents
| leader_name2 = Ponguru Sindhura, Ponguru Sharani and Puneet Kothapa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.narayanagroup.com/our-management|title = Welcome to Narayana Group}}</ref>
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://www.narayanagroup.com/}}, {{URL|https://www.narayanaschools.in/}}
| region_served = [[India]]
| location =
| extinction = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
}}
'''Narayana Educational Institutions''' is one of Asia's largest educational conglomerates, with a vast network of 900+ schools, junior colleges, coaching centers and professional institutions across 250+ cities in 23 states of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Narayana Group|url=https://www.narayanagroup.com/about-us|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.narayanagroup.com}}</ref> Founded by [[Ponguru Narayana]], a prominent educationist turned politician currently serving as a cabinet minister in [[Andhra Pradesh]], the group has played a significant role in shaping the educational scenario of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=For the first time in the history of JEE MAIN – 6 Students from the same Educational Institution have scored 100 percentile. All these students are from NARAYANA EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS!|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/for-the-first-time-in-the-history-of-jee-main-6-students-from-the-same-educational-institution-have-scored-100-percentile-all-these-students-are-from-narayana-group-of-educational-institutions/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

In 1979, the founder began a coaching centre in Nellore with a modest enrolment of just seven students. The goal was to provide education with a special emphasis on preparing students for competitive exams such as the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) and the Union Public Service Commission Civil Services Examination (UPSC CSE).<ref>{{Cite web|title= About Narayana Coaching Centers|url=https://www.narayanacoachingcenters.in/|website=www.narayanacoachingcenters.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Digitalisation of Education enthuses experts |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/digitalisation-of-education-enthuses-experts-727423 |access-date=2022-02-25 |language=en |newspaper=The Hans |location=India}}</ref>

Over the subsequent decades, the institution expanded beyond its early regional presence, establishing schools, junior colleges and coaching centres across multiple states in India. By the 2000s and 2010s, Narayana Educational Institutions had developed operations across hundreds of locations in numerous Indian cities and states, reflecting its transition from a local coaching centre into a large multi-state educational organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayana Educational Institutions launches 52 new campuses across 12 states |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/narayana-educational-institutions-launches-52-new-campuses-across-12-states-9274896.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayana Educational Institutions shine in JEE Main 2025 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/narayana-educational-institutions-shine-in-jee-main-2025/ |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{School education in India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Junior colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Cram schools in India]]
[[Category:Education companies of India]]
[[Category:Education companies established in 1979]]

Phek Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:58Z

JudithBehan6: Started Entry...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Phek Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Phek
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Phek district|Phek]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 19
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Küzholüzo Nienü]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:22122}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Phek''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Phek district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || [[Lhüthiprü Vasa]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Yevehü Lohe
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || [[Mülhüpra Vero]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | Vejoyi || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan=3 | Zachilhü Vadeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=5 | [[Küzholuzo Nienü]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek<ref name=election2023>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,489 |percentage=48.92% |change=-13.48%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Küpota Khesoh |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=9,441 |percentage=48.67% |change=13.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zacilhu Ringa Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=427 |percentage=2.20% |change=0.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=39 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48 |percentage=0.25% |change=-27.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,396 |percentage=87.68% |change= 3.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,122 |change =5.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -13.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,127 |percentage=62.41% |change=5.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Küpota Khesoh |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=6,196 |percentage=34.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shezota Lohe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=326 |percentage=1.83% |change=-4.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=181 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,931 |percentage=27.66% |change=8.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,830 |percentage=84.63% |change= -6.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,068 |change =-5.48% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 5.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,447 |percentage=56.55% |change=0.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Vekho Swüro |party=Independent politician |votes=7,559 |percentage=37.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Küvezochi Hoshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,208 |percentage=5.97% |change=-15.39% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,888 |percentage=19.21% |change=-13.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,243 |percentage=90.82% |change= 12.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,289 |change =-10.11% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 0.20% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,919 |percentage=56.35% |change=-2.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dezoto Rhakho |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,643 |percentage=23.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Küvezochi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,138 |percentage=21.35% |change=-19.53% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,276 |percentage=32.39% |change=14.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,378 |percentage=79.45% |change= -15.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,795 |change =51.40% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -2.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,084 |percentage=59.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,282 |percentage=40.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,802 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,366 |percentage=93.87% |change= 5.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,377 |change =11.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,714 |change =15.96% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,836 |percentage=52.53% |change=-2.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Küzholuzo Nienü]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,274 |percentage=47.47% |change=2.90% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=562 |percentage=5.06% |change=-5.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,110 |percentage=88.22% |change= 2.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,689 |change =43.93% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.90% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,128 |percentage=55.42% |change=8.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vejoyi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,320 |percentage=44.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=808 |percentage=10.85% |change=8.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,448 |percentage=85.47% |change= -0.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,816 |change =-0.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 5.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vejoyi |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,653 |percentage=49.54% |change=13.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,473 |percentage=47.10% |change=20.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nevozo |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=248 |percentage=3.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=180 |percentage=2.44% |change=-1.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,374 |percentage=85.90% |change= 11.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,823 |change =-6.68% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 13.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vejoyi |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,485 |percentage=35.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachilhü Vadeo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,204 |percentage=31.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Küzhohusa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,830 |percentage=26.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Chiso |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=5.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=281 |percentage=4.06% |change=-13.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,917 |percentage=74.90% |change= -10.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,455 |change =49.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -12.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vejoyi |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,584 |percentage=48.75% |change=12.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zalhüzü Vasa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,651 |percentage=31.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Vesatso |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=639 |percentage=12.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phukhuve |party=Independent politician |votes=426 |percentage=8.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=933 |percentage=17.60% |change=11.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,300 |percentage=85.87% |change= 5.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,314 |change =-11.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= 6.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Mülhüpra Vero]] |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,339 |percentage=42.20% |change=29.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zalhüzü Vasa |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,010 |percentage=36.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Chiso |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=21.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=329 |percentage=5.94% |change=5.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,543 |percentage=80.52% |change= 0.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,098 |change =38.88% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= 19.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yevehu Lohe |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=22.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Lhüthiprü Vasa]] |party=Independent politician |votes=901 |percentage=22.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Zachitso Chizo |party=Independent politician |votes=890 |percentage=21.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zachire |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=521 |percentage=12.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Vekhuhu Thevuo |party=Independent politician |votes=476 |percentage=11.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Tazuhu |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=392 |percentage=9.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,091 |percentage=80.20% |change= 80.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,111 |change =48.40% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Phek}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate= Lhüthiprü Vasa |party=Independent politician |votes= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,444 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Phek district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.7|94.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Phek district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Phek]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Sudhakar Vasanth

2026-04-14T11:30:01Z

JudithBehan6:

{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhakar Vasanth
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Sudhakar Basanta
| occupation = Director, choreographer, actor
| years_active = 1992{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| father = Vasanth Kumar
}}
'''Sudhakar Vasanth''', also known as '''Sudhakar Basant''', is an Indian film director, choreographer and actor known for his works in Odia cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/odia-movie-director-sudhakar-basant-reportedly-critical-after-car-accident/|title=Odia movie director Sudhakar Basant reportedly critical after car accident - OrissaPOST|first=Post News|last=Network|date=January 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/film-director-sudhakar-basant-critical-after-car-crash-in-odishas-choudwar/|title=Film Director Sudhakar Basant Critical After Car Crash In Odisha’s Choudwar|date=January 21, 2024|website=Odisha Bytes}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sudhakar Vasanth assisted his father Vasanth Kumar as a choreographer and worked alongside [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Chinni Prakash]], and B H Tarun Kumar. He made his debut as one of the lead actors in the Tamil film ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]'' (1992). His tryst with Odia cinema started when Gopal Jogesh, the director of ''Sola Shukrabaar'' (1999), asked him to choreograph one of the songs while the film shoot was occurring in Chennai. After music director Prasant Padhi suggested he get into filmmaking, he made his directorial debut with ''Mitare Mita'' (2009).<ref name="RR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Mar/10/the-remake-raja-of-odia-cinema-457134.html|title=The remake Raja of Odia cinema|first=Dikhya|last=Tiwari|date=March 8, 2013|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He has since worked as a choreographer for 1,200 songs.<ref name="RR"/>

== Filmography ==
===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Choreographer
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2009 || ''Mitare Mita''
| {{yes}}
| || <ref name="RR"/>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Prema Adhei Akhyara]]''
| {{yes}}
| ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Feb/17/face-in-the-crowd-340857.html|title=Face in the crowd|date=16 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822015907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Feb/17/face-in-the-crowd-340857.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''Kiese Dakuchi Kouthi Mate''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Balunga Toka]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || <ref name="NIE">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2012/Apr/22/big-money-debuts-in-ollywood-360873.html |title=Big money debuts in Ollywood|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2012-04-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''Something Something''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || <ref name="NIE"/>
|-
| ''Matric Fail''
| {{yes}}
| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/how-keen-is-ollywood-to-do-in-film-branding/articleshow/16052757.cms|title=How keen is Ollywood to do in-film branding?|date=August 31, 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''ACP Ranveer''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/odia-films-making-its-way-in-bangalore/articleshow/13736783.cms|title=Odia films making its way in Bangalore|date=June 3, 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu]]''
| {{yes}}
| || <ref name="RR"/>
|-
| ''[[Daha Balunga]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sudhakar-vasanth-is-all-set-to-direct-film-on-rebirth/articleshow/19425709.cms|title=Sudhakar Vasanth is all set to direct film on rebirth|date=April 7, 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''Omm''
| {{yes}}
| || <ref name="RR"/>
|-
| ''[[Something Something 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| ||
|-
| ''Ganja Ladhai''
| {{yes}}
| || <ref name="RR"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''Aashiq''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/aashiq-apna-haath-hit-theatres-today.html|title='Aashiq', 'Apna Haath...' hit theatres today|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As choreographer===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1995 || ''Mo Mana Khali Tumari Pain'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999 || ''Sola Shukrabaar'' || <ref name="RR"/>
|-
| ''Prem Bandhan'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Baazi'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''Tate Mo Rana'' ||
|-
| ''Babu I Love You'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Tu Eka Aama Saha Bharasa''
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''Chaka Chaka Bhaunri'' ||
|-
| ''Mu Tate Love Karuchi'' ||
|-
| ''Pheria Mo Suna Bhauni''
|-
| rowspan="4"|2008 || ''Kalinga Putra'' ||
|-
| ''Mate Ta Love Helare''
|
|-
| ''Satya Meba Jayate''
|
|-
| ''Nandini I Love U''
|
|-
| 2009 || ''Prem Rogi'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010 || ''Mu Kana Ete Kharap'' ||
|-
| ''Aalo Mora Kandhei'' ||
|-
|''[[Sanju Aau Sanjana]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Swayamsiddha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011 || ''Loafer'' ||
|-
| ''Most Wanted'' ||
|-
| ''Tu Mo Girlfriend'' ||
|-
| ''Family No.1'' ||
|-
| ''Kemiti A Bandhana'' ||
|-
| ''Aain Kanoon'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2012 || ''Shapath'' ||
|-
| ''Tu Mo Arambha Tu Mo Sesha'' ||
|-
| ''[[Idiot: I Do Ishq Only Tumse]]'' ||
|-
| ''Rangila Toka'' ||
|-
| ''Chanda Na Tame Tara'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013 || ''Tu Mo Suna Tu Mo Hira'' ||
|-
| ''Hata Dhari Chalutha'' ||
|-
| ''Kehi Jane Bhala Lagere'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''Maya'' ||
|-
|''Mo Dil Kahe Ilu Ilu'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Love Station (2016 film)|Love Station]]'' ||
|-
|}

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]'' || Saravanan || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || || rowspan="7" |<ref name="RR"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]'' || || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''Rapid Action Force'' || ||
|-
|2003
|Achante Kochumol
|
|Malayalam
|Guest appearance in the song 'panachikada'
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Narakasuran]]'' || Vijay/Prabhakaran alias Prabhu || Malayalam || Also producer
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]'' || Semmarai Pandian || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Iyakkam]]'' || Aandavar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''Kiese Dakuchi Kouthi Mate'' || || [[Odia language|Odia]] || rowspan="4"|Guest appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Balunga Toka]]'' || || rowspan="6"|Odia ||
|-
| 2012 || ''ACP Ranveer'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''Omm'' ||
|
|-
| ''Ganja Ladhai''
| Anna || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''Kie Daba Takkar'' || Bhalu Yadav || ||
|-
| ''Aashiq'' || Bijay Singh || ||
|}

== Awards ==
*2010: [[2nd Tarang Cine Awards]] {{endash}} Best Choreography
*2012: 3rd [[ETV Odia Film Awards]] {{endash}} Best Director for ''[[Balunga Toka]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|3679594}}

{{Sudhakar Basant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanth, Sudhakar}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Harora Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:23Z

JudithBehan6: adding stub...

{{Short description|Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harora
| established = 1951 (cessation in 2008)
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| type= SLA
}}
''' Harora ''' was one of the 425 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It was a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of the assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Harora Assembly constituency came into existence in 1957 and ceased to exist in 2008 as a result of "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= February 26, 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation Order: 53-55 ">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Order: 53-55|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DC-FINAL%20ORDER-53-55.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !!colspan=2|Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[Second Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Jai Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}} || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[Third Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Jai Gopal || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || <ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Shakuntala Devi (politician)|Shakuntala Devi]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Shakuntala Devi (politician)|Shakuntala Devi]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Shakuntala Devi (politician)|Shakuntala Devi]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[Seventh Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bimla Rakesh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bimla Rakesh || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[Ninth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bimla Rakesh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}} || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[Tenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bimla Rakesh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}} || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[Eleventh Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bimla Rakesh || Jun-1991 || Dec-1992 || 533 || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[Twelfth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mohar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mohar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || Dec-1993 || Oct-1995 || 693 || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[Thirteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mayawati]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}} || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mayawati]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Jagpal]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=February 26, 2015 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}
==Election Results==
===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jagpal
| votes = 82,343
| percentage = 49.65
| change = {{increase}} 1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Vimala Rakesh
| votes = 52,189
| percentage = 31.47
| change = {{increase}} 3.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jagpal Singh
| votes = 21,382
| percentage = 12.89
| change = {{increase}} 4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sushma Gautam
| votes = 1,700
| percentage = 0.01
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Other 10 Candidates
| votes = 8,202
| percentage = 4.94
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 30,154
| percentage = 18.18
| change = {{decrease}} 1.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Mayawati]]
| votes = 70,800
| percentage = 47.76
| change = {{decrease}} 1.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Vimla Rakesh
| votes = 41,899
| percentage = 28.27
| change = {{decrease}} 5.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohar Singh
| votes = 15,378
| percentage = 10.37
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mahipal Singh
| votes = 12,811
| percentage = 8.64
| change = {{decrease}} 7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kusum
| votes = 2,669
| percentage = 1.80
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Other 6 Candidates
| votes = 4,678
| percentage = 3.15
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 28,901
| percentage = 19.49
| change = {{increase}} 3.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 148,238
| percentage = 60.72
| change = {{decrease}} 15.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1996]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Mayawati]]
| votes = 84,647
| percentage = 49.57
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Vimla Rakesh
| votes = 57,229
| percentage = 33.52
| change = {{increase}} 11.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Padam Lata Nim
| votes = 27,941
| percentage = 16.36
| change = {{decrease}} 15.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nathlu Ram
| votes = 499
| percentage = 0.29
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sushila
| votes = 432
| percentage = 0.25
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 27,418
| percentage = 16.05
| change = {{increase}} 13.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 171,754
| percentage = 76.24
| change = {{increase}} 6.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1993]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Mohar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mohar Singh]]
| votes = 40,692
| percentage = 31.45
| change = {{increase}} 0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Vipila Rakesh
| votes = 37,601
| percentage = 29.06
| change = {{decrease}} 18.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Nathuram
| votes = 28,258
| percentage = 21.84
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Shakuntla
| votes = 16,785
| percentage = 12.97
| change = {{increase}} 3.54
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Other 12 Candidates
| votes = 3,847
| percentage = 2.91
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,091
| percentage = 2.39
| change = {{decrease}} 13.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 129,386
| percentage = 69.87
| change = {{increase}} 5.96
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1991]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Vimla Rakesh
| votes = 48,644
| percentage = 47.25
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mohar Singh
| votes = 31,825
| percentage = 30.91
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chaman Lal Chaman
| votes = 9,707
| percentage = 9.43
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Nathlu
| votes = 4,740
| percentage = 4.60
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Phool Singh
| votes = 3,601
| percentage = 3.50
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Other 10 Candidates
| votes = 4,440
| percentage = 4.31
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,819
| percentage = 16.34
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 107,196
| percentage = 63.91
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

===1985===

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[Harora Aht.]]
* [[Harora Must.]]
* [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|29.99|77.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Vivek Bharti Sharma

2026-04-13T22:50:35Z

JudithBehan6: New

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vivek Bharti Sharma
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|06|13}}
| education = B.Sc., LL.B., Course in Forensic Science
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = Judge
| known_for = Judge of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
}}

'''Justice Vivek Bharti Sharma''' (born 13 June 1963) is a retired Indian judge who served on the bench of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Administrative Judge |url=https://rudraprayag.dcourts.gov.in/profileadministrativejudge/ |website=District Court Rudraprayag |accessdate=2024-12-22 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Post retirement he was appointed as chairperson of Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Mumbai in <ref>January 2026.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Justice Sharma completed his schooling at [[Ramjas School]] in Delhi. He earned a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree from the University of Delhi, followed by a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=High Court Bar Association, Nainital, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.uttarakhandhighcourtbarassociationnainital.com/honble-sitting-judges |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.uttarakhandhighcourtbarassociationnainital.com}}</ref> Additionally, he completed a course in Forensic Science from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Directors |url=https://ujala.uk.gov.in/pages/view/21/56-former-directors-2 |website=Ujala Uttarakhand |accessdate=2024-12-22}}</ref>

== Legal career ==
Justice Sharma began his legal practice in 1987, focusing on matrimonial, civil, and criminal cases in the district courts and the High Court of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile Administrative Judge {{!}} District & Sessions Court Rudraprayag {{!}} India |url=https://rudraprayag.dcourts.gov.in/profileadministrativejudge/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> In 1990, he was appointed as Government Counsel for the Delhi Administration.<ref name=":0" /> By 1994, he became the Additional Public Counsel for the Government of Delhi, handling cases for various departments, including the Directorate of Industries, Directorate of Education, Public Works Department, and Delhi Police. In 1998, he was appointed as an advocate for Indian Railways in the High Court of Delhi. Two years later, in 2000, he took on the role of Additional Standing Counsel for the Union of India.<ref name=":1" />

== Judicial career ==
In 2005, Justice Sharma joined the Higher Judicial Service (HJS) of Uttarakhand as part of its inaugural batch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Official Website of Uttarakhand Judicial and Legal Academy, Bhowail, Nainital |url=https://ujala.uk.gov.in/pages/view/21/56-former-directors-2 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ujala.uk.gov.in}}</ref> He served as an Additional District and Sessions Judge in Haridwar, Roorkee, Haldwani, and Nainital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Registrar Generals: Former Registrar Generals |url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/227-former-registrar-generals |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in}}</ref> In May 2011, he was promoted to Principal District Judge in Pithoragarh and later held the same position in Pauri in 2013. His career also includes roles such as Legal Advisor to the Governor of Uttarakhand, Chairman of the Commercial Tax Tribunal in Dehradun, Director of the Uttarakhand Judicial and Legal Academy, Principal District Judge in Haridwar, and Registrar General of the High Court of Uttarakhand in Nainital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Justice Vivek Bharti Sharma |url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges |publisher=High Court of Uttarakhand |accessdate=2024-12-23}}</ref>

== Appointment ==
Justice Sharma was appointed as a Judge of the High Court of Uttarakhand, took his oath as a Permanent Judge on 28 April 2023, and served till 12 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Sitting Judges: Hon'ble Sitting Judges |url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges Profile of Hon'ble Mr. Justice Vivek Bharti Sharma]

[[Category:High courts of India]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Yaadon Ki Baaraat

2026-04-13T12:47:00Z

JudithBehan6:

{{Short description|1973 Indian film by Nasir Hussain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaadon Ki Baaraat
| image = Yaadon ki Baaraat.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nasir Hussain]]
| producer = [[Nasir Hussain]]
| writer = [[Salim–Javed]] [[Nasir Hussain]]
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Vijay Arora]] [[Tariq Ali Khan|Tariq Khan]] [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Captain Raju]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Munir Khan
| editing = Babu Lavande Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Nasir Hussain Films
| distributor = Nasir Hussain Films United Producers
| released = {{Film date|1973}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = ₹55 million ($7.1 million)
}}

'''''Yaadon Ki Baaraat''''' ({{Translation|Procession of Memories}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]], directed by [[Nasir Hussain]] and written by [[Salim–Javed]] ([[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]). It featured an ensemble cast, starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Vijay Arora]], Tariq Khan, [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] and [[Captain Raju]].

The film was influential in the history of Indian cinema. It has been widely identified as the first masala film, combining elements of the [[action film|action]], [[drama]], [[romance film|romance]], [[musical film|musical]], [[crime]] and [[thriller film|thriller]] genres.<ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, [https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ "An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802134716/https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ |date=2 August 2017 }}, ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', 12/03/2016</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|date=2015-10-01|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=58|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030014416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Masala films went on to become the most popular genre of Indian cinema,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030704153626/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/16/stories/2002081600920300.htm Masala v. Genre] - ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> and ''Yaadon Ki Baaraat'' has thus been identified as "the first" quintessentially "Bollywood film."<ref name="Chaudhuri"/> It also launched the careers of several actors, as the commercial breakthrough [[Hindi film]] for [[Zeenat Aman]] and [[Neetu Singh]], who became leading actresses of the 1970s,<ref name="ZaanatRediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/12dinesh.htm|title=The A to Z of Zeenat Aman|date=12 November 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=2011-01-14|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025101510/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/12dinesh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Neetu Singh's TOI Archives|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/neetu-singhs-toi-archives-100-years-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/20942219.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044158/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/neetu-singhs-toi-archives-100-years-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/20942219.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the debut film for Nasir Hussain's nephews Tariq Khan and [[Aamir Khan]], the latter a [[child actor]] who grew up to be one of the biggest movie stars in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=Aamir Khan's 'Secret Superstar' Could Be India's Next ₹1,000 Crore/$152M Box Office Hit|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-₹1000-crore160m-box-office-hit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075022/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-%E2%82%B91000-crore160m-box-office-hit/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2017|website=[[Forbes]]|date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

It is still remembered fondly for its soundtrack, composed by music director [[R.D. Burman]]. The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]'', in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Himam]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3661883.ece?css=printwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fmetroplus%2Farticle3661883.ece%3Fcss%3Dprint |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Where has all the magic gone? |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030014424/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/where-has-all-the-magic-gone/article3661883.ece |url-status=live }}. The Hindu (2012-07-20). Retrieved on 2012-11-03.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/60-bollywood-films-remade-in-south-indian-film-industry/ |title=60 Bollywood Films Remade in South Indian Film Industry - Koimoi |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423171448/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/60-bollywood-films-remade-in-south-indian-film-industry/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==

===1958===
The film starts with three young brothers, Shankar, Vijay, and Ratan, celebrating their father's birthday with their mother and the maid. Their mother sings ''Yaadon ki Baarat'' a song loved by the children. When their father goes out later that evening he witnesses a theft by Shakaal and his men.

In order to remove the risk of being identified and reported to the police, Shakaal and his men break into their house and shoot the father. The mother, awakened by the noise finds her dead husband only to be shot dead too. The shocking incident is witnessed by Shankar and Vijay. They run away to the railway station. Shankar manages to catch a train and tries to take Vijay with him but they are separated. Shankar is left with no choice but to survive on the streets. He joins Usman, another boy like him, stealing food from shops.

On the police's advice the maid decides to adopt Ratan. Vijay is found unconscious by a groundskeeper of a mansion owned by a wealthy man and is raised by him.

===1973===
The brothers have grown up into mature adults. Shankar ([[Dharmendra]]), the eldest, is now joined by Usman on a crime spree around the city. However, he is still haunted by the murder of his parents and seeks to find his brothers. Vijay is now an unemployed but charming young man. Ratan, the youngest, is a singer with a band at Heavens hotel.

Vijay meets Sunita and flirts with her. But she is not responsive. At a party organised by Sunita she sings 'Chura Liya Hai'. Vijay falls in love with her. Sunita acts as if she, too, has fallen for him, but she publicly mocks him.

Vijay feigns sickness. A minidrama persuades Sunita to travel on a trip with him, a man about to lose his life to cancer. But she falls in love. Vijay, however reveals the truth to Sunita whose anger soon dissolves and he is forgiven. Ratan meanwhile also finds love with his co-dancer and singer.

The brothers meet several times but remain unaware of their close bond. But one night Ratan sings 'Yaadon ki Baarat', a heartfelt song of loss. Vijay and Shankar, present at the concert are immediately struck by a flood of memories and overjoyed. Vijay sings along with him. Vijay and Ratan unite. Shankar writes to Ratan asking him to meet him but is unable to because of his boss, none other than Shakaal.

Shankar discovers the truth of his parents' murders. He joins hands with his brothers and Sunita to make Shakaal pay for his misdeeds. Shakaal and his son Rupesh try to run away from Shankar but he corners them. Finally, Shakaal and Rupesh try to escape through the railway tracks. But Shakaal's leg gets stuck in the tracks. Shankar sees a train coming and leaves Shakaal to die, while restraining Rupesh. Shankar reunites with his brothers and their lives.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Dharmendra]] as Shankar
* [[Vijay Arora]] as Vijay
* Tariq Khan as Ratan / Monto
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as Sunita
* [[Ravindra Kapoor]] as Usman
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Dancer
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Shakaal
* [[Imtiaz Khan]] as Roopesh
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Jack
* Anamika as Jack's Daughter
* Ashoo as Mother of Shankar, Vijay, Ratan
* [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] as Father of Shankar, Vijay, Ratan
* [[Jalal Agha]] as Salim
* Master Rajesh as Young Shankar
* Master Ravi as Young Vijay
* Master [[Aamir Khan|Aamir]] as Young Ratan
* [[Ram Avtar]] as Businessman
* [[Moolchand]] as Businessman
* [[Jagdish Raj]]
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
Hussain's nephews, Tariq and Aamir, made their debuts with this film.

Tariq played one of the three male leads. Aamir, who went on to become one of the most successful actors in Hindi cinema, appeared in the title song as a child artist at the age of eight, playing the younger version of his cousin Tariq's role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-47-faces-of-aamir-khan/20120314.htm|title=Birthday Special: The 47 Faces of Aamir Khan|website=Rediff|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226182548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-47-faces-of-aamir-khan/20120314.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-most-ambitious-project-of-aamirs-career/20120314.htm|title=The Most Ambitious Project of Aamir's Career|website=Rediff|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425074548/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-most-ambitious-project-of-aamirs-career/20120314.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yaadon Ki Baaraat
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cover =
| released = 1973
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[R. D. Burman]] (composer) [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] (lyrics)
}}

The music and soundtrack of the film was by [[R. D. Burman]], with lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. The opening lines of the song, "[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko|Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]" were inspired by the English song, "If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium" by [[Bojoura]] from the soundtrack of [[If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium|1969 film of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inuth.com/trends/pop-culture/chura-liya-hai-to-mehbooba-7-bollywood-songs-that-were-inspired-by-others/|title=Chura Liya Hai to Mehbooba: 7 Bollywood songs that were 'inspired' by others'|first=Siddhant|last=Pandey|work=inuth|location=[[New York City]]|date=September 12, 2017|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416092450/https://www.inuth.com/trends/pop-culture/chura-liya-hai-to-mehbooba-7-bollywood-songs-that-were-inspired-by-others/|url-status=live}}</ref> The title track "Yaadon Ki Baaraat Nikli Hai" appears multiple times. Its first line has also been used in the Hindi tv series ''[[Pandya Store|Pandian Store]]''.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yaadon Ki Baaraat Nikli Hai Aaj Dil Ke Dwaare" (Male)
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Yaadon Ki Baaraat Nikli Hai Aaj Dil Ke Dwaare" (Female)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Sushma Shrestha]]
|-
| "Lekar Hum Deewana Dil, Phirte Hai Manzil Manzil"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Meri Soni, Meri Tamanna, Jhuth Nahin Hai Mera Pyar"
| Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Aap Ke Kamre Mein Koi Rehta Hai, Hum Nahin Kehte, Zamana Kehta Hai"
| Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar, [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
| "Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko, Nazar Nahin Churana Sanam"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
|}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film earned [[Indian rupee|{{INR}}]]5.5 [[crore]] at the box office, becoming the 5th highest grossing film of 1973.<ref name="boi73">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=179&catName=MTk3Mw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010072026/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=179&catName=MTk3Mw== |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-10 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[21st Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Dharmendra]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]

== Impact ==
The film popularized the now-familiar [[Bollywood]] theme of ''separated siblings united by fate''.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 March 2017|title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505013953/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0070935}}

{{Nasir Hussain|state=expanded}}
{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nasir Hussain]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]

Surjakumar Okram

2026-04-12T13:57:22Z

JudithBehan6: Started

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surjakumar Okram
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Okram Landhoni Devi
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|01|10}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| parents = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] Okram Landhoni Devi
| children =
| profession =
| education =
}}
'''Surjakumar Okram''' (born 10 January 1988) is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a Member of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khangabok Assembly constituency results 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khangabok-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923467-2022-03-09|website=Indian Today|date=10 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Surjakumar to contest from Khangabok |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/okrams-son-to-contest-from-khangabok/articleshow/56428149.cms}}</ref> representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Surjakumar Okram enters politics|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 January 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/In-parents%E2%80%99-footsteps-son-to-rise-in-Manipur/article17036735.ece/ |last1=Laithangbam |first1=Iboyaima }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okram, Surjakumar}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari

2026-04-09T18:12:51Z

JudithBehan6: Info

{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=March 2022}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rao Birender Singh 
State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari
| native_name = राव बीरेंद्र सिंह राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, रेवाड़ी
| image =
| established = 2017
| coordinates = {{coord|23.28|N|71.76|E|type:edu|format=dms|display = inline,title}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[engineering education|engineering college]]
| chairman =
| director = Dr. Wazir Singh
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty = 20+
| city = [[Rewari]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Rural
| free_label = Acronym
| free = RBSSIET Rewari
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[All India Council for Technical Education |AICTE, NEW DELHI]], [[Indira Gandhi University, Rewari|IGU, Rewari]]
| website = {{URL|https://rbssietrewari.ac.in/}}
| Deputy Director =
}}

The '''Rao Birender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari''' ([[Hindi]]: राव बीरेंद्र सिंह राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, रेवाड़ी) (abbreviated RBSSIETZ) is a [[public education|government]] [[engineering education|engineering college]] located in [[Zainabad, Rewari]]. It is among the five engineering colleges run by the [[Government of Haryana]], the others being Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa, [[State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri|State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri (Karnal)]], [[Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar]], and State Institute of Engineering and technology, Panchkula

== History ==
Rao Birender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology (RBSSIET), Zainabad also known as Govt Engineering College Rewari, Haryana is located in outskirts of Rewari District. Govt. Engineering College Rewari, Haryana proposed in 2013 and its foundation stone was laid in 2014. The institute started functioning in July 2017 and first batch was passed out in 2021.

== About the Institution ==
The Institute is offering B.Tech. courses in [[Computer Engineering]], [[Data Science |CSE (Data Science)]], [[Mechanical Engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]], [[Electrical Engineering]] and [[Civil Engineering]]. The sanctioned intake is 330 and haryana reservation policy is implemented for filling the seats. All seats are filled by centralised counselling organised by [[Haryana State Technical Education Society|HSTES]] through [[JEE]] main ranking organised by [[National Testing Agency |NTA Delhi]]. The Institute has good placement history in reputed industries situated in haryana state.
Admission to 2nd Year of B.Tech. course through Lateral entry is done through Haryana centralised counselling organised by [[Haryana State Technical Education Society|HSTES]] after completing [[Diploma]] or [[B.Sc.]] Course.

== Fees Structure ==
The annual fees of the institute is Rs. 40,000/- per year. The fees is paid in two installments. Odd Semester fees is Rs. 25,000/- and even semester fees is Rs. 15,000/-. The institute has nominal hostel charges. The semester hostel fees is Rs. 6,100/-. A security fees of Rs. 4,000/- is charged in 1st semester.

==References==
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=Haryana Government Technical Education Department Order |url=http://rbssietrewari.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fee-structure-for-all-Govt.-Engg.-Colleges.-Colleges.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094506/https://rbssietrewari.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fee-structure-for-all-Govt.-Engg.-Colleges.-Colleges.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Rao Birender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology}}</ref><ref>[https://techadmissionshry.gov.in/instwisemockrankcutoff.aspx JEE rank cutoff for all Engineering Colleges of Haryana state]</ref><ref>[https://www.techeduhry.gov.in/GovtEngineering List of Haryana Government Engineering Colleges]</ref><ref>[https://hstes.org.in/EligibilityBtechBarch Eligibility for admission in 1st year of B.Tech. course]</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Rao Birender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology - [RBS SIET], Rewari - Admissions, Contact, Website, Facilities 2021-2022 | url=https://collegedunia.com/college/60686-rao-birender-singh-state-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-rbs-siet-rewari | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419214555/https://collegedunia.com/college/60686-rao-birender-singh-state-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-rbs-siet-rewari | access-date=2026-03-30 | archive-date=2021-04-19}}</ref><ref>[https://techadmissionshry.gov.in/ Website for centralised counselling for Haryana Private & Government Engineering Colleges]</ref>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Engineering College, Rewari}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Haryana]]

Harjit Sajjan

2026-03-28T22:28:05Z

JudithBehan6: enhance article based on references and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Canadian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Harjit Sajjan
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|OMM|MSM|CD|size=100%}}
| image = Harjit Sajjan - 2023 - P060539-646377 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sajjan in 2023
| office = [[President of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
| term_start = July 26, 2023
| term_end = March 14, 2025
| predecessor = [[Bill Blair (politician)|Bill Blair]]
| successor = [[Dominic LeBlanc]]
| primeminister = [[Justin Trudeau]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness]]
| term_start1 = July 26, 2023
| term_end1 = March 14, 2025
| predecessor1 = Bill Blair
| successor1 = [[David McGuinty]]
| primeminister1 = Justin Trudeau
| office2 = [[Regional Development Agency (Canada)|Minister responsible for the Pacific Economic Development Agency of Canada]]
| primeminister2 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start2 = October 26, 2021
| term_end2 = March 14, 2025
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = [[Gregor Robertson (politician)|Gregor Robertson]]
| office3 = [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|Minister of International Development]]
| primeminister3 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start3 = October 26, 2021
| term_end3 = July 26, 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Karina Gould]]
| successor3 = [[Ahmed Hussen]]
| office4 = [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]]
| primeminister4 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start4 = November 4, 2015
| term_end4 = October 26, 2021
| predecessor4 = [[Jason Kenney]]
| successor4 = [[Anita Anand]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Veterans Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start5 = February 12, 2019
| term_end5 = March 1, 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Jody Wilson-Raybould]]
| successor5 = [[Lawrence MacAulay]]
| termlabel5 = Acting
| riding6 = [[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|Vancouver South]]
| parliament6 = Canadian
| term_start6 = October 19, 2015
| term_end6 = March 23, 2025
| predecessor6 = [[Wai Young]]
| successor6 = ''Riding dissolved''
| birth_name = Harjit Singh Sajjan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|9|6}}
| birth_place = Bombeli, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Canadian
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kuljit Kaur|1996}}
| children = 2
| profession = Police officer
| occupation = Politician
| residence = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html|title=Official Voting Results|publisher=Elections Canada|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102941/https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Bosnian War]]
**[[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina|NATO intervention]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]
* [[Operation Medusa]]
{{tree list end}}
| battles_label = Conflicts / operations
| branch = {{army|CAN}}
| branch_label = Branch
| service_years = 1989–2015<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pugliese|first1=David|title=Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan released from military — so he doesn't have to take orders from generals|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-released-from-military-so-he-doesnt-have-to-take-orders-from-generals|access-date=11 November 2015|work=National Post|agency=Postmedia News|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|date=10 November 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052924/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| serviceyears_label = Service years
| rank = [[File:Canadian Army OF-4.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-colonel (Canada)|Lieutenant-Colonel]]
| mawards = {{ubil|[[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]]|[[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)|Meritorious Service Medal]]|[[Canadian Forces' Decoration]]|{{nobr|[[South-West Asia Service Medal]]}}|[[General Campaign Star]]|[[Commendation Medal]]|[[NATO Medal|NATO Service Medal]]|[[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]]}}
| unit = [[Royal Canadian Regiment]]
| commands = [[British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)|British Columbia Regiment]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| status = Retired
| service_years =
| branch = Gang Crime Unit
| rank = Detective
| department = [[Vancouver Police Department]]
}}
}}

'''Harjit Singh Sajjan'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|h|ɑːr|dʒ|iː|t|_|'|s|ɪ|ŋ|_|'|s|æ|dʒ|ən}}; {{Respell|HAR|jeet|_|SING|_|SAJ|ən}}}} (born September 6, 1970) is a Canadian former politician, military officer, and police officer who was the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|Vancouver South]] from 2015 to 2025. A member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], Sajjan held a number of [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] positions. He was [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]] from 2015 to 2021, [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|Minister of International Development]] from 2021 to 2023, and [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness]] and [[President of the King's Privy Council for Canada|President of the Privy Council]] from 2023 to 2025. Before entering politics, Sajjan was a [[Vancouver Police Department]] detective and a lieutenant-colonel in the [[Canadian Army]].

==Early and personal life==
Sajjan was born on September 6, 1970, in Bombeli, a village in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hon. Harjit Singh Sajjan, P.C., M.P.|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=18450|access-date=2021-04-30|publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155015/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile%3FpersonId%3D18450|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video|title=Who are we? Part 12: In defence of the rights of others (with video)|last=Bramham|first=Daphne|date=18 September 2012|website=www.vancouversun.com|publisher=[[Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=2015-11-05|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145648/https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Kundan Singh Sajjan, was a [[head constable]] with the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoshiarpur village rejoices as Sajjan wins |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/diaspora/hoshiarpur-village-rejoices-as-sajjan-wins/148627.html |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095633/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/diaspora/hoshiarpur-village-rejoices-as-sajjan-wins/148627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a member of the board of the [[World Sikh Organization]], which has been described as a radical Sikh group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hemmadi |first=Murad |date=April 17, 2017 |title=Behind the local controversy hanging over Harjit Sajjan's India trip |url=https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/behind-the-local-controversy-hanging-over-harjit-sajjans-india-trip/ |work=Maclean's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martyn |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw3MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |title=Countering Violent Extremism and Terrorism: Assessing Domestic and International Strategies |date=2020-02-20 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press − MQUP |isbn=978-0-2280-0060-0 |editor-last=vonHlatky |editor-first=Stefanie |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref> Sajjan, along with his mother and older sister, immigrated to Canada in 1976, when he was five years old, to join their father who had left for BC two years earlier to work at a sawmill.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/harjit-sajjan-the-secret-weapons-of-trudeaus-commando-in-chief/|title=Behind the sunglasses: Harjit Sajjan's rise to cabinet|last=Geddes|first=John|date=2016-03-08|website=Macleans.ca|publisher=[[Maclean's]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-08|archive-date=February 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205085622/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/harjit-sajjan-the-secret-weapons-of-trudeaus-commando-in-chief/|url-status=live}}</ref> While the family was getting established in their new life in Canada, his mother worked on berry farms in BC [[Lower Mainland]] during the summer where Sajjan and his sister would frequently join her.<ref name=":2" /> Harjit Singh grew up in South [[Vancouver]].<ref name=":2" />

Sajjan married Kuljit Kaur, a family physician in 1996, and they have a son and a daughter, Arjun and Jeevut.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931|title=Harjit Sajjan: Meet Canada's new 'badass' defence minister|date=November 5, 2015|work=cbc.ca|access-date=November 5, 2015|archive-date=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105140205/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan was [[Amrit Sanchar|baptized as a Sikh]] when he was a teenager, seeing it as a way to get away from a bad crowd, such as his classmate [[Bindy Johal]] who became a notorious gangster.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="foreignpolicy.com">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/|title=Canada's New Defense Minister Made His Own Gas Mask to Work With His Sikh Beard|work=Foreign Policy|date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218104937/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Military and police career ==
Sajjan joined [[The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)]] in 1989 as a [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]] and was commissioned as an officer in 1991. He eventually rose to the rank of [[Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia|lieutenant-colonel]]. He deployed overseas four times in the course of his career: once to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and three times to [[Canada's role in the Afghanistan War|Afghanistan]].<ref name="CBC profile" /> Sajjan began his 11-year career as an officer of the Vancouver Police Department after returning from his Bosnian deployment.<ref name="CBC profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931 | title=Harjit Sajjan: Meet Canada's new 'badass' defence minister | publisher=[[CBC News]] | date=5 November 2015 | access-date=5 November 2015 | author=Tamara Baluja | archive-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105140205/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He ended his career with the Vancouver Police Department as a detective with the department's gang crimes unit specializing in drug trafficking<ref name="CBC profile" /> and organized-crime investigation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="foreignpolicy.com" />

Sajjan's first deployment to Afghanistan was shortly before the start of [[Operation Medusa]] in 2006, during which he took leave from his work in the Vancouver Police Department's gang squad.<ref name=":2" /> He deployed with the 1st Battalion, [[The Royal Canadian Regiment|Royal Canadian Regiment]] Battle Group in [[Kandahar]] and worked as a liaison officer with the Afghan police.<ref name=":1" /> Sajjan found that corruption in the Afghan government was driving recruitment to the [[Taliban]].<ref name=":1" /> After reporting these findings to [[Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia|Brigadier General]] [[David Fraser (military officer)|David Fraser]], Sajjan was tasked with helping the general plan aspects of Operation Medusa.<ref name=":1" />

Fraser evaluated Sajjan's leadership during the operation as "nothing short of brilliant".<ref name=":1" /> When Sajjan returned to Vancouver, Fraser sent a letter to the police department which called Sajjan "the best single Canadian intelligence asset in theatre", stated that his work saved "a multitude of coalition lives", and noted that the Canadian Forces should "seek his advice on how to change our entire tactical intelligence training and architecture".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|title=Here's what Harjit Sajjan really did with OPERATION MEDUSA|last=Garossino|first=Sandy|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]|access-date=May 1, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430013224/http://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajjan was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for the usefulness of his tactical counterinsurgency knowledge in the planning and implementation of an unnamed operation in September 2006 to secure important terrain.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/28/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-pays-price-for-rash-battlefield-boast.html|title=Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan pays price for rash battlefield boast|last=Campion-Smith|first=Bruce|date=April 28, 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=September 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927193748/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/28/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-pays-price-for-rash-battlefield-boast.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon his return, Sajjan left his position with the Vancouver police, but stayed as a reservist and started his own consulting business that taught intelligence gathering techniques to Canadian and American military personnel.<ref name=":1" /> He also consulted for US policy analyst and Afghanistan expert [[Barnett Rubin]], which began as a correspondence over Sajjan's views on how to tackle the Afghan opium trade and evolved into a collaboration as advisers to American military and diplomatic leaders in Afghanistan.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rubin|first1=Barnett|last2=Sherman|first2=Jake|title=Counter-Narcotics to Stabilize Afghanistan: The False Promise of Crop Eradication|date=2008|publisher=[[New York University]]|pages=57–58|url=http://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/counternarcoticsfinal.pdf|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106133132/http://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/counternarcoticsfinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan returned to Afghanistan for another tour of duty in 2009, taking another tour of leave from the Vancouver Police Department to do so.<ref name=":2" /> Having already taken two leaves of absence, Sajjan had to leave the Vancouver Police Department for his third tour of duty in 2010, during which he was assigned as a special assistant to then Major-General [[James L. Terry]], the commander of American forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/11/04/opinion/you-have-no-idea-how-badass-trudeaus-defence-minister-really|title=You have no idea how badass Trudeau's Defence Minister really is|work=National Observer|date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207174933/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/11/04/opinion/you-have-no-idea-how-badass-trudeaus-defence-minister-really|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, he became the first [[Sikh]] to command a Canadian Army reserve regiment when he was named commander of The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own).<ref>Garima Goswami, [http://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/taking-commandlieutenantcolonel-harjit-singh-sajjan/ Taking Command − Lieutenant-Colonel Harjit Singh Sajjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191843/http://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/taking-commandlieutenantcolonel-harjit-singh-sajjan/ |date=March 5, 2016 }}, ''Darpan Magazine'', April 20, 2013.</ref>

He was bestowed with the [[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)|Meritorious Service Medal]] in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=903&t=16&ln=Sajjan|title=The Governor General of Canada > Find a Recipient|work=gg.ca|access-date=November 6, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430053001/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients|url-status=live}}</ref> for diluting the [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban's]] influence in Kandahar Province.<ref name="CBC profile" /> He has also been awarded the [[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]],<ref name="CBC profile" /> the [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]] award, and served as [[Aide-de-camp|Aide-de-Camp]] to the [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia|lieutenant governor of British Columbia]].<ref>[http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/biography/ Meet Harjit Sajjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105133239/http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/biography/ |date=November 5, 2015 }}, Liberal.ca.</ref>

His Sikh beliefs require him to keep his facial hair which prevents the use of regular military gas masks, so Sajjan invented his own gas mask that worked with his beard, and patented it in 1996.<ref name="foreignpolicy.com" /><ref>{{cite patent |country=CA |number=2189378 |status=patent| title=Protective hood}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Canadian Minister of Defence Harjit Singh Sajjan addresses the U.S. congressional delegation in Halifax, NS, for the 2016 Halifax International Security Forum (30299569794).jpg|left|thumb|Sajjan speaking at the [[Halifax International Security Forum]] in 2016]]
[[File:Secretary Pompeo, Secretary Mattis, Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland and Canadian Defense Minister Sajjan Address the Press (44499792130).jpg|left|thumb|Sajjan with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and U.S. Secretary of Defense [[James Mattis]] in 2018]]
Sajjan was elected for the riding of [[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|Vancouver South]] during the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 federal election]], defeating Conservative incumbent [[Wai Young]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2284476/liberal-harjit-sajjan-defeats-tory-incumbent-wai-young-in-vancouver-south/ | title=Liberal Harjit Sajjan defeats Tory incumbent Wai Young in Vancouver South | work=Global News | author=Jon Azpiri | date=October 19, 2015 | access-date=October 19, 2015 | archive-date=October 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022232903/http://globalnews.ca/news/2284476/liberal-harjit-sajjan-defeats-tory-incumbent-wai-young-in-vancouver-south/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-election-2015-list-of-elected-b-c-candidates-1.3279444 | title=Canada election 2015: List of elected B.C. candidates | publisher=CBC News | date=October 19, 2015 | access-date=October 20, 2015 | archive-date=November 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111145013/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-election-2015-list-of-elected-b-c-candidates-1.3279444 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/19-indian-canadians-elected-to-canadian-parliament/articleshow/49464520.cms | title=19 Indian-Canadians elected to Canadian parliament | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=October 20, 2015 | access-date=October 20, 2015 | archive-date=November 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111145903/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/19-indian-canadians-elected-to-canadian-parliament/articleshow/49464520.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Sajjan was appointed [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|minister of national defence]] in the [[Cabinet of Canada|federal Cabinet]], headed by [[Justin Trudeau]], on November 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full list of Justin Trudeau's cabinet|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699|website=CBC News|access-date=November 4, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also briefly acting minister of [[Veterans Affairs Canada|veterans affairs]] in February 2019 following the resignation of [[Jody Wilson-Raybould]],<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Marieke |last1=Walsh |first2=Marco |last2=Vigliotti |date=2019-02-12 |title=Sajjan acting veterans affairs minister after Wilson-Raybould's resignation |url=https://ipolitics.ca/2019/02/12/sajjan-named-acting-veterans-affairs-minister-after-wilson-rayboulds-resignation/ |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=iPolitics |language=en-US |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024163903/https://ipolitics.ca/2019/02/12/sajjan-named-acting-veterans-affairs-minister-after-wilson-rayboulds-resignation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> until the appointment of [[Lawrence MacAulay]] to the portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence MacAulay named veterans affairs minister in mini cabinet shuffle |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/newsalert-trudeau-names-macaulay-veterans-affairs-minister-in-cabinet-shuffle |date=March 1, 2019 |newspaper=National Post |language=en-CA}}</ref>

His alleged links with the [[Khalistan movement]] have caused diplomatic friction with Punjab's former chief minister, [[Amarinder Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=M.D. |title=A minister's faith complicates Canada's relations with India |url=https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/05/08/a-ministers-faith-complicates-canadas-relations-with-india |newspaper=The Economist |date=8 May 2017 |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130308/https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/05/08/a-ministers-faith-complicates-canadas-relations-with-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Harjit Sajjan also has faced allegations from [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) that he is "playing down his connections to the detainee controversy during the [Afghanistan] combat mission [Medusa], where Canadians handed over prisoners to torture by Afghan authorities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chase |first1=Steven |title=Opposition denounce Defence Minister Sajjan, make case for non-confidence |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/opposition-denounce-defence-minister-sajjan-make-case-for-non-confidence/article34924034/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052950/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/opposition-denounce-defence-minister-sajjan-make-case-for-non-confidence/article34924034/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, Sajjan attended an event that was held to celebrate the [[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China]], for which he was subsequently criticized by the Conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glavin: Liberals still kowtowing to China's thugs –– just with a bit more subtlety than usual |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/glavin-liberals-still-kowtowing-to-chinas-thugs-just-with-a-bit-more-subtlety-than-usual |agency=Ottawa Citizen |publisher=Ottawa Citizen |date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006202110/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/glavin-liberals-still-kowtowing-to-chinas-thugs-just-with-a-bit-more-subtlety-than-usual |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harjit Sajjan criticized for attending event celebrating Chinese regime |url=https://ipolitics.ca/2019/09/30/harjit-sajjan-criticized-for-attending-event-celebrating-chinese-regime/ |agency=iPolitics |publisher=iPolitics |date=Sep 30, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007063139/https://ipolitics.ca/2019/09/30/harjit-sajjan-criticized-for-attending-event-celebrating-chinese-regime/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=npsajjan/> A spokesperson for Sajjan said that he appeared in his capacity as a candidate for his riding and did not stay for long.<ref name=npsajjan>{{cite news |title=Defence minister ripped for attending gala honouring Chinese Communist Party anniversary |agency=NP |publisher=NP |date=September 30, 2019 |quote=“During the event, Mr. Sajjan delivered brief remarks where he spoke of the long-standing focus of the organization on promoting diversity and their efforts to grant Chinese-Canadians the right to vote. Mr. Sajjan took the opportunity to state that the Chinese government needed to address the consular cases of the two arbitrarily detained Canadians. Mr. Sajjan believes in standing up for the rights of Canadians and has done so on numerous occasions. Shortly following the remarks, Mr. Sajjan departed. … Mr. Sajjan did not stay for dinner.”}}</ref>

