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<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 107<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Bhavanisagar.svg<br />
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]<br />
| established = 1967<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| mla = [[A Bannari|A. Bannari]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| name = Bhavanisagar<br />
| electors = 237,613 <br />
| reservation = SC<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhavanisagar''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Erode district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 107. It comes under [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br />
|access-date = 2008-10-10<br />
|work = Tamil Nadu<br />
|publisher = Election Commission of India<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|archive-date = 2009-02-06<br />
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
| [[V. K. Ramarasan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[V. K. Chinnasamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[G. K. Subramaniam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| rowspan=3|V. K. Chinnasamy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| [[V. A. Andamuthu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| [[P. Chithambaram]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| [[O. Subramaniam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[P. L. Sundaram]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| [[S. Eswaran]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[A. Bannari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22107.htm?ac=107 |title=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517203145/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22107.htm?ac=107 |url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| [[V. P. Tamilselvi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[V. P. Tamilselvi]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=72,391 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Bannari]]|party=AIADMK|votes=67,822 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. L. Sundaram]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=63,107 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soundarya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=5,832 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,804 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,569 |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Bannari]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,181 |percentage=49.95% |change=7.72% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. L. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=83,173 |percentage=41.47% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sangeetha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,517 |percentage=4.29% |change=3.65% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthikkumar. K |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,297 |percentage=2.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramesh. G |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,197 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,005 |percentage=1.01% |change=-0.51% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sakthivel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,197 |percentage=0.60% |change=0.02% }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,008 |percentage=8.06% |change=1.39% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,98,562 |percentage=76.30% |change= -5.68% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=265 |percentage=0.13% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,249 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.72% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Eswaran. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,006 |percentage=42.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya. R |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,902 |percentage=35.56% |change=-3.26% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. L. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=27,965 |percentage=14.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswami. N. R |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,557 |percentage=1.81% |change=-0.91% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,980 |percentage=1.52% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel. N. R |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,485 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagarajan. T |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,352 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sangeetha. G |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,251 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. S. R |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,151 |percentage=0.59% |change=-0.81% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani. R |party=Independent politician |votes=886 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,104 |percentage=6.67% |change=-5.20% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,96,551 |percentage=81.97% |change= 0.01% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,778 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -8.46% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. L. Sundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=82,890 |percentage=50.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Logeswari R |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,487 |percentage=38.83% |change=-11.96% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswami R |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,440 |percentage=2.72% |change=1.49% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaraman. J |party=Independent politician |votes=2,848 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. S. R |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,287 |percentage=1.40% |change=1.06% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,969 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopal B |party=Independent politician |votes=1,709 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. N |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan P |party=Independent politician |votes=1,067 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhakumari. R |party=Independent politician |votes=725 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,403 |percentage=11.87% |change=-3.76% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,99,502 |percentage=81.96% |change= 6.96% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,511 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.10% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,055 |percentage=50.79% |change=12.21% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sindu Ravichandaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,039 |percentage=35.16% |change=-12.50% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. K |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,399 |percentage=8.12% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,440 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,782 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thamaraimanalan. P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,567 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeran |party=Independent politician |votes=966 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy. V. T |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=439 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parameswaramurthy. M |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,016 |percentage=15.63% |change=6.54% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,086 |percentage=75.00% |change= 12.23% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,773 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.12% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Chithambaram. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,879 |percentage=47.67% |change=13.05% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,604 |percentage=38.58% |change=-16.32% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=5,326 |percentage=4.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramanian. S |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,086 |percentage=2.73% |change=-4.83% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusami. K. S |party=Independent politician |votes=2,845 |percentage=2.52% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram. P |party=Independent politician |votes=2,563 |percentage=2.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bathran Alais Puratchi Bathran. V |party=Independent politician |votes=994 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppuasamy . R. |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ananthan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,275 |percentage=9.09% |change=-11.19% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,036 |percentage=62.78% |change= -10.75% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,170 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.23% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. A. Andamuthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,483 |percentage=54.89% |change=34.25% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,032 |percentage=34.62% |change=-28.13% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,742 |percentage=7.56% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalam. R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.67% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vendha Pannadi. P. R. |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=311 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. V. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy. V. T. |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. S. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Duraisamy. P. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,451 |percentage=20.28% |change=-21.82% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,646 |percentage=73.53% |change= 5.61% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,250 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.85% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,474 |percentage=62.74% |change=25.31% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,887 |percentage=20.65% |change=-9.80% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. L. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=13,347 |percentage=13.19% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Krishnamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,565 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=751 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnraj |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=272 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Angappan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=212 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Rangan |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Karuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Palaniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Sridharan |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,587 |percentage=42.10% |change=35.10% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,166 |percentage=67.91% |change= -9.48% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,848 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.31% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,716 |percentage=37.44% |change=-21.62% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swamynathan. P.A. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,296 |percentage=30.44% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Doraisamy. P.A. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,252 |percentage=21.92% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elankovan. E.V.K.S. |party=Independent politician |votes=8,381 |percentage=7.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velayutha Gounder. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. S.S. |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusamy. S.R. |party=Independent politician |votes=166 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,420 |percentage=6.99% |change=-11.89% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,088 |percentage=77.40% |change= 1.44% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,475 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.62% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,539 |percentage=59.06% |change=10.77% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vellingiri S. Alias Giri S. V. |party=Janata Party |votes=35,743 |percentage=40.18% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan P. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=682 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,796 |percentage=18.88% |change=5.47% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,964 |percentage=75.95% |change= 8.84% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,478 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.77% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam. G. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,557 |percentage=48.28% |change=15.80% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sampoornam Swamynathan. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,852 |percentage=34.88% |change=4.43% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppuswamy. N. K. |party=Janata Party |votes=12,778 |percentage=16.00% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulanthyval. K. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjan. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar. P. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,705 |percentage=13.41% |change=11.37% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,858 |percentage=67.12% |change= 5.28% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,236 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.80% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,078 |percentage=32.48% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sampoornam Swaminothan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,631 |percentage=30.44% |change=-21.44% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karuppanan |party=Janata Party |votes=13,027 |percentage=18.33% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T.K. Marisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,428 |percentage=16.08% |change=-22.81% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Makalialias Mahalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=623 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.V. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.S. Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bharathi |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Maran |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.C. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,447 |percentage=2.04% |change=-10.95% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,052 |percentage=61.83% |change= -7.41% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,879 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.40% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Ramarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,003 |percentage=51.89% |change=0.12% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusamy M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,992 |percentage=38.89% |change=-3.67% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kasiappan R. |party=Independent politician |votes=4,370 |percentage=8.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniappan K. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=606 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,011 |percentage=12.99% |change=3.79% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,971 |percentage=69.24% |change= -3.15% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,534 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.12% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavanisagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,980 |percentage=51.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Velusamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,187 |percentage=42.57% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kuravan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,954 |percentage=5.67% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,793 |percentage=9.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,121 |percentage=72.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,191 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|11.478258|77.1236157|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_with_official_recognition_in_India&diff=511874Languages with official recognition in India2026-05-05T10:48:23Z<p>Juanita09O: Adding First Page Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Languages designated official status by the Constitution of India }}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
[[File:Language Map of India.jpg|thumb|States and union territories of India by the most commonly spoken (L1) first language]]<br />
[[File:Road_sign_Kochi.jpeg|thumb|A pentalingual highway sign in Kochi written in Malayalam, English, Hindi, Tamil and Kannada.]]<br />
<br />
{{As of|2025}}, 22 languages have been classified as '''scheduled languages''' under the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref name="Eight">{{cite web|title=Eighth Schedule|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S8.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> There is no [[national language]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi, not a national language|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-not-a-national-language-court/article94695.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131202420/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Hindi-not-a-national-language-Court/article16839525.ece |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> [[Hindi]] and English share official language status.<br />
<br />
When the constitution was adopted in 1950, article 343 declared that Hindi would be the official language and English would serve as an additional official language for a period not exceeding 15 years.<ref name="Rajbasha">{{cite web|title=Constitutional Provisions: Official Language Related Part-17 of The Constitution Of India|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/Part17.pdf|access-date=1 July 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the [[Official Languages Commission]]. The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|title=Constitution of India, Eighth schedule|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Official Languages Act, 1963]], which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provision for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi.<ref>{{cite act|title=Official Languages Act|year=1963|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1526/1/A1963__19.pdf|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The official languages of British India before independence were English, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Languages of India|other Indian vernaculars]], with English being used for purposes at the central level.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mollin|first=Sandra|title=Euro-English: assessing variety status|year=2006|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|isbn=978-3-8233-6250-0|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPhULmMmqJMC&pg=PA17}}</ref> The origins of official Hindi usage traces back to the late 19th century. In 1881, Hindi replaced Urdu as the official language of Bihar; and in 1900, [[Antony MacDonnell, 1st Baron MacDonnell|MacDonnell]] issued an order, which allowed the "permissive — but not exclusive — use" of Devanagari for [[Hindustani language]] in the courts of [[North-Western Provinces]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rai|first=Alok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC|title=Hindi Nationalism (tracks for the Times)|date=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1979-4|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following independence, the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] remained divided on the language issue, with some like [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar|R. V. Dulekar]] and [[Seth Govind Das]] favouring declaring Hindi written in [[Devanagari]] the national language of India immediately, while within the camp favouring Hindi there were divisions over whether the script of the language should be Devanagari or Roman, whether Hindustani with both Devanagari and Urdu scripts be retained, and whether the numerals should be international or Devanagari. Meanwhile, some like [[Frank Anthony]], [[T. A. Ramalingam|T A Ramalingam Chettiar]], and [[Naziruddin Ahmad]] wanted to continue the usage of English, while Nehru, although supporting the dropping of English as an official language in favour of Hindi/Hindustani, cautioned against forcefully doing so in face of opposition in the South.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2022 |title=Hindi Diwas, and the history of the debate over Hindi's status |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/explained-hindi-diwas-and-the-history-of-the-debate-over-hindis-status-8150724/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Hindi Diwas: How Constituent Assembly decided on Hindi as the official, and not national, language of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/hindi-diwas-constituent-assembly-official-language-8940309/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], adopted in 1950, as a compromise envisaged that English would be phased out in favour of Hindi over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter.<ref>[[Kanchan Chandra]], [http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/chandra/ps2001.pdf "Ethnic Bargains, Group Instability, and Social Choice Theory", Politics and Society 29, 3: 337–62.]</ref><br />
<br />
Plans to make Hindi the sole official language of the Republic were met with resistance in many parts of the country, especially [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|in Tamil Nadu]], which had a history of opposing imposition of the Hindi language dating back to 1937, when the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] opposed the then Congress led [[Chief Ministership of C. Rajagopalachari|Madras Government's]] decision to make Hindi compulsory in secondary/middle schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=17 October 2022 |title=Explained {{!}} Hindi imposition and its discontents |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-hindi-imposition-and-its-discontents/article66023522.ece |access-date=18 September 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union. Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, that is, on 26 January 1965. The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non-Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi whatsoever. As a result, Parliament enacted the [[Official Languages Act, 1963]], which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.<ref name=uopu>{{cite web | url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm | title=The Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) – Rules 1976 (As Amended, 1987) – Section 3(3) | access-date=10 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325173337/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm | archive-date=25 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |title=Commissioner of Linguistic Minorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |access-date=1 June 2007}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/officiallanguagesact.html |title=Language in India Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow |date=2 April 2002 |publisher=languageinindia.com |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423161906/http://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/officiallanguagesact.html |archive-date=23 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages Act, 1963 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/RPF/Files/law/BareActs/officiallang1963act.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601185802/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/RPF/Files/law/BareActs/officiallang1963act.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Union: Official Language |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417150059/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |archive-date=17 April 2007 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf |title=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report |access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states and territories, including [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Some of these protests also turned violent.<ref>Hardgrave, Robert L. (August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnadu: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey (University of California Press)</ref> As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref>{{Citation |title=The force of words |date=19 February 1965 |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014111537/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html |archive-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |date=Spring–Summer 1966 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.2307/2755179 |jstor=2755179}}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.{{r|uopu|at=3(5)}}<br />
<br />
The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes{{r|uopu|at=3(1)}} as a "subsidiary official language",<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100502221154/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/preseng.htm Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April 1960] archived from ''www.rajbhasha.gov.in'', accessed 4 August 2020</ref> but is also required to prepare and execute a program to progressively increase its use of Hindi.{{r|uopu|at=1)}}The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and [[statutory instrument]]s made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.<br />
<br />
[[Department of Official Language]] was set up in June 1975 as an independent Department of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Functions of Department {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/functions-department |access-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scheduled languages of the Indian Constitution ==<br />
{{anchor|Schedule|Scheduled}}<br />
The Eighth Schedule to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution of the Republic of India]] lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the [[Official Languages Commission]], and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the [[official languages]] of the Union. The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge." In addition, candidates sitting for an examination conducted for public service are entitled to use any of these languages as a medium to answer the paper.<br />
<br />
=== Chronology ===<br />
<br />
* 1950: 14 languages were initially included in the Constitution.<ref name="sch">{{cite report |title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Ministry Of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><br />
* 1967: Sindhi was added by [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|21st Constitutional Amendment Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130174023/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=5 December 2013}}</ref><br />
* 1992: Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|71st Constitutional Amendment Act]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |access-date=19 May 2023 |publisher=India.gov.in}}</ref><br />
* 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added by [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd Constitutional Amendment Act]].<ref name="sch" /><br />
* 2011: The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref name="Odia_spelling_change">{{cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxFE7SoviMzbdFto?e=7dAUv8 |title=The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 |publisher=eGazette of India |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+List of scheduled languages<br />
!scope="col"| Language{{efn|Includes variants and dialects}}<br />
!scope="col"| Native Speakers<br /><small>(millions,&nbsp;2011)</small><ref name="CensusData 2011, Language and Mother Tongue">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Statement 1 – Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues – 2011|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627064326/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Notes<ref name="Offlang">{{cite report|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|page=124|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date=9 August 2021|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223707/http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2023 }}</ref><br />
!scope="col"|Year included<br />
!scope="col"|Writing system<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| 15.3 <br />
|Official language of [[Assam]]<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Bengali–Assamese script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| 97.2 <br />
|Official language of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] region of Assam, additional official in [[Jharkhand]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bihardays.com/jharkhands-11-second-languages-will-create-new-jobs-enrich-national-culture/ |title=Jharkhand's 11 second languages will create new jobs: But also enrich national culture |publisher=BiharDays |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033703/http://www.bihardays.com/jharkhands-11-second-languages-will-create-new-jobs-enrich-national-culture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|1950<br />
|Bengali–Assamese script <br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Bodo language|Bodo]]<br />
| 1.48 <br />
|Official language of [[Bodoland]], Assam.<br />
|2003<br />
|[[Devanagari]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Dogri language|Dogri]]<br />
| 2.6 <br />
|Official language of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name="DogriKashmiri">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Ananya |title=Cabinet approves Bill to include Kashmiri, Dogri, Hindi as official languages in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/cabinet-approves-bill-to-include-kashmiri-dogri-hindi-as-official-languages-in-jammu-and-kashmir-2307085.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=Zee News |date=2 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|2003<br />
| Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| 55.5 <br />
|Official language in [[Gujarat]] and additional official language of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6809/1/official_language_act.pdf |access-date=12 November 2022 |publisher=Indiacode }}</ref><br />
|1950<br />
|[[Gujarati script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Hindi]]<br />
| 528<br />
|Official language in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Bihar]], Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], Gujarat,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |title=The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960 |publisher= Indiacode |year=1961 |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, [[Ladakh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]. An additional official language in [[West Bengal]]<ref name="Telegraph:1" /><ref name="Indiatoday:1" /> Major spoken language in Northern India, and one of the official languages of the Government of India along with [[English language|English]].<br />
| 1950<br />
|Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Kannada]]<br />
| 43.7 <br />
|Official language of [[Karnataka]]<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Kannada script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />
| 6.8 <br />
|Official language of Jammu and Kashmir<ref name="DogriKashmiri" /><br />
|1950<br />
|[[Perso-Arabic script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
| 2.25 <br />
|Official language of [[Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|title=The Origins of the Konkani Language|date=15 January 2016|website=www.kamat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languages.iloveindia.com/konkani.html|title=Indian Languages: Konkani Language|website=iloveindia.com|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521065133/https://languages.iloveindia.com/konkani.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|1992<br />
|Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
| 13.6 <br />
|Additional official language of Jharkhand<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/jharkhand-raghubar-das-cabinet-decision-maithili-bhojpuri-angika-magahi-second-language/1135878.html |title = झारखंड : रघुवर कैबिनेट से मगही, भोजपुरी, मैथिली व अंगिका को द्वितीय भाषा का दर्जा |trans-title = Jharkhand: Second language status to Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili and Angika from Raghuvar cabinet |website=prabhatkhabar.com|date = 21 March 2018 |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
|2003<br />
| [[Tirhuta script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Malayalam]]<br />
| 34.8<br />
|Official language of [[Kerala]]; additional official language in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Lakshadweep]]<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]<br />
| 1.8 <br />
|Official language of [[Manipur]]<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Meitei script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| 83<br />
|Official language of [[Maharashtra]]; additional official language of Goa.<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Balbodh]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| 2.9 <br />
|Official language of [[Sikkim]]. Additional official language in the [[Gorkhaland]] region of West Bengal<br />
|1992<br />
|Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| 37.5<br />
|Official language of [[Odisha]]; additional official language in Jharkhand, West Bengal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2012|title=Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa- IBNLive|date=4 September 2011|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref name="Odia_spelling_change"/><br />
|1950<br />
|[[Odia script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| 33.1 <br />
|Official language of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]; additional official language of Delhi, Haryana, West Bengal<ref name="Telegraph:1" /><ref name="Indiatoday:1" /><br />
|1950<br />
|[[Gurmukhi]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Sanskrit]]<br />
| 0.02<br />
|Classical and scriptural language of India, but not widely spoken, nor the language of any modern Indian community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreevatsan |first=Ajai |date=9 August 2014 |title=Where are the Sanskrit speakers? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Where-are-the-Sanskrit-speakers/article60089403.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Where-are-the-Sanskrit-speakers/article60089403.ece |archive-date = 7 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> Additional official language of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.<br />
|1950<br />
|Devanagari, [[Brahmi Script|Brahmi]] and [[Brahmic scripts]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
| 7.6<br />
| Additional official language of Jharkhand, West Bengal<ref name="The Avenue Mail" /><br />
|2003<br />
|[[Ol Chiki]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />
| 2.7<br />
| Not the official language of any state, but spoken by nearly three million Indians, mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><br />
|1967<br />
|Perso-Arabic script or Devanagari<ref>{{cite journal|title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| 69<br />
|Official language of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Tamil script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| 81.1<br />
|Official language in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. An additional official language in Puducherry and West Bengal.<br />
|1950<br />
|[[Telugu script]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|[[Urdu]]<br />
| 50.7<br />
|An official language of Jammu and Kashmir; an additional official language in Andhra Pradesh,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 March 2022 |title=Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240322/assembly-passes-two-bills-of-minorities-component-and-urdu-as-2nd-offi.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.<ref name="Telegraph:1" /><ref name="Indiatoday:1" /><br />
|1950<br />
| Perso-Arabic script<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Official languages of the Union==<br />
[[File:Indian_Passport.svg|thumb|The front cover of a contemporary [[Indian passport]], with the [[National Emblem of India|national emblem]] and inscriptions in the two official languages of Hindi and English.]]<br />
<br />
=== Parliamentary proceedings and laws ===<br />
The Indian constitution distinguishes the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English. The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use, which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.{{r|uopu|at=3(1b)}} Also, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express themself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the relevant House, address the House in their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p05120.html|title=First proviso of Constitution|publisher=Constitution.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030115044918/http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p05120.html |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 January 2003 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary [[enactment (British legal term)|enactments]] and [[statutory instruments]], to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise. Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.{{r|uopu|at=5(1, 2))}} The Official Languages Act, 1963 provides that the authoritative English text of passed acts, rules, regulations, etc., are published in Hindi as well in the official gazette by President of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/PrintUserView?mid=64581|title=Official Language Act |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Judiciary ===<br />
The constitution provides, and the [[Supreme Court of India]] has reiterated, that all proceedings in the Supreme Court and the High Courts shall be in English.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms|title=Court language is English, says Supreme Court |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawtrend.in/supreme-court-objects-to-use-of-hindi-in-proceedings-reiterates-english-as-official-language/ |title=Supreme Court Objects to Use of Hindi in Proceedings, Reiterates English as Official Language |date=16 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=lawtrend.in}}</ref> Parliament has the power to alter this by law but has not done so. However, in many high courts, there is, with consent from the president, allowance of the optional use of Hindi. Such proposals have been successful in the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/use-of-hindi-language-in-courts-116042801074_1.html|title=Use of Hindi Language in Courts |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 April 2016|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Administration ===<br />
The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public, though the Union government is required by law to promote the use of Hindi{{r|uopu|at=3(3)}} names, among others, resolutions, general orders, rules, notifications, administrative or other reports or [[press release|press communiques]] issued by a [[government department]], [[government agency|agency]] or [[Public Sector Undertaking|corporation]]; administrative and other reports and official papers laid before a House or the [[Houses of Parliament]]; and contracts and agreements executed, and licences, permits, notices and forms of tender issued by or on behalf of the government (including government companies).<br />
<br />
The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in [[Tamil Nadu]], to which the rules do not apply).{{r|uopu|at=1(ii)}} Communications between different departments within the central government may be in English and Hindi (though the English text remains authoritative), although a translation into the other language must be provided if required. Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states, and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.{{r|uopu|at=4}} Notes and memos in files may be in English and Hindi (though the English text remains authoritative), with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.{{r|uopu|at=8}}<br />
<br />
Besides, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.<br />
<br />
*12 out of the 22 scheduled languages are made available in the official website of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Indian Prime Minister's Office]], namely Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Meitei (Manipuri), Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu, in addition to English.<ref>{{cite press release |title=PMINDIA Multilingual Website now available in 13 languages Assamese and Manipuri versions of Prime Minister's Official Website launched |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1514873 |access-date=10 March 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><br />
* 15 out of the 22 scheduled languages are made available in the [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB) by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] of the [[Government of India]] (GOI), namely Assamese, Bengali, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Meitei (Manipuri), Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu, in addition to English.<ref>{{cite news|title=PIB press releases in Manipuri |date=25 November 2015 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..251115.nov15 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=e-pao}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Imphal Free Press |title=PIB website has news in regional languages now |date=24 November 2015 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123180217/http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* 14 out of the 22 scheduled languages are selected by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC) of the [[Government of India]], to be made available in the conduction of the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination across the country, namely Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Meitei (Manipuri), Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu, in addition to English.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh lauds SSC for deciding to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination 2022 in 13 regional languages in addition to Hindi and English for the first time |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1892439 |access-date=10 March 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=হিন্দি অমসুং ইংলিসকী মথক্তা অহানবা ওইনা লম-লমগী লোন ১৩দা মল্তি-তাস্কিং(নন-তেক্নিকেল) স্তাফ এজামিনেসন ২০২২ পাংথোক্নবা ৱারেপ লৌখিবগীদমক য়ুনিয়ন মিনিস্তর দোক্তর জিতেন্দ্র সিংহনা এস.এস.সি থাগৎখ্রে |trans-title=13th Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff Examination 2022 Panthoknba Wrap Loukhibgidmak Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singha SSC Ray|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1892624 |access-date=10 March 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |language=mni}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Implementation===<br />
Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively. [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]] headquartered at [[Chennai]] was formed to spread Hindi in [[South India|South Indian states]]. Regional Hindi implementation offices at [[Bangalore]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bhopal]], [[Delhi]] and [[Ghaziabad]] have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs.<br />
<br />
Annual targets are set by the [[Department of Official Language]] regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for the promotion of Hindi is the ''Kendriya Hindi Samiti'' (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Language – Constitutional/Statutory Provisions |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417150059/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |archive-date=17 April 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, the government announced plans to promote Hindi in government offices in Southern and [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/centre-to-promote-use-of-hindi-in-south-india-northeast-jitendra-singh/|title=Centre to promote the use of Hindi in South India, Northeast:Jitendra Singh|quote=In response to this several NGO and political parties have started agitation and some have even resorted to violent protests in the Darjeeling for separate statehood, which started in after the official statement in a press meet by Central parliamentary affairs minister. The monster himself hails from South India and many party leader of the government has felt like an insult to the mother language. The TANA has stated "It's high time the North should learn the lessons from the past and should try not to stir the broth"<br/>The ADMK leader has said in New Delhi "It's a shame to see my neighboring state leader hailing from Telugu state speaking against his own mother tongue.<br/>The Dravida Samrakshana Samiti Head has said " it's a direct assault on our culture and is an insult for saying the minister hailing from South India|date=9 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Govt-to-promote-use-of-Hindi-in-routine-conversation-NE/articleshow/52659063.cms|title=Govt to promote use of Hindi in routine conversation|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of India, Article|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17345.html|publisher=Constitution.org|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The language need not be one of those listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]], and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include [[Kokborok]] in [[Tripura]] and [[Mizo language|Mizo]] in [[Mizoram]].<br />
<br />
=== Legislature and administration ===<br />
The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission. The authoritative text of all laws must be in English unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.<br />
<br />
The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to any officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.<br />
<br />
Besides, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the [[President of India|President]], the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desires its use. Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide [[primary education]] in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.<br />
<br />
=== State judiciary ===<br />
States have significantly less freedom in relation to determining the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective [[High Courts of India|High Courts]] will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the [[Governor (India)|Governor]], rather than the state legislature and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the [[President of India]], who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgements will be delivered.{{r|uopu|at=3(3)}}<br />
<br />
Four states—[[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]—<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barandbench.com/index.php?title=Language%20in%20Courts%20-%20a%20bridge%20or%20a%20barrier?&page=brief&id=805&gn=0|title=Language in Courts – a bridge or a barrier?|publisher=Bar and Bench|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power—[[Tamil Nadu]], which sought the right to conduct proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the [[Madras High Court]]—had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{citation |last= Special Correspondent |title=Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court |page=1 |date=12 March 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070313221430/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 March 2007}}</ref> In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2007 |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm |access-date=19 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107191048/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm |archive-date=7 January 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230004201/http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789|url-status=dead|title=Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court|archive-date=30 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2008 |title=Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre's announcement |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm |access-date=19 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430135931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425182337/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html|title=Govt likely to allow Tamil in Madras HC|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu government press release|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil.<ref>{{cite news|title= Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article443474.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article443474.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=27 June 2010|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 June 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Demands for additional official languages===<br />
At present, as per the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Eighth schedule |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages<br />
in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution]]. These are: <br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|<br />
*[[Angika]] <br />
*[[Lambadi|Banjara]] <br />
*[[Bajjika]] <br />
*[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] <br />
*[[Bundeli language|Bundelkhandi]] <br />
*[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] <br />
*[[Dhatki language|Dhatki]] <br />
*[[English language|English]] <br />
*[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] <br />
*[[Gondi language|Gondi]] <br />
*[[Gujari language|Gujjari]] <br />
*[[Ho language|Ho]] <br />
*[[Kachhi language|Kachhi]] <br />
*[[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]] <br />
*[[Karbi language|Karbi]] <br />
*[[Khasi language|Khasi]] <br />
*[[Kodava language|Kodava]] <br />
*[[Kokborok language|Kokborok]] <br />
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] <br />
*[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] <br />
*[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] <br />
*[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] <br />
*[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] <br />
*[[Limbu language|Limbu]] <br />
*[[Mizo language|Mizo]] <br />
*[[Magahi language|Magahi]] <br />
*[[Mundari language|Mundari]] <br />
*[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] <br />
*[[Nicobarese language|Nicobarese]] <br />
*[[Himachali language|Himachali]] <br />
*[[Pali]] <br />
*[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] <br />
*[[Saraiki Language|Saraiki]] <br />
*[[Sambalpuri Language|Sambalpuri]] <br />
*[[Shauraseni Prakrit]] <br />
*[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] <br />
*[[Tenyidie language|Tenyidie]] <br />
*[[Tulu language|Tulu]]<ref name="auto" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Official status in states and territories ==<br />
=== Official languages of states ===<br />
In addition to official languages, a few states also designate official scripts. <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |State<br />
! scope="col" |Official language(s)<br />
! scope="col" |Additional official language(s)<br />