=== Controversy over role in Operation Medusa ===
In an April 2017 public speech in [[New Delhi]], Sajjan called himself "the architect" of [[Operation Medusa]], a September 2006 Canadian offensive to remove [[Taliban]] fighters from around [[Kandahar]].<ref name=":4" /> In July 2015, Sajjan had made the same claim during an episode of the BC program ''Conversations That Matter'', stating that General [[Jonathan Vance]], the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)|chief of the defence staff]] at the time the story broke in 2017, saw him as "the architect" in the 2006 offensive.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/29/harjit-sajjan-apologizes-for-claiming-he-was-architect-of-canadas-largest-afghanistan-battle.html|title=Harjit Sajjan apologizes for claim about Afghan offensive|last=Campion-Smith|first=Bruce|date=April 29, 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=October 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003195323/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/29/harjit-sajjan-apologizes-for-claiming-he-was-architect-of-canadas-largest-afghanistan-battle.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1fWSq0mnXM|title=Canada Minister of Defense Lt Col Harjit Sajjan: Fighting Terrorism|date=July 2, 2015|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Conversations That Matter, with Stuart McNish, presented by the [[Simon Fraser University]] Centre for Dialogue|at=Statement at 14:08|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928041813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1fWSq0mnXM|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of Operation Medusa, Sajjan was a [[Major (rank)|major]] in the [[Canadian Army]] reserve and a liaison officer to [[Task Force Kandahar]], where large combat operations such as Medusa were usually worked upon by generals and [[colonel]]s.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/sajjan-retracts-claim-he-was-architect-of-canadas-biggest-combat-operation-in-afghanistan|title=Sajjan retracts claim he was 'architect' of Canada's biggest combat operation in Afghanistan|last=Fisher|first=Matthew|date=April 27, 2017|work=[[National Post]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430053004/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/sajjan-retracts-claim-he-was-architect-of-canadas-biggest-combat-operation-in-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the anonymous officers cited in the ''[[National Post]]'', which first broke the story, called Sajjan's statement "a bald-faced lie", while others praised him on a personal level and for his expert intelligence work, but found his claim "really, quite outrageous" because the planning for Operation Medusa was collaborative.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Canadian historian [[Jack Granatstein]] said that Sajjan was a skilled intelligence officer who would have presented important intelligence in the leadup to the operation, but that he "certainly wouldn't have been the chief planner". Granatstein said that while the mistake was not one that was worth resigning over, it would still hurt his relationship with the military.<ref name=":4" /> In an interview on [[AM640 Toronto Radio|AM640]], [[Chris Vernon|Christopher Vernon]], a British officer who served as chief of staff for [[NATO]] forces in Southern Afghanistan at Kandahar during Medusa, said that Sajjan's role in the planning was "more than integral" and that Sajjan was a "pivotal player" in the operation. Vernon noted that Sajjan had worked "hand-in-glove" with the Australian [[lieutenant colonel]] who was the lead planner and that without Sajjan's intelligence work, the operation would not have happened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3439350/commentary-operation-medusa-wouldnt-have-happened-without-minister-sajjan/|title=Operation Medusa wouldn't have happened without Minister Sajjan|last=Dwivedi|first=Supriya|date=May 10, 2017|website=[[Global News]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032429/https://globalnews.ca/news/3439350/commentary-operation-medusa-wouldnt-have-happened-without-minister-sajjan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brigadier-General [[David Fraser (military officer)|David Fraser]] had also extensively praised the indispensable nature of Sajjan's role in Operation Medusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa/|title=Here's what Harjit Sajjan really did with OPERATION MEDUSA|last=Garossino|first=Sandy|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114043/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan issued apologies in which he apologized to members of the Canadian Forces, the [[United States Armed Forces]], and the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] in the operation, and noted that the successes of Operation Medusa were due to the contributions of all members of the Canadian Forces who were involved. Sajjan also acknowledged that describing himself as "the architect" was a mistake, and highlighted the role of Brigadier-General David Fraser in leading the team that planned the operation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/HarjitSajjan/status/858332848612417536|title=I made a mistake in describing my role. I wish to retract that description and apologize for it. I am truly sorry: www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123 …|last=Sajjan|first=Harjit|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[Twitter]]|language=en|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=July 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712122943/https://twitter.com/HarjitSajjan/status/858332848612417536|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123|title=The response to my remarks about Operation Medusa has been a good reminder of something important for me as a leader − always set a standard that honours those you serve |last=Sajjan|first=Harjit|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[Facebook]]|language=en|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217213149/https://www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan was supported by Justin Trudeau amidst calls from the opposition for him to resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-apology-operation-medusa-1.4093270|title=Opposition accuses defence minister of 'stolen valour' in demanding resignation for Afghan battle claim|work=CBC News|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en|archive-date=June 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601103542/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-apology-operation-medusa-1.4093270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/01/trudeau-backs-sajjan-after-exaggerated-operation-medusa-claim.html |title=Trudeau backs Sajjan after exaggerated combat claim from Afghanistan mission |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=May 2017 |access-date=2017-08-29 |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830102157/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/01/trudeau-backs-sajjan-after-exaggerated-operation-medusa-claim.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A failed vote of no confidence in Sajjan was put forth by the Conservatives in the House of Commons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-vote-down-conservatives-non-confidence-motion-against-sajjan/article34933544/|title=Liberals vote down Conservatives' non-confidence motion against Sajjan|date=2017-05-09|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en-GB|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052919/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-vote-down-conservatives-non-confidence-motion-against-sajjan/article34933544/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news1130.com/2017/05/03/tories-target-trudeau-inflated-claims-defence-minister/|title=Tories target Trudeau over inflated claims by defence minister |date=2017-05-03|work=NEWS 1130|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en-US|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923185145/http://www.news1130.com/2017/05/03/tories-target-trudeau-inflated-claims-defence-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was censured by the House of Commons in 2021 for "misleading Canadians about his service record".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=June 18, 2021 |title=MPs vote to censure Sajjan over handling of sexual misconduct in the Armed Forces |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mps-censure-sajjan-1.6070723 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

Sajjan was moved from Minister of National Defence to minister of international development in an October 2021 cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/pm-trudeau-names-new-ministers-to-several-key-files-in-sizable-cabinet-shakeup/ |title=PM Trudeau names new ministers to several key files in sizable cabinet shakeup |last=Aiello|first=Rachel |date= 2021-10-26|website=CTV News |publisher= |access-date=2022-02-01 |quote=}}</ref>

=== Controversy over handling of sexual assault within the Canadian Armed Forces ===
Sajjan has come under substantial criticism for his handling of sexual assault within the Canadian Armed Forces.<ref name=":8">{{cite web | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/defence-minister-has-lost-all-credibility-on-military-misconduct-experts/ | title=Defence minister has lost all credibility on military misconduct: Experts | date=June 24, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-sajjans-excuses-highlight-his-failure-on-sexual-harassment-in-the/ | title=Sajjan's excuses highlight his failure on sexual harassment in the military | newspaper=The Globe and Mail | date=March 10, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7957711/canadian-forces-sexual-misconduct-harjit-sajjan-censure/ | title=Sajjan censured by House of Commons over handling of military sexual misconduct |website=Globalnews.ca}}</ref> According to Megan MacKenzie, a sexual assault expert and academic, "Sajjan already has zero credibility on this issue and, at this point, it's unclear what it would take to remove him from this position given the clear signs he is not capable of leading or enacting change when it comes to military sexual violence".<ref name=":8" />

In 2018, Sajjan was presented with alleged evidence of a sexual assault by General [[Jonathan Vance]] but refused to look at it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajjan had a duty to pursue misconduct claim against Vance, say former military members |website=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/vance-sajjan-walbourne-department-of-defence-1.5937500 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305090714/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/vance-sajjan-walbourne-department-of-defence-1.5937500 |access-date=2025-01-24 |archive-date=2021-03-05}}</ref> Gary Walbourne, the military's ombudsman, told a parliamentary committee that he had privately warned Sajjan of the allegations against Vance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ombudsman says he warned Sajjan about allegations against Gen. Vance 3 years ago |website=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/vance-sajjan-walbourne-misconduct-1.5935397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303210921/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/vance-sajjan-walbourne-misconduct-1.5935397 |access-date=2025-01-24 |archive-date=2021-03-03}}</ref>

Sajjan was censured by the House of Commons in 2021 over his handling of the sexual misconduct issue.<ref name=":9" />

=== Controversy over Kabul evacuation ===
In 2024, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' reported that, as Defence Minister, Sajjan instructed [[Canadian Special Operations Forces Command|Canadian special forces]] to rescue about 225 [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Afghan Sikhs]] during the 2021 [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|evacuation of Kabul]]. Anonymous military sources cited by the Globe and Mail accused Sajjan of misusing military resources that could otherwise have been dedicated to evacuating Canadian citizens and [[Canada in the War in Afghanistan|Afghans linked to Canada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=Sajjan instructed special forces to rescue Afghan Sikhs during fall of Kabul |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-sajjan-instructed-special-forces-to-rescue-afghan-sikhs-during-fall-of/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> While Canadian armed forces managed to airlift 3,700 people out of Afghanistan, predominantly Canadian citizens and permanent residents, citizens of allied countries, and Afghans who worked for Canada, 1,250 Canadian citizens/permanent residents and hundreds of Afghans who assisted the Canadian army were left behind.<ref name=":11" />

Sajjan alleged that he merely passed along information about the Sikhs to the military and did not issue any direct orders to rescue them. However, General [[Wayne Eyre]], the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)|Chief of the Defence Staff]], told the media that the military was following "legal orders" when it attempted the rescue of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/military-was-following-legal-orders-to-try-to-rescue-afghan-sikhs-gen-eyre-says/ | title=Military was following 'legal orders' to try to rescue Afghan Sikhs, Gen. Eyre says | date=June 28, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canadian-military-was-following-legal-orders-to-try-to-rescue-afghan/ | title=Canadian military was following 'legal orders' to try to rescue Afghan Sikhs, Gen. Eyre says | newspaper=The Globe and Mail | date=June 28, 2024 }}</ref> An anonymous special forces officer told the ''Globe'':“There was such furious anger that the last 24 hours were solely dedicated to getting the Sikhs out”.<ref name=":11" />

The [[Bloc Québécois]] and former [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] leader [[Erin O’Toole]] called on the government to investigate Sajjan's actions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2024 |title=Bloc calls for probe into Harjit Sajjan's push to rescue Afghan Sikhs from Kabul |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-bloc-calls-for-probe-into-harjit-sajjans-push-to-rescue-afghan-sikhs/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>

''The Globe and Mail''<nowiki/>'s editorial board wrote that "Sajjan failed Canada, and Canadians" by compromising the evacuation of Canadian citizens and people with links to Canada through his request.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=Harjit Sajjan failed Canada, and Canadians |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/article-harjit-sajjan-failed-canada-and-canadians/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>

Bloc Quebecois MP Christine Normandin, criticized Sajjan's actions, stating: "We learned through The Globe and Mail that the minister might have provided some directives to prioritize the evacuation of Afghans of the Sikh faith to the detriment of Canadians" and "Certain individuals including [former Canadian military] interpreters were left behind because the resources to evacuate people were limited." She later moved a motion, which was unanimously adopted, calling for Sajjan along with other senior officials to testify.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=MPs to investigate former defence minister Harjit Sajjan's use of special forces to rescue Afghan Sikhs |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-sajjan-afghan-sikhs-special-forces-probe/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

''The Globe'' also reported that directors of the Manmeet Singh Bhullar Foundation, a Canadian Sikh group that sought to privately sponsor Afghan Sikhs' arrival to Canada, made multiple donations to Sajjan's Liberal riding association; the donations coincided with the foundation pressing Sajjan and the government to rescue a group of Afghan Sikhs during the Kabul evacuation. Sajjan claimed that the foundation reached out to him personally, and he relayed the information provided to him by the foundation to the military's chain of command. The donations also coincided with Sajjan seeking reelection during the [[2021 Canadian federal election]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title=Afghan Sikh sponsors donated to Sajjan's riding association during Kabul airlift campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-donations-harjit-sajjan-liberals-vancouver-south/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

In September 2024, it was reported that the House of Commons committee on national defence planned to investigate Sajjan's actions during the Kabul evacuation.<ref name=":10" />

=== Controversy over proposed use of military personnel for concert ===
In 2024, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' reported that as Minister of International Development, Sajjan requested 100 soldiers to act as backdrops for a pop concert by Punjabi musician [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2024 |title=Cabinet minister Harjit Sajjan requested 100 soldiers to perform with Punjabi pop star Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-harjit-sajjan-diljit-dosanjh-soldiers/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> The request was refused by the Canadian Forces. Sajjan's spokesman defended the request, saying that Dosanjh "is the biggest Punjabi artist in the world".<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2024 |title=Sajjan defends request to use soldiers as backdrop for Diljit Dosanjh concert |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/diljit-dosanjh-harjit-sajjan-justin-trudeau-caf-1.7281217 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

==Honours and decorations==
Sajjan has received the following honours and decorations during and after his military career.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:DarkGreen;color:white " align="center"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes
|-
|[[File:Order of Military Merit (Canada) ribbon (OMM).jpg|80px]] || [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]] (OMM) ||
*Appointed Officer (OMM) on 17 October 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/150-4379|title=Order of Military Merit List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:CAN Meritorious Service Medal (military division) BAR.svg|80px]] || [[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)|Meritorious Service Medal]] (MSM) ||
* Awarded August 22, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/139-903|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
* Military Division
|-
|[[File:South-West Asia Service Medal with Afganistan bar ribbon.png|80px]] || [[South-West Asia Service Medal]] ||
* With Clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|[[File:CAN General Campaign Star SWA two bars (390 days).png|80px]] || [[General Campaign Star (Canada)|General Campaign Star]] ||
* South West Asia Ribbon
* 2 Rotation Bars
|-
|[[File:UK MID 1920-94.svg|80px]] || [[Mentioned in dispatches]] ||
* Awarded June 4, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/134-576|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-leaf|ribbon=NATO Medal Yugoslavia ribbon bar with decoration.svg|width=80}}||[[NATO Medal]] for the former Yugoslavia||
*with '''FORMER YUGOSLAVIA''' clasp
|-
|[[File:CPSM Ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal]] ||
*Decoration awarded in 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/125-38518|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
*Canadian version
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-leaf|ribbon=QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}||[[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]]||
*Decoration awarded in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/126-205838|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
*Canadian version
|-
|[[File:UK King Charles III Coronation Medal BAR.svg|80px]] || [[King Charles III Coronation Medal]] ||
* June 20 2025
* Canadian version
* <ref>{{cite web |title=Harjit Sajjan's King Charles III Coronation Medal Citation |url=https://gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/5431-141603 |website=Governor General of Canada |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:CAN Canadian Forces Decoration ribbon with one bar.svg|80px]] || [[Canadian Forces' Decoration]] (CD) ||
*with one Clasp for 22 years of services
|-
|[[File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Commendation Medal]] ||
* From the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] of the United States of America
|-
|[[File:Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff Commendation.jpg|80px]] || Chief of Defence Staff Commendation ||
|-
| || Deputy Minister Award||
* From the [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]
|-
|
|Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards
|
* 2016 recipient<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadas Top 25 Immigrants 2016|url=https://canadianimmigrant.ca/canadas-top-25-immigrants/canadas-top-25-immigrants-2016|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Canadian Immigrant|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Electoral record==
{{2021 Canadian federal election/Vancouver South}}
{{2019 Canadian federal election/Vancouver South}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2015|Vancouver South|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Harjit Sajjan|21,773|48.81|+15.05|$161,402.16}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|[[Wai Young]]|15,115|33.88|-8.54|$118,748.27}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Amandeep Nijjar|6,230|13.97|-7.10|$63,954.79}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Elain Ng|1,149|2.58|+0.37|$5,232.68}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Charles Boylan|178|0.40|–|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|Progressive Canadian|Raj Gupta|166|0.37|–|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|44,611|100.00| |$203,440.39}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|259|0.58|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|44,870|64.04|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|70,062}}
{{CANelec/gain|CA|Liberal|Conservative|+11.80}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=59040&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=BC&PROVID=59&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1 |title=Voter Information Service − Who are the candidates in my electoral district |website=Canada Elections |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004032248/http://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=59040&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=BC&PROVID=59&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e|title=Final Election Expenses Limits for Candidates |website=Canada Elections |access-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061116/http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand%2Fcanlim&document=index&lang=e |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{end}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Harjit Sajjan}}
* [http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/ Official Website]
* [https://pm.gc.ca/en/cabinet/honourable-harjit-sajjan Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister]
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=18450}}

{{s-start}}
{{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header |ministry=29}}
{{ministry box cabinet posts
|post1preceded = [[Karina Gould]]
|post1 = [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|Minister of International Development]]
|post1years = October 26, 2021 – July 26, 2023
|post1followed = [[Ahmed Hussen]]
|post2preceded = [[Jason Kenney]]
|post2 = [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]]
|post2years = November 4, 2015 – October 26, 2021
|post2followed = [[Anita Anand]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Justin Trudeau Ministry}}
{{CanCabinet}}
{{CA-Presidents of the Privy Council}}
{{CA-Ministers of Defence}}
{{CA-Ministers of Veterans Affairs}}{{CA-Ministers for International Cooperation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajjan, Harjit}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Canadian Army officers]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian police officers]]
[[Category:Ministers of national defence of Canada]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 29th Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Military Merit (Canada)]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration]]
[[Category:British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:Minister of veterans affairs of Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian military personnel]]

Rakesh Vijay

2026-03-23T15:28:26Z

JudithBehan6: Started Entry

{{Short description|Rajasthani miniaturist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Rakesh Vijay
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rakesh Vijayvargiya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|3|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Painting|painter]]
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}

'''Rakesh Vijay''' (22 March 1970), professionally known as R. Vijay, is a [[Rajasthan]]i [[Portrait miniature|miniaturist]] best known for his collaborative work with American artist Waswo X. Waswo. R. Vijay received little formal training and his miniature painting style has been described as naïve, though his works have drawn attention and praise from various critics throughout India.<ref>Giriraj Agarwal, ''New Avatar for Indian Art'', SPAN magazine, December 2009</ref>

Early in life Rakesh was tutored by traditional miniaturists such as Sukhdev Singh Sisodiya and Laxmi Narayan Sikaligar. Later he developed his own style, which has been called an eclectic mix of Persian and Mogul styles, along with a bit of the Company School of Indo-British art.<ref>Edward Lucie-Smith and Dr. Alka Pande (catalogue essays), ''A Studio in Rajasthan'', Palette Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2008.</ref> The artist also takes inspiration from his great-uncle Ram Gopal Vijayvargia,<ref>Ram Gopal Vijayvargia, ''A Melody of Drawings'', published by the Padmashri Ram Gopal Vijayvargia Memorial Trust, Jaipur, 2007</ref> a well-known Rajasthani miniaturist who had practiced his art in Jaipur, and became widely acclaimed in India not only for his paintings but also for his many short stories published in Hindi.

In 2004 R.Vijay began doing collaborative work with the American [[Waswo X. Waswo]]. Taking concepts suggested by Waswo, Vijay creates a series of miniatures that depict a foreigner's life in India, complete with a wide variety of emotions and predicaments. In this collaborative work the two artists pull together an extremely disparate collection of cultural references, from both the East and the West.<ref>Annapurna Garimella, ''Miniature as Style'' – A Small Revolution, Living magazine, Issue 4, Bangalore, November 2009</ref> The two artists take joint credit for this body of work, with R. Vijay signing each painting and Waswo embossing his initials. This work has been exhibited along with the collaborations Waswo has done with photographic hand-colorist [[Rajesh Soni]] under the exhibition title "A Studio in Rajasthan".<ref>Patrick Guicherd (catalogue essay) ''A Studio in Rajasthan'', Coromandel Art Gallery, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/47139/a-avatar.html A New Avatar for Indian Art, Giriraj Agarwal] [[The Deccan Herald]]
* [http://www.waswoxwaswo.net Waswo X. Waswo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211222049/http://www.waswoxwaswo.net/ |date=11 December 2009 }}
* [http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/204980-waswo-x-waswo-and-r-vijay Art Slant]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Red Sea

2026-03-21T10:13:06Z

JudithBehan6: improved structure to improve readability and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa}}
{{About|the body of water between Asia and Africa}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Confusing|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Red Sea
| image_bathymetry = Red Sea topographic map-en.jpg
| caption_bathymetry = Map of the Red Sea
| location = [[North Africa]], [[East Africa]], and [[West Asia]]
| coords = {{Coord|22|N|38|E|region:EG_type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Sea]]
| inflow = [[Gulf of Aden]], [[Gulf of Suez]]
| outflow = [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], [[Suez Canal]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = * {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Eritrea}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}
| length = {{cvt|2250|km|mi}}
| width = {{cvt|355|km|mi}}
| area = {{cvt|438000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|490|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|2730|m|ft}}
| volume = {{cvt|233000|km3|cumi}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| cities =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-stroke-width = 1
| mapframe-zoom = 3
}}
{{Contains special characters}}

The '''Red Sea''' is a [[sea]] [[inlet]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] Strait and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. To the north of the Red Sea lies the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], and the [[Gulf of Suez]], which leads to the [[Suez Canal]]. It is underlain by the [[Red Sea Rift]], which is part of the [[Great Rift Valley]].

The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly {{cvt|438,000|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006 |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> is about {{cvt|2250|km|mi}} long, and {{cvt|355|km|mi}} across at its widest point. It has an average depth of {{cvt|490|m|ft}}, and in the central Suakin Trough, it reaches its maximum depth of {{cvt|2730|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dinwiddie |first=Robert |title=Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed |date=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3 |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=Louise |location=London |page=452}}</ref>

The Red Sea is quite shallow, with approximately 40% of its area being less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, and approximately 25% being less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and [[coral]]s. More than 1,000 [[invertebrate]] species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost [[tropical]] sea and has been designated a [[Global 200]] ecoregion.

== Extent ==
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref>{{blockquote|''On the North.'' The Southern limits of the [[Gulf of Suez|Gulfs of Suez]] [A line running from [[Ras Muhammad National Park|Ràs Muhammed]] (27°43'N) to the South point of [[Shadwan]] Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of [[Africa]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and [[Gulf of Aqaba|Aqaba]] [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ({{coord|27|57|N|34|36|E|display=inline}}) through [[Tiran Island]] to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the [[Sinai Peninsula]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.

''On the South.'' A line joining [[Hisn Murad|Husn Murad]] ({{coord|12|40|N|43|30|E|display=inline}}) and [[Ras Siyyan]] ({{coord|12|29|N|43|20|E|display=inline}}).}}

== Exclusive economic zone ==
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Red Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us {{!}} Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! Number
! Country
! Area (Km2)
|-
| align=center | 1 || {{KSA}} || align=center | 186,392
|-
| align=center | 2 || {{SUD}} || align=center | 92,513
|-
| align=center | 3 || {{EGY}} || align=center | 91,279
|-
| align=center | 4 || {{ERI}} || align=center | 78,383
|-
| align=center | 5 || {{YEM}} || align=center | 35,861
|-
| align=center | 6 || {{DJI}} || align=center | 7,037
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
! Total
| '''Red Sea''' || align=center | '''491,465'''
|}
Note: [[Halaib Triangle|Hala'ib Triangle]] disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both.

[[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Tihama]] on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [[Yemen]]]]
[[File:Empty Coast in Farasan Island.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast seen from [[Farasan Islands]]]]

== Name ==
The Red Sea has names in many languages of the region:
* {{langx|rtl=yes|ar|البحر الأحمر|translit=al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar|label=[[Modern Standard Arabic]]}}; {{langx|ar|بحر القلزم|translit=Baḥr al-Qulzum|links=no|rtl=yes|label=Medieval [[Arabic]]}};
* {{Langx|he|הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם|translit=hayYām hāʾĀḏōm|rtl=yes}}; {{Langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|translit=[[Yam Suph|Yam Sūf]]|rtl=yes}}
* {{langx|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ|Phiom Enhah}}, or {{langx|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ|Phiom ǹšari|label=none}}
* {{langx|ti|ቀይሕ ባሕሪ|translit=Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī}}
* {{Langx|so|Badda Cas}}
* {{langx|aa|Qasa Bad}}

The English term ''Red Sea'' is a direct translation of the [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|Erythrà Thálassa}} ({{lang|grc|Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα}}). The sea itself was once referred to as the [[Erythraean Sea]] by Europeans. As well as {{lang|la|Mare Rubrum}} in [[Latin]]—alternatively, {{lang|la|Sinus Arabicus}} ({{literal translation|Arabian Gulf}})—the Romans called it {{lang|la|Pontus Herculis}} ({{literal translation|Sea of Hercules}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Carl |last2=Villeneuve |first2=François |last3=Facey |first3=William |title=A Latin inscription from South Arabia |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |date=2004 |volume=34 |pages=239–250 |jstor=41223821 }}</ref> Other designations include the Arabic {{lang|ar|البحر الأحمر|rtl=yes}} ({{tlit|ar|Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar}}; alternatively, {{langx|ar|بحر القلزم|Baḥr Al-Qulzum|translation=the Sea of [[Clysma]]|label=none}}); the Coptic {{lang|cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ}} ({{tlit|cop|Phiom ̀nšari}}); the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] {{lang|rtl=yes|syc|ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ}} ({{tlit|syc|Yammāʾ summāqā}}); the Somali {{lang|so|Badda Cas}}; and the Tigrinya {{langx|ti|ቀይሕ ባሕሪ|label=none}} ({{tlit|ti|Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī}}). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured ''[[Trichodesmium]] erythraeum'' near the water's surface.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Red Sea {{!}} sea, Middle East |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name ''red'' refers to the direction south, just as the [[Black Sea]]'s name may refer to the north. The basis of this theory is that some [[Pre-Indo-European languages]] used color words to refer to the [[5 cardinal point|cardinal directions]].<ref name="ChiTra">{{Cite web |title=How the Red Sea Got its Name |url=http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Writing in the fifth century [[BCE]], [[Herodotus]] uses the Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmitt |first1=Rüdiger |chapter=Considerations on the name of the Black Sea: what can the historian learn from it? |pages=219–224 |editor1-last=Leschhorn |editor1-first=Wolfgang |editor2-last=Miron |editor2-first=Auguste V. B. |editor3-last=Miron |editor3-first=Andrei |title=Hellas und der griechische Osten: Studien zur Geschichte und Numismatik der griechischen Welt: Festschrift für Peter Robert Franke zum 70. Geburtstag |date=1996 |publisher=SDV Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag GmbH |isbn=978-3-930843-12-1 }}</ref>

The term ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|translation=Sea of Reeds|label=none|rtl=yes}}) derives from the tale of God's [[parting of the Red Sea]] for the [[Israelites]]. Historically, it was also known to Western geographers as {{lang|la|Mare Mecca}} ('Sea of [[Mecca]]') and {{tlit|la|Sinus Arabicus}} ('Arabian Gulf').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=World Digital Library}}</ref> Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the "Arabian Gulf" or the "Gulf of Arabia", too.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael D. Oblath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |title=The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0 |page=53 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1525/9780520943728-073 |chapter=Fish Stocks/ Overfishing |title=Encyclopedia of Islands |date=2019 |last1=Brodziak |first1=Jon |pages=310–311 |isbn=978-0-520-94372-8 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{AI-generated|partial=y|section=History|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1159139217|This 2023 edit]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, negative parallelism, vocab distribution typical of 2023 LLMs, etc}}
=== Ancient era ===
[[File:C+B-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian expedition to the [[Land of Punt]] on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen [[Hatshepsut]]]]

The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by [[ancient Egypt]]ians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. One such expedition took place around 2500 BCE and another around 1500 BCE (by [[Hatshepsut]]). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 24]}}</ref>

The Hebrew Biblical [[Book of Exodus]] relates the account of the [[Israelites]]' [[crossing the Red Sea]], which the Hebrew text calls {{tlit|hbo|[[Yam Suph]]}} ({{Langx|hbo|יַם־סוּף|label=none|rtl=yes}}). {{tlit|hbo|Yam Suph}} was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. [[Rabbi]] [[Saadia Gaon]] (882‒942 CE), in his [[Judeo-Arabic]] translation of the [[Torah]], identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as {{tlit|jrb|Baḥar al-Qulzum}}, meaning the "[[Gulf of Suez]]".<ref>''Tafsir'', Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, ''et al''.</ref>

In the 6th century BCE, [[Darius the Great]], who was a prominent ruler of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in [[Persia]], undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea and identify its navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele {{!}} cabinet |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the [[spice trade]], as described in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'']]

In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the [[Nile|Nile River]] to the northern end of the Red Sea at [[Suez]]. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor of the modern [[Suez Canal]], which was constructed in the 19th century and remains one of the world's most important waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colburn |first=Henry |date=2021 |title=King Darius' Red Sea Canal |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |journal=FEZANA Journal |language=en-US |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=27–30 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ancient records, including inscriptions, evidence the construction of the canal during Darius's reign. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

In the late 4th century BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the [[Indian Ocean]]. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [[Agatharchides]] collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BCE. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (or ''[[Periplus of the Red Sea]]''), a [[Greek language|Greek]] [[periplus]] written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 32–33]}}</ref> The Periplus also describes how [[Hippalus]] first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to.

The Red Sea was favored for [[Roman trade with India]] starting with the reign of [[Augustus]], when the [[Roman Empire]] gained control over the Mediterranean, [[Egypt]], and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states, but traffic volume increased under the Romans. From Indian ports, goods from [[China]] were introduced to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [[Aksumite Empire]] around the 3rd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=East |first=W. Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 |title=The Geography behind History |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-393-00419-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 174–175]}}</ref>
From antiquity [[slavery in Saudi Arabia|until the 20th century]], the Red Sea was also a trade route for the [[Red Sea slave trade]] from Africa to the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-13259-9 |editor-last1=Pargas |editor-last2=Schiel |editor-first1=Damian A. |editor-first2=Juliane }}{{pn|date=May 2025}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages and modern era ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], the Red Sea was an important part of the [[spice trade]] route. In 1183, [[Raynald of Châtillon]] launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the [[Hajj|Muslim pilgrim]] convoys to [[Mecca]].<ref name="Mallett2008">{{cite journal |last1=Mallett |first1=Alex |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2008 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |jstor=27755928 |doi=10.1017/S1356186307008024 }}</ref>{{rp|pages=143–144}} The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and [[Medina]] caused fury throughout the Muslim world.<ref name="Mallett2008"/>{{rp|pages=146–147}} However, it appears that Raynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well-guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the [[Muslim world]] that Raynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.<ref name="Mallett2008"/>{{rp|pages=152–153}}

In 1513, trying to secure that channel to [[Portugal]], [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] laid [[Siege of Aden (1513)|siege to Aden]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=M. D. D. |title=A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668 |publisher=New York Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23979-0 |location=London |page=87}}</ref> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea through the [[Bab al-Mandab]], as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to sail these waters. Later in 1524, the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1798, [[France]] ordered General [[Napoleon I]] to invade [[Egypt]] and take control of the Red Sea.{{cn|date=February 2026}} Although he failed in his mission, the engineer [[Jean-Baptiste Lepère]], who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [[pharaoh]]s. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present [[Sweet Water Canal]], but none lasted for long. The [[Suez Canal]] was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th century, the [[Red Sea slave trade]] attracted substantial international condemnation.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

After the [[Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [[Six-Day War]] culminated in the closure of the [[Suez Canal]] from 1967 to 1975. Despite the patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piracy Resurges in the Indian Ocean as Red Sea Tensions Escalate – Ship Universe |url=https://www.shipuniverse.com/news/piracy-resurges-in-the-indian-ocean-as-red-sea-tensions-escalate/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Red Sea crisis===
{{main|Red Sea crisis}}
[[Axis of Resistance|Iranian-backed]] [[Yemen]]i [[Houthis]] have attacked Western ships, including warships, next to the [[Bab al-Mandeb]] during the [[Gaza war]]. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault | title=Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault | newspaper=The Guardian | date=10 January 2024 | last1=Sabbagh | first1=Dan }}</ref>

== Oceanography ==
[[File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the [[International Space Station]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>]]
[[File:Day Pass down the Red Sea.ogv|thumb|upright=1.35|This video over the south-eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.]]
The Red Sea is between arid land, [[desert]] and [[semi-desert]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Najeeb M.A. |editor1-last=Rasul |editor2-first=Ian C.F. |editor2-last=Stewart |title=The Red Sea |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2015 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1 |isbn=978-3-662-45200-4 }}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref> Many regions of the coastal zone of the Red Sea possess large areas of vigorously growing coral and extensive reef complexes. Due to the tidal currents, low human population, and the minimal development in this climatically inhospitable region, the Red Sea coral reefs are some of the healthiest reef environments in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acker |first1=James |last2=Leptoukh |first2=Gregory |last3=Shen |first3=Suhung |last4=Zhu |first4=Tong |last5=Kempler |first5=Steven |title=Remotely-sensed chlorophyll a observations of the northern Red Sea indicate seasonal variability and influence of coastal reefs |journal=Journal of Marine Systems |date=February 2008 |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.12.006 |bibcode=2008JMS....69..191A }}</ref> The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the [[Arabian Sea]] and [[Indian Ocean]] via the [[Gulf of Aden]]. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sofianos |first1=Sarantis S. |last2=Johns |first2=William E. |date=2002 |title=An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=107 |issue=C11 |page=3196 |bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3196S |doi=10.1029/2001JC001184 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[climate]] of the Red Sea is the result of two [[monsoon]] seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinity make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about {{cvt|26|C|F|0}} in the north and {{cvt|30|C|F|0|}} in the south, with only about {{cvt|2|C-change}} variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is {{cvt|22|C|F|0|}}. Temperature and visibility remain good, with visibility around {{cvt|200|m|ft}}. The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The [[rainfall]] over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging {{cvt|60|mm|in|2}} per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [[storm]]s. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as {{cvt|2050|mm|in|0}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent{{When|date=June 2023}} underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]]<ref>[[BBC 2]] television program "''Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea''", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2023}} found surface water temperatures {{cvt|28|C|F|0}} in winter and up to {{cvt|34|C|F|0}} in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of [[coral bleaching]], with only 9% infected by ''[[Thalassomonas loyana]]'', the 'white plague' agent. [[Favia|''Favia favus'']] coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills ''T. loyana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these corals and their [[commensal]] [[algae]] to determine whether they can be used to rescue bleached corals elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Sunny |date=8 April 2020 |title=The super-corals of the Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[BBC Future]]}}</ref>

=== Salinity ===
The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the [[Gulf of Aden]], an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Por |first=F. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |title=The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-0937-3 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[salinity]] ranges from between ~36 [[per mil|‰]] in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the [[Gulf of Suez]], with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's [[seawater]] is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanauer |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |title=The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide |date=1988 |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-922769-04-9 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tidal range ===
In general, tide ranges between {{cvt|0.6|m|ft|1}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{cvt|0.9|m|ft|1}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between {{cvt|0.20|m|ft|2}} and {{cvt|0.30|m|ft|2}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such, the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range, the water during high tide inundates the coastal [[sabkha]]s as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the [[sabkha]]s through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [[Shoiaba]] area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{cvt|3|km|mi|0}}, whereas north of [[Jeddah]] in the [[Al-Kharrar]] area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{cvt|2|km|mi|1}}. The prevailing north- and northeast winds influence the movement of water from coastal inlets into adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars, and low islands commonly exceed {{cvt|1–2|m/s|0}}. Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

=== Current ===
Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}}{{clarify|what does this mean?|date=October 2021}} and is governed by the wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of {{cvt|15–20|cm/s|0}}, whereas in winter the flow is reversed, resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, leading to an overall drift toward the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is {{cvt|50–60|cm/s|0}} with a maximum of {{cvt|1|m/s|ft/s|1}} at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is {{cvt|8–29|cm/s|0}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

=== Wind regime ===
The northern part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west [[winds]], with speeds ranging between {{cvt|7|km/h|mph|1}} and {{cvt|12|km/h|mph|1}}. The rest of the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aden]] are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [[regime]] is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in [[speed]] and [[direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] with average speed generally increasing northward.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patzert |first1=William C. |title=Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation |journal=Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts |date=February 1974 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0 |bibcode=1974DSRA...21..109P }}</ref>

The wind is the driving force in the Red Sea, transporting material as suspended load or bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea by resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from dumping sites to burial sites in a quiescent depositional environment. Wind-generated current [[measurement]] is therefore important for determining sediment dispersal patterns and their role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and submerged coral beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcos |first=S. A. |date=1970 |title=Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review}}</ref>

== Geology ==
[[File:Dust red sea.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dust storm]] over the Red Sea]]
The Red Sea was formed by the [[Arabian Peninsula]] being split from the [[Horn of Africa]] by the movement of the [[Red Sea Rift]]. This split started in the [[Eocene]] and accelerated during the [[Oligocene]]. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three weeks of [[tectonic]] activity it had grown by {{cvt|8|m|ft|disp=sqbr}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Paul |title=Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world |last2=Laking |first2=Anne |publisher=BBC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84-607505-6 |location=London}}</ref> and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [[John Tuzo Wilson]]). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot [[brine]]s in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, {{cvt|60|C|F}}, saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor [[Rift (geology)|rift]]. [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Asal]] in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.<ref name="Boschetti-1">{{Cite journal |last1=Boschetti |first1=Tiziano |last2=Awaleh |first2=Mohamed Osman |last3=Barbieri |first3=Maurizio |date=2018 |title=Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=1700 |doi=10.3390/w10111700 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Water..10.1700B |hdl=11573/1202448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.<ref name="Boschetti-1" /> The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |title=Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea |date=1969 |isbn=978-3-662-27120-9 |editor-last1=Degens |editor-last2=Ross |editor-first1=Egon T. |editor-first2=David A. }}{{pn|date=May 2025}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}}</ref>

Sometime during the [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]], the [[Bab el Mandeb]] closed, and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehmann |first=Jenny |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Red Sea Vanished From Earth for 100,000 Years Until a Catastrophic Flood Brought It Back |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Discover Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Effects causing this would have been:
* A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [[Perim Island]] [[volcano|erupting]] filling the Bab el Mandeb with [[lava]].
* The lowering of world [[sea level]] during [[Ice age]]s because of much water being locked up in the [[ice cap]]s.

Several volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, [[Jabal al-Tair island]] in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the [[Zubair Group|Zubair Archipelago]], a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, and the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Brett |date=28 December 2011 |title=New Island Rises in the Red Sea |url=http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Oskin |first1=Becky |last2=SPACE.com |date=30 May 2015 |title=Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/ |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, with about 25% less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep.<ref name="britannica"/>

=== Oil and gas ===
Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at {{convert|5,041|e6oilbbl|e6m3|order=flip|abbr=off}}. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at {{convert|112,349|e9ft3|e9m3|order=flip|abbr=off|sigfig=3}}. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at {{convert|3,077|e6oilbbl|e6m3|order=flip|abbr=off|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite report |doi=10.3133/fs20103119 |chapter=Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Red Sea Basin Province |publisher=USGS |date=2010 |doi-access=free |title=Fact Sheet }}</ref> Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dolson |first1=John C. |last2=Shann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Matbouly |first3=Sayed I. |last4=Hammouda |first4=Hussein |last5=Rashed |first5=Rashed M. |year=2001 |title=Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends |journal=GeoArabia |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 |bibcode=2001GeoAr...6..211D |doi=10.2113/geoarabia0602211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beydoun |first1=Z. R. |title=The Hydrocarbon Prospects of the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden: A Review |journal=Journal of Petroleum Geology |date=April 1989 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-5457.1989.tb00229.x |bibcode=1989JPetG..12..125B }}</ref> These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the [[Middle Miocene]].

Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick Middle Miocene Maqna [[formation (geology)|Formation]] is an oil source rock in the basin. [[Oil seep]]s occur near the [[Farasan Islands]], the [[Dahlak Archipelago]], along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindquist |first=Sandra |title=The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A |date=1998 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior |pages=6–7, 9}}</ref>

=== Mineral resources ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Red sea stony beach taba egypt.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast in [[Taba, Egypt]]]]

In terms of mineral resources, the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
;[[Biogenic]] constituents
: [[Nanofossil]]s,{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[foraminifera]], [[pteropod]]s, [[siliceous]] fossils{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
;[[Volcanogenic lake|Volcanogenic]] constituents:
:[[Tuff]]ites, [[volcanic ash]], [[montmorillonite]], [[cristobalite]], [[zeolite]]s
;[[Terrigenous sediment|Terrigenous]] constituents
: [[Quartz]], [[feldspar]]s, rock fragments, [[mica]], heavy minerals, [[clay mineral]]s<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article55069/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
;[[Authigenic]] minerals
: [[Sulfide mineral]]s, [[aragonite]], [[calcite]], [[wikt:protodolomite|protodolomite]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], quartz,{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[chalcedony]]
; [[Evaporite]] minerals<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shevchenko |first1=Illia |last2=Engelbrecht |first2=Johann P. |last3=Mostamandi |first3=Suleiman |last4=Stenchikov |first4=Georgiy |date=2021-07-01 |title=Evaluation of minerals being deposited in the Red Sea using gravimetric, size distribution, and mineralogical analysis of dust deposition samples collected along the Red Sea coastal plain |journal=Aeolian Research |volume=52 |article-number=100717 |doi=10.1016/j.aeolia.2021.100717 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021AeoRe..5200717S |hdl=10754/669667 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
: [[Magnesite]], [[gypsum]], [[anhydrite]], [[halite]], [[polyhalite]]
;[[Brine]] precipitate
: Fe-[[montmorillonite]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[goethite]], [[hematite]], [[siderite]], [[rhodochrosite]], [[pyrite]], [[sphalerite]], anhydrite{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Ecosystem ==
[[File:Hawksbill turtle at Elphinstone Reef, Red Sea, Egypt (35150034493).jpg|thumb|[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] in the [[Elphinstone Reef]]]]
[[File:Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud.JPG|thumb|upright|Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud]]

The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example, more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea,<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |last1=Froese |first1=Rainer |last2=Pauly, Daniel |year=2009 |title=FishBase |url=http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref> of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siliotti |first=A. |title=Fishes of the red sea |year=2002 |publisher=Geodia Edizioni Internazionali |isbn=978-88-87177-42-8 |editor-last=Verona, Geodia}}</ref>

Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea—from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fish—have migrated northward and settled in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]].<ref>Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.[https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021]</ref>

[[File:Red sea coral reef.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coral and marine fish]]

The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the {{cvt|2000|km|mi|-1}} of [[coral reef]] extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [[acropora]] and [[porites|porite]] corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast, and occasionally other features such as cylinders (e.g., the [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)]] at [[Dahab]]).

The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of [[nudibranch]], many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.<ref name="SAW Yonow">{{Cite magazine |last=Yonow |first=Nathalie |year=2012 |title=Nature's Best-Dressed |url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |url-status=live |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |publisher=Aramco Services Company |volume=63 |pages=2–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |number=4}}</ref> Other coastal Red Sea habitats include [[sea grass|seagrass]] beds, [[Dry lake|salt pans]], [[mangroves]] and [[salt marshes]]. Furthermore, the deep Red Sea [[brine pools]] have been extensively studied for their microbial life, characterized by their diversity and adaptation to extreme environments.

The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the [[Ras Mohammed|Ras Mohammed National Park]] in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life. Ras Mohammed is one of the world's top 10 sites recognized by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] for effective management of marine ecosystems, and the first marine protected area in Africa and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title=Ras Mohammed National Park: Egypt's underwater paradise among the best protected marine reserves on the planet {{!}} IUCN |url=https://iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201812/ras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=International Union for Conservation of Nature |language=en}}</ref>

Due to the high volume of maritime traffic, which accounts for 12–15% of global trade, the Red Sea is considered highly vulnerable to marine pollution, particularly oil spills. Academic literature has increasingly focused on both past disasters and predictive modelling. Studies have modelled spill trajectories and their environmental consequences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Ibrahem M. |last2=Chantsev |first2=Valery YU. |title=Modeling marine oil spill trajectory and fate off Hurghada, Red Sea coast, Egypt |journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries |date=November 2022 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=41–61 |doi=10.21608/ejabf.2022.269676 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mittal |first1=H. V. R. |last2=Langodan |first2=Sabique |last3=Zhan |first3=Peng |last4=Li |first4=Shihan |last5=Knio |first5=Omar |last6=Hoteit |first6=Ibrahim |title=Hazard assessment of oil spills along the main shipping lane in the Red Sea |journal=Scientific Reports |date=23 August 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=17078 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-96572-5 |pmid=34426613 |pmc=8382762 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1117078M }}</ref> Others have analysed the ecological impact of spills on coral reefs and marine biodiversity and assessed how chemical dispersants and specific oil compounds affect marine fauna and coastal ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=N. |last2=Bak |first2=R.P.M. |last3=Rinkevich |first3=B. |title=Toxicity of Third Generation Dispersants and Dispersed Egyptian Crude Oil on Red Sea Coral Larvae |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=497–503 |doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00232-5 |bibcode=2000MarPB..40..497E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nukapothula |first1=Sravanthi |last2=Suneel |first2=V. |last3=Yunus |first3=Ali P. |last4=Rao |first4=V. Trinadha |last5=Chen |first5=Chuqun |title=Impact assessment of oil spills on the Red Sea waters using remote sensing and numerical modeling |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |date=September 2025 |volume=86 |article-number=104187 |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104187 |bibcode=2025RSMS...8604187N }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39593-3_12 |chapter=Oil Pollution in the Northern Red Sea: A Threat to the Marine Environment and Tourism Development |title=Environmental Remote Sensing in Egypt |series=Springer Geophysics |date=2020 |last1=Kostianaia |first1=Evgeniia A. |last2=Kostianoy |first2=Andrey |last3=Lavrova |first3=Olga Yu. |last4=Soloviev |first4=Dmitry M. |pages=329–362 |isbn=978-3-030-39592-6 }}</ref> Public health literature has raised concerns over the spill's impact on respiratory illness and waterborne contamination in coastal populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Kwong |first2=Laura H. |last3=Kiang |first3=Mathew V. |last4=Chin |first4=Elizabeth T. |last5=Mohareb |first5=Amir M. |last6=Jumaan |first6=Aisha O. |last7=Basu |first7=Sanjay |last8=Geldsetzer |first8=Pascal |last9=Karaki |first9=Fatima M. |last10=Rehkopf |first10=David H. |title=Public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=11 October 2021 |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1091 |doi=10.1038/s41893-021-00774-8 |pmid=34926834 |pmc=8682806 |bibcode=2021NatSu...4.1084H }}</ref>

=== List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}

=== Crabs ===
* Hairy elbow crab
* Rusty guard crab
* Brown guard crab
* Indo-Pacific hairy hermit crab
* Grapsus granulosus
* Furrowed crab
* Tiny rock crab
* Soft coral spider crab
* Purple estuarine rock crab
* One-horned spider crab
* Soft coral crab
* Scaly rock crab
* Haig's porcelain crab
* Violet crab
* Ornamental spider crab
* Xenia swimming crab
* Reticulated hermit crab
* Showy xanthid crab
* Giant elbow crab
* White-handed fiddler crab
* Woodmason's hermit crab
* Inversed fiddler crab
* African blue swimming crab
* Rosy hermit crab
* Tetralia nigrolineata
* Setiferous hermit crab
* Hairy coral crab

=== Sea turtles ===
* [[Green sea turtle]]
* [[Hawksbill sea turtle]]

=== Dolphins ===
* [[Spinner dolphin]]
* [[Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin]]
* [[Common bottlenose dolphin]]
* [[Indian humpback dolphin]]
* [[Risso's dolphin]]
* [[Pantropical spotted dolphin]]

=== Fish ===
* [[Lyretail Anthias|Lyretail anthias]] (The most commonly found fish in the sea)
* Red Sea anemonefish
* [[Pterois miles|Indian lionfish]]
* [[Klunzinger's wrasse]]
* Indian bullethead parrotfish
* [[Sohal tang]]
* [[Red Sea bannerfish]]
* [[Masked puffer]]
* [[Raccoon butterflyfish]]
* [[Sergeant major]]
* [[Giant moray eel]]
* [[Arabian Picasso triggerfish]]
* [[Rusty parrotfish]]
* [[White-spotted pufferfish]]
* [[Threadfin butterflyfish]]
* Lined bristletooth
* [[Bluespotted cornetfish]]
* [[Purple tang]]
* [[Coral grouper]]
* [[Crown Butterflyfish|Crown butterflyfish]]
* Red Sea goatfish
* Indian Ocean humbug
* [[Titan triggerfish]]
* [[Yellow boxfish]]
* [[Threespot dascyllus]]
* [[Orangestripe triggerfish]]
* [[Emperor angelfish]]
* [[Yellow-edged lyretail]]
* Dusky surgeonfish
* [[Arothron_stellatus|Starry pufferfish]]
* Greasy rockrod grouper
* [[Napoleon fish]]
* Geometric moray eel
* [[Sharksucker]] (Also called a remora.)
* Golden-striped mackerel
* [[Great barracuda]]
* Panther flounder
* Doublebar bream
* [[Giant trevally]]
* Zigzag wrasse
* [[Dogtooth tuna]]
* [[Needlefish]] (Houndfish)
* Black-barred halfbeak
* Red Sea garden eel
* [[Smallscale scorpionfish]]
* [[Fringelip mullet]]
* Flathead pomfret
* [[Yellowfin tuna]]
* [[Mahi-mahi]]

=== Jellyfish and cnidarians ===
* [[Cauliflower jellyfish]]
* Mangrove upside-down jelly
* Amakusa jelly
* [[Purple Jellyfish|Pelagic purple jelly]]
* [[Nomad jellyfish]]
* [[Moon Jellyfish|Moon jellyfish]]

=== Sharks ===
* [[Tawny nurse shark]]
* [[Whale shark]]
* [[Tiger shark]]
* [[Whitetip reef shark]]
* [[Great hammerhead]]
* [[Blacktip reef shark]]
* [[Gray reef shark]]
* [[Pelagic thresher shark]]
* [[Spinner shark]]
* [[Silky shark]]
* [[Oceanic whitetip shark]]
* [[Spot-tail shark]]
* [[Longfin mako shark]]
* [[Sicklefin lemon shark]]
* [[Shortfin mako shark]]
* [[Zebra shark]]
* [[Bull shark]]
* [[Great white shark]] (exceptionally rare)

=== Billfish ===
* [[Swordfish]]
* [[Striped marlin]]
* [[Indo-Pacific sailfish]]

=== Octopuses and other cephalopods ===
* [[Day octopus]]
* Ornate night octopus
* [[Mimic octopus]]
* Marbled octopus
* Red Sea long-arm octopus
* [[Giant squid]]

=== Rays ===
* [[Cowtail stingray]]
* [[Porcupine ray]]
* [[Ornate eagle ray]]
* [[Reticulate whipray]]
* [[Sicklefin devil ray]]
* Bluespotted fantail ray
* Oceanic manta ray

=== Lobsters ===
* Pronghorn spiny lobster
* [[Painted spiny lobster]]

=== Whales ===
* [[False killer whale]] (one was discovered off the coast of Saudi Arabia in December 2024)
* [[Pygmy blue whale]]
* [[Bryde's whale]] (one was found in Al-Qunfudah)
* [[Blue whale]] (one was seen in the Gulf of Aqaba in 2018)
* [[Sperm whale]]
* [[Humpback whale]] (rare to see, as they enter the ocean through the [[Bab Al-Mandeb]] strait)

== Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis ==
{{main|Red Sea crisis}}
Since November 2023, [[Houthi]] forces have conducted over 100 attacks against commercial and naval vessels, transforming the Red Sea into a high-risk zone for [[environmental disasters]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raydan |first1=Noam |last2=Nadimi |first2=Farzin |title=Houthi Shipping Attacks: Patterns and Expectations for 2025 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/houthi-shipping-attacks-patterns-and-expectations-2025 |website=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=16 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Pollution through oil and chemical spills ===
The sinking of the [[MV Rubymar]] in February 2024 created an 18-mile oil slick resulting from approximately 200 tons of [[heavy fuel oil]] and 80 tons of [[marine diesel oil]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025}}</ref> Additionally, the vessel was also carrying 21,000 metric tons of [[fertilizer]], raising concerns about large-scale nutrient overloading that could trigger extensive [[algal blooms]], potentially leading to seawater contamination and fish mortality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The vessel sank two weeks after being attacked by [[Houthi]] forces, posing risks to marine life, including [[coral reefs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024}}</ref> The oil slick drifted toward [[Yemen]]'s [[Farasan Islands]] and [[Eritrea]]'s [[Dahlak Archipelago]] and posed a high threat to coastal communities, aquatic [[fauna]] and sensitive [[ecosystems]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

Similar [[oil spill]]s forming around vessels have been reported following [[Houthi]] attacks. Some oil sinks to the ground while the rest follows the current and can be washed to the ashore where it affects [[flora]] and [[fauna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The August 2024 [[attacks on the Sounion]] tanker carrying 150,000 tons of [[crude oil]] represented a further threat, with salvage operations repeatedly hindered by [[Houthi]] interference before it was safely removed by the EU's [[Operation Aspides]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Robert |title=Attack on oil tanker in Red Sea threatens 'severe ecological disaster' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1 |website=Financial Times |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=24 August 2024}}</ref> The [[attacks on the MV Tutor]] in June 2024 and on the Chios Lion tanker in July 2024, generating a 136-mile [[oil slick]], illustrate the systematic pattern of environmental damage from sustained maritime conflict to the Red Sea ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025}}</ref> 

=== Rising emissions through vessel rerouting ===
Container vessel traffic through the [[Suez Canal]] declined by approximately 75 percent in 2024 compared to 2023, as many shipping companies rerouted vessels around [[Africa]]'s [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea crisis: Renewed attacks keep shipping at risk |url=https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/the-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state/ |website=Project 44 |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=21 August 2025}}</ref> Ships that would normally transit through the [[Suez Canal]] now travel 50-60 percent longer distances.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade |url=https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/ |website=Freightos |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=27 November 2024}}</ref> The rerouting adds around 4575 [[nautical miles]] to the sailing distance between [[Shanghai]] and [[Rotterdam]], increasing voyage durations on average by 12 days.<ref name="Notteboom Haralambides 2024 Red Sea Crisis">{{cite journal |last1=Notteboom |first1=Theo |last2=Haralambides |first2=Hercules |last3=Cullinane |first3=Kevin |title=The Red Sea Crisis: ramifications for vessel operations, shipping networks, and maritime supply chains |journal=Maritime Economics & Logistics |date=March 2024 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z }}</ref> Thus, the rerouting leads to an increase in fuel consumption of up to 33 percent depending on speed, distance and the type of vessel.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024}}</ref> The resulting environmental impact manifests as approximately 40 percent increase in [[CO₂ emissions]] per voyage<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade |url=https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/ |website=Freightos |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=27 November 2024}}</ref>, with speed increases potentially amplifying emissions by an additional 14 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation |url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf |website=International Transport Forum |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=2024}}</ref> The longer round-trip schedules imply that fleets require at least two additional ships to ensure a weekly service. Those supplementary vessels also contribute to total fleet emissions, leading to a 67 percent increase in [[CO₂ emissions]] for a typical Asia-North Europe service operating weekly.<ref name="Notteboom Haralambides 2024 Red Sea Crisis"/> Given that maritime shipping accounts for approximately 3 percent of global [[greenhouse gas emissions]], the [[Red Sea crisis]] represents a setback to the international climate goal to reach [[net-zero emissions]] by or around 2050<ref>International Maritime Organization. 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions From Ships, Annex 1—Resolution MEPC.377(80), Marine Environment Protection Committee, Adopted on 7 July 2023, London: International Maritime Organization. https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf</ref> and simultaneously makes it more difficult to comply with the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf</ref> While regional emissions at the Red Sea dropped 60 percent as fewer large vessels transit the waterway, this is offset by substantially increased global emissions resulting from longer rerouting.<ref>{{cite web |title=How the Red Sea Crisis has impacted international shipping activity and emissions at Saudi ports |url=https://oceanmind.global/knowledge-hub/how-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports/ |website=Ocean Mind |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=16 July 2025}}</ref> 

Another discussed option for rerouting vessels is the [[Northern Sea Route]], which would reduce sailing distance by up to 40 percent compared to the Red Sea route. This would pose significant ecological risks, including higher per-container emissions due to smaller ship sizes, increased [[black carbon]] pollution in the fragile [[Arctic]], and disruption to marine ecosystems. Weak regulatory enforcement in the area and inadequate waste infrastructure further undermine the environmental sustainability of the [[Northern Sea Route]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Shengda |last2=Fu |first2=Xiaowen |last3=Ng |first3=Adolf K.Y. |last4=Luo |first4=Meifeng |last5=Ge |first5=Ying-En |title=The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route |journal=Maritime Policy & Management |date=19 May 2018 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=456–477 |doi=10.1080/03088839.2018.1443228 }}</ref>

=== Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life ===
The increase in shipping traffic via the [[Cape of Good Hope]] leads to [[underwater noise pollution]] on this route, which affects local [[fish]] stocks and [[marine mammals]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baraniuk |first1=Chris |title=Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships |url=https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/media/BBC-future-20240121.pdf |access-date=29 December 2025 |publisher=BBC |date=21 January 2024}}</ref> Additionally, it results in increasing numbers of container losses. The region is associated with hazardous navigation conditions created by intersecting weather systems. In 2024, approximately 200 containers were lost along this passage, accounting for around 35 percent of all recorded container losses in that year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuler |first1=Mike |title=Container Losses Rise in 2024 as Red Sea Crisis Forces Riskier Routes |website=gCaptain |date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

Furthermore, military operations like [[Prosperity Guardian]] and [[Poseidon Archer]] have deployed naval forces from more than fifteen nations in the Red Sea region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |website=International Crisis Group |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> Their military [[sonar]] systems can cause behavioral disruptions, habitat displacement, and physiological harm to [[marine life]]. [[Cetacean species]] in the Red Sea are particularly vulnerable to acoustic disturbances due to their reliance on [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] and [[Underwater acoustic communication|acoustic communication]] for critical life functions including [[navigation]], [[foraging]], and [[social bonding]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Southall |first1=Brandon L. |last2=Durban |first2=John W. |last3=Calambokidis |first3=John |last4=Casey |first4=Caroline |last5=Fahlbusch |first5=James A. |last6=Fearnbach |first6=Holly |last7=Flynn |first7=Kiirsten R. |last8=Fregosi |first8=Selene |last9=Friedlaender |first9=Ari S. |last10=Leander |first10=Samantha G. M. |last11=Visser |first11=Fleur |title=Behavioural responses of common dolphins to naval sonar |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=1 October 2024 |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=240650 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240650 |doi-access=free |pmid=39445093 |pmc=11495955 |bibcode=2024RSOS...1140650S }}</ref>
In addition, the [[Houthis]]' implementation of [[naval mines]] to attack ships poses risks to marine ecosystems and coastal environments, particularly along the [[Yemeni]] coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |website=International Crisis Group |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> 

=== Collapse of conservation governance ===
The Red Sea lacks a comprehensive regional [[environmental treaty]] comparable to, for example, the [[Barcelona Convention]] regarding the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. [[Environmental regulation]] is dispersed among national agencies and the regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) |url=https://persga.org/programmes/marine-protected-areas-mpas-program/ |website=PERSGA |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> However, it has limited enforcement capacity as many [[coastal states]] lack resources for [[Environmental monitoring|monitoring]] and rapid response.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT TF014701 ON A GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$3 MILLION TO THE Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) FOR THE Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Strategic Ecosystem Management Project |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/177091565292535045/pdf/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Red-Sea-and-Gulf-of-Aden-Strategic-Ecosystem-Management-Project.pdf |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=28 June 2019}}</ref> The region's [[Marine Protected Area]]s are characterized as poorly coordinated and weakly implemented even under conditions prior to the [[Red Sea crisis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gajdzik |first1=Laura |last2=Green |first2=Alison L. |last3=Cochran |first3=Jesse E.M. |last4=Hardenstine |first4=Royale S. |last5=Tanabe |first5=Lyndsey K. |last6=Berumen |first6=Michael L. |title=Using species connectivity to achieve coordinated large-scale marine conservation efforts in the Red Sea |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=May 2021 |volume=166 |article-number=112244 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112244 |pmid=33740655 |bibcode=2021MarPB.16612244G |hdl=10754/668163 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Emergency cooperation efforts like the [[FSO Safer]] oil offloading in August 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Race against time STOP RED SEA OIL SPILL |url=https://www.undp.org/safer |website=UNDP |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=2023}}</ref> and the successful salvage operation, led by the [[EU]]'s [[Operation Aspides]], regarding the [[attacks on the Sounion]] demonstrate potential for coordinated action against environmental threats in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency |url=https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content |website=PAX |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=18 July 2025}}</ref> At the same time, the inability to replicate such cooperation for the [[MV Rubymar]] incident reveals how active conflict constrains environmental response capacity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzucco |first1=Leonardo Jacopo Maria |title=From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea |url=https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/ |website=Arab Gulf States Institute |access-date=28 December 2025 |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

== Desalination plants ==
There is extensive demand for [[Desalination|desalinated]] water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.