!Mandated scripts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="APOnline">{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |title=Languages |work=APOnline |year=2002 |access-date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> || [[Indian English|English]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966 |url=https://www.courtkutchehry.com/Judgement/Search/AdvancedV2?s_acts=Andhra%20Pradesh%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201966 |access-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=Courtkutchehry.com}}</ref> Urdu<ref name=":1" /><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Indian English|English]]<ref name="NCLM52">{{cite report|title=52nd report of Commissioner of Linguistic Minorities|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=15 February 2018|page=18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Assam]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Assam Official Language Act, 1960 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/19560 |website=India Code |date=19 December 1960 |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bodo language|Bodo]] || rowspan="1" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in three districts of [[Barak Valley]]<ref name="BarakValley">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-government-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-in-barak-valley-restores-bengali-2017504|title=Assam government withdraws Assamese as official language in Barak Valley, restores Bengali|work=DNA India|date=10 September 2014|author=ANI|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref><br />
|Bodo is officially written in the Devanagari script.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bihar]] || Hindi<ref name="BiharOLACt1950">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950 |page=31 |date=29 November 1950 |publisher=National Commission for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Urdu]]<ref name="BiharOLACt1950" /><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chhattisgarh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=Indiacode |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 }}</ref> || Hindi<ref name="Comment">The National Commission for Linguistic Minorities, 1950 (ibid) makes no mention of Chhattisgarhi as an additional state language, despite the 2007 notification of the State Govt, presumably because Chhattisgarhi is considered as a dialect of Hindi.</ref> || [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<br />
|Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goa]] || [[Konkani language|Konkani]], English<ref name="GDDOLAct1987">{{cite web|url=http://www.daman.nic.in/acts-rules%5CHindi-department%5Cdocuments/Official%20Language%20Act.pdf|title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987|date=19 December 1987|website=U.T. Administration of Daman & Diu|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|27}}<ref name="Kurzon2004">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&pg=PA48|access-date=26 December 2014|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|pages=42–58|chapter=3. The Konkani-Marathi Controversy : 2000-01 version}} Dated, but gives a good overview of the controversy to give Marathi full "official status".</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], Hindi<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2009|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|page=89}}</ref> ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haryana]]<ref name="HOLA1969">{{cite journal |title=The Haryana Official Language Act, 1969 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/18246 |website=India Code |date=5 March 1969 |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> || Hindi||[[Indian English|English]],<ref name="langoff" /> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 January 2010}}</ref><br />
|Hindi should be written in Devanagari.<br/>Punjabi should be written in Gurmukhi.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Himachal Pradesh Official Language Act, 1975 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/5711 |website=India Code |date=21 February 1975 |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India}}</ref> || Hindi ||[[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| Both Hindi and Sanskrit are written in Devanagari.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jharkhand]] || Hindi<ref name="NCLM52" /> || [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Avenue Mail |date=5 January 2019}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Kannada]] ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerala]] || [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Governor signs Malayalam Language Bill, making Malayalam Kerala’s official language |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/governor-signs-malayalam-language-bill-making-malayalam-keralas-official-language/article70704076.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=4 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name="mp">{{Citation|url=http://www.mpgovt.nic.in/culture/language.htm |title=Language and Literature |work=Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=16 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929062809/http://www.mpgovt.nic.in/culture/language.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> || Hindi ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Maharashtra Local Authorities Official Language Act, 2022 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17944 |website=India Code |date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||<br />
|Devanagari<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manipur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur Official Language (Amendment )Act 2021 |url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |publisher=Directorate of Printing & Stationery, Government of Manipur. |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> || [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] || English || [[Meitei script|Meetei mayek]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Meghalaya]] || English<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 – June 2004 |page=para 25.5 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 16 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 8 October 2007}}</ref>, [[Khasi language|Khasi]]<ref name="KhasiGaro-Official">{{Cite news |title=Meghalaya approves Khasi, Garo as official state languages alongside English |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meghalaya-official-languages-khasi-garo-ordinance-10640456/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> and [[Garo language|Garo]]<ref name="KhasiGaro-Official"/>||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mizoram]] || [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Indian English|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagaland]] || [[Indian English|English]] ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Odisha]] || [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name="IE2Jan2016">{{cite news|title=Oriya to be official language in Orissa – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/oriya-to-be-official-language-in-orissa/562572/|access-date=15 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> || [[Indian English|English]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="langoff" /> ||<br />
|Gurmukhi<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajasthan]] || Hindi ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sikkim]] || [[Indian English|English]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]<ref name="langoff" /><ref name="SikkimGazette">{{cite web |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Governor of Sikkim |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188}}</ref> || [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]]<ref name="langoff" /><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Indian English|English]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telangana]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Urdu<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2017 |title=Urdu is Telangana's second official language |language=en-US |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/ |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2017 |title=Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tripura]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Indian English|English]], [[Kokborok]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tripura.gov.in/knowtripura |title=Bengali and Kokborok are the state/official language, English, Hindi, Manipuri and Chakma are other languages |work=Tripura Official government website |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212025154/http://tripura.gov.in/knowtripura |archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142700/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tripura/1964/1964TRIPURA5.pdf Tripura Official Language Act, 1964]}} ''www.lawsofindia.org''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laws of India : The Tripura Official Language Act, 1964 |url=https://lawsofindia.blinkvisa.com/statelaw/2251/TheTripuraOfficialLanguageAct1964.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=lawsofindia.blinkvisa.com|date=18 May 2022 }}</ref>||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Hindi || Urdu<ref name="upofflang">{{citation|last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 – June 2005 |pages=paras 6.1–6.2 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 |access-date=16 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022828/http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttarakhand]] || Hindi || [[Sanskrit]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Indian English|English]]<ref name="langoff" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy |website=www.wb.gov.in|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>|| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] in [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling]] and [[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]] sub-divisions;<ref name="langoff" /> Urdu, Hindi, [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[KRNB lects|Kamtapuri]], [[Rangpuri language|Rajbanshi]],<br/>[[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in blocks, divisions or districts with population greater than 10 per cent<ref name="Telegraph:1">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2018 |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref name="Indiatoday:1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=28 February 2018 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shiv Sahay Singh|date=2 March 2017 |title=Revitalising a language|work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/revitalising-a-language/article17395995.ece |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal shows 'Mamata' to Telugus |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=Hans India |date=24 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Official languages of Union Territories ===<br />
{| class = "wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Union territory<br />
! scope="col" |Official language(s)<ref name="langoff" /><br />
! scope="col" |Additional official language(s)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=Most Spoken Language In Andaman And Nicobar Islands : Here's All You Need To Know|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/most-spoken-language-in-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-524657.html|access-date=30 November 2021|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref> <br />
| rowspan="4" | Hindi, [[Indian English|English]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/D_OfficialLang_citizenchart2011_12.pdf |title=Administration of Dedra and Nagar Haveli, U.T. (Official Language Department) Secretariat Citizens charter-2011 |access-date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163507/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/D_OfficialLang_citizenchart2011_12.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu – Culture and Tradition |url=https://www.ritiriwaz.com/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-and-daman-and-diu-culture-and-tradition/ |website=RitiRiwaz|date=7 April 2020 }}</ref>|| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]]<ref name="delhi1">Urdu and Punjabi are the two secondary official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000 {{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-25/delhi/27182151_1_urdu-second-official-official-languages|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi |access-date=17 July 2007 |date=25 June 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>|| [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Languages in Chandigarh |url=https://www.chandigarhcity.com/information/languages/ |website=Chandigarh City}}</ref> ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ladakh]] || [[Ladakhi language|Bhoti]], [[Purgi language|Purgi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/263538.pdf |title=The Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=2 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 }}</ref> ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakshadweep]]<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=153 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Benedikter2009-134">{{cite book|author=Thomas Benedikter|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA134|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|page=134}}</ref> || English || [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/past-notices/circulars/page/86|title=Circulars|website=lakshadweep.gov.in|access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakshadweep.gov.in/whats-new/whats-new/page/118/|title=Whats New|website=lakshadweep.gov.in|access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] <br />
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], English<ref name="Jammu">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=2 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] <br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (in [[Yanam]]), [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] (in [[Mahé district|Mahe]]){{efn|See [[Official languages of Puducherry]]}}<ref>There are three primary languages used for official purposes – Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. The official language policy of the union territory states that the Tamil language should be the primary language used for all or any of the official purposes of the union territory. In the case of Mahe and Yanam, Malayalam and Telugu, respectively, may be used instead of or in conjunction with Tamil. The English language may also be used for official purposes. (ACT 28, Gazetteer, Pondicherry Vol. 1, P. II)[http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2004/multilingual.html Multilingualism and second language acquisition and learning in Pondicherry]</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Puducherry |title=General Information on Pondicherry |url=http://www.ceopondicherry.nic.in/Bkground/GeneralInfo.htm |access-date=6 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928180538/http://www.ceopondicherry.nic.in/Bkground/GeneralInfo.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> || English, [[Indian French|French]]<ref name="Statesmen1969Reference">{{cite book |title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1969-70: The one-volume Encyclopaedia of all nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UvODQAAQBAJ|first1=S.|last1=Steinberg|first2=J.|last2=Paxton| date=28 December 2016 |publisher=McMillan St Martin Press|page=386|isbn=978-0-230-27098-5 |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<section end="Lists of Official Languages of States and Union Territories of India" /><br />
<br />
== Union–state and interstate communication rules ==<br />
[[File:Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Railway Station Ticket Counter.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|In places like railway stations, signboards are usually written in three languages - the state language (here [[Odia language|Odia]]) and the two official languages Hindi and English.]]<br />
The language of communications between different states or between the union government and a state or a person in a state, is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, except for communications involving [[Tamil Nadu]], which are governed by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states which have Hindi as an official language must be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state where Hindi is an official language and one where it is not Hindi and must be in English, or, in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).<ref name=uopu/><br />
<br />
Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is generally in Hindi, except in certain cases. Communication with a second category of states "Region B", which do not have Hindi as an official language but have elected to communicate with the union in Hindi is usually in Hindi, while communications ''sent'' to an individual in those states may be in Hindi and English.{{r|uopu|at=3(2))}} Communication with all other states "Region C", and with people living in them, is in English.{{r|uopu|at=3(3))}}<br />
<br />
{| class = "wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Region<br />
! scope="col" |States/Union Territories<br />
! scope="col" |Communication<br />
|-<br />
| '''Region A'''<br />
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Region B'''<br />
| [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| Hindi or English<br />
|-<br />
| '''Region C'''<br />
| [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Goa]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| English<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Arts and literature ==<br />
* Best Feature Film in any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[National Film Awards]].{{Efn|In certain years, films of languages other than the scheduled languages also get eligible.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards: Here is the list of winners |url=http://nenow.in/entertainment/68th-national-film-awards-here-is-the-list-of-winners.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref>}}<br />
* Literary works in any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]s, the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]s and the [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Ravindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNMuEAAAQBAJ&dq=saraswati+samman+languages&pg=PA158 |title=HARYANA GK: HARYANA AT THE START OF 2021 |last2=ARSu |first2=Team |publisher=MyARSu |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* People who contribute to the literature of any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
* Literary works in any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[Gyanpeeth Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jnanpith Award {{!}} Indian literary award |publisher=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Jnanpith-Award |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref><br />
* Prose or poetry literary works in any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[Saraswati Samman]], the highest among all the literary awards in India.<ref name=":2" /><br />
* Writers who contribute to the literature of any of the scheduled languages are eligible for the [[:hi:भाषा सम्मान पुरस्कार|Bhasha Samman]] Awards.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Wikisource|Official Languages Act, 1963}}<br />
* [[Languages of India]]<br />
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]<br />
* [[Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages]]<br />
* [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://rajbhasha.nic.in/ Department of Official Language (DOL)]&nbsp;– Official webpage explains the chronological events related to ''Official Languages Act'' and amendments<br />
<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Languages of South Asia}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages With Official Status In India}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages|India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India|Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Official languages]]<br />
[[Category:Official languages of India| ]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suchitra&diff=537832Suchitra2026-05-04T00:29:32Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating Initial Stub W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian playback singer}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<!-- Please do not change this "infobox person" because changing this infobox causes other info not appearing in it. ---><br />
| name = Suchitra<br />
| birth_name = Suchitra Ramadurai<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|August|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Karthik Kumar]]|2005|2017}}<br />
| parents = <!-- parents: include only if they are independently notable or particularly relevant. --><br />
| awards = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|ITFA Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]<br />
}}<br />
| education = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Mar Ivanios College]]<br />
*[[PSG Institute of Management]]<br />
*[[Le Cordon Bleu]]<br />
}}<br />
| alias = {{Ubl | RJ Suchi | Mirchi Suchi | Suchi}}<br />
| occupation = {{flat list|<br />
*Singer<br />
*actress<br />
*songwriter<br />
*composer<br />
*musician<br />
*[[radio jockey]]<br />
*columnist<br />
*writer<br />
}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes<br />
| background = person<br />
| genre = {{flat list|<br />
*[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]<br />
*[[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]<br />
*[[filmi]]<br />
*[[Indian pop]]<br />
}}<br />
| instrument = {{flat list|<br />
*Vocals<br />
*[[guitar]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| yearsactive = 1993–present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Suchitra Ramadurai''', known [[mononymously]] as '''Suchitra''', is an Indian radio jockey, popular playback singer, songwriter, composer, voice artist, dubbing artist and film actress. She has sung in multiple languages including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Suchitra was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, as the daughter of Ramadurai and Padmaja. She has a sister named, Sunitha. Suchitra is a BSc graduate from [[Mar Ivanios College]] (Trivandrum). Later on, she moved to Coimbatore for her MBA from [[PSG Institute of Management]]. She was part of a music band at PSG.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Off-the-air-with-RJ-Suchi/article15377712.ece|title=Off the air with RJ Suchi|date=5 April 2008|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 November 2017|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430023927/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Off-the-air-with-RJ-Suchi/article15377712.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Suchitra joined [[Sify]] for a year, after graduating. She responded to an ad for the post of an RJ in [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref name="h">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/27/stories/2003112701010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117201222/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/27/stories/2003112701010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2004|title=Peppy tale|last=|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> She became as Rj Suchi, with her popular morning show ''Hello Chennai''. Her distinct and bold voice made her very popular with the younger crowd. She still does a radio show called ''Flight983'' on Radio Mirchi, on Sunday evenings (7–9 pm). The show deals with interesting international happenings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/mar/30/college-life-with-suchi-735609.html |title=College Life with Suchi |first=Kaviya |last=Sanjeevi |location=Chennai |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092706/https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/mar/30/College-Life-with-Suchi-735609.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
She started singing after a few years as RJ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suchitra-going-through-certain-emotional-condition-husband-karthik-on-her-tweets/story-FlK4TwH5SwWN9WVHwKyWCJ.html|title=Suchitra going through certain emotional condition: Husband Karthik on her tweets|date=4 March 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143801/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suchitra-going-through-certain-emotional-condition-husband-karthik-on-her-tweets/story-FlK4TwH5SwWN9WVHwKyWCJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She also worked as a dubbing artist for popular heroines like [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Lakshmi Rai]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} <br />
<br />
Her career as a playback singer now spans Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films, and she has several hits in all these languages to her credit. She sang her first song for the movie, [[Lesa Lesa]] under the composition of [[Harris Jayaraj]] and her co-singer was the legendary, [[K. S. Chitra]]. Suchitra is a sought-after performer at corporate and other such stage shows. She has also been appreciated for her honest and positive-humour-filled judging at reality shows like Vijay TV's Airtel Super Singer, Sun TV's Sun Singer, Asianet's Music India, and Bol Baby Bol on Gemini TV and Surya TV. 'Music I Like', an album of Suchitra's renditions of Mahakavi Bharatiyaar's poetry, set to contemporary tunes and music, released by Universal Music, was a turning point in her career.<br />
<br />
Suchitra is now a singer and songwriter as well, composing music on her own and in collaboration with Singer Ranjith. Her YouTube channel 'Suchislife' has all her updated work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/singers-suchitra-and-ranjith-release-a-new-single/article7530078.ece|title=Music all the time|last=Vijayan|first=Naveena|date=12 August 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 November 2017|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115144100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/singers-suchitra-and-ranjith-release-a-new-single/article7530078.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
She wrote a short story, a graphic illustration of an episode in the life of a black peppercorn called Kuru-Milaku, called "The Runaway Peppercorn".<ref name="h"/><br />
<br />
After her Twitter page was hacked in 2016, and the pictures and videos released by the hacker went viral under #suchileaks,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/latest-suchileaks-video-makes-startling-revelations-about-dhanush-karthik-893881|title=What were Dhanush, Karthik doing inside the rooms, asks Suchi in viral video|first=Bhavana|last=Sharma|date=14 May 2024|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> following a spate of bad press since she released a statement on Sun News saying she was focused on shutting the page down, Suchitra left for London to pursue culinary arts at [[Le Cordon Bleu]].<br />
<br />
Suchitra Ramadurai has been involved in several public controversies due to her statements about other figures in the Tamil film industry. In various interviews and social media appearances, she has made allegations concerning the professional and personal lives of certain actors, including references to sensitive private matters. These statements have attracted significant media attention; however, many of the claims remain unverified, and some individuals named have denied them or taken legal action. In 2024, actor Karthik Kumar issued a legal notice against her over allegations she made, and the Madras High Court subsequently issued a temporary order restraining her from making certain statements.<ref> https://www.india.com/news/karthik-kumar-sends-legal-notice-to-ex-wife-suchitra-after-she-calls-him-gay-threatens-to-file-defamation-case-6939194/</ref><br />
<br />
Her remarks are generally presented as personal experiences or opinions, but due to the absence of independent verification, they are treated as allegations rather than established facts. The nature and frequency of her statements have also led to public discussion and speculation; however, no confirmed medical information regarding her mental health has been reported.Indiatimes, 2025. <ref>https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/who-is-rj-suchitra-tamil-singer-accuses-fiance-shunmugraj-of-beating-her-like-a-wwf-wrestler-financial-fraud/articleshow/123960333.html</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, Suchitra took part in the fourth season of the Tamil reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]]. She entered the show on day 28 as a new contestant and was evicted on day 49.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Suchitra was married to actor [[Karthik Kumar]] between 2005 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/karthik-kumar-gives-perfect-reply-online-troll-who-tried-put-down-his-ex-wife-suchitra-576124|title=Karthik Kumar gives the perfect reply|last=R|first=Aishwarya|date=12 August 2015|work=pinkvilla|access-date=15 November 2017|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120090903/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/karthik-kumar-gives-perfect-reply-online-troll-who-tried-put-down-his-ex-wife-suchitra-576124|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Actress===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay (film)|Jay Jay]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance (RJ)<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' || Suchitra ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Party Member || Guest appearance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Dubbing artist===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Voice-over for<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Herself (As an RJ - Voice only)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'' || [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'' || [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"| 2008 ||''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' ||[[Piaa Bajpai]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' || [[Namitha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanthaswamy (film)|Kanthaswamy]]'' || [[Shriya Saran]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Avan Illai 2]]'' || [[Rachana Maurya]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Naanayam]]'' || [[Ramya Raj]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' || [[Bhavana Rao|Shikha]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]'' || [[Lakshmi Rai]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || [[Ineya]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || [[Akhila Kishore]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Studio album===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Album !! Music composer !! Lyrics !! Label !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Zamaana Dewaana'' || Rajesh Jhaveri || || DC Records || First album released.<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Oohalu'' || Ramani Bharadwaj || || [[Magnasound]] || Backing Vocal only; First Telugu pop album.<br />
|-<br />
|2012 || ''Music I Like'' || || || [[Universal Music Group]] ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tamil songs===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2003 <br />
|''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' <br />
| "Enai Polave Kattru" || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[K. S. Chitra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jay Jay]]''<br />
| "May Maasam 98'il" || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' <br />
| "Uyirin Uyire" || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[KK (singer)|KK]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Punnagai Poove]]''<br />
|"Siragaagi Ponathae"<br />
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|[[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], Kovai Ranjani<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ottran]]''<br />
|"Yeh Thiththippey"<br />
|[[Pravin Mani]]<br />
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2004 <br />
|''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''<br />
| "En Aasai Mythiliye" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]''<br />
| "Shock Adikkudhu Pennae" || [[Mani Sharma]]|| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kudaikul Mazhai]]''<br />
|"Oru Kottaikkul"<br />
|[[Karthik Raja]]<br />
|Ranjith, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''<br />
|"Aai Mailapuru"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Srikanth Deva]]<br />
|[[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], Ganga<br />
|-<br />
|"Neathi Adida Aai"<br />
|[[Javed Ali]], [[Palakkad Sreeram]], Gopal Sharma, Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 2005 <br />
|''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' <br />
| "Kanavugal" || Harris Jayaraj || Karthik, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], O. S. Arun, [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Febi Mani]], [[Pop Shalini]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]''<br />
|"Jingulu Jingale"<br />
|Pravin Mani<br />
|Rafi<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''<br />
|"Kanne I Love You"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[D. Imman]]<br />
|Mahesh Vinayagam<br />
|-<br />
|''[[6′.2″]]''<br />
|"Raavanane"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Englishkaran]]''<br />
|"Ghajini Mohammed"<br />
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
|Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]''<br />
|"Vattamittu"<br />
|Bharadwaj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''<br />
|“Alek Alek”<br />
| colspan="2" |D. Imman<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''<br />
|"Yenna Paarkkirai"<br />
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]<br />
|[[Yugendran]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" | 2006 <br />
| ''[[Vallavan]]'' <br />
| "Yammadi Aathadi" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Silambarasan, [[T. Rajendar]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pokkiri (2007 film)|Pokkiri]]'' <br />
| "Dole Dole" || rowspan="2" | Mani Sharma || Ranjith<br />
|-<br />
|"En Chella Peru Apple"<br />
|[[A. V. Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''<br />
|"Kadhal Vaaram Kondata"<br />
|D. Imman<br />
|Tippu, Ranjith<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]''<br />
|"Kaadhalai Pirippadhu"<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], Premgi Amaren, Ranjith, [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Paravai Muniyamma]], Sujatha, Naveen<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]''<br />
|"Sarasa Loga"<br />
|Sabesh–Murali<br />
|Karthik, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]''<br />
|"Oolala Olala"<br />
|[[Dhina]]<br />
|Dev Prakash, [[Harish Raghavendra]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Boys and Girls (2006 film)|Boys and Girls]]''<br />
|"Vasiyam Vasiyam"<br />
|[[Sirpy]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''<br />
|"Kallathoni"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]''<br />
|"Unna Petha Aatha"<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|[[Jassie Gift]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]''<br />
|"Vandha Vaadi"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|[[Perarasu]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" | 2007 <br />
| ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' <br />
| "Ottraikannale" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || [[Haricharan]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''<br />
| "Alibaba Thangam" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]''<br />
| "Hey Yenmama" || D. Imman || Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaalai]]''<br />
| "Kutti Pisaase" || G. V. Prakash Kumar || Silambarasan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nanbanin Kadhali]]''<br />
|"Osthava"<br />
|Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thiru Ranga]]''<br />
|"Thagathimi"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nee Naan Nila]]''<br />
|"Maathu Maathu"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|Timmy, Dhina<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pirappu]]''<br />
|"Ithu Thaana Kaathal Mazhai"<br />
|Bharadwaj<br />
|[[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], [[Priya Himesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]''<br />
|"Aarya"<br />
|Mani Sharma<br />
|Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tholaipesi]]''<br />
|"Enna Venum"<br />
|S. Shanthakumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]''<br />
|"Poruki"<br />
|Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Piragu]]''<br />
|"Kitavaada Kitavaada"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]''<br />
|"Naan Major"<br />
|Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mirugam]]''<br />
|"Vaargona Vaargona"<br />
|Sabesh–Murali<br />
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Chinnaponnu]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="18" | 2008 <br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''<br />
| "Nenjai Kasakki" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Paalakattu" (D. Imman Mix)<br />
|D. Imman<br />
|Haricharan, Vinaya<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''<br />
| "Pudhu Pudhu" || Harris Jayaraj || [[Benny Dayal]], Guna<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''<br />
|"Locku Locku"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|Perarasu<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''<br />
|"Malika Cherovatra"<br />
|Sabesh–Murali<br />
|[[Anuradha Sriram]], Jassie Gift<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sila Nerangalil]]''<br />
|"Chella Phonai"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Inbaa]]''<br />
|"Kabul Nattu"<br />
|P. B. Balaji<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kannum Kannum]]''<br />
|"Pathinettu Vayasu"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]''<br />
|"Hey Azhan Kuzan"<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sabesh–Murali<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Hey Othum Chinnam"<br />
|Anuradha Sriram<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Arasangam]]''<br />
|"Ko Kuruvi"<br />
| rowspan="5" |Srikanth Deva<br />
|Hemambika<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]''<br />
|"Anaikindra Dhaagam"<br />
|Karthik, [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayashree]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]''<br />
|"Kuthu Madhippa"<br />
|Benny Dayal<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]''<br />
|"Oru Haiku"<br />
|Tippu<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thenavattu]]''<br />
|"Enakkena Pirandhavalo"<br />
|Karthik, Arun<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]''<br />
|"Ada Ada Sema Sema"<br />
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
|Ranjith<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]''<br />
|"Suvaiyanadhu Suvaiyanadhu"<br />
|Deva<br />
|Timmy<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]''<br />
|"Adiyae"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|Udit Narayan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" | 2009 <br />
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''<br />
| "Vechikkava" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Silambarasan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sindhanai Sei]]'' <br />
| "Naa Kaakinaada" || rowspan="2" | [[S. Thaman]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Eeram]]'' <br />
| "Tharai Erangiya" ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' <br />
| "Excuse Me" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Moscowin Kavery]]'' <br />
| "Gore Gore" || rowspan="2" | S. Thaman|| Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|"Then Muttham"<br />
|[[Naresh Iyer]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' <br />
| "Oru Chinna Thamarai" || rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Antony]] || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Tamil film)|A Aa E Ee]]''<br />
|"Mena Minuki"<br />
|Vijay Antony, [[Surmukhi Raman]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Laadam]]''<br />
|"Atlantic Ocean"<br />
|[[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''<br />
|"Kummu Kummu"<br />
|T. M. Jayamurugan & Jeevan Thomas<br />
|Tippu, Kalyani<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]''<br />
|"Vaaya Vaaya"<br />
|Deva<br />
|Prasanna<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ragavan]]''<br />
|"Ooththura"<br />
|[[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
|Premgi Amaren<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gnabagangal]]''<br />
|"Kadalil"<br />
|James Vick<br />
|Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]''<br />
|"Kanadicha Rosapoo"<br />
|Iniyavan<br />
|Benny Dayal<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kandhakottai]]''<br />
|"Dishyum Dishyum"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="20" | 2010 <br />
| ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' <br />
| "Naan Alana Thamarai" || Dharan || [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Srimathumitha]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' <br />
| "Goa" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Krish, Ranjith, [[Tanvi Shah]], Chynk Showtyme, Pav Bundy<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' <br />
| "Notta Kudu" || [[V. Selvaganesh]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Singam]]'' <br />
| "En Idhayam" || Devi Sri Prasad || Tippu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]''<br />
|"Pesum Poove"<br />
| rowspan="5" |S. Thaman<br />
|Krish<br />
|-<br />
|"Kanavena"<br />
|Haricharan<br />
|-<br />
|"Mun Dhinam Paarthen"<br />
|S. Thaman<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aridhu Aridhu]]''<br />
|"Oh Lalali"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thillalangadi]]'' <br />
| "Pootta Paathadhum" ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' <br />
| "Oyyale" || Devi Sri Prasad || [[Mukesh Mohamed]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thunichal]]''<br />
|"Kalapayalae"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Premgi Amaren]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Neer Vaanam"<br />
|Yugendran<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jaggubhai]]''<br />
|"Acham, Madam"<br />
|Rafee<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]''<br />
|"Unarchigalai"<br />
|Deva<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''<br />
|"Kettaley Kettaley (Vangona)"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kadhalagi]]''<br />
|"Vaazhvomay Vaazhvomay"<br />
|[[A. R. Reihana]]<br />
|Kavi Suresh<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mandabam]]''<br />
|"Patha Vikkava"<br />
|Iniya Mahesan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]''<br />
|"Adi Kutti Maa"<br />
|V. Selvaganesh<br />
|Ranjith, KK, Maya Sricharan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gowravargal]]''<br />
|"Nandu Pudi"<br />
|Dhina<br />
|[[Rahul Nambiar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thottupaar]]''<br />
|"Oolavediye"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|Silambarasan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" | 2011 <br />
| ''[[Siruthai]]'' <br />
| "Rakkamma Rakku" || rowspan="2" | Vidyasagar || Ranjith, Roshan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaavalan]]'' <br />
| "Yaaradu" || Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Avan Ivan]]'' <br />
| "Dia Dia Dole" || rowspan="2" | Yuvan Shankar Raja ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mankatha]]'' <br />
| "Vaada Bin Laada" || Krish<br />
|-<br />
|''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' <br />
| "Oh Ringa Ringa" || Harris Jayaraj || Benny Dayal, Roshan, Jerry John<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Venghai]]'' <br />
| "Pudikale Pudikudhu" || Devi Sri Prasad || Mukesh Mohamed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rajapattai]]'' <br />
| "Laddu Laddu" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Vikram, [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aadu Puli]]''<br />
|"Thodugiral"<br />
|[[Sundar C. Babu]]<br />
|Jyostsna<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kandaen]]''<br />
|"Narmada"<br />
|[[Vijay Ebenezer]]<br />
|Haricharan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]''<br />
|"Ring Ting"<br />
|Manikanth Kadri<br />
|[[Baba Sehgal]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sagakkal]]''<br />
|"Kandaangi Selai"<br />
|Thayarathnam<br />
|[[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vithagan]]''<br />
|"Un Zone La"<br />
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]<br />
|[[Sayanora Philip]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" | 2012 <br />
| ''[[Vilayada Vaa]]'' <br />
| "Thottadhu Thottadhu Vettriyagum" || Srimurali || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Rap Biggnickk<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' <br />
| "Mokkamanusha" || Vijay Ebenezer || Steevevatz<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mirattal]]'' <br />
| "Radio Radio" || Pravin Mani || Shankar Mahadevan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maattrraan]]'' <br />
| "Theeyae Theeyae" || Harris Jayaraj || [[Franco Simon|Franko]], [[Aalap Raju]], [[Charulatha Mani]], Sathyan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Podaa Podi]]'' <br />
| "Maattikittenae" || Dharan || Naresh Iyer, Benny Dayal<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' <br />
| "Ye Unnathan" || S. Thaman || Ranjith, Naveen, Rahul Nambiar<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' <br />
| "Oru Kannil Vaegam" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Ranjith, Naveen<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]''<br />
|"Sathuryam Pesathada"<br />
| colspan="2" |Shakthi R. Selva<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]''<br />
|"Iyya Rasa"<br />
|[[Emil Mohammed]]<br />
|Naveen<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aathi Narayana]]''<br />
|"Twinkle Twinkle"<br />
|Srikanth Deva<br />
|Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]''<br />
|"Raja Raja Chozha"<br />
|[[Perarasu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vavval Pasanga]]''<br />
|"Poo Methu Vazhum"<br />
| rowspan="2" |Jerome Pushparaj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Vaa Machi"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" | 2013 <br />
|''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' <br />
| "Arjuna Arjuna" || rowspan="2" | S. Thaman || Karthik<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' <br />
| "Diamond Girl" || Silambarasan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' <br />
| "Ailasa Ailasa" || colspan="2" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]] <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Puthagam]]''<br />
|"Say That You Love Me"<br />
|[[James Vasanthan]]<br />
|Prasad<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Karuppampatti]]''<br />
|"Kannamma Chinna Ponnamma"<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannan (composer)|Kannan]]<br />
|Priya, Thilaka, Anitha<br />
|-<br />
|"Karupampatti Karupampatti"<br />
|Naveen, Mukesh Mohamed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]''<br />
|"Ethu Varai Vanam"<br />
|Priya<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]''<br />
|"Ondraai Ondraai"<br />
| rowspan="2" |S. Thaman<br />
|Haricharan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]''<br />
|"Thalakaal Puriyala"<br />
|Shankar Mahadevan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]''<br />
|"Kannan Indru"<br />
|[[Achu Rajamani]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]''<br />
|"Neethane Endru"<br />
|Vijay Ebenezer<br />
|Krish<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2014<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''<br />
|"Kadhal Oru"<br />
| rowspan="2" |X.Paulraj<br />
|Jassie Gift<br />
|-<br />
|"Kairegai" (Remix)<br />
|Hyde Karty, Sylvester, Jassie Gift<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naan Than Bala]]''<br />
|"Eruna Rayiluthan"<br />
|Venkat Krishi<br />
|Haricharan<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]''<br />
|"Hello Brother"<br />
|G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
|Ranjith, Chinnaponnu<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Poriyaalan]]''<br />
|"Haryana Devathaikku"<br />
|M. S. Jones Rupert<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2015<br />
|''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]''<br />
|"Karuppo Sivappo"<br />
|Joshua Sridhar<br />
|[[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]''<br />
|"Meenamma Meenamma"<br />
|Rahul Raj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2016<br />
|''[[Narathan]]''<br />
|"My Name Is Chandhrika"<br />
|Mani Sharma<br />
|[[Senthildass Velayutham]], Narendhran<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]''<br />
|"Rajathi Rajan"<br />
|Dharan<br />
|Ashwin Shekar<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' <br />
| "Eiffel Mele" || [[Gopi Sundar]] || Ranjith<br />
|-<br />
|[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|''Idhu Namma Aalu'']]<br />
|"Maaman Waiting"<br />
|[[Kuralarasan]]<br />
|T. Rajendar<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2017<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]''<br />
|"Lo Lo Lo Local"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Amresh Ganesh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghava Lawrence]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Motta Paiyyan Paiyyan"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Valla Desam]]''<br />
|"Edho Edho Ennam"<br />
|L. V. Muthukumarasamy & R. K. Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2018<br />
|''[[Bhaagamathie]]''<br />
|"Theme Song"<br />
|S. Thaman<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]''<br />
|"IAMK Party Song"<br />
|[[Balamurali Balu]]<br />
|Adithya Surendar, Teejay Arunasalam, [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]''<br />
|"Neram Indha Neram"<br />
|Amresh Ganesh<br />
|Tippu<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Telugu songs===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"| 2005 || ''[[Athadu]] '' || "Adharaka", "Chandamama" || rowspan="4" | [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2006<br />
| [[Ranam (2006 film)|''Ranam'']]<br />
| "Cheli Jabilee" <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Pokiri (2006 film)|''Pokiri'']]<br />
| "Dole Dole" <br />
|-<br />
| "Ippati Kinka"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Happy (2006 film)|''Happy'']]<br />
| "Ossa Re" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2007<br />
| ''[[Chirutha]]''<br />
| "Maro Maro" || [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maisamma IPS]]'' || "Naa Peru Mumaith Khan" || [[M. M. Srilekha]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2009<br />
| [[Kanthaswamy|''Mallanna'']] '''(D)'''<br />
| "Excuse Me" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kasko]]'' <br />
| "Telusa Telusa" || [[Premgi Amaren]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2010 || ''[[Adhurs]] '' || "Pilla Naa Valla Kaadu" || rowspan="2" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Singam|Yamudu]]'' '''(D)'''<br />
| "Ee Hridayam" <br />
|-<br />
| [[Puli (2010 film)|''Puli'']]<br />
| "Maham Maye" ||[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brindavanam (2010 film)|''Brindavanam'']]<br />
| "Nijamena" ||[[Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manmadan Ambu|Manmadha Baanam]]'' '''(D)'''<br />
| "Uyyala" || Devi Sri Prasad <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2011<br />
| [[Shakti (2011 film)|''Shakti'']]<br />
| "Surro Surra" ||[[Mani Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhada]]''<br />
| "Ye Pilla Pilla" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eeram|''Vaishali'']] '''(D)'''<br />
| "Kurivippina" || rowspan="2" | [[Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kandireega]]''<br />
| "Champakamala" <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aakasame Haddu]]'' <br />
| "Karo Karo" || Anand<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''<br />
| "Dandiya India" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[7 Aum Arivu|7th Sense]]'' '''(D)'''<br />
| "Oh Ringa Ringa" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rajapattai|Veedinthe]]'' '''(D)'''<br />
| "Laddu Laddu" || Yuvan Shankar Raja <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"| 2012 || [[Businessman (film)|''Businessman'']]|| "Sir Osthara" || [[Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sashesham'' <br />
| "Chupultho Maatlade" || K.C. Mouli<br />
|-<br />
| [[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|''Devudu Chesina Manushulu'']]<br />
| "Disturb Chettanade" || [[Raghu Kunche]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]''<br />
| "Ayomayam" || [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2013<br />
| ''[[Naayak]]''<br />
| "Nellorae" || [[Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mirchi (film)|''Mirchi'']]<br />