There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm [[brine]] and treatment chemicals ([[chlorine]] and [[Anti-fouling agent|anti-scalants]]) that [[Coral bleaching|bleach]] and kill [[coral]]s and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabrook |first1=Badr |title=Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt |journal=Desalination |date=August 1994 |volume=97 |issue=1–3 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1 |bibcode=1994Desal..97..453M }}</ref>

== Trade ==
The Red Sea serves an important role in the [[global economy]], with cargo vessels traveling [[Indo-Mediterranean|between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea]] every year, thus shortening the path between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] almost by half (as compared to traveling [[Cape Route|around Africa]] via the Atlantic Ocean).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigue |first=Jean-Paul |date=1 November 2017 |title=Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals |url=https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Hofstra University |language=en-US |publication-place=New York |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.<ref name="rsce">{{cite news |last=Yerushalmy |first=Jonathan |date=20 December 2023 |title=Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> This includes 30% of global [[Container ship|container]] traffic.<ref name="rsce"/>

=== Tourism ===

The sea is known for its [[recreational diving]] sites, such as [[Ras Mohammed]], [[SS Thistlegorm]] (shipwreck), [[Elphinstone Reef]], [[The Brothers, Egypt|The Brothers]], [[Daedalus Reef]], [[St. John's Reef]], [[Rocky Island (Egypt)|Rocky Island]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations |url=http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |website=www.dive-the-world.com}}</ref> and less known sites in [[Sudan]] such as [[Sanganeb]], [[Abington, Sudan|Abington]], [[Angarosh]] and [[Shaab Rumi]].

The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of [[Hans Hass]] in the 1950s, and later by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]].<ref name="Cousteau">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |title=Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC Earth |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |archive-date=27 June 2018 |url-status=live |people=Philippe Cousteau Jnr}}</ref> Popular tourist resorts include [[El Gouna]], [[Hurghada]], [[Safaga]] and [[Marsa Alam]], on the west shore of the Red Sea, and [[Sharm-el-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], and [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]] on the [[Egypt]]ian side of [[Sinaï]], as well as [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] and [[Eilat]] in [[Israel]] in an area known as the [[Red Sea Riviera]].

The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious [[2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks|shark attacks]], including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including overfishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building the highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coastline in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>

{{see also|2016 Hurghada attack|2017 Hurghada attack|2006 Dahab bombings|2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings|2004 Sinai bombings|Metrojet Flight 9268}}

Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.<ref name="WalshKaraszDeath">{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Karasz |first2=Palko |date=24 August 2018 |title=Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="RegevCriticalBlow">{{Cite news |last=Regev |first=Dana |date=15 July 2017 |title=Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow |publisher=DW |url=http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |archive-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Security ===
{{See also|Red Sea crisis}}

The Red Sea is part of the [[sea road]]s between [[Europe]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[East Asia]], and as such has heavy [[shipping|shipping traffic]]. Government-related bodies responsible for policing the Red Sea area include the [[Port Said Port Authority]], the [[Suez Canal Authority]] and the Red Sea Ports Authority of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan Maritime Authority|the Jordan Maritime Authority]], [[Israel Port Authority|the Israel Port Authority]], [[Saudi Ports Authority|the Saudi Ports Authority]] and [[Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan|the Sea Ports Corporation]] of [[Sudan]].

[[Houthi]] rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war on [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes had dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Middle East faces economic chaos |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos |access-date=21 January 2024 |newspaper=The Economist }}</ref> In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]].<ref name="rsce" /> In addition to the U.S.-led efforts, the European Union launched Operation Aspides in February 2024 to provide naval escorts and protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en|publisher=European External Action Service|title=EU launches Operation Aspides|year=2024|website=www.eeas.europa.eu}}</ref> In January 2025, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2768, calling for an end to Houthi attacks and demanding the release of detained crew from seized vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm|title=Security Council Adopts Resolution 2768 (2025), Sustaining Monthly Reporting on Houthi Attacks in Red Sea | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=press.un.org|publisher=United Nations Security Council}}</ref>

Beyond inter-state conflict, the Red Sea region is also shaped by non-traditional security threats, including piracy, illicit trafficking, and 'blue crime' – a convergence of arms smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime terrorism within governance gaps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bueger |first1=Christian |last2=Edmunds |first2=Tim |title=Blue Crime: Conceptualising Transnational Organised Crime at Sea |journal=Marine Policy |year=2020 |volume=119 |article-number=104067 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104067|bibcode=2020MarPo.11904067B |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>. In March 2024, Chairman of WeCare Foundation, Saad Kassis-Mohamed, was reported to have called on governments to reinforce maritime security protocols and protect Red Sea trade routes amid shipping disruptions and cargo diversions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/ |title=WeCare calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols |date=25 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025|website=Sudan Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/283710 |title=Advocacy initiative calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols |date=25 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025|website=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biztoday.news/2024/03/31/saad-kassis-mohamed-led-wecare-seek-red-sea-travel-security/ |title=Saad Kassis Mohamed led WeCare seek Red Sea travel security |date=31 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=19 December 2025|website=Biz Today}}</ref>
Recent academic assessments highlight the role of 'shadow fleets', unregistered or covert vessels often linked to Iranian or Russian interests, which operate in the Red Sea to evade sanctions and transport illicit goods, including oil, weapons, and narcotics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/red-sea/calm-red-seas-turbulent-waters|publisher=International Crisis Group|title=Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters |year=2025}}</ref> While international attention has largely focused on missile and drone attacks, scholars also warn of critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, including damage to undersea cables caused by bottom trawling and sabotage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umanets |first=Maksym |title=Geopolitical Dimensions of the Houthi Interference with Submarine Cable Communications in the Red Sea |journal=Przegląd Geopolityczny |year=2024 |volume=50 |pages=51–67 |id={{CEEOL|1284998}} |url=https://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf }}</ref>

== Bordering countries ==
[[File:Red Sea map.svg|thumb|A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries]]

The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
* Eastern shore:
** [[Saudi Arabia]]
** [[Yemen]]
* Western shore:
** [[Egypt]]
** [[Sudan]]
** [[Eritrea]]
** [[Djibouti]]

The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schütz |first1=Karsten I. |title=Interior Rift Basins |chapter=Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt |date=1994 |doi=10.1306/m59582c3 |isbn=978-1-6298-1091-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Mark |last2=Arthur |first2=Michael A. |title=The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis |journal=Marine and Petroleum Geology |date=August 1988 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=247–270 |doi=10.1016/0264-8172(88)90005-0 |bibcode=1988MarPG...5..247R }}</ref> The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, [[Israel]], [[Jordan]] and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rumley |first1=Dennis |title=The Geography of Border Landscapes |last2=Minghi |first2=Julian |date=October 3, 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-59879-4 |chapter=The Gulf of Aqaba coastline: An evolving border landscape}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Yossi |last1=Loya |chapter=Development and Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba |editor1-last=Spiegel |editor1-first=Steve L. |title=Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East |date=2014 |doi=10.4324/9780203822685 |isbn=978-0-203-82268-5 }}</ref>

In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as [[Somalia]] are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.<ref name="Barth">{{Cite book |last=Barth |first=Hans-Jörg |title=Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2 |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6 |page=148}}</ref><ref name="Makinda">{{Cite book |last=Makinda |first=Samuel M. |title=Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5 |page=37 }}</ref>

== Towns and cities ==
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ain Sokhna]], Egypt (العين السخنة)
* [[Al Hudaydah]], Yemen (الحديدة)
* [[Al Lith]], Saudi Arabia (الليِّث)
* [[Al Qunfudhah]], Saudi Arabia (القنفذة)
* [[Al-Qusayr, Egypt|Al-Qusair]], Egypt (القصير)
* [[Al Wajh]], Saudi Arabia (الوجه)
* [[Aqaba]], Jordan (العقبة)
* [[Asseb]], Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب)
* [[Dahab]], Egypt (دهب)
* [[Duba, Saudi Arabia|Duba]], Saudi Arabia (ضباء)
* [[Eilat]], Israel (אילת)
* [[El Gouna]], Egypt (الجونة)
* [[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]], Egypt (الطور)
* [[Suez]], Egypt (السويس)
* [[Hala'ib]], Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed)
* [[Haql]], Saudi Arabia (حقل)
* [[Hirgigo]], Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو)
* [[Hurghada]], Egypt (الغردقة)
* [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (جدة)
* [[Jizan|Jazan]], Saudi Arabia (جازان)
* [[Marsa Alam]], Egypt (مرسى علم)
* [[Massawa]], Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع)
* [[Mokha]], Yemen (المُخا)
* [[Moulhoule]], Djibouti (مول هولة)
* [[Nuweiba]], Egypt (نويبع)
* [[Port Sudan]], Sudan (بورت سودان)
* [[Rabigh]], Saudi Arabia (رابغ)
* [[Safaga]], Egypt (سفاجا)
* [[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt (شرم الشيخ)
* [[Soma Bay]], Egypt (سوما باي)
* [[Suakin]], Sudan (سواكن)
* [[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]], Egypt (طابا)
* [[Thuwal]], Saudi Arabia (ثول)
* [[Yanbu]], Saudi Arabia (ينبع)
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ocean|Water|Asia|Africa}}
* {{MS|al-Salam Boccaccio 98}} ferry disaster
* [[Crossing the Red Sea]], a Biblical tale from the [[Book of Exodus]]
* [[Red Sea Dam]]
* [[The Red Sea Project]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Red Sea | volume= 22 |last1=Dickson |first1=Henry Newton |author1-link=Henry Newton Dickson |pages=970–971 |short=1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=W. Kenneth |last2=Christiansen |first2=Eric H. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Earth's Dynamic Systems |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-745373-3}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781108399722 |title=Oceanic Histories |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-108-39972-2 |editor-last1=Armitage |editor-last2=Bashford |editor-last3=Sivasundaram |editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Alison |editor-first3=Sujit |last1=Miran |first1=Jonathan |chapter=The Red Sea |pages=156–181 |chapter-url={{GBurl|TMk-DwAAQBAJ|p=156}} }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Potts |first1=D.T. |last2=Gillies |first2=Sean |last3=Scalfano |first3=Perry |last4=Talbert |first4=R. |last5=Elliott |first5=Tom |last6=Becker |first6=Jeffrey |date=2 March 2021 |title=Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare) |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Pleiades}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links}}
* [https://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs/ Red Sea Coral Reefs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html Red Sea Photography]

{{List of African seas}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Countries bordering the Red Sea}}
{{Corals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Red Sea| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Egypt]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Israel]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Jordan]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Sudan]]
[[Category:Egypt–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Eritrea–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Geography of East Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Gulfs of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Horn of Africa]]
[[Category:Inlets of Asia]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabia–Yemen border]]
[[Category:Seas of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of Yemen]]
[[Category:Suez Canal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites]]

Madhu Sudan

2026-03-17T04:17:30Z

JudithBehan6: brief rework citations after review further and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian-American computer scientist (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Madhu Sudan
| image = Madhu Sudan Oberwolfach 2015.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sudan at [[Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach|Oberwolfach]] in 2015
| landscape =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India<ref name="nevanlinna"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| fields =
| workplaces =
| education = [[IIT Delhi]] ([[BTech]]) [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Umesh Vazirani]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Venkatesan Guruswami]] [[Benjamin Rossman]] [[Ryan O'Donnell (computer scientist)|Ryan O'Donnell]]
| notable_students =
| thesis_title = Efficient Checking of Polynomials and Proofs and the Hardness of Approximation Problems
| thesis_year = 1992
| thesis_url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60615-7
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ Plainlist|
*[[Gödel Prize]] (2001)
*[[Nevanlinna Prize]] (2002)
*[[Infosys Prize]] (2014)
* [[IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal]] (2022)}}
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}

'''Madhu Sudan''' (born 12 September 1966)<ref name="nevanlinna"/> is an Indian-American [[computer scientist]]. He has been a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] since 2015.

==Career==
He received his bachelor's degree in computer science from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1987<ref name="nevanlinna"/> and his doctoral degree in computer science at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1992.<ref name="nevanlinna"/><ref>{{mathgenealogy|id=72850}}</ref> The dissertation he wrote at the University of California, Berkeley is titled ''Efficient Checking of Polynomials and Proofs and the Hardness of Approximation Problems''. He was a research staff member at the [[IBM]] [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]] from 1992 to 1997 and became a researcher at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) after that.<ref name="nevanlinna"/> From 2009 to 2015 he was a permanent researcher at [[Microsoft Research]] New England before joining the [[Harvard University]] faculty in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhu Sudan's Home Page |url=https://madhu.seas.harvard.edu/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=madhu.seas.harvard.edu}}</ref>

==Research contribution and awards==
In 1998, he received the [[Sloan Research Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Fellows Database | website=Sloan Foundation | url=https://sloan.org/fellows-database | access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref> He was awarded the Rolf [[Nevanlinna Prize]] at the 24th [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] (ICM) in 2002. The prize recognizes outstanding work in the [[mathematics|mathematical]] aspects of computer science. Sudan was honored for his work in advancing the theory of [[probabilistically checkable proof]]s—a way to recast a mathematical proof in computer language for additional checks on its validity—and developing [[error-correcting code]]s.<ref name="nevanlinna">{{citation|title=Madhu Sudan Receives Nevanlinna Prize|journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society|volume=49|issue=10|date=October 2002|url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200210/comm-nevanlinna.pdf|page=1266|department=Mathematics People}}.</ref> For the same work, he received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]'s Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award in 1993 and the [[Gödel Prize]] in 2001 and was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1998.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudan, Madhu|chapter=Probabilistic verification of proofs|title=Doc. Math. (Bielefeld) Extra Vol. ICM Berlin, 1998, vol. III|year=1998|pages=461–470|chapter-url=https://www.elibm.org/ft/10011602000}}</ref> He is a Fellow of the ACM (2008).<ref>[http://people.csail.mit.edu/madhu/bio.txt Biography]</ref> In 2012 he became a fellow of the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref>[https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society], retrieved 2013-08-05.</ref> In 2014 he won the [[Infosys Prize]] in the mathematical sciences.<ref name="infosys">[http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2014/madhu-sudan.asp Madhu Sudan], Infosys Prize Laureates, retrieved 2015-02-28.</ref>
In 2017 he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>[http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-2-2017-NAS-Election.html National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected], [[National Academy of Sciences]], 2 May 2017.</ref>
In 2021, he was awarded the [[IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal]] for 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IEEE RICHARD W. HAMMING MEDAL RECIPIENTS |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/hamming-rl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216193823/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/hamming-rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2021 |website=IEEE}}</ref>

Sudan has made important contributions to several areas of theoretical computer science, including probabilistically checkable proofs, non-approximability of [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimization]] problems, [[Guruswami–Sudan list decoding algorithm|list decoding]], and error-correcting codes.<ref name="infosys"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/indices/a-tree/s/Sudan:Madhu.html DBLP: Madhu Sudan]
*[http://people.csail.mit.edu/madhu Madhu Sudan's Home Page]
*[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/labs/newengland/bios.aspx Bio from the Microsoft Research New England page]

{{Gödel winners}}
{{Nevanlinna Prize winners}}
{{Richard W. Hamming Medal recipients}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan, Madhu}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Theoretical computer scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Gödel Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Nevanlinna Prize laureates]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty]]
[[Category:Simons Investigator]]
[[Category:Sloan Research Fellows]]

Trichoptilus pelias

2026-03-15T22:49:28Z

JudithBehan6: Post

{{short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Trichoptilus
| species = pelias
| authority = [[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1908
| synonyms = }}
'''''Trichoptilus pelias''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]] that is found in [[India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=1806 |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7840949}}

[[Category:Moths described in 1908]]
[[Category:Oxyptilini]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Pterophorinae-stub}}

Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary

2026-03-13T04:36:27Z

JudithBehan6: Started Info...

{{Short description|2017 film by Velu Prabhakaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| writer = Velu Prabhakaran
| starring = Velu Prabhakaran Pon Swathi
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Manivannan
| editing = J.F Castro
| studio = Sures Invincible Innovations
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|6|2}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary''''' ({{translation|A Film director's love diary}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language Indian film directed by [[Velu Prabhakaran]], starring himself and Pon Swathi with many newcomers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2015 |title=வேலு பிரபாகரன் இயக்கும் காதல் டைரி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34272/cinema/Kollywood/Velu-Prabhakaran-directs-Kadhal-diary.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611171437/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34272/cinema/Kollywood/Velu-Prabhakaran-directs-Kadhal-diary.htm |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ஒரு இயக்குனரின் காதல் டை |url=http://nakkheeran.in/users/frmGalleryList.aspx?GV=3221&GSS=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134317/http://www.nakkheeran.in/Users/frmGalleryList.aspx?GV=3221&GSS=3 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 2 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2017 |title=Friday Fury- June 2 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-2-news-tamil-rgck12gdjhacf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106050345/https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-2-news-tamil-rgck12gdjhacf.html |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Summary ==

''Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary'' is a story of a film director and his experience in film industry.

== Cast ==

*[[Velu Prabhakaran]]
*Pon Swathi
*Ragunath Manet
*Jega
*Remya

== Production ==
After the failure of his last few films, Velu Prabhakaran kept away from the film industry for a number of years and launched his film ''Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary'' with himself, Pon Swathi and many newcomers. The film had a launch in August 2015, and had a teaser released during January 2016. Prabakaran said the film is about his experience as a film director in show business. He also said that, his aim is to make people understand the power of divine love and if the film is banned due to its adult content, then it's an insult to the government and not to him.<ref name="Velu">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2015 |title="ஹீரோயின்ஸ் நிர்வாணமாகவே நடிப்பாங்க!" |url=http://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2015-aug-22/special/109215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603135909/http://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2015-aug-22/special/109215.html |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was shot at [[Kodaikanal]], Khajuraho and [[Jaipur]]. The trailer of the film was released during May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2017 |title=வேலு பிரபாகரனின் 'ஒரு இயக்குநரின் காதல் டைரி' டிரெய்லர்! |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/may/12/oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary-offical-trailer--velu-prabakaran--ilayaraja-2700946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517204607/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/may/12/oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary-offical-trailer--velu-prabakaran--ilayaraja-2700946.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=13 May 2017 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "In short, ''Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary'' has still a lot more that can be written".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Dairy |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/06/08181026/Oru-Iyakkunarin-Kadhal-Diary.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160737/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/06/08181026/Oru-Iyakkunarin-Kadhal-Diary.vpf |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|Iflicks.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Nadika Nadja of ''Silverscreen India'' wrote, "It looks, sounds, and feels like a cheaply made film. Little more than a home video, with some hammed-up, scenery-chewing performances, poor lip sync [...] questionable make-up, and really bad sex".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadja |first=Nadika |date=5 June 2017 |title=Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary Review: More Questions Than Answers In This Confusing Tale Of Love And Lust |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary-review-questions-answers-confusing-tale-love-lust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117181419/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary-review-questions-answers-confusing-tale-love-lust/ |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> Critic Malini Mannath wrote, "Crudely taken, the film (123 minutes) could have done with better crafting and a more aesthetic treatment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=10 June 2017 |title=Review- Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2017/06/10/review-oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312102213/https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2017/06/10/review-oru-iyakkunarin-kadhal-diary/ |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=Malini Mannath |language=en }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Velu Prabhakaran}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

East Bengal FC

2026-03-10T16:00:46Z

JudithBehan6: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}

{{About|the men's association football team|the women's team|East Bengal FC (women)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox football team
| clubname = East Bengal
| image = East Bengal FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = East Bengal Football Club<ref name="East Bengal FC">{{cite web | title="East Bengal FC" | url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile | publisher = Indian Super League | access-date = 6 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 19 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230619142805/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile }}</ref>
| nickname = {{Nowrap|''Lal Holud Brigade'' (Red and Gold Brigade)}} {{Nowrap|''Moshal Bahini'' (The Torch Bearers)}} ''Bangal Brigade''
| short name = EBFC
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|1920|8|1}}
| stadium = [[ Salt Lake Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| capacity = 68,000 23,500
| owner = Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Emami East Bengal officially launched – Red and Golds to play ISL 2022–23 as East Bengal FC |work=goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210826/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Agreement signed between East Bengal and new investors|work=hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/agreement-signed-between-east-bengal-and-new-investors-101659462849355.html|access-date= }}</ref>
*
*[[Emami|Emami Group]] (77%)
*[[East Bengal Club#Ownership|East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd.]] (23%)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Murari Lal Lohia
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Óscar Bruzón]]
| league = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng}}
| season = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|EastBeng3}}
| current = 2025–26 East Bengal FC season
| pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_25_26
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _goldtop
| leftarm1 = FFDF00
| body1 = FFDF00
| rightarm1 = ff0000
| pattern_ra1 = _goldborder
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _yellowborder
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFDF00
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = ff0000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FF0000
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
| website = {{URL|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
}}
{{East Bengal Club departments}}

'''East Bengal Football Club''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top flight of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengal |url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=ifawb.com |publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref> They are one of the most successful clubs in India, having won three National League titles in addition to forty-one State league titles. The club has enjoyed significant success in Domestic cup competitions and International tournaments as well, including [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] trophies and an [[ASEAN Club Championship]] respectively, making it [[List of Indian football champions#Total titles won|one of the most decorated football clubs in India]].

It is one of the big three clubs of Kolkata, and participates in the well-renowned [[Kolkata Derby|Kolkata derby]] against its eternal rivals [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. The club also plays in the mini Kolkata derby with [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].

Founded in August 1920, the club became affiliated with the [[Indian Football Association]] in 1922 and initially played in the [[Calcutta Football League]] Second Division before earning promotion to the First Division in 1924. East Bengal won its first First Division league title in 1942 and has since won it a record 40 times with generous help from different quarters.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shoubhik|last=Mukhopadhyay|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga - Hero I-League|date=10 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2019|website=i-league.org|publisher=[[I-League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925033144/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|archive-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> The club was a founding member of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the first nation-wide football league in India in 1996, which it has won 3 times since.<ref name="ileague">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiachamp.html |title=India - List of National Champions |first1=Atsushi |last1=Fujioka |first2=Arunava |last2=Chaudhuri |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022558/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiachamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They have also won 9 National Cup titles {{Emdash}} the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] 8 times and the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] once. The club has also won several other trophies, including the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times, the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] a record 3 times, the [[IFA Shield]] a record 29 times, the [[Rovers Cup]] 10 times and the [[Calcutta Football League]] a record 40 times, the [[DCM Trophy]] a record 7 times, the [[Darjeeling Gold Cup]] a record 5 times and the [[McDowell's Cup]] a record 3 times. East Bengal won an international club trophy, in the form of [[ASEAN Club Championship]].

== History ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 160
| image1 = Suresh Chandra Chowdhury.png
| alt1 = Portrait of Suresh Chandra Chowdhury
| caption1 = Suresh Chandra Chaudhari (founder)
| image2 = Sailesh Bose.png
| alt2 = Portrait of Sailesh Bose
| caption2 = Sailesh Bose
| image3 = Professor Sarada Ranjan Roy.png
| alt3 = Side profile of Sarada Ranjan Roy
| caption3 = Sarada Ranjan Roy (First president)
}}

=== Formation ===
On 28 July 1920, Jorabagan was scheduled to play against [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup. Jorabagan sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of [[Defender (association football)|defender]] Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons. The then vice-president of Jorabagan, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, asked in vain for Bose to be included in the line-up. When his request was not welcomed, Chaudhuri left the club along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh. They formed East Bengal as a Sports and Cultural Association in the neighbourhood of [[Jorabagan]] on 1 August 1920. The name East Bengal was chosen for the newly formed club as the founders [[Bangal|hailed from the eastern region of Bengal]].<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web |title=The Rise of East Bengal Club |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2010 |title=History of East Bengal |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132423/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Thehardtackle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Club Day: East Bengal – The History|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074539/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[Sarada Ranjan Ray]] took on the role of becoming the first president of this newly formed club while Suresh Chandra Chowdhury and Tarit Bhusan Roy were declared to be the first joint secretaries of the club.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629224925/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, Nagen Kali, M. Talukdar, B. Sen, N. Gossain, Goshto Paul (on loan from Mohun Bagan)'','' P. Bardhan, S. Das, S. Tagore, J. Mukherjee, Ramesh Chandra Sen, S. Bose, C. Bose, A. Roy, and A. Bannerjee were announced to be the members of the first team squad by the board.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India - List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Team Archives of Quess East Bengal FC |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|access-date=29 August 2019|website=East Bengal GC Official Site|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Early years: 1920s–1930s ===
[[File:East_Bengal_FC_players_and_officials.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|230x230px|East Bengal players and officials in 1921]]
In the same month of its formation, the club participated in its maiden tournament in, the Hercules Cup, a seven-a-side tournament. On 11 August 1920, the club played their first match in the tournament and in their history against Metropolitan College, which they went on to win 4–0. East Bengal went on to win the tournament, announcing the arrival of a club that would break many records in the future. The club also won Khagendra Shield in 1921.<ref name=":8" /> Following this, the club became affiliated with the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) and entered the IFA Second Division replacing Tajhat Football Club who withdrew from the 2nd Division League.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal wins Calcutta Football League for the first time in 1942|url=https://twitter.com/ebfchistory/status/1678475517287342080?t=wfneRvOCvb5q6qHQj749kA&s=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718104055/https://twitter.com/ebfchistory/status/1678475517287342080|archive-date=18 July 2023|website=twitter.com}}</ref> The club finished placing third in their maiden season in the league. The first match between East Bengal and [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] took place on 8 August 1921 in the Cooch Behar Cup semi-final match, which didn't turn in the favour of either of the teams as it ended in a goalless draw. It was an unofficial derby at that time.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2018|title=East Bengal Story|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/eastbengalstory.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018042159/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/eastbengalstory.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

In 1924, the club won the Second Division and gained promotion to the IFA First Division after finishing in second place to Cameroons 'B' after paying a hefty sum.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: The Pioneers|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=24 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053626/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> As Cameroons 'A' team was already in the First Division the 'B' team could not gain promotion to the same league. East Bengal was next in line for promotion. However, more controversy arose since the IFA allowed only two Indian-based clubs in the IFA First Division at a time (at that time, the IFA was a British organization). This rule had previously deprived clubs like Kumartuli and Town from entering the First Division. During a governing body meeting of the IFA, the nine British clubs approved East Bengal's promotion to the First Division. Ironically, the two Indian clubs, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]], opposed it. East Bengal's efforts led to the abolition of the oppressive Indian club limit rule.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar |title=The Saga of East Bengal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30218648.ece |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=Frontline |date=28 August 2003 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118010538/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30218648.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1925, East Bengal made its IFA First Division debut, and Mona Dutta became the maiden goalscorer for the club in the league. On 28 May 1925, the first official [[Kolkata Derby]] was played, where Nepal Chakraborty scored the only goal for East Bengal.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das Sharma|first=Amitabha|date=1 April 2016|title=The Kolkata Derby: They met as early as in 1921!|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170805/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=7 Nov 2020|website=sportstar.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== 1940s–1970s ===
{{See also|Pancha Pandavas}}
[[File:East_Bengal_FC_1949_IFA_Shield.jpg|thumb|East Bengal players after winning 1949 IFA Shield]]
The club did not win their first IFA First Division title until 1942. East Bengal won their first [[IFA Shield]] in 1943. They then achieved the double in 1945 by winning both the [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Football League (CFL)]] and IFA Shield. In 1948, East Bengal became the first team to defeat a foreign club on home soil. They won 2–0 against the visiting Chinese Olympic XI.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&q=China%27s+Olympic+team+by+2-0+in+1948&pg=PT90 |title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86815-65-1 |language=en|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610102551/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=China's+Olympic+team+by+2-0+in+1948&source=bl&ots=HvVNj4XGh5&sig=ACfU3U13tN0x62Rk96dl_mk66uDcN9FS7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpq8e77vbpAhUxmeYKHf7JAC4Q6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=China's%20Olympic%20team%20by%202-0%20in%201948&f=false|archive-date=10 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal won their first [[Treble (association football)|treble]] in the 1949 season, by winning the Calcutta League,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Armband|date=9 November 2019|title=East Bengal Football Club : History and Emergence|url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609193043/https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/|archive-date=9 June 2020|access-date=9 June 2020|website=Sports-nova|language=en-GB}}</ref> the IFA Shield and the Rovers Cup, becoming the first Indian club to do so.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ritabrata|date=12 April 2020|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane – East Bengal's 'Golden era' of 1970s|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|access-date=1 August 2020|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301125229/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|url-status=live}}</ref> The club went on to win the 1949 Rovers Cup and the [[Durand Cup]] in 1951. That period saw the rise of the [[Pancha Pandavas]]. The five players, P. B. A. Saleh, Ahmed Khan, P. Venkatesh, Appa Rao, and K. P. Dhanaraj played together at the club from 1949 to 1953. The club also won its first DCM Trophy in 1950. The club also won three straight IFA Shields in 1949, 1950, and 1951. The [[English F.A.|English Football Association]] 1951–52 annual almanac adjudged East Bengal as the best club in Asia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php|access-date=18 June 2020|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144426/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On being recommended by the president of India, [[Rajendra Prasad]], the club was invited by the [[Romania]] Youth Festival Committee in 1953 to participate in a football tournament. They also partook in a tour of the [[Soviet Union]] the same year. They were defeated by [[Soviet]] side by a margin of 13–1. Apart from football, East Bengal also won the Beighton Cup hockey tournament for the first time in 1957 and the Bengal Hockey Association league in 1960. Again the club won the [[Rovers Cup]] several times during this era—1962, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975—as well as the [[Durand Cup]] in 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972 and 1978. The club also won its first Sait Nagjee football tournament and Bordoloi Trophy in 1968.<ref name="EBFC1940">{{cite web |title=1940S TO 1960S |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1940s-to-1960s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329172756/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1940s-to-1960s|archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref> The club stunned everyone by winning the 1970 IFA Shield against [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Club]] of [[Iran]] by a score of 1–0, in front of 60,000 supporters at the [[Eden Gardens]]. Later, the club won the 1973 IFA Shield by defeating [[Pyongyang City Sports Club|Pyongyang City SC]] of [[North Korea]]. In 1978, East Bengal won its first [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] title. The club became joint winners in cricket with Mohun Bagan of [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] senior league and senior-division knockout tournament.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="EBFC1970">{{cite web |title=1970S TO 1990S |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |work=East Bengal Football Club |access-date=10 August 2012|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724022532/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=I-League Special: The History Of East Bengal|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/09/25/1522408/i-league-special-the-history-of-east-bengal#:~:text=The%20Red%20and%20Gold%27s%20were,participate%20in%20a%20football%20tournament.|access-date=18 June 2020|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205081931/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/09/25/1522408/i-league-special-the-history-of-east-bengal#:~:text=The%20Red%20and%20Gold%27s%20were,participate%20in%20a%20football%20tournament.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

East Bengal won the Calcutta Football League for six straight years from 1970 to 1975.<ref name="EBFC1970" /> In 1970, East Bengal topped the Calcutta Football League table without conceding a single goal. East Bengal won multiple times against their arch-rivals, Mohun Bagan, including a record margin of 5–0 in the history of the Kolkata Derby, in 1975. The same year, East Bengal won the CFL title without losing a match. The 1970s decade of the club is also commonly known as "''Shonali Doshok"'' (in English Golden Decade).<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners/Runners-up of the IFA-Shield |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=indianfootball.de |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083403/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9" />

=== 1980s–1990s ===
The club won the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] in 1980 and again in 1985. They also became the first Indian club to play in the newly reorganized [[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championship]] in [[1985–86 Asian Club Championship|1985–86]].<ref name="EBFC1970" /> The club then won their second treble in 1990, under coach Naeemuddin, by winning the IFA Shield, the Rovers Cup, and the Durand Cup in the same season. The club also won the Stafford Cup (1986) and the McDowell's Cup (1995, 1997). In 1993, East Bengal won its first-ever international title, the Wai Wai Cup in [[Nepal]]. The club also won the Federation Cup, the IFA Shield, the Calcutta Football League, the Durand Cup, and the Rovers Cup several times during this period.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=23 August 2017|access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref> In 1996, the club became the founding member of the first nationwide football league in India, the National Football League.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html |title=India 1996/97 |website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1984, Dipak Das joined the club and revamped it. He brought professionalism and converted the football team into a private, limited company. He also secured sponsorship from local brands and companies like Khadims. In 1998, he collaborated with [[Vijay Mallya]]'s [[United Breweries Group]], which then formed a new Private Limited Company, with a 50–50 shareholding, called United East Bengal Football Team Private Limited and incorporated the football team—the first in the country. The team was renamed Kingfisher East Bengal FC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s|archive-date=23 August 2017|access-date=18 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":6" />

=== 2000s–2010s ===
{{football squad on pitch|align=left
| GK = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy|Nandy]]
| RCB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Irungbam Surkumar Singh|Surkumar]]
| CB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muttath Suresh|Suresh]]
| LCB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Mondal|Mondal]]
| CM = {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Suley Musah|Musah]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]])
| RCM = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Silva]]
| LCM = {{flagicon|IND}} Duley
| RW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijen Singh|Bijen]]
| LW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alvito D'Cunha|D'Cunha]]
| RCF = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia|Bhutia]]
| LCF = {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Mike Okoro|Okoro]]
|caption=East Bengal [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship]] final lineup}}
The club entered the 21st century in style, winning the [[2000–01 Indian National Football League|2000–01]] [[NFL India|National Football League]] season. They became the first club to win back-to-back titles after winning the [[2002–03 Indian National Football League|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 Indian National Football League|2003–04]] versions of the league. The club went on to win the Federation Cup again in 2007, [[2009 Federation Cup|2009]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]] and [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]. They also won the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] in 2006 and 2011.<ref name="EBFC2000">{{cite web |title=Continuing the Legacy |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=continuing-the-legacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331144619/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=continuing-the-legacy|archive-date=31 March 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref> The club won their third international trophy in the [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship]], in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|title=Making a mark in Asia: East Bengal's 2003 Asean Cup win – a defining moment for Indian club football|website=Scroll.in|date=26 July 2020 |access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127192359/https://amp.scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football: Part Four – Modern Era (1999—2011)|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=11 October 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041621/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/east-bengals-greatest-hour-the-2003-asean-cup-triumph#:~:text=However%20Alvito%27s%20wonder%20strike%20left,Bhaichung%20Bhutia%20and%20Mike%20Okoro.|title=East Bengal's greatest hour: the 2003 ASEAN Cup triumph|website=Sportskeeda|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|date=27 July 2013 |access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230192101/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/east-bengals-greatest-hour-the-2003-asean-cup-triumph#:~:text=However%20Alvito%27s%20wonder%20strike%20left,Bhaichung%20Bhutia%20and%20Mike%20Okoro.|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal is still the only Indian football team to win any major trophy outside the country.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aseanclub03.html |title=ASEAN Club Championship 2003 |website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031103333/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/aseanclub03.html|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, East Bengal also won the San Miguel International Cup in Nepal. The club was invited to the tournament by [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], celebrating their 120th Anniversary. In 2004, Leicester City also had partnerships with East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/feb/04foot2.htm |title=Leicester link with East Bengal |website=rediff.com|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132408/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/feb/04foot2.htm|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/east-bengal-in-talks-with-barcelona-for-tie-up-possibility/story-qzDsgBzCczLLjMZA0jsg2M.html |title=East Bengal in talks with Barcelona for tie-up possibility |date=25 April 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104130019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/east-bengal-in-talks-with-barcelona-for-tie-up-possibility/story-qzDsgBzCczLLjMZA0jsg2M.html|archive-date=4 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Then [[List of presidents of FIFA|FIFA president]], [[Joseph Blatter]], visited the club tent on 15 April 2007. After a year, East Bengal became the first Indian football team to win against a West Asian team, [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al Wihdat SC]] of [[Jordan]] on foreign soil.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" />{{East Bengal F.C. centenary season first match team}}East Bengal also made a record eight appearances, between 2004 and 2015, in the [[AFC Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |last2=V Easwar |first2=Nisanth |date=1 April 2020 |title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup? {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=goal.com |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Sabyasachi |date=20 May 2020 |title=East Bengal FC: Top 5 players with most appearances in the AFC Cup! |url=http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-top-5-players-with-most-appearances-in-the-afc-cup/ |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Badgeb |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618164718/http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-top-5-players-with-most-appearances-in-the-afc-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club played in the [[2013 AFC Cup knockout stage|semi-finals of 2013 AFC Cup]] where they lost to [[Kuwait SC]] of Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=East Bengal FC's AFC Cup final hopes dashed after 3–0 defeat to Kuwait SC |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/east-bengal-fcs-afc-cup-final-hopes-dashed-after-3-0-defeat-to-kuwait-sc-1528382 |website=sports.ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040429/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/east-bengal-fcs-afc-cup-final-hopes-dashed-after-3-0-defeat-to-kuwait-sc-1528382|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The club has the achievement of winning the Calcutta Football League title eight consecutive times from 2010 to 2017, breaking their previous record of six times during the 1970s.<ref name="EBFC1970" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India – List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the exit of Kingfisher from the club, Quess Corp signed an agreement with the East Bengal and acquired a 70 percent stake in the club in July 2018. The football team was rebranded as Quess East Bengal FC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/soccer-club-east-bengal-ropes-in-bangalore-based-quess-corp-as-its-new-investor/articleshow/64872356.cms |title=Soccer club East Bengal ropes in Bangalore-based Quess Corp as its new investor |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075636/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/soccer-club-east-bengal-ropes-in-bangalore-based-quess-corp-as-its-new-investor/articleshow/64872356.cms|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live|last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Dutta |date=9 July 2018 |title=Kolkata football: East Bengal cedes control in Quess for funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420173245/https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 August 2019, the club entered its [[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|100th establishment year]]. A centenary celebration logo was introduced. Torch rallies and events were organised, and attended by former players, coaches, presidents, etc. The centenary kit was unveiled, which was inspired by the 1925–26 season kit.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2019 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |title=East Bengal unveil centenary jersey Football News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The club participated in the [[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]] and the [[2019–20 I-League|I-League]], and played its first match and won against Army Red in the Durand Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=Centennial Program on August |url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/news.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722072547/https://eastbengalclub.co.in/news.php|archive-date=22 July 2019|access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=Durand Cup 2019: Jaime Colado, Bidyashagar power East Bengal to 2–0 triumph – As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-east-bengal-vs-army-red-cup-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-indian-football/article28806358.ece |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=3 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235152/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-east-bengal-vs-army-red-cup-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-indian-football/article28806358.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
[[File:East Bengal Sporting Club in Maidan, Kolkata 13.jpg|thumb|East Bengal tent]]
The year 2020, saw the wake of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] which halted the ongoing [[2019–20 in Indian football|football season]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-05-23|title=No sporting event in India in near future, have to live with new normal of sports behind closed doors: Rijiju|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/no-sporting-event-in-india-in-near-future-have-to-live-with-new-normal-of-sports-behind-closed-doors-rijiju/article31658535.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018184816/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/no-sporting-event-in-india-in-near-future-have-to-live-with-new-normal-of-sports-behind-closed-doors-rijiju/article31658535.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The then investor, Quess pulled out from the two-year-old agreement by July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quess chairman Ajit Isaac - East Bengal has fantastic potential and we leave with good memories|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ajit-isaac-joint-venture-quess-east-bengal-memories/17q6jj4mw9x0c1mforj7j6z1qn|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Goal.com|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172751/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ajit-isaac-joint-venture-quess-east-bengal-memories/17q6jj4mw9x0c1mforj7j6z1qn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|date=2020-07-18|title=Quess Corporation and East Bengal part ways|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/quess-corporation-east-bengal-part-ways|access-date=2020-10-18|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019154717/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/quess-corporation-east-bengal-part-ways|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 August, the club completed its 100 years of existence. In September, [[Shree Cement]] was announced as the new investor of the club.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Himatsingka|first=Anuradha|title=Shree Cement to acquire football club East Bengal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/shree-cement-to-acquire-football-club-east-bengal/articleshow/77897798.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212145443/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/shree-cement-to-acquire-football-club-east-bengal/articleshow/77897798.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The company acquired 76 percent shares of the club and renamed it from "East Bengal Football Club" to "Sporting Club East Bengal".<ref name="ISL01">{{Cite web|date=17 Oct 2020|title=Name and logo for SC East Bengal revealed ahead of Hero ISL 2020-21|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/name-and-logo-for-sc-east-bengal-revealed-ahead-of-hero-isl-2020-21|access-date=19 Oct 2020|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018213920/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/name-and-logo-for-sc-east-bengal-revealed-ahead-of-hero-isl-2020-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="goal.com">{{Cite web|date=17 Oct 2020|title=East Bengal rebranded as Sporting Club East Bengal; new logo unveiled|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sc-east-bengal-isl-new-logo-indian-football/8k1mrjrpnia41thmqrfytdw63|access-date=19 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220518/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sc-east-bengal-isl-new-logo-indian-football/8k1mrjrpnia41thmqrfytdw63|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, after successful bidding, the club moved from the [[I-League]] to the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nita Ambani: East Bengal's inclusion throws open limitless opportunities for Indian football|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Indian Super League|date=27 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010181118/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=East Bengal join Indian Super League|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4192694/east-bengal-join-indian-super-league|access-date=2020-10-19|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072319/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4192694/east-bengal-join-indian-super-league|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2022, the club parted ways with its investor [[Shree Cement]].

The partnership between investor group [[Shree Cement]] and East Bengal was terminated after the end of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]]. They returned the sporting rights to the club on 12 April 2022, after both the parties failed to reach an agreement and the final term sheet was not accepted and signed by the club officials.<ref name=scsportingright>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=12 April 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-returned-sporting-rights-shree-cements-indian-football/article38472141.ece|title=East Bengal returned sporting rights by Shree Cement|work=Sportstar|accessdate=24 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412145715/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-returned-sporting-rights-shree-cements-indian-football/article38472141.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The club officials, however, stated that East Bengal shall continue to play in the Indian Super League, and shall be announcing their new investors within the next two weeks.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=13 April 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-shree-cement-isl-next-investor-announcement-within-15-days-football/article38473253.ece|title=East Bengal will continue to play ISL, next investor announcement within 15 days, says club official|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 May 2022|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501074230/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-shree-cement-isl-next-investor-announcement-within-15-days-football/article38473253.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal was once again handed another transfer ban by AIFF for non-payment of dues for seven of their players.<ref name=transferban>{{cite web|first=Sayan|last=Mukherjee|date=31 March 2022|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/isl-troubled-sc-east-bengal-in-yet-another-transfer-ban-161671|title=Troubled SC East Bengal in yet another transfer ban|work=News Nine|accessdate=24 April 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329143625/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/isl-troubled-sc-east-bengal-in-yet-another-transfer-ban-161671|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Trophy cabinet of East Bengal Club captured during the 103 years of foundation day program in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Trophy cabinet of East Bengal during the 103 years of foundation day]]
On 25 May, East Bengal announced the collaboration with [[Emami]] as the principal investors of the club.<ref name=emami>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/emami-group-to-collaborate-with-east-bengal/cid/1866837|title=Emami Group to collaborate with East Bengal|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525125338/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/emami-group-to-collaborate-with-east-bengal/cid/1866837|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/east-bengal-bags-emami-as-investor_432506.html|title=East Bengal-Emami: ইমামির হাত ধরে আইএসএল খেলছে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal-Emami: East Bengal is playing ISL with Emami's collaboration|language=bn|work=Zee News|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525125448/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/east-bengal-bags-emami-as-investor_432506.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 May 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-finds-new-investor-in-emami-group-football-news/article38497836.ece|title=East Bengal finds new investor in Emami Group|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525130632/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-finds-new-investor-in-emami-group-football-news/article38497836.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The club confirmed their participation in the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]] with the arrival of the new investors.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=25 May 2022|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-confirm-isl-2022-23-participation-bring-emami/blted7c8e38dafaf7e5|title=East Bengal confirm ISL 2022-23 participation, bring Emami Group on board|work=Goal|accessdate=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525131809/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-confirm-isl-2022-23-participation-bring-emami/blted7c8e38dafaf7e5|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, after two months of contractual discussions between the club and the investor group, the club finally started the recruitment process for the new season after receiving a go-ahead from the investors.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 July 2022|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-on-the-verge-of-signing-two-foreign-defenders-dgtl/cid/1357258|title=East Bengal: দলগঠনের কাজ শুরু ইস্টবেঙ্গলে, কার্যত নিশ্চিত দুই বিদেশি ফুটবলার|trans-title=East Bengal: Recruitment of players begin at East Bengal, almost confirms two foreigners|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719005429/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-on-the-verge-of-signing-two-foreign-defenders-dgtl/cid/1357258|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-focus-on-foreign-recruits/cid/1875386|title=East Bengal focus on foreign recruits|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719013102/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-focus-on-foreign-recruits/cid/1875386|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 July, the AIFF uplifted the transfer ban set on East Bengal and thus allowed the club to register their new signings for the season.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 July 2022|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/aiff-has-revoked-player-registration-ban-of-sc-east-bengal-dgtl/cid/1358056|title=East Bengal: ইস্টবেঙ্গলে স্বস্তি, উঠে গেল নিষেধাজ্ঞা, সই করানো যাবে ফুটবলার|trans-title=East Bengal: Relief for East Bengal, ban uplifted, can register players now|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723043621/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/aiff-has-revoked-player-registration-ban-of-sc-east-bengal-dgtl/cid/1358056|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal appointed [[Santosh Trophy]] winning [[Kerala football team]] head-coach [[Bino George]] as the care-taker head coach of the team for the [[Calcutta Football League]] and [[Durand Cup]], and will become the assistant coach of the team for the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name=bino>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=23 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|title=Bino George set to become East Bengal reserve team coach|work=The Times of India|accessdate=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724063817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=30 July 2022|url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|title=East Bengal: লাল-হলুদ তাঁবুতে হাজির কোচ বিনু জর্জ|trans-title=East Bengal:Bino George arrives at Red and Gold tent|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730143427/https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal also roped in former [[India national football team]] coach [[Stephen Constantine]] as the new head-coach of the team for the season.<ref name=constantine>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=27 July 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-announces-stephen-constantine-as-head-coach-indian-super-league-isl-news/article65690048.ece|title=Stephen Constantine announced as East Bengal head coach for ISL 2022-23|work=Sportstar|accessdate=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727133829/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-announces-stephen-constantine-as-head-coach-indian-super-league-isl-news/article65690048.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 July 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/stephen-constantine-returns-to-indian-football-as-emami-east-bengal-head-coach-8055472/|title=Stephen Constantine returns to Indian football as Emami East Bengal head coach|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727141735/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/stephen-constantine-returns-to-indian-football-as-emami-east-bengal-head-coach-8055472/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also announced that the formal tie-up between them and the new investor group [[Emami]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-emami-to-sign-agreement-august-2-indian-football/article65686502.ece|title=East Bengal and Emami to sign agreement on August 2|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727115222/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-emami-to-sign-agreement-august-2-indian-football/article65686502.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Emami East Bengal FC has hired former Indian Super League (ISL) champion [[Carles Cuadrat]] as their new head coach on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 April 2023|title=Carles Cuadrat appointed as new coach of East Bengal|url=https://footballexpress.in/carles-cuadrat-appointed-as-new-coach-of-east-bengal/|website=FootballExpress.in|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430090324/https://footballexpress.in/carles-cuadrat-appointed-as-new-coach-of-east-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January 2024, they defeated the defending champions [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 3–2 in the [[2024 Indian Super Cup final|Kalinga Super Cup final]] to win their first title in 12 years, and qualified for the [[AFC Champions League 2]] play-offs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Media Team |first1=AIFF |date=18 June 2024 |title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> As the winners, East Bengal qualified for the [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage but lost 3–2 against [[FC Altyn Asyr]].

== Crest, colours and kits ==
=== Crest ===
In 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]] swept over India and affected football. Indian clubs boycotted the ongoing Calcutta Football League midway through the season. Amidst much confusion, Royal Regiment was declared the winner in the first division. However, East Bengal was not allowed to be promoted to the First Division. Thousands of East Bengal fans and officials decided to hold a protest march at the [[East Bengal Ground]]. It was at this march that flaming torches were carried by the protesters. And the hand holding [[Torch|flame torch]] ''(known as 'Mawshal' or '[[:bn:মশাল|মশাল]]' in [[Bangla Language|Bangla]])'' became the club emblem, which has remained to this day.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930s: The Dark Decade|url=http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053122/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=4 December 2011|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In the year of 2020, East Bengal released a special centenary crest to celebrate 100 years of its existence.

{{gallery
|title=First crest<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 Dec 2020|title=More Than A Club: Stories Behind Our Red-and-Gold Colours and Torch Emblem|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|access-date=4 Jan 2021|website=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223124158/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|width=150
|height=120
|align=center
|File:East Bengal first logo.png|
}}

=== Colours ===
[[File:A_Department_Store_(BOND_0089).jpeg|alt=Black and white photograph of facade of Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store|left|thumb|200px|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store in 1945]]The primary and secondary colors of East Bengal are red and yellow respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|title=উপচে পড়া গ্যালারি রঙিন করলেন খাবরা|trans-title=Khabra colored the overflowing gallery|language=bn|first=Debanjan|last=Banerjee|date=9 August 2015|access-date=2 March 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162740/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|archive-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> Traditionally, the home kit consists of a red and yellow jersey with black shorts, while the away kit colors vary every year.<ref name=":10" /> These colors came about after the club was formed when the founders debated over them for the club jersey. At that time, the jerseys used to come from England. The founders, while searching, came across the red and gold color shirt hanging at the [[Whiteaway Laidlaw|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co.]] department store in [[Chowringhee]], Kolkata. It attracted them, and they finalized the colors and jersey. It cost ₹80 in 1920, four times higher than the average.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|access-date=26 September 2020|website=eastbengalclub.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094050/https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|url-status=live}}</ref> These colours permanently integrated with the club.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" />
{|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_Home_Trad
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|leftarm = ED1C24
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FFC90E
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Traditional kit
}}
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Centenary year kit
}}
|}
{{clear}}

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! Period
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
! Back sponsor
! Chest sponsor
! Sleeve sponsor
|-
|1993–94
| rowspan="3" |
| Verona
| rowspan="9" |
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="12" |
|-
|1994–95
| [[McDowell's No.1]]
|-
|1995–96
| rowspan="2" | [[Emami]]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 May 2022|url=https://www.thewall.in/sports/east-bengal-emami-return-to-eb-after-25-years/|title=East Bengal। Emami: ২৫ বছর পর ইমামি ফিরল ইস্টবেঙ্গল জার্সিতে, নস্টালজিয়ার গন্ধে বিভোর লাল-হলুদ জনতা|trans-title=East Bengal. Emami: Emami returns to East Bengal jersey after 25 years, nostalgia amidst red-yellow crowd|language=bn|work=The Wall|accessdate=26 May 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811075017/https://www.thewall.in/sports/east-bengal-emami-return-to-eb-after-25-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1996–97
| [[Umbro]]
|-
|1997–98
| Duta Sports
| [[Khadim's]]<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=What transpired when East Bengal and Mohun Bagan partnered with corporate giants? {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-partnership-ub-group/1uxgcn7o5qo5k1snwk907rwnbj|access-date=2020-10-20|website=goal.com|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123230/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-partnership-ub-group/1uxgcn7o5qo5k1snwk907rwnbj|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998–00
| [[Adidas]]
| rowspan="11" | [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]<ref name=":13" />
|-
|2000–05
| [[Reebok]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2003 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2005–06
| [[Pony International|Pony]]<ref>{{cite web|date=8 Jun 2005|title=East Bengal ink deal with Pony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/East-Bengal-ink-deal-with-Pony/articleshow/1135368.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/East-Bengal-ink-deal-with-Pony/articleshow/1135368.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2006–09
| rowspan="2" | [[Reebok]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200608.html|title=East Bengal Club sings deal with Reebok|work=Indian Football News|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051314/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200608.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2009–10
| [[ONGC]]
|-
|2010–11
| rowspan="2" |
| [[Saradha Group|Saradha]]
|-
|2011–14
| [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]]
| [[Rose Valley financial scandal|Rose Valley]]
|-
|2014–15
| rowspan="3" | Shiv Naresh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/shiv-naresh-the-new-kit-sponsor-of-east-bengal|title=Shiv-Naresh - The new kit sponsor of East Bengal|work=Sportskeeda|date=March 2014 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041854/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/shiv-naresh-the-new-kit-sponsor-of-east-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Artage
| rowspan="6" |
| Artage
|-
|2015–16
| [[SRMB Steel|SRMB]]
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|2016–17
| [[Officer's Choice|Officer's Choice Blue]]
|-
|2017–18
| rowspan="2" | Perf<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-pen-deal-with-italian-brand-perf|title=I-League 2017/18: East Bengal pen deal with Italian brand PERF|work=Sportskeeda|date=24 November 2017 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021143733/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-pen-deal-with-italian-brand-perf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Shyam Steel
|-
|2018–19
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Quess
|-
|2019–20
| Kaizen Sports<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Report: East Bengal to tie-up with Kaizen Sports as new kit sponsor|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-new-kit-sponsor-kaizen-sports/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123234/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-new-kit-sponsor-kaizen-sports|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020–21
| [[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=tykasports |author=[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]] |number=1323943746594086923 |date=4 November 2020 |title=Proud to be associated with sceastbengalofficial as their official kit supplier.|link=https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170915/https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Shree Cement]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC East Bengal official website (front page) |url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |website=sceastbengal.co |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123857/https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| TV9 Bangla
| rowspan="2" | TopTech
|-
|2021–22
| Reyaur<ref>{{cite tweet |user=sc_eastbengal |author=SC East Bengal |number=1447520988480999424 |date=11 October 2021 |title=SC East Bengal is happy to announce 𝐑𝐞𝐲𝐚𝐮𝐫 as its official 𝙠𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 & 𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙣𝙚𝙧. |link=https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reyaur Sports announces partnership with East Bengal|url=https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011113940/https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1447527272869613568|archive-date=11 October 2021|access-date=12 October 2021|publisher=Reyaur Sports}}</ref>
|-
|2022–23
| rowspan="3" |Trak-Only<ref>{{cite tweet|user=trakonly|author=TrakOnly|number=1575485545941471233|date=29 September 2022|link=https://twitter.com/trakonly/status/1575485545941471233|title=The 2022-23 East Bengal FC x Trak-Only jerseys are here|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1684217694579564549|user=eastbengal_fc|title=We are glad to continue our association with Trak only for the upcoming season!|author=East Bengal FC|date=2023-07-26|access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>
| [[1xBet|1XBat]]<ref>{{cite tweet|user=eg_eastbengal|author=Emami East Bengal|number=1575421017409064960|date=29 September 2022|link=https://twitter.com/eg_eastbengal/status/1575421017409064960|title=Welcoming 1xBatSporting to the Red and Gold Family! We are proud to announce that news portal 1xBat Sporting Lines will be our principal sponsors for the upcoming season.|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>
| [[Emami|Mantra Masala]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Emami]]
| Alliance Broadband
|-
|2023–24
| colspan="2" | Batery
| [[Emami|BoroPlus]]
|-
|2024–25
|
| [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]
| [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Gluco+]]
|}

== Supporters ==
[[File:East Bengal smoke show.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Smoke show during a CFL match against NBP Rainbow at East Bengal Ground]]
[[File:East Bengal Club supporters at the Salt Lake Stadium.jpg|thumb|East Bengal supporters at Salt Lake Stadium during the Kolkata Derby in [[2022 Durand Cup]]]]{{Main|East Bengal Ultras|East Bengal the Real Power}}

East Bengal is a club mainly supported by the migrant population, known as ''[[Bangal|Bangals]]''. There are approximately 30 to 40 million supporters from all across the nation and overseas.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> In October 2020, the club got voted as the most popular football club in India on an AFC poll by its supporters, gaining approximately 49% of the votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The most popular football clubs: India {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}}|url=https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/the-most-popular-football-clubs-india|access-date=2020-12-12|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123231/https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/the-most-popular-football-clubs-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[East Bengal Ultras]], the main [[ultras]] (supporters) group of East Bengal, was established in 2013. It was the first ultras group to be established in the country. Since its inception, this group has set many new records and broken older ones. Though initially, people were skeptical about the group, now they have seen in what ways this group is benefitting Indian football. Though all these achievements came along with some controversies. As in the past, there have been fights and hooliganism among the fans of the rival clubs, the administration does not completely trust the group's functioning. <ref name=":03">{{cite web |title=Corteo and Pyros : When East Bengal Ultras did a Legia Warsaw – Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/corteo-and-pyros-when-east-bengal-ultras-did-a-legia-warsaw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223457/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/corteo-and-pyros-when-east-bengal-ultras-did-a-legia-warsaw|archive-date=21 August 2018|access-date=21 August 2018 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=East Bengal – Salgaocar 21.02.2016 |url=http://www.ultras-tifo.net/match-reports/4100-east-bengal-salgaocar-21022016.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014724/http://www.ultras-tifo.net/match-reports/4100-east-bengal-salgaocar-21022016.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2018|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

Established on 15 November 2006, [[East Bengal the Real Power]] is India's first registered fan club. It is East Bengal's largest fan club and one of the largest in the country. In its early years, its functioning was limited to online platforms, but later on, it became a [[Supporters' groups|supporters' group]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=East Bengal the Real POWER's Journey of a Decade |url=http://rajarshissportsworld.blogspot.com/2015/11/east-bengal-real-powers-journey-of.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716202123/http://rajarshissportsworld.blogspot.com/2015/11/east-bengal-real-powers-journey-of.html|archive-date=16 July 2019|access-date=9 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desi Tadka: East Bengal On Orkut {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/03/06/1141479/desi-tadka-east-bengal-on-orkut|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716200825/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/03/06/1141479/desi-tadka-east-bengal-on-orkut|archive-date=16 July 2019|access-date=10 June 2020|website=goal.com}}</ref>

== Rivalries ==
=== Kolkata Derby ===
{{Main|Kolkata Derby}}[[File:Kolkata_Derby.jpg|alt=|thumb|225x225px|[[2019-20 I-League|2019–20 season]] Kolkata Derby at the Salt Lake Stadium]]
East Bengal has its fiercest rivalry with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. The match that takes place between these two clubs is eminently called the Kolkata Derby. The Kolkata Derby has much similarities with the [[Old Firm|Old Firm Derby]] played between [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] and [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] due to its socio-economic significance. It is one of the oldest rivalries in world sports and dates back to the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> These clubs also share a rivalry due to the fierce competition that existed between them in the Indian football circuit for over a hundred years, both being the two most successful clubs in India, and one of the most decorated in Asia, both having won 190+ titles. After [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]], the consequent [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|second partition of Bengal]] led to huge influx of Bengali immigrants from the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam|eastern part of Bengal]] into the neighbouring states which resulted in a socio-economic crisis in many of them. This led to rivalries in jobs, business, schools, and even on the football pitch among the immigrants and native population. This rivalry became fierce, and the Kolkata Derby grew in popularity and reached its peak during the 1960s and 1970s. "Probashi Bengalis" from all over India and the world would also set their keen eyes on this event, as it was a way for them to re-integrate with their culture after the partition. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Adnan |title=The Kolkata derby: Asia's fiercest footballing rivalry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|access-date=26 August 2019 |website=aljazeera.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826125159/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to FIFA.com News - India's all-consuming rivalry |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/india-all-consuming-rivalry-1414458 |access-date=1 August 2020 |publisher=FIFA |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020140/https://www.fifa.com/news/india-all-consuming-rivalry-1414458 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kolkata Derby consistently brings in 60,000+ spectators on each match day and remains as one of the most viewed sporting events in the country. Both sets of supporters have unconditional love for their clubs, which is often vocalized in the form of chants and displaying [[Tifo|tifos]]. The Kolkata Derby holds a record of {{Lakh|1.3}} spectators, the most attended sporting event ever in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Largest Sporting Crowds |url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/crowd-largest.htm|access-date=10 June 2020 |website=topendsports.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155044/https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/crowd-largest.htm|archive-date=6 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

=== Mini Derby ===
[[File:INDvsBAN_2019_BluePilgrimTifo(MB-EB-MM).jpg|alt=Blue Pilgrims unfurl a tifo displaying different club fans united together.|thumb|Tifo displaying fans of (''left to right'') Mohammedan, Mohun Bagan and East Bengal united as the [[12th man (football)|12th man]] in support for [[India national football team|India]] at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in 2019.]]
East Bengal also has a significant rivalry against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> The initiation of the feuds goes back to the early 30s, when Mohammedan came out as a dominant contender for Calcutta Football League by winning seven out of eight titles from 1934 to 1941. Since then until 1958, all the CFL titles were won among these three rival clubs, often referred as the ''Big Three of [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ময়দানের তিন প্রধান),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|title=৬১ বছর পর তিন প্রধান ম্লান|website=amp.dw.com|publisher=DW News Bangla|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=5 October 2019|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014062657/https://amp.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|language=bn}}</ref> and even in other major tournaments like [[Durand Cup]], [[Rovers Cup|Rover's Cup]] and [[IFA Shield]], the three clubs contended against each other for the honours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|title=Vibrant times for Kolkata Maidan!|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Goal.com|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023061307/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|title=East Bengal, Mohun Bagan & Mohammedan invited to Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup in Bangladesh|date=10 August 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sourav|last=Neogi|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131646/https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ Kickstarting a makeover for corporate Mohammedan Sporting Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181908/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ |date=9 July 2021 }} ''financialexpress.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021</ref> The rivalry initially had a communal background since Mohammedan being a [[Muslims|Muslim]]-only club representing the [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim population]] of Kolkata, thereby forcing the [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] in the city to compete via their support for Mohun Bagan and East Bengal even though they weren't communal clubs themselves. By the 1960s, communal tension involved in the feud became insignificant as the club began to regularly sign non-Muslim players as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the "natives" to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> But the club also lost their dominance in Indian football and after the inception of national tournaments like [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], Mohammedan was no more a top club and mostly playing in the lower tiers. Thus, the club rarely met Mohun Bagan and East Bengal at major tournaments due to them being in the top tier. Mohammedan won the [[I-league]] in 2023–24 season and was promoted to [[Indian Super League|ISL]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Vivek |date=2024-04-06 |title=I-League 2023-24 LIVE Score: Mohammedan Sporting Strike Early at Shillong Lajjong; SLFC 0-1 MSC |url=https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-live-shillong-lajjong-against-mohammedan-sporting-slfc-vs-msc-8842416.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the ever fierce East Bengal-Mohun Bagan feud termed as [[Kolkata Derby]], the matches including Mohammedan and Mohun Bagan or East Bengal is commonly termed as Mini Kolkata Derby.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece Calcutta Football League, Mini Derby: Mohammedan upsets Mohun Bagan 3-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182319/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece |date=9 July 2021 }} ''sportstar.thehindu.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Atanu |first=Mitra |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|access-date=30 June 2021|title=How Asia's oldest football league made its mark|website=redbull.com|date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181447/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal 1-1 Mohammedan Sporting - Red & Gold Brigade Held After Unconvincing Display|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029051716/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|archive-date=29 October 2011|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=17 September 2011|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
East Bengal is mainly organized as a registered society under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]], which means one can avail of membership in the club. There are around 12,000 members.<ref name=":5" /> Although, a [[limited company]], named East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd., was later formed, and both are governed by the club parallelly. Sponsorships and investments happen via this [[Corporation|corporate]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Nov 2014|title=East Bengal knocks on ED door|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|access-date=11 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club is governed by its own set of rules and regulations. [[Constitutional amendment|Amendments]] and resolutions are passed via [[Extraordinary general meeting|extraordinary]] or [[annual general meeting]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|date=2020-10-09|title=ISL 2020-21: Impasse over transfer of power officially ends in East Bengal FC|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-impasse-transfer-power-officially-ends-east-bengal-fc|access-date=2020-10-12|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014082218/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-impasse-transfer-power-officially-ends-east-bengal-fc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Soham|date=21 Sep 2020|title=Transfer of sporting rights to Shree Cement East Bengal Foundation on agenda in EGM|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|access-date=12 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111805/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently the football rights are with a new merged entity, Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd. jointly owned by East Bengal and [[Emami|Emami Group]] who owns 77% stake of the whole club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paperwork done between Emami and East Bengal, it's time for football |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Stadiums ==
The club has used several [[stadium]]s at Kolkata, [[Howrah]] and [[Barasat]], including the [[Eden Gardens]], which has been reserved for cricket since Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|title=The 10 largest football stadiums in the world: #2 – Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata, India)|website=soccerlens.com|publisher=Sports Lens|date=24 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126003534/http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|first=Chris|last=Mann}}</ref> The first ground used by the club was Kumartuli Park in north Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[VIDEO] Bhaichung Bhutia kickstarts East Bengal FC's centenary celebrations with grand torch rally in Kolkata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|access-date=8 June 2020 |website=timesnownews.com |date=29 July 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130841/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Nilesh|date=29 July 2019|title=Sea of red and gold floods Kolkata as East Bengal launch centenary gala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|access-date=17 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Salt Lake Stadium ===
{{Main|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}
[[File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png|alt=|thumb|Salt Lake Stadium]]
The Salt Lake Stadium, also known as ''Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan'' (VYBK), is a multi-purpose stadium in Kolkata, built in 1984. The Salt Lake Stadium hosts the majority home games of East Bengal. The total capacity of the stadium was 85,000, before it was changed to 68,000.<ref name="EastBengalStadiums">{{cite web |title=East Bengal Ground |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526131313/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |work=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

=== East Bengal Ground ===
[[File:EB-Ground.png|thumb|225x225px|East Bengal Ground|alt=]]
{{Main|East Bengal Ground}}
The East Bengal Ground is located in Kolkata and is the club's historical home ground.The stadium lies in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)]] area on the northern side of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and near the Eden Gardens. This stadium is used mostly for Calcutta Football League matches and by the academy, women's, and hockey teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল আজ নিজেদের মাঠে খেলবে প্রথম ম্যাচ, জয় ফিরতে মরিয়া মশাল ব্রিগেড|first=Rohan|last=Roy Chowdhury|trans-title=East Bengal will play the first match at their own ground today, Mashal Brigade is desperate to return the win|website=bengali.news18.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=News18 Bangla|language=bn|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727141048/https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|archive-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> The total capacity of the stadium is 23,500.<ref name=EastBengalStadiums/>

=== Other grounds ===
[[Barasat Stadium]] is also used by the club for some regional matches, especially in cases where the Salt Lake Stadium or East Bengal Ground cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report |title=East Bengal edge Mohun Bagan to IFA Sheild title after thrilling penalty shootout |last=Now |first=Khel |website=khelnow.com |date=19 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122721/https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], a multipurpose stadium based in [[Siliguri]], has also been used several times to host club football matches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html |title=I-League: Mohun Bagan gear up to take on arch-rivals East Bengal |website=News18|date=April 2016 |access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122718/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It also hosted the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012 Federation Cup]]. [[Kalyani Stadium]], situated on the outskirts of Kolkata at [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], was used by East Bengal as their home turf during the 2019–20 I-League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Announce Kalyani Stadium as Their Home Venue for I-League 2019–20 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122700/https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The team also trains at one of the VYBK practice grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Surface Tension in Kolkata: The Pain of Football in the Rain |url=https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=NewsClick |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122815/https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Players ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC players}}
{{Further|topic=squad|2024–25 East Bengal FC season#First-team squad|}}
{{See also|List of East Bengal FC captains|List of foreign East Bengal FC players}}
=== Current squad ===

{{updated|February 2026}}<ref name=islsquad>{{cite web|author=ISL Media|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile/squad|title=Squad - East Bengal FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004094314/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-east-bengal-fc-profile/squad|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Provat Lakra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalchungnunga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Kevin Sibille]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vishnu P. V.]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Miguel Figueira]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Youssef Ezzejjari]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Edmund Lalrindika]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Nandhakumar Sekar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammad Rakip]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[David Lalhlansanga]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Martand Raina}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Saúl Crespo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Souvik Chakrabarti]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Debjit Majumder]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson Singh]]}}
{{Fs Player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jay Gupta]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ramsanga Tlaichhun}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=PLE|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammed Rashid]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=DEN|pos=FW|name=[[Anton Søjberg]]}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Promoted from reserve squad ===
{{For|more details on this topic and current reserves and academy squads|East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy{{!}}East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Aditya Patra}}(Captain)
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Vanlalpeka Guite}}
{{Fs player|no=58|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sanjib Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=59|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Jesin TK]]}}
{{Fs player|no=61|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tanmay Das}}(Vice Captain)
{{Fs player|no=63|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Monotosh Chakladar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=64|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Naseeb Rahaman}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shyamal Beshra}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=72|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bikram Pradhan}}
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajad Sahim}}
{{Fs player|no=84|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sayan Banerjee]]}}
{{Fs player|no=85|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Chaku Mandi}}
{{Fs player|no=90|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joseph Justin}}
{{Fs player|no=95|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gourab Shaw}}
{{Fs end}}

== Personnel ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC coaches}}

=== Current technical staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head of Football Operations
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thangboi Singto]]
|-
|Head coach
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Óscar Bruzón]]
|-
|Assistant coach
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Adrian Rubio Martinez {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Felix D'Souza]]
|-
|Fitness coach
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} Javier Sánchez
|-
|Head of Physiotherapist
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Firoz Shaikh
|-
|Assistant Physiotherapist
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Arghya Basu
|-
|Team Manager
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Pratim Kumar Saha
|-
|Performance & video analyst
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Aromal Vijayan
|-
|Team doctor
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mustufa Poonawalla
|-
|Masseur
| style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajesh Basak
|-
|}

=== Corporate team ===
As of May 2025
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Position
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|CEO
|{{flagicon|IND}} Namrata Parekh
|-
|General manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kamal Biswas
|-
|Media manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ritam Basu
|-
|Team photographer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tanmoy Das
|-
|Operations and accreditation manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Dutta
|-
|}

== Management ==
{{updated|November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/business-leader-lohia-becomes-east-bengal-president-aims-to-take-it-among-the-best-clubs-of-asia-3063996|title=Business leader Lohia becomes East Bengal president, aims to take it among the 'best clubs of Asia'|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Murari Lal Lohia
|-
|Chief advisor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pronab Dasgupta
|-
|Vice-presidents
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ajoy Krishna Chatterjee, {{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Bagri, {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Chakraborty, {{flagicon|IND}} Kalyan Majumdar
|-
|General secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|Assistant general secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Santi Ranjan Dasgupta
|-
|Finance secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|Treasurer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debdas Samajdar
|-
|Football secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Ganguly
|-
|Cricket secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Acharya
|-
|Hockey secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Kumar Dafaddar
|-
|Athletic secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Partha Pratim Roy
|-
|Tennis secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Indranil Ghosh
|-
|Ground secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajat Guha
|-
|Executive committee members
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]], {{flagicon|IND}} Molly Ganguly, {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Subir Ganguly, {{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Bhattacharya, {{flagicon|IND}} Diptendu Mohan Bose, {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharta Sarcar, {{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar, {{flagicon|IND}} Birendra Kumar Saha, {{flagicon|IND}} Dipankar Chakraborty, {{flagicon|IND}} Biswajit Mazumdar, {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Roy, {{flagicon|IND}} Suman Dasgupta, {{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Roy Chowdhury, {{flagicon|IND}} Tamal Ghosal, {{flagicon|IND}} Beni Madhab Bhattacharya, {{flagicon|IND}} Manab Paul, {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Dasgupta, {{flagicon|IND}} Saroj Bhattacharjee, {{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Bose, {{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Dutta, {{flagicon|IND}} Biplab Paul
|-
|}

=== Board of directors ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" |Emami Group
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" |East Bengal
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya V. Agarwal
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manish Goenka
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Agrawal
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gatum Jatia
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} S. N. Paul
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Dasgupta
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manoj Agarwal
|
|}

== Records ==
{{Main|List of East Bengal FC records and statistics}}

{{Further|List of East Bengal FC seasons|East Bengal FC league record by opponent}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{#section-h:East Bengal FC league record by opponent|League record by ISL season}}

=== NFL/I-League ===
{{#section-h:East Bengal FC league record by opponent|League record by NFL/I-League season}}

== Performance in AFC competitions ==
{{Main|East Bengal FC in international football}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Competition
!Appearances
!Seasons
!Best result
|-
|[[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championship]]
|2
|[[1985–86 Asian Club Championship|1985–86]], [[1998–99 Asian Club Championship|1998–99]]
|Group stage
|-
|[[Asian Cup Winners' Cup]]
|5
|[[1991-92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]], [[1993-94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1993–94]], [[1994-95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1994–95]], [[1995 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1995]], [[1997-98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1997–98]]
|Quarter-finals ([[1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]])
|-
|[[AFC Champions League Two|AFC Cup/AFC Champions League Two]]
|9
|[[2004 AFC Cup|2004]], [[2005 AFC Cup|2005]], [[2008 AFC Cup|2008]], [[2010 AFC Cup|2010]], [[2011 AFC Cup|2011]], [[2012 AFC Cup|2012]], [[2013 AFC Cup|2013]], [[2015 AFC Cup|2015]], [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25]]
|Semi-finals ([[2013 AFC Cup|2013]])
|-
|[[AFC Challenge League]]
|1
|[[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-11-01 |title=অস্কার ব্রুজোর জাদুতে এএফসি চ্যালেঞ্জ লিগের কোয়ার্টার ফাইনালে ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://bongfootball.in/east-bengal-qualifies-for-afc-challenge-league-quarter-finals/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-10-28 |title=বসুন্ধরার বিরুদ্ধে ম্যাচের আগে দলের ঘাটতির কথা স্বীকার করলেন ইস্টবেঙ্গল কোচ ব্রুজোঁ |url=https://bongfootball.in/oscar-bruzon-admitting-east-bengal-team-failures-before-basundhara-match/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-10-26 |title=পারোর বিরুদ্ধে ড্র, টানা আট ম্যাচ পর এএফসিতে স্বস্তির পয়েন্ট পেল ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://bongfootball.in/eastbengal-vs-parofc-afcchallengeleague-review/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Anindya |date=2024-11-03 |title=East Bengal vs FK Arkadag: An Epic Clash Awaits in AFC Challenge League Quarter-Finals |url=https://en.bongfootball.in/east-bengal-vs-fk-arkadag-an-epic-clash-awaits-in-afc-challenge-league-quarter-finals/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Quarter-finals ([[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|2024-25]])
|}
{{Further|List of East Bengal FC matches against foreign opponents}}
{{Notelist|refs=


}}

== Honours ==
East Bengal Club has won honours both domestically and in international competitions.<ref name=trophylist/> They have won the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] title 3 times and the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] 8 times.<ref name=trophylist/> They also won the [[Calcutta Football League]] a record 40 times and the [[IFA Shield]] a record 29 times.<ref name=trophylist/> The club has won more than 150 trophies, which are listed below:<ref name=trophylist/><ref name="trophylist2">{{cite web |title=YEAR WISE TROPHY LIST |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192235/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/ |archive-date=5 July 2021 |accessdate=6 Jul 2021 |work=East Bengal the Real Power}}</ref>

* {{legend|gold|Record}}
* {{sup|S}} Shared record
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:88%; text-align:left"
|+ East Bengal Club honours
!Type
!Tournament
! width="5%" | No.
!width="50%"| Years
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''AFC Central Asia Qualifier'''}}
|-
![[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| [[File:AFC text logo.png|20x20px]] [[Central Asia Champions' Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
|[[1985–86 Asian Club Championship#Central Asia (Coca-Cola Cup)|1985]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''International (Major)''' }}
|-
![[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]]
| {{flagicon|ASEAN}} [[ASEAN Club Championship]]
| bgcolor="gold" | {{align|center|'''1'''{{sup|S}}}}
| [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]
|-
!
| colspan="3" |{{align|center|'''Domestic (Major)'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| [[2000-01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002-03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]], [[2003-04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''9'''}}
| 1978, 1980, 1985, [[1996 Indian Federation Cup Final|1996]], [[2007 Indian Federation Cup Final|2007]], [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]], [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1997, [[2006 Indian Super Cup|2006]], [[2011 Indian Super Cup|2011]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Football League]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''41'''}}
| 1942, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014]], 2015, [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016]], [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]], [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[IFA Shield]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''29'''}}
| 1943, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, [[2002–03 IFA Shield Final|2002–03]], [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Durand Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''16'''}}
| 1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972,1978, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2004
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rovers Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''10'''}}
| 1949, 1962, 1967, 1969,1972. 1973, 1975, 1980, 1990, 1994
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!113
!
|-
| colspan="4" |{{align|center|'''Domestic (Minor and Other Trophies)'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[DCM Trophy]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''7'''}}
| 1950, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1973, 1974, 1983
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1968, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1992
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''7'''}}
| 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1976, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2018{{efn|name=Reserves|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Reserves]] participated in the tournament.}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[McDowell's Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1995, 1997, 2000
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1968, 1986
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stafford Challenge Cup|Stafford Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1981, 1986
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjay Gandhi Gold Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1984
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalinga Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1993
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} SSS Trophy
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1989, 1991
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Independence Day Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2002
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. H. K. Mookherjee Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1957, 1961
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATPA Shield]]
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1992
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} P. K. Nair Gold Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1956
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kerala FA Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1968
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammedan Sporting Platinum Jubilee Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2010
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Hercules Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1920
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Khogendra Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1921
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Chandannager Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1920
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1921
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Cooch Behar Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''5'''}}
| 1924, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1960
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Trades Cup]]
| {{align|center|'''4'''}}
| 1960, 1966, 1975, 1976
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Gladstone Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1929
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Griffith Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1929, 1946
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lady Hardinge Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1940
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lakshmibilas Cup
| {{align|center|'''3'''}}
| 1920, 1968, 1969
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Bardwan Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1938
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} S.C.I.S.T. Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1947
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} William Younger Cup
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 1969, 1976
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Girija Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1942
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Raja Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 1960
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Madhyamgram MLA Cup
| {{align|center|'''1'''}}
| 2023{{efn|name=Reserves}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kulodakanta Memorial Shield
| {{align|center|'''2'''}}
| 2023{{efn|name=Reserves}},2025{{efn|name=Reserves}}
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Total'''
! 71
!
|-
! colspan="2" |'''All Total'''
! '''185'''m
!
|}
*m Including minor trophies
{{notelist}}

== Affiliated clubs ==

The following club was formerly affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester City FC|Leicester City]] (2002–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|title=10 Partnerships between Indian and European football clubs which broke down|date=28 June 2019|access-date=15 January 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|first1=Abhishek|last1=Kundu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229133036/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|archive-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
The following club is currently affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Russel KC]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|title=East Bengal: ফুটবলের উন্নয়নে শেখ রাসেল ক্রীড়াচক্রের সঙ্গে কাজ করবে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 March 2022|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316161247/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|archive-date=16 March 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|title=East Bengal sign strategic partnership with Bangladesh side Sheikh Russel|website=Khel Now|first=Swapnomoy|last=Chakraborty|date=16 March 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316153529/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[East Bengal FC in international football|East Bengal in international football]]
* [[East Bengal FC league record by opponent|East Bengal league record by opponent]]
* [[List of East Bengal FC matches against foreign opponents|List of East Bengal matches against Foreign teams]]
* [[List of foreign East Bengal FC players|List of foreign players for East Bengal]]
* [[List of East Bengal FC records and statistics|List of East Bengal records and statistics]]
* [[Indian football clubs in Asian competitions]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|title=East Bengal 100|publisher=Allsport Foundation|date=1 January 2021|first=Gautam|last=Roy|isbn=978-8194763109}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Chatterjee, Partha]]. ''The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories'' (Calcutta: [[Oxford University Press]], 1995).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*Goswami, Ramesh Chandra (1963). ''East Bengaler Itihas'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Book Garden.
*Bandyopadhyay, Santipriya (1979). ''Cluber Naam East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: New Bengal Press.
*Chattopadhyay, Hariprasad (2017). ''Mohun Bagan–East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Parul Prakashan.
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}

'''Other sources'''
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2-3-5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|title=The Calcutta Football League (CFL) — Winners of each season|date=2021|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|archive-date=28 January 2021|website=ifawb.org|publisher=Indian Football Association|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|title=Amal Dutta (1930—2016): the Indian football coach whom players swore by and swore at|date=12 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2022|first1=Atanu|last1=Mitra|location=Kolkata|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193003/https://scroll.in/field/811601/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-indian-football-coach-whom-players-swore-by-and-swore-at|website=Scroll.in}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/jul/11/amal-dutta-1930-2016-the-forgotten-visionary-of-indian-football-879765.html|title=Amal Dutta (1930—2016): The forgotten visionary of Indian football|date=11 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230055319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/jul/11/Amal-Dutta-1930-2016-The-forgotten-visionary-of-Indian-football-879765.html|website=newindianexpress.com|url-status=live|publisher=The New Indian Express}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile Club profile] at the ISL website

{{Note to editors|NOTE TO EDITORS:
Before adding any external links to this section, please read Wikipedia's external links policy at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL and the "Links to be avoided" section especially. If the site you are linking to is primarily a blog or forum with little additional content, then it will be removed as it contravenes the agreed conventions for inclusion.}}
{{Commons category|East Bengal FC}}
{{Commons|East Bengal FC kits}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
{{East Bengal FC}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{I-League}}
{{I-League Champions}}
{{Durand Cup winners}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|22|33|34.06|N|88|20|35.65|E|display=title}}

[[Category:East Bengal FC| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]

Dhan Singh Rawat

2026-03-10T05:17:49Z

JudithBehan6: minor cleanup references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}{{other people|Dhan Singh|Dhan Singh (name)}}
{{distinguish|Dhan Singh Rawat (Rajasthan politician)|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat
| image =File:The Higher Education Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Dhan Singh Rawat calls on the Union Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Sushri Uma Bharti, in New Delhi on July 14, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rawat in 2017
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1972|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Paithani]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| residence = [[Dehradun]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Minister of Higher Education, Govt of Uttarakhand
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] [[Tirath Singh Rawat]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| term_start = 18 March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor =
|office2=[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start2=11 March 2017
|predecessor2=[[Ganesh Godiyal]]
|constituency2=[[Srinagar Assembly constituency|Srinagar]]
| successor =
| party ={{flagicon image|}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| spouse =Deepa Rawat
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat''' (born 7 October 1972) is a Cabinet Minister<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/who-is-dhan-singh-rawat-the-man-who-will-likely-be-chosen-by-bjp-as-new-uttarakhand-cm-4480525/|title= Who Is Dhan Singh Rawat: The Man Who Will Likely Be Chosen By BJP as New Uttarakhand CM|website= india.com|language=en |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/first-time-mla-dhan-singh-rawat-can-be-next-chief-minister-of-uttarakhand-1809460|title= Dhan Singh Rawat Profile: पहली बार विधायक बने धन सिंह रावत को मिल सकती है उत्तराखंड की कमान, जानिए इनके बारे में|website= abp news|language=hi |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/uttarakhand-cm-candidate-who-is-dhan-singh-rawat-1777477-2021-03-09|title= Uttarakhand CM candidate: Who is Dhan Singh Rawat?|website= India Today|language=en |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> of Uttarakhand and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Uttarakhand]], representing the constituency of Srinagar Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-cm-expands-cabinet-11-ministers-take-oath/articleshow/81472778.cms|title= Uttarakhand CM expands cabinet; 11 ministers take oath|website= Times of India|language=en |access-date=2021-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-is-dhan-singh-rawat-uttarakhand-chief-minister-689803|title= Dhan Singh Rawat frontrunner to replace Trivendra Singh Rawat as Uttarakhand Chief Minister|website= India Tv|language=en |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttarakhand/story/dhan-singh-rawat-who-can-become-new-cm-of-uttarakhand-after-trivendra-singh-rawat-1219628-2021-03-10|title= कौन हैं धन सिंह रावत? जो बन सकते हैं उत्तराखंड के नए मुख्यमंत्री!|website= Aajtak|language=hi |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

==Personal life and career==
Dhan Singh Rawat was born in a hamlet in [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] and educated at the village school. He earned master's and doctoral degrees from [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] in History.<ref name=bio>[http://drdhansinghrawat.blogspot.com/p/about-us.html "About Us"], Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat, Blogspot, retrieved 10 March 2020.</ref>
A party secretary for the BJP in Uttarakhand,<ref>PTI, [https://www.ndtv.com/assembly/bjp-declares-candidates-for-uttarakhand-polls-567795 "BJP declares candidates for Uttarakhand polls"], NDTV, 9 January 2012.</ref> he failed to gain election to the state legislature in 2012 in the constituency of [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar Garhwal]];<ref name=bio/> he entered the legislature in 2017<ref>Sanjay Singh, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/trivendra-singh-rawat-sworn-in-as-uttarakhand-cm/articleshow/57704754.cms?from=mdr "Trivendra Singh Rawat sworn in as Uttarakhand CM"], ''The Economic Times'', 18 March 2017.</ref> and has since served as a Cabinet Minister with responsibility for health, higher education,<ref>PNS, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/higher-education-min-dhan-singh-rawat-draws-flak.html "Higher Education Min Dhan Singh Rawat draws flak"], ''Daily Pioneer'', 14 January 2020.</ref> cooperatives, disaster management, dairy development and protocols.<ref>[https://cm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/1200-state-minister-(independent-charge) "State Minister (Independent Charge)"], Chief Minister, Government of Uttarakhand, retrieved 10 March 2020.</ref>

== Controversy ==
Dhan Singh Rawat has landed into controversy after he purportedly said in a viral video that the government was thinking of "using an app to control the intensity of rainfall". As an aftermath, a lot of statements came to light accusing Dhan Singh Rawat of forging his doctorate. The statement is believed to have been made at a recent media interaction which detailed steps taken by the government to tackle rain-related damage.
<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2021|title=Uttarakhand: BJP Minister suggests 'app to divert rain'; gets mocked|work=Yahoo News|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/uttarakhand-bjp-minister-suggests-app-121842539.html|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

To which former chief minister and Congress veteran [[Harish Rawat]] took a jibe saying, “Uttarakhand chief minister Pushkar Dhami should propose his cabinet minister's name for Bharat Ratna.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2021|title=Working on app to control rain: Uttarakhand minister Dhan Singh Rawat|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/working-on-app-to-control-rain-ukhand-min/articleshow/85812331.cms|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Dhan Singh}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dhan Singh Rawat
}}

Rawat Saraswat

2026-03-03T20:50:28Z

JudithBehan6: Started Data...

{{Short description|Indian poet}}

{{Infobox person
|name = Rawat Saraswat
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1921|1|22}}
| birth_place = [[Churu, Rajasthan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1989|12|16|1921|1|22}}
|image =
|occupation = [[Poet]]
| father = Hanumanprasad Saraswat
| mother = Bnarasi Devi
| awards = Deepchand Sahitya Award, Rajasthan Ratnakar, Rajasthan Sahitya Sangam Academy, Bikaner{{cn|date=April 2023}}
}}

'''Rawat Saraswat''' was a distinguished [[Indian poet]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Contemporary Poetry In Rajasthan|jstor=23330928|last1=Sharma |first1=I. K. |journal=Indian Literature |year=1974 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=29–37 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Rajasthani Scene: Looking Up|jstor=23338969|last1=Sharma |first1=I. K. |journal=Indian Literature |year=1990 |volume=6 |issue=140 |pages=156–163 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Modern Rajasthani Poetry: A Synoptic View|jstor=23330210|last1=Sharma |first1=I. K. |journal=Indian Literature |year=1981 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=70–77 }}</ref> editor, critic and scholar who focused on the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]].<ref name="Contemporary">''Contemporary Rajasthani Poetry'' edited and translated by I.K. Sharma, Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya Sangam (Academy), Bikaner, India, 1979, page 185.</ref>

Saraswat received a Bachelor of Laws degree and a Masters in Hindi. He also founded ''Maruvani'', the first Rajasthani journal devoted to the study of that language and literature.<ref name="Contemporary"/><ref>''Contemporary Rajasthani Poetry'' edited and translated by I.K. Sharma, Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya Sangam (Academy), Bikaner, India, 1979, page xxi.</ref><ref name="Modern">''Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems'' edited by K. M. George, Sahitya Akademi, 1992, page 997.</ref> In addition to writing his own Rajasthani poetry, Saraswat also edited old Rajasthani texts and compiled a "Who's Who" of Rajasthani writers.<ref name="Modern"/> He was also noted for his essays.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume 2: Devraj to Jyoti'' edited by Amaresh Datta, Sahitya Akademi, 1988, page 1232.</ref>

He was awarded a Rajasthan Sahitya Akademi award.<ref>{{cite book |first=K. M. |last=George |author-link=K. M. George (writer)|year=1992 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |page=997|isbn=978-81-7201-783-5 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Aaj Ri Kavitavan (Anthology of Contemporary Rajasthani Poetry)'' compiled and edited by Hiralal Maheshwari and Rawat Saraswat, 1987.<ref>''Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India, a Short History of Sahitya Akademi'' by D. S. Rao, 2004, page 134.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian poets]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4 Rawat Saraswat]
*[https://artandculture.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/art-and-culture/rajasthani-language-literature-culture-academy/hi/literary-award-honor/rawat-saraswat-rajasthani-literary-journalism-award.html रावत सारस्वत राजस्थानी साहित्यिक पत्रकारिता पुरस्कार]

[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Thiraiyin Marupakkam

2026-03-03T02:30:36Z

JudithBehan6: Done

{{No plot|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thiraiyin Marupakkam
| image = Thiraiyin Marupakkam.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Nitin Samson
| writer = Nitin Samson
| producer = Nitin Samson
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Mohammed Ghouse
* Natarajan Manigandan
* Hema Genelia
}}
| cinematography = Nitin Samson
| editing = Nishanth Samson
| music = Anil Nalan Chakravarthy Rithik Madhavan
| studio = 360 Degrees
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|10|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thiraiyin Marupakkam''''' ({{Translation|The other side of the screen}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language crime thriller film written, produced, and directed by Nitin Samson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiraiyin Marupakkam to Collide with Leo on October 20th |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/thiraiyin-marupakkam-to-collide-with-leo-on-october-20th |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015141634/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/thiraiyin-marupakkam-to-collide-with-leo-on-october-20th |archive-date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Telugu Times - USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Mohammed Ghouse and Hema Genelia with Natarajan Manigandan, Nitin Samson, and Sree Risha in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Anil Nalan Chakravarthy and Rithik Madhavan, while the cinematography is handled by Nitin Samson and editing is by Nishanth Samson.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=Thiraiyin Marupakkam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/thiraiyin-marupakkam/articleshow/104501534.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/thiraiyin-marupakkam/articleshow/104501534.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=2023-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Mohammed Ghouse as Sathyamoorthy
* Natarajan Manigandan as Director Senthil
* Hema Genelia as Kaveri
* Nitin Samson as Nitin
* Sree Risha

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Chengalpattu]] with some scenes shot in [[Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SILVER SCREEN! – Pentagan Media |url=https://pentaganpr.com/the-other-side-of-the-silver-screen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174920/https://pentaganpr.com/the-other-side-of-the-silver-screen/ |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote that "this film has beautifully pointed out the real situation happening in some places in the cinema industry."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-10-20 |title=Thiraiyin Marupakkam |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/thiraiyin-marupakkam-27668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174919/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/thiraiyin-marupakkam-27668 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic stated that "has been shown in a lively and interesting screenplay as an awareness film, can be appreciated."<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-10-19 |title=திரையின் மறுபக்கம் : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/thiraiyin-marupakkam-cinema-review-1075854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174923/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/thiraiyin-marupakkam-cinema-review-1075854 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt16751974}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Biswajeet Bora

2026-03-02T06:28:16Z

JudithBehan6: small fix details based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Biswajeet Bora
|image = Biswajeet Bora.jpg
|caption =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = As
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1979|08|08}}
|birth_place =[[Golaghat]], [[Assam]], India
|alma_mater = [[Golaghat Commerce College]]
|occupation = Film director producer, writer, and editor
|years_active = 2001–present
|spouse=Lopamudra Gogoi Bora
}}
'''Biswajeet Bora''' (born 8 August 1979) is an Indian film director, producer, writer and editor based in [[Mumbai]]. His directorial debut was in 2015 with ''[[Aisa Yeh Jahaan]]'', India's first movie to be carbon neutral during production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Biswajeet-Bora-I-have-always-wanted-to-make-a-movie-that-celebrates-nature/articleshow/48188141.cms|title=Biswajeet Bora: I have always wanted to make a movie that celebrates nature|website=timesofindia.com|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=pathfinder/> His film ''[[God on the Balcony]]'' (2020) won nine awards, including the Royal Bengal Tiger Trophy for Best Director at the [[26th Kolkata International Film Festival]] and the German Star at the Indian Film Festival Stuttgart.<ref name=kothasobi2>{{cite web|author=Anurag Barman |url=http://www.kothasobi.com/movie/assamese-film-bahniman-by-biswajeet-bora/ |title=Gear Up for Biswajeet Bora's Bahniman |website=Kothasobi.com |date= |access-date=2017-01-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030102326/http://www.kothasobi.com/movie/assamese-film-bahniman-by-biswajeet-bora/|archive-date=2016-10-30}}</ref> ''[[Boomba Ride]]'' (2021) was one of six Indian films shown at [[Marché du Film]] during the [[Cannes Film Festival]] 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/guwahati/2022/05/15/boomba-ride-in-cannes-so-why-is-assam-sending-bureaucrats-to-the-festival/|title='Boomba Ride' in Cannes, but Assam sending bureaucrats to festival. Why?|last=Sadanand|first=B.|date=2022-05-15|publisher=East Mojo|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/cannes-film-festival-2022-from-rocketry-to-boomba-ride-list-of-films-to-screen-at-fest-10043528|title=Cannes Film Festival 2022: From Rocketry to Boomba Ride, list of Indian films to screen at fest|last=Srivastav|first=Simran|date=2022-05-17|publisher=Jagran|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> His film ''[[Boomba Ride]]'' (2021) won the ''69th National Film Awards'' for Best Mishing language film. He also works as a script consultant for a government institution.