| "Barbie Girl" || [[Devisri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']]<br />
| "Diamond Girl" || [[Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''<br />
| "Kurreyadu" || S. Thaman<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Love Cycle]]''<br />
| "Pandaga" || Agastya <br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| ''[[Srimanthudu]] '' ||"Jatha Kalise" || [[Devisri Prasad|Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | 2018 || ''[[Bhaagamathie]] ''||"Theme song" <br />
| [[Thaman]] <br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Okate Life]]'' || "Whatsapp Baby"<br />"Ohh Meri Dhimtak Nari" || [[Amresh Ganesh]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Language !! Music director<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
| ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]] ''<br />
|"Thaiyya Thaiyya" || rowspan="2" | Kannada || [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Citizen (2008 film)|Citizen]]'' || "Mariyade Mariyade" || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
|-<br />
|2010 <br />
| [[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|''Pokkiri Raja'']]<br />
| "Chenthenkin" || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || [[Jassie Gift]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2012 <br />
| [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|''Grandmaster'']]<br />
| "Aaraanu Nee" || [[Deepak Dev]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]''<br />
| "Theyyaram" || [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2013<br />
|''[[Silk Sakkath Hot]]''<br />
|"Undadi Gundamma"<br />
| rowspan="5" |Kannada<br />
|Jassie Gift<br />
|-<br />
|''Soori Gang''<br />
|"Welcome"<br />
|S. Nagu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2015<br />
|''[[Katte (film)|Katte]]''<br />
|"Venkteshwara"<br />
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bangalore 560023]]''<br />
|"Madhuvana"<br />
|Arun Andrews<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|[[Bhale Jodi (2016 film)|''Bhale Jodi'']] <br />
|"Hello Hello"<br />
|[[Sadhu Kokila]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Role !! Language!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2006||''Koffee with Suchi''||Star Vijay||Host||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2014||''Music India''||Asianet||Judge||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Host || Tamil || Co-hosted with [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|''Bigg Boss Tamil 4'']] || [[Star Vijay]] || Contestant || Tamil||Wildcard Contestant, Evicted Day 49<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|''Bigg Boss Telugu 4'']] || [[Star Maa]] ||Guest|| Telugu || Crossover episode with Bigg Boss Tamil; Fearless Award{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Suchitra Ramadurai (also known as RJ Suchi) is an Indian radio jockey, playback singer, and author who has made significant contributions to literature. Her short story, The Runaway Peppercorn (published by Tulika Books), was a winning entry in the 2003–2004 Commonwealth Short Story Competition, a prestigious international award administered by the Commonwealth Foundation. She received further recognition in the 2005–2006 edition of the same competition for her story Chinna and Muthu. Beyond her success in short fiction, she has authored condensed versions of Shakespearean plays, including Hamlet and Macbeth, and has worked as a columnist. In the entertainment industry, she is a prolific playback singer with over 100 recorded songs in Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam cinema, and gained widespread fame as a radio jockey for Radio Mirchi in Chennai. <br />
<br />
;[[International Tamil Film Awards]] (ITFA)<br />
*2011 - [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|Best Female Playback Singer]] – ''[[Mankatha]]''<br />
<br />
;<br />
;BIG Telugu Music Awards<br />
*2012 - Best Singer of the Year – ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]''<br />
<br />
;<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
*2012 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song 'Sir Osthara' from ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]''<br />
*2010 - Nominated: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song 'Nijamena' from ''Brindavanam''<br />
<br />
;<br />
;[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
*2012 - Nominated: [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song 'Sir Osthara' from ''Businessman''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Le Cordon Bleu]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepa_Pullanikkatil&diff=495940Deepa Pullanikkatil2026-05-02T05:56:23Z<p>Juanita09O: article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian engineer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Deepa Pullanikkatil<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --><br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Engineer, sustainability and environmental manager<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| website = {{URL|deepapullanikkatil.com}}<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Deepa Pullanikkatil''' (born 1976) is an Indian engineer who has lived most of her life in Africa and worked in development and environmental management. She is currently the Commonwealth National Climate Finance Advisor for [[Fiji]] and previously worked in Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini on projects to alleviate poverty and effectively manage ecosystems. She holds a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], a master's degree in environmental management from the [[University of the Free State]], and a PhD in environmental science from [[North-West University]] in [[South Africa]].<br />
<br />
==Early life, education and family==<br />
Deepa Pullanikkatil was born in 1976, in [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India, to Roopalekha Sukumaran and Rajagopalan Pullanikkatil.{{sfn|Pullanikkatil|2024}}{{sfn|Pullanikkatil|2014|p=iii}} Her mother was the daughter of the writer [[Tatapuram Sukumaran]] and her father was a civil engineer. Her parents moved with Pullanikkatil and her older brother Deepak to [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, in 1978.{{sfn|Pullanikkatil|2024}} The family relocated to [[Lesotho]] in 1988.{{sfn|Tlali|2023}} Pullanikkatil completed her bachelor's degree in civil engineering at [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] in 1998 and earned a post-graduate diploma in management from the [[Amrita Schools of Business]] in 2000.{{sfn|AWFST|2009|p=12}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Upon completing her studies, Pullanikkatil worked as a [[civil engineer]] on a hospital project in India and then on a water and sanitation project in rural Lesotho.{{sfn|AWFST|2009|p=12}} In 2003, she was hired as a [[lecturer]] at [[Lerotholi Polytechnic]], in [[Maseru]], Lesotho,{{sfn|''Annual Report''|2003|p=58}} and worked her way up to the head of the department. Her research work at the time focused on the impact of climate change on Lesotho's subsistence farming workers. While teaching at Lerotholi, Pullanikkatil earned a master's degree from the [[University of the Free State]] in [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa in 2009.{{sfn|AWFST|2009|p=12}}{{sfn|AWFST|2009|p=12}} The following year, she moved to [[Malawi]] and began working with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]'s programme, Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD).{{sfn|Rhodes University|2023}}{{sfn|D'Itri|1999|p=221}} The programme was designed to allow [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary collaboration]] between academics and other partners, encouraging them to work together on initiatives for sustainable development.{{sfn|D'Itri|1999|p=221}} Pullanikkatil's partners within LEAD were undertaken with the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) to create a policy on climate change for the government of Malawi.{{sfn|Rhodes University|2023}} During a presentation at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] in 2014, Pullanikkatil and [[Doreen Othero]] of the [[Lake Victoria]] Basin Commission, argued in favor of development efforts which coordinated environmental conservation projects with health and economic initiatives. They pointed out that goals to protect resources were often unreachable because of the failure to address the impact on the livelihoods and well-being of the communities concerned.{{sfn|Wilson Center|2014}}<br />
<br />
In 2015, Pullanikkatil was hired to carry out a needs assessment for the technology required to address climate change for the government of [[Swaziland]] (since 2018, Eswatini), in a project coordinated through the [[Global Environment Facility]] (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme.{{sfn|Rhodes University|2023}} She completed her PhD with the thesis, "Ecosystem Services Mapping of Likangala River Catchment, Southern Malawi" that year,{{sfn|Palamuleni|2020|p=21}} at [[North-West University]].{{sfn|Pullanikkatil|2014|p=title}} The thesis explored the impact of human activity on water quality in the Likangala River, concluding that urban pollution from households, service facilities, and industries, as well as agricultural [[wastewater]] and [[Agricultural pollution|fertiliser runoff]], had increased contamination of the river.{{sfn|Palamuleni|2020|p=21}} She began her post-doctoral fellowship at [[Rhodes University]] in 2016{{sfn|Rhodes University|2023}} and went on to complete a residency at the [[University of Glasgow]] in 2018.{{sfn|Perry|Pullanikkatil|2018}} She worked at an NGO she founded, Abundance, and as a co-director for Sustainable Futures in Africa in Eswatini in 2019,{{sfn|Smith|2019}} before being hired in 2020 to manage the [[nationally determined contribution]]s to reduce the [[greenhouse gas emissions]] for Eswatini. As the manager, she worked with the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]], the [[Commonwealth Foundation]], the [[International Renewable Energy Agency]], UNDP, UNEP, the UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], and the [[World Resources Institute]] to coordinate the various programmes aimed to meet Eswatini's targets.{{sfn|''The Street Journal''|2020}} In 2022, Eswatini was recognised at the [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference]] with the "Best Urban Initiative of the Year Award". At the conference, Pullanikkatil was a member of a panel discussion, "Climate Plans for Energy Resilience in Africa and Small Island States". She stressed the importance of having a plan to address extreme weather which could damage energy infrastructure and of training women and youth in green technology both for assisting in development and reducing unemployment.{{sfn|Dlamini|2022}}<br />
<br />
In 2023, Pullanikkatil became the Commonwealth National Climate Finance Advisor for [[Fiji]],{{sfn|Chand|2023}}{{sfn|Commonwealth|2023}} replacing Katherine Cooke.{{sfn|Falduto|Bartz-Zuccala|Mullan|Raiteri|2023|p=4}} The position was created by the Commonwealth Climate Finance Access HUB was which formed in [[2015 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|2015 by Commonwealth leadership]] to assist government ministries and other organisations on climate and development initiatives.{{sfn|Moreira da Silva|Sedemund|2021|p=242}} The partnership with Fiji and the Commonwealth hub provides funding to enable the local government to implement their strategic plans for sustainable growth and climate initiatives.{{sfn|Moreira da Silva|Sedemund|2021|p=243}} Pullanikkatil is responsible for overseeing the completion of government programmes to provide electricity to rural areas, protect the environment, and implement an [[electric bus]] system.{{sfn|Chand|2023}}<br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
Although Pullanikkatil's research focus is typically concerned with environmental sustainability and development, dealing with such topics as the impact of climate change, deforestation, mining, overfishing, and water availability, studies like her co-authored paper "Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Zomba, Southern Malawi", have pointed out links between health and population growth. In the paper, which evaluated the [[Lake Chilwa]] basin of Malawi, the researchers recognised that women were participating in the study at low rates. Discussions with the women concerned revealed that many of them had health problems related to [[Schistosomiasis|snail fever]]. That revelation led to Pullanikkatil coordinating the first formal research project in the area focused on the parasitic [[Schistosoma|flat worms]], which cause the fever. The subsequent findings showed that nearly fifty per cent of the population was infected with the parasite and that the irrigation channels in use to combat water shortages due to climate change were increasing the levels of the parasite. This happened because the water in the irrigation ditches was fresher than the lake water. The study prompted a change in health policy and delivery of medication and the need to raise awareness of the problem. As a result, Pullanikkatil and her team gave radio broadcasts about the spread of the disease.{{sfn|Wilson Center|2014}}<br />
<br />
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Deepa |last2=Mubako |first2=Stanley |last3=Munthali |first3=Misheck M. |title=Advancing Green Economy through Technology Transfer: Experiences from Malawi |journal=Southern African Journal of Environmental Education |date=2014 |volume=30 |pages=66–78 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/issue/view/12722/56 |publisher=[[Rhodes University]] for the Environmental Education Association of Southern Africa |location=Grahamstown, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302161630/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/issue/download/12722/56 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |issn=2411-5959 |oclc=8580247776 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Deepa |last2=Mubako |first2=Stanley |last3=Phalira |first3=Welton |last4=Chiotha |first4=Sosten |last5=Luhanga |first5=Michael |title=Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Zomba, Southern Malawi |journal=[[African Geographical Review]] |date=January 2014 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=36–51 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2013.861758 |publisher=[[Routledge]] for the Association of American Geographers African Specialty Group |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |s2cid=154713197 |issn=2411-5959 |oclc=5527188415}}<br />
*{{cite thesis |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Deepa |title=Mapping of Provisioning Ecosystems Services in Likangala River Catchment, Zomba, Southern Malawi |url=http://www.deepapullanikkatil.com/uploads/8/1/9/7/8197584/pullanikkatil_thesis_final.pdf |type=PhD |publisher=[[North-West University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114175646/http://www.deepapullanikkatil.com/uploads/8/1/9/7/8197584/pullanikkatil_thesis_final.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2023 |location=Mafikeng, South Africa |date=December 2014 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Deepa |last2=Palamuleni |first2=L.G. |last3=Ruhiiga |first3=T. M. |title=Impact of Land Use on Water Quality in the Likangala Catchment, Southern Malawi |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |date=July 2015 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.2989/16085914.2015.1077777 |publisher=[[Routledge]] for the Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |bibcode=2015AfJAS..40..277P |issn=1608-5914 |oclc=5997477805}}<br />
*{{cite report |ref=none |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Deepa |title=Technology Action Plan For Adaptation: Report III of Technology Needs Assessment |url=https://tech-action.unepccc.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/tap-adaptation-swaziland.pdf |publisher=Kingdom of Swaziland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144424/https://tech-action.unepccc.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/tap-adaptation-swaziland.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2023 |location=Mbabane, Swaziland |date=February 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Pullanikkatil |editor1-first=Deepa |editor2-last=Shackleton |editor2-first=Charlie M. |title=Poverty Reduction through Non-Timber Forest Products: Personal Stories |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-75579-3}}<br />
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Pullanikkatil |editor1-first=Deepa |editor2-last=Hughes |editor2-first=Kerry |title=Socio-Ecological Systems and Decoloniality: Convergence of Indigenous and Western Knowledge |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-031-15096-8}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography=== <br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|''Annual Report''|2003}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=ATPS 2003 Annual Conference and Workshop Report |url=https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/atps_annual_conference_2003.pdf |publisher=African Technology Policy Studies Network |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630032747/https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/atps_annual_conference_2003.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2023 |location=Nairobi, Kenya |date=November 2003 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Chand |first1=Anish |title=Climate Finance Adviser to Be Based in PM's Office |url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/climate-finance-adviser-to-be-based-in-pms-office/ |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=[[Fiji Times]] |date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141041/https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/climate-finance-adviser-to-be-based-in-pms-office/ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |location=Suva, Fiji |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Rhodes University|2023}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=DES Welcomes New Post-Doc Deepa Pullanikkattil |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/environmentalscience/latestnews/deswelcomesnewpost-docdeepapullanikkattil.html |website=RUAC |publisher=[[Rhodes University]] |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301194656/https://www.ru.ac.za/environmentalscience/latestnews/deswelcomesnewpost-docdeepapullanikkattil.html |archive-date=1 March 2024 |location=Makhanda, South Africa |date=15 September 2023 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=D'Itri |first1=Frank M. |editor1-last=Itakura |editor1-first=Yasumasa |editor2-last=Eades |editor2-first=J. S. |editor3-last=D'Itri |editor3-first=Frank M. |editor4-last=Kawashima |editor4-first=Munetsugu |editor5-last=Endoh |editor5-first=Shuichi |editor6-last=Kitamura |editor6-first=Hiroaki |title=Integrated Environmental Management: Development, Information, and Education in the Asian-Pacific Region |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GR1EQuXooyEC&pg=PA221 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Lewis Publishers]] |location=Boca Raton, Florida |chapter=15. Environmental Contamination and the Information Highway |pages=211–222|isbn=978-1-56670-419-9}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Dlamini |first1=Sibusiso |title=Jeff Bezos Earth Fund Invites Eswatini to the Table for Renewable Energy Funding |url=https://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=19295 |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Eswatini Observer]] |date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302184803/https://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=19295 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |location=Mbabane, Eswatini |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Falduto |first1=Chiara |last2=Bartz-Zuccala |first2=Wiebke |last3=Mullan |first3=Michael |last4=Raiteri |first4=Emma |last5=Richarz |first5=Jonas |editor1-last=Jachnik |editor1-first=Raphaël |editor2-last=Sedemund |editor2-first=Jens |editor3-last=Sachs |editor3-first=Susan |title=Scaling Up Adaptation Finance in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities for International Providers, Green Finance and Investment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq_jEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |date=2023 |publisher=[[OECD|OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-63908-9}}<br />
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Wilson Center|2014}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=From Victoria to Chilwa: Integrated Development in Two African Lake Basins |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/victoria-to-chilwa-integrated-development-two-african-lake-basins |website=Wilson Center Events |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |access-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303030543/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/victoria-to-chilwa-integrated-development-two-african-lake-basins |archive-date=3 March 2024 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=10 February 2014 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Moreira da Silva |editor1-first=Jorge |editor1-link=Jorge Moreira da Silva |editor2-last=Sedemund |editor2-first=Jens |title=Integrating Environmental and Climate Action into Development Co-operation:Reporting on DAC Members' High-Level Meeting Commitments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |date=2021 |publisher=[[OECD|OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-69347-0}}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Palamuleni |first1=Lobina Gertrude |title=Building the Bridge: The Land and Water Bridge |url=https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/33653/Palamuleni_L.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=[[DSpace]] |publisher=[[North-West University]] |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903073824/https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/33653/Palamuleni_L.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=3 September 2020 |location=Mafikeng, South Africa |date=23 January 2020 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Mia |last2=Pullanikkatil |first2=Deepa |title=A New Approach to Global Research Partnerships |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=201808221046503 |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[University World News]] |date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926081133/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=201808221046503 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |location=London, UK |url-status=live}} <br />
* {{cite web |last1=Pullanikkatil |first1=Rajagopalan |title=From India to Africa |url=https://pullanikkatil.tripod.com/rajTEST.html |website=[[Tripod (web hosting)|Tripod]] |publisher=[[Lycos]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301184538/https://pullanikkatil.tripod.com/rajTEST.html |archive-date=1 March 2024 |location=Waltham, Massachusetts |date=2024 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|AWFST|2009}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Report of the 1st Interim Committee Meeting |url=https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/wecan_launch.pdf |publisher=African Women's Forum on Science and Technology |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630032631/https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/wecan_launch.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2023 |location=Nairobi, Kenya |date=July 2009 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Emma |title=Q&A: How This Engineer Began a New Career in Global Development |url=https://www.devex.com/news/q-a-how-this-engineer-began-a-new-career-in-global-development-95576 |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Devex]] |date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514192741/https://www.devex.com/news/q-a-how-this-engineer-began-a-new-career-in-global-development-95576 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Street Journal''|2020}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Swaziland: Eswatini Makes Progress on NDCs Thanks to Crucial Partnership Support |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/swaziland-eswatini-makes-progress-on-ndcs-thanks-to-crucial-partnership-support/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=The Street Journal |date=18 November 2020 |location=Abuja, Nigeria}}<br />
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Commonwealth|2023}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Commonwealth Climate Finance Access Hub appoints advisers to Fiji and Tuvalu |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/commonwealth-climate-finance-access-hub-appoints-advisers-fiji-and-tuvalu |website=Commonwealth Climate Finance Access Hub |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations]] |access-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922212521/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/commonwealth-climate-finance-access-hub-appoints-advisers-fiji-and-tuvalu |archive-date=22 September 2023 |location=London, UK |date=4 July 2023 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Tlali |first1=Caswell |title=Violent Hijackings on the Rise |url=https://www.thepost.co.ls/news/violent-hijackings-on-the-rise/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Post |date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301192741/https://www.thepost.co.ls/news/violent-hijackings-on-the-rise/ |archive-date=1 March 2024 |location=Maseru, Lesotho |url-status=live}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pullanikkatil, Deepa}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of the Free State alumni]]<br />
[[Category:North-West University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:United Nations Development Programme officials]]<br />
[[Category:Sustainability and environmental management]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Kumar_Gupta&diff=528599Rajesh Kumar Gupta2026-05-01T13:36:24Z<p>Juanita09O: adding the biography with sources</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajesh Kumar Gupta''' (born 15 January 1975)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was an MLA from [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]] in [[Rohtas district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Sasaram Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:RJD Candidate RAJESH KUMAR GUPTA wins from Sasaram, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/sasaram-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385884 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno208-2-1794505 | title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2020: Sasaram Assembly Constituency }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Gupta is from [[Sasaram]], Rohtas district, Bihar. He is the son of Baijnath Gupta. He completed his graduation in 1995 at Shri Shankar College, Sasaram, which is affiliated with [[Magadh University]], Bodhgaya. He is a contractor and his wife runs a beauty parlour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Gupta(RJD):Constituency- SASARAM(ROHTAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10720 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Gupta won from Sasaram Assembly constituency representing Rashtriya Janata Dal in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,303 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ashok Kumar of [[Janata Dal (United)]], by a margin of 26,423 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Sasaram Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Rajesh Kumar Gupta of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sasaram-election-result-2020-live-updates-sasaram-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061226.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Sasaram Election Results 2020 Live Updates: Fight between LJP's Rameshwar Chaurasiya and RJD's Rajesh Kumar Gupta |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/sasaram-election-results-bihar-assembly-election-2020-vote-counting-november-1739529-2020-11-09 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh, Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]<br />
<br />
{{RJD-politician-stub}}</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Surat&diff=537476St. Xavier's High School, Surat2026-05-01T02:37:00Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating Some Data W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox school<br />
| name = St. Xavier's Up-High School, Surat<br />
| logo = St. Xavier's High School Surat logo.jpg<br />
| motto = ज्ञानं ज्ञानवतामहम्<br />
| location = [[Ghod Dod Road]], [[Athwa]], [[Surat]]<br> [[Gujarat]] 395001, [[India]]<br />
| type = [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic church|Catholic]]<br />
| established = 1963<br />
| grades = 1-12<br />
| language = English; Gujarati<br />
| houses = Sardar (yellow); Subhash (red); Tagore (green); Tilak (blue)<br />
| colours = {{colour box|yellow}} {{colour box|red}} {{colour box|green}} {{colour box|blue}} {{colour box|white}}<br />
| song = Xavier's Anthem<br />
| school_board = [[GSEB]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''St Xavier's Up-High School''' is a Co-education institution. [[English language|English]]–[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Medium of instruction|medium school]], grades one through twelve, opened in 1963 and run by the [[Society of Jesus]]. in [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/st-xaviers-high-school-ghod-dod-road/24221508009|title=St Xaviers High School Ghod Dod Road, Surat-7, Surat - Gujarat|website=iCBSE|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The school was established in Nanpura in 1963. The first principal was Fr. Valentine, S.J. Later, the school moved to its current location on [[Ghod Dod Road]], with another building which houses an auditorium and also has a lift for Standard 9th to 12th.<br />
<br />
== Ethos ==<br />
The school concentrates on the all round development of a student. For this, students are given ample opportunities in sports as well as scholastic activities. The students are expected to expand their talent horizons. The school's patron is St. [[Francis Xavier]].<br />
<br />
== Academic Curriculum ==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[image:St. Xavier's High School Surat back.jpg|thumb|Side facade of the school]] --><br />
The school follows [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|GSEB]] curriculum which is the state board of The Government of Gujarat. It has classes from [[kindergarten]] to class 10 in both English and Gujarati medium. It uses continuous and comprehensive evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acadym.com/School/442837/ST-XAVIERS-HIGH-SCHOOL-GHOD-DOD-ROAD-SURAT-7-SURAT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515202809/http://acadym.com/School/442837/ST-XAVIERS-HIGH-SCHOOL-GHOD-DOD-ROAD-SURAT-7-SURAT|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 15, 2017|title=ST XAVIERS HIGH SCHOOL GHOD DOD ROAD, SURAT 7, SURAT, 395001 {{!}} School in SURAT 7, SURAT {{!}} Acadym.com|last=Ads|first=Acadym Education|website=acadym.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> It also has classes 11 and 12 in both science and commerce streams, the latter only in English medium. The school was judged the best school in Surat district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/St-Xaviers-judged-best-school-in-district/articleshow/4346251.cms|title=St Xavier's judged best school in district}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school has four houses named for former Indian national leaders: Sardar; Subhash; Tagore; and Tilak. All student except the kindergarten students are a part of any one of the above houses.<br />
<br />
== Student Council ==<br />
The school maintains an active student council headed by the Head Boy who is assisted by assistant head boy. In each class, there are four captains belonging to each house which lead their respective houses in sports events. The RSP(s) are supposed to maintain discipline in class. Like the captains, there are four RSP(s) in each house.<br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
The school has a physics laboratory, chemistry laboratory, biology laboratory, computer laboratories and an English Language Lab and [[Extramarks]] SmartClass. The school has a well-stocked library and two large halls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mudradesigns.com/project/st-xaviers-high-school-hall-and-labsurat/?bw|title=St. Xaviers high school hall and lab,Surat|website=mudradesigns.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> The school has a very large campus complete with a large playground. It has a cricket ground with pitches, a football ground, basketball courts and a tennis court. Other sports include table tennis and skating. The school grounds have three pavilions namely Fr. Joachim More S.J. pavilion, Fr. Ornellas Coutinho S.J. pavilion and Fr. Ovelil S.J. pavilion.<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[image:Fr More Pavillion.jpg|thumb|Fr. Joachim More S.J. Pavilion]] --><br />
<br />
== School Activities ==<br />
'''Annual Day:''' The annual day is the highlight of the school year. Many cultural programs such as dances, skits, singing are performed by students from all classes.<br />
<br />
'''Sports Day:''' The sports day is generally held in December. It is a gala event consisting of many sports competitions. There is a march past performed by the members of the student council. Students compete on behalf of their houses. There is intense competition between the houses. The feats of house members in the events are awarded points. The school with the most points wins the house cup.<br />
<br />
'''Voyage:''' It is an inter-school event in which schools from within the city as well as abroad participate. The competitions include General Knowledge quiz, spelling quiz, musical band competition, poster making competition, classical dance competition, debate and elocution. The winning school is awarded the Voyage Trophy.<br />
<br />
'''Summer Coaching Camp:''' It is held during the summer vacation. The students, irrespective of their schools are coached for sports like Cricket, Football, Tennis, Karate, Table tennis, Skating and Basketball.<br />
<br />
'''Teacher's Day:''' It is held on 5 September. There is a cultural program and the senior students are made teachers for a day.<br />
<br />
'''Leadership Day:''' The new student council takes charge on this day. It is held at the beginning of the school year.<br />
<br />
== Golden Jubilee Celebration ==<br />
The 2012–13 academic year was celebrated as the golden jubilee year as the school had completed 50 years of establishment. Many cultural events were held. Every student was given a souvenir highlighting the school's journey. Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, the 11th [[President of India]], was invited to deliver the Golden Jubilee Commemorative Speech. A huge event took place at the indoor stadium where Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam was invited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kalam-to-address-surat-students-on-aug-9/1149659/|title=Kalam to address students on august 9}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable alumni ==<br />
* [[Freddy Daruwala]]<br />
* [[Ankur Vikal]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Christian schools in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasant_R._Gowariker&diff=543736Vasant R. Gowariker2026-04-24T04:42:58Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating First Stub W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian scientist (1933–2015)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vasant R. Gowariker<br />
| image = Dr. Vasant Ranchhod Gowariker.png<br />
| caption = Vasant Ranchhod Gowariker<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|03|25}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br>(present day [[Maharashtra]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|01|02|1933|03|25}}<br />
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| spouse = Sudha Gowariker<br />
| children = Irawati, Ashwini, Kalyani<br />
| years_active = <br />
| occupation = Scientist<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vasant Ranchhod Gowariker''' (25 March 1933&nbsp;– 2 January 2015) was an Indian scientist. He was a director in the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] and also the scientific [[Adviser|advisor]] to the [[Prime Minister of India]] from 1991 to 1993. Gowariker made valuable contributions to the fields of [[space research]], [[weather]] and [[Population (human biology)|population]]. He was well known for his monsoon forecast model as he was the first scientist to develop an indigenous [[Weather forecasting models|weather forecasting model]] that predicted the [[monsoon]] correctly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=6&id=845 |title=Vasant Gowarikar |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102212519/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=6&id=845 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ZeeObit /><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Gowariker was born in [[Poona]], [[British India]] on 25 March 1933 in Maharashtrian [[family]]. After his [[schooling]] and [[graduation]] from [[Kolhapur]] district in [[Western Maharashtra]], he embarked on his scientific odyssey to [[England]] in the early 1950s. He obtained his [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[chemical engineering]], supervised by F. H. Garner. His [[collaboration]] resulted in the Garner-Gowariker [[theory]], which was a novel analysis of [[heat]] and [[mass]] transfer between [[solid]]s and [[fluid]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-isro-chief-vasant-gowarikar-passes-away/article6749083.ece Vasant Gowarikar]</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He had worked with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Vasant Gowarikar, the man behind Indian monsoon model |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/vasant-gowarikar-indian-scientist-234099-2015-01-04 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Gowariker was involved in space research in early career under [[Vikram Sarabhai]] when his office was in the building of the local St Mary Magdalene Church in [[Thumba]] in [[Kerala]]. He pioneered [[solid propellant]] development and later served as Director of the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) between 1979 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polymer News: Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2015 |url=https://www.spsitvm.in/pdf/PolymerNews-Jan2015-FINAL.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gowariker also served as the scientific advisor to [[Prime Minister of India]] [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] from 1991 to 1993. He had also been the [[Secretary]] of [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Scientist Vasant Gowarikar passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-isro-chief-vasant-gowarikar-passes-away/article6749083.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was appointed as [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[Pune University]] and was [[chairman]] of the Marathi Vidnyan Parishad between 1994 and 2000. Gowariker, along with his associates, also compiled ''The Fertilizer Encyclopedia'' (2008) that featured 4,500 entries detailing the [[chemical composition]] of [[fertilizer]]s, and containing information on everything from their [[manufacturing]] and application to their economic and environmental considerations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Dr Vasant Gowariker College education Kolhapur PhD completed akp 94 {{!}} कुतूहल : डॉ. वसंत गोवारीकर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/navneet/dr-vasant-gowarikar-college-education-kolhapur-phd-completed-akp-94-2779231/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Gowarikar died on 2 January 2015 at [[Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital]], Pune, [[India]] following [[dengue]] and [[urinary tract infection]]s.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-isro-chief-vasant-gowarikar-passes-away/article6749083.ece Scientist Vasant Gowarikar passes away]</ref><ref name=ZeeObit>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/sci-tech/former-isro-chief-v-r-gowarikar-dies-in-pune_1523955.html | title=Former ISRO chief VR Gowarikar dies in Pune | date=3 January 2015 | publisher=Zee News | access-date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/scientist-vasant-gowarikar-no-more-115010200837_1.html Scientist Vasant Gowarikar no more]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Brahm Prakash]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]|years=1979 - 1985}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=Suresh Chandra Gupta}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowarikar, Vasant R.}}<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]<br />
[[Category:ISRO people]]<br />
[[Category:Space programme of India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahul_Navin&diff=528130Rahul Navin2026-04-23T05:07:58Z<p>Juanita09O: adding the page w/ refs...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description |Indian Director of Enforcement Directorate}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rahul Navin<br />
| image = Rahul Navin (IRS 1993) ED Chief.jpg<br />
| caption = Navin in 2025<br />
| office = [[Director (business)|Director of]] [[Enforcement Directorate]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Mishra]]<br />
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br />
| term_start = 15 August 2024<br />
| office1 = [[Director (business)|Acting Director of]] [[Enforcement Directorate]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2023<br />
| term_end1 = 2024<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Kumar Mishra]]<br />
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br />
| office2 = [[List of Income Tax Department officer ranks#Ranks of the Income Tax Department|Commissioner of Income Tax]]<br />
| appointer2 = [[Central Board of Direct Taxes|CBDT]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2017<br />
| term_end2 = 2017<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|07|03}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) ([[Master of Technology|M.Tech]]) [[IIT Kanpur]]<br>([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[Swinburne University of Technology]]<br />
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rahul Navin''' (born 3 July 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Revenue Service officers Civil List|url= https://itgoawbunit.org/pdf/46702-civil-list-2024.pdf|access-date= 2 December 2025|website=Income Tax Gazetted Officers Association - West Bengal Unit|language=en}}</ref>) is an [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|Indian Revenue Service officer]] who has been the [[Director (business)|Director]] of [[Enforcement Directorate]] since August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 15 August 2024 |title= Rahul Navin appointed ED Chief for 2 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-navin-appointed-ed-chief-for-2-years/articleshow/112537327.cms|access-date= 2 December 2025|website= [[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> He joined the revenue service in the 1993 batch from [[income Tax]] cadre.<br />
<br />
Before that he served as acting director of [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) from 2023 to 2024. His tenure saw the multiple investigations and arrests of high profile people like [[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal|Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Kalvakuntla Kavitha|K Kavitha]] Jharkhand CM [[Hemant Soren]] in 2024 and arrest of former [[UCO Bank]] chairman [[UCO Bank|Subodh Kumar Goel]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 22 March 2024 |title= Arvind Kejriwal arrested: How 'South Group' is linked to Delhi CM, K Kavitha's arrest in liquor policy scam|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/arvind-kejriwal-arrest-how-south-group-linked-to-delhi-cm-k-kavitha-arrest-in-liquor-policy-scam-explained-11711112109130.html |access-date= 2 December 2025|website= [[Live Mint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 1 February 2024|title=Hemant Soren: Jharkhand CM arrested in a corruption case |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68163338 |access-date= 2 December 2025|website= [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 May 2025|title= Press Release |url= https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/latestnews/Press%20Release_Arrest-Concast%20casew-19.05.2025%201.pdf |access-date= 2 December 2025|website= [[Enforcement Directorate]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 25 July 2025|title= ED attaches 106-crore assets of UCO Bank ex-CMD|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/subodh-kumar-goel-properties-uco-bank-ed-10149083/ |access-date= 2 December 2025|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Rahul Navin was born on 3 July 1967 in [[India]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology]] in 1990 and [[Master of Technology]] degree in 1993 both in [[Civil Engineering]] from [[IIT Kanpur]]. He has also completed his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Swinburne University of Technology]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 20 August 2024|title= Rahul Navin appointed ED Chief|url=https://imoc.iitk.ac.in/alumni-stories-single.php?asid=NTMw |access-date= 2 December 2025|website=[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] Information outreach and media cell|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 14 August 2024 |title= Acting Rahul Navin appointed as full |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/acting-chief-rahul-navin-appointed-full-time-director-of-enforcement-directorate/ |access-date= 2 December 2025|website= [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Civil Service ===<br />
Navin joined [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|Indian Revenue Service]] in 1993. He has nearly 30 years of experience in the [[Income Tax Department]] where he has served in numerous position such as Additional Course Director of the 63rd batch of the [[Indian Revenue Service]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 16 September 2023|title= Centre appoints Rahul Navin as acting director of ED |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/centre-appoints-rahul-navin-as-the-next-enforcement-directorate-chief/articleshow/103697928.cms |access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He then worked in International Taxation Wing from 2004 to 2008 the wing raised demands on several offshore transactions including one in Vodafone case.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 14 August 2024 |title= Rahul Navin Rahul Navin acting ED Chief has been appointed for full time|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-navin-enforcement-directorate-chief-acting-enforcement-directorate-chief-rahul-navin-appointed-full-time-head-6337745 |access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[NDTV]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He then served as the Commissioner of Income Tax in 2017 before being appointed as Officer on Special Duty and Special Director in the [[Enforcement Directorate]] in November 2019. He has also served as Chief Vigilance Officer in the headquarters of [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] after which the Government appointed him as acting director of ED due to abrupt end of [[Sanjay Kumar Mishra]] tenure after [[Supreme Court of India]] termed his extensions as illegal. <br />
In 2024 the Government appointed Navin as full director of [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] for 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 14 August 2024|title= Centre appoints Rahul Navin as full time ed director |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/centre-appoints-acting-ed-chief-rahul-navin-as-full-time-director |access-date= 3 December 2025|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 14 August 2024|title= IRS Rahul Navin appointed full director of ED|url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/irs-rahul-navin-appointed-full-time-director-of-enforcement-directorate-9018303.html|access-date= 3 December 2025|website= News18|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Enforcement Directorate ===<br />
As the Director of Enforcement Directorate Navin has been involved in several high profile investigations. Notable ones include the arrest of then sitting Chief Minister of Delhi [[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal|Arvind Kejriwal]] and other politicians from his party including [[Manish Sisodia]] and the agency also arrested [[Kalvakuntla Kavitha]] daughter of former Telangana Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] all of them were arrested in relation with [[2022 Delhi liquor policy case|Delhi Liquor Policy Case]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 28 March 2024 |title= Arvind Kejriwal: the Delhi chief minister jailed by Modi's government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/28/arvind-kejriwal-delhi-chief-minister-anti-corruption-jailed |access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2024, the agency also arrested former Jharkhand CM [[Hemant Soren]] in relation with the cases of Money Laundering.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 1 February 2024|title= Hemant Soren:Jharkhand CM arrested in a corruption case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68163338 |access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to these investigations and arrests of several high profile politicians which coincided with 2024 Lok Sabha Election. The agency [[Enforcement Directorate]] led by Rahul Navin was accused by several opposition political parties of [[BJP]] for targeting their leaders before the incoming 2024 Lok Sabha Elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 1 February 2024|title= India opposition accuses government of crackdown after minister's arrest |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/india/head-indias-jharkhand-state-arrested-amid-graft-probe-media-2024-02-01/#:~:text=Modi's%20Bharatiya%20Janata%20Party%20(BJP,member%20of%20the%20INDIA%20alliance.|access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[Reuters]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
In February 2025, ED Director Navin was summoned by a Delhi Court due to the failure by agency to provide legible copies to accused in relation with ₹88 crore money laundering case that involves [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] related cheating and Fraud matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 February 2025|title= ED director Rahul Navin summoned by Delhi court over failure to provide legible copies of documents to accused|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-director-rahul-navin-summoned-by-delhi-court-over-failure-to-provide-legible-copies-of-documents-to-accused-101738823207624.html |access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Books and Publications ==<br />
As an IRS officer and expert in taxation Rahul Navin has authored one book.<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |author= |title=Information Exchange and Tax Transparency - Tackling Global Tax Evasion and Avoidance|date= 23 December 2016 |publisher=[[LexisNexis]] |isbn=9350358891}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information Exchange and Tax Transparency - Tackling Global Tax Evasion and Avoidance |url= https://www.amazon.in/Information-Exchange-Tax-Transparency-Avoidance/dp/9350358891|access-date= 3 December 2025|website= [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Swinburne University of Technology alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malhara_Assembly_constituency&diff=515434Malhara Assembly constituency2026-04-15T02:13:16Z<p>Juanita09O: Adding First Data Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Malhara<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 53<br />
| map_image = 53-Malhara.svg<br />
| mla = [[Ramsiya Bharti]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]<br />
| incumbent_image = Ramsiya Bharti Portrait.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Malhara Assembly constituency''' (formerly, '''Malehra''') is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=23 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state,<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> but it was abolished in 1956. It again came into existence in 1961, following delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies. <br />
<br />