==Early life and education==
Bora was born in the village of No. 1 Senchowa,{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[Golaghat]], [[Assam]], India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/educating-boomba/|title=Educating Boomba|date=2021-01-08|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=snapshot>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/993207/in-assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-a-snapshot-of-death-caused-by-governmental-apathy|title=In Assamese film 'God on the Balcony', a snapshot of death caused by governmental apathy|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2021-04-25|publisher=Scroll.in|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> to Purna Chandra Bora and Monju Bora.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} He began acting in amateur plays<ref name=pathfinder/> when he was 16 and later enrolled in Evergreen Drama and Film Institute in Golaghat. He also began practicing martial arts and received a black belt in 1999. Bora later shifted his creative focus to writing about films in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] newspapers, as well as directing plays. He received his degree in [[Assamese literature]] from [[Golaghat Commerce College]] in 2001,{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} then moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue film editing.<ref name=pathfinder/>

==Career==
In Mumbai, Bora worked as a film editor<ref name=pathfinder>{{cite web|author=Rohini Nag |url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/path-finder/ |title=Path Finder|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=2016-11-26 |access-date=2017-01-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129230231/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/path-finder/|archive-date=2016-11-29}}</ref> before assisting [[Jahnu Barua]] as associate director on several projects, including ''Ejak Jonakir Jhilmil'' (2007), for seven years.<ref name=nyiff>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyiff.us/film/God-on-the-Balcony_91/|title=God on the Balcony|date=2021|publisher=New York Indian Film Festival|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=pathfinder/> Bora's 2009 documentary ''Angel of the Aboriginals: Dr Verrier Elwin'', was shown at the Bollywood Beyond Film Festival in Germany and the [[International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences]] conference in Turkey.<ref name=angel/><ref name=kothasobi2/><ref name=kothasobi1>{{cite web|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/movie/aisa-yeh-jahaan-indias-first-carbon-neutral-film-is-all-set-to-release |title='Aisa Yeh Jahaan'-India's First Carbon Neutral Film is all Set to Release|last=Deka|first=Prantik |website=Kothasobi.com|access-date=2017-01-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928140758/http://www.kothasobi.com/movie/aisa-yeh-jahaan-indias-first-carbon-neutral-film-is-all-set-to-release|archive-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> In 2015, he wrote and directed ''[[Aisa Yeh Jahaan]]'', the first Indian film to be carbon-neutral during its filming process.<ref name=aisayehjahaan/><ref name=nyiff/> He subsequently directed ''Bahniman'' (2016), ''Phehujali: The Dawn'' (2017), and ''Raktabeez'' (2018).<ref name=nyiff/><ref name=kothasobi2/> ''[[God on the Balcony]]'', which Bora filmed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=snapshot/> premiered at the [[26th Kolkata International Film Festival]] in 2021.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Bora's films have appeared at a number of film festivals, including those in [[Kolkata International Film Festival|Kolkata]], [[Pune International Film Festival|Pune]], [[Dhaka International Film Festival|Dhaka]],<ref name=pune>{{cite web|url=https://www.piffindia.com/boomba-ride.php|title=Boomba Ride|publisher=Pune International Film Festival|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=assamtimes>{{cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/content/bomba-ride-screened-52nd-indian-panorama|title=Bomba Ride screened at 52nd Indian Panorama|date=2021-11-22|publisher=Assam Times|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> [[Shanghai International Film Festival|Shanghai]], Stuttgart, [[New York Indian Film Festival|New York]], [[International Film Festival of Kerala|Kerala]],<ref name=godonthebalcony1/> Barcelona,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asianfilmfestival.barcelona/2021/film-item/god-on-the-balcony/|title=God on the Balcony|publisher=Asian Film Festival Barcelona|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|Melbourne]],<ref name=melbourne/> San Francisco,<ref name=accolades/> [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bengaluru]],<ref name=duarah/> Washington DC,<ref name=duarah/> Rajasthan,<ref name=pune/> [[Guwahati International Film Festival|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/guwahati-international-film-festival-2018-to-begin-tomorrow|title=Guwahati International Film Festival 2018 to begin tomorrow|date=2018-10-24|publisher=Guwahiti Plus|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipuri-film-to-open-at-ne-cine-fest/cid/1393759|title=Manipuri film to open at NE cine fest|last=Thokchom|first=Khelen|date=2021-08-15|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> Others include the Indian Panorama at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India#Third IFFI|International Film Festival of India]],<ref name=pune/><ref name=assamtimes/> Imagine India International Film Festival,<ref name=godonthebalcony1>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/entertainment/2021/06/24/biswajeet-boras-god-on-the-balcony-to-be-screened-at-stuttgart-film-festival/|title=Biswajeet Bora's 'God on The Balcony' to be screened at Stuttgart Film Festival|last=Sarkar|first=Shilpa|date=2021-06-24|publisher=East Mojo|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=nyiff/> Third Eye Asian Film Festival,<ref name=kothasobi2/> Rainbow Film Festival, [[Latin American Studies Association|LASA]] International Film Festival, and [[Jagran Film Festival]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Personal life==
Bora lives in Mumbai with his wife, writer and fashion designer Lopamudra Gogoi Bora, and their son, Troy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/tg-life/%E2%80%98boomba-ride%E2%80%99-shows-education-transforms-rural-life-biswajeet/77180.html|title='Boomba Ride' shows education transforms rural life: Biswajeet|date=2021-11-24|publisher=The GOAN|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Original title !! Title in English !! Language !! Director !! Producer !! Writer !! Actor !! Ref
|-
| 2008 || ''Ejak Jonakir Jhilmil'' || ''A Thousand Fireflies Sparkle'' || Assamese || {{Yes}} || Co-producer || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=kothasobi1/><ref name=kothasobi2/>
|-
| 2010 || ''Angel of the Aboriginals: Dr Verrier Elwin'' || || English || {{Yes}} || || || || <ref name=angel>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/films/angel/|title=Angel of the Aboriginals|publisher=University of Cambridge Digital Himalaya|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=kothasobi1/><ref name=kothasobi2/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Aisa Yeh Jahaan]]'' || ''The World It Is'' || Hindi || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=aisayehjahaan/><ref name=pune/><ref name=kothasobi2/><ref name=pathfinder/>
|-
| 2016 || ''Bahniman'' || ''Bahniman'' || Assamese || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || <ref name=kothasobi2/><ref name=pathfinder/><ref name=nyiff/>
|-
| 2017 || ''Phehujali: The Dawn'' || || Assamese || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=imagine/>
|-
| 2018 || ''Raktabeez'' || ''Raktabeez'' || Assamese || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=imagine/>
|-
| 2019 || ''Dhuyein se Dhuyein Tak'' || ''Smoke'' || Hindi || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=imagine>{{cite web|url=https://imagineindiafestival.com/2021/01/18/god-on-the-balcony-biswajeet-bora-india-offcial-section/|title=God on the Balcony (Biswajeet Bora) India. {{as written|Off|cial [sic]}} section|date=2021-01-18|publisher=Imagine India Festival|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[God on the Balcony|Balconit Bhogawan]]'' || ''God on the Balcony'' || Assamese || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=nyiff/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''Lakhimi'' || ''Lakhimi'' || Assamese || {{Yes}} || Co-producer || {{Yes}} || || <ref name=imagine/>
|-
| ''[[Boomba Ride]]'' || ''Boomba Ride'' || [[Mising language|Mising]]/[[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/11/boomba-ride-biswajeet-boras-latest-film-is-about-education-and-dreaming-big/|title=Boomba Ride: Biswajeet Bora's latest film is about education and dreaming big|last=Korkmaz|first=Joseph|date=2021-11-27|publisher=The News Mill|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1006586/assamese-film-boomba-ride-captures-the-seriocomic-state-of-rural-education|title=Assamese film 'Boomba Ride' captures the seriocomic state of rural education|date=2021-10-03|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=Scroll.in|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref><ref name=pune/>
|-
| 2023 || ''Birangana Sadhani'' || ''Birangana Sadhani'' || Hindi/Assamese || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/director-biswajit-bora-to-direct-a-film-on-queen-sati-sadhani-in-both-assamese-and-hindi-516592|title=Director Biswajit Bora to direct a film on queen Sati Sadhani in both Assamese and Hindi|date=2020-12-16|publisher=Sentinel Assam|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Kokadeuta Nati Aru Hati 2
|
|Assamese
|Yes
|
|
|
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Work !! Year !! Award !! Event !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Aisa Yeh Jahaan]]'' || rowspan="4" | 2015 || International Award of Excellence || International Film Festival Environment, Health, and Culture || {{won}} || <ref name="aisayehjahaan">{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2015/07/indias-first-carbon-neutral-film-captures-simplicity-of-northeast/|title='India's first carbon neutral film' captures simplicity of Northeast|date=2015-07-24|publisher=The News Mill|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
|-
| Best Feature Film || [[Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] || {{nominated}} || <ref name="accolades">{{cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/biswajeet-boras-aisa-yeh-jahaan-wins-hearts-and-accolades-world-wide/|title=Biswajeet Bora's 'Aisa Yeh Jahaan' wins hearts and accolades world wide|date=2015-07-23|publisher=APN News|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
|-
| Silver Award || International Independent Film Awards || {{won}} || <ref name="accolades" />
|-
| Official Finalist & Recognition Award || Mexico International Film Festival || {{won}} || <ref name="accolades" />
|-
| 2017 || Best Feature Film || 4th Arunachal Film Festival || {{won}} || {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| ''Bahniman'' || 2016 || [[Assam Talks]] Best Director || || {{won}} || <ref name="accolades" />
|-
| rowspan="11" | ''[[God on the Balcony]]'' || rowspan="10" | 2021 || Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Trophy for Best Director || [[26th Kolkata International Film Festival]] || {{won}} || <ref name="nyiff" /><ref name="pune" />
|-
| Equality in Cinema Award || rowspan="3" | [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2021/iffm-awards.html|title=IFFM 2021 Awards Online|publisher=Indian Film Festival Melbourne|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director || {{nominated}} || <ref name="melbourne" />
|-
| Best Indie Film || {{nominated}} || <ref name="melbourne">{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/08/god-on-the-balcony-3-nominations-indian-film-festival-melbourne/|title='God on the Balcony' gets 3 nominations at 12th Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|last=Ajmera|first=Lipika|publisher=The News Mill|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
|-
| School Film of the Year || rowspan="2" | 8th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart || {{won}} || {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| German Star of India || {{won}} || {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| Best Director (Indian Language Films) || [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] || {{won}} || <ref name="godonthebalcony1" />
|-
| Honorable Mention || [[Latin American Studies Association|LASA]] International Film Festival || {{won}} || <ref name="godonthebalcony1" />
|-
| Special Mention || Rainbow Film Festival || {{won}} || {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| Best Feature Film || 8th Rajasthan International Film Festival || {{won}} || {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| 2022 || Best Film in Asian Cinema Competition || 13th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] || {{won}} || <ref name="duarah">{{cite web|url=https://thehillstimes.in/featured/god-on-the-balcony-bags-best-asian-film-2020-award-at-biff-22|title='God On The Balcony' Bags Best Asian Film 2020 Award At BIFF '22|date=2022-03-29|publisher=The Hills Times|access-date=2023-06-22|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602121007/https://thehillstimes.in/featured/god-on-the-balcony-bags-best-asian-film-2020-award-at-biff-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''Raktabeez''
|2018
|Best Popular Film Award
|8th Assam State Film Awards 2023
|
|
|-
|''[[Boomba Ride]]''
|2021
|Best Mishing Language Film
|69th [[1st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=69th National Film Awards: Here's the complete winner list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/69th-national-film-awards-heres-the-complete-winner-list/articleshow/104498945.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|nm7381564/|Biswajeet Bora}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Biswajeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Assam]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]

Nandkumar Singh Chauhan

2026-02-22T11:34:50Z

JudithBehan6:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1952–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nandkumar Singh Chauhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[Shahpur, Burhanpur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|3|1|1952|9|8|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| education = B. A.
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| predecessor = [[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]
| successor = [[Gyaneswar Patil]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2021
| constituency1 = [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2009
| preceded1 = Thakur Mahendra Kumar Nawal Singh
| succeeded1 = [[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]
| office2 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| successor2 = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| term_start2 = 16 August 2014
| term_end2 = 18 April 2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Durgeshri
| children = 1 son and 2 daughters
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September
| year = 2006
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Nandkumar Singh Chauhan''' (8 September 1952 – 2 March 2021; {{IPA|hi|n̪ən̪d̪ kʊmaːɾ sɪŋgʱ t͡ʃɔːɦaːn̪}}) was a politician from the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], belonging to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a member of Lok Sabha from Khandwa at the time of his death.

==Biography==
His first major foray in politics was from the now-defunct Shahpur Vidhan Sabha constituency, once a segment of Khandwa Lok Sabha seat. He first contested Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha election from Shahpur in 1980, as a candidate of BJP, but lost that time. He was first elected to Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from Shahpur in 1985, and was re-elected in 1990 and 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |title = Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1993}}</ref> He vacated the assembly seat when he was elected to Lok Sabha in 1996 from [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He was elected to Lok Sabha six times from Khandwa, in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2014 ([[16th Lok Sabha]]) and 2019, losing only in 2009.

Nandkumar Chauhan, sometimes spelled 'Chouhan', was BJP state president of Madhya Pradesh up to 18 April 2018 when he was replaced by Jabalpur MP Rakesh Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Politician/NandKumarSinghChauhan/about/|title=Nandkumar Singh Chauhan|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

Nand Kumar Chauhan died from complications from [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] at [[Medanta|Medanta Hospital]] in [[Gurgaon]] on 2 March 2021, at age 68.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-lok-sabha-member-nand-kumar-singh-chauhan-passes-away/article33969239.ece|title = BJP MP Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan passes away|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|agency = [[Press Trust of India]]|date = 2 March 2021|accessdate = 2 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=Thakur Mahendra Kumar Singh Nawal Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] |years=1996 – 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] |years=2014 – 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}
|-
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107073213/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno= Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]

{{16th LS members from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{17th LS members from Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Nand Kumar Singh}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Burhanpur]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Health

2026-02-22T01:13:50Z

JudithBehan6: brief reworked content per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Desirable level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being}}
{{About|the human condition}}
{{Redirect|Unhealthy|the Anne-Marie song|Unhealthy (song)|the album|Unhealthy (album)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Health''' has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time. In general, it refers to physical and emotional [[well-being]], especially that associated with normal functioning of the [[human body]], absent of [[disease]], [[pain]] (including [[mental pain]]), or [[injury]].

Health can be promoted by encouraging healthful activities, such as regular [[physical exercise]] and adequate [[sleep]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2021|title=Benefits of Physical Activity|url=https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/index.html|access-date=11 September 2021|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us}} {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215183239/https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/index.html|date=15 December 2025}}</ref> and by reducing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as [[smoking]] or excessive [[Stress (biology)|stress]]. Some factors affecting health are due to [[Agency (sociology)|individual choices]], such as whether to engage in a high-risk behavior, while others are due to [[Social structure|structural]] causes, such as whether the society is arranged in a way that makes it easier or harder for people to get necessary healthcare services. Still, other factors are beyond both individual and group choices, such as [[genetic disorder]]s.

== History ==
{{Quote box
| title = [[World Health Organization]]'s definition
| quote = Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
| source = {{Cite web |title=Constitution |url=https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=World Health Organization}}
| width = 30%
}}
The meaning of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the [[Biomedical model|biomedical]] perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by [[disease]]. An example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with [[Human body|physical]], [[biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], and [[social stress]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stokes|first1=J.|last2=Noren|first2=J.|last3=Shindell|first3=S.|date=1 January 1982|title=Definition of terms and concepts applicable to clinical preventive medicine|journal=Journal of Community Health|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33–41|issn=0094-5145|pmid=6764783|doi=10.1007/bf01324395|s2cid=1748896}}</ref> Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher, linking health to [[well-being]], in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37089|title=The first ten years of the World Health Organization|last=World Health Organization|publisher=WHO|year=1958|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156014-6|publication-date=1958}}</ref> Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized for being vague and excessively broad and was not construed as measurable. For a long time, it was set aside as an impractical ideal, with most discussions of health returning to the practicality of the biomedical model.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/ConceptsOfHealthAndIllness/DefinitionsofHealth|title=Part 1 – Theory: Thinking About Health Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Illness|website=phprimer.afmc.ca|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812145405/http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/ConceptsOfHealthAndIllness/DefinitionsofHealth|archive-date=12 August 2016}}</ref>

Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for living". In 1984, WHO revised the definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107835|title=Health promotion : a discussion document on the concept and principles: summary report of the Working Group on Concept and Principles of Health Promotion, Copenhagen, 9–13 July 1984|last=World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe|publisher=WHO Regional Office for Europe|year=1984|location=Copenhagen|type=ICP/HSR 602(m01)5 p}}</ref> Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain [[homeostasis]] and recover from adverse events. Mental, intellectual, emotional and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and [[independent living]].<ref name=":0" /> This opens up many possibilities for health to be taught, strengthened and learned.

Since the late 1970s, the federal [[Healthy People program|Healthy People]] Program has been a visible component of the United States' approach to improving population health.<ref>{{multiref2
|1=[https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/tools-and-resources/Federal-Prevention-Initiatives Federal Prevention Initiatives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615184241/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/tools-and-resources/Federal-Prevention-Initiatives |date=15 June 2016 }}. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
|2={{Cite journal | pmid = 23358287| year = 2013| last1 = Benz| first1 = J| title = The healthy people initiative: Understanding the user's perspective| journal = Journal of Public Health Management and Practice| volume = 19| issue = 2| pages = 103–09| last2 = Blakey| first2 = C| last3 = Oppenheimer| first3 = C.C| last4 = Scherer| first4 = H| last5 = Robinson| first5 = W.T| doi = 10.1097/PHH.0b013e318254cc31 | issn = 1078-4659}}
}}</ref> In each decade, a new version of Healthy People is issued,<ref>[https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/History-and-Development-of-Healthy-People History & Development of Healthy People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427095217/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/History-and-Development-of-Healthy-People |date=2017-04-27 }}. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</ref> featuring updated goals and identifying topic areas and quantifiable objectives for health improvement during the succeeding ten years, with assessment at that point of progress or lack thereof. Progress has been limited to many objectives, leading to concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 gives more prominence to health promotion and preventive approaches and adds a substantive focus on the importance of addressing social determinants of health. A new expanded digital interface facilitates use and dissemination rather than bulky printed books as produced in the past. The impact of these changes to Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jonathan |first1=E. Fielding |last2=Shiriki |first2=Kumanyika |last3=Ronald |first3=W. Manderscheid |date=2013 |title=A Perspective on the Development of the Healthy People 2020 Framework for Improving U.S. Population Health |url=http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/upload/pdf_files/13/00_Fielding.pdf |journal=Public Health Reviews |volume=35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402220801/http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/upload/pdf_files/13/00_Fielding.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2014 }}</ref>

Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by [[health care provider]]s. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary sciences]]. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of [[healthy community design|healthy communities]], [[healthy city|healthy cities]] or [[healthy environment]]s. In addition to [[health care]] interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals. These are referred to as the "determinants of health", which include the individual's background, lifestyle, economic status, social conditions and spirituality; Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24756311 |title= How stressed are you? |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

In the first decade of the 21st century, the conceptualization of health as an ability opened the door for self-assessments to become the main indicators to judge the performance of efforts aimed at improving human health.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jadad|first=Alejandro R.|date=1 November 2016|title=Creating a pandemic of health: What is the role of digital technologies?|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=260–68|doi=10.1057/s41271-016-0016-1|pmid=27899800|issn=0197-5897|doi-access=free}}</ref> It also created the opportunity for every person to feel healthy, even in the presence of [[Multimorbidity|multiple chronic diseases]] or a terminal condition, and for the re-examination of determinants of health (away from the traditional approach that focuses on the reduction of the prevalence of diseases).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://harvardpublichealthreview.org/creating-a-pandemic-of-health-opportunities-and-lessons-for-a-university-initiative-at-the-intersection-of-health-equity-and-innovation/|title=Creating a Pandemic of Health: Opportunities and Lessons for a University Initiative at the Intersection of Health, Equity, and Innovation {{!}} Harvard Public Health Review: A Student Publication|website=harvardpublichealthreview.org|date=16 April 2015 |language=en|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307123430/http://harvardpublichealthreview.org/creating-a-pandemic-of-health-opportunities-and-lessons-for-a-university-initiative-at-the-intersection-of-health-equity-and-innovation/}}</ref>

==Determinants==
{{See also|Social determinants of health|Risk factor}}

In general, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of [[health science]], but also through the efforts and intelligent [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] choices of the individual and society. According to the [[World Health Organization]], the main determinants of health include the social and [[Economy|economic]] environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.<ref name="The determinants of health">World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ ''The determinants of health.''] Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref>

More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada. [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index-eng.php#evidence ''What Determines Health?''] Ottawa. Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref><ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc (1974). [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/pdf/perspect-eng.pdf "''A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians''."] Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028163043/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/pdf/perspect-eng.pdf |date=28 October 2014 }}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Education]] and [[literacy]]
* Employment/working conditions
* Income and [[social status]]
* [[Environment (biophysical)|Physical environments]]
* [[Social environments]]
* [[Social support]] networks
{{col-2}}
* [[Human biology|Biology]] and [[genetics]]
* [[Culture]]
* [[Gender]]
* [[Healthcare|Health care services]]
* Healthy [[child development]]
* Personal health practices and [[coping skills]]
{{col-end}}
[[File:Smallpox eradication team.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.95|[[Donald Henderson]] as part of the CDC's [[smallpox]] eradication team in 1966]]
An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, [[health care system|health care organization]] and [[health policy]], one specific health policy brought into many countries in recent years was the introduction of the [[Sugary drink tax|sugar tax]]. Beverage taxes came into light with increasing concerns about obesity, particularly among youth. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their link to obesity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Andreyeva|first1=Tatiana|last2=Chaloupka|first2=Frank J.|last3=Brownell|first3=Kelly D.|title=Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption and generate revenue|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=52|issue=6|pages=413–16|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.013|pmid=21443899|year=2011}}</ref>—such as the 1974 [[Lalonde report]] from Canada;<ref name="Lalonde"/> the [[Alameda County Study]] in California;<ref name="Housman & Dorman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Housman|first1=Jeff|last2=Dorman|first2=Steve|title=The Alameda County Study: A Systematic, Chronological Review|journal=American Journal of Health Education|date=September–October 2005|volume=36|issue=5|pages=302–08|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ792845|access-date=27 December 2011|format=PDF|issn=1055-6699|id=ERIC document number EJ792845|doi=10.1080/19325037.2005.10608200|s2cid=39133965|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the series of [[World Health Report]]s of the World Health Organization, which focuses on [[global health]] issues including access to health care and improving [[public health]] outcomes, especially in [[developing countries]].<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/whr/en/ ''The world health report'']. Geneva.</ref>

The concept of the "''health field,''" as distinct from [[medicine|medical care]], emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:<ref name="Lalonde"/>
* Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.
* Environmental: all matters related to health external to the [[human body]] and over which the individual has little or no control;
* Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;

The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, [[mental health|mental]], and social well-being—a combination sometimes referred to as the ''"health triangle."''<ref>{{multiref2
|1=Georgia State University. 1998. [http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwche/ ''Health Triangle Slides''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212138/http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwche/ |date=11 August 2019 }}
|2=Nutter S. (2003) ''The Health Triangle''. Anchor Points, Inc., {{ISBN|0-9748760-0-3}}
}}</ref> The WHO's 1986 ''[[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]]'' further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.] Adopted at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986 – WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.</ref>

Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the [[Alameda County Study]] suggested that people can improve their health via [[exercise]], enough [[sleep]], spending time in nature, maintaining a healthy [[body weight]], limiting [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, and avoiding [[smoking]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Housman|Dorman|2005|pp=303–04}}. "The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise, limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7–8 hours a night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing {{cite journal |vauthors=Wingard DL, Berkman LF, Brand RJ | title = A multivariate analysis of health-related practices: a nine-year mortality follow-up of the Alameda County Study | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 765–75 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7148802 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113466 }}</ref> Health and [[illness]] can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jadad, A.R. | year = 2013 | title = On Living a Long, Healthy, and Happy Life, Full of Love, and with no Regrets, until Our Last Breath | journal = Verhaltenstherapie | volume = 23 | issue = 4| pages = 287–89 | doi=10.1159/000357490|url=http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/357490| doi-access = free }}</ref>

{{rquote|right|''If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the places where they live.''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kids.niehs.nih.gov/topics/environment-health | title=Environment & Health – Kids Environment Kids Health NIEHS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/geoscience-topics/environmental-health/Pages/default.aspx | title= Environmental Health – Geological Survey Ireland}}</ref>|Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, 5th century BC}}
The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the [[natural environment]], the [[built environment]] and the [[social environment]]. Factors such as clean [[water]] and [[air]], adequate [[house|housing]], and safe communities and [[road traffic safety|roads]] all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>UNESCO. [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/basic_needs.shtml ''The UN World Water Development Report: Facts and Figures – Meeting basic needs.''] Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref> Some studies have shown that a lack of [[Neighbourhood|neighborhood]] recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of [[obesity]], linked to lower overall health and well-being.<ref name="Fanny Price">{{cite journal |vauthors=Björk J, Albin M, Grahn P, Jacobsson H, Ardö J, Wadbro J, Ostergren PO | title = Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Well being | journal = Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = e2 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18365329 | doi = 10.1136/jech.2007.062414 | s2cid = 13859588 | url = http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/5178417/1056501.pdf }}</ref> It has been demonstrated that increased time spent in natural environments is associated with improved self-reported health,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Mathew P.|last2=Alcock|first2=Ian|last3=Grellier|first3=James|last4=Wheeler|first4=Benedict W.|last5=Hartig|first5=Terry|last6=Warber|first6=Sara L.|last7=Depledge|first7=Michael H.|last8=Fleming|first8=Lora E.|date=13 June 2019|title=Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=7730|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3|pmid=31197192|pmc=6565732|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7730W|issn=2045-2322|url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1325155/FULLTEXT01|doi-access=free}}</ref> suggesting that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in [[public policy]] and land use.

[[Genetics]], or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the [[genetic predisposition|predisposition]] to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their [[families]]. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with [[Stress (biology)|stress]], either mental, emotional or physical. For example, [[obesity]] is a significant problem in the [[United States]] that contributes to poor mental health and causes stress in the lives of many people.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=|volume = 498|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-42070-7|series = Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|year = 2017|isbn = 978-3-319-42069-1|last1 = Kantola|first1 = Jussi Ilari|last2 = Barath|first2 = Tibor|last3 = Nazir|first3 = Salman|last4 = Andre|first4 = Terence| title=Advances in Human Factors, Business Management, Training and Education }}</ref> One difficulty is the issue raised by the [[nature versus nurture|debate]] over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.

===Potential issues===
A number of health issues are common around the globe. [[Disease]] is one of the most common. According to GlobalIssues.org, approximately 36 million people die each year from non-communicable (i.e., not contagious) diseases, including [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[diabetes]] and chronic lung disease.<ref name=":1" />

Among communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, [[AIDS]]/[[HIV]], [[tuberculosis]], and [[malaria]] are the most common, causing millions of deaths every year.<ref name=":1" />

Another health issue that causes death or contributes to other health problems is [[malnutrition]], especially among children. One of the groups malnutrition affects most is young children. Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, usually brought on by not having the money to find or make food.<ref name=":1" />

Bodily injuries are also a common health issue worldwide. These injuries, including [[bone fracture]]s and [[burn]]s, can reduce a person's quality of life or can cause fatalities including [[infection]]s that resulted from the injury (or the severity injury in general).<ref name=":1">Shah, Anup (5 January 2014). [http://www.globalissues.org/issue/587/health-issues "Health Issues."] ''Global Issues''.</ref>

Lifestyle choices are contributing factors to poor health in many cases. These include smoking cigarettes, and can also include a poor diet, whether it is overeating or an overly constrictive diet. Inactivity can also contribute to health issues and also a lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption, and neglect of oral hygiene.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} There are also genetic disorders that are inherited by the person and can vary in how much they affect the person (and when they surface).<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2021 |title=Genetic Disorders |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21751-genetic-disorders |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref>

Although the majority of these health issues are preventable, a major contributor to global ill health is the fact that approximately 1 billion people lack access to health care systems.<ref name=":1" /> Arguably, the most common and harmful health issue is that a great many people do not have access to quality remedies.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/health/ |title=United Nations Global Issues |publisher=Un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608150700/http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/health/ |archive-date=8 June 2016 }}
|2={{cite web|url=http://www.intrahealth.org/page/the-top-10-global-health-issues-to-watch-in-2013 |title=The Top 10 Global Health Issues to Watch in 2013 |date=15 January 2013 |publisher=Intrahealth.org |access-date=1 March 2014}}
}}</ref>

=== Mental health ===
{{main|Mental health}}
The [[World Health Organization]] describes mental health as "a state of [[well-being]] in which the individual realizes their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to their community".<ref>World Health Organization (2005). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization. Geneva.</ref> Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness.<ref name= Bos>{{cite journal |author1=Bos, E.H.|author2=Snippe, E.|author3=de Jonge, P.|author4=Jeronimus, B.F.| year = 2016 | title = Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11| issue = 3| article-number = e0150867 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150867 |pmid=26963923|pmc=4786317|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150867B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Mental illness is described as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral conditions that interfere with social and emotional well-being and the lives and productivity of people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental disorders |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Having a mental illness can seriously impair, temporarily or permanently, the mental functioning of a person. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'.<ref>Long, Steven W. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161012224715/http://lac.niu.edu.tw/files/archive/73_37d1d9ea.pdf Lifestyle Management: Achieving & Maintaining Good Health]. niu.edu.tw</ref>

Approximately twenty percent of all adults in the US are considered diagnosable with a mental disorder. Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the United States and Canada. Examples of these disorders include [[schizophrenia]], [[ADHD]], [[major depressive disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[anxiety disorder]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] and [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder]].<ref>[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml The numbers count: Mental disorders in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728102548/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml |date=28 July 2014 }}. nih.gov</ref>

 Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including:<ref>[https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health "What Is Mental Health?"] (5 April 2019). ''MentalHealth.gov''. Retrieved 16 November 2019.</ref>
* Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry
* Family history of mental health problems
* Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse

==Maintaining==
Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of [[health care]] knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.

===Diet===
{{Main|Healthy diet | Human nutrition}}
{{See also|List of nutrition guides}}
[[File:Overweight or obese population OECD 2010.png|upright=0.95|thumb|Percentage of overweight or obese population in 2010. Data source: OECD's iLibrary.<ref name="oecd.org">{{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/|title=OECD Statistics|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref><ref name="OECDOverwObese">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=53508|title=Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Overweight or obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population|publisher=OECD's iLibrary|year=2013|format=Online Statistics|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>]]

[[File:Obese population OECD 2010.png|upright=0.95|thumb|right|Percentage of obese population in 2010. Data source: OECD's iLibrary.<ref name="oecd.org"/><ref name="OECDObese">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=53527|title=Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population|publisher=OECD's iLibrary|year=2013|format=Online Statistics|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>]]
An important way to maintain one's personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide [[nutrients]] to the body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthy diet |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/healthy-diet |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Such nutrients provide the body with energy and keep it running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e., [[blood pressure]]). Water is essential for growth, reproduction and good health. [[Macronutrients]] are consumed in relatively large quantities and include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats and fatty acids.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Heather |title=What are macronutrients? |url=https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/what-are-macronutrients-.h15-1593780.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=MD Anderson Cancer Center |language=en}}</ref> Micronutrients – vitamins and minerals – are consumed in relatively smaller quantities, but are essential to body processes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/elena/nutrient/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205812/http://www.who.int/elena/nutrient/en/|archive-date=26 September 2011|title=Nutrients|website=WHO|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref> The [[food guide pyramid]] is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrates and sugars). Making healthy food choices can lower one's risk of heart disease and the risk of developing some types of [[cancer]], and can help one maintain their weight within a healthy range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livelifewell.nsw.gov.au/healthyeating/ |title=Healthy Eating: Why should I make healthy food choices? |publisher=Livelifewell.nsw.gov.au |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227194359/http://www.livelifewell.nsw.gov.au/healthyeating/ |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Mediterranean diet]] is commonly associated with health-promoting effects. This is sometimes attributed to the inclusion of bioactive compounds such as [[phenolic compound]]s, [[isoprenoid]]s and [[alkaloid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Garrido M |author2=González-Flores D |author3=Marchena AM |author4=Propr E |author5=García-Parra J |author6=Barriga C |author7=Rodríguez A.B. |title=A lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1820–26 |pmid=23225211 |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5972 |bibcode=2013JSFA...93.1820G }}</ref>

===Exercise===
{{Main | Exercise}}
[[Exercise|Physical exercise]] enhances or maintains [[physical fitness]] and overall health and wellness. It strengthens one's bones and muscles and improves the [[cardiovascular system]]. According to the [[National Institutes of Health]], there are four types of exercise: [[endurance]], [[Physical strength|strength]], flexibility, and [[Balance (ability)|balance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=4 Types of Exercise|work=Go4Life |url=https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/4-types-exercise|publisher=Go4Life, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health|language=en|date=15 May 2014|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094658/https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/4-types-exercise}}</ref> The CDC states that physical exercise can reduce the risks of heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, depression, and anxiety.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2020|title=Physical Activity Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/facts.htm|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> For the purpose of counteracting possible risks, it is often recommended to start physical exercise gradually as one goes. Participating in any exercising, whether it is housework, yardwork, walking or standing up when talking on the phone, is often thought to be better than none when it comes to health.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Risks of an Inactive Lifestyle|url=https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html|access-date=30 May 2021|website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref>

===Sleep===
{{Main | Sleep | Sleep deprivation}}
Sleep is an essential component to maintaining health. In children, sleep is also vital for growth and development. Ongoing [[sleep deprivation]] has been linked to an increased risk for some chronic health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with both increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times from illness.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pilkington |first=Stephanie |date=7 August 2013 |title=Causes and consequences of sleep deprivation in hospitalized patients |journal=Nursing Standard |volume=27 |issue=49 |pages=35–42 |doi=10.7748/ns2013.08.27.49.35.e7649|pmid=23924135 }}</ref> In one study, people with chronic insufficient sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or less, were found to be four times more likely to catch a cold compared to those who reported sleeping for seven hours or more a night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/august/sleep-and-sickness.html |title=New Research Confirms Lack of Sleep Connected to Getting Sick |publisher=cmu.edu |author=Shilo Rea |date=31 August 2015|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Due to the role of sleep in regulating [[Sleep and metabolism|metabolism]], insufficient sleep may also play a role in [[weight gain]] or, conversely, in impeding [[weight loss]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Sanjay R. |last2=Hu |first2=Frank B. |date=17 January 2008 |title=Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |doi=10.1038/oby.2007.118 |pmid=18239586 |pmc=2723045}}</ref> Additionally, in 2007, the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]], which is the cancer research agency for the [[World Health Organization]], declared that "shiftwork that involves [[Circadian rhythm|circadian]] disruption is probably [[carcinogen]]ic to humans", speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its intrusion on sleep.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2007/pr180.html |title=IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001355/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2007/pr180.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations for sleep duration requirements based on age, and concluded that "Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hirshkowitz, Max |author2=Whiton, Kaitlyn | title=National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary | journal= Sleep Health |url= http://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(15)00015-7/fulltext |date=14 January 2015 | pmid = 29073412| doi= 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010 |access-date=25 November 2015 |display-authors=etal | volume=1 |issue=1 | pages=40–43|s2cid=205190733 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Age and condition
! Sleep needs
|-
| Newborns (0–3 months)
| 14 to 17 hours
|-
| Infants (4–11 months)
| 12 to 15 hours
|-
| Toddlers (1–2 years)
| 11 to 14 hours
|-
| Preschoolers (3–5 years)
| 10 to 13 hours
|-
| School-age children (6–13 years)    
| 9 to 11 hours
|-
| Teenagers (14–17 years)
| 8 to 10 hours
|-
| Adults (18–64 years)
| 7 to 9 hours
|-
| Older Adults (65 years and over)
| 7 to 8 hours
|}

===Role of science===
{{Main|Health science}}
[[File:Nieuws uit Indonesië, het werk van de Nederlandse dienst voor Volksgezondheid Weeknummer 46-21 - Open Beelden - 16742.ogv|thumb|upright=0.95|The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the [[Dutch East Indies]], May 1946.]]
[[Health science]] is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and [[research]] of the [[Human body|body]] and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including [[biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[physics]], [[epidemiology]], [[pharmacology]], [[medical sociology]]. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as [[health education]], [[biomedical engineering]], [[biotechnology]] and [[public health]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in [[medicine]], [[nursing]], [[nutrition]], [[pharmacy]], [[social work]], [[psychology]], [[occupational therapy]], [[physical therapy]] and other [[health care provider|health care professions]]. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. [[Workplace wellness]] programs are increasingly being adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are [[school health services]] to improve the health and well-being of children.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Health care===
{{main|Health care|Medicine}}

Contemporary medicine is in general conducted within [[health care system]]s. Legal, [[credential]]ing and financing frameworks are established by individual governments, augmented on occasion by international organizations, such as churches. The characteristics of any given health care system have significant impact on the way medical care is provided.

From ancient times, Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals and the [[Catholic Church]] today remains the largest non-government provider of medical services in the world.<ref>{{cite book | last = Blainey | first = Geoffrey | name-list-style = vanc |year=2011 |title=A Short History of Christianity |publisher=Penguin Viking |oclc=793902685 |title-link=A Short History of Christianity }}{{page needed|date=June 2014}}</ref> Advanced industrial countries (with the exception of the [[United States]])<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |title=Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations |publisher=Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science |date=14 January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019103757/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Insuring-Americas-Health-Principles-and-Recommendations.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2009 }}
|2={{cite web |url=http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |title=The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States |publisher=Cthealth.server101.com |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423105127/http://cthealth.server101.com/the_case_for_universal_health_care_in_the_united_states.htm |archive-date=23 April 2018 }}
}}</ref> and many [[Developing country|developing countries]] provide medical services through a system of [[universal health care]] that aims to guarantee care for all through a [[single-payer health care]] system, or compulsory private or co-operative [[health insurance]]. This is intended to ensure that the entire population has access to medical care on the basis of need rather than ability to pay. Delivery may be via private medical practices or by state-owned hospitals and clinics, or by charities, most commonly by a combination of all three.

Most [[tribe|tribal]] societies provide no guarantee of healthcare for the population as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sonowal |first=C.J. |date=April 2010 |title=Factors Affecting the Nutritional Health of Tribal Children in Maharashtra |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09735070.2010.11886359 |journal=Studies on Ethno-Medicine |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |doi=10.1080/09735070.2010.11886359 |issn=0973-5070|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In such societies, healthcare is available to those that can afford to pay for it or have self-insured it (either directly or as part of an employment contract) or who may be covered by care financed by the government or tribe directly.

[[File:Drug ampoule JPN.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=collection of glass bottles of different sizes|Modern drug [[ampoule]]s]]

Transparency of information is another factor defining a delivery system. Access to information on conditions, treatments, quality, and pricing greatly affects the choice by patients/consumers and, therefore, the incentives of medical professionals. While the US healthcare system has come under fire for lack of openness,<ref>{{cite journal | first = Martin | last = Sipkoff | name-list-style = vanc | title = Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement | journal = Managed Care | date = January 2004 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–42 | pmid = 14763279 | url = http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html | access-date = 16 April 2006 | archive-date = 17 February 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040217160421/http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html | url-status = live }}</ref> new legislation may encourage greater openness. There is a perceived tension between the need for transparency on the one hand and such issues as patient confidentiality and the possible exploitation of information for commercial gain on the other.

====Delivery====
{{See also|Health care|clinic|hospital|hospice}}

Provision of medical care is classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary care categories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia |url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrimary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |website=www.arthapedia.in |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011946/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle=Primary,_Secondary_and_Tertiary_HealthCare |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Nurses at Butawin Urban Clinic, PNG (10711159465).jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of three nurses|Nurses in [[Kokopo]], [[East New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea]]|upright]]
[[Primary care]] medical services are provided by [[physician]]s, [[physician assistant]]s, [[nurse practitioner]]s, or other health professionals who have first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=19 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051332/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001933.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> These occur in physician offices, [[clinic]]s, [[nursing home]]s, schools, home visits, and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, [[preventive care]] and [[health education]] for all ages and both sexes.

[[Secondary care]] medical services are provided by [[medical specialist]]s in their offices or clinics or at local community hospitals for a patient referred by a primary care provider who first diagnosed or treated the patient.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secondary Health Care |url=https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |website=International Medical Corps |access-date=19 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030041/https://internationalmedicalcorps.org.uk/what-we-do/all-emergencies/secondary-health-care#:~:text=Secondary%20Health%20Care%20is%20the,most%20often%20provided%20in%20hospitals. |url-status=live }}</ref> Referrals are made for those patients who required the expertise or procedures performed by specialists. These include both [[ambulatory care]] and [[inpatient]] services, [[Emergency department]]s, [[intensive care medicine]], surgery services, [[physical therapy]], [[childbirth|labor and delivery]], [[endoscopy]] units, diagnostic [[Medical laboratory|laboratory]] and [[medical imaging]] services, [[Hospice care|hospice]] centers, etc. Some primary care providers may also take care of hospitalized patients and deliver babies in a secondary care setting.

[[Tertiary care]] medical services are provided by specialist hospitals or regional centers equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not generally available at local hospitals. These include [[trauma center]]s, [[burn (injury)|burn]] treatment centers, advanced [[neonatology]] unit services, [[organ transplant]]s, high-risk pregnancy, [[radiation therapy|radiation]] [[oncology]], etc.

Modern medical care also depends on information – still delivered in many health care settings on paper records, but increasingly nowadays by [[Electronic health record|electronic means]].

In low-income countries, modern healthcare is often too expensive for the average person. International healthcare policy researchers have advocated that "user fees" be removed in these areas to ensure access, although even after removal, significant costs and barriers remain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B | title = Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 91 | issue = 4 | pages = 277–82 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23599551 | pmc = 3629451 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.110015 }}</ref>

[[Separation of prescribing and dispensing]] is a practice in medicine and pharmacy in which the [[physician]] who provides a [[medical prescription]] is independent from the [[pharmacist]] who provides the [[prescription drug]]. In the [[Western world]] there are centuries of tradition for separating pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries, it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ | title = Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience | journal = Health Policy and Planning | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 316–29 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12917273 | doi = 10.1093/heapol/czg038 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Role of public health===
{{Main|Public health}}
{{See also|Global health}}

[[File:NewZealand-Stamp-1933-Health.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|Postage stamp, [[New Zealand]], 1933. Public health has been promoted – and depicted – in a wide variety of ways.]]
Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Winslow CE | title = The Untilled Fields of Public Health | journal = Science | volume = 51 | issue = 1306 | pages = 23–33 | year = 1920 | pmid = 17838891 | doi = 10.1126/science.51.1306.23 | bibcode = 1920Sci....51...23W | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_90880 }}</ref> It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on [[population health]] analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a [[pandemic]]). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]] and [[health services]]. [[environmental health]], [[community health]], [[behavioral health]], and [[occupational health]] are also important areas of public health.

The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the [[health promotion|promotion of healthy behavior]], [[healthy community design|communities]], and (in aspects relevant to human health) [[environmental protection|environments]]. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing [[health education|educational programs]], developing [[health policy|policies]], administering services and conducting [[research]].<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307160406/http://www.whatispublichealth.org/about/index.html ''What is Public Health?''] Retrieved 24 June 2010</ref> In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a [[pathogen]] can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an [[outbreak]]. [[Vaccination]] programs and distribution of [[condom]]s to prevent the spread of [[communicable disease]]s are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).

[[Public health]] also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the [[country]] and, in some cases, the [[continent]] or [[world]]. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or socio-cultural constraints.<ref>Hispanics and the Future of America. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19910/ ''Access to and Quality of Health Care'']</ref> Applications of the public [[health system]] include the areas of [[maternal health|maternal]] and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of [[infectious disease|infectious]] and [[chronic disease]]s.

The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for [[infants]] and [[child]]ren and a continual increase in [[life expectancy]] in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900,<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050228214104/http://www.whatispublichealth.org/impact/index.html ''Impact of Public Health''.] Retrieved 24 June 2010.</ref> and worldwide by six years since 1990.<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/index.html ''Life expectancy at birth''], accessed 20 April 2011.</ref>

===Self-care strategies===
{{Main|Self care}}
{{See also|Chronic care management|Social relation|Stress management}}

[[File:Borch Lady washing hands.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A lady washing her hands {{Circa|1655}}]]
Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through [[disease management (health)|integrative care]]. They also include personal [[hygiene]] practices to prevent infection and illness, such as [[bathing]] and [[washing hands]] with soap; [[oral hygiene|brushing and flossing teeth]]; storing, preparing and handling [[food safety|food safely]]; and many others. The information gleaned from personal [[observations of daily living]] – such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake and environmental features – may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (''e.g.'', "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (''e.g.'', a patient who notices their shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).<ref name="e-primer3">[[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]]. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828125539/http://www.projecthealthdesign.org/media/file/E-primer_3.pdf ''Health in Everyday Living''.]</ref>

Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong [[social relation]]ships, [[volunteering]], and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and also increased longevity. One American study among [[old age|seniors]] over age 70, found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harris AH, Thoresen CE | title = Volunteering is Associated with Delayed Mortality in Older People: Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging | journal = Journal of Health Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 739–52 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16176953 | doi = 10.1177/1359105305057310 | s2cid = 23314208 | url = http://www.chce.research.va.gov/docs/pdfs/pi_publications/Harris/2005_Harris_Thoresen_JHS.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153152/http://www.chce.research.va.gov/docs/pdfs/pi_publications/Harris/2005_Harris_Thoresen_JHS.pdf | archive-date = 22 July 2011 }}</ref> Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better [[cognition|cognitive performance]] scores, fewer [[mood disorder|depressive symptoms]], and better mental well-being and [[life satisfaction]] than non-volunteering retirees.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwingel A, Niti MM, Tang C, Ng TP | title = Continued work employment and volunteerism and mental well-being of older adults: Singapore longitudinal ageing studies | journal = Age and Ageing | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 531–37 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19474036 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afp089 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Prolonged [[psychological stress]] may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in [[cognitive impairment]] with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.<ref>{{cite journal | author = McEwen BS | title = Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain | journal = Dialogues Clin Neurosci | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 367–81 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/bmcewen | pmid = 17290796 | pmc = 3181832 }} {{open access}}</ref> [[Stress management]] is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. [[Relaxation technique]]s are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include [[cognitive therapy]], [[meditation]], and [[Optimism|positive thinking]], which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as [[problem solving]] and [[time management]] skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

==Occupational==
{{Main|Occupational safety and health}}
In addition to [[safety]] risks, many jobs also present risks of disease, illness and other long-term health problems. Among the most common [[occupational diseases]] are various forms of [[pneumoconiosis]], including [[silicosis]] and [[coalworker's pneumoconiosis|coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease)]]. [[occupational asthma|Asthma]] is another [[respiratory illness]] that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including [[eczema]], [[dermatitis]], [[urticaria]], [[sunburn]], and [[skin cancer]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1=[http://www.hse.gov.uk/skin/ HSE (Health and Safety Executive of Great Britain) Skin at work] Retrieved on 20 June 2009
|2={{cite web|title=Skin Exposure & Effects|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/|website=NIOSH Topics|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|access-date=7 August 2012}}
}}</ref> Other occupational diseases of concern include [[carpal tunnel syndrome]] and [[lead poisoning]].

As the number of [[service sector]] jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have become [[sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]], presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with [[manufacturing]] and the [[primary sector]]. Contemporary problems, such as the growing rate of [[obesity]] and issues relating to [[stress (psychological)|stress]] and [[overwork]] in many countries, have further complicated the interaction between work and health.

Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public organizations to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include the British [[Health and Safety Executive]] and in the [[United States]], the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]], which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]], which handles regulation and policy relating to worker safety and health.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|title=The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=7 August 2012}}
|2={{cite web|title=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|access-date=7 August 2012}}
|3={{cite web|title=Health and Safety Executive|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/|publisher=U.K. Health and Safety Executive|access-date=7 August 2012}}
}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|[[Disease burden]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Environmental health]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Healing]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Health equity]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Human enhancement]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[List of health and wellness podcasts]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Men's health]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[One Health]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Population health]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Women's health]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Youth health]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|health|healthy|healthful}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage|Stay healthy|staying healthy}}
{{Wikiversity|Health}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Virtues}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Health}}
[[Category:Health| ]]
[[Category:Personal life]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Main topic articles]]

SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu

2026-02-21T18:15:53Z

JudithBehan6:

{{Short description|Telugu-language media award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in Telugu cinema
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| country = [[India]]
| year = 21 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| holder = [[Rashmika Mandanna]], ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| website =
| awardname = SIIMA Award for Best Actress{{ndash}}Telugu
| total_awarded =
| most_wins = [[Shruti Haasan]] (3)
| total_recipients =
| most_nominations = [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] (9)
| image =
[[File:Rashmika-snapped-at-SIIMA-Awards.jpg|Rashmika-snapped-at-SIIMA-Awards]]
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for best acting done by an actress in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011. [[Shruti Haasan]] is the most awarded with three wins and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] is the most nominated with nine nominations.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="25" |[[wiktionary:superlative|Categories]]
! width="100" |Recipient
!Record
|- style="height:2.5em;"
| width="250" |Most wins
| width="150" |[[Shruti Haasan]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most consecutive wins
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
|2 ([[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]{{Ndash}}[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]])
|-
|Shruti Haasan
|2 ([[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]{{Ndash}}[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]])
|-
|Most nominations
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|9
|-
|Most consecutive nominations
|Samantha
|6 ([[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]{{Ndash}}[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]])
|-
|Oldest winner
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|Age 33 ([[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Sreeleela]]
|Age 22 ([[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|11th SIIMA]])
|-
|Oldest nominee
|[[Deepika Padukone]]
|Age 39 ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest nominee
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|Age 20 ([[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|1st SIIMA]])
|}

* [[Shruti Haasan]] is the only actress to have also won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]].

== Multiple winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Wins !! Recipient(s)
|-
| 3 || [[Shruti Hasan]]
|-
| 2 || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Keerthy Suresh]]
|-
|}

=== Multiple nominations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Nominations !! Recipient(s)
|-
| 9 || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|-
| 6
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|-
| 3 || [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Pooja Hegde]]
|-
| 2 || [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Sreeleela]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Mrunal Thakur]]
|}

== Winners and nominees ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Table key
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center;" style="background:#FAEB86; height:20px; width:20px"|{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
|Indicates the winner
|}

=== 2010s ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;"|Year
!style="width:35%;text-align:center;"|Actress
!style="width:35%;text-align:center;"|Film
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|{{Refh}}
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2011 {{small|([[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|1st]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Nayanthara]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003600/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards 2012: Winners List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2012-Winners-List/articleshow/14371865.cms |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914191747/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2012-Winners-List/articleshow/14371865.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[Dookudu]]''
|-
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|[[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']]
|-
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|''[[Kandireega]]''
|-
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|[[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']]
|-
!rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" |2012 {{small|([[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shruti Haasan]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|'''Gabbar Singh''']]''
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nayanthara]]
|''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
|-
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[Eega]]''
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2013 {{small|([[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|[[Balupu]]
|-
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]''
|-
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|''[[Tadakha]]''
|-
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|[[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']]
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2014 {{small|([[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shruti Haasan]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Race Gurram]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528004455/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2015 |title=Shruti Haasan, Dhanush, Rana Daggubati shine at SIIMA 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shruti-haasan-dhanush-rana-daggubati-shine-at-siima-2015/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026104722/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shruti-haasan-dhanush-rana-daggubati-shine-at-siima-2015/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nayanthara]]
|''[[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]]''
|-
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|''[[Loukyam]]''
|-
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2015 {{small|([[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shruti Haasan]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Srimanthudu]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA 2016 winners |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2016 Telugu winners list |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-telugu-winners-list |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011172101/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-telugu-winners-list |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]''
|-
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|''[[Rudramadevi (film)|Rudramadevi]]''
|-
|[[Lakshmi Manchu]]
|''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongata]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2016 {{small|([[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Rakul Preet Singh]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Junior NTR, Rakul Preet win big; Akhil Akkineni performs song from upcoming film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-2017-day-1-junior-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-akhil-akkineni-performs-song-from-upcoming-film-3764721.html |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212622/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-2017-day-1-junior-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-akhil-akkineni-performs-song-from-upcoming-film-3764721.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lavanya Tripathi]]
|''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]''
|-
|[[Regena Cassandrra]]
|''[[Jo Achyutananda]]''
|-
|[[Ritu Varma]]
|''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[A Aa]]''
|-
!rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" |2017 {{small|([[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Kajal Aggarwal]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'''''
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|-
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''
|-
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2018 {{small|([[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Keerthy Suresh]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Mahanati]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019: Vijay Deverakonda and Keerthy Suresh win big. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816191920/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2019 Full Winner List: Yash, Keerthy Suresh and Vijay Deverakonda take home major awards |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-2019-full-winner-list-yash-keerthy-suresh-and-vijay-deverakonda-take-home-major-awards-468092 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Pinkvilla |date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412042540/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-2019-full-winner-list-yash-keerthy-suresh-and-vijay-deverakonda-take-home-major-awards-468092 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
|''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]''
|-
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2019 {{small|([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|'''Oh! Baby''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Winners for 2019 |url=https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926041854/https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=SIIMA: Soorarai Pottru, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo win big, K Viswanath honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923163929/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
|-
|[[Shraddha Srinath]]
|''[[Jersey (2021 film)|Jersey]]''
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|-
|[[Raashii Khanna]]
|''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]''
|}

=== 2020s ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;"|Year
!style="width:35%;text-align:center;"|Actress
!style="width:35%;text-align:center;"|Film
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|{{Refh}}
|-
!rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2020 {{small|([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#2020 winners and nominees|9th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Pooja Hegde]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |website=The News Minute |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|-
|[[Chandini Chowdary]]
|''[[Colour Photo]]''
|-
|[[Nabha Natesh]]
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
|-
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|''[[World Famous Lover]]''
|-
!rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2021 {{small|([[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Pooja Hegde]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'''''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Pushpa wins big, Allu Arjun is best actor |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/siima-2022-pushpa-wins-big-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/articleshow/94130430.cms |access-date=11 September 2022 |quote=Awards for Tamil and Malayalam films will be distributed on Sunday evening. |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911080349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/siima-2022-pushpa-wins-big-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/articleshow/94130430.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''
|-
|[[Priyamani]]
|''[[Narappa]]''
|-
|[[Pragya Jaiswal]]
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|-
!rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2022 {{small|([[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|11th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sreeleela]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|'''Dhamaka''']]''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023: Jr NTR, Sreeleela Bag Best Actor, Mrunal Thakur Takes Best Debutant Actress Award Home |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/siima-2023-jr-ntr-sreeleela-bag-best-actor-mrunal-thakur-takes-best-debutant-actress-award-home-article-103705165 |website=Times Now |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409083311/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/siima-2023-jr-ntr-sreeleela-bag-best-actor-mrunal-thakur-takes-best-debutant-actress-award-home-article-103705165 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
|-
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|-
|[[Neha Shetty]]
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|-
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|[[Yashoda (film)|''Yashoda'']]
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |2023 {{small|([[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|12th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Keerthy Suresh]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'''''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 winners: Nani, Mrunal Thakur, Shruti Haasan, Rakshit Shetty and others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/siima-awards-2024-winners-nani-mrunal-thakur-shruti-haasan-rakshit-shetty-and-others-101726377747271-amp.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|-
|[[Payal Rajput]]
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
|-
|[[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]]
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|-
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|-
|[[Sreeleela]]
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" |2024 {{small|([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th]])}}
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Rashmika Mandanna]]''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
|style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule|''Pushpa 2: The Rule'']]'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]
|[[Tillu Square|''Tillu Square'']]
|-
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|[[Naa Saami Ranga|''Naa Saami Ranga'']]
|-
|[[Deepika Padukone]]
|[[Kalki 2898 AD|''Kalki 2898 AD'']]
|-
|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|[[Lucky Baskhar|''Lucky Baskhar'']]
|-
|[[Nivetha Thomas]]
|[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu|''35 Chinna Katha Kaadu'']]
|}

== See also ==

* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SIIMA_Award_for_ Best_Actress - Telugu}}
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress Telugu]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]

Sikhism in the United States

2026-02-19T19:47:36Z

JudithBehan6: reworked citations after review for consistency

{{Short description|Religious community}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = American Sikhs
| pop ='''~280,000–500,000''' '''{{Percentage|280,000|334233854|2}}''' of the total American population ([[2020 U.S. census|2020]] est.)
| langs = [[American English]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its [[Punjabi dialects and languages|dialects]] {{smaller|[[Spanish language in the United States|American Spanish]] • [[Indian English]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]}}
| rels =
| image = Sikh Distribution in the United States, 2020 Census.jpg
| caption = Population distribution of Sikh Americans by state, 2020 census
|related-c={{hlist|[[Sikhism in Australia|Australian Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|British Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in Canada|Canadian Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealander Sikhs]]|[[Hinduism in the United States|American Hindus]]|[[Buddhism in the United States|American Buddhists]]|[[Jainism in the United States|American Jains]]}}
|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=50px}}
'''American Sikhs''' form the country's [[Religion in the United States|sixth-largest]] religious group.<ref name = "Pew">{{Cite web|title=Why Pew Research Center typically can't report the views of smaller U.S. religious groups|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/08/08/why-pew-research-center-typically-cant-report-the-views-of-smaller-u-s-religious-groups/|access-date=2022-11-23|website=www.pewresearch.org|date=August 8, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] cites the 2008 [[Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture#American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)|American Religious Identification Survey]]'s estimate of the adult Sikh American population at 78,000.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=August 6, 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=April 10, 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs"/> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=August 10, 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=August 4, 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=May 23, 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=May 5, 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated at 200,000–300,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=July 19, 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Key Findings">{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|work=Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The largest Sikh populations in the U.S. are found in [[California]] (52%), [[New York (state)|New York]] (11%), and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (6%).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=
Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref>

[[Sikhism]] is a religion, originating from [[medieval India]] (predominantly from the [[Punjab]] region of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]) which was introduced into the [[United States]] during the 19th century. While most American Sikhs are [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi]], the United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism.<ref name="Bayor2011">{{cite book|author=Ronald H. Bayor|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN9jC2_7UHYC&pg=PA985|access-date=6 June 2013|date=31 July 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35787-9|pages=985–}}</ref> Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and [[Dastar|turban]]s (head coverings), articles of their faith. Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and subsequent other terrorism related activities by Islamic groups, Sikhs have often been mistaken as Muslims or Arabs, and have been subject to several [[Hate crimes in the United States|hate crimes]], including murders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crimes against Sikhs continue in US amidst spotlight on race relations|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/crimes-against-sikhs-continue-in-us-amidst-spotlight-on-race-relations-6199811.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=cnbctv18.com|date=25 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gumbel|first=Andrew|date=2018-09-19|title='The violence is always there': life as a Sikh in Trump's America|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/19/sikh-in-america-hate-crime-surge-trump-religion|access-date=2020-08-31|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sikh temples have also been targets of violence due to being mistaken for mosques. A [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting|2012 shooting]] at a Sikh temple in [[Oak Creek, Wisconsin]] garnered national and international attention, with [[President Obama]] ordering flags to be [[Half-mast|half-staffed]] at all [[federal building]]s.{{Sikhism sidebar}}

==History==

===First immigrants===
[[File:The Sikh Temple in Stockton, California, 1915.jpg|thumb|The [[Gurdwara Sahib of Stockton|Stockton gurdwara]], the oldest in the U.S., opened on October 24, 1912.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Stockton Gurwara|url=http://sikhcentury.us/stockton-gurdwara-history/|access-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927184319/http://sikhcentury.us/stockton-gurdwara-history/|archive-date=September 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>|left]]
Sikhs have lived in the United States for more than 130 years. The first Sikh immigrants to the United States started to arrive in the second half of the 19th century, when poor economic conditions in [[British Raj|British India]] drove many Indians to emigrate elsewhere. Most Sikh immigrants to the United States came from the province of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and came to the U.S. to work on [[Agriculture in California|agricultural farms in California]], travelling via [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] to [[Angel Island, California|Angel Island]].<ref>Passage From India - Asian Indian Immigrants in North America", Joan M. Jensen, Yale University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-300-03846-1}}</ref>

In the years just after 1900, hundreds of Sikhs had arrived to work in the lumber mills of [[Bellingham, Washington]]. In 1907, 400–500 white men, predominantly members of the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]], attacked the Sikhs' homes in what is now known as the [[Bellingham riots]]. This quickly drove the East Indian immigrants out of the town.<ref name="Englesberg 2015">{{cite journal |last=Englesberg |first=Paul |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riot and Anti-Asian Hostilities in the Pacific Northwest |year=2015 |journal=The Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership Publications |url=https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cel_pubs/62 |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref><ref name="depts.washington.edu 1907">{{cite web |title=News Coverage: 1907-2007 - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project |website=depts.washington.edu |url=https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/bham_news.htm |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Tim |title=Dark Century: Observing the Anniversary of Anti-Sikh Riots |url=https://www.cascadiaweekly.com/pdfs/issues/200735.pdf#page=8 |newspaper=Cascadia Weekly |location=Bellingham, WA |publisher=Cascadia Newspaper Company |volume=2 |issue=35 |date=2007-08-29 |pages=8, 10–11 |issn=1931-3292 |oclc=711684947 |access-date=2021-01-11 |archive-date=2021-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301065840/http://www.cascadiaweekly.com/pdfs/issues/200735.pdf#page=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<blockquote>Some Sikhs worked in lumber mills of [[Oregon]] or in railroad construction and for some Sikhs it was on a railway line, which allowed other Sikhs who were working as migrant laborers to come into the town on festival days.<ref name="kabira.freeservers.com">{{cite web |title=Sikhism in North America |website=kabira.freeservers.com |url=http://kabira.freeservers.com:80/sikhsinnorthamerica.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416045004/http://kabira.freeservers.com:80/sikhsinnorthamerica.html |archive-date=2013-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2012}}</blockquote>

A big effect on Sikh migration to the western states occurred during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], where Sikhs were recruited by the [[British Indian Army]] to serve for them. Sikhs fought bravely during these wars and began to live in England after their serving period. Among the Sikhs who already lived in America prior to the wars, many Sikhs joined them, mainly during World Wars I and II. Among those who served in the US military include [[Bhagat Singh Thind]] in World War I.