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Malhara (constituency number 53) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Chhatarpur district]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Bada Malhera]] [[tehsil]], [[Buxwaha]] [[nagar panchayat]] and part of [[Bijawar]] [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=231, 250}}</ref><br />
<br />
Malhara is part of [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]], [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] and [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] in [[Sagar district]] and [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]], [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]], [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]] and [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] in [[Damoh district]].<ref name="ceo"/><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" /><br />
|Basant Lal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Hans Raj<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Govind Singh Judeo<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Dashrath<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Jang Bahadur Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Kapur Chand Ghuwara<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|[[Shivraj Singh Lodhi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Ashok Kumar<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Uma Yadav<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|Swami Prasad Lodhi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|[[Uma Bharti]]<br />
|-<br />
|2006{{efn|by-poll}}<br />
|Kapur Chand Ghuwara<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rekha Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" /><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]{{efn|by-poll}}<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Ramsiya Bharti]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
{{noteslist}}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhara<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Ramsiya Bharti]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:89053}}<br />
|percentage = 52.04<br />
|change = +18.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67521}}<br />
|percentage = 39.46<br />
|change = -5.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Karan Singh Lodhi Sunwaha<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4220}}<br />
|percentage = 2.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Lakhan Ramtoriya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1860}}<br />
|percentage = 1.09<br />
|change = -12.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Chanda<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1751}}<br />
|percentage = 1.02<br />
|change = +0.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1118}}<br />
|percentage = 0.65<br />
|change = +0.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:21532}}<br />
|percentage = 12.58<br />
|change = +0.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:171115}}<br />
|percentage = 73.51<br />
|change = +3.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2020 bypolls ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Malhara<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 67,532<br />
|percentage = 45.14<br />
|change = +10.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Ramsiya Bharti]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 49,965<br />
|percentage = 33.4<br />
|change = -11.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Akhanad Pratap Singh Yadav<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 20,502<br />
|percentage = 13.7<br />
|change = +3.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Rajendra Jain Ghuwara<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = 1,656<br />
|percentage = 1.11<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 518<br />
|percentage = 0.35<br />
|change = -0.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 17,567<br />
|percentage = 11.74<br />
|change = +1.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 149,604<br />
|percentage = 69.96<br />
|change = -1.90<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Malhara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67184}}<br />
|percentage = 45.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Lalita Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:51405}}<br />
|percentage = 34.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Eng. Hari Krishna<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14922}}<br />
|percentage = 10.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Sunil Kapoor Chandra Ghuwara<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2685}}<br />
|percentage = 1.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Laxman Singh Thakur<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2187}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Raja Ram Vishvakarma Sendapa<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1902}}<br />
|percentage = 1.28<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:963}}<br />
|percentage = 0.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:15779}}<br />
|percentage = 10.61<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:148782}}<br />
|percentage = 71.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Buxwaha|Bakswaha]]<br />
* [[Bada Malhera|Bada Malhara]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chhatarpur district topics}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{coords|25.04|79.68|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Nagar_Assembly_constituency&diff=537058Sri Nagar Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:49:31Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating The Stub Nd Citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{for|the constituency in Uttarakhand|Srinagar Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Sri Nagar<br />
| constituency_no = 140<br />
| map_image = 140-Sri Nagar.svg<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| district = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| mla = [[Manju Tyagi]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2017<br />
| electors = 287,375 (2012)<br />
}}<br />
'''Sri Nagar''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 140.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 17 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/srinagar.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wards / Areas==<br />
Extent of Sri Nagar Assembly constituency is KCs Sharda Nagar, Sri Nagar, PCs Manikapur, Saidapur Devkali, Saidapur Bhau, Kodhaiya, Rousa, Manoura, Karanpur Kaimahra, Rukundipur, Kaimahra of Kheri Paila KC, PCs Bhaduri, Choraha, Aithapur, Rampur Gokul, Dhourahra Khurd, Sanigawan, Bhalliya Buzurg, Parsehra Buzurg, Atwa, Siyathu, Sisawakalan, Bijhouli, Umarpur, Shankarpur, Semrai & Sherpur of Paila KC of Lakhimpur Tehsil.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 02 || rowspan="2" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Vanshidhar Shukla]] || rowspan="2" | [[Praja Socialist Party]] || rowspan="2" | Apr-1957 || rowspan="2" | Mar-1962 || rowspan="2" | 1,800 || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Chhedi Lal<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Banshidhar Misra || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Raj Brij Raj Singh || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Upendra Bahadur Singh || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Kamal Ahmed Rizavi || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Taj Narain Trivedi || [[Indian National Congress]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dhirendra Bahadur Singh || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mayawati]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || R. A. Usmani || rowspan="2" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ramsaran]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || 1803 || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Manju Tyagi]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || - || - ||<ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=elections.in|access-date=4 November 2018|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/srinagar.html}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh| 18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sri Nagar<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Manju Tyagi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:108249}}<br />
|percentage = 47.21<br />
|change = {{decrease}}3.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Ramsaran<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:90641}}<br />
|percentage = 39.53<br />
|change = {{increase}}13.5<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Meera Bano<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:23091}}<br />
|percentage = 10.07<br />
|change = {{decrease}}10.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Chandni<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2127}}<br />
|percentage = 0.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1624}}<br />
|percentage = 0.71<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:17608}}<br />
|percentage = 7.68<br />
|change = {{decrease}}16.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:229293}}<br />
|percentage = 71.81<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sri Nagar<ref name="2017 Election Results"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Manju Tyagi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:112941}}<br />
|percentage = 50.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Meera Bano<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:58002}}<br />
|percentage = 26.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Praveen Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:44757}}<br />
|percentage = 20.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2141}}<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:54939}}<br />
|percentage = 24.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:222865}}<br />
|percentage = 72.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]] <br />
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Sri Nagar}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Ramsaran]]<br />
|votes = 69,776<br />
|percentage = 37.46<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sripal Bhargva<br />
|votes = 37,898<br />
|percentage = 20.35<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
| Independent<br />
|candidate = Rajaram Gautam<br />
|votes = 24,049<br />
|percentage = 12.91<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = <br />
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates<br />
|votes = 54,538<br />
|percentage = 29.28<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 31,878<br />
|percentage = 17.11<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 186,261<br />
|percentage = 64.81<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Samajwadi Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/><br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
*[[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]<br />
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]<br />
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathapatnam_Assembly_constituency&diff=524745Pathapatnam Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:31:55Z<p>Juanita09O: adding basic info added tags...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Pathapatnam<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (4-Pathapatnam highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Pathapatnam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Mamidi Govinda Rao]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 4<br />
| electors = 216,221<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
'''Pathapatnam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Mamidi Govinda Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pathapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Mamidi Govinda Rao with 89452 defeats YSRCP's Reddy Shanthi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pathapatnam-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548186-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 216,221 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref name="pat ref1">{{cite news |title=Pathapatnam Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Pathapatnam Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/pathapatnam-election-result-s01a004/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
The five [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" /><br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pathapatnam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Meliaputti]]<br />
|-<br />
| L. N. Peta<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kotturu, Srikakulam district|Kothur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hiramandalam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<mapframe text="Pathapatnam Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q10972584,Q59834166,Q3416746,Q59834177,Q3422508"}</mapframe><br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| rowspan=3 |Lukulapu Lakshmanadas<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| P. Gunnayya<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| Sukka pagadalu<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| Kalamata Mohanarao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| Thota Tulasidas Naidu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| Dharmana Narayana Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |Kalamata Mohana Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 by-election<br />
| [[Lakshmi Parvathi]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color| NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)}}" |<br />
|[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |Kalamata Mohana Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| Kalamata Venkata Ramana Murthy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Reddy Shanthi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Mamidi Govinda Rao]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa (2,22,378)}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Mamidi Govinda Rao]]<br />
|votes = 89,452<br />
|percentage = 39.38<br />
|change = {{Increase}}11.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Reddy Shanthi]]<br />
|votes = 62,925<br />
|percentage = 27.7<br />
|change = {{Decrease}}7.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = <br />
|candidate = Remaining<br />
|votes = 7,354<br />
|percentage = 3.24<br />
|change = {{Increase}}1.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]] <br />
|votes = 3,604<br />
|percentage = 1.59<br />
|change = {{Decrease}}0.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,63,335<br />
|percentage = 71.91<br />
|change = {{Increase}}1.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
| reg. electors =2,27167<br />
| change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 26,527<br />
|percentage = 11.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
| title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa (2,06,799) }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[K V R Murthy]]<br />
|votes = 61,390<br />
|percentage = 28.17<br />
|change= {{Decrease}}5.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party =YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Reddy Shanthi]]<br />
|votes = 76,941<br />
|percentage = 35.31<br />
|change= {{Decrease}}0.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janasena Party<br />
|candidate = G Gyana Sagar<br />
|votes = 5,508<br />
|percentage = 2.53<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = <br />
|candidate = Remaining<br />
|votes = 4,543<br />
|percentage = 2.08<br />
|change = {{Increase}}0.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 4,217<br />
|percentage = 1.94<br />
|change = {{Increase}}1.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes =1,52,599<br />
|percentage =70.03<br />
|change= {{Decrease}}2.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
| reg. electors = 2,17,897<br />
| change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box majority| <br />
|votes =15,551<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate=[[S Vijaya Rama Raju]]<br />
|votes= 65,455<br />
|percentage=33.78<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party=YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate=[[K V R Murthy]]<br />
|votes=69,320<br />
|percentage=35.77<br />
|change=''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate=P K Rao<br />
|votes=1,508<br />
|percentage=0.78<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=<br />
|candidate=Remaining<br />
|votes=3,757<br />
|percentage=1.94<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 998<br />
|percentage = 0.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes=1,41,038<br />
|percentage=72.78<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
| reg. electors = 1,93,789<br />
| change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes=3,865<br />
|percentage=<br />
|change=<br />
}} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vijayaramaraju Satrucherla|votes=58,936|percentage=46.76|change=-2.05}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kalamata Venkata Ramana Murty|votes=38,146|percentage=30.26|change=-20.93}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Palavalasa Karunakar Rao|votes=20,339|percentage=16.14|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=20,790|percentage=16.50|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=126,041|percentage=73.08|change=-0.95}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kalamata Mohan Rao|votes=44,357|percentage=51.19|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gorle Haribabu Naidu|votes=42,293|percentage=48.81|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=2,064|percentage=2.38|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=86,650|percentage=74.03|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kalamata Mohan Rao|votes=46,599|percentage=56.38|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gorle Haribabu Naidu|votes=36044|percentage=43.61|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=10,555|percentage=12.77|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=82643|percentage=74.03|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kalamata Mohan Rao|votes=48,425|percentage=56.76|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmana Narayana Rao|votes=36,889|percentage=43.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=11,536|percentage=13.52|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=82643|percentage=72.13|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kalamata Rao|votes=41,040|percentage=49.8|change=+3.90}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narayana Rao Dharmana|votes=40,766|percentage=49.50|change=-4.1}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Laxmana Misro|votes=20,339|percentage=16.14|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=274|percentage=0.3|change=-7.3}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=85,618|percentage=74.7|change=-2.1}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dharmana Rao|votes=53.6|percentage=53.6|change=+25.7}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Mathala Lokhanadham|votes=32,834|percentage=45.9|change=+8.1}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Gonthi Rao|votes=377|percentage=0.5|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=5,574|percentage=7.6|change=-2}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=73,003|percentage=76.8|change=+1.5}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Thota Tulasidas Naidu|votes=24,264|percentage=37.8|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kalamata Rao|votes=17,923|percentage=27.9|change=+8.2}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Dharmana Narayanarao|votes=16,535|percentage=25.8|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Janakamma Lukalapu|votes=4,806|percentage=7.5|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Dal|candidate=Pyla Rao|votes=477|percentage=0.7|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Venkataramana Tata|votes=173|percentage=0.3|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=6,341|percentage=9.6|change=+8.3}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=65,745|percentage=75.3|change=N/A}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Independent<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kalamata Mohanarao|votes=19,935|percentage=32.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Lukulapu Lakshmanadas|votes=19,111|percentage=31.0|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamakshi Brahma|votes=12,141|percentage=19.7|change=-39.02}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party Of India|candidate=Darapu Rajulu|votes=6,639|percentage=10.8|change=-8.24}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Varanasi Narayanarao|votes=2,071|percentage=3.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Killamsetty Kumar|votes=1,152|percentage=1.9|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Lingala Janardhanarao|votes=565|percentage=0.9|change=-18.35}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=824|percentage=1.3|change=+8.3}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,006|percentage=75.3|change=+20.88}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Independent<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sukka Pagadalu|votes=24,162|percentage=58.72|change=+16.53}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Seema Rajaiah|votes=16,076|percentage=39.07|change=-1.88}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Gudivada Rao|votes=911|percentage=2.21|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=8,086|percentage=19.65|change=+18.41}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=41,149|percentage=54.42|change=+6.87}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Gunnayya|votes=13,419|percentage=42.19|change=-20.79}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=S. Rajalah|votes=13,025|percentage=40.95|change=+3.94}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=P. Dandasi|votes=2,264|percentage=7.12|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=R. Chandraiah|votes=1,734|percentage=5.45|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=K. Paparao|votes=1,362|percentage=4.28|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=394|percentage=1.24|change=-21.69}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=31,804|percentage=47.55|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lukalapu Dasu|votes=16,527|percentage=62.98|change=+32.9}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Sampathirao Lakshmipathi|votes=9,714|percentage=37.01|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=11,536|percentage=25.97|change=+20.25}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,241|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1955 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Patapatnam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lukulapu Lakshmanadas|votes=24,293|percentage=30.08|change=-6.45}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pothula Gunnayya|votes=19,672|percentage=24.36|change=-12.17}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Ghasi Ramulu|votes=13,680|percentage=16.94|change=-9.47}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Darapu Govindarajulu|votes=13,189|percentage=16.33|change=-10.08}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Moruru Sangamesu|votes=4,545|percentage=5.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Alikan Appalaswamy|votes=3,235|percentage=4.01|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Saketa Guruvulu|votes=2,149|percentage=2.66|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=30,285|percentage=37.50|change=+27.38}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,763|percentage=75.25|change=+20.05}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathapatnam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lukulapu Lakshmanadas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,535 |percentage=36.53% |change=36.53% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darapu Govindarajulu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,354 |percentage=26.41% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Challa Narasimham |party=Independent politician |votes=10,683 |percentage=13.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandangi Pentananaidu |party=Independent politician |votes=7,536 |percentage=9.32% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mekala Sundaranarayana |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=7,434 |percentage=9.19% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Timpurana Raghavadas |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=4,310 |percentage=5.33% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,181 |percentage=10.12% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,852 |percentage=55.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,470 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Coord|18.75|84.09|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khagaria_Assembly_constituency&diff=509445Khagaria Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:27:40Z<p>Juanita09O: New a info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Khagaria <br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 149-Khagaria constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = Bablu Mandal<!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]<br />
|division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
|constituency_no = 149 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
| electors = 261,473<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
'''Khagaria Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Khagaria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Khagaria was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, No. 149 Khagaria Assembly constituency comprises the following: [[Khagaria]] municipality; Mansi [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Bhadas Dakshini, Bhadas Uttari, Kasimpur, Mathurapur, Bachhouta, Sanhouli, Ranko, Sansarpur, Gourashakti, Marar Dakshini, Marar Uttari, Rasounk, Uttar Marar, Rahimpur Uttari, Rahimpur Madhya, Rahimpur Dakshin, Labhganva and Kothia [[gram panchayat]]s of Khagaria CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Schedule – XIII of the Constituencies Order, 2008, Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Election Commission of India|work=Schedule VI: Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies; Part B – Parliamentary constituencies|access-date=2011-01-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Khagaria Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Khagaria Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/khagaria.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Dwarika Prasad<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3 |<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |Kedar Narayan Singh Azad<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Ram Bahadur Azad<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" rowspan=2|<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|rowspan="3" |Ram Sharan Yadav<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Satyadeo Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Ranveer Yadav<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Chandramukhi Devi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|[[Yogendra Singh Kushwaha|Yogendra Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Poonam Devi Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan="3" |<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
| [[Chhatrapati Yadav]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}| <br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Bablu Kumar]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|<br />
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Khagaria<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Khagaria">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Khagaria |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04149.htm |access-date=18 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218055836/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04149.htm |archive-date=18 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Bablu Kumar<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:93988}}<br />
|percentage = 51.29<br />
|change = +22.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Dr. Chandan Yadav<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:70573}}<br />
|percentage = 38.51<br />
|change = +7.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Manish Kumar Singh<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5507}}<br />
|percentage = 3.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Jayanti Patel<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4232}}<br />
|percentage = 2.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Lalan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2545}}<br />
|percentage = 1.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3662}}<br />
|percentage = 2.0<br />
|change = +1.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:23415}}<br />
|percentage = 12.78<br />
|change = +10.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:183237}}<br />
|percentage = 70.08<br />
|change = +12.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Khagaria<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Chhatrapati Yadav]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:46980}}<br />
|percentage = 31.14<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Poonam Devi Yadav<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:43980}}<br />
|percentage = 29.15<br />
|change = -17.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Renu Kushwaha|Renu Kumari]]<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:20719}}<br />
|percentage = 13.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Manohar Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:11589}}<br />
|percentage = 7.68<br />
|change = -1.49<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Er. Dharmendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8529}}<br />
|percentage = 5.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gopal Krishan Kumar Chandan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3161}}<br />
|percentage = 2.1<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3023}}<br />
|percentage = 2.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Md Faruque Ahmad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2183}}<br />
|percentage = 1.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Alka Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1450}}<br />
|percentage = 0.96<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:855}}<br />
|percentage = 0.57<br />
|change = -2.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3000}}<br />
|percentage = 1.99<br />
|change = -16.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:150857}}<br />
|percentage = 58.01<br />
|change = -1.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = JD(U)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Khagaria<ref name="election2015"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Poonam Devi Yadav]]<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:64767}}<br />
|percentage = 46.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br />
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Urf Rohit Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39202}}<br />
|percentage = 28.1<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Manohar Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:12791}}<br />
|percentage = 9.17<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3701}}<br />
|percentage = 2.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3508}}<br />
|percentage = 2.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gopal Krishna Kumar Chandan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3115}}<br />
|percentage = 2.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br />
|candidate = Manoj Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2155}}<br />
|percentage = 1.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Birendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1348}}<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4687}}<br />
|percentage = 3.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:25565}}<br />
|percentage = 18.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:139501}}<br />
|percentage = 59.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Munger Division topics}}<br />
{{coord|25|30|22|N|86|28|16|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Khagaria district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._Codanayaguy&diff=488626B. Codanayaguy2026-04-11T01:57:44Z<p>Juanita09O: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian rocket scientist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = B. Codanayaguy<br />
| image = Ms. B. Codanayaguy, Puducherry, at a function, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = in 2017<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = Long Career at ISRO <br> Female Engineer<br />
| education = [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]]<br />
| employer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<br />
| occupation = Engineer<br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''B. Codanayaguy''' is an Electronics & Instrumentation Engineer at the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO.]] She is responsible for the instrumentation of control systems for the solid rocket motors used in rocket launches. She was given the highest award for women in India, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential Palace]] in 2017.<br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
Codanayaguy is from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in India.<ref name=three/> She decided to be an engineer after being inspired by the first space launches of India. She graduated from the [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]]<ref name=dc/> and her first job was helping the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] in 1984.<ref name=dc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/260217/indias-rocket-women.html|title=India's rocket women|last=Srikanth|first=Manoj Joshi and B. R.|date=2017-02-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> There, she worked on the [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] project.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She became the Group Head of the Quality Division looking after Electronics, Instrumentation & Control Systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upscsuccess.com/nari-shakti-puraskar-2016/|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar 2016|last=admin|date=2017-03-10|website=UPSCSuccess|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> at the [[Sriharikota Range|Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] where fuel and igniters were tested.<br />
<br />
After thirty years working at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], Codanayaguy and her team began working on the solid rocket motors in the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] during the [[PSLV C37]] mission,<ref name=three/> which successfully placed 104 satellites in [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s on February 15, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite|title=PSLV-C37 / Cartosat −2 Series Satellite – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
She has commented that she was able to express herself freely at work and there was never any issues of sexism.<ref name=dc/><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
In March 2017, she was one of three scientists chosen to receive an award from the Indian President which included [[Subha Varier]], [[Anatta Sonney]] and Codanayaguy.<ref name="three">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/international-womens-day-unsung-sheroes-nari-shakti-puraskaar-women-and-child-development-ministry-964482-2017-03-08|title=International Women's Day: 33 unsung sheroes to be awarded Nari Shakti Puraskaar|date=March 8, 2017|first=Arpan|last=Rai|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[International Women's Day]] in 2017, she was in [[New Delhi]] where they were awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wcd.nic.in/nari-shakti-awardees-ms-b-codanayaguy-puducherry|title=Nari Shakti Awardees- {{!}} Ministry of Women & Child Development {{!}} GoI|website=wcd.nic.in|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Codanayaguy, B.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rocket scientists]]<br />
[[Category:ISRO people]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Women rocket scientists]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaappa_Kurishu&diff=493053Chaappa Kurishu2026-03-30T13:17:52Z<p>Juanita09O: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chaappa Kurishu<br />
| image = Chaappakurish.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Theatrical Poster<br />
| director = [[Sameer Thahir]]<br />
| producer = [[Listin Stephen]]<br />
| screenplay = Sameer Thahir<br />[[Unni R.]]<br />
| story = Sameer Thahir<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]|[[Roma Asrani]]|[[Remya Nambeesan]]|[[Nivetha Thomas]]}}<br />
| music = [[Rex Vijayan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]<br />
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]<br />
| studio = [[Magic Frames]]<br />
| distributor = [[Central Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|07|15}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = ₹ 25 lakhs<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Chaappa Kurishu''''' ({{translation|[[Coin flipping|Heads or Tails]]}} (slang<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-01 |title=Chappa Kurish – curious!!!!!! |url=https://vineethsreenivasan.wordpress.com/2011/05/02/chappa-kurish-curious/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=vineeth sreenivasan's Blog |language=en}}</ref>)) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2011|2011]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] co-written and directed by [[Sameer Thahir]] and starring [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Roma Asrani]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], and [[Nivetha Thomas]] in the lead roles.<br />
<br />
The production started in April 2011 at [[Kochi]] and the film was released on 14 July. It is the directorial debut of [[Sameer Thahir]]. The entire movie was shot on a [[Canon 7D]] Still Camera. The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Pulivaal]]'' with [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]].<br />
<br />
The film is an unauthorized remake of the 2009 [[South Korea|South Korean]] film ''[[Handphone (film)|Handphone]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/malayalam-film-chaappa-kurishu-copy-youtuber-flays-indias-inspired-directors-75536|title=Malayalam film 'Chaappa Kurishu' a copy? YouTuber flays India's 'inspired' directors|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> along with its reported structural similarity to the 2002 American film ''[[Changing Lanes]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms|title = Row over Kerala State Films Award|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 14 January 2018|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Arjun, a wealthy builder who owns a big construction business in [[Kochi]], is having an illicit affair with his subordinate, Sonia, even though he is preparing to be engaged to his family friend's daughter, Ann. Ansari, a poor [[Convenience store|supermarket]] worker frequently mocked for his appearance, is crushing on his co-worker Nafiza. <br />
<br />
Arjun is shown to be regretful of having taken advantage of Sonia's trust in him when she allowed him to record them.When Arjun and Sonia met in Arjun's flat, Arjun recorded them having sex on his mobile without Sonia knowing. Sonia too finds out about the leaked video, and after making a call to Arjun, is shown to be preparing for [[suicide]].<br />
<br />
A chase follows when Arjun tries to find Ansari. The confrontation between the two is vicious and bloody before finally settling down and resignedly going their separate ways. Sonia decides to leave town instead of killing herself. Arjun finds out and is seen seeking her out at the airport. He is all bruised from the fight, and the film leaves them at that point and ends with Ansari standing up to people who mock him.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Arjun Samuel <br />
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Ansari<br />
* [[Roma Asrani]] as Ann<br />
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Sonia<br />
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Nafiza<br />
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as John<br />
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Store Manager Martin<br />
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Samuel<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Title===<br />
"''Chappa Kurishu''" means Head or Tail in Malayalam. Sameer Thahir chose the title based on the two male leads, saying "I knew that they were the two sides of the same coin." He chose the colloquial term used in [[Kochi]], owing to his own locality.<ref name="Sameer Thahir">[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/3464 "Behind The Camera: Chappayum Kurishum Screenil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024557/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/3464 |date=16 July 2011 }}. Yentha.com. Retrieved 19 July 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
''Chappa Kurishu'' was launched by actor [[Kamal Haasan]] at the 100th day function of ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''. The film was produced by [[Listin Stephen]] who also produced ''Traffic''. It was director [[Anwar Rasheed]] who introduced Sameer Thahir to Listin.<ref name="Sameer Thahir"/> The film started production in April 2011 at [[Ernakulam]]. The film was shot entirely with a [[Canon 7D]] [[DSLR camera]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2734834.ece4834.ece |title=Life and Style | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204014147/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2734834.ece4834.ece | archive-date=2013-02-04 | location=Chennai, India | url-status=dead | work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/malayalam-directors-usher-new-cinematic-language-860 |title=Malayalam directors usher in a new cinematic language |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601001255/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/malayalam-directors-usher-new-cinematic-language-860 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://magicframes.in/projects.html |title=..:: Magic Frames :: |website=magicframes.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607032920/http://magicframes.in/projects.html |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
Keerthy Ramachandran of [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 stars saying "The film is a dark riveting account of the lives of two men who lead extremely contrasting lives."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/chappa-kurishu-engrossing-thriller-239 |title=Chappa Kurishu: Engrossing thriller |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921041527/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/chappa-kurishu-engrossing-thriller-239 |archivedate=21 September 2011 }}</ref> Veeyen of [[nowrunning.com]] rated the film 2.5/5 and said "It's a brave and genuinely heartfelt directorial effort from a young director, who has clearly won the toss this time around."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9036/malayalam/chappa-kurishu/review.htm |title= Chappa Kurishu: Review |publisher= nowrunning.com |accessdate= 16 November 2011 |archive-date= 24 July 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143034/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9036/malayalam/chappa-kurishu/review.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] gave the film a score of 2.5 out of 5 saying "Chaappa Kurishu, Samir Thahir's debut as a director holds promise but leaves us with a feeling that it could have been better."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-chappa-kurishu/20110718.htm |title= Review: Chappa Kurishu has it moments - Rediff.com Movies |work= Rediff.com |accessdate= 16 November 2011 |archive-date= 11 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135458/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-chappa-kurishu/20110718.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Sify]] on its review said that "Chappa Kurishu shocks the viewers for sure, but sadly for all the wrong reasons."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sify.com/movies/chappa-kurishu-review-malayalam-14974688.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082046/http://www.sify.com/movies/chappa-kurishu-review-malayalam-14974688.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 January 2014 |title=Movie Review:Chappa Kurishu | website= [[Sify]] |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> Indiaglitz rated the film 5/10 and wrote: "The generous dose of skin show sequence, violent action and the need for a more tighter scripts will tell on its business and restrict its appeal further to limited audiences."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/13410.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110518112908/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/13410.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 May 2011 |title=IndiaGlitz - Chappakurisu Malayalam Movie Review | work= IndiaGlitz |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Chaappa Kurishu<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Rex Vijayan]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 11 July 2011<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 9:02<br />
| label = Satyam Audios<br />
| producer = [[Rex Vijayan]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Kerala Cafe]]<br />(Segment:Bridge)<br />
| prev_year = 2009<br />
| next_title = [[22 Female Kottayam]]<br />
| next_year = 2012<br />
}}<br />
The music of the film was composed by [[Rex Vijayan]] with lyrics penned by Engandiyur Chandrasekharan. <br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Chaappa Kurishu original motion picture soundtrack<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/chaapa-kurish-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |title=Chaapa Kurish (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs Download: Chaapa Kurish (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Malayalam Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title1 = Oru Naalum Kaanathe<br />
| extra1 = [[Resmi Sateesh]], [[Rex Vijayan]]<br />
| length1 = 4:09<br />
| title2 = Theeye Theeye<br />
| extra2 = [[Sayanora Philip]], Saju Sreenivas<br />
| length2 = 4:53<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Result<br />
! Recipient<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> [[Kerala State Film Awards| Kerala State Film Awards 2011]] </div><br />
| Second Best Actor<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| [[Fahadh Faasil]]<br />
| <ref name="Kerala State Film Awards 2011">{{cite web|title=Kerala State Film Awards|work=nowrunning |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/dileep-sweta-menon-triumphs-at-state-awards/54304/story.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=20 July 2012|archive-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721044353/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/dileep-sweta-menon-triumphs-at-state-awards/54304/story.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Ramu Kariat Memorial Cultural Forum Awards </div> <br />
| Best Second Film<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| ''Chaappa Kurish''<br />
| <ref name="Ramu Kariat Memorial Cultural Forum Awards 2012">{{cite web|title=Ramu Kariat Memorial Cultural Forum Awards|url=http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/news_urumi-bags-kariat-award-for-best-film.htm|publisher=Kerala.com|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204115453/http://kerala.com/malayalamcinema/news_urumi-bags-kariat-award-for-best-film.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;">Film Guidance Society of Kerala Film Awards </div><br />
| Best Supporting Actress<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | Remya Nambeesan<br />
| <ref name="Film Guidance Society of Kerala Film Awards 2011">{{cite web|title=Film Guidance Society of Kerala Film Awards|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2012/beautiful-film-guidance-chalathchitra-award-150212.html|publisher=Entertainment.oneindia.com|date=15 February 2012|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609190308/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2012/beautiful-film-guidance-chalathchitra-award-150212.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Vayalar Ramavarma Chalachitra Television Award </div><br />
| Best Actress<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref name="Vayalar Ramavarma Chalachitra Television 2011">{{cite web|title=Vayalar Ramavarma Chalachitra Television|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Vayalar-Ramavarma-Chalachitra-Television-Award-2011|publisher=Yentha.com|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526174148/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Vayalar-Ramavarma-Chalachitra-Television-Award-2011|archive-date=26 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> [[Asianet Film Awards]] </div><br />
| Best Character Actress<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Asiavision Movie Awards </div> <br />
| Trendsetter Award<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| Listin Stephen<br />
| <ref name="Asiavision Movie Awards 2011">{{cite web|title=Asiavision Movie Awards|url=http://www.asiavisionawards.com/ma2011-winners/|publisher=Asiavisionawards.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125011756/http://www.asiavisionawards.com/ma2011-winners/|archivedate=2012-01-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Vanitha Film Awards </div><br />
| Best Supporting Actress<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| Remya Nambeesan<br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Mathrubhumi Kalyan Silks Film Awards </div><br />
| Best Path Breaking Movie of the Year<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | ''Chaappa Kurish''<br />
| <ref name="Mathrubbhumi Kalyan Silks Film Awards 2012">{{cite web|title=Mathrubhumi Kalyan Silks Film Awards |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/specials/vote_for_pathbrake_movie/index.php |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303113643/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/specials/vote_for_pathbrake_movie/index.php |archivedate=2012-03-03 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Amrita Film Awards </div><br />
| Best Film<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| <div style="text-align: center;"> Kochi Times Film Awards </div><br />
| Best Youth Film<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms | title=The Kochi Times Film Awards 2011 | date=23 June 2012 | work=The Times Of India | access-date=23 June 2012 | archive-date=23 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623215523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|2004191}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chase films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]<br />
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:2011 masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sameer Thahir]]<br />
[[Category:2010s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about mobile phones]]<br />
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]<br />
[[Category:2011 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]<br />
[[Category:Films about suicide]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about grief]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qamaruzzaman_Azmi&diff=527562Qamaruzzaman Azmi2026-03-28T07:48:19Z<p>Juanita09O: adding first info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Islamic scholar and speaker}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Qamaruzzaman Azmi<br />
| image = Allama Maulana Qamaruzzaman Azmi.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Azmi in 2011<br />
| title = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes |1946|03|23}}<br />
| birth_place = Khalispur, Sagri, Azamgarh<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| children = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| era = [[Contemporary history|Modern]]<br />
| region = [[Europe]]<br />
| occupation = [[Islamic Scholar]]<br />
| denomination = [[Sunni]]<br />
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br />
| creed = [[Maturidi]]<br />
| movement = [[Barelvi]]<br />
| main_interests = [[Islamic theology]], [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Hanafi]] [[jurisprudence]], [[Urdu poetry]], [[Tasawwuf]], [[Science]], [[Philosophy]], [[Psychology]], [[Astronomy]]<br />
| notable_ideas = Opposition to terrorism<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| alma_mater = *Madarsa Arbiya Anwarul Uloom, Jiyanpur, Azamgarh<br />
*[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Mubarakpur, Azamgarh<br />
*[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow<br />
| Sufi_order = [[Qadri]]<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| disciple_of = [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]]<br />
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]]<br />[[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]<br />[[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]]<br />[[Nizamuddin Auliya]]<br />[[Al-Suyuti]]<br />[[Ibn Abidin]]<br />[[Qadi Iyad]]<br>[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]<br>[[Akhtar Raza Khan]]<br />
| influenced = <br />
| awards = Mufti-e-Azam Gold medal<br />
| module = <br />
| website = {{URL|allamaazmi.com}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| teachers = Hafiz-e-Millat Allama [[Shah Abdul Azeez Muradabadi]]<br />
| background = green<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Qamaruzzaman Azmi''' (born 23 March 1946),<ref>{{citation |url=https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/ |title=His Eminence Allama Qamaruzzaman Khan Azmi is a prominent Islamic scholar |work=Hijaz Muslim College |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611144430/https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> also known as Allama Azmi, is an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], philosopher and speaker. He is president of the [[World Islamic Mission]]. From 2011 to 2021, he was listed in [[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]] in the world by the [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]] due to his efforts to build organisations and institutions, mosques, colleges, and universities for over five decades.<ref>The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 2016 'The Muslim 500', The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Amman, Jordan, http://themuslim500.com/profile/h-e-hazrat-allama-maulana-qamaruzzaman-azmi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018021751/http://themuslim500.com/profile/h-e-hazrat-allama-maulana-qamaruzzaman-azmi |date=18 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name=m500>[http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/Kavakci_500.pdf The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901172633/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/Kavakci_500.pdf |date=1 September 2016 }}, pg. 116. [[Amman]]: [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim 500 2011|url=https://themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2011-low.pdf|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126040105/https://themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2011-low.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim 500 2021|url=https://themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TheMuslim500-2021_Edition-low_res_20201028.pdf|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111010552/https://themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TheMuslim500-2021_Edition-low_res_20201028.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the patron in chief of [[Sunni Dawate Islami|Sunni Dawat-e-Islami]], an Islamic movement having branches around the world.<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Azmi was graduated from [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]] in 1966. He studied all Islamic sciences in depth with his honourable teachers. His grasp on Fiqh, Hadith and History is well known. He was commissioned in 1966 by [[Shah Abdul Azeez Muradabadi|Abdul Aziz Muradabadi]] to go [[Faizabad]] (near [[Lucknow]]) to start his missionary work. There at the age of eighteen years he established the [[Islamic university]], [[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]].<ref>Khalid Razvi (2011) Tajalliyat-e-Qamar, page 32, Mumbai: Raza Academy</ref> He is also considered by some to be the spiritual heir of Mustafa Raza Khan, son of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].<ref name=m500/><br />
<br />
On 7 August 2013, Prime Minister [[David Cameron]], along with Faiths Minister Baroness [[Sayeeda Warsi]], met Azmi.<ref>Murtaza Ali Shah, Friday, 9 August 2013, 'PM Cameron helps prepare big iftar, listens to Muslim concerns', The News International, London</ref><ref>Muslim Mirror, 26 August 2013,'UK PM meets Hazrat Allama Qamaruzzaman Azmi in Manchester', Muslim Mirror News, New Delhi, http://muslimmirror.com/eng/uk-pm-meets-hazrat-allama-qamaruzzaman-azmi-in-manchester/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105221743/http://muslimmirror.com/eng/uk-pm-meets-hazrat-allama-qamaruzzaman-azmi-in-manchester/ |date=5 November 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Islamic missionary activities==<br />
Azmi has helped to build organisations and institutions including mosques, colleges and universities in the [[United Kingdom]], [[America]], [[Canada]], [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Norway]], [[Belgium]] and [[India]].<ref>Shahid Raza (2011) Tajalliyat-e-Qamar, page 19, Mumbai: Raza Academy</ref><br />
These centers were established with his direct support and supervision.<ref>Allama Azmi: The Great Enabler of Islamic Institutions<br />
By Mohammed Khalid Razvi Nagauri, https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143727/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/|title=His Eminence Allama Qamaruzzaman Khan Azmi – Hijaz Muslim College|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611144430/https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
*'''India'''<br />
*[[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia|Al-jamiat-ul-Islamia]] (Islamiya University) Rounahi, Faizabad, India -affiliated to the prestigious Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt<br />
'''Bradford'''<br />
* Islamic Missionary College (IMC) Bradford<br />
* International Dar-ul-Ifta Bradford<br />
'''Manchester'''<br />
* Ibad-ur-Rehaman Trust<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibad Ur Rahman Trust |url=https://hsm.manchester.gov.uk/kb5/manchester/directory/service.page?id=7N7zdsFH9mg |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=hsm.manchester.gov.uk |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602193636/https://hsm.manchester.gov.uk/kb5/manchester/directory/service.page?id=7N7zdsFH9mg |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*[[North Manchester Jamia Mosque]] -with capacity to hold 2,500 worshipers <br />
*Institution Kulliyat-ud-Dirasatil Islamiya (College of Islamic studies) <br />
His continuous speeches helped become Jamat-e-Islami influenced, Southerland Mosque part of part the Sunni Barelvi. He also participated in the establishment of Masjid Noor-ul-Islam Bolton and in the establishment of [[Ghamkol Shariff Masjid]] at Birmingham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp |title=Allama Azmi &#124; Great Religious Leader of the 21st Century |website=allamaazmi.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143727/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*'''United States'''<br />
He participated in the construction of Masjid-e-Al Noor, Houston, America and in Islamic Center Chicago. <br />
*'''Norway'''<br />
The World Islamic Mission's [[mosque]] in [[Oslo]], Norway was established in 1980.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-20 |title=Woman attempted to set fire to Oslo mosque |url=https://www.thelocal.no/20160520/woman-attempted-to-set-fire-to-oslo-mosque/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |work=The Local Norway|archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128014421/https://www.thelocal.no/20160520/woman-attempted-to-set-fire-to-oslo-mosque/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
*'''Canada'''<br />
*Masjid Noor-ul-Haram, Toronto<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wimnet – World Islamic Mission Canada |url=https://wimcanada.com/ |access-date=2022-03-10|archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404194835/https://wimcanada.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Hejaz Conference==<br />
<br />
The 1985 Hejaz Conference at the Wembley Centre, London marked a watershed for Sunni Muslims which was attended by key religious leaders from around the world with the aim to discuss the barbaric treatment of Sunni pilgrims by [[Wahabi]] Saudi police and the ban in Saudi Arabia on [[Kanzul Iman]] the translation of the Quran by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza]]. The Conference was widely covered by British Media and made a huge impact.<ref>Guardian, London, page 4 Tuesday 7 May 1985</ref> It forced Saudi [[King Fahad]] and with in two years Saudi government allowed the Muslims of all movements/sects to perform the religious rituals in Makkah and Medina, according to their respective beliefs.<ref>Dawn Karachi, Sunday 20 March 1987;</ref><ref>The Nation, Lahore, 29 March 1987</ref><ref>Daily Jang, Lahore, 29 March 1987<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==View about him==<br />
[[The Times of India|Times of India]] wrote about him, ''There are two kinds of Sunni Muslims in the world: those who have met or heard Allama Qamaruzzaman Azmi and those who haven't. His lucid speeches peppered with repeated references to Quranic commandments and the life of the Prophet and his companions have a charismatic effect; they go straight to the heart. Unlike many rabble-rousing parochial preachers and Islam-supremacist televangelists Azmi uses words to calm nerves, close breaches and salve wounds''.<ref>[[The Times of India]] 2 November, Mumbai Edition 2010:</ref><br />
<br />
Jim Karygiannis M.P., House of Commons, Canada on 13 July 2002 awarded a certificate of commendation to Allama Azmi for his services and wrote: ''In my capacity as Member of Parliament it gives me great pleasure to commend the renowned Islamic scholar Maulana Qamaruzzaman Azmi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allamaazmi.com/articles-2.asp |title=Allama Azmi &#124; Great Religious Leader of the 21st Century |website=allamaazmi.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143717/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-2.asp |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Views==<br />
Phillip Lewis quotes Azmi in his 1994 book ''Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims'', that Islam and secular society can co-exist and "the widely shared perception that secular necessarily implies irreligion is simply wrong. In India, he contends, a secular state can offer security to Muslims since it is compatible with acknowledging that religion is important and, that in a religiously plural environment the state does not allow believers in one religious tradition to enjoy a privileged status. All are citizens with equal rights. Indeed, in India, Muslims are allowed to conform to their own Muslim family law".<ref>Phillip Lewis (1994) Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims (p.127. London: I.B. Tauris.</ref><br />
<br />
Azmi has opposed the practice of [[female genital mutilation]].<ref>Haseena Lockhat, ''Female genital mutilation: treating the tears'', pg. 29. [[Middlesex University]] Press, 2004. {{ISBN|9781898253907}}</ref> Azmi also holds that [[Aisha]], the third wife of the Muslim prophet [[Muhammad]], was an example of a strong and intelligent female role model.<ref>[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2010/10/30&ID=Ar00805 Women must lead the way: Clerics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212825/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2010/10/30&ID=Ar00805 |date=29 August 2012 }}. Epaper.timesofindia.com (30 October 2010). Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
He has also opposed [[extremism]] and terrorism and argues that those who use the name of Islam for such acts are, in fact, Islam's enemies.<ref name="toh1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181112061008/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2010%2F10%2F31&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00602&AppName=1 Mohammed Wajihuddin in The Times of India, THE PEACEMAKER – ‘Muslims have failed to PROJECT TRUE ISLAM’] – UK-based preacher Allama Qamruzzaman Khan Azmi, who was in Mumbai this week, talks about terrorism, Islamophobia and his own peace mission</ref> He endorsed a [[fatwa]] against Britons joining Islamic extremists.<ref>Winer, Stuart. "British imams put fatwa on Islamic State". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</ref><br />
<br />
On the murder of British aid worker [[David Cawthorne Haines]] by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], he said "we condemn this act of evil by people who are pure evil. There is no legitimacy for such evilness in Islam".<ref>Richard Wheatstone, 16 September 2014, 'Hammond: We can't send in the SAS to rescue Alan Henning because we don't know where he is', Manchester Evening News, Manchester, http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/hammond-cant-send-sas-rescue-7780139 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918034609/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/hammond-cant-send-sas-rescue-7780139 |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He condemns the persecution of Christians and other non-Muslims, arguing that the perpetrators "are not Muslims because Islam teaches the importance of ensuring a good place in society for all people".<ref>Le Mauricien, 16 August 2014 'La violence et la guerre n’ont rien à faire avec la pratique religieuse', Le Mauricien, http://www.lemauricien.com/article/allama-maulana-qamarruzaman-azmi-et-dr-waqar-azmi-la-violence-et-la-guerre-n-ont-rien-faire- {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105142928/http://www.lemauricien.com/article/allama-maulana-qamarruzaman-azmi-et-dr-waqar-azmi-la-violence-et-la-guerre-n-ont-rien-faire- |date=5 November 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Teachers==<br />
His teachers include following scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allamaazmi.com/articles-4.asp |title=Allama Azmi &#124; Great Religious Leader of the 21st Century |website=allamaazmi.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408173214/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-4.asp |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*Hafiz-e-Millat Allama [[Shah Abdul Azeez Muradabadi|Abdul Aziz Muradabadi]] (Founder of Al Jamiatul Ashrafia)<br />
*Ustadhul Ulama Allama Hafiz Abdul Raoof Balyawi<br />
*Bahrul Uloom Allama Mufti Abdul Mannan Azmi<br />
*Ashraful Ulama Allama Sayyid Hamid Ashraf<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Azmi (disambiguation)]]<br />
*[[North Manchester Jamia Mosque]]<br />
*[[World Islamic Mission]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120316061740/http://allamaazmi.com/ Allama Qamaruzzaman Azmi]<br />
*[http://en-gb.facebook.com/pages/Allama-Maulana-Qamaruzzaman-Azmi/161394797254627?sk=info#!/pages/Allama-Maulana-Qamaruzzaman-Azmi/161394797254627?sk=wall Qamaruzzaman Azmi] On [[Facebook]]<br />
*[https://twitter.com/AllamaAzmi Qamaruzzaman Azmi] On [[Twitter]]<br />
{{Hanafi scholars}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azmi, Qamaruzzaman}}<br />
[[Category:World Islamic Mission]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1946 births]]<br />
[[Category:Barelvis]]<br />
[[Category:Sunni imams]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Students of Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]]<br />
[[Category:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia alumni]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._N._Nambiar&diff=472652M. N. Nambiar2026-03-27T01:50:25Z<p>Juanita09O: correct layout to improve readability additionally and added references as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = M. N. Nambiar<br />
| image = M. N. Nambiar.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Mannjheri Narayanan Nambiar<br />
| birth_date = 7 March 1919<br />
| birth_place = [[Cannanore]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|11|19|1919|3|7}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| yearsactive = 1935—2008<br />
| spouse = Rukmani (m. 1946)<br />
| children = 3<br />
}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
'''Mannjheri Narayanan Nambiar''' (7 March 1919 – 19 November 2008) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in [[Tamil cinema]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sonika |date=2024-11-19 |title=MN Nambiar, Tamil cinema's most convincing villain wielded swords with MGR, worshipped Ayyappa |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/mn-nambiar-tamil-cinemas-most-convincing-villain-wielded-swords-with-mgr-worshipped-ayyappa/2363022/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> renowned for his portrayals of villainous characters. With a career spanning over eight decades, he became a notable figure in the industry.<ref name=":0" /> Nambiar also appeared in a few [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], Telugu, Hindi and English films during his career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=2019-03-06 |title=100 Years Of MN Nambiar: Tamil Cinema's Own Supervillain |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/story/features/100-years-of-mn-nambiar-tamil-cinemas-own-supervillain |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=2019-11-28 |title=Nambiar, a villain with a divine personality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nambiar-a-villain-with-a-divine-personality/article30105902.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
He appeared in many [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] movies as a villain. Some of the famous ones include ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]], [[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]], [[Nadodi Mannan]], [[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]], [[Padagotti]], [[Thirudathe]], [[En Annan]], [[Kaavalkaaran]]'' and ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Manjeri Narayan Nambiar<ref>{{Cite web|title=rediff.com: An Ode to M N Nambiar|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/20slid1.htm|access-date=2021-09-19|website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref> was born on 7 March 1919 at Kandakkai near Mayyil in [[Cannanore]] (Kannur) in [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]]. He was the son of Kelu Nambiar and Kalyani Amma.<ref name=":1" /> While he was still a child, his father died. He later moved to live and study in [[Ooty]] with his elder sister and brother-in-law.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reel-villain-real-hero/article15689125.ece | title=Reel villain, real hero | work=The Hindu | date=16 November 2010 | access-date=20 February 2012 | author=Mohan V. Raman | location=Chennai, India | archive-date=27 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093205/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reel-villain-real-hero/article15689125.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> He became interested in acting when he was 13 and he joined Nawab Rajamanikkam's troupe. He learnt discipline here which is according to him the major life skill at Madurai Bala nada vinodha kana sabha. From then on acting became the only thing that occupied him. His first film was ''Bhaktha Ramadoss'', shot in 1935 in Hindi and Tamil, where he played as a comedian along with T.K.Sampangi.<br />
<br />
==Film career==<br />
Though he started as a hero, Nambiar soon started donning the role of a villain&nbsp;— so much so that today his name is synonymous with villainy in Kollywood. Nambiar has worked with seven generations of actors. His first pay was Rs.3 with ''Boys Company''. He would retain Rs.1 and send Rs.2 to his mother. A man of very limited needs, he has never eaten food not cooked by his wife, Rugmini Nambiar.<br />
<br />
He made quite a statement in the early 50s with his portrayal of 11 roles in [[Digambara Samiyar]], one of his films as the Lead. His arresting performance in films such as ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'', ''[[Velaikaari]]'', ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Ayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'', ''[[Missiamma|Missiyamma]]'' and ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappadillai]]'' paved way for a very successful career that spanned over five decades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/29/stories/09290226.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 December 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163536/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2000/09/29/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2000-09-29 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A majority of the more than 1000 films that he has done is in Tamil, though he has acted in Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi, besides an English film '[[Kaadu (1952 film)|The Jungle]]' (with [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]], the film's hero, directed by William Burke) in which he appears in a few brief scenes. The film was released in 1952. The Hindi film he acted in was a remake of the Tamil ''[[Kanavane Kankanda Deivam]].'' After becoming popular in Tamil films he started his own drama troupe called Nambiar Nataka Mandram. They staged two plays&nbsp;— 'Kaviyin Kanavu' and a comedy play 'Kalyana Supermarket.'<br />
<br />
His most notable films are ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' with [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]], ''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]'' with [[Sivaji Ganesan]], ''[[Missiamma]]'' with [[Gemini Ganesan]], '[[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]' directed by Sridhar and ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]'' with [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]]. This was the film that made him do character roles, something that he continued to do till his death. He also acted as hero in two films 'Kalyani' and 'Kavitha' produced by Modern Theaters. He has done stage, films and also acted on TV dramas like 'Oviyam' and Velan. When it comes to acting, he supposedly likes all the actors; but of special mention are [[M. R. Radha]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. Both, in his opinion, were brilliant in their own way.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Friends and associates of M.N.Nambiar described him as kind, witty, and disciplined. He was a vegetarian, [[Teetotalism|teetotaler]], and fitness enthusiast. He was also an ardent devotee of Sabarimala Sri [[Ayyappan]]. He has had a long association with [[Sabarimala Temple]], where he made trips to for almost 60 years and brought many colleagues; this has led to him being called Maha Guruswamy.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112055451300.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=A handsome villain | date=20 November 2008 | access-date=4 August 2010 | archive-date=7 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082833/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112055451300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> His colleagues noted that he died during the famous Sabarimala season and it may be due to the blessing of his Lord.<br />
<br />
==Partial filmography==<br />
===Tamil films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
!Role <br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1935<br />
| ''Bhaktha Ramadas''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1946<br />
|''[[Vidyapathi (1946 film)|Vidyapathi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1947<br />
|''[[Rajakumaari]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanjan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 1948<br />
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1948 film)|Abhimanyu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]'' <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1949<br />
| ''[[Velaikaari]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1950<br />
| ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]''<br />
|Rajaguru<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Digambara Samiyar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1951<br />
| ''[[Marmayogi (1951 film)|Marmayogi]]''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sarvadhikari (film)|Sarvadhikari]]''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1952||''[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]]'' || Manohar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kalyani (1952 film)|Kalyani]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1953<br />
| ''[[Kanna Talli|Petra Thai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]''<br />
| Bhagavan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Azhagi (1953 film)|Azhagi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1954<br />
| ''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]''<br />
|Gopi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1955<br />
| ''[[Guna Sundari]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Doctor Savithri]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pennarasi]]''<br />
|Minister<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1956<br />
|''[[Tenali Raman]]''<br />
| Kannan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |1957<br />
| ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]''<br />
|Sukumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]''<br />
|Kannan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Iru Sagodharigal]]''<br />
| Vasudevan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Rajarajan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mayabazar]]''<br />
|[[Shakuni]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]''<br />
| King Adithan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pathini Deivam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1958<br />
| ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]''<br />
|Naganathan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Illarame Nallaram]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1959<br />
|''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]''<br />
| Mani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]''<br />
| Baladevar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1960<br />
| ''[[Raja Bakthi]]''<br />
| General<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veerakkanal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 1961<br />
|''[[Thirudathe]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Arasilangkumari]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pasamalar]]''<br />
|Rathnam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naaga Nandhini]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Then Nilavu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1962<br />
| ''[[Raani Samyuktha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nichaya Thamboolam]]''<br />
| Pattusamy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1963<br />
| ''[[Panathottam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Needhikkuppin Paasam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parisu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annai Illam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1964<br />
| ''[[Thaayin Madiyil]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Kadamai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|Vettaikkaran]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padagotti]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thozhilali]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1965<br />
| ''[[Aasai Mugam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thazhampoo]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |1966<br />
|''[[Thali Bhagyam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadodi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Aanaiyittal|Naan Aanaiyital]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muharasi]]''<br />
| Duraisamy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1967<br />
|''[[Kaavalkaaran]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vivasayee]]''<br />
| Pannaiyar Velupandiyan <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |1968 <br />
| ''[[Harichandra (1968 film)|Harichandra]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]''||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''<br />
| Suruttu Sundaram Pillai <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''<br />
|Bhoopathy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pudhiya Bhoomi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Enga Oor Raja]]''<br />
|Rajangam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]''<br />
|Maharaja of Madhanpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |1969<br />
| ''Subha Dinam''<br />
| Narayana Iyer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anbalippu]]''<br />
| Vasudevan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaaval Dheivam]]''<br />
| Ananth <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gurudhatchanai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anjal Petti 520]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deiva Magan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivandha Mann]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1970<br />
|''[[En Annan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paadhukaappu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1971<br />
| ''[[Thangaikkaaga]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kulama Gunama]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Praptham]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Savaale Samali]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |1972<br />
| ''[[Kurathi Magan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharmam Engey]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhaya Veenai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kannamma''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1973<br />
|''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1974<br />
| ''[[Thaai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urimaikural]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''<br />
| Rathnam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sirithu Vazha Vendum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1975<br />
|''[[Mannavan Vanthaanadi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pallandu Vazhga]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1976<br />
| ''[[Satyam (1976 film)|Satyam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1977<br />
| ''[[Meenava Nanban]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1978<br />
| ''[[Punniya Boomi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vayasu Ponnu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varuvan Vadivelan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mudi Sooda Mannan]]''<br />
|Rajaguru<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1979<br />
|''Nadagame Ulagam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thirisoolam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1980<br />
|''[[Ratha Paasam (1980 film)|Ratha Paasam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1982<br />
|''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parvaiyin Marupakkam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1983<br />
| ''[[Thai Veedu]]''<br />
| Rajasingam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dowry Kalyanam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sandhippu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saatchi (film)|Saatchi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1984<br />
|''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''<br />
| G.M.K<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vetri (film)|Vetri]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Simma Soppanam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1985<br />
|''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]''<br />
| Krishna Prasad<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanga Mama 3D]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Rishi]]''<br />
|Sage Vashista<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1986<br />
|''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1987<br />
| ''[[Vilangu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velundu Vinaiyillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Uzhavan Magan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anjatha Singam]]''<br />
|Max<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1988<br />
| ''Thappu Kanakku''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]''<br />
| Thyagu <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1989<br />
| ''[[Paattukku Oru Thalaivan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1990<br />
|''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paattali Magan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paalam (1990 film)|Paalam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jagathalaprathapan (1990 film)|Jagathalaprathapan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Avasara Police 100]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1991<br />
|''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Enga Ooru Sippai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1992<br />
|''[[Chembaruthi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thai Mozhi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Annai Vayal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaviya Thalaivan (1992 film)|Kaviya Thalaivan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 1993<br />
|''[[Yejaman]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sakkarai Devan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thanga Pappa]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1994<br />
|''[[Sethupathi IPS]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paasamalargal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
|''[[Karuppu Nila]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
|''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
|''[[Vallal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1998<br />
|''[[Moovendhar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Poonthottam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1999<br />
|''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rojavanam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|''[[Vinnukkum Mannukkum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2002<br />
|''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''<br />
|Baba's maternal uncle<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2003<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anbe Anbe]]''|| Mahendra Bhoopathy <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''<br />
|Velayutham<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Arasatchi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
|''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Sudesi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Malayalam films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
!Role <br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]''<br />
|[[Judas]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1978<br />
| ''[[Thacholi Ambu]]''<br />
|Ittiri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1979<br />
| ''[[Aavesham (1979 film)|Avesham]]''<br />
|Shekhar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Pancharatnam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maamaankam]]''<br />
| Thanayanjeri Pandhya Perumal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1980<br />
| ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Arangum Aniyarayum''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Shakthi]]''<br />
|Vikraman<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1981<br />
|''Kolilakkam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thadavara]]''<br />
|Madhavan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1982<br />
| ''[[Chilanthivala]]''<br />
|Shekhar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
|''[[Sharja To Sharja]]''<br />
| Valiya Kappithan<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other language films ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
!Role <br />
! Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1951<br />
| ''[[Marmayogi (1951 film)|Ek Tha Raja]]''<br />
| <br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="2"|1952||''[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]]'' || || Telugu<br />Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaadu (1952 film)|Jungle]]''<br />
|Mahaji<br />
| English <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1953<br />
|''[[Kanna Talli]]''<br />
|Shankar<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1956<br />
| ''[[Devta (1956 film)|Devta]]''<br />
|Veersen || Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|''[[Aatmabalam]]''<br />
|Puligolla Varahavataram<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|''[[Ramudochadu]]''<br />
| Bhusayya<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
* [[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]] as Father (Acha)<br />
* Velan <br />
* Oviyam<br />
* The TV serial Avalukkendru oru idam in Doordharshan Madras is his first Television debut. The television serial produced by Lakshmi and Lakshmi Creations fetched him the Mylapore Academy Award 1991 for Best Actor in Character Role.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Nambiar suffered from [[bacterial infection]] and died at his residence in [[Chennai]] on 19 November 2008. He was survived by his wife Rukmani, 2 sons&nbsp;— one, a senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader Sukumar Nambiar, and the other, Mohan Nambiar, a prominent businessman based in Coimbatore and a daughter, Sneha Nambiar who was married to actor [[Sarath Babu]]. His eldest son Sukumar Nambiar died on 8 January 2012 aged 63 and later, his wife Rukmani also died on 11 April 2012 aged 82.<br />
<br />
==Tributes==<br />
* [[P. Vasu]] (Director) :<br />
"If there was anyone who could act with both the top heroes ([[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[M. G. R.]]) of Tamil cinema then, it was Nambiar. At one point, directors could not think of anyone else but him to play villain."<br />
<br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] (Actor) :<br />
"This is a very big loss...you cannot find a human being like him easily."<br />
<br />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] (Actress) :<br />
"He was a villain only when the camera got rolling...otherwise, he'd always keep us laughing with his ready wit,"<br />
<br />
* K. Raman (Make-up man) :<br />
"In ‘Nenjam Marappadillai,’ he plays a really old man...the makeup would take hours together, but he would be extremely patient. His skin was flawless and almost pink...he took great care of his health."<br />
<br />
* [[Mugur Sundar|Sundaram]] (Dance master) :<br />
"Nambiar swami was responsible for taking most of us in the industry to Sabarimalai"<br />
<br />
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (Former Tamil Nadu CM) :<br />
"I have acted with him in several films. He would be very jovial and enthusiastic on the sets. When one worked with him, one forget the burden of work. He was very fond of me and I always had great regard and respect for him. His passing away is a great loss indeed."<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
* http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7737798.stm<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218035313/http://transcurrents.com/tc/2008/11/post_83.html M.N. Nambiar: Legendary "Villain" of Tamil Cinema-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0620630|name=M.N. Nambiar}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiar, M.N.}}<br />
[[Category:1919 births]]<br />
[[Category:2008 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Sharma&diff=475835Ashish Sharma2026-03-21T18:26:17Z<p>Juanita09O: general reworked structure and updated info as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{about||the Indian politician|Ashish Sharma (politician)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ashish Sharma<br />
| image = Ashish Sharma.jpg<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 30 August<ref>{{cite news |title=Siya Ke Ram's Ram aka Ashish Sharma's pre birthday gift by a little fan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siya-ke-rams-ram-aka-ashish-sharmas-pre-birthday-gift-by-a-little-fan/articleshow/53740000.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2010–2022<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Archana Taide]]|2013}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ashish Sharma''' is an Indian film and television actor and the founder of Rachayita Films.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Soumyabrata |title=Queer talks: Mirroring struggles of the LGBTQ community |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/261118/queer-talks-mirroring-struggles-of-the-lgbtq-community.html |website=The Asian Age |date=26 November 2018}}</ref> He is recognised for the title role in ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi]],'' Rama<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coutinho |first1=Natasha |title=Ashish is back, break ke baad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151117/entertainment-tvmusic/article/ashish-back-break-ke-baad |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref> in ''[[Siya Ke Ram]],'' Major Rudra Pratap Ranawat in ''[[Rangrasiya]]'', Ranveer Singh/Fateh Singh Rathore/Jeet Singh in ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'', and Chandragupta Maurya in ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sharma began his film career with the 2010 Hindi film ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |title=Ashish Sharma: I can't keep doing daily soaps where male actors hardly have any scope |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashish-Sharma-I-cant-keep-doing-daily-soaps-where-male-actors-hardly-have-any-scope/articleshow/46383312.cms |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He made his television debut the same year when he starred as the male lead in [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (TV series)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rastogi |first1=Tavishi Paitandy |title=I fought hard for the moustache, says Rangrasiya star Ashish Sharma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-fought-hard-for-the-moustache-says-rangrasiya-star-ashish-sharma/story-esqbBxCsVp6Ff4j5HusUtK.html |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He played [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in the historical drama series ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Playing Chandragupta is a demanding job: Ashish Sharma |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/playing-chandragupta-is-a-demanding-job-ashish-sharma_93362.html |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=Zee News |date=1 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vohra |first1=Meera |title=Actor Ashish Sharma is a nervous wreck? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Actor-Ashish-Sharma-is-a-nervous-wreck/articleshow/46633237.cms |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He also appeared as Ranveer in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''.<br />
<br />
It was in 2014 that his character Major Rudra Pratap Ranawat, a BSD (border security) officer, on [[Colors TV]] show ''[[Rangrasiya|RangRasiya]]'', that garnered him both critical and popular appreciation and making him a household name. He was the winner of Season 7 of dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' in 2014 partnered with choreographer Shampa Sonthalia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Ashish Sharma wins 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ashish-sharma-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Ashish Sharma: I never thought I'd win Jhalak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ashish-sharma-i-never-thought-id-win-jhalak/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the host of the radio show ''Tujhse Naaraaz Nahin Zindagi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashish-Sharma-turns-RJ-in-Tujhse-Naaraaz-Nahin-Zindagi/articleshow/46287851.cms|title=Ashish Sharma turns RJ in Tujhse Naaraaz Nahin Zindagi|date=19 February 2015|work=Times of India|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was last seen on [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/exclusive-ashish-sharma-says-he-is-quite-similar-to-prithvi-vallabh-talks-about-the-advantages-of-working-in-a-pre-shot-show-1152056-2018-01-23|title=Exclusive: Ashish Sharma says he is quite similar to Prithvi Vallabh; talks about the advantages of working in a pre-shot show|date=23 January 2018|work=India Today|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/my-character-of-prithvi-vallabh-is-exuberant-ashish-sharma/entertainment/news/1111825.html|title=My character of Prithvi Vallabh is exuberant: Ashish Sharma|date=21 January 2018|work=United News India|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> Post taking a break from television, Sharma and wife Archana Taide produced feature film ''Khejdi,'' a film about a transgender played by Sharma himself in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/people-asked-not-play-transgender|title='People asked me not to play a transgender'|date=1 June 2019|work=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Ashish Sharma: Anupam Kher taught me that it's important to continue working |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ashish-sharma-khejdi-5185139/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The film had participated in various International Film festivals and won neaumrous awards including the Award for Best Actor at NYC South Asian Film Festival 2019.<br />
<br />
In 2019, Sharma essayed the role of India’s Prime Minister, Narendra Modi<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashish Sharma: We shouldn't get carried away with narratives woven around ideologies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ashish-sharma-we-shouldn-t-get-carried-away-with-narratives-woven-around-ideologies-101615027266794.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> in Umesh Shukla's directorial web series, Modi – A Journey of a Common Man. The series was released on [[Eros Now]] in 2019 and Season 2 was released in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi Journey of a Common Man trailer: Mahesh Thakur stars as Narendra Modi in this biographical drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modi-the-journey-of-a-common-man-trailer-5643798/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=26 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, his film ''Hindutva'', written and directed by Karan Razdan was released.<ref name="Zee_Sep2022">{{cite news |title=''हिंदुत्व'' की स्टार कास्ट पहुंची जयपुर, बताया क्यों युवाओं को देखनी चाहिए ये फिल्म |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/star-cast-of-hindutva-reached-jaipur-told-why-youth-should-watch-this-film-ashish-sharma/1373673 |work=Zee News |language=hi |date=29 September 2022 |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Sharma was born and raised in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-used-to-ride-from-jaipur-to-gurgaon-to-party-during-my-college-days-ashish-sharma/articleshow/62710541.cms|title=Ashish Sharma: I used to ride from Jaipur to Gurgaon to party during my college days - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> On 30 January 2013, he married television actress [[Archana Taide]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/LSD-actor-Ashish-to-get-married-in-Jaipur/articleshow/18116671.cms |title=LSD actor Ashish to get married in Jaipur |work=Times of India |date=22 January 2013 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Coutinho |first=Natasha |date=6 December 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141206/entertainment-tvmusic/article/real-life-couple-ashish-sharma-and-archana-taide-spill-beans |title=Real-life couple Ashish Sharma and Archana Taide spill the beans |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Year <br />
! Show <br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2011<br />
| ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (TV series)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]''<br />
| Avdhesh Singh Thakur<br />
| Male lead<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Chilli powder for the rescue! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chilli-powder-for-the-rescue/articleshow/6642924.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2011–2012<br />
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''<br />
| [[Chandragupta Maurya]]<br />
| Male lead <br />
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Antao |first1=Lisa |date=7 August 2011 |title=Ashish Sharma: From goon to king... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashish-Sharma-From-goon-to-king-/articleshow/9506061.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]''<br />
| Guest (as Ranveer)<br />
| Friend of Yash Scindia<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Rangrasiya actor Ashish Sharma recalls being replaced by Aditya Roy Kapur in Action Replayy without being informed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rangrasiya-actor-ashish-sharma-recalls-being-replaced-by-aditya-roy-kapur-in-action-replayy-without-being-informed-101726823692543.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 September 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012–2013<br />
|''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''<br />
|Ranveer Singh / Fateh Singh Rathore / Jeet Singh<br />
| Male lead <br />
| <ref name="TOI_Dec2024"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2014<br />
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br />
| Rudra Pratap Ranawat<br />
| Male lead <br />
| <ref name="TOI_Dec2024">{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |date=19 December 2013 |title=My wife got scared of my role: Ashish Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-making-his-debut-with-gunahon-ka-devta-ashish-went-on-to-play-a-not-so-good-guy-in-rab-se-sohna-isshq/articleshow/27598848.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''<br />
| Contestant<br />
| Winner <br />
| <ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140919/entertainment-tvmusic/article/ashish-sharma-wins-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-season-7|title=TV actor Ashish Sharma wins 'Jhalak Dikhla Jaa' season 7|date=19 September 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''Tujhse Naraaz Nahin Zindagi''<br />
| RJ<br />
| Host <br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashish-Sharma-turns-RJ-in-Tujhse-Naaraaz-Nahin-Zindagi/articleshow/46287851.cms|title=Ashish Sharma turns RJ in Tujhse Naaraaz Nahin Zindagi|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=19 February 2015|work=Times of India|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2016<br />
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''<br />
| [[Rama]]<br />
| Male lead <br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/what-helps-ashish-sharma-emote-better/|title=What helps Ashish Sharma emote better?|date=7 February 2016|work=Indian Express|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi|Prithvi Vallabh]]''<br />
| Prithvi Vallabh<br />
| Male lead <br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/desi-hero-global-ambitions/article22496312.ece|title='Prithvi Vallabh' promises a blend of history and mystery|date=23 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2010 ||''Alha Udhal''|| Udhal ||[[Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''|| Shahid || Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-want-to-be-a-director-Ashish-Sharma/articleshow/9369161.cms|title=I want to be a director: Ashish Sharma - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 July 2011 |language=en|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2012 ||''[[Zindagi Tere Naam]]''|| Vishal|| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''The Undertaker''|| The Undertaker|| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 ||''Khejdi''|| Khejdi || Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/yeh-film-tv-walon-ne-banayi-hai/21474183|title='Yeh film TV walon ne banayi hai?'|date=4 August 2019|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/e-buzz-ashish-sharma-plays-a-transgender-2219189.html|title=E-Buzz: Ashish Sharma Plays A Transgender|website=News18|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/08/ashish-sharmas-khejdi-headed-for-us-premiere-11470.html|title=Ashish Sharma's Khejdi headed for US premiere|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=8 May 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Hindutva''<br />