The first Sikh [[gurdwara]] established in the U.S. was the [[Gurdwara Sahib Stockton]], in [[Stockton, California]], which was established in 1912 by Wasakha Singh Dadehar and Jawala Singh.<ref>[http://www.stocktongurdwarasahib.com/ Stockton Gurdwara, America, "Stockton California"] 31 October 2006</ref>

===21st century===
====Rising discrimination ====
[[File:USASikhMLKDayParade2016Houston.jpg|thumb|Sikhs of America parade float at the 2016 [[Martin Luther King Day]] parade in [[Midtown Houston]]]]
[[File:HoustonSikhMLKDayParade2016Houston.jpg|thumb|Houston Sikh Community at the 2016 [[Martin Luther King Day]] parade in [[Midtown Houston]]|left]]

As a result of the [[September 11 attacks]], some Sikh Americans have become subject to discrimination, often from individuals who mistakenly believe that they are [[Arab]] or [[Muslim]].

Balbir Singh Sodhi, a gas station owner, [[Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi|was killed]] on September 15, 2001, due to being mistaken for a Muslim. In a 2011 report to the [[United States Senate]], the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] reported several assaults and incidents of arson at [[Gurdwara|Sikh temples]] after September 11. All were labeled as [[hate crime]]s that resulted from the perpetrators' misconceptions that their targets were Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Muslim Incidents Since Sept. 11, 2001|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-testifies-about-increase-in-anti-muslim-bias/anti-muslim-incidents-since-9-11|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=January 12, 2012|date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> In August 2012, a Sikh temple in [[Oak Creek, Wisconsin]], was the [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting|site of a shooting]], leading to six Sikh individuals being killed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gunman's tattoos lead officials to deem Sikh shooting terrorism|author=Matt Pearce |author2=Brian Bennett |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-sikh-temple-domestic-terrorism-20120805,0,6094643.story |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=5 August 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On May 7, 2013, an elderly Sikh man was attacked with an iron bar in Fresno, California, in a possible [[hate crime]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fresno police: Sikh beating a possible hate crime|author=SF Gate|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/crime/article/Fresno-police-Sikh-beating-a-possible-hate-crime-4496778.php |newspaper=[[SF Gate]] |date=7 May 2013 |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> On September 21, 2013, Prabhjot Singh, a Sikh professor was attacked in [[Harlem]], New York, by a group of 20-30 men who branded him as "[[Osama bin Laden]]" and Terrorist".<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Professor attacked in Columbia after being called Osama|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-professor-attacked-in-columbia-after-being-called-osama/|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>

A 2007 survey of Sikh students by the [[Sikh Coalition]] found that three out of four male students interviewed "had been teased or harassed on account of their religious identity."<ref>{{cite book |title= Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience |last=Sidhu |first= Darwinder S. |author2=Neha Singh Gohil |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7553-2 |page=72}}</ref> In 2014, the Sikh Coalition released a national report on the bullying of Sikh children in American schools. The report found that 55.8% of Sikh students surveyed in [[Indianapolis]] reported being bullied, while 54.5% of Sikh students surveyed in [[Fresno, California]], reported being bullied.<ref>{{cite news|title=Report: Fresno County Sikh students say they're bullied at school|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/03/13/3818923/sikh-community-alarmed-by-bullying.html|newspaper=Fresno Bee|date=March 13, 2014|author=Juan Orozco|author2=Carmen George}}</ref> According to the surveys, Sikh students wearing turbans are twice as likely to be bullied as the average American child.

In 2011, two Sikh American grandfathers were killed while out for a morning walk in [[Elk Grove, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Killed Sikh Grandfathers To Be Remembered with Park |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/two-sikh-grandfathers-be-remembered-park-n619706 |website=NBC News |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en |date=29 July 2016}}</ref> This led to a national public outcry by the community, raising safety concerns for the city's 3,000 Sikh community members.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romney |first1=Lee |title=Attack on Sikh men triggers outcry in Elk Grove, Calif., and beyond |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-apr-11-la-me-0411-sikhs-20110411-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=10 November 2024 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref> The city completed the "Singh and Kaur Park" in 2021 to commemorate the lives of the slain men, and to raise awareness about the Sikh faith.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cleary |first1=Luke |title=Community groups celebrate the opening of Singh and Kaur Park in Elk Grove |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/elk-grove/community-celebrate-opening-singh-and-kaur-park/103-4d9d13c8-8059-4992-8c23-4cbf2bbe7c25 |website=ABC10 |access-date=10 November 2024 |date=29 May 2021}}</ref>

====Historic firsts====
In 2019, the [[United States Senate]] unanimously passed a resolution recognizing the importance of Sikh history, and contributions to American society.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Senate unanimously passes resolution on Sikh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-senate-unanimously-passes-resolution-on-sikh/story-PeWoO9eS30eWI3pt5YVICJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=November 16, 2019 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> In the same year, [[Snatam Kaur]] became the first Sikh American nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] with her album ''Beloved''.

In 2009, [[Kashmir Gill|Kash Gill]] made history as one of the first Indian mayors and the first Sikh to be elected mayor in the United States when he took office in Yuba City.<ref name= gill>Smith, Ken (October 24, 2013). "[http://www.newsreview.com/chico/sikhs-of-the-sacramento-valley/content?oid=11840883 Sikhs of the Sacramento Valley]". ''Chico News & Review'' (Chico, California).</ref> Additionally, the [[Charlottesville, Virginia#Government and politics|Charlottesville City Council]] ([[Virginia]]) appointed councilmember Satyendra Huja to the position of mayor in 2012, becoming the first turban-wearing Sikh to hold the position.<ref name= charlottesville>"Sikh Elected Mayor of Charlottesville, Virginia". ''News India-Times'' (New York, New York). January 27, 2012. p. 4.</ref> In 2020, Elk Grove elected Bobbie Allen-Singh as its new mayor, making her the first Sikh woman to hold the position of mayor in an American city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bobbie Singh-Allen |url=https://newdealleaders.org/leader/bobbie-singh-allen/ |website=The New Deal |date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

===Converts===

In the 1960s, due to increased Indian immigration and rising interest in Indian spirituality in the American counterculture, a number of non-Punjabi Americans began to enter 3HO. Prominent in this trend was [[Yogi Bhajan]], leader of the Sikh-related movement [[3HO]] (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), whose Los Angeles temple was the first to introduce non-Punjabi Americans to Sikhism.<ref name="Bayor2011"/>
===Ethnicity of Sikhs in USA===
An organization, United Sikhs led a campaign to have U.S. Census Bureau recognize Sikhs as a separate ethnicity, which was successful on January 6, 2020. As a result, Sikhs are regarded as different from Asian Indian category.<ref>[https://www.sikhnet.com/news/us-census-20-include-sikhs-separate-ethnic-group US Census '20 to include SIKHS as separate Ethnic Group, SikhNet, January 6, 2020],</ref><ref> [https://unitedsikhs.org/historic-victory-sikhs-to-be-counted-as-separate-ethnic-group-in-u-s-census-2020/ HISTORIC VICTORY: SIKHS TO BE COUNTED AS SEPARATE ETHNIC GROUP IN U.S. CENSUS 2020, 1/21/2020]</ref><ref>[https://pluralism.org/news/sikhs-be-counted-separate-ethnic-group-us-census-first-time Sikhs to be counted as separate ethnic group in US census for first time, The Pluralism Project, Harvard University, January 15, 2020]</ref>

In USA, the Sikhs term themselves Sikh Americans even though they are mostly of Indian descent.<ref>[https://senatedemocrats.wa.gov/dhingra/2025/03/14/resolution-celebrating-sikh-community-passes-washington-state-senate/ Resolution celebrating Sikh community passes Washington State Senate, March 14, 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/4/5/81 Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism, Prema Kurien, The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, August 2018, 4 (5) 81-98; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2018.4.5.04]</ref> In USA about 20% of the truck drivers are Sikh <ref>[https://asianamericanedu.org/sikh-truckers.html On The Road: Sikh American Truck Drivers, The Asian American Education Project]</ref><ref>[https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/after-sikh-group-lawsuit-california-delays-revocation-of-17000-truckers-licenses/ After Sikh group lawsuit, California delays revocation of 17,000 truckers’ licenses], Jan 3, 2026, The Indian Panorama]</ref>

== Demography ==
===Generation status===
Most American Sikhs are immigrants.
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh American generation status (2020)
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Immigrant generations|Generation status]]
! colspan="2" |2020<ref>{{Cite news |title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020 |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

|-
| [[Immigration to the United States|First generation]]
| 163,992
| {{Percentage | 163992| 280,329| 2 }}
|-
| Second generation
| 100,638
| {{Percentage | 100638| 280,329| 2 }}
|-
| Third generation or more
| 15,979
| {{Percentage | 15979| 280,329| 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 280,329
! {{Percentage | 280,329| 331,449,281| 2 }}
|}

=== Occupations ===

====''Bhagat Singh Thind v. United States''====
[[File:CivilWarLondanBranch.jpg|thumb|A gathering of British veterans who served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]; a Sikh is present among them (c. 1917)]]
[[File:CaptRattansikh.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A Sikh-American U.S. Army officer (2010)]]
{{Main|Sikhism in the United States military}}
Sikhs have served in the United States military at least as far back as the early 20th century, when one [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], who though not a citizen joined the [[United States Army]] and served in [[World War I]]. Thind requested citizenship at the end of the war, being granted and revoked twice, before finally being naturalized in 1936.<ref>Dawinder S. Sidhu, Neha Singh Gohil. [https://books.google.com/books?id=J9zlF4muMjMC&pg=PA137 Civil rights in wartime: the post-9/11 Sikh experience]. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. {{ISBN|0-7546-7553-X}}, 9780754675532. Pg 137</ref> Far larger numbers of Sikhs served in [[World War II]], and all American wars following.

The ability of observant Sikhs to serve in the American military has, since 1985, been compromised by a discontinuation of exemptions to uniform standards which previously allowed Sikhs to maintain their religiously mandated beards and turbans while in uniform.<ref name="CH">{{Cite news |title=Beard Ban Deters Chabad Rabbis From Becoming Chaplains in Army |date=27 August 2005 |url=http://www.crownheights.info/index.php?itemid=479 |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> As of 2010, a Sikh doctor, Kamaljeet S. Kalsi, and dentist, Tejdeep Singh Rattan, are the only Sikh officers to be permitted to serve in uniform with beard and turban.<ref name="Exempt">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=10172836|title=1st Sikh in Decades Graduates Army Officer School, Page 1|author=Michelle Roberts|access-date=2010-03-22|work=ABC News}}</ref> In addition, Simranpreet Lamba was permitted to enlist, with exemption to wear his turban and beard, in 2010 due to his knowledge of Punjabi and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/47924/keeping-faith-sikh-soldier-graduates-basic-training/ |title=Keeping faith: Sikh Soldier graduates basic training |author=Susanne Kappler |date=10 November 2010 |work=Fort Jackson Leader |publisher=United States Army |access-date=26 December 2011}}</ref>

==== Military ====
In the federal appeals court in Washington, a preliminary injunction allowed two Sikh men to enter the military recruit training wearing a turban as it was considered an article of religion. The military recruits Milaap Singh Chahal and Jaskirat Singh sued the Marine Corps in April 2022 due to violation of the first amendment which allows the freedom of religion. The branch that they were a part of declined full religious exemption.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Alejandra |date=December 23, 2022 |title=In court ruling, Sikh recruits can attend USMC training while keeping beards and turbans |work=Religion News Service |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/12/23/in-court-ruling-sikh-recruits-can-attend-marine-corps-training-while-keeping-beards-and-turbans/ |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>

====Policing====
In 2016, the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) began to allow turbans, subject to standards compatible with unimpeded performance of duty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/homepage2/nypd-sikh-officers-turbans-policy-change/|title=NYPD changes policy, will allow officers to wear turbans|author=David Shortell|publisher=CNN|date=December 29, 2016|access-date=December 31, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, Sandeep Dhaliwal became the first Deputy Sheriff in Texas to wear a turban on duty ([[Harris County Sheriff’s Office|Harris County Sherriff's Office]]). He was shot and killed from behind in 2019 while conducting a routine traffic stop on the Copperbrook subdivision in Houston Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/deputy-gained-national-attention-first-133039093.html|title=Deputy Who Gained National Attention as First Texas Cop to Wear Turban Shot & Killed on Duty|website=Yahoo|date=September 28, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Houston Police Department]] changed their rules to allow beards and turbans, joining 25 other law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2019 |title=HPD changes uniform policy to honor Deputy Sandeep Dhaliwal |url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/honored-father-of-deputy-sandeep-dhaliwal-thanks-hpd-for-allowing-sikh-officers-to-wear-articles-of-faith/285-dd4f77d6-3e7c-44de-9cb4-b3dc1d980cdb |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=khou.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Professionals====
Many Sikhs started life in America working in lumber mills, mines, and as farm laborers, with many eventually becoming landowners. Many early Sikh immigrants were restaurant owners. In 1956, [[Dalip Singh Saund]] became the first Asian Indian-born person to be elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]].

Today, many Sikhs are well represented in white-collar positions such as lawyers, doctors, engineers, accountants, and businesspeople. They are considered to be a successful ethnic group in line with most of the Indian community. The community has a higher level of education, as over 53% have received a bachelor's degree compared to 40% of the general population. This is also reflected in terms of income as over 75% of the community earns over $50,000 and over two-thirds of the population have incomes over $100,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Demographic Profile on Sikh Americans |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/first-demographic-profile-sikh-americans |website=sikhnet.com |date=February 13, 2019 |publisher=Sikh Net |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref><ref name="Key Findings" />

====Elected officials====
* [[Dalip Singh Saund]] served three terms in the [[United States House of Representatives]] between 1957 and 1963. He was the first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] and the first person of a non-Abrahamic faith to serve in Congress.
* Preet Didbal was elected to the position of mayor of Yuba City, California in 2017. She is the first Sikh woman to serve as a city mayor in United States history.<ref>Willon, Phil. [http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-preet-didbal-20171228-htmlstory.html "Meet the nation's first known Sikh woman to serve as a city mayor"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 28, 2017. Accessed January 16, 2018.</ref>
* [[Balvir Singh]] was elected to the [[Burlington County, New Jersey|Burlington County]] [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]], [[New Jersey]] on November 7, 2017. He became the first Asian-American to win a countywide election in Burlington County and the first [[Sikh|Sikh-American]] to win a countywide election in New Jersey.<ref>Hefler, Jan. [http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/race-baiting-ads-backfired-says-sikh-who-broke-barriers-in-south-jersey-freeholder-race-20171109.html "Race-baiting ads backfired, says Sikh who broke barriers in South Jersey freeholder race"], ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', November 8, 2017. Accessed December 2, 2017.</ref>
* City planner Satyendra Huja was elected mayor of [[Charlottesville, Virginia]] in January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2012/jan/22/tdobit03-sikh-city-planner-becomes-charlottesville-ar-1629743/ |title=Sikh city planner becomes Charlottesville mayor | Richmond Times-Dispatch |publisher=.timesdispatch.com |access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref>
* Amarjit Singh Buttar was elected in December 2001 to the [[Vernon, Connecticut]] Board of Education and won re-election in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://vernon.patch.com/articles/board-of-education-members-become-official | title=School Board Members Make It Official | date=November 23, 2011 | access-date=August 9, 2012 | last=Tanjua | first=Damon | work=Vernon Patch}}</ref>
* [[Ravinder Bhalla]] was elected mayor of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], New Jersey in November 2017. He is also the first Sikh mayor to wear a turban.
* Satwinder Kaur became the first Sikh elected to the City Council of [[Kent, Washington]] in November 2017.
* [[Manka Dhingra]] of Washington became the first Sikh woman elected to a state legislature in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaabroad.com/indian-americans/high-stakes-showdown-in-washington-state/article_7333a526-7971-11e7-bf36-b70059ba14bf.html|title=High-stakes showdown in Washington State|last=Haniffa|first=Aziz|website=IndiaAbroad.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
* Pargat S. Sandhu was elected as mayor of Galt, California on Dec 3, 2019. He became the first Sikh to be elected for City Council and Mayor for the city of Galt.
* In November 2020, California's Sutter County and Stanislaus County became the first two America to elect turbaned Sikh supervisors (Karm Bains and Mani Grewal, respectively).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suttercounty.org/Home/Components/StaffDirectory/StaffDirectory/146/190|title=Bains, Karm - Sutter County Board of Supervisors|language=en|access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stancounty.com/board/district4.shtm|title=Mani Grewal - District 4 Supervisor - Stanislaus County|language=en|access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
{{Main|Punjabi Americans#Geographical distribution}}
[[File:Sikhs in Union Square Somerville.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Sikh community of [[Somerville, Massachusetts]]]]
[[File:San Jose Gurdwara Sahib (2448909577).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose|gurdwara]] in [[Evergreen, San Jose|Evergreen]], [[San Jose, California]]]]
Over half of American Sikhs live in California. Most of California's Sikh population live in [[NorCal]], especially in the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] and the [[Bay Area]]. The nation's largest Sikh population is in [[California]]'s [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], where Punjabi is the third most spoken language after only [[California English|English]] and [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sewell |first=Summer |date=2021-02-08 |title='This has to end peacefully': California's Punjabi farmers rally behind India protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/08/california-indian-farmers-protest-sikh-punjab-yuba-city |access-date=2022-11-27 |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=Community members have also raised funds to support billboards drawing attention to India’s protests throughout the Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third-most spoken language, after English and Spanish.}}</ref> Sikhs can be found across the [[Sacramento River|Sacramento]] and [[San Joaquin River|San Joaquin]] valleys, but the largest concentrations can be found in the valley's largest cities ([[Sacramento]] in the Sacramento Valley and [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], [[Fresno]], and [[Bakersfield]] in the San Joaquin Valley), and in smaller communities associated with the farming of almonds, peaches, walnuts, and plums. There are also significant concentrations of Sikh Americans in the [[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta]] and in the Bay Area near [[San Jose, California]] and [[Fremont, California]].

In the [[Sacramento Valley]], [[Yuba City]] and [[Live Oak, Sutter County, California|Live Oak]] have prominent Sikh populations, with the first Sikh arriving in Yuba City in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|title=
Tuly Singh Johl- Pioneering Punjabis Digital Archive|url=https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/people/pioneers/tully-singh-johl/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=ucdavis.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Yuba City was home to around 10,000 Sikhs (~15% of the city's population), while Live Oak was home to around 700 Sikhs (~8% of the city's population), with most of these being Sikhs.{{refn|In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="T01001TOTAL POPULATION">{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=sikh&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001|title=T01001TOTAL POPULATION|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref><ref name="P1TOTAL POPULATION">{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=population&g=010XX00US$0400000&tid=DECENNIALDHC2020.P1|title=P1TOTAL POPULATION|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref>|name="census2020"}} [[Sutter County, California]] as a whole is home to around 11,000 Sikhs (~11% of the county population); this makes Sutter County the most proportionally Sikh county in America.{{refn|name="census2020"}} Down south in the [[San Joaquin Valley]], [[Livingston, California|Livingston]] is home to around 2,500 Sikhs (~17% of the city's population); Livingston is the most proportionally Sikh municipality in America.{{refn|name="census2020"}}

The [[New York metropolitan area]] also has a significant Sikh American presence. Around 19,000 Sikhs live in [[New York City]], with around 18,000 in [[Queens, New York|Queens]].{{refn|name="census2020"}} The [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]] neighborhood of [[Queens, New York|Queens]] is often referred to as "Little Punjab" due to its large Punjabi population. In 2020, the stretch of 101st Avenue between 111th and 123rd streets in Richmond Hill was renamed [[Punjab Avenue|Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ)]] and the stretch of 97th Avenue between Lefferts Boulevard and 117th Street was renamed Gurdwara Street.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Richmond Hill Street Co-Named 'Punjab Avenue' To Honor Neighborhood's South Asian Culture|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/richmond-hill-street-co-named-punjab-avenue-to-honor-neighborhoods-south-asian-culture/|access-date=2022-11-23|website=[[CBS News]]|date=October 23, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= 'Punjab Way,' 'Gurdwara St.' coming to Queens|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-punjab-way-gurdwara-street-queens-20191219-33xa63nt5zgpdbujxfhxolezcy-story.html|access-date=2022-11-23|website=[[New York Daily News]]|date=December 18, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Outside of the city, the suburbs of [[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]] in [[Long Island]] and [[Carteret, New Jersey|Carteret]] in [[Central Jersey]] have significant Punjabi populations. In 2020, Carteret was home to around 3,000 Sikhs (~12% of the borough's population) while Hicksville was home to around 2,000 (~5% of the hamlet's population).{{refn|name="census2020"}}

Outside of California and the New York metropolitan area, there are significant populations of Punjabi Sikhs in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Indiana]], [[Texas]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]] and [[North Carolina]]. There is also a concentration of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism in [[Española, New Mexico|Española]], [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= American Sikhs Run Billion-Dollar Security Firm|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/104869550|access-date=2022-11-23|website=www.npr.org|date=June 13, 2009 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===States and territories===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh Americans by [[List of states and territories of the United States|state or territory]] ([[2020 U.S. Census|2020]])<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="T01001TOTAL POPULATION"/><ref name="P1TOTAL POPULATION"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[U.S. state|State]] or [[Territories of the United States|territory]]
! colspan="2" |Sikh alone
! colspan="2" |Sikh alone or in any combination
! colspan="2" |Total Sikh population ('''derived estimate'''){{refn|In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama]]
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29| 5,024,279| 2 }}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41| 5,024,279| 2 }}
| 163
| {{Percentage | 163| 5,024,279| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]]
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3| 733,391| 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4| 733,391| 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16| 733,391| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
| 403
| {{Percentage | 403| 7,151,502| 2 }}
| 549
| {{Percentage | 549| 7,151,502| 2 }}
| 2,177
| {{Percentage | 2,177| 7,151,502| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas]]
| 22
| {{Percentage | 22| 3,011,524| 2 }}
| 46
| {{Percentage | 46| 3,011,524| 2 }}
| 182
| {{Percentage | 182| 3,011,524| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 25,037
| {{Percentage | 25,037| 39,538,223| 2 }}
| 36,975
| {{Percentage | 36,975| 39,538,223| 2 }}
| 146,614
| {{Percentage | 146,614| 39,538,223| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]]
| 223
| {{Percentage | 223| 5,773,714| 2 }}
| 334
| {{Percentage | 334| 5,773,714| 2 }}
| 1,324
| {{Percentage | 1,324| 5,773,714| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]]
| 260
| {{Percentage | 260| 3,605,944| 2 }}
| 359
| {{Percentage | 359| 3,605,944| 2 }}
| 1,424
| {{Percentage | 1,424| 3,605,944| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Delaware}} [[Delaware]]
| 69
| {{Percentage | 69| 989,948| 2 }}
| 88
| {{Percentage | 88| 989,948| 2 }}
| 349
| {{Percentage | 349| 989,948| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|District of Columbia}} [[District of Columbia]]
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7| 689,545| 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19| 689,545| 2 }}
| 75
| {{Percentage | 75| 689,545| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]]
| 421
| {{Percentage | 421| 21,538,187| 2 }}
| 595
| {{Percentage | 595| 21,538,187| 2 }}
| 2,359
| {{Percentage | 2,359| 21,538,187| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| 390
| {{Percentage | 390| 10,711,908| 2 }}
| 548
| {{Percentage | 548| 10,711,908| 2 }}
| 2,173
| {{Percentage | 2,173| 10,711,908| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 1,455,271| 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 1,455,271| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho]]
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8| 1,839,106| 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11| 1,839,106| 2 }}
| 44
| {{Percentage | 44| 1,839,106| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]]
| 840
| {{Percentage | 840| 12,812,508| 2 }}
| 1,283
| {{Percentage | 1,283| 12,812,508| 2 }}
| 5,087
| {{Percentage | 5,087| 12,812,508| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
| 1,283
| {{Percentage | 1,283| 6,785,528| 2 }}
| 1,718
| {{Percentage | 1,718| 6,785,528| 2 }}
| 6,812
| {{Percentage | 6,812| 6,785,528| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa]]
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33| 3,190,369| 2 }}
| 61
| {{Percentage | 61| 3,190,369| 2 }}
| 242
| {{Percentage | 242| 3,190,369| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas]]
| 99
| {{Percentage | 99| 2,937,880| 2 }}
| 174
| {{Percentage | 174| 2,937,880| 2 }}
| 690
| {{Percentage | 690| 2,937,880| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky]]
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25| 4,505,836| 2 }}
| 46
| {{Percentage | 46| 4,505,836| 2 }}
| 182
| {{Percentage | 182| 4,505,836| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]]
| 56
| {{Percentage | 56| 4,657,757| 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86| 4,657,757| 2 }}
| 341
| {{Percentage | 341| 4,657,757| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23| 1,362,359| 2 }}
| 91
| {{Percentage | 91| 1,362,359| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]]
| 734
| {{Percentage | 734| 6,177,224| 2 }}
| 1,012
| {{Percentage | 1,012| 6,177,224| 2 }}
| 4,013
| {{Percentage | 4,013| 6,177,224| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]]
| 452
| {{Percentage | 452| 7,029,917| 2 }}
| 600
| {{Percentage | 600| 7,029,917| 2 }}
| 2,379
| {{Percentage | 2,379| 7,029,917| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]]
| 981
| {{Percentage | 981| 10,077,331| 2 }}
| 1,465
| {{Percentage | 1,465| 10,077,331| 2 }}
| 5,809
| {{Percentage | 5,809| 10,077,331| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota]]
| 74
| {{Percentage | 74| 5,706,494| 2 }}
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115| 5,706,494| 2 }}
| 456
| {{Percentage | 456| 5,706,494| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]]
| 77
| {{Percentage | 77| 2,961,279| 2 }}
| 116
| {{Percentage | 116| 2,961,279| 2 }}
| 460
| {{Percentage | 460| 2,961,279| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri]]
| 75
| {{Percentage | 75| 6,154,913| 2 }}
| 131
| {{Percentage | 131| 6,154,913| 2 }}
| 519
| {{Percentage | 519| 6,154,913| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 1,084,225| 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4| 1,084,225| 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16| 1,084,225| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska]]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4| 1,961,504| 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7| 1,961,504| 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28| 1,961,504| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]]
| 147
| {{Percentage | 147| 3,104,614| 2 }}
| 282
| {{Percentage | 282| 3,104,614| 2 }}
| 1,118
| {{Percentage | 1,118| 3,104,614| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[New Hampshire]]
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14| 1,377,529| 2 }}
| 36
| {{Percentage | 36| 1,377,529| 2 }}
| 143
| {{Percentage | 143| 1,377,529| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
| 2,715
| {{Percentage | 2,715| 9,288,994| 2 }}
| 3,888
| {{Percentage | 3,888| 9,288,994| 2 }}
| 15,417
| {{Percentage | 15,417| 9,288,994| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]]
| 18
| {{Percentage | 18| 2,117,522| 2 }}
| 37
| {{Percentage | 37| 2,117,522| 2 }}
| 147
| {{Percentage | 147| 2,117,522| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
| 5,587
| {{Percentage | 5,587| 20,201,249| 2 }}
| 7,943
| {{Percentage | 7,943| 20,201,249| 2 }}
| 31,496
| {{Percentage | 31,496| 20,201,249| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]]
| 206
| {{Percentage | 206| 10,439,388| 2 }}
| 361
| {{Percentage | 361| 10,439,388| 2 }}
| 1,431
| {{Percentage | 1,431| 10,439,388| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 779,094| 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 779,094| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]]
| 569
| {{Percentage | 569| 11,799,448| 2 }}
| 887
| {{Percentage | 887| 11,799,448| 2 }}
| 3,517
| {{Percentage | 3,517| 11,799,448| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]]
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42| 3,959,353| 2 }}
| 48
| {{Percentage | 48| 3,959,353| 2 }}
| 190
| {{Percentage | 190| 3,959,353| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]]
| 204
| {{Percentage | 204| 4,237,256| 2 }}
| 285
| {{Percentage | 285| 4,237,256| 2 }}
| 1,130
| {{Percentage | 1,130| 4,237,256| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]]
| 759
| {{Percentage | 759| 13,002,700| 2 }}
| 1,098
| {{Percentage | 1,098| 13,002,700| 2 }}
| 4,354
| {{Percentage | 4,354| 13,002,700| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 3,285,874| 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 3,285,874| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Rhode Island]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3| 1,097,379| 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12| 1,097,379| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina]]
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42| 5,118,425| 2 }}
| 97
| {{Percentage | 97| 5,118,425| 2 }}
| 385
| {{Percentage | 385| 5,118,425| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 886,667| 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1| 886,667| 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4| 886,667| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]]
| 48
| {{Percentage | 48| 6,910,840| 2 }}
| 73
| {{Percentage | 73| 6,910,840| 2 }}
| 289
| {{Percentage | 289| 6,910,840| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
| 1,918
| {{Percentage | 1,918| 29,145,505| 2 }}
| 2,718
| {{Percentage | 2,718| 29,145,505| 2 }}
| 10,777
| {{Percentage | 10,777| 29,145,505| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah]]
| 62
| {{Percentage | 62| 3,271,616| 2 }}
| 92
| {{Percentage | 92| 3,271,616| 2 }}
| 365
| {{Percentage | 365| 3,271,616| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Vermont}} [[Vermont]]
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3| 643,077| 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3| 643,077| 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12| 643,077| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
| 1,157
| {{Percentage | 1,157| 8,631,393| 2 }}
| 1,713
| {{Percentage | 1,713| 8,631,393| 2 }}
| 6,792
| {{Percentage | 6,792| 8,631,393| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
| 3,002
| {{Percentage | 3,002| 7,705,281| 2 }}
| 4,367
| {{Percentage | 4,367| 7,705,281| 2 }}
| 17,316
| {{Percentage | 17,316| 7,705,281| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia]]
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6| 1,793,716| 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7| 1,793,716| 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28| 1,793,716| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin]]
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185| 5,893,718| 2 }}
| 356
| {{Percentage | 356| 5,893,718| 2 }}
| 1,412
| {{Percentage | 1,412| 5,893,718| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming]]
| N/A
| N/A
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3| 576,851| 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12| 576,851| 2 }}
|-
|{{flagicon|US}} '''United States'''
| '''48,321'''
| '''{{Percentage | 48321| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
| '''70,697'''
| '''{{Percentage | 70,697| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
| '''280,329'''
| '''{{Percentage | 280,329| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
|}

===Counties===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh Americans by [[County (United States)|county]] ([[2020 U.S. Census|2020]])<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="T01001TOTAL POPULATION"/><ref name="P1TOTAL POPULATION"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[County (United States)|County]]
! rowspan="2" |[[State (United States)|State]]
! colspan="2" |Sikh alone
! colspan="2" |Sikh alone or in any combination
! colspan="2" |Total Sikh population (derived estimate){{refn|In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Fresno County, California|Fresno]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 3,603
| {{Percentage | 3,603| 1008654| 2 }}
| 5,297
| {{Percentage | 5,297| 1008654| 2 }}
| 21,004
| {{Percentage | 21,004| 1008654| 2 }}
|-
|[[Queens County, New York|Queens]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
| 3,110
| {{Percentage | 3,110| 2405464| 2 }}
| 4,456
| {{Percentage | 4,456| 2405464| 2 }}
| 17,669
| {{Percentage | 17,669| 2405464| 2 }}
|-
|[[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 2,758
| {{Percentage | 2,758| 779233| 2 }}
| 4,026
| {{Percentage | 4,026| 779233| 2 }}
| 15,964
| {{Percentage | 15,964| 779233| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sacramento County, California|Sacramento]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 2,595
| {{Percentage | 2,595| 1585055| 2 }}
| 4,015
| {{Percentage | 4,015| 1585055| 2 }}
| 15,920
| {{Percentage | 15,920| 1585055| 2 }}
|-
|[[Alameda County, California|Alameda]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 2,582
| {{Percentage | 2,582| 1682353| 2 }}
| 3,689
| {{Percentage | 3,689| 1682353| 2 }}
| 14,628
| {{Percentage | 14,628| 1682353| 2 }}
|-
|[[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 2,200
| {{Percentage | 2,200| 1936259| 2 }}
| 3,078
| {{Percentage | 3,078| 1936259| 2 }}
| 12,205
| {{Percentage | 12,205| 1936259| 2 }}
|-
|[[King County, Washington|King]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 2,003
| {{Percentage | 2,003| 2269675| 2 }}
| 2,900
| {{Percentage |2,900| 2269675| 2 }}
| 11,499
| {{Percentage | 11,499| 2269675| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sutter County, California|Sutter]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,990
| {{Percentage | 1,990| 99633| 2 }}
| 2,812
| {{Percentage | 2,812| 99633| 2 }}
| 11,150
| {{Percentage | 11,150| 99633| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kern County, California|Kern]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,395
| {{Percentage | 1,395| 909235| 2 }}
| 2,207
| {{Percentage | 2,207| 909235| 2 }}
| 8,751
| {{Percentage | 8,751| 909235| 2 }}
|-
|[[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
| 1,432
| {{Percentage | 1,432| 1395774| 2 }}
| 2,137
| {{Percentage | 2,137| 1395774| 2 }}
| 8,474
| {{Percentage | 8,474| 1395774| 2 }}
|-
|[[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,117
| {{Percentage | 1,117| 10014009| 2 }}
| 1,710
| {{Percentage | 1,710| 10014009| 2 }}
| 6,781
| {{Percentage | 6,781| 10014009| 2 }}
|-
|[[Stanislaus County, California|Stanislaus]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,058
| {{Percentage | 1,058| 552878| 2 }}
| 1,595
| {{Percentage | 1,595| 552878| 2 }}
| 6,325
| {{Percentage | 6,325| 552878| 2 }}
|-
|[[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex]]
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
| 1,122
| {{Percentage | 1,122| 863162| 2 }}
| 1,553
| {{Percentage | 1,553| 863162| 2 }}
| 6,158
| {{Percentage | 6,158| 863162| 2 }}
|-
|[[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 839
| {{Percentage | 839| 1165927| 2 }}
| 1,304
| {{Percentage | 1,304| 1165927| 2 }}
| 5,171
| {{Percentage | 5,171| 1165927| 2 }}
|-
|[[Merced County, California|Merced]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 699
| {{Percentage | 699| 281202| 2 }}
| 1,027
| {{Percentage | 1,027| 281202| 2 }}
| 4,072
| {{Percentage | 4,072| 281202| 2 }}
|-
|[[Placer County, California|Placer]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 536
| {{Percentage | 536| 404739| 2 }}
| 859
| {{Percentage | 859| 404739| 2 }}
| 3,406
| {{Percentage | 3,406| 404739| 2 }}
|-
|[[Harris County, Texas|Harris]]
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
| 606
| {{Percentage | 606| 4731145| 2 }}
| 836
| {{Percentage | 836| 4731145| 2 }}
| 3,315
| {{Percentage | 3,315| 4731145| 2 }}
|-
|[[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 555
| {{Percentage | 555| 3186989| 2 }}
| 781
| {{Percentage | 781| 3186989| 2 }}
| 3,097
| {{Percentage | 3,097| 3186989| 2 }}
|-
|[[Riverside County, California|Riverside]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 433
| {{Percentage | 433| 2418185| 2 }}
| 671
| {{Percentage | 671| 2418185| 2 }}
| 2,661
| {{Percentage | 2,661| 2418185| 2 }}
|-
|[[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 409
| {{Percentage | 409| 2181654| 2 }}
| 630
| {{Percentage | 630| 2181654| 2 }}
| 2,498
| {{Percentage | 2,498| 2181654| 2 }}
|-
|[[Collin County, Texas|Collin]]
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
| 427
| {{Percentage | 427| 1064465| 2 }}
| 618
| {{Percentage | 618| 1064465| 2 }}
| 2,451
| {{Percentage | 2,451| 1064465| 2 }}
|-
|[[Solano County, California|Solano]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 452
| {{Percentage | 452| 453491| 2 }}
| 614
| {{Percentage | 614| 453491| 2 }}
| 2,435
| {{Percentage | 2,435| 453491| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]]
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
| 436
| {{Percentage | 436| 1150309| 2 }}
| 571
| {{Percentage | 571| 1150309| 2 }}
| 2,264
| {{Percentage | 2,264| 1150309| 2 }}
|-
|[[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]]
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]]
| 359
| {{Percentage | 359| 1793561| 2 }}
| 558
| {{Percentage | 558| 1793561| 2 }}
| 2,213
| {{Percentage | 2,213| 1793561| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]]
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
| 417
| {{Percentage | 417| 955732| 2 }}
| 553
| {{Percentage | 553| 955732| 2 }}
| 2,193
| {{Percentage | 2,193| 955732| 2 }}
|-
|[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
| 393
| {{Percentage | 393| 4420568| 2 }}
| 543
| {{Percentage | 543| 4420568| 2 }}
| 2,153
| {{Percentage | 2,153| 4420568| 2 }}
|-
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
| 403
| {{Percentage | 403| 161765| 2 }}
| 534
| {{Percentage | 534| 161765| 2 }}
| 2,117
| {{Percentage | 2,117| 161765| 2 }}
|-
|[[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun]]
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
| 343
| {{Percentage | 343| 420959| 2 }}
| 524
| {{Percentage | 524| 420959| 2 }}
| 2,078
| {{Percentage | 2,078| 420959| 2 }}
|-
|[[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]]
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]]
| 328
| {{Percentage | 328| 5275541| 2 }}
| 520
| {{Percentage | 520| 5275541| 2 }}
| 2,062
| {{Percentage | 2,062| 5275541| 2 }}
|-
|[[Snohomish County, Washington|Snohomish]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 313
| {{Percentage | 313| 827957| 2 }}
| 492
| {{Percentage | 492| 827957| 2 }}
| 1,951
| {{Percentage | 1,951| 827957| 2 }}
|-
| '''Total'''
|{{flagicon|US}} '''United States'''
| '''48,321'''
| '''{{Percentage | 48321| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
| '''70,697'''
| '''{{Percentage | 70,697| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
| '''280,329'''
| '''{{Percentage | 280,329| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
|}

===Places===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh Americans by [[census-designated place]] ([[2020 U.S. Census|2020]])<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="T01001TOTAL POPULATION"/><ref name="P1TOTAL POPULATION"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[census-designated place|CDP]]
! rowspan="2" |[[State (United States)|State]]
! colspan="2" |Sikh alone
! colspan="2" |Total Sikh population (derived estimate){{refn|In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[New York City|New York]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
| 3,293
| {{Percentage | 3,293| 8804190| 2 }}
| 19,104
| {{Percentage | 19,104| 8804190| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fresno]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 2,369
| {{Percentage | 2,369| 542107| 2 }}
| 13,743
| {{Percentage | 13,743| 542107| 2 }}
|-
|[[Yuba City]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,757
| {{Percentage | 1,757| 70117| 2 }}
| 10,193
| {{Percentage | 10,193| 70117| 2 }}
|-
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,467
| {{Percentage | 1,467| 1013240| 2 }}
| 8,511
| {{Percentage | 8,511| 1013240| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bakersfield]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 1,352
| {{Percentage | 1,352| 403455| 2 }}
| 7,843
| {{Percentage | 7,843| 403455| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sacramento]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 966
| {{Percentage | 966| 524943| 2 }}
| 5,604
| {{Percentage | 5,604| 524943| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kent, Washington|Kent]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 952
| {{Percentage | 952| 136588| 2 }}
| 5,523
| {{Percentage | 5,523| 136588| 2 }}
|-
|[[Union City, California|Union City]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 803
| {{Percentage | 803| 70143| 2 }}
| 4,659
| {{Percentage | 4,659| 70143| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fremont, California|Fremont]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 799
| {{Percentage | 799| 230504| 2 }}
| 4,635
| {{Percentage | 4,635| 230504| 2 }}
|-
|[[Stockton, California|Stockton]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 794
| {{Percentage | 794| 320804| 2 }}
| 4,606
| {{Percentage | 4,606| 320804| 2 }}
|-
|[[Manteca, California|Manteca]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 681
| {{Percentage | 681| 83498| 2 }}
| 3,951
| {{Percentage | 3,951| 83498| 2 }}
|-
|[[Elk Grove, California|Elk Grove]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 602
| {{Percentage | 602| 176124| 2 }}
| 3,492
| {{Percentage | 3,492|176124| 2 }}
|-
|[[Carteret, New Jersey|Carteret]]
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
| 530
| {{Percentage | 530| 25326| 2 }}
| 3,075
| {{Percentage | 3,075|25326| 2 }}
|-
|[[Tracy, California|Tracy]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 479
| {{Percentage | 479| 93000| 2 }}
| 2,779
| {{Percentage | 2,779|93000| 2 }}
|-
|[[Los Angeles]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 444
| {{Percentage | 444| 3898747| 2 }}
| 2,576
| {{Percentage | 2,576|3898747| 2 }}
|-
|[[Livingston, California|Livingston]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 417
| {{Percentage | 417| 14172| 2 }}
| 2,419
| {{Percentage | 2,419|14172| 2 }}
|-
|[[Turlock]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 379
| {{Percentage | 379| 72740| 2 }}
| 2,199
| {{Percentage | 2,199|72740| 2 }}
|-
|[[Greenwood, Indiana|Greenwood]]
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
| 370
| {{Percentage | 370| 63830| 2 }}
| 2,147
| {{Percentage | 2,147|63830| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
| 363
| {{Percentage | 363| 43869| 2 }}
| 2,106
| {{Percentage | 2,106|43869| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hayward, California|Hayward]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 343
| {{Percentage | 343| 162954| 2 }}
| 1,990
| {{Percentage | 1,990|162954| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ceres, California|Ceres]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 321
| {{Percentage | 321| 49302| 2 }}
| 1,862
| {{Percentage | 1,862|49302| 2 }}
|-
|[[Clovis, California|Clovis]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 310
| {{Percentage | 310| 120124| 2 }}
| 1,798
| {{Percentage | 1,798|120124| 2 }}
|-
|[[Vineyard, California|Vineyard]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 289
| {{Percentage | 289| 43935| 2 }}
| 1,677
| {{Percentage | 1,677|43935| 2 }}
|-
|[[Antelope, California|Antelope]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 286
| {{Percentage | 286| 48733| 2 }}
| 1,659
| {{Percentage | 1,659|48733| 2 }}
|-
|[[Lathrop, California|Lathrop]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 283
| {{Percentage | 283| 28701| 2 }}
| 1,642
| {{Percentage | 1,642|28701| 2 }}
|-
|[[Indianapolis]] ([[Indianapolis (balance)|balance]])
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
| 264
| {{Percentage | 264| 887642| 2 }}
| 1,532
| {{Percentage | 1,532|887642| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 251
| {{Percentage | 251| 119881| 2 }}
| 1,456
| {{Percentage | 1,456|119881| 2 }}
|-
|[[Roseville, California|Roseville]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 233
| {{Percentage | 233| 147773| 2 }}
| 1,352
| {{Percentage | 1,352|147773| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kerman, California|Kerman]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 229
| {{Percentage | 229| 16016| 2 }}
| 1,329
| {{Percentage | 1,329|16016| 2 }}
|-
|[[Modesto, California|Modesto]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 206
| {{Percentage | 206| 218464| 2 }}
| 1,195
| {{Percentage | 1,195|218464| 2 }}
|-
|[[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205| 127647| 2 }}
| 1,189
| {{Percentage | 1,189|127647| 2 }}
|-
|[[Auburn, Washington|Auburn]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 198
| {{Percentage | 198| 87256| 2 }}
| 1,149
| {{Percentage | 1,149|87256| 2 }}
|-
|[[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 167
| {{Percentage | 167| 80273| 2 }}
| 969
| {{Percentage | 969|80273| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mountain House, San Joaquin County, California|Mountain House]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 165
| {{Percentage | 165| 24499| 2 }}
| 957
| {{Percentage | 957|24499| 2 }}
|-
|[[Newark, California|Newark]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 155
| {{Percentage | 155| 47529| 2 }}
| 899
| {{Percentage | 899|47529| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fowler, California|Fowler]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 152
| {{Percentage | 152| 6700| 2 }}
| 882
| {{Percentage | 882|6700| 2 }}
|-
|[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
| 149
| {{Percentage | 149| 1608139| 2 }}
| 864
| {{Percentage | 864|1608139| 2 }}
|-
|[[Dublin, California|Dublin]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 148
| {{Percentage | 148| 72589| 2 }}
| 859
| {{Percentage | 859|72589| 2 }}
|-
|[[San Diego, California|San Diego]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 144
| {{Percentage | 144| 1386932| 2 }}
| 835
| {{Percentage | 835|1386932| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fontana, California|Fontana]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 143
| {{Percentage | 143| 208393| 2 }}
| 830
| {{Percentage | 830|208393| 2 }}
|-
|[[Renton, Washington|Renton]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 142
| {{Percentage | 142| 106785| 2 }}
| 824
| {{Percentage | 824|106785| 2 }}
|-
|[[Rocklin, California|Rocklin]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 136
| {{Percentage | 136| 71601| 2 }}
| 789
| {{Percentage | 789|71601| 2 }}
|-
|[[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 135
| {{Percentage | 135| 84605| 2 }}
| 783
| {{Percentage | 783|84605| 2 }}
|-
|[[Selma, California|Selma]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 131
| {{Percentage | 131| 24674| 2 }}
| 760
| {{Percentage | 760|24674| 2 }}
|-
|[[Folsom, California|Folsom]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 126
| {{Percentage | 126| 80454| 2 }}
| 731
| {{Percentage | 731|80454| 2 }}
|-
|[[Live Oak, Sutter County, California|Live Oak]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 124
| {{Percentage | 124| 9106| 2 }}
| 719
| {{Percentage | 719|9106| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
| 119
| {{Percentage | 119| 292449| 2 }}
| 690
| {{Percentage | 690|292449| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hercules, California|Hercules]]
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115| 26016| 2 }}
| 667
| {{Percentage | 667|26016| 2 }}
|-
|[[SeaTac, Washington|SeaTac]]
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115| 31454| 2 }}
| 667
| {{Percentage | 667|31454| 2 }}
|-
| '''Total'''
|{{flagicon|US}} '''United States'''
| '''48,321'''
| '''{{Percentage | 48321| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
| '''280,329'''
| '''{{Percentage | 280,329| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
|}

==Notable Sikh Americans==

=== 1900s ===
* [[Kartar Dhillon|Kartar Kaur Dhillon]], political activist and supporter of the Ghadar Party
* [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], first turbaned soldier in United States Army; plaintiff in ''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind'', involving an important legal battle over the rights of Indians to obtain U.S. citizenship
* [[Dalip Singh Saund]], First Asian Pacific American member of Congress and politician serving in the United States House of Representatives for California's 29th district, 1957–1963
* [[Jagjit Singh (activist)|J.J. Singh]], Punjabi-American businessman and political activist
* [[Spoony Singh]], Canadian-American Founder of the [[Hollywood Wax Museum]]
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]], Indian-American Physicist and [[Sikh art]] Collector

=== 2000s ===

==== Academics ====

* [[Naunihal Singh (academic)|Naunihal Singh]], American political scientist and professor of national security affairs.
* [[Arjun Singh Sethi]], Civil rights writer, political rights writer, human rights lawyer, and adjuct professor of law

==== Activism ====
* [[Jasmeet Bains]], author of California State AJR2 1984 Sikh Genocide Resolution
* [[Valarie Kaur]], American activist, documentary filmmaker, lawyer, educator, and founder of the Revolutionary Love Project.
* [[Simran Jeet Singh]], American educator, writer, activist and executive director for the Aspen Institute's Religion & Society Program

==== Business ====
* [[Ajay Banga]], Indian-American business executive and president of the World Bank Group. (1981-present)
* [[Gurbaksh Chahal]], Internet Entrepreneur (1998-present)
* [[Sant Singh Chatwal]], Indian-American hotelier and businessperson (1975-present)
* [[Vikram Chatwal]], American hotelier and actor (2006-present)

==== Entertainment ====
* [[Hari Dhillon]], American actor (1997-present)
* [[Ryan Hurst]], American actor (1997-present)
* [[Arj Barker]], American comedian (1990s-present)
* [[Snatam Kaur]], American singer, songwriter and author (2000-present)
* [[Parvesh Cheena]], American actor (2002-present)
* [[Waris Ahluwalia]], Indian-American actor and tastemaker (2004-present)
* [[Guru Singh]], American actor (2010-present)
* [[Karan Brar]], American actor (2010-present)
* [[Dhar Mann]], American YouTuber and entrepreneur (2011-present)
* [[Raaginder]], American violinist and songwriter (2011-present)
* [[Raveena Aurora]], American singer and songwriter (2012-present)

==== Law Enforcement ====
* [[Sandeep Dhaliwal]], First turbaned Sikh man to serve on duty as Sheriff's deputy in [[Harris County, Texas]].