|Bharat Shastri<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<ref name="Zee_Sep2022"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 ||''Modi: Journey of a Common Man''|| [[Narendra Modi]]||[[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020 ||''Modi: Journey of a Common Man season 2''|| Narendra Modi<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/mar/21/ashish-sharma-to-feature-as-young-narendra-modi-in-webseries-1953743.html|title=Ashish Sharma to feature as young Narendra Modi in webseries|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 March 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/modi-journey-of-a-common-man-trailer-out-ashish-sharma-faizal-khan-played-young-modi-154478.html|title=Modi - Journey Of A Common Man Trailer out; Ashish Sharma, Faizal Khan played young Modi|website=CatchNews.com|language=en|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Show<br />
! Category<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
|''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br />
| Gr8! Performer Male<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2014 |title=The ITA Awards, The Indian Television Academy Awards |publisher=indiantelevisionacademy.com |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309210600/http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2014 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{won}}<ref name="deccanchronicle.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|Star Parivar Awards <br />
|[[Siya Ke Ram]]<br />
|Best Beta<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goswami |first1=Parismita |title=Star Parivaar Awards 2016: Divyanka, Ashish and others walk away with trophies; check out winners list [PHOTOS+VIDEOS] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-parivaar-awards-2016-divyanka-ashish-others-walk-away-trophies-check-out-winners-list-676559 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |date=28 April 2016}}</ref><br />
| {{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of Indian television actors]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|5067764}}<br />
* {{Instagram|ashish30sharma84}}<br />
<br />
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ashish}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa winners]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Ghats&diff=464537Western Ghats2026-03-19T13:25:27Z<p>Juanita09O: rework citations to improve readability and updated info per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mountain range along the western coast of India}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox mountain<br />
| name = Western Ghats<br />
| other_name = Sahyadri<br />
| photo = AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg<br />
| photo_size = <br />
| photo_caption = [[Anamudi]], the highest peak in the Western Ghats<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision1_type = Regions<br />
| subdivision1 = [[Western India|Western]] and [[Southern India]]<br />
| subdivision2_type = States<br />
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[Gujarat]]|[[Maharashtra]]|[[Goa]]|[[Karnataka]]|[[Kerala]]|[[Tamil Nadu]]}}<br />
| geology = {{hlist|[[Basalt]]|[[Laterite]]|[[Limestone]]}}<br />
| age = [[Cenozoic]]<br />
| biome = {{hlist|[[Tropical rainforest]]s|[[Marsh]]}}<br />
<!-- ***Geography ***-->| map_image = Satellite Picture of the Western Ghats & Indian West Coast.png<br />
| map_size = 180px<br />
| map_caption = Satellite imagery showing the Western Ghats running parallel to the west coast of India<br />
| area_km2 = 160000<br />
| length_km = 1600<br />
| length_orientation = N–S<br />
| width_km = 100<br />
| width_orientation = E–W<br />
| highest = [[Anamudi]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|10|11|N|77|03|40|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}<br />
| highest_location = [[Eravikulam National Park]]<br />
| elevation_m = 2695<br />
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
| child = yes<br />
| ID = 1342<br />
| Year = 2012<br />
| Criteria = Natural: ix, x<br />
| Area = 795,315 ha<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Western Ghats''', also known as the '''Sahyadri''', is a mountain range that stretches {{cvt|1,600|km|mi}} along the [[West Coast of India|western coast]] of the [[Indian peninsula]]. Covering an area of {{cvt|160,000|km2|mi2}}, it traverses the [[states and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The range forms an almost continuous chain of mountains along the western edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]], from the [[Tapti River]] to [[Swamithoppe]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. The Western Ghats meet with the [[Eastern Ghats]] at [[Nilgiris]] before continuing south.<br />
<br />
Geologic evidence indicates that the mountains were formed during the break-up of the supercontinent of [[Gondwana]]. The mountains arose along the west coast of India somewhere in the [[late Jurassic]] and [[early Cretaceous]] periods when India separated from the [[Africa]]n continent. The mountains can be roughly divided into three parts: the northern section with an elevation ranging from {{cvt|900-1500|m}}, the middle section starting south of Goa with a lower elevation of less than {{cvt|900|m}}, and the southern section where the altitude rises again. The Western Ghats have several peaks that rise above {{cvt|2,000|m}}, with [[Anamudi]] ({{cvt|2695|m|ft}}) being the highest peak. The average elevation is around {{cvt|1200|m}}.<br />
<br />
The Western Ghats form one of the major [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] of India, feeding many perennial river systems that drain almost 40% of the land area of the country. Because of the higher elevation of the Deccan Plateau on the west, most rivers flow eastwards towards the [[Bay of Bengal]], resulting in chiselled eastern slopes and steeper western slopes facing the [[Arabian Sea]]. The Western Ghats play an important role in determining the climate and seasons in India. It blocks the rain-bearing [[monsoon]] winds flowing eastward from the Arabian Sea, resulting in rainfall along the western coast. By the time the air rises above the mountains it is dry, forming a [[rain shadow]] region with very little rainfall on the [[leeward]] side towards the interior of the Deccan Plateau.<br />
<br />
The Western Ghats region is a [[biodiversity hotspot]]. It contains a large number of different species of flora and fauna, most of which are endemic to this region. At least 325 globally [[threatened species]] occur in the Western Ghats. The region was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2012.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name Western Ghats derives from the word [[ghat]] and the cardinal direction in which it is located with respect to the Indian mainland. ''Ghat'', a term used in the [[Indian subcontinent]], depending on the context, could either refer to a [[Geography of India#Coastal plains and ghats|range of stepped hills]] such as the [[Eastern Ghats]] and Western Ghats, or a series of steps leading down to a body of water or [[wharf]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sunithi L. Narayan|author2=Revathy Nagaswami|title=Discover Sublime India|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1992|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|title=Ghat definition|access-date=30 January 2019|publisher=Cambridge dictionary|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053346/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|url-status=live}}</ref> As per linguist [[Thomas Burrow]], the word ''Ghat'' was derived from similar words used in various [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages such as ''kattu'' (mountain side, ridge, or dam) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''katte'' (dam), ''gatta'' (mountain), and ''gattu'' (bank or shore) in [[Kannada]], and ''katta'' (dam), and ''gatte'' (shore or embankment) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaini|first=Padmanabh S.|title=Jainism and Early Buddhism|year=2003|publisher=Jain Publishing Company|page=528|isbn=978-0-8958-1956-7}}</ref> The mountain range is also known as ''Sahyadri'', derived from [[Sanskrit]], meaning benevolent or tolerant mountain.<ref>{{cite book|title=India the Land of Gods|author=Subhash C. Biswas|year=2014|page=76|isbn=978-1-4828-3655-4|publisher=Author Solutions}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geology ==<br />
The Western Ghats are the mountainous [[Fault (geology)|faulted]], and [[Erosion|eroded]] edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Geologic evidence indicates that they were formed during the break-up of the super-continent of [[Gondwana]]. After the break-up, the Deccan Plateau was formed by [[basalt]] rocks, which caused the western side to rise at an elevation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=E.J.|last2=Harrison|first2=C.G.A.|last3=Sloan|first3=J.L. II|last4=Hay|first4=W.W.|year=1981|title=Paleogeography, 180 million years ago to the present|journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae|volume=74|issue=2|pages=443–470}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Geophysics|Geophysical]] evidence indicates that the mountains arose along the west coast of India somewhere in the [[late Jurassic]] and [[early Cretaceous]] periods when India separated from the [[Africa]]n continent.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|title=Formation of Western Ghats|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124318/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Several faults triggered the formation of Western Ghats, then interspersed with valleys and river gorges. Because of the elevation of the Deccan Plateau on the west, most rivers flow from west to east, resulting in chiselled eastern slopes and steeper western slopes facing the sea.<ref name="Geo"/><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[File:Western Ghats Gobi.jpg|thumb|The Western Ghats form a continuous chain of mountains.]]<br />
The Western Ghats extend from the [[Satpura Range]] south of the [[Tapti River]] in the north and runs approximately {{cvt|1600|km}} to the southern tip of the Indian peninsula, where it ends at the [[Marunthuvazh Malai]] at [[Swamithoppe]] in [[Kanyakumari district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot|date=16 June 2021 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/western-ghats-biodiversity-hotspot.html|publisher=World Atlas|access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Western Ghats topographic map |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-hg5b3/Western-Ghats/ |website=topographic-map.com |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref> It covers an area of {{cvt|160,000|km2}}, traversing the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342|title=Western Ghats – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704212953/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
[[File:Indiahills.png|thumb|Mountain ranges of India, including the Western Ghats]]<br />
{{Further|List of peaks in the Western Ghats}}<br />
The Western Ghats form an almost continuous chain of mountains running parallel to the western coast of India along the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Ghats|title=Western Ghats|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124242/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=criteoPrebidAdapter&topUrl=www.britannica.com&us_privacy=1YNY|url-status=live}}</ref> The average elevation is around {{cvt|1200|m}}.<ref name="APMN">{{cite web|url=http://apmn.icimod.org/mountains/ch2_peninsula.php|title=The Peninsula|access-date=19 March 2007|work=Asia-Pacific Mountain Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812064356/http://apmn.icimod.org/mountains/ch2_peninsula.php|archive-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> There are three gaps in the mountain range: the northernmost [[Goa Gap]], formed 65–80 million years ago (Mya), the oldest and widest [[Palghat Gap]], formed 500 Mya, and the southernmost, narrowest [[Sengottai|Shencottah Gap]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ancient Geographical Gaps and Paleo-Climate Shape the Phylogeography of an Endemic Bird in the Sky Islands of Southern India|author1=V. V. Robin|author2=Anindya Sinha|author3=Uma Ramakrishnan|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0194158|year=2010|journal=PLOS|volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=e13321 |doi-access=free |pmid=20967202 |pmc=2954160 }}</ref> The narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the [[Western Coastal Plains]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Population of India|publisher=Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations|year=1982|page=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
The mountains can be roughly divided into three parts: the northern section with an elevation ranging from {{cvt|900-1500|m}}, the middle section starting from the south of Goa with a lower elevation of less than {{cvt|900|m}}, and the southern section where the altitude rises again.<ref name="Brit"/> The Western Ghats meet with the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the [[Moyar River]] valley in the [[Nilgiris]] before continuing south.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cgrindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Eastern-Ghats-Environment-Outlook-compressed.pdf|title=Eastern Ghats Environment Outlook|date=March 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=CGRI|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|volume=17|year=1908|page=144|publisher=Superintendent of Government Print}}</ref> The Western Ghats have many peaks that rise above {{cvt|2,000|m}}, with [[Anamudi]] ({{cvt|2695|m|ft}}) being the highest peak.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 April 2017|title=7 major mountain ranges in India: Some of the highest mountains in the world|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/seven-major-mountain-ranges-of-india-969214-2017-04-03|access-date=5 September 2020|newspaper=India Today|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823114516/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/seven-major-mountain-ranges-of-india-969214-2017-04-03|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hydrography ===<br />
The Western Ghats form one of the major [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] of India, feeding many perennial rivers. These major river systems drain almost 40% of the land area of the country.<ref name="Hydro">{{cite book|title=Western Ghats - From Ecology To Economics|author1=Shanavas P H|author2=Sumesh A K|author3=Haris P M|year=2016|isbn=978-9-3852-4758-3|publisher=Educreation Publishing|pages=27–29}}</ref> The major river systems originating in the Western Ghats are the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], and [[Krishna River|Krishna]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects|author= Dhruv Sen Singh|year=2017|isbn=978-9-8110-2984-4|publisher=Springer Nature|page=309}}</ref> Most rivers flow eastwards towards the [[Bay of Bengal]] owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west, and many smaller streams drain the region, often carrying a large volume of water during the monsoon months.<ref name="Hydro"/> The streams and rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Waterfalls|author=Patricia Corrigan|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4381-8252-0|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=131}}</ref> The rivers have been dammed for [[hydroelectric]] and [[irrigation]] purposes, with major reservoirs spread across the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/resources/statistics/stat233.htm|title=Indian Dams by River and State|publisher=Rain water harvesting|access-date=19 March 2007|archive-date=19 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319061137/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/resources/statistics/stat233.htm|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=R.L.|last1=Samani|first2=A.P.|last2=Ayhad|title=Silting Problems in Hydropower Plants|editor=S. P. Kaushish|editor2=B. S. K. Naidu|publisher=Central Board of Irrigation and Power|location=Bangkok|year=2002|chapter=Siltation of Reservoirs-Koyna Hydroelectric Project-A Case Study|isbn=978-90-5809-238-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Western-Ghats-rainfall.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|Annual rainfall]]<br />
<br />
The Western Ghats play an important role in determining the climate and seasons in India. During the dry summer months of April{{snd}}May, heat builds up on the land, which draws air from the sea. The air, which picks up moisture along the way and flows eastward from the Arabian Sea, is blocked by the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|title=Indian monsoon|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801140005/https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|url-status=live}}</ref> The rising air cools and brings about [[orographic precipitation]] along the western coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/orographic-precipitation|title=Orographic precipitation|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105212629/https://www.britannica.com/science/orographic-precipitation|url-status=live}}</ref> This signifies the onset of the [[monsoon]] season in June. By the time the air rises above the mountains, it becomes dry, resulting in a [[rain shadow]] region with very little rainfall on the [[leeward]] side towards the interior of the Deccan plateau. The monsoon winds rounding up the peninsula and moving from the east from the [[Bay of Bengal]] pass over the Eastern Ghats and bring the majority of the rainfall to the plains up north.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|title=Climate of Western Ghats|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124321/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Climate in the mountains shows variations with altitude across the range. Due to its physical proximity to the [[equator]] and the Arabian Sea, the region experiences a warm and humid [[tropical climate]] throughout the year. Mean temperatures range from {{cvt|20|°C}} in the south to {{cvt|24|°C}} in the north. Subtropical or temperate climates, and occasional near-zero temperatures during winter are experienced in regions with higher elevations. The coldest period in the region are the wettest monsoon period in the southern part of the mountain range.<ref name="WII">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ConservationOfRainforestsInIndia/mode/2up|title=Conservation of Rain forests in India|chapter=Biodiversity of the Western Ghats - An Overview|author=R.J. Ranjit Daniels|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India}}</ref> Annual rainfall in this region averages {{cvt|100|cm}} to {{cvt|900|cm}}, with an average rainfall of {{cvt|250|cm}}. The total amount of rain does not depend on the spread of the area; areas in northern Maharashtra receive heavy rainfall followed by long dry spells, while regions closer to the equator receive lower annual rainfall and have rain spells lasting several months in a year.<ref name="WII"/><br />
<br />
== Biodiversity ==<br />
The Western Ghats region is a [[biodiversity hotspot]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities|journal=Nature|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|doi=10.1038/35002501|pmid=10706275|year=2000|last1=Myers|first1=N.|last2=Mittermeier|first2=R.A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=C.G.|last4=Da Fonseca|first4=G.A.B.|last5=Kent|first5=J.|bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M|s2cid=4414279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Migon|first=P.|title=Geomorphological Landscapes of the World|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-3054-2|page=257}}</ref> It consists of nearly 30% of all the species of flora and fauna found in India, most of which are endemic to this region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/western_ghats2/about_the_western_ghats/|title=Western Ghats|publisher=WWF|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124844/https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/western_ghats2/about_the_western_ghats/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A biodiversity hotspot|url=http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/western_ghats/|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118005548/http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/western_ghats/|url-status=live }}</ref> At least 325 globally [[threatened species]] occur in the Western Ghats.<ref name="UNESCO"/><br />
<br />
=== Flora ===<br />
The Western Ghats consist of four [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest|tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf]] terrestrial [[ecoregions]] of the [[Indomalayan]] [[Biogeographic realm|realm]], with the northern portion of the range generally drier than the southern portion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/tropical-and-subtropical-moist-broadleaf-forests|title=Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest|publisher=WWF|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124905/https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/tropical-and-subtropical-moist-broadleaf-forests|url-status=live}}</ref> These include the following:<br />
<br />
[[File:Shola.jpg|thumb|[[Sholas]], a unique type of stunted tropical montane forest found in the valleys]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Terrestrial ecoregions of Western Ghats<br />
!Region<br />
!Area<br />
!Areas covered<br />
|-<br />
|[[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0135|title=North Western Ghats montane rain forests|publisher=WWF|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124746/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0135|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{cvt|11900|mi2}}<br />
|[[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0151|title=South Western Ghats montane rain forests|publisher=WWF|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
|{{cvt|8700|mi2}}<br />
|[[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/north-western-ghats-moist-deciduous-forests/|title=North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|publisher=One Earth|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124840/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/north-western-ghats-moist-deciduous-forests/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{cvt|4831|mi2}}<br />
|[[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/south-western-ghats-moist-deciduous-forests/|title=South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|publisher=One Earth|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124842/https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/south-western-ghats-moist-deciduous-forests/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{cvt|2382|mi2}}<br />
|[[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other types of ecosystems include [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|dry deciduous forests]] on the leeward rain shadow region, [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|scrub forests]] at the foothills, [[peat bogs]], and [[swamps]].<ref name="Data">{{cite web|url=http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/output/site/western-ghats/|title=Western Ghats, data sheet|date=22 May 2017|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124728/http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/output/site/western-ghats/|url-status=live}}</ref> Montane [[grasslands]] are found in high altitude locations in the south Western Ghats interspersed with [[shola]]s, a unique type of stunted tropical montane forest found in the valleys between the mountains.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://d-nb.info/1218962216/34|title=The montane grasslands of the Western Ghats, India:Community ecology and conservation|author1=S. M. Thomas|author2=M. W. Palmer|publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521125755/https://d-nb.info/1218962216/34|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier sources indicated about four to five thousand vascular plant species of which nearly one-third was endemic to the region.<ref name="UNESCO2">{{cite report|url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/152424|title=Western Ghats, IUCN technical evaluation|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817180519/https://whc.unesco.org/document/152424|url-status=live}}</ref> Later studies and publications have recorded 7,402 species of [[Angiosperms|flowering plants]] occurring in the Western Ghats of which 5,588 were described as indigenous, 376 are naturalized exotics, and 1,438 species are cultivated or planted.<ref>{{cite book|title=Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India|year=2014|last1=Nayar|first1=T.S.|last2=Rasiya Beegam|first2=A.|last3=Sibi|first3=M.|isbn=978-8-1920-0989-6|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute}}</ref> Among the indigenous species, 2,253 species are endemic to India and of them, 1,273 species are exclusively confined to the Western Ghats. 645 tree species were recorded with a high endemic ratio of 56%. There are 850 to 1,000 species of [[bryophytes]], including 682 species of [[mosses]] (28% endemic) and 280 species of [[liverworts]] (43% endemic), 277 species of [[pteridophytes]] and 949 species of [[lichens]] (26.7% endemic).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Genus Syzygium Syzygium Cumini and Other Underutilized Species|year=2017|isbn=978-1-3516-4506-5|publisher=CRC Press|author=K. N. Nair}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fauna ===<br />
The Western Ghats are home to thousands of species of fauna, including at least 325 globally [[threatened species]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mammals of the Western Ghats: A Simplistic Overview|first1=P.O.|last1=Nameer|first2=Sanjay|last2=Molur|first3=Sally|last3=Walker|date=November 2001|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|volume=16|issue=11|pages=629–639|doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.16.11.629-39|s2cid=87414084 }}</ref> As per a 2010 report, following is the distribution of faunal species in the Western Ghats apart from more than 6,000 [[insect]] species.<ref name="Data"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=N.|last2=Mittermeier|first2=R.A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=C.G.|last4=Fonseca|first4=G.A.B.Da|last5=Kent|first5=J.|year=2000|title=Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities|journal=Nature|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|doi=10.1038/35002501|pmid=10706275|bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M|s2cid=4414279}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Gaur_(Indian_Bison)_at_Periyar_National_Park_&_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|A [[gaur]] herd]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Fauna of Western Ghats (2010)<br />
|-<br />
!Taxonomic group<br />
!Species<br />
![[Endemic species|Endemic]]<br />
!% Endemic<br />
![[Endangered species|Endangered]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mammals]]<br />
|120<br />
|14<br />
|12%<br />
|31<br />
|-<br />
|[[Birds]]<br />
|508<br />
|19<br />
|4%<br />
|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphibians]]<br />
|121<br />
|94<br />
|78%<br />
|43<br />
|-<br />
|[[Reptiles]]<br />
|156<br />
|97<br />
|62%<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fishes]]<br />
|218<br />
|116<br />
|53%<br />
|1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Western Ghats region has one of the highest [[Bengal tiger|tiger]] populations, estimated at 985 in 2022.<ref>{{cite report |author1=Qureshi, Q. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Yadav, S. P. |author4=Mallick, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2023 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India|url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145403/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Western Ghats ecoregion has the largest [[Indian elephant]] population in the wild, with an estimated 11,000 individuals across eight distinct populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/eri_8226.aspx|title=Elephant Reserves|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520013620/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/eri_8226.aspx|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/pe/PE%20Note.pdf|title=Census population 2005|year=2007|work=Note on Project Elephant|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060920/http://envfor.nic.in/pe/PE%20Note.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> Other mammals include endangered and vulnerable species such as the [[lion-tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[leopard]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[dhole]], and [[gaur]].<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Singh, M.|author2=Kumar, A.|author3=Kumara, H.N.|year=2020|title=''Macaca silenus''|volume=2020|article-number=e.T12559A17951402|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12559A17951402.en|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh, M.|last2=Kaumanns, W.|year=2005|title=Behavioural studies: A necessity for wildlife management|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102005/1230.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=89|issue=7|page=1233|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113063948/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102005/1230.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Malviya|first1=M.|last2=Srivastav|first2=A.|last3=Nigam|first3=P.|last4=Tyagi|first4=P.C.|title=Indian National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (''Trachypithecus johnii'')|url=http://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|year=2011|publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] and [[Central Zoo Authority]]|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212153/http://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> The endemic [[Nilgiri tahr]], which was on the brink of extinction, has recovered and had an estimated 3,122 individuals in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nilgiri tahr population over 3,000: WWF-India|date=3 October 2015|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208090051/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Molur, S.|author2=Brandon-Jones, D.|author3=Dittus, W.|author4=Eudey, A.|author5=Kumar, A.|author6=Singh, M.|author7=Feeroz, M.M.|author8=Chalise, M.|author9=Priya, P.|author10=Walker, S.|name-list-style=amp|year=2003|title=Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2003|publisher=Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia|place=Coimbatore}}</ref> Smaller endemic species include the [[Malabar large-spotted civet]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[brown palm civet]], [[stripe-necked mongoose]], [[Indian brown mongoose]], [[small Indian civet]], and [[leopard cat]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mudappa, D.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Noon, B.R.|author3=Kumar, A.|author4=Chellam, R.|year=2007|title=Responses of small carnivores to rainforest fragmentation in the southern Western Ghats, India|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=36|pages=18–26|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258699798}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn|author=Mudappa, D.|author2=Helgen, K.|author3=Nandini, R.|year=2016|title=''Viverra civettina''|article-number=e.T23036A45202281|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Bicolored_Frog_(_Clinotarsus_curtipes_).jpg|thumb|[[Bicolored frog]] is endemic to the region<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Clinotarsus/Clinotarsus-curtipes |title=''Clinotarsus curtipes'' (Jerdon, 1853) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
There are at least 19 species of [[birds]] endemic to the Western Ghats, including the endangered [[rufous-breasted laughingthrush]], the vulnerable [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]], [[white-bellied shortwing]], and [[broad-tailed grassbird]], the [[near threatened]] [[grey-breasted laughingthrush]], [[black-and-rufous flycatcher]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], and [[Nilgiri pipit]], and the [[least concern]] [[Blue-winged parakeet|Malabar (blue-winged) parakeet]], [[Malabar grey hornbill]], [[white-bellied treepie]], [[grey-headed bulbul]], [[rufous babbler]], [[Wayanad laughingthrush]], [[white-bellied blue-flycatcher]], and the [[crimson-backed sunbird]].<ref name="bli">{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=125&m=0|title=Restricted-range species|year=1998|work=BirdLife EBA Factsheet 12 : Western Ghats|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|access-date=3 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102220838/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=125&m=0|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As per a 2014 report, at least 227 species of [[reptiles]] are found in the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[species:Chelmala Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu C]]|author2=[[species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu B]]|author3=[[species:Sanjay Molur|Molur S]]|year=2014|title=The Status and Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats, India: Conservation and Management Plan|location=[[Coimbatore]]|publisher=Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society|page=160|isbn=978-81-88722-40-2}}</ref> The major population of the snake family [[Uropeltidae]] is restricted to the region.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Greene, H. W.|author2=R. W. Mcdiarmid|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|title=Wallace and Savage: heroes, theories and venomous snake mimicry, Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics, a Herpetological Perspective|pages=190–208|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref> Several endemic reptile genera and species occur here, with the region having a significant population of [[mugger crocodile]]s.<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrews|last=Harry V.|title=Status and Distribution of the Mugger Crocodile in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/crocodile/tnadu.htm|publisher=WII|archive-url=https://archive.today/20041220055759/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/crocodile/tnadu.htm|archive-date=20 December 2004}}</ref> The [[amphibians]] of the Western Ghats are diverse and unique, with a high proportion of species being endemic to the [[tropical rainforests of India]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Karthikeyan, V.|title=A Report on the Survey of Rainforest Fragments in the Western Ghats for Amphibian Diversity|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter19.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20051215224533/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter19.htm|archive-date=15 December 2005}}</ref> New [[frog]] species have continued to be discovered in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Radhakrishnan, C.|author2=Gopi, K.C.|author3=Dinesh, K.P.|name-list-style=amp|year=2007|title=Zoogeography of ''Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis'' Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India|journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India|volume=107|issue=4|pages=115–121|doi=10.26515/rzsi/v107/i4/2007/159116|s2cid=251728922|doi-access=free}}</ref> Frogs of the genera ''[[Indirana]]'', ''[[Micrixalus]]'', and ''[[Nyctibatrachus]]'', [[toads]] like ''[[Pedostibes]], [[Ghatophryne]]'', and ''[[Xanthophryne]]'', [[tree frog|arboreal frogs]] like ''[[Ghatixalus]], [[Mercurana]]'', and ''[[Beddomixalus]]'', and [[Microhylidae|microhylids]] like ''[[Melanobatrachus]]'' are endemic to this region.<ref>{{cite report|title=An evaluation of the endemism of the amphibian assemblages from the Western Ghats using molecular techniques|publisher=WII|place=Dehra Dun|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/researchreports/2005/endemism_amphibian_summary_content.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184326/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/researchreports/2005/endemism_amphibian_summary_content.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Fishes and molluscs<br />
[[File:Akwa18_puntius2.jpg|thumb|[[Denison Barb]] is endemic to the region]]<br />
<br />
The southern region of the Western Ghats exhibits greater fish species richness. There are 13 genera entirely restricted to the Western Ghats (''[[Betadevario]]'', ''[[Day's round herring|Dayella]]'', ''[[Haludaria]]'', ''[[Horabagrus]]'', ''[[Horalabiosa]]'', ''[[Hypselobarbus]]'', ''[[Indoreonectes]]'', ''[[Lepidopygopsis]]'', ''[[Longischistura]]'', ''[[Mesonoemacheilus]]'', ''[[Parapsilorhynchus]]'', ''[[Rohtee]]'', and ''[[Travancoria]]'').<ref name="Aqua">{{cite book|author1=Molur, M.|author2=Smith, K.G.|author3=Daniel, B.A.|author4=Darwall, W.R.T.|name-list-style=amp|year=2011|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-540-001.pdf|title=The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India|publisher=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Regional Assessment|isbn=978-2-8317-1381-6|url-status=live|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403141348/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-540-001.pdf}}</ref> The most species-rich families are the [[Cyprinidae|Cyprinids]] (72 species), [[hillstream loach]]es (34 species; including [[Nemacheilidae|stone loaches]], now regarded a separate family), [[Bagridae|Bagrid catfishes]] (19 species), and [[Sisoridae|Sisorid catfishes]] (12 species).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raghavan|last2=Prasad|last3=Ali|last4=Pereira|year=2008|title=Fish fauna of Chalakudy River, part of Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, Kerala, India: patterns of distribution, threats and conservation needs|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=17|issue=13|pages=3119–3131|doi=10.1007/s10531-007-9293-0|bibcode=2008BiCon..17.3119R|s2cid=7563806}}</ref> The region is home to several [[ornamental fish]]es including the endemic [[Denison barb]],<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Raghavan, R.|name-list-style=amp|author2=Philip, S.|author3=Ali, A.|author4=Dahanukar, N.|year=2013|title=''Sahyadria'', a new genus of barbs (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Western Ghats of India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=5|issue=15|pages=4932–4938|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3673.4932-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[melon barb]], several species of ''[[Dawkinsia]]'' barbs, [[zebra loach]], ''Horabagrus'' catfish, [[dwarf pufferfish]] and [[Carinotetraodon imitator|dwarf Malabar pufferfish]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zoologica.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/Z-10-1/Z-10-1-2.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040716010207/http://zoologica.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/Z-10-1/Z-10-1-2.PDF|archive-date=16 July 2004|title=Zoologica|access-date=18 December 2006}}</ref> The rivers are also home to ''[[Osteobrama bakeri]]'', and larger species such as the [[Malabar snakehead]], and [[Tor malabaricus|Malabar mahseer]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Benziger, A.|last2=Philip, S.|last3=Raghavan, R.|last4=Ali, P.H.A.|last5=Sukumaran, M.|last6=Tharian, J.C.|last7=Dahanukar, N.|last8=Baby, F.|last9=Peter, R.|last10=Devi, K.R.|last11=Radhakrishnan, K.V.|last12=Haniffa, M.A.|last13=Britz, R.|last14=Antunes, A.|year=2011|title=Unraveling a 146 years old taxonomic puzzle: Validation of Malabar Snakehead, species-status and its relevance for channid systematics and evolution|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=6|article-number=e21272|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021272|pmid=21731689|pmc=3123301|bibcode=2011PLoSO...621272B|doi-access=free}}</ref> A few are adapted to an underground life, including some ''[[Rakthamichthys]]'' swamp eels,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gobi|first1=K.C.|year=2002|title=A new synbranchid fish, ''Monopterus digressus'' from Kersla, Peninsular India|journal=Rec. Zool. Surv. India|volume=100|issue=1–2|pages=137–143|doi=10.26515/rzsi/v100/i1-2/2002/159618|s2cid=87291325|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the catfish ''[[Horaglanis]]'' and ''[[Kryptoglanis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|first1=M.|last2=Thomas|first2=J.|year=2011|title=Kryptoglanis shajii, an enigmatic subterranean-spring catfish (Siluriformes, Incertae sedis) from Kerala, India|journal=Ichthyological Research|volume=58|issue=2|pages=161–165|doi=10.1007/s10228-011-0206-6|bibcode=2011IchtR..58..161V|s2cid=39313203}}</ref> 97 freshwater fish species were considered [[Threatened species|threatened]] in 2011, including 12 critically endangered, 54 endangered, and 31 vulnerable.<ref name="Aqua"/> The reservoirs in the region are important for their commercial and sport fisheries of [[rainbow trout]], [[mahseer]], and [[common carp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x2614e/x2614e06.htm|last=Sehgal|first=K. L.|title=Coldwater fish and fisheries in the Western Ghats, India|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=22 September 2008|archive-date=22 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022082744/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X2614E/x2614e06.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> There are more than 200 freshwater fish species including 35 also known from [[brackish]] or marine water.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahanukar|first1=N.|last2=Raut|first2=R.|last3=Bhat|first3=A.|year=2004|title=Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=31|issue=1|pages=123–136|doi=10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01016.x|bibcode=2004JBiog..31..123D|s2cid=83574801 }}</ref> Several new species have been described from the region since the last decade (e.g., ''[[Dario (fish)|Dario urops]]'' and ''[[Schistura sharavathiensis|S. sharavathiensis]]'').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Britz, A.|last2=Philip|year=2012|title=Dariourops, a new species of badid fish from the Western Ghats, southern India|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3348|pages=63–68|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3348.1.5|s2cid=87261596|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c3b/1c9303d8f968f2541b7e2f30b0d13643f34b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208110138/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c3b/1c9303d8f968f2541b7e2f30b0d13643f34b.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sreekantha|last2=Gururaja, K.V.|last3=Remadevi, K.|last4=Indra, T.J.|last5=Ramachandra, T.V.|year=2006|title=Two new species of the genus ''Schistura'' McClell and (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Western Ghats, India|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|volume=21|issue=4|pages=2211–2216|doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.1386.2211-6|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:TAMIL_LACEWING_(Cethosia_nietneri_)_(7438942216).jpg|thumb|[[Cethosia nietneri|Tamil lacewing]], a butterfly found in the region<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-8-192-98264-9|location=New Delhi|pages=223|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Seasonal rainfall patterns in the Western Ghats necessitate a period of [[diapause|dormancy]] for its [[land snail]]s, resulting in their high abundance and diversity, including at least 258 species of [[gastropods]] from 57 genera and 24 families.<ref>{{cite report|author=Madhyastha N. A.|author2=Rajendra|author3=Mavinkurve G.|author4=Shanbhag Sandhya P.|name-list-style=amp|title=Land Snails of Western Ghats|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter9.htm|publisher=WII|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090717093156/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter9.htm|archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> A total of 77 species of [[freshwater mollusc]]s (52 gastropods and 25 [[bivalves]]) have been recorded from the Western Ghats, but the actual number is likely higher.<ref name="Aqua"/> This includes 28 endemics. Among the threatened freshwater [[molluscs]] are the [[mussel]] species ''[[Pseudomulleria dalyi]]'', which is a [[Gondwana]]n relict, and the snail ''[[Cremnoconchus]]'', which is restricted to the spray zone of waterfalls.<ref name="Aqua"/> According to the IUCN, four species of freshwater molluscs are considered endangered and three are vulnerable. An additional 19 species are considered data deficient.<ref name="Aqua"/><br />
<br />
;Insects<br />
There are roughly 6,000 insect species.<ref>{{citation|author1=George, M.|author2=Binoy, C.F.|name-list-style=amp|title=An Overview of Insect Diversity of Western Ghats with Special Reference to Kerala State|access-date=24 July 2007|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter3.htm|publisher=WII|place=Dehra Dun|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090316112850/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter3.htm|archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> Of the 334 [[List of Western Ghats butterflies|Western Ghats butterfly]] species, 316 species have been reported to occur in the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite report|author1=George, M.|author2=Kumar, M.M.|name-list-style=amp|title=State of the Art Knowledge on the Butterflies of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter6.htm|publisher=WII|place=Dehra Dun|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090108105816/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter6.htm|archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> The Western Ghats are home to 174 species of [[odonates]] (107 [[dragonflies]] and 67 [[damselflies]]), including 69 endemics.<ref name="Aqua"/> Most of the endemic odonate are closely associated with rivers and streams, while the non-endemics are typically [[Generalist and specialist species|generalists]].<ref name="Aqua"/> There are several species of [[leech]]es found all along the Western Ghats.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=On a Small Collection of leeches from Maharashtra State, India|last=Chandra|first=M.|year=1976|volume=69|pages=325–328|journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India|issue=1–4|doi=10.26515/rzsi/v69/i1-4/1971/161420|s2cid=251700847|url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/069/01-04/0325-0328.pdf|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006051615/http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/069/01-04/0325-0328.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Threats and conservation ===<br />
[[File:Nilgiri_hills_view_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], the largest contiguous [[protected areas of India|protected area]] in the Western Ghats]]<br />
<br />
Historically, the Western Ghats were covered in dense forests, which formed the natural habitat for wildlife along with the native [[Indigenous peoples|tribal people]]. Its inaccessibility made it difficult for people from the [[Deccan Plateau|plains]] to cultivate the land and build settlements. After the establishment of [[British Empire|British colonial rule]] in the region, large swathes of territory were cleared for agricultural plantations and timber. The forests in the Western Ghats were severely fragmented due to [[clear-felling]] for plantations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/colonisers-ruined-western-ghats-says-study/articleshow/66852040.cms|title=Colonisers ruined Western Ghats, says study|date=28 November 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521125846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/colonisers-ruined-western-ghats-says-study/articleshow/66852040.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The introduction of non-native species threatened the rare [[Endemism|endemic]] species and habitat specialists, which depleted faster than other species.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/alien-invasive-and-thriving/article61534872.ece|title=Alien, Invasive and thriving: Native plants choked in Western Ghats|date=9 September 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521125738/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/alien-invasive-and-thriving/article61534872.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Complex and species-rich habitats like the [[tropical rainforests]] are much more adversely affected than other habitats.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/researchreports/2002/frag.wii.report.pdf |title=Impact of rainforest fragmentation on small mammals and herpetofauna in the Western Ghats, South India |last=Kumar |first=Ajith |author-link=Ajith Kumar (biologist) |date= |publisher=Salim Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219184202/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/researchreports/2002/frag.wii.report.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> The primary threats to fauna were not only from [[habitat loss]], but also from [[overexploitation]], illicit [[grazing]], [[mining]], [[poaching]], and [[introduced species]].<ref name="Aqua"/><ref name="Data"/><br />
<br />
The [[Government of India]] has established many [[protected areas of India|protected areas]], including two [[Biosphere reserves of India|biosphere reserves]], 13 [[national parks of India|national parks]] to restrict human access, several [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuaries]] to protect specific endangered species, and many [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserve forests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx|title=Protected areas|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521125859/https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], comprising {{cvt|5500|km2}} of the forests, forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpreec.org/04_phamplets/08_nilgiri_bio_reser/nilgiri_bio_reser.html|title=The Nilgiri Bio-sphere Reserve|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928151229/http://www.cpreec.org/04_phamplets/08_nilgiri_bio_reser/nilgiri_bio_reser.html|archive-date=28 September 2006}}</ref> In August 2011, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), appointed by the Union [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] to assess the biodiversity and environmental issues of the Western Ghats, designated the entire region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and assigned three levels of Ecological Sensitivity to its different regions.<ref name="WGEP">{{cite journal|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf|title=Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel|author=Gadgil, M.|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|date=31 August 2012|access-date=4 May 2012|website=Westernghatindia.org|volume=Part 1|pages=summary XIX|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920103920/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395071/vested-interests-harm-western-ghats.html|title=Vested interests in Western Ghats|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073525/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395071/vested-interests-harm-western-ghats.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent committees formed have recommended various suggestions to protect the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kasturirangan-report-is-antienvironmental/article5533619.ece|title=Report is anti environmental|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=4 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104230204/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kasturirangan-report-is-antienvironmental/article5533619.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, India applied to the [[UNESCO]] [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] (MAB) for the Western Ghats to be listed as a protected [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|year=2007|title=World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster|access-date=30 March 2007|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112195049/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, 39 sites divided into seven clusters across the Western Ghats, were declared as World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|title=UNESCO heritage sites|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=30 March 2007|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118010253/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/UN-designates-Western-Ghats-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/14595602.cms|title=UN designates Western Ghats as world heritage site|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 July 2012|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226065757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/UN-designates-Western-Ghats-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/14595602.cms%0A|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Ghat Roads]]<br />
*[[Eastern Ghats]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342 Western Ghats], UNESCO World Heritage site<br />
*[http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/western_ghats/ Western Ghats], WWF<br />
<br />
{{GeoSouthAsia}}<br />
{{Western Ghats}}<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Subject bar|auto=1|India|Ecology|voy=Southern India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Western Ghats| ]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]<br />
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Mountains in Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=English-language_Indian_films&diff=467092English-language Indian films2026-03-13T06:29:41Z<p>Juanita09O: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|English-language film industry in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
<!-- {{dated prod|concern = Uncompletable list, and many current entries are international co-productions, not "Indian Films"|month = October|day = 12|year = 2009|time = 21:50|timestamp = 20091012215043}}<br />
Do not use the "dated prod" template directly; the above line is generated by "subst:prod|reason" --><br />
'''English-language Indian films''' date back to the [[silent film]] era. After the advent of [[Sound film|sound]], feature films in English almost disappeared.<br />
[[File:India film clapperboard (variant).svg|thumb|upright]]<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
===Silent era===<br />
In the 1920s, films directed by [[Franz Osten]] and [[Himansu Rai]], including ''[[The Light of Asia (film)|The Light of Asia]]'' and ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'', could be considered English-language films because the intertitles were in English. With the advent of sound, directors such as Osten and Rai chose Hindi as the language, thus effectively bringing to a close this phase of English-language films made in India.<br />
<br />
===Crossover films===<br />
<br />
An attempt to make English talkies in India named [[Karma (1933 film)|''Karma'']] failed domestically in 1933.<br />
<br />
Indian crossover films appeared in [[Indian cinema]] with international productions with Indian themes, starting with [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]' first venture, ''[[The Householder]]'' (1963), which has an India story, setting with an Indian cast, and included [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Leela Naidu]], and [[Durga Khote]]. This was followed by a number of India-themed films largely propelled by Indian-born producer, [[Ismail Merchant]]. However, it took a while before an Indian director would commercially take up making films in the English language.<br />
<br />
===Indian productions===<br />
The first such film came at the peak of the [[Parallel cinema]] movement, when [[Aparna Sen]] directed ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' (1981) to critical acclaim. Its lead actress, [[Jennifer Kendal]] was even nominated for a [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award]]. The genre was able to stand on its own with [[Dev Benegal]]'s ''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]'' (1994) which was widely accepted by urban audiences and became its first hit, drawing an audience of 20 million.<ref name=guar/><br />
<br />
This paved the way for other directors to look at using English language as a viable medium, like [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] who made ''[[Hyderabad Blues]]'' (1998); [[Kaizad Gustad]], ''[[Bombay Boys]]'' (1998); [[Homi Adajania]], ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2006); and [[Rituporno Ghosh]], whose ''[[The Last Lear]]'' (2008), starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as the lead, won the Best English Feature Award at [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]].<ref name=guar>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/oct/17/bollywood-english English is recast in Indian films] [[The Guardian]], 24 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18767508.cms Move over Bollywood, Indian films in English are here] IANS, [[The Times of India]], 11 August 2002.</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2000s, Aparna Sen visited the genre again, and made two successive English features in ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' (2002) and ''[[15, Park Avenue]]'' (2005), which won a string of [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]s.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, film directors of Indian descent, such as [[Mira Nair]], [[Deepa Mehta]], and [[Gurinder Chadha]], continued to make English-language films on Indian themes to international acclaim. This further opened up the genre, both creatively and commercially.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dLb33fhgsjcC&dq=English+language+Indian+films&pg=PA196 New Wave Cinema] ''Beyond Bollywood: the cultural politics of South Asian diasporic film'' by Jigna Desai. Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|0-415-96684-1}}. ''195-6''.</ref><br />
<br />
==List of films (partial)==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Year<br />
! scope="col"|Title<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''[[On Wings of Fire]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 1988<br />
| ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
| ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |1992<br />
|''[[Electric Moon]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Miss Beatty's Children]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |1996<br />
|''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |1998<br />
|''[[Hyderabad Blues]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bombay Boys]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|1999<br />
|''[[Split Wide Open]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
| ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2001<br />
|''[[American Desi]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" |2002<br />
|''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mango Soufflé]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2003<br />
|''[[Stumble (film)|Stumble]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Freaky Chakra (film)|Freaky Chakra]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''[[Five by Four]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" |2004<br />
|''[[Hyderabad Blues 2]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''White Noise''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bride and Prejudice]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Morning Raga]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |2005<br />
| ''[[15 Park Avenue]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''Sins''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |2006<br />
|''[[Being Cyrus]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed doubles]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2007<br />
|''[[Americanizing Shelley]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parzania]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Via Darjeeling]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2012 <br />
|''[[Divorce Invitation]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Finding Fanny]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[My Choice (film)|''My Choice (2015 film)'']]<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| ''[[A Death in the Gunj]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best English Feature Film]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cinema of India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:English Language Indian Films}}<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian films| ]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Tamil_Nadu&diff=453130List of institutions of higher education in Tamil Nadu2026-03-11T23:33:39Z<p>Juanita09O: minor rework content for consistency and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
[[Tamil Nadu]] has both private and public universities, which either the [[government of India]] or the [[government of Tamil Nadu]] owns and manages. whereas various bodies and societies manage the private universities. Here is a list of research organizations and higher educational institutions in the state.<br />
<br />
==Institutes of National Importance==<br />
The [[government of India]] gives the status of [[Institute of National Importance]] (INI) to the top institutes in India through the act of Parliament. An institute with the status of INI plays a crucial role in teaching and developing highly skilled students in the state or country. The government funds, recognizes, and supervises such institutions to develop learning centers in academics and research.<br />
<br />
===List of institutes of national importance===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name<br />
!Location<br />
!Date of establishment<br />
!Specialization<br />
|-<br />
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai]]<br />
|[[Madurai]]<br />
|2021<br />
|Medicine<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|2007<br />
|IT Enabled Design and Manufacturing<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|2013<br />
|Engineering and Technology<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli|Indian Institute of Management, Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|4 January 2011<br />
|Management<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|1959<br />
|Multidisciplinary ([[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalakshetra Foundation]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|January 1936<br />
|Classical Arts<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur]]<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|1967<br />
|Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|1964<br />
|Multidisciplinary ([[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]]<br />
|[[Sriperumbudur]]<br />
|1993<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Universities==<br />
The [[higher education]] system in [[India]] includes both private and [[Public university|public]] [[university|universities]]. Universities in India are recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), which draws its power from the ''[[University Grants Commission Act, 1956]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Grants Commission Act, 001956 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]] |access-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The types of universities include:<br />
{{Tree chart/start}}<br />
{{Tree chart |||||||A1 | A1=[[List of universities in India|Universities in India]]<br />
|boxstyle_A1 = background-color:#CCE9DA}}<br />
{{Tree chart ||||||||!|}}<br />
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}<br />
{{Tree chart |B1 ||C1 ||D1 ||E1 | B1=[[Central University, India|Central Universities]]|C1=[[State university (India)|State Universities]]|D1=[[Deemed university|Deemed to be Universities]]|E1=[[Private university#India|State Private Universities]]<br />
|boxstyle_B1 = background-color:#CCE9DA;<br />
|boxstyle_C1 = background-color:#CCE9DA;<br />
|boxstyle_D1 = background-color:#CCE9DA;<br />
|boxstyle_E1 = background-color:#CCE9DA;<br />
}}<br />
{{Tree chart/end}}<br />
<br />
===List of central universities===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!rowspan=2|Name<br />
!rowspan=2|Location<br />
!rowspan=2|Date of establishment<br />
!rowspan=2|Specialization<br />
!colspan=2|Section<br />
|-<br />
!2(f)<br />
!12(B)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Central University of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|[[Tiruvarur]]<br />
|30 September 2009<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Maritime University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|14 November 2008<br />
|Marine Sciences<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of state universities===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!rowspan=2|Name<br />
!rowspan=2|Location<br />
!rowspan=2|Date of establishment<br />
!rowspan=2|Specialization<br />
!colspan=2|Section<br />
|-<br />
!2(f)<br />
!12(B)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alagappa University]]<br />
|[[Karaikudi]]<br />
|9 May 1985<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anna University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|4 September 1978<br />
|Engineering and Technology<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Annamalai University]]<br />
|[[Annamalai Nagar|Annamalainagar]]<br />
|1 January 1929<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bharathiar University]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|February 1982<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bharathidasan University]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|February 1982<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Madurai Kamaraj University]]<br />
|[[Madurai]]<br />
|1966<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]<br />
|[[Tirunelveli]]<br />
|7 September 1990<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mother Teresa Women's University]]<br />
|[[Kodaikanal]]<br />
|1984<br />
|Women's University<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Periyar University]]<br />
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br />
|17 September 1997<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|1971<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]]<br />
|[[Nagapattinam]]<br />
|2012<br />
|Aquaculture, and Fisheries<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu National Law University]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|2012<br />
|Legal<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Open University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|2002<br />
|Distance Education<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|15 September 2005<br />
|Physical Education, and Sports<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|1 July 2008<br />
|Teachers Education<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|20 September 1989<br />
|Veterinary, and Animal Sciences<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil University]]<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|15 September 1981<br />
|Tamil<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|20 September 1997<br />
|Legal<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|14 November 2013<br />
|Music, and Fine Arts<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|1989<br />
|Medical<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thiruvalluvar University]]<br />
|[[Vellore]]<br />
|October 2002<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[University of Madras]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|5 September 1857<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of deemed to be universities===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!rowspan=2|Name<br />
!rowspan=2|Location<br />
!rowspan=2|Date of establishment<br />
!rowspan=2|Specialization<br />
!colspan=2|Section<br />
|-<br />
!III<br />
!12(B)<br />
|-<br />
|[[AMET University]]<br />
|[[Kanathur (Chennai)|Kanathur]]<br />
|21 August 2007<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|13 January 2003<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|8 June 1988<br />
|Women only<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|16 December 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|4 July 2002<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Mathematical Institute]]<br />
|[[Kelambakkam]]<br />
|15 December 2006<br />
|Mathematics<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chettinad Academy of Research and Education]]<br />
|[[Kelambakkam]]<br />
|4 August 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|21 January 2003<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|5 May 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education]]<br />
|[[Krishnankoil]]<br />
|20 October 2006<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karpagam Academy of Higher Education]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|25 August 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|23 June 2004<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|31 March 2004<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education]]<br />
|[[Kumaracoil]]<br />
|8 December 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology]]<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|17 August 2007<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology]] (PRIST)<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|4 January 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|16 July 2001<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences]] (SIMATS)<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|18 March 2005<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy]] (SASTRA)<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|26 April 2001<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya]] (SCSVMV)<br />
|[[Kancheepuram]]<br />
|26 May 1993<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|29 September 1994<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]<br />
|[[Kattankulathur]]<br />
|2 August 2002<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|26 May 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gandhigram Rural Institute|The Gandhigram Rural Institute]]<br />
|[[Dindigul]]<br />
|3 August 1976<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|15 October 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vellore Institute of Technology]] (VIT)<br />
|[[Vellore]]<br />
|19 June 2001<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies]] (VISTAS)<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|4 June 2008<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]<br />
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br />
|1 March 2001<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of state private universities===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!rowspan=2|Name<br />
!rowspan=2|Location<br />
!rowspan=2|Date of establishment<br />
!rowspan=2|Specialization<br />
!colspan=2|Section<br />
|-<br />
!2(f)<br />
!12(B)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University]]<br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
|20 January 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shiv Nadar University, Chennai|Shiv Nadar University]]<br />
|Kalavakkam<br />
|8 February 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|St. Joseph University<br />
|Tindivanam<br />
|26 February 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|Sri Venkateswaraa University<br />
|Thoothukudi<br />
|26 February 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|NMV University<br />
|Aruppukottai<br />
|26 February 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jeppiaar University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|26 February 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sai University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|28 April 2021<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Takshashila University, Tamilnadu]]<br />
|Tindivanam<br />
|27 May 2022<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|[[Joy University, Tamilnadu]]<br />
|Tirunelveli<br />
|26 July 2022<br />
|Multidisciplinary<br />
|Yes<br />
|No<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Constituent colleges of universities ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name of the College !! Category !! Administering University !! Location<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Chettinad <br />
|Agriculture<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]<br />
|Sivaganga<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Coimbatore<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University <br />
|Coimbatore<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Karur<br />
|Agriculture <br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University <br />
|[[Karur]]<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Keezhvelur<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|Nagapattinam<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]<br />
|[[Pudukottai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Madurai<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]<br />
|[[Madurai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural College And Research Institute, Vazhavachanur<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural Engineering College And Research Institute, Coimbatore<br />
|Agriculture engineering<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|-<br />
|Agricultural Engineering College And Research Institute, Kumulur<br />
|Agriculture engineering<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute]] <br />
|[[Agriculture]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] <br />
|[[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Guindy]], [[Chennai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Community Science College And Research Institute, Madurai<br />
|Agriculture(food science)<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Madurai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Dr. M S Swaminathan Agricultural College And Research Institute, Eachangottai<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Thanjavur]]<br />
|-<br />
|Forestry College And Research Institute, Mettupalayam<br />
|Forestry<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Tirunelveli]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Government College of Engineering, Erode|Government College of Engineering(IRTT), Erode]]<br />
|Engineering <br />
|[[Anna University]]<br />
|[[Erode]]<br />
|-<br />
|Horticultural College And Research Institute, Coimbatore<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Horticultural College And Research Institute, Paiyur<br />
|Horticulture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Krishnagiri]]<br />
|-<br />
|Horticultural College And Research Institute, [[Periyakulam]]<br />
|Horticulture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Theni]]<br />
|-<br />
|Horticultural College And Research Institute for Women, Navalur kuttapattu<br />
|Horticulture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Madras Institute of Technology]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Chromepet]], [[Chennai]]<br />
|-<br />
|School of Post Graduate Studies, Coimbatore<br />
|Post graduate studies<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|-<br />
|University college of engineering [[Kanchipuram]]<br />
|Engineering<br />
|Anna University<br />
|Kanchipuram<br />
|-<br />
|V.O Chidambaram Agricultural College And Research Institute, Killikulam<br />
|Agriculture<br />
|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University <br />
|Tirunelveli <br />
|-<br />
|[[Madras Medical College]] and Rajiv Gandhi General Hospital, [[Broadway, Chennai|Broadway]]<br />
|Allopathic medicine<br />
|Dr. M.G.R Medical University<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Stanley Medical College]] and Hospital, [[Washermanpet]]<br />
|Allopathic medicine<br />
| Dr. M.G.R Medical University<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kilpauk Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Kilpauk]] || [[Chennai]] || 1960 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
| Government Medical College (Omandurar Government Estate) and [[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital]] || [[Triplicane]] || [[Chennai]] || 2015 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
| Government [[Chengalpattu Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Chengalpattu]] || [[Kanchipuram]] || 1965 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
| [[Government Dharmapuri Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Dharmapuri]] || [[Dharmapuri]] || 2008 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|07<br />
| Government [[Madurai Medical College]] and Rajaji Hospital || [[Madurai]] || [[Madurai]] || 1954 || 250 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
| [[K.A.P.Viswanatham Government Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Trichy]] || [[Trichy]] || 1997 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
| Government [[Thanjavur Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Thanjavur]] || [[Thanjavur]] || 1958 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| Government [[Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] || 1986 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| Government [[Thoothukudi Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Thoothukudi]] || [[Thoothukudi]] || 2001 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| [[Kanyakumari Government Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Nagercoil]] || [[Kanyakumari]] || 2001 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
| [[Government Vellore Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Adukkamparai]] || [[Vellore]] || 2005 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
| [[Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Thiruvannamalai]] || [[Thiruvannamalai]] || 2013 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
| Government Karur Medical College and Hospital || [[Karur]] || [[Karur]] || 2019 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
| Government [[Theni Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Theni]] || [[Theni]] || 2004 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| Government [[Coimbatore Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Peelamedu]] || [[Coimbatore]] || 1966 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
| Government [[Tirunelveli Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Palayamkottai]] || [[Tirunelveli]] || 1965 || 250 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
| [[Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital]] || Melavaniyankudi || [[Sivagangai]] || 2012 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
| Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital || [[Thiruvarur]] || [[Thiruvarur]] || 2010 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
| [[Government Villupuram Medical College]] and Hospital || [[Mundiyampakkam]] || [[Villupuram]] || 2010 || 100 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
| [[Government Pudukkottai Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Pudukottai]] || [[Pudukottai]] || 2017 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| Government Dindigul Medical College and Hospital || [[Dindigul]] || [[Dindigul]] || 2021 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
| Government Namkkal Medical College and Hospital || [[Namakkal]] || [[Namakkal]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
| Government Ramanathapuram Medical College and Hospital || [[Ramanathapuram]] || [[Ramanathapuram]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
| Government Virudhunagar Medical College and Hospital || [[Virudhunagar]] || [[Virudhunagar]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
| [[The Nilgiris Government Medical College and Hospital|Government Ooty Medical College and Hospital]]|| [[Ooty]] || [[Nilgiris]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
| Government Tiruppur Medical College and Hospital || [[Tiruppur]] || [[Tiruppur]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
| Government Krishnagiri Medical College and Hospital || [[Krishnagiri]] || [[Krishnagiri]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
| Government Nagapattinam Medical College and Hospital || [[Nagapattinam]] || [[Nagapattinam]] || 2008 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
| Government Thiruvallur Medical College and Hospital || [[Thiruvallur]] || [[Thiruvallur]] || 2009 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
| Government Ariyalur Medical College and Hospital || [[Ariyalur]] || [[Ariyalur]] || 2009 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
| Government Kallakurichi Medical College and Hospital || [[Kallakurichi]] || [[Kallakurichi]] || 2009 || 150 || Allopathy<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|Government Erode Medical and Hospital <br />
|Perundurai <br />
|Erode<br />
|1992<br />
|100<br />
|Allopathy <br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|Government Cuddalore Medical and Hospital <br />
|Chidambaram <br />
|Cuddalore<br />
|1985<br />
|150<br />
|Allopathy <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Autonomous institutes==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
! University name !! Location !! District !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Bharathidasan University]] ||Management|| 1984 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute|Central Electrochemical Research Institute]]<br />
|[[Karaikudi]]<br />
|[[Sivaganga]]<br />
|[[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Center]]<br />
|Electrochemistry<br />
|1948<br />
|-<br />
| [[Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Center || [[Aquaculture]] || 1987<br />
|-<br />
| [[Central Leather Research Institute]] || [[Chennai|Adyar]] || [[Chennai]] || Center || Leather research || 1948<br />
|-<br />
| [[Central University of Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tiruvarur]] || [[Tiruvarur]] || Center || Humanities, sciences ||2009<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology]] || [[Thanjavur]] || [[Thanjavur]] || Center || Crop research || 1967<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]] || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] || [[Salem district|Salem]] || Center || [[Handloom]] technology || 1960<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Center || Engineering || 2013<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram]] || [[Kancheepuram]] || [[Kancheepuram]] || Center || Engineering || 2005<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Center || Management || 2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Center || Engineering || 1959<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Center || Engineering || 1964<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Center || Fashion design || 1995<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || Center || Textile processing || 2002<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu National Law School]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Center || Legal || 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Industry Interaction Education & Research (IIIER Chennai)]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Center || Engineering & Management || 2014<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===State and central government joint support institutes===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! University name !! Location !! District !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute]] (autonomous) || [[Karaikudi]] || [[Sivagangai]] || [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (Govt of India) || Electrochemistry|| 1948 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || || Mathematics and Theoretical Sciences|| 1962<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Maritime University]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || || Maritime Studies|| 2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] (autonomous) || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || || || 1971<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Virtual Academy]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]||Tamil language || 2001<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Colleges affiliated to universities==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
! Name of college !! Category !! University affiliation !! Location !! District !! Support !! Estd.<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[ICAT Design & Media College]] || Design & Media || || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || || 2004<br />
|-<br />
| [[Adithya Institute of Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district]] || Private || 2008 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Karaikudi]] || [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]] || Government || 1952 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kumaraguru College of Liberal Arts and Science]] || Liberal Arts and Science || [[Bharathiar University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 2018<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alagappa College of Technology]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Government || 1944 <br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.annaitheresacollegeofedu.com/ Annai Teresa College of Education],<ref>[https://www.annaitheresacollegeofedu.com/ Annai Teresa College of Education Official Website]</ref> || Arts and science||[[Anna University]]<br />
| Ariyakudi||[[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]||Charitable Trust||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arunachala College Of Engineering For Women|Arunachala College of Engineering for Women]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Nagercoil]] || [[Kanyakumari]] || Self-financing || 2009 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College]], [[Sivakasi]] || Arts and science|| || Sivakasi || Virudhunagar ||Aided || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bannari Amman Institute of Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Sathyamangalam|Sathiyamangalam]] || [[Erode district|Erode]] || Self-financing || 1996 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhajarang Engineering College]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Thiruvallur]] || [[Thiruvallur]] || Self-financing || 2001 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Aided || 1956 <br />
|-<br />
| [[College of Agricultural Technology]] || Agriculture || Tamil Nadu Agricultural University || Kullapuram || Theni ||Self-financing || 2010 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dr.MGR Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Tiruchendur]] || [[Thoothukudi]] || [[Private university|Private]] || 1995<br />
|-<br />
|[[Easwari Engineering College]]<br />
|Engineering<br />
|Autonomous under [[Anna University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|Self-financing<br />
|1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethiraj College for Women]] || Arts and Sciences || Autonomous under [[University of Madras]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Aided || 1948 <br />
|-<br />
|[[HIMT|HIMT College]] (Hindustan Institute of Maritime Training)<br />
|Chennai<br />
|[[Indian Maritime University]]<br />
|Chennai<br />
|Chennai<br />
|Private<br />
|1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[A. M. Jain College|AGURCHAND MANMULL JAIN COLLEGE (Am Jain College)]]|| Arts and Sciences || [[University of Madras]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Aided || 1952<br />
|-<br />
| [[Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu (FTIT)]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Government Arts College, Karur]] || Arts and science || Bharathidasan University || Karur || Karur || Government || <br />
|- <br />
| [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Government College of Engineering, Salem]] || || || || || || <br />
|- <br />
| [[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram]]|| || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Indra Ganesan College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Institute of Road and Transport Technology]] || [[Engineering education|Engineering]]<br />
| [[Anna University]]<br />
| [[Erode]]<br />
| [[Erode]]<br />
| [[Government]]<br />
| 1984<br />
|-<br />
| Jeppiaar Engineering College, [[Chennai]] || [[Engineering]]|| [[Anna University]]|| Rajiv Gandhi Salai|| [[Chennai]]|| [[Self-financing portfolio|Self- Financing]]|| 2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai]], [[Chennai]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaya Group of Colleges]], || || |[[University of Madras]] || |[[Chennai]] || || |[[Private university|Private]] || |1977<br />
|-<br />
| [[J.K.K. Nattraja College of Arts & Science|J.K.K.Nattraja College of Arts & Science]]<ref>[https://arts.jkkn.ac.in J.K.K.Nattraja College of Arts and Science Official Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.periyaruniversity.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/List-of-Ph-D-Approved-Guide-college-wise.pdf J.K.K.Nattraja College of Arts and Science approved by Periyar University]</ref> || Arts and Science || |[[Periyar University]] || |[[Komarapalayam]] || |[[Namakkal]] || |[[Aided]], [[Self Financing]] || |1974<br />
|-<br />
| [[J.K.K.Nattraja College of Engineering and Technology]]<ref>[https://engg.jkkn.ac.in J.K.K.Nattraja College of Engineering and Technology Official Website]</ref><ref>[https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/Affiliated%20Colleges%20list%20by%20Alphabetical/Affiliated%20Colleges%20-%20PDF%20Files/J.K.K.%20Nataraja%20College%20of%20Engineering%20and%20Technology.pdf J.K.K.Nattraja College of Engineering and Technology affiliated to Anna University]</ref> || Engineering || |[[Anna University]] || |[[Komarapalayam]] || |[[Namakkal]] || |[[Private university|Private]] || |2008<br />
|-<br />
|[[J.K.K. Nattraja College of Education|J.K.K.Nattraja College of Education]]<br />
|Teacher Training<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Namakkal]]<br />
|[[Private university|Private]]<br />
|2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[J.K.K. Nattraja College of Nursing and Research|J.K.K.Nattraja College of Nursing and Research]]<br />
|Nursing<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Private university|Private]]<br />
|2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy|J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy]]<ref>[http://www.ipapharma.org/news/IPA%20Annual%20Report%202015.pdf The Indian Pharmaceutical Association Annual Activity Report 2014–2015)]</ref><br />
|Pharmacy<br />
|[[Pharmacy Council of India]]<br />
|[[New Delhi]]<br />
|[[New Delhi]]<br />
|Government<br />
|1985<br />
|-<br />
|[[J.K.K.Nattraja Dental college and Hospital|J.K.K.Nattraja Dental College and Hospital]]<ref>[http://www.pci.nic.in/ Health & Family Welfare Department(Government of Tamil Nadu)]</ref><ref>[http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/view/subjects/DENTAL2.html Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University)]</ref><br />
|Medical<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Private university|Private]]<br />
|1987<br />
|-<br />
|- [[Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Virudhunagar]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[K L N College of Engineering]], [[Madurai]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Madurai]] || [[Madurai]] || || 1994 <br />
|-<br />
| [[KLN College of Information Technology]], [[Madurai]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Madurai]] || [[Madurai]] || || 2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karpagam College of Engineering]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 2000<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kongu Engineering College]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Erode]] || [[Erode district|Erode]] || Self-financing || 1984<br />
|-<br />
| [[KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 1984<br />
|-<br />
| [[KV Institute of Management and Information Studies]] || Management|| [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 2008<br />
|-<br />
| [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Loyola Institute of Business Administration]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering]] || Engineering|| Anna University || Karur || Karur || Un-aided ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Madras Christian College]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Madras School of Economics]] ||Economics ||[[Central University of Tamil Nadu]], [[University of Madras]] ||[[Chennai]] ||[[Chennai]] || || 1995<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mahendra Engineering College]] ([[Autonomy|Autonomous]]) || Engineering || Affiliated to [[Anna University]] || [[Mallasamudram]] || [[Namakkal District|Namakkal]] || Private || 1995<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mailam Engineering College]]|| Engineering || [[Anna University]] || Tindivanam || [[Villupuram]] ||Self-financing || 1998 <br />
|-<br />
| [[MAM College of Engineering and Technology]] || Engineering || Anna University || Trichy || || Self-financing || 1998 <br />
|-<br />
| Marthandam College of Engineering and Technology || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Marthandam]] || [[Kanyakumari]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mepco Schlenk Engineering College]] || Engineering || Anna University || Sivakasi || Virudhunagar || private || 1985<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology]] || Engineering || Anna University || Pudukkottai || Pudukkottai || Self-financing || 2001 <br />
|-<br />
| [[National Institute of Siddha]] || Medical || [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Chennai]] || Aided || <br />
|- <br />
| [[Paavai Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Paavai College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Parisutham Institute of Technology & Science]] ||Engineering ||Anna University || TANJORE || Tanjore || Private || 2008 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] ||Arts and Science <br />
|Autonomous under [[University of Madras]] <br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|Government <br />
|1840<br />
|-<br />
| [[PSG College of Arts and Science]] || Arts and Science || Autonomous under [[Bharathiar University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Aided || 1947<br />
|-<br />
| [[PSG College of Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Aided || 1951<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajalakshmi Engineering College]], [[Chennai]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Thandalam, Chennai|Thandalam]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Private university|Private]] || 1997 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rathinam College of Arts and Science]] || Arts & Science|| Autonomous under [[Bharathiar University]]|| [[Coimbatore]]|| [[Coimbatore]]|| || <br />
|-<br />
|Rathinam Technical Campus <br />
|Engineering<br />
|Autonomous under [[Anna University]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore]]<br />
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[RMD Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|- <br />
| [[RMK College of Engineering and Technology]] || || || || || || <br />
|- <br />
| [[RMK Engineering College]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Gummidipoondi]] || [[Thiruvallur]] || [[Private university|Private]] || 1995 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology]] <br />
||Engineering|| Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Kuniyamuthur]]||[[Coimbatore]] || Private|| 1998<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sacred Heart College, Thirupattur]] || Arts & Science || [[Thiruvalluvar University]] || [[Tirupattur]] || [[Tirupattur]] || Aides and self-financed || 1951<br />
|-<br />
| [[S.A. Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|- <br />
| [[Shree Venkateshwara Hi-Tech Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Sri Parasakthi College for Women ||Arts and Sciences ||[[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] ||[[Coutrallam]] ||[[Tirunelveli]] || ||1964 <br />
|-<br />
| [[St. Joseph College of Education]] ||BEd (education) ||Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University ||Kalakad Road, Kadamboduvalvu, Nanguneri ||Tirunelveli ||Self-financing||2007 <br />
|-<br />
| [[St. Joseph's College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[St. Peter's Engineering College, Avadi|St. Peter's Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[St. Thomas College, Chennai]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Sai Ram Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || Self-financing || 1984 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|- <br />
| [[SSN College of Engineering]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Kelambakkam]] || [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] || Private || 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sona College of Technology, Salem]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[The New College, Chennai|The New College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiagarajar School of Management]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiruthangal Nadar College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Valliammai Engineering College]] || Engineering || [[Anna University]] || [[Potheri]] || [[Kanchipuram]] || Self Financing || 1999 <br />
|-<br />
|[http://college.vidhyaagiri.com/ Vidhyaa Giri College of Arts and Science],<ref>[http://college.vidhyaagiri.com/ Vidhyaa Giri College of Arts and Science Official Website]</ref> || Arts and science||[[Anna University]]<br />
| Karaikudi||[[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]||Aided ||<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vickram College of Engineering]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Velammal College of Engineering and Technology]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Velalar College of Engineering and Technology]] || Engineering || Autonomous under [[Anna University]] || [[Erode]] || [[Erode]] || Self Financing || 2001 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Velammal Engineering College]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]] || || || || || || <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government educational institutions]]<br />
*[[List of Tamil Nadu Government Medical Colleges]]<br />
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Arts and Science Colleges]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.colleges-in-tamilnadu.com/ Colleges in Tamil Nadu]<br />
*[http://www.tn.gov.in/departments/hedu.html/ Colleges in Tamil Nadu], Tamil Nadu Government official website<br />
<br />
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Education in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Tamil Nadu| ]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2002&diff=450002List of Malayalam films of 20022026-03-07T04:36:24Z<p>Juanita09O: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Malayalam films}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
<br />
== List of released films ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#000;"<br />
!Title !! Director !! Cast <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Punyam]]''<br />
|Rajesh Narayanan<br />
|[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], Boban Alummoodan <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kayamkulam Kanaran]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Nissar (director)|Nissar]]<br />
|[[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Krishna Pakshakkilikal]]''<br />
| &nbsp;K. J. Abraham Lincoln<br />
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], Master Amal Mohan<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thirunelliyile Penkutty'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neythukaran]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Priyanandanan]]<br />
|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Sona Nair]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jagathy Jagadeesh in Town]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Nizar <br />
|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Jagadish]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Yaamam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kakke Kakke Koodevide]]''<br />
| &nbsp;P. Rajashegharan<br />
|[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijaya Raghavan]], [[Geethu Mohandas]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kakki Nakshatram]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Vinay P. Nayar<br />
|[[Nishanth Sagar]], [[Jagadish]], [[Charmila]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mazhathullikkilukkam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Akbar Jose<br />
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharadha]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]]''<br />
|&nbsp;[[Rajasenan]]<br />
|[[Jayaram]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Roja (actress)|Roja]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''www.anukudumbam.com''<br />
| &nbsp;O. S. Gireesh<br />
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adheena]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Krishnadas<br />
|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Indrans]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Biju Varkey<br />
| &nbsp;[[Mammootty]], [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Manoj K Jayan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kuberan (2002 film)|Kuberan]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Sundardas]]<br />
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Samyuktha Varma|Samyukhtha Varma]], [[Uma Shankari]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Vinayan]]<br />
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pakalppooram]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Anil Babu]]<br />
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Geethu Mohandas]], [[Salim Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishna Gopalakrishna]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Balachandra Menon]]<br />
|[[Balachandra Menon]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Geethu Mohandas]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Kanmashi''<br />
| &nbsp;[[V. M. Vinu]]<br />
|[[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Nithya Das]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Onnaman]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Thampi Kannamthanam]]<br />
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Biju Menon]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhavam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Sathish Menon<br />
| Murali Menon, [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[P. G. Vishwambharan]]<br />
|[[Kunchako Boban]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Jomol]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Savithriyude Aranjanam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Mohan Kupleri]]<br />
|[[Harisree Asokan]], [[Aswathy]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mankolangal]]''|| || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Shaji Kailas]]<br />
|[[Biju Menon]], [[Nandini]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kashillatheyum Jeevikkam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Jose Puthussery<br />
| Manuraj, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanal Kireedam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;K. Srikuttan<br />
|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangeetha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Lal Jose]]<br />
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] <br />
|-<br />
|''Avarkkai Aruldas'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chirikkudukka (2002 film)|Chirikkudukka]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Saji T. S.<br />
| Jayachandran, [[Jagadeesh]], Deepthi Prasad, [[Cochin Haneefa]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thandavam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Shaji Kailas]]<br />
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Kiran Rathod]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[India Gate (film)|India Gate]]''<br />
| &nbsp;T. S. Saji<br />
|[[Vani Viswanath]], [[Jagadish]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Desam''<br />
| &nbsp;Biju V. Nair<br />
|[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Premkumar]], [[Madhupal]], [[Anitha (actress)|Anitha]] <br />
|-<br />
|''Ellam Ninakku Vendi'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Snehadooth''<br />
| &nbsp;D. Madhu<br />
|[[Madhupal]], Sarath<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Sukumari]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Rajasenan]]<br />
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Gayathri Raguram|Gayatri Raghuram]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]<br />
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nikitha]], [[Revathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sesham]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]<br />