==== Military ====
* [[G. B. Singh]], Indian-American author and officer in the United States Army

==== Politics ====
*[[Jasmeet Bains]], American Physician who is the first Sikh American and first South Asian Woman elected to the, [[California State Assembly]]
*[[Ranjeev Puri]], [[Michigan House of Representatives]]
*Manpreet Kaur, [[Bakersfield City Council]]
*Sukh Kaur, [[San Antonio City Council]]
* [[Harpreet Sandhu (politician)|Harpreet Singh Sandhu]], American politician and community activist from Richmond, California (2007–2008)
* [[Harmeet Dhillon]], American lawyer and Republican Party Official (2008-present)
* [[Kashmir Gill|Kash Gill]], Mayor of [[Yuba City, California]] (2009-2010) and (2013-2014)
* [[Preet Bharara]], Indian-born American lawyer and former federal prosecutor who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (2009-2017)
* [[Manka Dhingra]], American attorney, Democratic politician who is represents the Party 45th legislative district, on Seattle's Eastside in King County (2017-present) and the first Sikh state senator of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
* [[Preet Didbal]], Mayor of [[Yuba City, California]] (2017-2018)
* [[Balvir Singh]], American teacher and Democratic politician from Burlington Township, New Jersey, serving on the Burlington County Board of County Commissioners (2018-present)
* [[Gurbir Grewal]], American attorney and prosecutor, served the sixty-first attorney general of the State of New Jersey (2018-2021) and serving as the Director of the Division of Enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission (2021-present)
* [[Ravinder Bhalla]], American civil rights lawyer, politician, and the 39th mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey (2018-present)
* [[Daleep Singh]], American economic advisor serving as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets (2016-2017) and United States Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economics (2021-2022)
* [[Uttam Dhillon]], American attorney, serving as the Acting Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (2018-2020)
* [[Sabrina Singh]], American political administrator serving as the Special Assistant to the President and Deputy Press Secretary for Vice President Kamala Harris in the Biden administration (2021-2022) and the Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary in the Department of Defense (2022-present)
* [[Mani Grewal]], Utah, Sikh Activist, served Utah State Boards including Multicultural Commission, Workforce Services and Investment Board, helped Governor draft Sikh Proclamation, celebrated Vaisakhi at the Utah Capitol Building and design a Sikh Float in the 24th July Parade of the Pioneers.

==== Religious Services ====
* [[Thaminder Singh Anand]], Indian-American translator of [[Guru Granth Sahib]].
* [[Yogi Bhajan|Harbhajan Singh]], Indian-American Sikh, founder of the 3HO Sikh tradition

==See also==
{{Portal|Sikhism|United States}}
{{columns-list|
* [[Indian American]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[List of gurdwaras in the United States]]
* [[Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi]]
* [[Sikhism by country]]
* [[Sikhism in Australia]]
* [[Sikhism in Canada]]
* [[Sikhism in New Zealand]]
* [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting]]

}}



==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|Indian Americans#Further reading}}
* Atkinson, David C. ''The burden of white supremacy: Containing Asian migration in the British empire and the United States'' (U North Carolina Press, 2016).
* Hawley, John Stratton, and Gurinder Singh Mann. ''Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America'' (State University of New York Press, 1993).
* Kurien, Prema. "Shifting US racial and ethnic identities and Sikh American activism." ''RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences'' 4.5 (2018): 81–98. [https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/rsfjss/4/5/81.full.pdf online]
* Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley, and Stacy Brady. ''The Guru's Gift: An Ethnography Exploring Gender Equality with North American Sikh Women'' (Mayfield Publishers, 2000).
* Mann, Gurinder Singh et al. ''Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America'' (Oxford University Press, 2008).
* Sidhu, Dawinder S., and Neha Singh Gohil. ''Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience'' (Ashgate, 2009).
* Stabin, Tova. "Sikh Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 179–192. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300163/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS Online]

==External links==
* [https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/ Pioneering Punjabis Digital archive at the University of California, Davis]
* [https://www.sikhri.org/ Sikh Research Institute]
* [https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/ Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara]

{{Demographics of the United States}}
{{North America topic|Sikhism in}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{portalbar|United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism In The United States}}
[[Category:Sikhism in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Sikhism in North America|United States]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|United States ]]
[[Category:Religion in the United States by religion]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Guide/Common mistakes

2026-02-12T22:28:06Z

JudithBehan6: Info

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Tabs}}

== Top five ==
* '''Not adding citations''': This is the most commons mistake in Wikipedia. Encyclopaedic content must be verifiable. So, please add citations while adding or changing information. '''See [[WP:RS]], [[WP:V]] and [[Help:Cite]] for more info.'''
* '''Uploading copyvio film poster, DVD cover, book cover''': The Wikipedia uploading process is so complicated that new editors often do not understand that the "actually" can upload non-free images of contents like film poster, DVD cover, book cover etc and they end with uploading copyvio images at Commons. Note, images of living people can not be uploaded under fair use. {{Grey|Please expand this point}}
* '''Adding Indic scripts in lead/infobox''': We should not add Indic scripts in WikiProject India articles. See [[User:Sitush/Common#Scripts]] for details.
* '''Not following WP:ORDER''': The correct order of sections should be "See also">>"References">>"External links". See [[WP:ORDER]] for more information
* '''Overlinking''': In an article one link should not be added more than once or twice. See [[WP:OVERLINK]].

== Five more ==
*'''Remember''' Wikipedia is not the place to right [[wp:GREATWRONGS|great wrongs]].
* '''Not assuming good faith''': [[WP:AGF|Assuming good faith]] (AGF) is important. You may find yourself involved in heated discussions on articles concerning things such as caste and politics, or even names for things: it is best to assume that those who disagree with you are doing so due to genuine concerns rather than because they are "anti" you, your caste, your politics or whatever. AGF is not a [[WP:PACT|suicide pact]] but it should be the default position unless you have strong evidence to the contrary.

== Never ==
* '''Content copyvio''': Do not copy paste content from other websites. See [[Wikipedia:Copypaste]] and [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing]] for suggestions.

Hanumappa Sudarshan

2026-02-07T19:34:42Z

JudithBehan6: enhanced references to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian social worker and tribal rights activist}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hanumappa Sudarshan
| image = H_Sudarshan.jpg
| caption = Dr. Sudarshan, a well-known social worker and tribal activist recognised for his work with the [[Soliga tribe|Soligas]] in [[BR Hills]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|12|30}}<ref name=biodata>Bio-data of Dr. Sudarshan from the website of Karuna Trust [http://karunatrust.org/files/biodata DOC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726213226/http://karunatrust.org/files/biodata |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Yemalur]], Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
|awards = [[Right Livelihood Award]]
| death_cause =
| other_names = Dr. Sudarshan
| known_for = [[Public health|Public Health]], Tribal rights, Activism, [[Gandhism]]
| education =
| occupation = Doctor
| spouse =
| children =
| organization = Sudarshan Army, [[Karuna Trust (India)]]
}}

'''Dr. Hanumappa Sudarshan''' (born 30 December 1950) is an Indian social worker and tribal rights activist. He is known for his contributions to the upliftment of the forest dwelling tribes (mainly [[Soliga tribe|Soligas]]) in the [[Chamarajanagar district]] of Karnataka. He is also a recipient of the [[Right Livelihood Award]] and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="liveli">Roll of Honour for Dr. Sudarshan on his receiving the Right Livelihood Award is presented by {{cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/sudarshan.htm|title=Roll of Honour|work=Online Webpage of the Right Livelihood Awards Organisation|publisher=Right Livelihood Awards Organisation|access-date=17 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228045058/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/sudarshan.htm|archive-date=28 December 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="padmashri">A biography of Dr. Sudarshan is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.vgkk.org/Dr.H.Sudarshan.htm|title=Dr. H Sudarshan|work=Online Webpage of Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra(VGKK)|publisher=2006, Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra|access-date=17 April 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208033303/http://www.vgkk.org/Dr.H.Sudarshan.htm|archive-date=8 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sudarshan was born in [[Yemalur]] on the outskirts of [[Bangalore]]. He graduated from [[Bangalore Medical College]] and became a medical doctor in the year 1973. He is also an [[adjunct professor]] at [[IGNOU]].<ref name=biodata />

==Career==
After graduation, he joined the health institutions of [[Ramakrishna Mission]] which took him to the [[Himalayas]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Belur Math]] in West Bengal and [[Ponnampet]] in Karnataka as part of the job.<ref name="ihs">A biodata of Dr. Sudarshan is presented by {{cite web|url=http://www.ihsnet.org.in/PHL_180803/SudershanBiodata.PDF|title=Bio-data|work=Online Webpage of the Institute of Health Systems|publisher=Institute of Health Systems|access-date=17 April 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009071435/http://www.ihsnet.org.in/PHL_180803/SudershanBiodata.PDF|archive-date=9 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Instead of pursuing a medical practice in the cities, he decided to work with tribal communities and in 1980, he started the Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra for the integrated development of the tribals in the Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka.<ref name="liveli" /> He is also the founder and Honorary Secretary of the ''Karuna Trust'', which is dedicated to rural development in the states of Karnataka and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He claims inspiration from the man-making and nation-building ideals of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. He advocates [[Gandhi]]an ideals for rural development.<ref name=hindu>Urs, R. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028184633/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/26/stories/2005082603320300.htm "On an untrodden path"] ''The Hindu'', Bangalore, 26 August 2005.</ref>

==Sudarshan Army==
Indian poet Shaunak Chakraborty got impressed by his ideology and work towards society so he decided to establish a non profit organization named ''Sudarshan Army'' on 30 July 2019 which got its name from him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sudarshanarmy.co.in/p/about-us.html|title=About us|access-date=2020-04-10|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085714/https://www.sudarshanarmy.co.in/p/about-us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK)==
VGKK is an organisation with a mission of ''Sustainable development of tribal people through rights-based approaches to health, education, livelihood security and biodiversity conservation''.<ref name="miss">Overview of Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.vgkk.org/|title=Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra|work=Online Webpage of the Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra|publisher=2006, Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra|access-date=17 April 2007|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418055721/http://www.vgkk.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Founded in October 1981 by Dr. Sudarshan, VGKK has worked with tribals in the Chamarijanagar district and [[Mysore district]] of Karnataka and also with tribals in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], Arunachal Pradesh and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and has interacted with about 20,000 people. The organisation has always had a tribal youth as its President. Jadeya Gowda, one of the first few children who was taught by Dr. Sudarshan, is the President. He did a graduation and post-graduation in agriculture and has completed his PhD from the [University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore], Presently working as Associate Professor at College of Forestry, Ponnampet.

VGKK runs a 450 pupil school for the tribes of [[B R Hills]] where the students are provided education equivalent to that provided in the urban areas. Subjects related to the tribal welfare such as environmental issues, tribal values and culture are also a part of the curriculum. VGKK also has a vocational training institute where 16 crafts are taught. As a result of the efforts of VGKK, about 60% of the Soliga tribe now get a minimum of 300 days of employment per year from the Forest Department of Karnataka and other agencies.<ref name="padmashri" />

==Karuna Trust==
Started in the year 1986 by Dr. Sudarshan, [[Karuna Trust (India)]] is an organisation involved with integrated rural development and is affiliated to VGKK.<ref name="karu">Overview of Karuna trust is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.karunatrust.org/|title=Karuna Trust|work=Online Webpage of the Karuna Trust|publisher=2006, Karuna Trust|access-date=17 April 2007}}</ref> The prevalence of [[leprosy]] in [[Yelandur]] Taluk of Chamarajanagar district was the motivation to start this trust. Another focus area for this trust is education and livelihood improvement. Karuna Trust runs 72 Primary Health Care (PHC) Centres in all the districts of the state of Karnataka and Arunachal Pradesh.

==Positions held==
Dr. Sudarshan has held many positions in his career such as the chairmanship of the ''Task Force on Health and Family Welfare'' organised by [[Government of Karnataka]], the ''Task Force on Public Private Partnership'' organised by National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) of [[Government of India]] and Institute of Health management & Research (IHMR), Bangalore.<ref name="ihs"/> He was also associated as a member of ''Working Group 6 on Macro-economics & Health'' organised by the [[World Health Organization]] and was also a Steering Group member of the Planning Commission on the Empowerment of [[Scheduled Tribes]] in India's 11th [[Five-year plans of India|Five Year Plan]]. He has also been the Vigilance Director for the Karnataka Lokayukta, an [[ombudsman]] organisation. During his tenure, he adopted a method of regular visits and raids to several Government departments and earned critical acclaim for this.<ref name="raid">Lokayukta's surprise visits {{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/raids.htm|title=Article on Lokayukta raids|work=From website of Our Karnataka|access-date=22 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029093205/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/raids.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Right Livelihood Award]] (1994), ''for showing how tribal culture can contribute to a process that secures the basic rights and fundamental needs of indigenous people and conserves their environment.''<ref name="liveli" />
* [[Padma Shri]] Award (2000)
* [[Rajyotsava]] State Award for social work (1984) – Government of Karnataka.<ref name="ihs"/>
* [[Ashoka: Innovators for the Public#Notable Fellows|Ashoka Fellow]].<ref>Profile of Dr. Sudarshan on the Ashoka Fellows Website [http://www.ashoka.org/node/2539 LINK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224151646/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2539 |date=24 February 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Mother Teresa Awards]] for Social Justice in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harmony Foundation to host Mother Teresa awards on Nov 9|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-harmony-foundation-to-host-mother-teresa-awards-on-nov-9-2033089|date=8 November 2014|work=dna|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards given to promoters of social justice|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/28458/mother-teresa-awards-given-to-promoters-of-social-justice|publisher=Catholic News Agency|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Right Livelihood Award]]
*[[Albert Schweitzer]]
*[[Prakash Amte]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vgkk.org Website of the Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418055721/http://www.vgkk.org/ |date=18 April 2019 }}
*[http://www.karunatrust.com Website of Karuna Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508095729/http://www.karunatrust.com/ |date=8 May 2021 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan, Hanumappa}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Members of the Planning Commission of India]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]

Parithimar Kalaignar

2026-02-07T13:05:35Z

JudithBehan6: expanded content based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Tamil writer (1870–1903)}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Kalaignar|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{ infobox writer
| name = Vilacheri Govinda Suryanarayana Sastri
| image = Parithimaar kalaignar.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Parithimar Kalaignar, Sastri
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1870|07|6}}
| birth_place = Vilacheri near [[Thirupparankundram]], [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1903|11|02|1870|08|11}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], British India
| occupation = Tamil ''pundit''
| language = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Vilacheri Govinda Suryanarayana Sastri''' (6 July 1870<ref>{{cite web|title=PARITHIMAR KALAIGNAR NINAIVU ILLAM|url=http://tndipr.gov.in/memorials/parithimarkalaignarninaivuillam.html|website=Information and Public Relations Department, Tamil Nadu, India|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> – 2 November 1903), better known by his pen name, '''Parithimar Kalaignar''', a [[Professor]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] at the [[Madras Christian College]], was the first person to campaign for the recognition of Tamil as a [[classical language]].<ref name="contributions_recalled">{{cite news | title= Contributions of personalities to Tamil enrichment recalled | date=18 August 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/18/stories/2007081861401000.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080108040000/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/18/stories/2007081861401000.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 January 2008 | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 9 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial1">{{cite news | last= Saravanan | first= T. | title= Suryanarayana Sastri's house to be converted into a memorial | date=11 September 2006 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/11/stories/2006091117480200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918002919/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/11/stories/2006091117480200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 September 2008 | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 9 September 2008}}</ref>

== Life ==

Suryanarayana Sastri was born at Vilacheri near [[Thirupparankundram]] in a [[Brahmin|Tamil Brahmin]] family to Govindan Sivan.<ref name="tamil_nadu_endowments_department">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tntdpc.com/government/tdc.pdf |title=TAMIL DEVELOPMENT – CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENTS DEPARTMENT, POLICY NOTE 2006 – 2007, Demand No. 46 |access-date=9 September 2008 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Government |year=2006–2007 |author=M. Karunanidhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720083730/http://www.tntdpc.com/government/tdc.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryanarayanan biography |url=https://thefederal.com/features/did-tamil-reformist-shun-his-sanskrit-name-or-just-pick-a-nom-de-plume/}}</ref> He studied philosophy and after graduation was soon employed as a [[Professor]] of Tamil in the Madras Christian College. In 1895, Suryanarayana Sastri rose to become the Head of Department for Tamil at the Madras Christian College.<ref name="contributions_recalled" />

== Campaign for recognition of Tamil as classical language ==

Suryanarayana Sastri had immense love for Tamil and wrote plenty of books.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial1"/> He even changed his Sanskrit name to its Tamil translation (although "Parithi" [[wikt: பரிதி| பரிதி]] and "Kalai" [[wikt: கலை| கலை]] are Dravidian loanwords from Sanskrit परिधि and कला, respectively).<ref name="tamil_culture">{{cite book | title=The Tamils and Their Culture| last=Sastri| first=K. S. Ramaswami| year=1967| pages=47| publisher=Annamalai University| location=Chennai | isbn=81-7755-405-0}}</ref>

When the [[Madras University]] proposed to exclude Tamil from its syllabus, Parithimar Kalaignar vehemently protested against the proposal forcing the authorities to drop the move.<ref name="contributions_recalled" /> In 1902, he proposed that Tamil be designated as a "classical language" thereby becoming the first person to make such a petition.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial1" /> Parithimar Kalignar is also known as '''Dravida Sastri'''.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial2">{{cite news | title= Parithimar Kalaignar' memorial opened | date=1 November 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/01/stories/2007110161471000.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102194627/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/01/stories/2007110161471000.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 November 2007 | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 9 September 2008}}</ref>

Parithimar Kalaignar was also the first to use the Tamil name ''Kumarinadu'' for the mythical lost-land of [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]].<ref name="lemuria">{{cite book | title=Fabulous Geographies Catastrophic Histories: The Lost Land of Lemuria| last=Ramaswamy| first=Sumathi| year=2005| pages=104| publisher=Orient Longman| isbn=978-81-7824-110-4}}</ref>

== Death ==

Paritihimar Kalaignar died in 1903 due to [[tuberculosis]]<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial1" /> at the age of 33.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial2" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Parithimar Kalaignar 2007 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Kalaignar on a 2007 stamp of India]]
Parithimar Kalaignar is regarded as an inspiration for Tamil enthusiasts as [[Maraimalai Adigal]] and the [[Tanittamil Iyakkam]].

In 2006, the Government of Tamil Nadu declared Parithimar Kalaignar's house in his native village of Vilacheri as a memorial and sanctioned a sum of {{INRConvert|1.5|m|year=2006|lk=r}} towards nationalizing his books.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar_memorial1" /><ref name="nationalization">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/archives/budsp07_08_3.htm |title=Budget Speech 2007–2008 |access-date=9 September 2008 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924210632/http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/archives/budsp07_08_3.htm |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref>

On 17 August 2007, postage stamps were issued in memory of Saint Vallalar, Parithimar Kalaignar and Maraimalai Adigal.<ref name="contributions_recalled" /><ref name="stamp_journal">{{cite journal | author=Madhukar Jhingan, Savita Jhingan| title=The News, Views, & Features on Philately & Postal Services of India| journal=Stamps of India Collectors Companion| year=2007| issue=303| page=2| url=http://www.stampsofindia.com/newssite/Download/303.pdf}}</ref>

On 13 December 2006, the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, [[M. Karunanidhi]] extended an amount of {{INRConvert|1.5|m|year=2006}} to the Tamil scholar's descendants.<ref name="descendants_donation">{{cite news | title= பரிதிமாற் கலைஞர் வாரிசுகளுக்கு ரூ15 லட்சம் (CM extends help to Parithimar Kalaignar's family) | date=14 December 2006 | url = https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2006/12/02/cm.html | work =Greynium Informnation Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | language=ta |access-date = 9 September 2008}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tanittamil Iyakkam]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parithimar Kalaignar}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Parithimar Kalaignar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalaignar, Parithimar}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil language activists]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Rampur Barara

2026-01-16T04:54:47Z

JudithBehan6: Started Data...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur Barara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Rāmpur Barāra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dalmau block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rampur Barara (#997) in Dalmau CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.036418|N|81.093419|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.609
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 633
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rampur Barara''' is a village in [[Dalmau]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=306–30 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 11 km from Dalmau, the block headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 633 people, in 109 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rampur Barara as comprising 6 hamlets, with a total population of 223 people (108 male and 115 female), in 39 households and 38 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxxiv-lxxxv of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 162 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rampur Barara as having a population of 370 people, in 61 households, and having an area of 60.70 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=169–70 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Gangadhar Pradhan

2026-01-12T13:57:47Z

JudithBehan6: small reworked content as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1948–2010)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| name = Gangadhar Pradhan
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1948|07|10}}
| birth_place = Parikula, [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|10|10|1948|07|10}}
| occupation = Classical Dancer
| party =
| spouse =
| children = 4
| parents =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Padma Shri]]
| website = {{URL|konarkfestival.com}}
}}

'''Gangadhar Pradhan''' (10 July 1948 – 10 October 2010) was an Indian [[Odissi]] dancer.

==Life and career==
Pradhan was born in Parikula, a village in [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=Express>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2010/oct/12/guru-gangadhar-pradhan-dead-194671.html |title=Guru Gangadhar Pradhan dead |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |orig-date=12 October 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Narthaki>{{cite web |author=Kedar Mishra |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl146.html |title=Living a dream and dreaming a life; Remembering Guru Gangadhar Pradhan |website=Narthaki |date=8 October 2012 }}</ref> He was a sickly baby; his father, Muralidhar Pradhan, a farmer, and mother, Dwitika Devi, whose previous children had died, dedicated him to Balunkeshwar, the presiding deity of the temple in the nearby village of Dimirisena.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |author=Debabrata Mohanty |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/end-of-a-dance-odyssey/698852/0 |title=End of a dance odyssey |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2010 }}</ref> When he was six, he became a [[Gotipua]] dancer at the temple and discovered a vocation for dance. He later trained at [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]]<ref name=IE/> in Odissi and in playing the [[mardala]], and accompanied [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]] as her co-dancer and percussionist.<ref name=Express/><ref name=Narthaki/> He was an accomplished choreographer.<ref name=Narthaki/><ref name=IE/>

He founded Orissa Dance Academy in [[Bhubaneswar]] in 1975, and Konark Natya Mandap in [[Konark]] in 1986, and also established both the [[Konark Dance Festival]] (also in 1986) and the [[Dhauli]] dance festival (in 2001),<ref name=Express/><ref name=IE/> as well as several smaller dance festivals, and ran the Chitralekha Dance Academy Festival in Canada.<ref name=IE/> He was a past president of the Orissa [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref name=Express/> In his later years, he organised a project to document the folk dance styles of the state.<ref name=Narthaki/>

==Personal life and death==
Pradhan had a son and three daughters. In early 2010 he underwent an [[angioplasty]] at an [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo hospital]] in Bhubaneswar, but he died on 10 October at the age of 62 after a [[cerebral haemorrhage]].<ref name=Express/>

==Awards and honours==
Pradhan was the recipient of an honorary doctorate from [[Utkal University]].<ref name=Express/> He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) |work=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> and the [[Padma Shri]] (Indian's fourth highest civilian award) in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |title=Padmashri Awardees list |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131221505/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |archive-date=31 January 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Gangadhar}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]

Paisa

2026-01-09T00:45:58Z

JudithBehan6: expanded section and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Idiom and monetary unit}}
{{About|the currency unit name in general|other uses|Paisa (disambiguation)}}
'''Paisa''' (also transliterated as ''pice'', ''pesa'', ''poysha'', ''poisha'' and ''baisa'') is a monetary unit in several countries. The word is also a generalised [[idiom]] for money and wealth. In [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]], the ''paisa'' currently equals {{frac|1|100}} of a [[rupee]]. In [[Bangladesh]], the ''paisa'' equals {{frac|1|100}} of a [[Bangladeshi taka]]. In [[Oman]], the ''baisa'' equals {{frac|1|1000}} of an [[Omani rial]].

==Etymology==

The word ''paisa'' is from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''padāṁśa'' ({{lang|sa|पदांश}}, basic unit), meaning 'quarter part base', from ''pada'' ({{lang|sa|पद}}) "foot or quarter or base" and ''aṁśa'' ({{lang|sa|अंश}}) "part or unit".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paisa |title=paisa |encyclopedia=Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=pada&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=pada |publisher=spokensanskrit.de (version 4.2) |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The pesa was also in use in colonial [[Kenya]]. The colloquial term for money in [[Burmese language|Burmese]], ''paiksan'' ({{lang|my|ပိုက်ဆံ}}), is derived from the Hindi term ''paisa'' ({{lang|hi|पैसा}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Myanmar-English Dictionary|year=1996|publisher=Myanmar Language Commission|isbn=1-881265-47-1}}</ref>
[[File:INDO-SASANIAN. Chaulukyas. 9th-10th century. Lot of sixty-eight AR Gadhaiya Paise.jpg|thumb|Chaulukyas. 9th–10th century. Lot of sixty-eight AR 'Gadhaiya Paise']]

==History==

[[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] coins were often called "Gadhaiya Paise" (9th–10th century CE).<ref name="HPR">{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Himanshu Prabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162|title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History|date=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781000227932|pages=161–163|language=en}}</ref> Until the 1950s in India and [[Pakistan]] (and before 1947 in [[British India]]), the paisa (back then spelled as ''pice'' in English) was equivalent to 3 [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]], {{frac|1|4}} of an [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]], or {{frac|1|64}} of a rupee. After the transition from a [[non-decimal currency]] to a [[decimal currency]], the paisa equaled {{frac|1|100}} of a rupee and was known as a ''naya paisa'' ("new paisa") for a few years to distinguish it from the old paisa(pice) that was {{frac|1|64}} of a rupee.

==Terminology==

In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Afghan Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and other languages, the word paisa often means money or cash. Medieval trade routes that spanned the [[Arabian Sea]] between India, the Arab regions and East Africa spread the usage of [[Indian subcontinent]] and Arabic currency terms across these areas.<ref name="gsr1953">{{Cite journal | journal=NADA: The Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department Annual |title=Cowry: Ndoro |issue=30 | first=M. D. W. |last=Jeffreys | year=1953 | publisher=Government of Southern Rhodesia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FAUAAAAIAAJ&q=currency+terms+pesa%2C+upeni | quote=...currency terms pesa, upeni, mali, khete, tickey all derive from Hindu or Arabic currency terms still in use in what was once called the Erythraean Sea |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The word ''pesa'' as a reference to money in East African languages such as [[Swahili language|Swahili]] dates from that period.<ref name="gsr1953" /> An example of this usage is the older day [[Kenya]]n mobile-phone-based money transfer service [[M-Pesa]] (which stands for "mobile pesa" or "[[Mobile payment|mobile money]]").

==Usage==
* Paisa = {{frac|1|100}} of a [[Bangladeshi taka]] (no longer in circulation)
* [[Indian paisa|Paisa]] = {{frac|1|100}} of an [[Indian rupee]] (only 50 paisa coins are de facto valid but no longer in circulation)
* Paisa = {{frac|1|100}} of a [[Nepalese rupee]] (no longer in circulation)
* Baisa = {{frac|1|1000}} of an [[Omani rial]]
* Paisa = {{frac|1|100}} of a [[Pakistani rupee]] (Officially demonetized from 1 October 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/finance/Coins.asp|title=State Bank of Pakistan}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:100 Baisa Oman reverso.png|100 Omani Baisa note (reverse)
File:100 Baisa Oman.png|100 Omani Baisa note (1995)
File:৫০ পয়সা ২০০১ সালের নকশা সম্মূখভাগ - 50 Paisa year 2001 Front Part.png|50 Bangladeshi Paisa (2001)
File:৫০ পয়সা ২০০১ সালের নকশা - 50 Paisa year 2001 Back Part.png|50 Bangladeshi Paisa (2001, reverse)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Money}}
*[[Bangladeshi taka]]
*[[Indian paisa]]
* [[Eco-Pesa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{commons category|Paisa (coins)}}

{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}
{{Rupee}}

[[Category:Currencies of Asia]]
[[Category:Currencies of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Coins of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Economy of Nepal]]
[[Category:Economy of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Rupee]]

{{money-unit-stub}}
{{SAsia-stub}}

List of expressways in Maharashtra

2026-01-05T23:38:04Z

JudithBehan6:

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of expressways''' '''in [[Maharashtra]].'''

== State expressways ==
State expressways are funded by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and [[Government of India]] to connect areas within the state. These expressways reduce travel time, allowing for more efficient travel and fuel savings. This also allows for a more equal distribution of goods, especially to [[Rural industry in India|rural areas]]. These expressways are not part of the national expressway system, but may be operated by the state authority or national authority.{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers"
!Number
!Name
!States
!Southern or western terminus
!Northern or eastern terminus
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km/mi)
!Lanes
!Year of Completion
!Remarks
|-
|ME-2
| [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]]||[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Amane, Bhiwandi]]
|[[Nagpur]]|| style="text-align:right" |{{cvt|701|km}}
| 6
| June 2025
|Longest expressway in India
|-
|ME-1
|[[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/mumbai/ |title="Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India". |publisher=Road Traffic Technology. |access-date=21 August 2010}}</ref>||[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]]
| [[Pune]]|| style="text-align:right" |{{cvt|94.5|km}}
|6
|April 2002
|India's first 6-lane expressway
|-
|
| [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Sewri]], [[South Mumbai]]
| [[Chirle]], [[Uran taluka]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|21.8|km}}
| 6
| December 2023
| Longest sea bridge in India
|}

== Bypass expressways ==

Bypass expressways were built to bypass city traffic and congestion. These may include [[ring road]]s, [[Bypass (road)|bypasses]], [[freeways]], and [[Elevated roadway|elevated roads]] that exist entirely within a city or between two cities. These expressways direct heavy traffic to the outskirts freeing city roads of traffic. This also allows outside traffic to directly pass the city instead of going through it further limiting traffic within a city.
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers"
!Name
!Locale
!States
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km/mi)
!Lanes
!Year of Completion
!Remarks
|-
|[[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]]
|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="text-align:right" |{{cvt|16.8|km}}
|4
|June 2014
|
|-
|[[National Highway 348 (India)|JNPT Road]]
|[[Panvel]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="text-align:right" |{{cvt|28|km}}
|6
|April 2022
|6-lane access-controlled road connecting Navi Mumbai to JNPT Port, it runs parallel to Uran-Panvel road
|-
|[[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul]] (Nashik Freeway)
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="text-align:right" |{{cvt|16|km}}
|4-6
|June 2013
|First [[NHAI]] expressway in Maharashtra. The longest flyover in Maharashtra.
|-
|}

== Expressways under construction ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers"
!Name
!States
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km/mi)
!Expected date of completion
|-
| Airoli–Katai Naka Freeway (Phase 1- 5.2 km section)
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|12.3|km}}
| 2023-03
|-
| [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)]] (Phase 1)
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|29.2|km}}
| 2023-12
|-
| [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/soon-new-delhi-mumbai-expressway-project-to-cost-rs-1-lakh-crore-nitin-gadkari/story-9OUM2mNyhqKFFvSXlByoPJ.html|title = Govt announces plans to build Delhi-Mumbai expressway for Rs 1 lakh crore |work = Hindustan Times|date = 17 April 2018 }}</ref>
| [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|1350|km}}
| 2028-12
|-
| Mumbai-Pune Expressway's Missing Link<ref>{{Cite news |agency=The Metro Rail Guy |date=2022-11-24 |title=Mumbai-Pune Expressway's Missing Link – Information & Status Update |language=en-IN |work=The Metro Rail Guy |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/msrdc-mumbai-pune-expressway-missing-link-route-map-status-update/ |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]||align="right"|{{cvt|13.30|km}}
| 2025-01
|}

== Proposed expressways ==

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers"
!Name
!States
!data-sort-type="number" |Length (km/mi)
|-
|Bangalore–Pune Expressway<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-pune-bangalore-expressway-route-map-status-update/ |title=Pune – Bangalore Expressway – Information & Status |date=3 October 2022 }}</ref>
|[[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|700|km}}
|-
|[[Bhandara–Gadchiroli Expressway]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|156|km}}
|-
| [[Surat–Chennai Expressway|Nasik–Chennai Expressway]]<ref name="Manual">{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-surat-chennai-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|title=Surat – Chennai Expressway – Information & Status |date=9 November 2022 |publisher=The Metrorail Guy |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> || [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|900|km}}
|-
| Virar–Alibag Expressway<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=After Samruddhi Mahamarg, Maharashtra shifts focus on Alibaug-Virar Multi Modal Corridor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/after-samruddhi-mahamarg-maharashtra-shifts-focus-on-alibaug-virar-multi-modal-corridor-8336941/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|126|km}}
|-
| Nasik-Pune Industrial Expressway<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://msrdc.in/Site/Upload/T2586NITPuneNashik.pdf |title=NOTICE INVITING TENDER |work=MAHARASHTRA STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, MUMBAI(A Govt. of Maharashtra Undertaking)|access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="India Infra Hub">{{cite web|url=https://indiainfrahub.com/2022/roads/with-samruddhi-expressway-nearing-completion-maharashtra-begins-work-on-2-new-expressways-connecting-pune-nashik-nagpur-goa/ |title=With Samruddhi Expressway Nearing Completion, Maharashtra Begins Work On 2 New Expressways Connecting Pune-Nashik, Nagpur- Goa |work=India Infra Hub|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|250|km}}
|-
| Pune–Aurangabad Expressway<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-pune-aurangabad-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/ |title=Pune – Aurangabad Expressway – Information & Status Update |work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|225|km}}
|-
| [[Nagpur–Goa Expressway]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagpur – Goa Expressway – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/msrdc-nagpur-goa-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|website=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All about Nagpur - Goa Expressway|url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/nagpur-goa-expressway-details-blid3908|work=[[The Times of India|Times Property]]|date=15 February 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|760|km}}
|-
| [[Hyderabad–Indore Expressway]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/23-expressways-new-highways-coming-up-in-next-5-years/articleshow/77526921.cms|title=23 new expressways and highways coming up in next 5 years|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>
| [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|713|km}}
|-
| [[Raipur-Hyderabad Expressway|Raipur–Hyderabad Expressway]]<ref name="constructionweekonline.in"/>
| [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|530|km}}
|-
|[[Jalna-Nanded Expressway|Jalna–Nanded Expressway]]<ref name="auto" />
|[[Maharashtra]]
|align="right"|{{Convert|179|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Konkan Greenfield Expressway
|[[Maharashtra]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|500|km}}
|-
|[[Nagpur-Bhandara-Gondia Expressway]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title=225km eastern Mah E-way to connect Gadchiroli Gondia to Samrudddhi Mahamarg|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/225km-eastern-mah-e-way-to-connect-gadchiroli-gondia-to-samrudddhi-mahamarg/articleshow/88152316.cms|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Times Of India|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
|align="right"|{{cvt|225|km}}
|-
| [[Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/feedback-infra-pitches-for-a-big-role-in-designing-greenfield-expressways/article10010165.ece|title=Feedback Infra pitches for a big role in designing greenfield expressways|last=Ramakrishnan|first=N|date=3 January 2018|work=Business Line|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180531131809/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/feedback-infra-pitches-for-a-big-role-in-designing-greenfield-expressways/article10010165.ece|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]
| align="right" |{{cvt|1100|km}}
|-
| Nagpur–Vijayawada Expressway<ref name="constructionweekonline.in">{{Cite web|title=NHAI chalks out plan to build 22 greenfield expressways by FY25|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/12133-nhai-chalks-out-plan-to-build-22-greenfield-expressways-by-fy25|access-date=4 June 2020|website=Construction Week Online India|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|align="right"|{{cvt|457|km}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra expressways (list)}}
[[Category:Expressways in Maharashtra| ]]

Rutuja Latke

2026-01-05T19:54:26Z

JudithBehan6: Started New Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Rutuja Ramesh Latke''' is an Indian politician who is elected as Member of [[14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in [[2022 elections in India|2022]] Legislative Assembly by-elections from [[Andheri East Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-06 |title=Uddhav's Shiv Sena candidate Rutuja Latke wins Andheri East bypoll |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/uddhav-s-shiv-sena-candidate-rutuja-latke-wins-andheri-east-bypoll-122110600608_1.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Who is Rutuja Latke, Uddhav Thackeray-led Sena candidate who won Andheri East bypoll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rutuja-latke-uddhav-thackeray-sena-candidate-andheri-east-bypoll-8205558/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She is the spouse of [[Ramesh Latke]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena Uddhav Thackeray faction candidate Rutuja Latke wins Andheri East bypolls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-faction-candidate-rutuja-latke-wins-andheri-east-bypolls20221106202525/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latke, Rutuja}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Yogendra Shukla

2025-12-17T11:07:43Z

JudithBehan6: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Infobox person
| name = Yogendra Shukla
| image = Yogendra Shukla.jpg
| native_name = योगेन्द्र शुक्ल
| native_name_lang = Hi
| birth_date = 1896
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1960|11|19|1896}}
| occupation = Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter
}}
{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1896–1960)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
'''Yogendra Shukla''' ({{Langx|hi|योगेन्द्र शुक्ल}}; 1896 – 19 November 1960) was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter, notable for his contributions in the state of [[Bihar]]. He was incarcerated in the [[Cellular Jail]], also known as ''Kala Pani'', and was a founding member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA). Shukla, in collaboration with [[Basawon Singh (Sinha)]], was also instrumental in establishing the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1243.html
| title = Dr Lohia's Life and Thought: Some Notes
| author = Surendra Mohan
| publisher = Mainstream
| volume = XLVII | issue = 14 | date = 21 March 2009
| access-date = 2009-03-23
}}</ref>
== Background ==
Yogendra Shukla, along with his nephew [[Baikuntha Shukla]] (15 May 1907 – 14 May 1934), originated from [[List of villages in Lalganj block|Jalalpur village]] in the [[Muzaffarpur district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (present-day [[Vaishali district]] in Bihar). He was born in a [[Bhumihar Brahmin|Bhumihar]] family. Between 1932 and 1937, Yogendra was incarcerated in the Cellular Jail, known as Kalapani, as a prominent leader of the revolutionary movement in Bihar and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He gained renown for his various exploits and was a close associate of revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh|Sardar Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], even playing a role in their training. Over his lifetime, he was imprisoned for over sixteen and a half years due to his involvement in revolutionary activities. His health deteriorated significantly due to the harsh torture he suffered in various jails across India. At the time of his death, he was suffering from illness and had lost his sight.

== Kala Pani ==
In October 1932, as per the instructions of the [[Governor in Council]], the Judicial Secretary A.C. Davies requested the Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) to compile a list of revolutionary convicts. The list was to include details such as the offences for which they were convicted, the sentences imposed, and a brief overview of their involvement in the revolutionary movement, with the purpose of moving them to the Celullar Jail in the [[Cellular Jail|Andaman Islands]].<ref name="Srivastava 1988">{{cite book
| first = N.M.P.
| last = Srivastava
| title = Struggle for Freedom: Some Great Indian Revolutionaries
| publisher = K.P.Jayaswal Research Institute, [[Government of Bihar]], [[Patna]]
| year = 1988
}}</ref> In response, the DIG (CID) suggested several individuals, including Yogendra Shukla, [[Basawon Singh (Sinha)]], Shyamdeo Narayan alias Ram Singh, Ishwar Dayal Singh, Kedar Mani Shukla, Mohit Chandra Adhikari and Ram Pratap Singh.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

Yogendra Shukla, [https://tryxyz.com/Kedar+Mani+Shukla Kedar Mani Shukla] and [[Shyamdeo Narayan]] were transferred to the Andaman Islands in December 1932.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> Yogendra Shukla’s relocation to [http://wikimapia.org/1625530/Central-Jail Hazaribagh Central Jail] was a direct consequence of his 46-days hunger strike.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> When [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] established the first Congress ministry in Bihar in 1937, he championed the cause of political prisoners. His ministry, standing firm on this issue, resigned on 15 February 1938.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> This act prompted the Viceroy to accede to their demands, leading to the release of Yogendra Shukla and other political prisoners in March 1938.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

== After release from Kala Pani ==
Yogendra Shukla joined the [[Indian National Congress]] after his release and was elected vice-chairman of the Muzaffarpur District Congress Committee.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> He was also elected a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in 1938 but later joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]] at the instance of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> He was arrested in 1940, soon after he became a member of Central Committee of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] in place of [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]].<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

== Quit India Movement ==
When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942, Yogendra Shukla scaled the wall of Hazaribagh Central Jail along with Jayaprakash Narayan, Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulab Chand Gupta, Ramnandan Mishra and Shaligram Singh intending to start the underground movement for freedom.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> As Jayaprakash Narayan was ill then, Shukla walked a distance to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] with Jayaprakash Narayan on his shoulders, a distance of about 124 kilometres.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /><ref>[https://maps.google.co.in/maps?saddr=Hazaribagh+Central+Jail,+Hazaribagh,+Jharkhand&daddr=Gaya,+Bihar&hl=en&sll=24.400154,85.161956&sspn=1.358153,2.705383&geocode=FbyIbgEdiIAWBSE11t7IkSieBylpMaxAKZz0OTE11t7IkSieBw%3BFescegEdP7gQBSkfPBsKRCrzOTGmNL-9I7L2zg&oq=gaya&t=h&dirflg=w&mra=ltm&z=9 Distance between Hazaribagh Central Jail and Gaya]</ref>

The [[British Government]] announced a reward of Rs. 5000 for the arrest of Shukla. He was arrested on 7 December 1942, at [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> The government believed that one day before his arrest Shukla had helped four prisoners escape from Muzaffarpur jail.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> They were Surajdeo Singh, Ram Babu Kalwar, Brahmanand Gupta and Ganesh Rai.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

Yogendra Shukla was lodged in [[Buxar]] Jail and kept in bar fetters for three years.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> In March 1944, he launched hunger-strike in the [[Buxar]] Jail.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

== During and after Independence ==
He was released in April 1946. In 1958, he was nominated a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] on behalf of the [[Praja Socialist Party]] and continued there till 1960.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" /> In 1960, he was taken seriously ill as a result of long years of prison life. He died on 19 November 1960.<ref name="Srivastava 1988" />

==See also==
*[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
*[[Ajit Kumar Mehta]]
*[[Upendra Nath Verma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rjan2001/r29012001.html] Official biography given by the Government of India when a stamp was released on him.

== Further reading ==
* [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], ''History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement'', (first published in 1939), Somaiya Publications, 1972.
* Naina Singh Dhoot, Surinder Singh, ''The Political Memoirs of an Indian Revolutionary'', Manohar Publishers, New Delhi, 2005, {{ISBN|978-8173046339}}.
* ''[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]: Selected Works'', Jayaprakash Narayan, ed. by Bimal Prasad, Manohar, 2000, {{ISBN|978-8173043871}}.
* P. N. Ojha, ''History of the Indian National Congress in Bihar, 1885-1985'', [[K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute]], 1985.
* Onkar Sharad, ''J P: Jayaprakash Narayan: Biography, Thoughts, Letters, Documents'', Sahitya Bhawan, 2nd edn, 1977.
* N.M.P.Srivastava, ''Colonial Bihar, Independence, and Thereafter: A History of the Searchlight'', [[K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute]], Patna, India, 1998.

{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Yogendra}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]

Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi

2025-11-06T05:28:32Z

JudithBehan6: data

#REDIRECT [[Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Aage Kya?

2025-11-06T03:07:01Z

JudithBehan6: post

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language interactive quiz show}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aage Kya.jpg
| caption = Show poster
| genre = [[Game show]]
| creator = Indian Storytellers
| writer =
| director = Utsav Chatterjee
| starring = Karan Sareen Devishi Madaan Vivek Menon Nishu Tiwari
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 40
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime =
| company = Indian Storytellers
| released = {{Start date|2021|03|28|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Aage Kya''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Interactive film|interactive]] [[quiz show]] that aired on [[Flipkart Video]] on 28 March 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 March 2021|title=Flipkart Video Set To Launch New Show - 'Aage Kya?'|url=https://www.adgully.com/flipkart-video-set-to-launch-new-show-aage-kya-102196.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.adgully.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514200205/https://www.adgully.com/flipkart-video-set-to-launch-new-show-aage-kya-102196.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> It is an original series of [[Flipkart Video]] directed by Utsav Chatterjee and produced under the banner of Indian storytellers. It is a daily game show featuring four social media influencers who are shown funny video clips and asked to present their perspectives. The show also allows viewers to be part of it by asking them three questions and the winners of each episode are awarded prizes by Flipkart.<ref>{{Cite web|last=binoy1|date=2021-03-25|title=वायरल वीडियो देखकर प्यार? फ्लिपकार्ट वीडियो के 'आ गया क्या?' हंसी देखने के लिए और बड़ी जीत के लिए!|url=https://cpnews.in/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=CP News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Season 1 comprises 40 short episodes and features a panel of four social media influencers, namely Karan, Vivek Menon, Devishi Madan, Nishu Tiwari, who watch three funny video clips alongside the viewers in each episode and give their point of views and have a funny debate on those videos.<ref name=":0" /> The episodes are 6–7 minutes in length and in every episode the panelists ask three questions to the viewers and four options are given for each question. The viewers have to select their answer on what they think is going to happen next in the videos. Those who guess all answers correctly are granted prizes by Flipkart at the end of each episode.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Flipkart Video set to launch new show 'Aage Kya?' on 28th March|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/flipkart-video-set-to-launch-new-show-aage-kya-on-28th-march/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=MediaNews4U|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Karan
* Devishi Madan
* Nishu Tiwari

== Production ==
Flipkart Video announced the show on 25 March 2021 by sharing a poster on its official Twitter revealing Aage Kya casts. A 41-second trailer was subsequently launched on [[YouTube]] on 25 March 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-25 |title=Love watching viral videos? Tune into Flipkart Video's 'Aage Kya?' to watch laugh and win big! |url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/features/love-watching-viral-videos-tune-into-flipkart-videos-aage-kya-to-watch-laugh-and-win-big/ |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=Lifeandtrendz |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Quiz shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Flipkart]]
[[Category:Interactive films]]
[[Category:Television series about social media]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2020s game shows]]

Dawn R. Bazely

2025-10-24T13:58:56Z

JudithBehan6: new

{{Short description|Biology professor (born 1960)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dawn R. Bazely
| image = Dawn_Bazely_headshot_2023.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| fields = {{plainlist|Ecology|Sustainability}}
| work_institutions = [[York University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Toronto]] [[Somerville College, Oxford]]
| thesis_title = Foraging behaviour of sheep (Ovis aries L.) grazing on swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
| thesis_url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d48c2508-a774-43b4-805b-9470971bd236
| doctoral_advisor = [[John R. Krebs]]
| website = http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/
}}

'''Dawn R. Bazely''' (born 30 August 1960) is a full professor in biology in the Faculty of Science, and the former Director of the Institute for Research Innovation in Sustainability (2006-2011 and 2012–2014), at [[York University]] in [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adventurecanada.com/staff/dawn-bazely-botanist|title=Dawn Bazely|date=2019-04-10|website=Adventure Canada|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=2019-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101164755/https://www.adventurecanada.com/staff/dawn-bazely-botanist|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/the-iris-years-2006-2014/|title=The IRIS years 2006-14 {{!}} Bazely Biology lab: collaborative, interdisciplinary, fun|website=dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> In 2015 she was awarded the title of University Professor for services to research, teaching, and the institution. Bazely has been a field biologist for forty years and her research specializes in plant-animal interactions in ecology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplebehindthescience.com/dr-dawn-bazely/|title=174: Dr. Dawn Bazely: Investigating the Intriguing Interactions between Animals and Plants|date=2014-10-31|website=People Behind the Science Podcast|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yorku.ca/experts/?name_or_keyword=bazely&research_area=&submit=Search+the+Guide&search=Y|title=York Media Relations|website=news.yorku.ca|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> She has also been recognized for her science communication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://larc.ucalgary.ca/projects/larc-dialogues/throwing-away-lab-coat|title=Communicating Science across Borders {{!}} Latin American Research Centre {{!}} University of Calgary|website=larc.ucalgary.ca|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bazely was born in [[India]], and moved as a toddler to [[England]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/first-page/welcome/|title=Lab People, starting with Dawn {{!}} Bazely Biology lab: collaborative, interdisciplinary, fun|website=dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929194730/http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/first-page/welcome/|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

She completed her Bachelor of Science degree in [[biogeography]] and environmental studies at the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplebehindthescience.com/dr-dawn-bazely/#disqus_thread|title=174: Dr. Dawn Bazely: Investigating the Intriguing Interactions between Animals and Plants - People Behind the Science Podcast|website=www.peoplebehindthescience.com|date=31 October 2014 |access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930033530/http://www.peoplebehindthescience.com/dr-dawn-bazely/#disqus_thread#disqus_thread|archive-date=2018-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> She then completed a Master's (MSc) degree in [[botany]], under the supervision of Robert L. Jefferies, at the University of Toronto.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=R.|first=Bazely, Dawn|date=1984|title=RESPONSES OF SALT-MARSH VEGETATION TO GRAZING BY LESSER SNOW GEESE (Anser caerulescens caerulescens)|url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/18772|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233227/https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/18772|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Her MSc thesis investigated the impact of grazing by ''Anser caerulescens caerulescens'' (lesser snow geese) on the Hudson Bay shores' salt-marsh vegetation.<ref name=":2" /> She then completed her [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] (PhD) in zoology, at the Edward Grey Institute in Field Ornithology, at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1998.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/dawn-r-bazely-387101|title=Dawn R Bazely|website=The Conversation|date=28 June 2017 |access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233226/https://theconversation.com/profiles/dawn-r-bazely-387101|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> supervised by [[John Krebs, Baron Krebs|John R. Krebs]]; she investigated sheep grazing behaviour.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Bazely then held an Ernest Cook Research Fellowship at [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] of the University of Oxford, followed by a Trevelyan Research Fellowship at [[Selwyn College, Cambridge|Selwyn College]] of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1990, she returned to Canada to join York University's biology department as a faculty member.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[file:Charles Krebs and Dawn Bazely at Judy Myers' retirement celebration in 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bazely (right) speaking to [[Charles Krebs]] at the retirement of colleague [[Judith H. Myers]] in 2007]]
She was York University's Director of the Institute for Research and Innovation in Sustainability (IRIS) from 2006 to 2011 and 2012–14.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/canadian-university-report/help-choosing-a-university-in-ontario/article14980137/?page=5|title=Help choosing a university in Ontario|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516211131/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/canadian-university-report/help-choosing-a-university-in-ontario/article14980137/?page=5|archive-date=2017-05-16|url-status=live}}</ref> In this role, she developed expertise in sustainability, science policy and environmental security, and expanded her research focus.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/meet-5-academics-who-have-switched-disciplines-mid-career/|title=Meet 5 academics who have switched disciplines mid-career {{!}} University Affairs|work=University Affairs|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929234859/https://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/meet-5-academics-who-have-switched-disciplines-mid-career/|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2016/04/20/open-your-mind-a-qa-with-biologist-dawn-bazely/|title=Open Your Mind: A Q&A with biologist Dawn Bazely – YFile|website=yfile.news.yorku.ca|date=21 April 2016 |access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233243/http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2016/04/20/open-your-mind-a-qa-with-biologist-dawn-bazely/|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, Bazely is a University Professor within York University's faculty of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://science.yorku.ca/biology/faculty-research/|title=York University – Faculty of Science|website=science.yorku.ca|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930035043/http://science.yorku.ca/biology/faculty-research/|archive-date=2018-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Research ===
Bazely's research lab focuses on ecology (specifically forests, grasslands, herbivores, climate change and invasive species), and broader issues of sustainability, as well as exploring intersections with science policy, open access, [[citizen science]], and science communication.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/|title=Bazely Biology lab: collaborative, interdisciplinary, fun {{!}} An ongoing Initiative in Research & Innovation in Sustainability|website=dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004161033/http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> She has published over 70 academic publications, as well as books and book chapters, resulting in over 2,000 citations and an h-index of 26.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=d2Z2AZ4AAAAJ&hl=en|title=Dawn Bazely - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>

=== Teaching ===
In 2003, Bazely received York University's Faculty of Science and Engineering Excellence in Teaching Award.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013, she was awarded York University's President's University-Wide Teaching Awards, in the senior full-time faculty category, in recognition of time spent on preparing and innovating the courses she teaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2013/05/13/four-recipients-of-presidents-university-wide-teaching-awards-embrace-teaching/|title=Recipients of President's University-Wide Teaching Awards embrace pedagogy – YFile|website=yfile.news.yorku.ca|date=13 May 2013 |access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918171338/http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2013/05/13/four-recipients-of-presidents-university-wide-teaching-awards-embrace-teaching/|archive-date=2015-09-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Bazely was also recognized as a "Hotshot Professor" in the [[The Globe and Mail|Globe and Mail]]'s 2014 Canadian University Report.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2013/10/23/york-an-intellectual-oasis-in-the-suburbs-says-globe-and-mails-university-report/|title=York is an intellectual oasis in the suburbs, says The Globe and Mail's university report – YFile|website=yfile.news.yorku.ca|date=23 October 2013 |access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026024543/http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2013/10/23/york-an-intellectual-oasis-in-the-suburbs-says-globe-and-mails-university-report/|archive-date=2013-10-26|url-status=live}}</ref> In a ''[[The Washington Post]]'' editorial, Bazely writes that she uses editing Wikipedia pages as a tool to teach her students the skills of HTML-style coding.<ref name="PostEverything">{{cite news |last1=Bazely |first1=Dawn |title=Perspective {{!}} Why Nobel winner Donna Strickland didn't have a Wikipedia page |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/10/08/why-nobel-winner-donna-strickland-didnt-have-wikipedia-page/ |accessdate=14 October 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014035008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/10/08/why-nobel-winner-donna-strickland-didnt-have-wikipedia-page/ |archive-date=2018-10-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bazely also co-sponsors a Wikipedia Edit-a-thon at York University.<ref name="editathon">{{cite news |title=Wikipedia Editathon Chronicles Part 1 {{!}} Bazely Biology lab: collaborative, interdisciplinary, fun |url=http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/2018/01/wikipedia-editathon-chronicles-part-1/ |accessdate=14 October 2018 |work=dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015081658/http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/2018/01/wikipedia-editathon-chronicles-part-1/ |archive-date=2018-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Public engagement and science communication ===
In 2015, Bazely co-founded York University's Annual International Ada Lovelace Day with York University's Science and Engineering Librarian, John Dupuis.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://yorkuwomeninstem50.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/all-about-york-universitys-1st-ada-lovelace-day-celebrations/|title=A recap of York University's 1st Ada Lovelace Day celebrations|date=2015-10-30|work=#YorkU Celebrates #WomenInSTEM|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233440/https://yorkuwomeninstem50.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/all-about-york-universitys-1st-ada-lovelace-day-celebrations/|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, she was an invited speaker for a science communication panel at the 2018 Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution Annual Meeting, where she spoke about communicating science to policy makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/2018/08/science-communication-with-twitter-tweeting-science-to-policymakers/|title=Science Communication with Twitter: Tweeting Science to Policymakers {{!}} Bazely Biology lab: collaborative, interdisciplinary, fun|website=dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233243/http://dawnbazely.lab.yorku.ca/2018/08/science-communication-with-twitter-tweeting-science-to-policymakers/|archive-date=2018-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csee2018.ca/lunchtime-events.html|title=Lunchtime Events|website=CSEE 2018|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129190246/https://www.csee2018.ca/lunchtime-events.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

* 2017 York University's Sustainability Leadership Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Dawn Bazely - TABES |url=https://lassonde.yorku.ca/tabes/dawn-bazely-co-investigator/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=lassonde.yorku.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2022 [[Sandford Fleming Medal]] for Excellence in Science Communication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sandford Fleming Medal & Citation |url=https://www.rciscience.ca/the-sandford-fleming-medal-citation |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Royal Canadian Institute for Science |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125013645/https://www.rciscience.ca/the-sandford-fleming-medal-citation |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2022 Minister of Colleges and Universities’ Awards of Excellence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Prof Dawn Bazely receives provincial award of excellence |url=https://www.yorku.ca/science/2022/01/26/prof-dawn-bazely-receives-provincial-award-of-excellence/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Faculty of Science |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Selected academic publications ===

* Bazely DR, and Jefferies RL. "Goose faeces: a source of nitrogen for plant growth in a grazed salt marsh". [[Journal of Ecology|The Journal of Ecology]], 693–703. 1985.
* Bazely DR and Jefferies RL. "Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt-marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer." [[Journal of Ecology|The Journal of Ecology]], 693–706. 1986.
* Vicari M and Bazely DR. "Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences." [[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]]. 8(4), 137–141. 1993.
*McLachlan SM and Bazely DR. "Recovery patterns of understory herbs and their use as indicators of deciduous forest regeneration." [[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] 15 (1), 98–110. 2001.
*Koh S, Vicari M, Ball JP, Rakocevic T, Zaheer S, Hik DS and Bazely DR. "Rapid detection of fungal endophytes in grasses for large‐scale studies." [[Functional Ecology (journal)|Functional Ecology]] 20 (4), 736–742. 2006.
*Tanentzap AJ, Bazely DR and Lafortezza R. "Diversity–invasibility relationships across multiple scales in disturbed forest understoreys." Biological Invasions 12 (7), 2105–2116. 2010.
* Bazel DR, Perkins PE, Duailibi M and Klenk, N. "Strengthening Resilience by Thinking of Knowledge as a Nutrient Connecting the Local Person to Global Thinking." Planetary Praxis & Pedagogy, 119–132. 2015.
* Bazely DR, Dubreuil A and Nanayakkara L. "How the unconference approach can increase stakeholder engagement." Revista Vínculos 3 (1). 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019-12-09 |title=How the unconference approach can increase stakeholder engagement {{!}} Revista Vínculos ESPE |journal=Revista Vínculos ESPE |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=https://journal.espe.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/vinculos/article/view/616 |language=es-ES |doi=10.24133/rvespe.v3i1.616 |last1=Bazely |first1=Dawn R. |last2=Dubreuil |first2=Annette |last3=Nanayakkara |first3=Lushani |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Selected books ===

* Myers J, Myers JH, and Bazely DR. "Ecology and control of introduced plants." [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2003.
* Hoogensen Gjørv G, Bazely DR, Goloviznina M, and Tanentzap AJ. "Environmental and Human Security in the Arctic." Routledge (Earthscan): [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Group]]. 2014.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bazely, Dawn R.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian women biologists]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Academic staff of York University]]
[[Category:Canadian women academics]]
[[Category:Canadian ecologists]]
[[Category:Women ecologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Toronto]]

Action of 11 April 1783

2025-09-12T14:47:05Z

JudithBehan6: new

{{Short description|Naval battle between British and French ships}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Action of 11 April 1783
| coordinates =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 11 April 1783
| place = [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Indian Ocean]]
| result = British victory
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain|blue}} [[Samuel Graves]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of France|naval}} [[Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse|Villaret de Joyeuse]] {{surrendered}}
| strength2 = 64 gun ship of the line
| strength1 = 30 gun Corvette
| casualties2 = 24 wounded
| casualties1 = 1 Corvette captured 34 wounded 160 sailors and Marines captured.
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Anglo-French War (1778–83)}}
}}
The '''action of 11 April 1783''' was a naval engagement which took place during the [[American Revolutionary War]] in the East Indies campaign. The [[French corvette Naïade (1780)|French corvette ''Naïade'']] was spotted by the 64-gun [[HMS Sceptre (1781)|HMS ''Sceptre'']]. In a five hour long fight ''Sceptre'' captured ''Naïade'' off [[Trincomalee]] on the night of 14 April 1783.<ref name=london12509 >{{London Gazette|issue=12509|page=1|date=10 January 1784}}</ref>

==Background==
On 11 April, ''Captaine de Brûlot'' [[Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse|Villaret de Joyeuse]] was given command of ''Naïade''. Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren]] sent her to [[Madras]] to warn the French blockading squadron, composed of the [[74-gun]] [[French ship Fendant (1776)|''Fendant'']], the 64-gun [[French ship Saint Michel (1741)|''Saint-Michel'']] and the frigates [[French frigate Cléopâtre (1781)|''Cléopâtre'']] and [[HMS Coventry (1757)|''Coventry'']], of the imminent arrival of a superior British force.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers|last=Hennequin|first=Joseph François Gabriel|author-link=Joseph François Gabriel Hennequin|year=1835|publisher=Regnault éditeur|location=Paris|page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbdCAAAAYAAJ|language=French|volume=2}}</ref>

==Action==
Three days after her departure, on 11 April 1783, ''Naïade'' spotted the 64-gun HMS ''Sceptre'', under Captain [[Samuel Graves]]. In the light of a full moon and with the wind too light to escape and trying without success to elude his much stronger opponent, Villaret was forced into battle.<ref name=london12509 /> At 22:00 the cannonade began and after two hours of resistance as ''Sceptre'' closed in on ''Naïade'', Graves invited Villaret to surrender but the latter flatly refused.{{sfn|Cavaliero|1994|p=215}}

The fight resumed, but soon ''Naïade'' began suffering heavy damage. After two hours of resistance the French corvette had lost two topmasts, her wheel shot away, seven guns dismounted and her rigging was disabled. Villaret seeing that further resistance was futile [[Striking the colors|struck his colours]]. The ''Sceptre'' had only the mizenmast damaged; casualties were light on both sides, 24 on the Sceptre and 34 on the ''Naïade''. Having admired the fight and the resistance, Graves reportedly returned Villaret de Joyeuses' sword to him.{{sfn|Cavaliero|1994|p=215}}

==Aftermath==
The ''Naïade'' was found to be armed with eighteen to twenty 8-pounder guns and ten [[swivel gun]]s, and had a crew of 160 men, the latter of which became prisoners of war including Villaret. Despite the loss of ''Naïade'', the British squadron was unable to locate the French ships,<ref name=london12509 /> ''Sceptre'' would next take part in the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|Battle of Cuddalore]] against Suffren's fleet two months later. The British armed ''Naïade'' with twenty-two 12-pounder guns, and two 18-pounder and six 12-pounder [[carronade]], but never commissioned her.{{sfn|Demerliac|1996|p=73}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Cavaliero |first1=Roderick |title=Admiral Satan Life and Campaigns of Suffren |date=1994 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781850436867}}
* {{cite book |last1=Demerliac |first1=Alain |title=La Marine de Louis XVI Nomenclature des navires français, de 1774 à 1792 |date=1996 |publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=9782307464198 |language=fr}}

[[Category:1783 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1783]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the East Indies Campaign]]

Indians in Sweden

2025-08-27T06:21:07Z

JudithBehan6: small expand formatting for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|People of Indian descent living in Sweden}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Sweden
| population = '''59,290''' (2024; by birth)
| pop1 = [[Gothenburg]]{{·}}[[Stockholm]]{{·}}[[Lund]]{{·}}[[Malmö]]{{·}}[[Helsingborg]]{{·}}[[Uppsala]]{{·}}[[Solna]]{{·}}[[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]]
| langs = [[Kannada language | Kannada]] {{·}} [[Hindi language | Hindi]] {{·}}[[Marathi language | Marathi]] {{·}}[[Gujarati language | Gujarati]] {{·}} [[Punjabi language | Punjabi]] {{·}} [[Bangla language | Bangla]] {{·}}[[Malayalam language | Malayalam]] {{·}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]]{{·}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{·}} [[Swedish language|Swedish]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Buddhism]] {{·}}[[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Christianity]] ([[Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Lutheranism]]){{·}}[[Jainism]]{{·}}[[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]){{·}}[[Religions of India]]
| related-c = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|People of Indian Origin]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
'''Indians in Sweden''' are citizens and residents of [[Sweden]] who are of [[India]]n descent. Along with the [[Chinese people in Sweden|Chinese]], Indians are also one of the largest Asian immigrant populations in Sweden.

==Demographics==
During the period of 2001 to 2010, a total of 7,870 Indian students came for higher studies in Sweden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/education/large-number-south-asian-students-swedish-universities-2001%E2%80%932010|title=Large number of South Asian students at Swedish universities 2001–2010|first=Julia|last=Velkova|date=4 November 2011|publisher=[[Lund University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115192432/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/education/large-number-south-asian-students-swedish-universities-2001%E2%80%932010|archive-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> According to Statistics Sweden, as of 2016, there are a total 25,719 India-born immigrants living in Sweden.<ref name="Popt">{{cite web|title=Foreign-born persons by country of birth, age, sex and year|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b83e5bbd-958a-4655-aa40-486ba2ca09a3|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> Most of these [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|people of Indian origin]] are [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Bengalis]], and [[South India|South Indians]]. Some Indians sought and obtained political asylum after 1984. Some Indians have come to Sweden from Uganda in the 1970s.<ref name="committee">{{cite book|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter11.pdf|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora|chapter=Other European countries|publisher=nic.in|pages=133–156|date=19 December 2001|access-date=12 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417123000/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter11.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2003}}</ref>

According to Statistics Sweden, India is among the most common countries of birth for international [[adoption]]s in Sweden. As of 2016, there are 1,017 India-born children and young adults aged 0-21 who are adopted in Sweden.<ref name="Popap">{{cite web|title= Adopted children and young persons, number by sex, age, country of birth and year|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__LE__LE0102__LE0102I/BarnAdoption/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=a8cb32e8-c0b7-4d51-9a96-119a3090e94c|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>

According to the Institute of Labor Economics, as of 2014, India-born immigrants residing in Sweden have a labor force participation rate of approximately 54%. Their employment population ratio is about 49%. They also have an unemployment rate of around 6%.<ref name="Ile">{{cite web|title=Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States - Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement|url=http://legacy.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/reports/report_pdfs/report_pdfs/iza_report_64.pdf|publisher=Institute of Labor Economics|access-date=20 October 2017}} - cf. [http://legacy.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/reports/64/rr64_appx04.pdf Appendix 4: Diaspora characteristics - labour force indicators by sending countries]</ref>

Statistically, approximately 50% of the Indian-born population in Sweden live in the province of [[Stockholm]] and most of them work as IT engineers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/it-jobben-har-gjort-indier-till-storsta-invandrargruppen-i-stockholm|title = It-jobben har gjort indier till största invandrargruppen i Stockholm|newspaper = Sveriges Radio|date = 18 September 2021|last1 = Elefalk|first1 = Rikard}}</ref> In [[Skåne]] province, in 2020, Indians are one of the largest groups of immigrants along with [[Danes]]. In the three main cities in Skåne, [[Helsingborg]], [[Lund]] and [[Malmö]], the Indian immigrant population holds the first, second and fifth place among other immigrant populations respectively.<ref name="immigrants">{{cite web|title= It-jobben har gjort indier till en av Skånes största invandrargrupper|url=https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2021-03-16/it-jobben-har-gjort-indier-till-en-av-skanes-storsta-invandrargrupper|publisher=Sydsvenskan|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
{{further information|:Category:Swedish people of Indian descent}}
{{further information|:Category:Indian emigrants to Sweden}}
==See also==
{{Portal|India|Sweden}}
* [[India–Sweden relations]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Immigration to Sweden]]
* [[Indians in Finland]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418085018/http://www.moia.gov.in/showsublink.asp?sublinkid=237 Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Sweden]
*[http://www.indianembassy.se/ Embassy of India, sweden]
*[http://www.searchindie.com/Home/City/Stockholm Indians In Sweden]
*[http://www.indien.nu/Indien_i_Sverige India in Sweden]
*[http://iaim.se/ Indian Association in Sweden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232231/http://www.iaim.se/ |date=22 March 2012 }}
*[http://www.mandirstockholm.com/ Hindu Temple in Sweden]
*[http://www.searchindie.com/ Indian Expat Platform]
*[http://www.facebook.com/IndianStudentsOrg// Indian Students Organization]
{{Immigration to Sweden}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Sweden]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Europe|Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Indian descent| ]]

{{India-stub}}
{{Sweden-stub}}

Periyakulam

2025-05-13T00:29:09Z

JudithBehan6:

{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Periyakulam
| other_name = KuzhanthaimaaNagar
| nickname = Mango city
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Varaga Nathi.jpg
| image_alt = Varaha Nathi, View from Thenkarai
| image_caption = Varaha Nathi, View from Thenkarai
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Periyakulam, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.1239|N|77.5475|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Periyakulam&params=10.1239_N_77.5475_E_type:city(42976)_region:IN-TN]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Zone
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Periyakulam Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 326
| population_total = 42,976
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 56km
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>World Gazetteer</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625601
| registration_plate = TN-60
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
| area_code = 04546
| website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/periyakulam/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Periyakulam''' ({{IPA|ta|peɾijagɯɭam|lang}}) is a major town and a [[municipality]] in [[Theni district]], in the [[Madurai]] Region, [[South India|South]] [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of 2011, the town had a population of 42,976. Periyakulam is the northern gateway of the district.



== Etymology ==

The name of this town derived from two Tamil words equivalent to "big lake" {in Tamil ({{langx|ta|பெரிய}}) means "big" and ({{langx|ta|குளம்}}) is "lake"}. In Tamil literature, the name of this town is Kulainthai Managaram ({{langx|ta|குழந்தை மாநகரம் }}).

== History ==

There are three very old temples. The Balasubramaniam Swamy temple is located on the banks of the Varaha nadhi (Varaha river). Periyakovil Temple and Karanamoorthy Swamy temple are located on the Periyakulam pond. On the southeast side Kailasanathar temple located in the hills.<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007">{{cite book |editor1-last=Creagh |editor1-first=Dudley |editor2-last=Bradley |editor2-first=David |title=Physical Techniques in the Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage |date=2007 |volume=2 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-52856-8 |doi=10.1016/s1871-1731(07)x8002-3 }}{{page needed|date=September 2021}}{{vs|date=July 2021}}</ref>

== Geography==

Periyakulam is a city situated on the palm fringed banks of the Varaganathi, a perennial river with the great wall of the Kodaikanal hills.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Municipality and Municipality Place |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/periyakulam/ |website=tnurbantree.tn.gov.in |publisher=gov.in |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Periyakulam (PKM) is located at {{Coord|10.07|N|77.33|E|}}.<ref name=":1">[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Periyakulam.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Periyakulam]</ref> It has an average elevation of 282 metres (925 feet). It is located at the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] bordering the neighbouring state of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the most fertile places in the state of Tamil Nadu. Agriculture is the primary occupation for the population here. It is also known as the "Mango City", as a major supply of [[mangoes]] from this city goes into Tamil Nadu's mango output. It stands on the bank of the 'Varaha' (in Hindu mythology, Lord Maha Vishnu's Boar incarnation) river. It is a fertile area that has an annual supply of surplus rainfall. Periyakulam riverine wetland is situated in Udayar pallam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. The average rainfall of that area is 145 cm. The water of the wetland is mainly used for drinking and irrigation purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Periyakulam, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Periyakulam.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> The villages that are included are Keelavadakarai, Kailasapatti, T. Kallipatti, Thamarai kulam, Vadugapatti, Melmangalam and Jeyamangalam villages that also stand on the banks of the Varaha River. The original town was near New ground but later shifted due to plague scare.

=== Topography ===

Periyakulam City has an area of 21 km2, within an urban area now extending over as much as 55 km2<ref name=Periyakulam2012>{{cite book |title=Periyakulam |date=2012 |publisher=Crypt Publishing |isbn=978-613-8-88162-9 |oclc=935255044 }}{{page needed|date=September 2021}}</ref> and it is located at {{Coord|10.07|N|77.33|E|}}.<ref name=":1" /> It has an average elevation of 356 m above mean sea level.<ref name=Periyakulam2012/>

=== Climate ===
The climate is salubrious, with northeast monsoon rains during October–December.<ref name=Periyakulam2012/> Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 40 °C and a minimum of 26.3 °C, though temperatures over 43 °C are not uncommon.<ref name=Periyakulam2012/> Winter temperatures range between 29.6 °C and 18 °C.<ref name=Periyakulam2012/> The average annual rainfall is about 105 cm. The lowest temperature reached in 2019 was 14.1 °C.<ref name=Periyakulam2012/>


== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Periyakulam had a population of 42,976 with a sex-ratio of 1,013 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 4,095 were under the age of six, constituting 2,081 males and 2,014 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 15.02% and 0.01% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 79.84%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 11,401 households. There were a total of 14,857 workers, comprising 523 cultivators, 3,051 main agricultural labourers, 272 in house hold industries, 9,492 other workers, 1,519 marginal workers, 25 marginal cultivators, 809 marginal agricultural labourers, 60 marginal workers in household industries and 625 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Periyakulam(05843)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=698983|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

The population has been declining since the 1990s. According to World Gazetteer the population as of 2012 is only 39,185 down from 46,744 in 1991 which would mean that Periyakulam has only 8,000 people more than it did in 1951. This would make it one of the few cities in India to have a marginal population increase since 1951.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}


=== Languages ===
Tamil is spoken predominantly in and around Periyakulam. Madurai Tamil is the standard dialect spoken.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shanmugalakshmi |first1=S. |last2=Balakrishnan |first2=K. |last3=Manoharan |first3=K. |last4=Pitchappan |first4=R.M. |title=HLA-DRB1*, -DQB1* in Piramalai Kallars and Yadhavas, two Dravidian-speaking castes of Tamil Nadu, South India |journal=Tissue Antigens |date=June 2003 |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=451–464 |doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00061.x |pmid=12823769 }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==

Periyakulam was a Lok Sabha constituency. Now Periyakulam assembly constituency is a part of [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
[[O. Panneerselvam]] served in the Periyakulam assembly constituency in 2001 and 2006. He is now elected from Bodinayakkanur constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref> Periyakulam comes under Theni Lok Sabha Constituency and is now represented by [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4964|access-date=2021-01-04|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>


== Culture/Cityscape ==
Periyakulam is also known as ‘Mango City’ and is known for its sweet Mangoes. Periyakulam is also known for its sweet water which comes from the Berijam Lake kodaikanal. It has nice weather throughout the year.

Periyakulam is an undesigned river-based settlement city which located "Theni district" in India.<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007"/> The city has been divided into two major divisions by the river: Thenkarai (southern part) and Vadakarai (northern part). The streets around the city are based upon communal settlements symbolizing the structure of the cosmos.<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007"/> It owns rich resources with bunch of historical relics such as "archaeological vestiges, inscriptions and ancient temples".<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007"/> It is also regarded as a "holy space" that catches people's attention.<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007"/>


=== Tourist attractions ===
Periyakulam itself has an abundance of tourist places; also around Periyakulam, you can find a number of tourist locations.<ref name="Creagh & Bradley 2007"/> To name a few, Sothuparai Dam (9 km), Kumbakarai Falls (8 km), Theertha Thotti (2 km), [[Vaigai Dam]] (15 km), Manjalar Dam (18 km), Kodaikanal (49 km via Kumbakarai, Adukkam) (72 km via devathanapatty) [[Thekkady]] (80 km), Surulithirtham (60 km), [[Munnar]] (103 km) and many more. MaruthaNayagam Masjid located in Vadagarai (legs of Marutha Nayagam were buried in this Masjid).

The [[Kumbakkarai Falls|Kumbakkarai Waterfalls]] are located 8 km away from Periyakulam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-23|title=Tamilnadu waterfalls & dams|url=http://www.discovertamilnadu.net/tamilnadu%20dams%20and%20waterfalls.html|access-date=2020-11-01|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923185629/http://www.discovertamilnadu.net/tamilnadu%20dams%20and%20waterfalls.html|archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> These waterfalls used to be quite dangerous, with lot of pits. Hence people were afraid to go near them. In 1942, an affluent business person, Thiru K Chellam Iyer, proprietor of Bavani Krishna Vilas Hotel - Periyakulam, dredged the entire falls area, closed the dangerous holes, constructed dressing rooms, and built staircases for safe access to the falls.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Soma|date=2019-07-03|title=A day trip to Kumbakarai falls|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/a-day-trip-to-kumbakarai-falls/article28271351.ece|access-date=2020-11-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With his efforts the falls developed into a tourist spot.


== Education ==

The school at Periyakulam is Victoria Memorial High School which caters to education in the town.

The Horticultural College & Research Institute (HC & RI), one of the constituency colleges of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, is located at Periyakulam. Government Nursing college is located at Periyakulam.

===Colleges===
{{directory|section|date=March 2019}}
* Jayaraj Annapakiyan College of arts and Science, Tamarikulam post, government
* Government college of Horticulture
* VPV college of engineering, D. Vadipatti post
* Mary Matha college of arts and Science
* Government College of Nursing, Theni district head govt hospital
* Devangar Polytechnic College
* Thanga muthu Polytechnic College
* Thiraviyam group of institutions


==Notable people ==
{{unsourced section|date=December 2023}}
* [[Bala (director)|Bala]], film director; National Film Award for best direction
* [[Mu. Metha]], Tamil poet
* [[O. Panneerselvam]], Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
* [[Singampuli]], film actor
* [[Major Sundarrajan]], film actor
* [[Vairamuthu]], Indian lyricist and poet

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Artioli |first1=Gilberto |last2=Angelini |first2=Ivana |title=Scientific Methods and Cultural Heritage: An Introduction to the Application of Materials Science to Archaeometry and Conservation Science |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954826-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Murugan |first1=M. |last2=Murugan |first2=T. |last3=Wins |first3=J. Albino |title=Study of freshwater fish fauna in Periyakulam Riverine Wetland, Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu |journal=International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies |date=2015 |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=250–252 |url=https://www.fisheriesjournal.com/archives/?year=2015&vol=2&issue=5&part=E&ArticleId=558 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Periyakulam&params=10.1239_N_77.5475_E_type:city(42976)_region:IN-TN GeoHack - Periyakulam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527101243/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/periyakulam/ Homepage of Periyakulam municipality]

{{Theni district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Theni district]]

Ganitagannadi

2025-04-16T22:02:28Z

JudithBehan6: stub

{{Short description|1604 commentary in Kannada}}
'''Gaṇitagannaḍi''' (Mirror of Mathematics) is a commentary in [[Kannada]] on Viddṇācārya's ''Vārșikatantra'' composed by Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa Joisāru in 1604.<ref name="Shylaja">{{cite journal |last1=B. S. Shylaja and Seetharam Javagal |title=Ganitagannadi: A ''karana'' text of 1604 on ''Siddhantic'' astronomy in Kanada |journal=History of Science in South Asia |year=2020 |volume=8 |pages=13–35 |doi=10.18732/hssa.v8i0.46 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/46/100 |access-date=15 December 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=B. S. Shylaja and Seetharam Javagal |title=Mean and True Positions of Planets as Describedin Ganitagannadi – A Karana Text on Siddhantic Astronomy in Kannada |journal=History of Science in South Asia |year=2021 |volume=9 |pages=232–272 |doi=10.18732/hssa62 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/62 |access-date=15 December 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> Viddṇācārya's ''Vārșikatantra'' is a ''karaṇa'' text written before 1370 CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of Indian literature: Vol Vi Part 4 - Jyothisastra - Astral and mathematical literature |date=1981 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/pingree1981/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

The book, written in [[Nandinagari]] script, is a ''karaṇa'' text, that is, a book which explain the various computations in astronomy especially with regard to those related to the preparation of ''[[Panchangam]]''-s ([[calendar]]). Even though manuscripts of Kannada commentaries of several Sanskrit texts on astronomy like ''Sūryasiddhānta'' have been identified, ''Gaṇitagannaḍi'' is the first such commentary ever to be translated into English, printed and published.<ref name="Bhavana">{{cite journal |last1=B. S. Shylaja |title=Archival Collections of Kannaḍa Texts on Astronomy and Mathematics |journal=Bhavana: The Mathematics Magazine |date=January 2022 |volume=6 |issue=1 |url=https://bhavana.org.in/archival-collections-of-kannaḍa-texts-on-astronomy-and-mathematics |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> ''Gaṇitagannaḍi'' was translated into English by B. S. Shylaja, a scientist associated with Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bengaluru and Seetharama Javagal and was published in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akhil Kadidal |title=Palm leaf guide to the stars |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/palm-leaf-guide-to-the-stars-1061922.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=18 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=B.S.Shylaja and Seetharama Javagal |title=Ganitagannadi - Mirror of Mathematics |date=April 2021 |publisher= Navakarnataka Publications Pvt Ltd |location=Bengaluru |isbn=978-8195317721 }}</ref> It was Seetharama Javagal who brought to light the palm leaf manuscript of ''Gaṇitagannaḍi'' in his grandfather's collection.<ref name="Bhavana"/>

The most important specialty of the book from an astronomical point of view is that, "in the third chapter (''Chāyāddhāya''). all the computations are based on a single parameter, namely the shadow length. Other quantities are based on ''Dyu-nishardha-Karna'', to be obtained daily. This includes ''vishuvat-karna'' and ''vishuvatchaya''. This clearly demonstrates the importance of actual observations. These traditional astronomers always advocated ''drig-ganita-aikya'' (that is, the concordance between observation and computation)."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S. Balachandra Rao |title=Review of "Gaṇitagannaḍ: Mirror of Mathematics" |journal=Bhavan's Journal |date=2022 |pages=592–593 |url=https://www.sciengine.com/doi/pdfView/24707381BF344D5DA02E5A1D3B04B7E6 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

==Outline of the book==

The first chapter of the book deals with the procedure for getting ''kalidina'', starting from the ''kalivarsa'' count, and the method for getting the mean positions for planets. The second chapter provides the method for deriving the true positions of all planets, perigees and the nodes. The third chapter describes the procedures of ''tripraśnādhikāra'' in ''Sūryasiddhānta''. The fourth chapter is devoted to eclipses. The fifth chapter describes a graphical method for obtaining the timings, magnitudes, and points of ingress. The next three chapters are very brief. The last chapter describes the determination of the elevation of the cusps of the crescent moon.<ref name="Bhavana"/>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Indian mathematics}}

[[Category:Astronomy books]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:History of mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]

List of tied Women's Twenty20 Internationals

2025-03-15T07:59:11Z

JudithBehan6: general adjust article and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{About||the list of tied matches in Men's T20I|List of tied Twenty20 Internationals}}
A [[Women's Twenty20 cricket|Women's Twenty20]] International is a 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]-per-side [[cricket]] match played in a maximum of 150 minutes between two of the top 10 ranked countries of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) in terms of women's cricket.<ref name="T20Istatus">{{cite web |url=http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317933255_933.pdf |title=Women's Twenty20 Playing Conditions |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |accessdate=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140151/http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317933255_933.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first women's Twenty20 International match was held in August 2004 between [[England national women's cricket team|England]] and [[New Zealand national women's cricket team|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/135007.html |title=Revolution at the seaside |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=6 August 2004 |accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref> six months before the first Twenty20 International match was played between two men's teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144628.html |title=Ponting leads as Kasprowicz follows |newspaper=[[Cricinfo]] |last=English |first=Peter |date=17 February 2005 |accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref> A Twenty20 International can have three possible [[Result (cricket)|results]]: it can be won by one of the two teams, it could be tied, or it could be declared to have "no result".<ref name="laws">{{cite web|url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/542bbeee9ab7d-3%20_Standard_T20I_2014-15_Final_Oct_14.pdf |page=8 |title=Standard Twenty20 International Match Playing Conditions |publisher=International Cricket Council |date=1 October 2014 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> For a match to finish as a tie, both teams must have scored the same number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]]. The number of [[wicket]]s lost is not considered.<ref name="laws"/> Although such matches are recorded as ties, a [[Tiebreaker|tiebreak]] is played; prior to December 2008, this was a [[bowl-out]], and since then it has been a [[Super Over]].<ref name="wi">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/sudden-death-super/57556 |title=Sudden death, and the Super Over |publisher=Wisden India |last=Patnaik |first=Sidhanta |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208141909/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/sudden-death-super/57556 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first tied women's T20I occurred on 18 October 2006, between [[New Zealand national women's cricket team|New Zealand]] and the [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], hosted at [[Allan Border Field]] in [[Brisbane]].<ref name="t1"/> Australia won the resulting bowl-out, and were awarded two points, the equivalent of a win. This is the only women's T20I match to be decided by bowl-out. The next tie, involving [[England national women's cricket team|England]] and [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], happened during the group stages of the [[2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20]]. This was the first instance of Super Over in a women's international. Both Australia and England scored 6 runs in their extra over. However, as Australia has hit more sixes (1, compared to England's 0), they have declared winner of the match.<ref name="t2"/>

On 4 September 2019, [[Nigerian women's cricket team in Rwanda in 2019–20#2nd T20I|a T20I between Nigeria and Rwanda]] ended in a tie. However, Nigeria team refused to play the super over and Rwanda was declared the winners.

{{As of|2024|11|17}}, there have been 18 tied women's Twenty20 Internationals.<ref name="ties"/> West Indies have played in the most, six, and on three of those instances they were facing Pakistan.<ref name="ties"/> Only one tie has occurred during [[ICC Women's World Twenty20]] tournaments.<ref name="t2"/>

==Tied matches==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#def;"| {{dagger}} || Tied match occurred in a T20 World Cup match
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|+ Tied Women's Twenty20 Internationals<ref name="ties">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283288.html |title=Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Tied matches |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! # || Date || First innings || Second innings || Venue || class="unsortable" | Result || class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|18}}
| {{crw|NZ}} 141/7 (20 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} 141/5 (20 overs)
| [[Allan Border Field]], [[Brisbane]]|| Match tied Australia won bowl-out, 2–1
| <ref name="t1">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/252991.html |title=Only T20I, New Zealand Women tour of Australia at Brisbane |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 2
! scope="row" style="background:#def; text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2010|05|05}} {{dagger}}
| {{crw|ENG}} 104 (17.3 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} 104 (19.4 overs)
| [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]]|| Match tied Super over score 6/2 - 6/2 Australia won by count of 6's
| <ref name="t2">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/412705.html |title=2nd Match, Group A, ICC Women's World Twenty20 at Basseterre|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2011|09|11}}
| {{crw|WIN}} 72/9 (20 overs)
| {{crw|PAK}} 72 (20 overs)
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Guyana]] || Match tied West Indies won Super Over, 10/1 – 7/1
| <ref name="t3">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/361655.html |title=4th T20I (N), Pakistan Women tour of West Indies at Providence|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|24}}
| {{crw|WIN}} 118/7 (20 overs)
| {{crw|ENG}} 118/7 (20 overs)
| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Match tied West Indies won Super Over, 9/0 – 6/1
| <ref name="t4">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/630899.html|title=6th Match (N), West Indies Tri-Nation Twenty20 Women's Series at Bridgetown|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2014|09|27}}
| {{crw|NZ}} 111/4 (20 overs)
| {{crw|WIN}} 111/8 (20 overs)
| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]] || Match tied New Zealand won Super Over, 7/0 – 5/2
| <ref name="t5">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/762497.html|title=3rd T20I, New Zealand Women tour of West Indies at Kingstown|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|01}}
| {{crw|WIN}} 88 (19.5 overs)
| {{crw|PAK}} 77 (17 overs){{efn|name=fn1|Due to rain interruption during Pakistan innings, revised target for Pakistan was set as 78 in 17 overs.}}
| [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]] || Match tied West Indies won Super Over, 6/1 – 3/2
| <ref name="t6">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/892047.html |title=3rd T20I, Pakistan Women tour of West Indies and United States of America at St George's|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2018|07|14}}
| {{crw|NED}} 146/3 (20 overs)
| {{crw|UAE}} 146/9 (20 overs)
| [[VRA Cricket Ground]], [[Amstelveen]]|| Match tied UAE won Super Over, 6/2 – 5/2
| <ref name="t7">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1147733.html|title=7th place Play-off, ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier at Amstelveen|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2019|02|01}}
| {{crw|PAK}} 132/4 (20 overs)
| {{crw|WIN}} 132/6 (20 overs)
| [[Southend Club Cricket Stadium]], [[Karachi]] || Match tied West Indies won Super Over, 18/0 – 1/2
| <ref name="t8">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1172470.html|title=2nd T20I, West Indies Women tour of Pakistan and United Arab Emirates at Karachi|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2019|06|27}}
| {{crw|SCO}} 96 (18.5 overs)
| {{crw|NED}} 96/7 (20 overs)
| [[La Manga Club Ground|La Manga Club]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] || Match tied Scotland won Super Over, 8/0 – 7/0
| <ref name="t9">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1190607.html|title=4th Match, ICC Women's T20 World Cup Europe Region Qualifier at Cartagena|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|04}}
| {{crw|NGR}} 105/2 (20 overs)
| {{crw|RWA}} 105/6 (20 overs)
| [[Rwanda Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali City]] || Match tied Rwanda won the match as Nigeria refused to play super-over
| <ref name="t10">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1196030.html|title=2nd T20I, Nigeria Women tour of Rwanda at Rwanda|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2020|02|01}}
| {{crw|ENG}} 156/4 (20 overs)
| {{crw|AUS}} 156/8 (20 overs)
| [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]] || Match tied England won Super Over, 10/0 – 8/0
| <ref name="t11">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1183544.html|title=2nd Match, Canberra, February 1, 2020, Australia Tri-Nation Women's T20 Series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|05}}
| {{crw|NZ}} 111/4 (20 overs)
| {{crw|WIN}} 111/9 (20 overs)
| [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua]] || Match tied New Zealand won Super Over, 18/0 – 15/0
| <ref name="t12">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1334418.html|title=4th T20I, North Sound, October 5, 2022, New Zealand Women tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=5 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|30}}
| {{crw|HK}} 101/7 (20 overs)
| {{crw|JPN}} 101/7 (20 overs)
| [[Kaizuka Cricket Ground]], [[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]] || Match tied Hong Kong won Super Over, 4/2 – 5/0
| <ref name="t13">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1336982.html|title=4th T20I, Kaizuka, October 30, 2022, Women's East Asia Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=30 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2022|12|11}}
| {{crw|AUS}} 187/1 (20 overs)
| {{crw|IND}} 187/5 (20 overs)
| [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || Match tied India won Super Over, 20/1 – 16/1
| <ref name="t14">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1345425.html|title=2nd T20I (N), DY Patil, December 11, 2022, Australia Women tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=11 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2023|05|28}}
| {{crw|HK}} 72 (17 overs)
| {{crw|CHN}} 72/9 (20 overs)
| Pingfeng Campus Cricket Field, [[Hangzhou]] || Match tied Hong Kong won Super Over, 15/0 – 4/2
| <ref name="t15">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1378147.html|title=Final, Hangzhou, May 28, 2023, Women's Twenty20 East Asia Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=28 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|16
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2023|06|15}}
|{{crw|Kenya}} 82/8 (20 overs)
|{{crw|Botswana}} 82/7 (20 overs)
|[[Gahanga Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]
|Match tied Kenya won Super Over, 9/0 – 10/0
|<ref name="t16">{{Cite web |title=BOT-W vs KEN-W, Kwibuka Women's Twenty20 Tournament 2023, 16th Match at Kigali City, June 15, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kwibuka-women-s-twenty20-tournament-2023-1380681/botswana-women-vs-kenya-women-16th-match-1380703/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|17
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2024|03|31}}
|{{crw|ZIM}} 119/6 (20 overs)
|{{crw|PNG}} 119/6 (20 overs)
|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
|Match tied Papua New Guinea won Super Over, 7/0 – 6/0
|<ref name="t17">{{Cite web |title=2nd T20I, Harare, March 31, 2024, Papua New Guinea Women tour of Zimbabwe |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/zimbabwe-women-vs-papua-new-guinea-women-2023-24-1426041/zimbabwe-women-vs-papua-new-guinea-women-2nd-t20i-1426049/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|18
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|17}}
|{{crw|CRC}} 110/8 (20 overs)
|{{crw|MEX}} 110 (20 overs)
|[[Reforma Athletic Club]], [[Naucalpan]]
|Match tied Mexico won Super Over, 8/0 – 5/1
|<ref name="t18">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459720.html|title=3rd T20I, Naucalpan, November 17, 2024, Costa Rica Women tour of Mexico|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|19
! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | {{dts|format=dmy|2025|03|14}}
|{{crw|FRA}} 77/9 (20 overs)
|{{crw|FIJ}} 77/9 (20 overs)
|N'Du Stadium, [[Nouméa]]
|Match tied First super over tied, 8/0 - 8/0 Fiji won 2nd Super Over, 5/0 - 4/1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=FRA-W vs FJI-W Cricket Scorecard, 3rd place play-off at Noumea, March 14, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-pacific-france-women-championship-2024-25-1474418/france-women-vs-fiji-women-3rd-place-play-off-1474428/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Count by country==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+Teams involved in most Tied WT20I
! Teams !! No. of Tied Matches
|-
|align=left|{{crw|WIN}}
| 6
|-
|align=left|{{crw|AUS}}
| 4
|-
|align=left|{{crw|ENG}} ||rowspan=3| 3
|-
|align=left|{{crw|NZ}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|PAK}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|NED}} ||rowspan=2| 2
|-
|align=left|{{crw|HK}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|IND}} || rowspan="15" | 1
|-
|align=left|{{crw|BOT}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|CHN}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|CRC}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|FRA}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|FIJ}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|JPN}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|KEN}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|MEX}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|NGA}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|PNG}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|RWA}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|SCO}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|UAE}}
|-
|align=left|{{crw|ZIM}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of tied Women's One Day Internationals]]
* [[Tied Test]]
* [[List of tied Twenty20 Internationals]]
* [[List of tied One Day Internationals]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tied Twenty20 Internationals}}
[[Category:Women's cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Women's Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics|Ties]]

The Improv (TV series)

2025-03-02T14:59:10Z

JudithBehan6: New

{{About|the Indian comedy show| the American comedy club franchise|The Improv}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Improve in.jpg
| caption = The Improv performing during a show
| alt_name =
| genre = [[improvisational]]
| creator = [[Saad Khan]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Saad Khan]]
| starring = Abel Mathews, [[Sal Yusuf]], Darius Sunawala, Richa Kapoor, Tim Schultz
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = [[India]]
| language =
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = CenterStage India
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| related = 
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| channel = 
}}

'''''The Improv''''' is an [[improvisational]] [[comedy show]] which was started in May 2012<ref name=":0" /> in [[Bangalore, India]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Datta|first = Sravasti|title = Dine away your blues|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/dine-away-your-blues/article5052487.ece|access-date = 8 February 2014|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = August 23, 2013}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://in.bookmyshow.com/events/the-improv-by-centerstage/ET00017484|title = The Improv By Centerstage|access-date = 4 November 2014|website = bookmyshow.com}}</ref> The show has no script and is totally improvised, as its name suggests. The audiences give suggestions, situations and scenarios to the host and taking the cue, the actors create on-the-spot hilarious scenes on stage.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Improv by Centerstage|url=http://bangalore.afindia.org/events/the-improv-by-centerstage/|publisher=[[Alliance Française]]|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="decc">{{cite news|title=Great presence of mind|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/384326/presence-mind.html|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=Feb 4, 2014}}</ref> It is hosted and directed by [[Saad Khan]], an Indian filmmaker. The show is conceptualized by Saad Khan. The show's performers are [[Sal Yusuf]], Darius Sunawala, Abel Mathews and Tim Schultz.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Laugh-your-hearts-out-at-the-Improv/articleshow/35638379.cms|title = Laugh your hearts out at the Improv|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 4 November 2014}}
</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url = http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=1271463|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121015/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=1271463|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 6, 2014|title = Ring Finger First|work = Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The team has performed over 100 shows in [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]] and Sweden.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=THERE-IS-A-LOT-OF-DEMAND-FOR-BANGALORE-24092014103020|archive-url = https://archive.today/20141105050737/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31806&articlexml=THERE-IS-A-LOT-OF-DEMAND-FOR-BANGALORE-24092014103020|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 5, 2014|title = THERE IS A LOT OF DEMAND FOR BANGALORE ACTORS: SAAD KHAN|last = Dhwani|first = Desai|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 5 November 2014}}</ref>

== Background ==
The show was created in May 2012 by [[Saad Khan]]. College mates, Khan and Sundar spent hours in their campus canteen performing improvisational scenes together. Such [[impromptu]] performances in college earned them an early audience, who cheered and motivated them. After college, they pursued their respective media careers and Khan left for the [[US]] for further studies. On Khan's return to India he started Centerstage in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE MOVEMENT SO FAR |url=http://centerstageindia.com/the-movement-so-far.html|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Comedy: Vasu Primlani & Kenneth Sebastian|url=http://thetossedsalad.com/events/comedy-vasu-primlani-kenneth-sebastian/|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> On May 6, 2012, Centerstage launched ''The Improv'' in Bangalore which had actors on stage performing many scenes without any rehearsal or script and from situations given by the audience. Since then they have performed over 100 shows in Indian cities like [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and their first overseas performance was in the [[UAE]] in April 2014.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=The Movement: New Waves|url=http://www.centerstageindia.com/the-movement.html|publisher=CenterStage|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> In 2016, THE IMPROV was selected and invited to the Sweden International Improv Festival that takes place at the [[Regina Theatre]] in [[Uppsala]] every year. Saad's team was the only Indian outfit performing at SWIMP and the audiences couldn't stop raving about the show's format and energy of the improvisers.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.swedenimprovfestival.com/shows.html|title = SHOWS|website = www.swedenimprovfestival.com|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bengaluru-improv-in-sweden/article8360791.ece|title = Bengaluru improv in Sweden|date = 2016-03-16|newspaper = The Hindu|language = en-IN|issn = 0971-751X|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref> They have had shows for varied audiences like in the general public, corporate houses, college fests, and communities. The show was featured on NDTV prime for its uniqueness, production value and organic reach.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|title=These guys are just insane, man!|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?edorsup=Sup&wintype=popup&queryed=860004&querypage=3&boxid=20410010&id=9678&eddate=2012-10-04&ed_date=2012-10-04&ed_code=860004|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=The Daily News Analysis|date=Oct 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031301/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?edorsup=Sup&wintype=popup&queryed=860004&querypage=3&boxid=20410010&id=9678&eddate=2012-10-04&ed_date=2012-10-04&ed_code=860004|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

== Format ==
[[File:Improv india audiance.jpg|thumb|Audience enjoying an Improv show]]
Every show of The Improv has four to five rounds. Each round has a prefix ‘SHUT UP AND’. The first round is a general improvisation round called ‘SHUT UP AND IMPROV’ where a general situation, topic or location is given by the audience to the host who assigns roles and scenarios to the performers, who must improvise and perform a skit on the spot. The popular rounds of THE IMPROV are Freeze, Switch and Rotate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/333350/The-New-Indian-Express-Hyderabad/06-09-2014#page/17/2|title=The New Indian Express-Hyderabad, 06-09-2014 : readwhere|website=epaper.newindianexpress.com|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

Freeze: Where the actors are frozen during the scene and a type of film genre or emotion is taken from the audience and the scene continues. Switch: Where 2 actors are given characters that don't get along with each other. One actor starts aggressive and the other submissive. The host calls out 'Switch' and the actors switch between these emotions. Rotate: It is an improv game for 4 actors. Each actor is assigned an occupation, type of sport, accent and place. Every time the host calls out 'Rotate' the actors shift from one position to the next.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.deccanherald.com%252Fcontent%252F541678%252Fsaad-khan-my-pinboard.html|title=- Deccan Herald|website=m.deccanherald.com|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

==Uniqueness==
''The Improv'', though similar in its genre as the popular show ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (American TV series)|Whose Line is it Anyway]]'', is quite unique indeed. The only common ground between ''The Improv'' and ''Whose Line is it Anyway'' is [[improvisation]]. ''The Improv'' amalgamates acting, spontaneity, interactive banter, entertainment, group dynamic, audience involvement and live reactions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why not have a symbol of positivity?|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/439591/why-not-have-symbol-positivity.html|access-date=5 November 2014|work=deccanherald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dine away your blues|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dine-away-your-blues/article5053301.ece|access-date=5 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=They Script Their Plays on Stage|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/They-Script-Their-Plays-on-Stage/2014/06/11/article2274521.ece1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141105193117/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/They-Script-Their-Plays-on-Stage/2014/06/11/article2274521.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2014|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> The Improv and its followers have chosen the [[ring finger]], also known as the ‘Other Finger’ or the ‘Finger of Happiness’, as their symbol. It is a tongue in cheek contrast to the [[Middle finger (gesture)|middle finger]] and its inappropriateness.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why not have a symbol of positivity?|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/439591/why-not-have-symbol-positivity.html|access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ring Finger|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=1271463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121015/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=1271463|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2014|access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> Another highlight of the show is the interactions of the host with the audience. Known for his sarcastic sense of humour, Saad Khan brings out quirky suggestions from audience members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lets-get-improvisational/article6649528.ece|title=Let's get improvisational|date=2014-12-01|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

==The team==
The show is hosted and [[Theatre director|directed]] by [[Saad Khan]] and produced by Maaz Khan.<ref>{{cite news|title=IN BRIEF|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/352817/in-brief.html|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=Aug 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Center' of attention|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131231/lifestyle-offbeat/article/%E2%80%98center%E2%80%99-attention|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=8 February 2014|date=31 Dec 2013}}</ref> The on-stage improvisational actors on the show are:<ref name="DNA" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Things To Do This Weekend|url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2013/05/16/things-to-do-this-weekend-37/|publisher=Mumbaiboss.com|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com2">{{cite news|last = VAKKALANKA|first = HARSHINI|title = Fifty shades of Danish|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fifty-shades-of-danish/article4952493.ece|access-date = 8 February 2014|newspaper = The Hindu|date = July 25, 2013}}
</ref><ref name=":22"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Dejavu presents The Improv|url=http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/events/31185-dejavu-presents-the-improv#.VFmxQ9j5ncd|access-date=5 November 2014|work=Time Out Dubai}}</ref>

* Richa Kapoor- School [[teacher]] and actor<ref name=":12"/>
* Darius Sunawala - RJ & Actor<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-comedy-groups-go-global/articleshow/57410360.cms|title=Bengaluru comedy groups go global|work=The Times of India|last=Agarwal|first=Stuti|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sal Yusuf]] - Actor and Comedian<ref name=":12"/>
* Tim Schultz - Writer, Actor and Comedian<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/theater/2018/aug/10/black-dog-easy-evenings-india-tour-brings-papa-cj-danish-sait-and-cyrus-sahukar-to-hyderabad-9454.html|title=Black Dog Easy Evenings' India tour brings Papa CJ, Danish Sait and Cyrus Sahukar to Hyderabad|work=Indian Express|last=Prasad|first=A. Harini|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
* Abel Mathews- Actor and Comedian<ref name="B"/>
* Siddharth Sundar - Actor<ref name=":12"/>
* [[Danish Sait]] - Actor<ref name="A"/>
* [[Sumukhi Suresh]] - Comedian and actress<ref name=":12"/>
* Praveen Raj - Comedian<ref name="A"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Improv}}
[[Category:Improvisational troupes]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in India]]

Shimla Summer Festival

2024-12-21T11:33:39Z

JudithBehan6: Done

{{Short description|Regional festival in India}}
[[File:Folk Gatha at the historic The Mall Road, Shimla.jpg|thumb|Folk Gatha performed by local artists in Summer Festival at Shimla [[Mall Road, Shimla|Mall Road]]]]

'''Shimla Summer Festival''' is a multi-day cultural festival held in May or June in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It has been held since 1960.

The Shimla Summer Festival was instituted in 1960<ref name=Krishnan>Anjali Krishnan, [https://www.thebetterindia.com/283714/summer-festivals-india-2022-arts-cultural-heritage-ladakh-rajasthan-vacation/ "10 Beautiful Indian Festivals That You Just Can’t Afford to Miss This Summer"], ''The Better India'', 28 April 2022, retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref> as one of three summer festivals to increase tourism in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>Lalit Mohan, [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/nod-to-revival-of-dharamsala-summer-fest-384262 "Nod to revival of Dharamsala summer fest"], ''The Tribune India'', 7 April 2022, retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref> It gives [[Harvest festival|thanks to the gods for the harvest]] and opens the summer season; it usually takes place in May, sometimes in June.<ref name=tour>[https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/shimla-summer-festival.html "About Shimla Summer Festival Himachal"], ''Tour My India'', 2020, retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref>

Held at the Ridge Ground in Shimla,<ref name=Krishnan/><ref>[https://hpshimla.nic.in/fair-festivals/ "Fair & Festivals"], District of Shimla, retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref><ref>Shruti Shende, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/seize-the-summer-with-these-festivals-101652430724555.html "Seize the summer with these festivals!"], ''Hindustan Times'', 13 May 2022, retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref> the festival includes a fair selling local products and traditional arts and crafts, food stalls, a flower show, performances by both local folk musicians and touring musicians, theatre performances, a magic show, a fashion show showcasing traditional dress, a sports tournament, musical, poster making and photography contests, and a dog show.<ref name=tour/><ref>[https://www.festivalsofindia.in/shimlasummerfestival/ "Shimla Summer Festival 2022"], ''Festivals of India'', retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.shimlaindia.net/fairs-and-festivals/summer-festival.html "Shimla Summer Festival"], ''Shimla Guide'', retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref><ref name=Statesman>[https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/guru-randhava-add-glamour-shimla-summer-festival-1503078301.html "Guru Randhava to add Glamour to Shimla Summer festival"], ''The Statesman'', 5 June 2022, retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref> It attracts many visitors.<ref>[https://www.india.com/travel/articles/shimla-summer-festival-2022-a-riot-of-colours-and-festivity-in-himachal-pradesh-5428737/ "Shimla Summer Festival 2022: A Riot of Colours And Festivity in Himachal Pradesh"], ''India.com'', 2 June 2022, retrieved 30 August 2022.</ref>

The 2022 festival scheduled events all day for the first time.<ref name=Statesman/> The 2023 festival was held over four days starting June 1, with monitored access and the city divided into five security sectors.<ref>Rahul Bhandari , [https://thenewshimachal.com/2023/06/shimla-international-summer-festival-2023-a-fusion-of-cultural-delights-begins-today/ "Shimla International Summer Festival 2023: A Fusion of Cultural Delights Begins Today"], ''The News Himachal'', 1 June 2023, retrieved 9 July 2023.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://hpshimla.nic.in/summer-festival-click-here-to-view-program-details/ Shimla Summer Festival], [[Shimla district]] {{in lang|hi}}

[[Category:Festivals in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Summer festivals]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]