|[[Jayaram]], [[Geethu Mohandas]], [[Biju Menon]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ente Hridayathinte Udama''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Bharath Gopi]]<br />
|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bamboo Boys]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Ali Akbar<br />
|[[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], [[Cochin Haneefa]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikkoonan]]''<br />
|&nbsp;Sasisankar<br />
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thilakam''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Jayaraj]]<br />
| Saji Soman, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Uma Shankari]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pranayamanithooval]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Thulasidas]]<br />
|[[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Gopika]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Stop Violence]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[A. K. Sajan]]<br />
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Chandra Lakshman]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Swapna Halliyil Orunaal]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Gopalji<br />
|[[Krishnakumar]], [[Narendra Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aabharanacharthu]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[I. V. Sasi]]<br />
| Sarath, [[Narendra Prasad]], [[Indrans]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kattuchembakam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Vinayan]]<br />
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Anoop Menon]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ee Bhargavi Nilayam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Benny P. Thomas<br />
|[[Vani Viswanath]], &nbsp;[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Valkannadi]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Anil Babu]]<br />
|[[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Geethu Mohandas]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]''<br />
|&nbsp;[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]<br />
|[[Jayaram]], [[Soundarya]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[K. Madhu]]<br />
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Nagma|Naghma]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Lalu Alex]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyararaman]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]<br />
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Kunchacko Boban|Kunchakko Boban]], [[Jyothirmayi]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]<br />
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Revathi]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Aravind Akash]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nammal]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]<br />
|Jishnu Raghavan, [[Siddharth (Malayalam actor)|Siddharth]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Renuka Menon]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Videsi Nair Swadesi Nair]]''<br />
| &nbsp;Poulson<br />
|[[Jagadish]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Snehithan]]''<br />
| &nbsp;[[Jose Thomas]]<br />
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha Vijaykumar]], [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]]<br />
|}<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:25%;"| Title<br />
! style="width:15%;"| Director<br />
! style="width:29%;"| Cast<br />
|-|-<br />
|''Aala'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Aalinganam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Aalolam Kili'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Akhila'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Anuraagam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Asurayugam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Bheri'' || [[Kaviyoor Sivaprasad]] || [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Madhupal]] <br />
|-<br />
|''Diana'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Dr Prema'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Eden Thottam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Ente Archana'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Horse Power'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Indraneelakkallu'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Kalachakram'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Kanavu'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Kuttappan Sakshi'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Level Cross'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Lovely'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Maanasa'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Madhuram'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Manivarnathooval'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Mayamohini'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Miss Suvarna'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Mohacheppu'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Mohaswapnam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Moonnaam Yaamam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Ms Sugandhavalli'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Namukkoru Koodaram'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Neelakaasham Niraye'' ||||Kalabhavan Navas, Rehana Navas <br />
|-<br />
|''Nilaathooval'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Niramulla Swapnangal'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Njan Rajavu]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Pranaya Shalabhangal'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Prema Sallapam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Pushpasharam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Randu Penkuttikal'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Shambho Mahadeva'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Sisiram'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sneha (film)|Sneha]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Soundarya Lahari'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Sthree Vesham'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Suvarna Mohangal'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Thamaasha Veeran'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Tharalam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''Vanibham'' || || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Dubbed films ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; background:#c3fdb8; font-size:95%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)<br />
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaarmegham'' || SP Rajkumar || ''[[Karmegham]]'' || Tamil || [[Mammootty]], [[Rajan P. Dev]]||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hrudyaanjali''||Raghurami Reddy||''[[Hrudayanjali]]''||Telugu||||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Malayalam films|horiz}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
{{2002 films}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 2002}}<br />
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films| 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2002]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2002 films by language|Malayalam]]<br />
[[Category:2002 in Indian cinema|Malayalam films]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dana_Kayonu&diff=455233Dana Kayonu2026-03-03T21:22:40Z<p>Juanita09O: refined citations further and fixed typos as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dana Kayonu<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = Dana_Kayonu_Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| producer = Kanakapura Srinivas<br/>Srikanth<br />
| screenplay = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| story = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| starring = [[Duniya Vijay]]<br/>[[Priyamani]]<br />
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| cinematography = Sugnaan<br />
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar<br />
| studio = R. S. Productions<br />
| distributor = Jayanna Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|7}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Dana Kayonu''''' ({{translation|Cowherd}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed and written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. The film stars [[Duniya Vijay]] and [[Priyamani]]. The film's music is scored by [[V. Harikrishna]] and the cinematography is by Sugnan. The film was released on 7 October 2016 clashing with [[Prakash Raj]]'s directorial ''[[Idolle Ramayana]]'' which also featured Priyamani in the lead role.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Kempu aka Docomo<br />
* [[Priyamani]] as Jummi <br />
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Subsidy <br />
* [[Suchendra Prasad]] <br />
* [[Vijanath Biradar]] as Krishnappa <br />
* Mahesh <br />
* Yogi<br />
* [[Veena Sundar]]<br />
* Jahangir <br />
* [[Nataša Stanković]] as an item number<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The official launch of the film took place at [[Rajajinagar]], Bengaluru on 9 June 2015. Celebrity actors such as [[Shivarajkumar]] and [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] were present during the launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12006-yogaraj-bhatt-s-dana-kayonu-launched.html|title=Yogaraj Bhatt's Dana Kayonu Launched|publisher=Chitraloka|date=10 June 2015|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222206/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12006-yogaraj-bhatt-s-dana-kayonu-launched.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the very next day of the launch, the film met with trouble for its title. As reported, a particular community members objected for the title and termed it as an offense to their religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/dana-kayounu-title-in-trouble|title=Dana Kayonu title in trouble!|publisher=YTalkies|date=10 June 2015|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163840/http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/dana-kayounu-title-in-trouble|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Dana Kayonu<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Soundtrack cover<br />
| released = 6 May 2016<br />
| recorded = 2015<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 19:40<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| label = D Beats Music World<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's soundtrack and original score is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] for which the lyrics is penned by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. The audio released officially at [[Kanakapura]] in presence of Karnataka Power Minister, [[D. K. Shivakumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13143-dana-kayonu-songs-to-be-released-in-kanakapura.html|title=Dana Kayonu songs to be Released in Kanakapura|publisher=Chitraloka|date=6 May 2015|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510135923/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13143-dana-kayonu-songs-to-be-released-in-kanakapura.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| total_length = 19:40<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| title1 = Paper Leak<br />
| extra1 = [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Chetan Sosca]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| length1 = 2:33<br />
| title2 = Baare Gange<br />
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| length2 = 3:53<br />
| title3 = Nandu Nindu Yavaga<br />
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
| length3 = 4:28<br />
| title4 = Paisa Illade<br />
| extra4 = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| length4 = 4:24<br />
| title5 = Haalu Kudida Makkale<br />
| extra5 = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]<br />
| length5 = 4:22<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "While the film’s first half mostly captures love between the hero and the heroine and also between the bull and cow, the second half strikes an emotional chord. Yogaraj Bhat has brought the man-animal camaraderie that only endears ''Dana Kayonu'' to us".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/oct/08/unusual-plot-powerful-movie-but--too-many-conversations-1526008.html |title=Dana Kayonu review: Unusual plot, powerful movie but too many conversations |date=8 October 2016 |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231194908/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/oct/08/unusual-plot-powerful-movie-but--too-many-conversations-1526008.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Dana-Kayonu-A-good-story-despite-all-the-%E2%80%98mass%E2%80%99-elements/article15476168.ece |title=Dana Kayonu: A good story despite all the 'mass' elements |work=The Hindu |date=8 October 2016 |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103084813/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Dana-Kayonu-A-good-story-despite-all-the-%E2%80%98mass%E2%80%99-elements/article15476168.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|6123210}}<br />
{{Yogaraj Bhat}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dana Kayonu}}<br />
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jannat_(2008_film)&diff=469204Jannat (2008 film)2026-03-03T11:55:17Z<p>Juanita09O: expand intro as per guidelines and updated info based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2008 Hindi-language film by Kunal Deshmukh}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Jannat<br />
| image = Jannat poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Kunal Deshmukh]]<br />
| producer = [[Mukesh Bhatt]]<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = [[Kunal Deshmukh]]<br />[[Vishesh Bhatt]]<br />
| writer = Sanjay Masoom<br />
| starring = [[Emraan Hashmi]]<br />[[Sonal Chauhan]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Pritam]]<br>'''Background Score:'''<br>[[Raju Singh]]<br />
| cinematography = Manoj Soni<br />
| editing = Devendra Murudeshwar<br />
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Percept Picture Company]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|05|16}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}100 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=316|title=Jannat|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=16 May 2008}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}415 million<ref name="BOM"/><br />
}}<br />
'''''Jannat''''' ({{translation}} ''Heaven'') is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[crime film]] directed by [[Kunal Deshmukh]], and produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]]. The film stars [[Emraan Hashmi]] opposite [[Sonal Chauhan]] in lead roles. It was released on 16 May 2008 and was a success worldwide, receiving positive responses from critics. Its sequel [[Jannat 2|''Jannat 2'']], starring [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Randeep Hooda]] and [[Esha Gupta]], was released in 4 May 2012 and It's Sequel [[Jannat 3|''Jannat 3'']], starting [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Gaurav Arora]], and [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], and [[Randeep Hooda]], was released in 15 May 2026.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Arjun Dixit is a rigid, street-smart youngster with an obsession with making a quick buck. He meets a girl named Zoya who is looking at an expensive ring. He breaks the glass and retrieves the ring for which he is arrested. [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Shekhar is amused but leaves him with a warning as he knows Arjun's father. Wanting to get rich for Zoya, Arjun steps up from playing small-time card games to becoming a bookie and strikes gold.<br />
<br />
After impressing Zoya with his wealth, he calls his father for lunch in his new house. His father, a simple man who has lived an honest life, is happy to see Arjun's success but skeptical of his business methods. He tells Zoya that Arjun is a habitual and smooth liar. When Zoya questions Arjun, he is offended and blames his father's failure in life for his resentment toward him. Arjun is whisked off to [[South Africa]], where he meets Don Abu Ibrahim and becomes his key match-fixer.<br />
<br />
Rolling in money and enjoying a fast life with Zoya, everything is interrupted when the [[South African Police Service|South African police]] take notice. Now an [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] with the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], Shekhar is summoned to assist in the investigation and contacts Zoya to help trap Arjun. She speaks to Arjun's father, who tells her to leave Arjun if he doesn't change his dishonest ways. With Zoya's help, the cops arrest Arjun, who is sentenced to 5 years imprisonment in the scene of IntervaL. <br />
<br />
However, Don Abu Ibrahim uses his influence to get Arjun out of prison to use his skills for the upcoming [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]. Arjun is released in 6 months and in the after scene of IntervaL, and Shekhar warns him to mend his ways. Arjun relents and starts working as a bartender, where he happily lives with Zoya, who is now pregnant with their child. Don Abu Ibrahim asks Arjun to participate in one last operation so that he has enough money for the future. Arjun reluctantly agrees, but Zoya overhears his conversation with a bookie and leaves to inform the cops.<br />
<br />
Arjun is chased by Shekhar and the cops and shot in the shoulder. He calls Zoya and pleads to meet her one last time before surrendering. Cornered with Zoya, he surrenders. When he notices the ring for Zoya fell from his pocket, he bends to retrieve it. (Assuming that he is going for his gun), the cops shoot him.<br />
<br />
A few years later, Zoya and her son are seen shopping in a [[supermarket]]. Zoya is unable to pay the full amount as she is short on cash. Her son notices this and discards his toy so she can pay the bill. Zoya realizes that he is not greedy like Arjun and smiles at him.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Arjun Dixit<br />
* [[Sonal Chauhan]] as Zoya Mathur Dixit (Voice dubbed by Smita Malhotra)<br />
* [[Javed Sheikh]] as Abu Ibrahim (Underworld Don)<br />
* [[Sameer Kochhar|Samir Kochhar]] as ACP Shekhar Malhotra<br />
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Vishal Grover (Arjun's friend)<br />
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Kedernath Dixit, Arjun's father<br />
* Shekhar Shukla as Patel<br />
* Shakeel Khan as Shadaab<br />
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Shakeel Ahmed (Abu Ibrahim's sidekick)<br />
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Cricket Team's Captain<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jannat<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Pritam]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|02|01}}<br />
| recorded = January 2008<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 39:58<br />
| label = [[Sony BMG]]<br />
| producer = [[Pritam]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Race (2008 film)|Race]]<br />
| prev_year = 2008<br />
| next_title = [[Kismat Konnection]]<br />
| next_year = 2008<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Pritam]] with lyrics penned by [[Sayeed Quadri]], Kamran Ahmed, R. Mehndi and [[Neelesh Misra]]. The album consists of 6 original songs, one remix and one [[Sentimental ballad|Power Ballad]]. Kamran Ahmed wrote and sung the smash hit ''Judaai''. The music by [[Pritam]] received generally huge positive reviews and the songs ''Judaai'', ''Zara Sa'', ''Haan Tu Hai'' and ''Jannat Jahan'' became chartbusters. [[KK (singer)|K.K.]] was nominated for the ''Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer'' for his song ''Zara Sa'' while Kamran Ahmed won the MTV Breakthrough Artist Award for ''Judaai''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jannat: Awards and Nominations|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/awards/13649/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118092408/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/awards/13649/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2008|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><br />
Songs are as follows<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Track # !! Song !! Singer !! Music !! Length <br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Zara Sa ||[[KK (singer)|K.K.]]||[[Pritam]]|| 5:03<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Judaai || Kamran Ahmed|| Pritam|| 5:02<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Haan Tu Hain ||K.K.||Pritam|| 5:25<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Door Na Jaa (Not In Movie) || Rana Mazumdar ||Pritam|| 5:51<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Jannat Jahan ||[[Rupam Islam]]||Pritam|| 3:43<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Lambi Judaai ||[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]||Pritam|| 4:48<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Zara Sa (Power Ballad) ||K.K.||Pritam|| 5:28<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Judaai (Kilogram Mix) || Kamran Ahmed ||Pritam|| 4:38<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || Zara Sa Reprise || [[Silk Route (singer)|Silk Route]]||Pritam|| 4:48<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reception ===<br />
{{Music ratings<br />
| rev1 = [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br />
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.|5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jannat: music review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/510944|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515101009/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/510944|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 1.6 million units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's seventh highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Truly, this one's a case of a great opportunity going kaput".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jannat/movie-review/3047173.cms|title=JANNAT MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2008}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Jannat all comes down to the romance. The girl is a callcenter executive who doubles up as a stripper? The guy is a hardcore pro but bawls like a baby to make another bet? It is the unpredictability these two promise that makes Jannat interesting, even if ultimately a bit of a con job".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/16jannat.htm|title=Emraan Hashmi makes Jannat work|first=Raja|last=Sen|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 May 2008}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India|The Economic Times]]'' wrote that "Alas in search of this heaven we only find hell".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/jannat-movie-review/articleshow/3046549.cms?from=mdr|title=Jannat: Movie Review|date=16 May 2008|work=[[The Times of India|The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
The sequel to ''Jannat'' was released on 4 May 2012, under the title of ''[[Jannat 2]]''. The main direction/production crew remained the same. It was directed by [[Kunal Deshmukh]], and produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]] and [[Mahesh Bhatt]] once again. [[Emraan Hashmi]] also appeared as the male lead actor again, opposite [[Esha Gupta]], with [[Randeep Hooda]] in a supporting role. The music for the sequel was composed by [[Pritam]]. It was also commercially successful and grossed {{INRConvert|650|m}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080421173659/http://www.jannat.visheshfilms.com/ Official website]<br />
* {{IMDb title|1216300|Jannat}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]<br />
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]<br />
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddharth_Roy&diff=535652Siddharth Roy2026-03-03T09:11:13Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating First Info First Draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 film by V. Yeshasvi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Siddharth Roy<br />
| image = Siddharth Roy.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = V. Yeshasvi<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| writer = V. Yeshasvi<br />
| producer = Jaya Adapaka<br />
| starring = {{plain list|<br />
*Deepak Saroj<br />
*Tanvi Negi<br />
*Gaurav Mahaur}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]<br />
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]<br />
| music = [[Radhan]]<br />
| studio = {{plain list|<br />
*Shree Radha Damodar Studios<br />
*Vihaan And Vihin Creations}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|23}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Siddharth Roy''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic drama film written and directed by V. Yeshasvi. The film features Deepak Saroj and Tanvi Negi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-21 |title='Being a child actor does not add any value...' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Feb/21/being-a-child-actor-does-not-add-any-value |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released in theatres on 23 February 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Roy OTT Release Date: Know About Plot, Cast & Platform |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/siddharth-roy-ott-release-date-know-about-plot-cast-platform |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story centres around the titular character, Siddharth Roy (played by Deepak Saroj), a young man who approaches life with a strictly logical and emotionless perspective. He believes that life is governed by basic needs like food, sleep, and intimacy, and he maintains an emotionally detached demeanor. However, his worldview is challenged when he meets Indumathi (played by Tanvi Negi), a woman who believes in emotions and values that contradict his logical mindset.<br />
<br />
As Siddharth falls in love with Indumathi, he grapples with the complexities of love and emotions, which clash with his previously held beliefs. The story unfolds as Siddharth navigates this new emotional landscape, leading to an internal conflict and a transformation in his character. The plot also includes a mystery surrounding Indumathi's sudden departure from his life, leaving Siddharth to question whether she will return or if he must change for her.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*Deepak Saroj as Siddharth Roy "Siddhu"<br />
*Tanvi Negi as E. Indhumathi "Indu"<br />
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Siddharth Roy's father<br />
*Matthew Varghese as [[Visakhapatnam City Police|ACP]] Prudhvi<br />
*[[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Siddharth Roy's mother<br />
*Nandini Yallareddy<br />
*Keerthana<br />
*Sivakumar<br />
*[[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]<br />
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Dr. Ramana Gopisetti<br />
*Bhushan Kalyan<br />
*Srinivas Vajpayee<br />
*Jayasri Rachakonda as Indhumathi's mother <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Siddharth Roy<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Radhan]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2024|02|16|df=yes}}<br />
| recorded = 2023{{ndash}}2024<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=25}}<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = Radhan<br />
| prev_title = [[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]<br />
| prev_year = 2023<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| next_title = [[Bhaje Vaayu Vegam]]<br />
| next_year = 2024<br />
}}<br />
The film's [[Soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[Radhan]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_music = [[Radhan]]<br />
| title1 = Cheliya Chalu<br />
| length1 = 4:41<br />
| lyrics1 = V. Yeshasvi<br />
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]<br />
| title2 = Kathalo Kathe<br />
| length2 = 2:53<br />
| lyrics2 = Purnachary<br />
| extra2 = [[Saindhavi]]<br />
| title3 = Nuvvu Nammina Sidhanatham<br />
| length3 = 3:42<br />
| lyrics3 = Balaji<br />
| extra3 = Sarath Santosh<br />
| title4 = Sadha Sadha<br />
| length4 = 4:34<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Anweshaa]]<br />
| title5 = Life Is This Beautiful<br />
| length5 = 4:50<br />
| lyrics5 = V. Yeshasvi<br />
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]<br />
| title6 = Nuvvevaro Mari<br />
| length6 = 2:58<br />
| lyrics6 = Purnachary<br />
| extra6 = [[Benny Dayal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
''Siddharth Roy'' was released on 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-02-05 |title=Siddharth Roy gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/05/siddharth-roy-gets-a-release-date-51775.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and was premiered on 3 May 2024.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
Paul Nicodemus ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of two out of five stars and opined that "Despite its shortcomings, Siddharth Roy presents a dynamic and bold narrative that might find favour with a young audience seeking a contemporary love story infused with action and a slice-of-life elements".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Siddharth Roy Movie Review : Deepak Saroj & Tanvi Negi shine in this flawed narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/siddharth-roy/movie-review/107941333.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhavana Sarvepalli of ''[[Times Now]]'' too gave the same rating and praised the performance of Deepak Saroj and the work of cinematographer Naidu and the score of the film, while criticizing about the narration and the casting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarvepalli |first=Bhavana |date=2024-02-23 |title=Siddharth Roy Movie Review: This Drama Is Not Everyone's Cup Of Tea |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/siddharth-roy-movie-review-this-drama-is-not-everyone-cup-of-tea-review-107939226 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|27917467|title=Siddharth Roy}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paartha_Gnabagam_Illayo_(film)&diff=472199Paartha Gnabagam Illayo (film)2026-03-03T05:21:44Z<p>Juanita09O: fix formatting per sources and cleaned formatting per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| director = [[Nagesh]]<br />
| producer = M. R. M. Arunachalam<br />
| starring = [[Anand Babu]]<br />[[Ramya Krishnan]]<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| studio = AR Enterprises<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|9|14|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Paartha Gnabagam Illayo''''' ({{Translation|Remember seeing it?}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Nagesh]], in his only directing credit. The film stars [[Anand Babu]] and [[Ramya Krishnan]], the latter in dual roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=ரம்யா கிருஷ்ணன் பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல்: தடைகளைத் தகர்த்த சாதனை நடிகை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/579113-ramya-krishnan-birthday.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930102413/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/579113-ramya-krishnan-birthday.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 14 September 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paartha Gnabagam Illayo (1985) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/paartha-gnabagam-illayo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026131224/https://screen4screen.com/movies/paartha-gnabagam-illayo |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=October 2023}}<br />
Twin sisters Kasthuri and Lalitha are separated at a very young age and Kasthuri is raised by someone who had greed for money and a lavish lifestyle. He planned to marry Kasthuri to a rich old man, even after knowing that she was in love with Rathnam. Meanwhile, Lalitha is married to her dream man and lives happily with him. Rathnam coincidentally meets Lalitha and mistakes her for Kasthuri. Resolving confusions and reuniting the two sisters form the crux of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Anand Babu]] as Rathnam<br />
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Kasthuri / Lalitha<br />
*[[Hema Choudhary]]<br />
*[[Radha Ravi]]<br />
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]<br />
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]<br />
*[[R. S. Manohar]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Paartha Gnabagam Illayo'' is the only film directed by Nagesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=மறைந்தாலும் மறக்க முடியாத நடிகர் நாகேஷ் பற்றி சுவடுகள்....!!! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/nagesh-life-achivement-once-seen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026133002/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/nagesh-life-achivement-once-seen |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[K. S. Ravikumar]] worked as an assistant director. While rehearsing a sequence at Nagesh's residence with Anand Babu involving a toy gun which had a bullet made of lead, Ravikumar accidentally shot Ramya Krishnan's mother in her shoulder, although it was non-life threatening and the bullet was surgically removed. A police case was registered, but closed after Ramya Krishnan's mother revealed that it was a prank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |date=15 September 2022 |title=கே.எஸ்.ரவிக்குமாரால் துப்பாக்கியில் சுடப்பட்ட ரம்யா கிருஷ்ணனின் தாயார்! நூல் இடையில் உயிர் தப்பிய சம்பவம்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/ramya-krishnam-mother-shot-by-ks-ravikumar-in-shooting-spot-throw-back-incident-viral-ri91s0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026132047/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/ramya-krishnam-mother-shot-by-ks-ravikumar-in-shooting-spot-throw-back-incident-viral-ri91s0%23image1 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack album was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. Lyrics we're written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthagnyabagam Illeyo Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/parthagnyabagam-illeyo-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026133943/https://macsendisk.com/product/parthagnyabagam-illeyo-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Ettuthikkum Ethivida<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| title2 = Aanandha Veenai<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
| title3 = Kannai Chimittum<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title4 = Thanni Kaettein<br />
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting of Ramya Krishnan and other cast but felt Anand Babu dances well more than acting and noted Nagesh's direction as okay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=22 September 1985 |title=பார்த்த ஞாபகம் இல்லையோ? |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-9-312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250704125158/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_312/6.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about twin sisters]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C_Kkompany&diff=475362C Kkompany2026-03-03T05:13:36Z<p>Juanita09O: brief rework structure per sources and fixed typos per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2008 film directed by Sachin Yardi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = C Kkompany<br />
| image = C Kkompany Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Sachin Yardi]]<br />
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />[[Shobha Kapoor]]<br />
| writer = Sachin Yardi<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = [[Tusshar Kapoor]]<br />[[Anupam Kher]]<br />[[Rajpal Yadav]]<br />[[Raima Sen]]<br />[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Anand Raj Anand]],<br />'''Background Score:'''<br />[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sanjay S. Jadhav]]<br />
| editing = [[Chirag Jain]]<br />[[Prashant Singh Rathore]]<br />
| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] Ltd.<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|08|29}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
'''''C Kkompany''''' (alternatively ''C Company'') is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language [[comedy film]] directed by debutant [[Sachin Yardi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/13E616D7DF00D19E652574B2002BDE69?OpenDocument|title='C Kkompany' is about modern day Robinhoods: Tushaar Kapoor|publisher=Press Trust of India|last=Agarwal|first=Nikhil|date=2008-08-27|access-date=2008-08-30}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]]. The film stars [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Raima Sen]] and [[Anupam Kher]]. It released on 29 August 2008 to negative reviews from critics, and was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/c-kkompany/movie-review/3423373.cms | title=C Kkompany Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of C Kkompany by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/c-kkompany/critic-review/c-kkompany-movie-review/ | title=C Kkompany Review 2/5 {{pipe}} C Kkompany Movie Review {{pipe}} C Kkompany 2008 Public Review {{pipe}} Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/review-c-kkompany-review-bollywood-pclwIzjiggici.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429041609/https://www.sify.com/movies/review-c-kkompany-review-bollywood-pclwIzjiggici.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 April 2022 | title=Review: C Kkompany | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-c-kkompany/story-IRaz5e1K5x9KXqRYFmKwwM.html | title=Review: C Kkompany | date=29 August 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Three individuals - Akshay Kumar ([[Tusshar Kapoor]]), Mr. Joshi ([[Anupam Kher]]), and Lambodar Jha ([[Rajpal Yadav]]) have their own share of troubles as a common man. While Akshay is a struggling crime reporter, Mr. Joshi is a retired accountant troubled by his ungrateful son. Lambodhar works as a mascot in a mall but tells his son he has a business. Lambodar finds it difficult to deal with his wife over his job and is very aggressive to tall people because he is very short and is often mocked for his height. Together they share their plight and find solace in each other's company.<br />
<br />
Akshay wants to marry the love of his life, Priya (Raima Sen), the sister of the leader of [[D Company]], Dattu Bhai. Mr. Joshi wants to get 1 crore from his son, which he claims he has a right to since Mr. Joshi has spent 1 crore raising his son. Akshay wants a portion of this money to run away from India with his girlfriend. To get this money, the trio calls Joshi's son, claiming to be from a large gang called C Kkompany, and threatens to kill his family if he does not comply. Through a series of events, this matter becomes public, and the trio tries to keep it secret. Joshi has a friend whose apartment complex is being taken down by people backed by the D Company. Joshi and Lambhodhar plant a fake bomb in the car of a big D Company-backed businessman, saying that the next time, they could easily put a real bomb if the businessman does not stop the destruction of the apartment complex.<br />
<br />
A show called "Sarkar ya C Kkompany" is aired on [[Zee TV]], with Akshay as the anchor. In the show, people call in with their problems, and the viewers see if C Kkompany helps or the Sarkar (government). The trio initially decides to stop their extortion calls since they feel they might get caught, but after realising that people who come for help have problems way worse than theirs, they decide to help them out of sympathy. However, the leader of D Company tries his best to discover the identity of the C Kkompany. He finds out that C Kkompany will be extorting 1 million from Joshi's son and goes to the meeting point (a carnival) to kill the C Kkompany members. He catches the trio, but is impressed and lets them go, while finally agreeing to let Priya marry Akshay.<br />
<br />
In the end, Akshay marries Priya, with Dattu Bhai happily watching. Mr. Joshi gets his son's 1 crore Rs., and claims he got a lottery to hide the fact that he was C Kkompany and that he extorted the money. Lambodar starts his own business, and a person has to be at least 6 feet tall to work there. The three live happily ever after, and the movie ends.<br />
<br />
The tale of C KKcompany continues, and it is found that now Sadashiv Pradhan is making the calls on C KKcompany behalf, unknown to Lambodhar, Joshi, and Akshay. Lambodhar, Joshi, and Akshay explain this to Dattubhai when questioned.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Dattubhai Satellite<br />
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as [[Akshay Kumar]]<br />
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Ramakant Joshi<br />
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Lambodar Jha<br />
* [[Raima Sen]] as Priya<br />
* [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]] as Sadashiv Pradhan<br />
* Nikhil Ratnaparkhi as Purshottam Joshi<br />
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Yadav<br />
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Inspector Jwale<br />
* Premchand Singh as Builder's Manager<br />
* Raj Pandit as Aarush Jha, Lambodhar's son<br />
<br />
'''Special appearances as themselves;'''<br />
* [[Celina Jaitly]] in song "''Speaker Baje''"<br />
* [[Ekta Kapoor]] in ''[[Balaji Telefilms]]''<br />
* [[Karan Johar]] in ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati|Karan Banaye Crorepati]]''<br />
* [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] in song "''C Kkompany''"<br />
* [[Saakshi Tanwar]] as herself <br />
* [[Disha Vakani]] as Asha Trivedi <br />
* Prabhat Bhattacharya as Tv actor<br />
'''Cameo appearances as themselves;(Party scene)'''<br />
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]<br />
* [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]<br />
* Vishal Sabnani<br />
* Shriya Bisht<br />
* Jatin Shah<br />
* [[Priya Bathija]]<br />
* [[Shubhangi Atre]]<br />
* [[Krystle D'Souza]]<br />
* [[Rakshanda Khan]]<br />
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]]<br />
* [[Dimple Jhangiani]]<br />
* [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]]<br />
* [[Karan Patel]]<br />
* [[Vikas Sethi]]<br />
* [[Pallavi Subhash]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[Sachin Yardi]], who previously worked as a [[screenwriter]] for films such as ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' (2005) and ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' (2007), got an idea for a story which dealt with ordinary men placed in extraordinary situations. He worked on the script for six months and invested much time on the character sketches.<ref name="yardi1">{{cite news|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/aug/28-ckkompany-is-not-a-dvd-rip-off-080804.asp|title=C KKOMPANY is not a DVD rip-off|publisher=Glamsham.com|work=Bollywood Trade News Network|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|date=2008-08-28|access-date=2008-08-30}}</ref> Speaking about his directorial debut, Yardi felt [[film director|direction]] to be a satisfying experience and helped him have control over his script.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Yardi-gets-ready-for-C-KKompany--s-launch/351221/|title=Yardi gets ready for C KKompany's launch|publisher=Screen India|date=2008-08-20|access-date=2008-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913182932/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Yardi-gets-ready-for-C-KKompany--s-launch/351221/|archive-date=13 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After filming, he felt that the film was executed in the way he wanted it and was quite confident about the way it shaped up.<ref name="yardi1" /><br />
<br />
Until this film, [[Raima Sen]] appeared in supporting roles in several films such as ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]'' (2003), ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' (2005), and ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007). This was the first time in her commercial movie career that she portrayed a lead character's role. Quite unlike her real life love for food, Sen portrays a role of a [[dietitian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3412476.cms|title=Raima Sen in a glamorous avatar|work=The Times of India|last=Sabnani|first=Pankaj|date=2008-08-28|access-date=2008-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830073708/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3412476.cms|archive-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tusshar Kapoor]], the sibling brother of producer [[Ekta Kapoor]], loved to work in the film due to his sister's conviction to the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/When_Ekta_acted_in_Tusshars_film/articleshow/3415876.cms|title=When Ekta 'acted' in Tusshar's film|publisher=The Times of India|work=Times News Network|date=2008-08-29|access-date=2008-08-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
# "Speaker Baje" (Dhol Mix) - [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anand Raj Anand]]<br />
# "Jaane Kya Ho Gaya Mujhko" - [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[K. K.]], Bappi Lahiri<br />
# "Speaker Baje Speaker Baje" - Sanjay Dutt, Anand Raj Anand, Sunidhi Chauhan<br />
# "C Kkompany" (Remix) - Sanjay Dutt<br />
# "C Kkompany C Kkompany C Kkompany" - Sanjay Dutt<br />
# "Khoka" (Remix) - [[Mika Singh]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], Reema Lahiri<br />
# "Khokha.... Khokha Jab Haat Aayega" - Mika Singh, Reema Lahiri<br />
<br />
== Remake ==<br />
The film was said to have been remade in [[Pakistan]] as [[Na Maloom Afraad|''Na Maloom Afraad (2014)'']]. However, both the director [[Nabeel Qureshi (director)|Nabeel Qureshi]] and the lead actor [[Fahad Mustafa]] had denied that it was a remake, noting that the only similarity was that of three protagonists, including two young and one old, but that it had also shared with other films like ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]],'' while the plot is totally different.<ref name="Tribune2016">{{cite news |date=29 June 2016 |title='Actor In Law' director says it is too soon to judge his film |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1132954/actor-law-director-says-soon-judge-film |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref name="TNS2014">{{cite news |last=Alavi |first=Omair |date=12 October 2014 |title=From Na Maloom Afraad to Mah-e-Meer |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/557275-na-maloom-afraad-mah-e-meer |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The News on Sunday}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005153/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13834/index.html Cast & crew at Indiafm]<br />
* [http://bollywoodtakes.com/c-kkompany.html C Kkompany Review - Never Go Public!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913201600/http://bollywoodtakes.com/c-kkompany.html |date=13 September 2008 }}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1170399|C Kkompany}}<br />
<br />
{{Balaji Telefilms}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sachin Yardi]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paarthal_Pasu&diff=458498Paarthal Pasu2026-03-03T05:12:27Z<p>Juanita09O: enhanced information for consistency and corrected details based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Paarthal Pasu.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
| producer = G. Chinnadurai<br />G. Ravikumar<br />
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan<br />
| starring = [[Ramarajan]]<br />[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]<br />[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]<br />[[Sri Bharathi]]<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| cinematography = Suresh<br />
| editing = R. Devarajan<br />
| studio = C. R. Production<br />
| released = {{Film date|1988|06|10|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Paarthal Pasu''''' is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]], written and directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. The film stars [[Ramarajan]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] and Sri Bharathi. It was released on 10 June 1988,<ref>{{Cite web |title=பார்த்தால் பசு / Paarthal Pasu (1988) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/paarthal-pasu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119075048/https://screen4screen.com/movies/paarthal-pasu |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=25 December 2023 |title=விஜயகாந்துடன் 25 முறை மோதிய ராமராஜன் படங்கள்... ஜெயித்தது யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://cinereporters.com/vijayakanth-vs-ramarajan-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217042632/https://cinereporters.com/vijayakanth-vs-ramarajan-movies/ |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=Cinereporters.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}<br />
Shankar, a lawyer, gets entangled in a complex case involving deceit and murder when his fiancée, Ratna, a policewoman, learns about an illicit operation where a police officer is involved in helping a criminal run a brothel. Determined to bring the corrupt officer to justice, Ratna enlists the help of her fiancé, Shankar. Together, they navigate through a dangerous web of crime and corruption to expose the truth and seek justice.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Ramarajan]] as Lawyer Shankar<br />
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]<br />
*[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Rathna<br />
*[[Sri Bharathi]] as Mynaa<br />
*Thaarani<br />
*[[S. S. Chandran]]<br />
*[[Senthil]]<br />
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]<br />
*G. Seenivasan<br />
*Karnan<br />
*[[Achamillai Gopi]]<br />
*C. S. Pandiyan<br />
*Nagaraja Chozhan<br />
*[[Peeli Sivam]]<br />
*T. A. Balaji<br />
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]<br />
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] in Guest Appearance<br />
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] in Guest Appearance<br />
*Veera Raghavan in Guest Appearance<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Paarthaal Pasu (1988) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/paarthaal-pasu-songs-T0002856 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230610050138/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/paarthaal-pasu-songs-T0002856 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "En Rasa Yaro" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 04:43<br />
|-<br />
| "Sinnamani Ponnumani" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:37<br />
|-<br />
| "Aadai Maatra" || K. S. Chithra || 03:39<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the film "means to exploit audience's weaknesses to the hilt".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 1988 |title=Paarthaal Pasu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880701&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=24 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This movie turned out to be a flop movie.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spectacular_Jihad_of_Taz_Rahim&diff=540704The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim2026-03-02T10:05:07Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating First Pg Nd Citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim<br />
| image = The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim poster.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster<br />
| director = Raghav Murali<br />
| producer = Zaki Hossain<br />
| writer = <br />
| starring = [[Rahsaan Noor]]<br/>[[Monica Dogra]]<br />
| music = Rusho Mahtab<br/>[[Navin Kundra]]<br/>[[Bilal Khan (singer)|Bilal Khan]]<br />
| cinematography = Titus Fox<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Onai Entertainment<br />
| distributor = Ziryab Films<br />
| released = {{film date|2015|04|15|Los Angeles|2015|05|29|United States|df=yes}}<ref name=BusinessStandard /><ref name=MyVeronaNJ>{{cite web|title=Verona Actor's New Role: The War On Terror|date=20 May 2015 |url=http://www.myveronanj.com/2015/05/20/verona-actors-new-role-war-terror/|publisher=My Verona NJ}}</ref><br />
| runtime = 113 Minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br/>Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim''''' is a 2015 Indian crime [[drama (genre)|drama]] film directed by Raghav Murali and produced by Zaki Hossain.<ref name="Art + Genius">{{cite web|title=Welcome Kal Parekh and Sana Serrai to the Mirage Cast|url=http://artandgenius.com/2014/05/11/welcome-kal-parekh-and-sana-serrai-to-the-mirage-cast/|website=Art + Genius|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205023/http://artandgenius.com/2014/05/11/welcome-kal-parekh-and-sana-serrai-to-the-mirage-cast/|archivedate=18 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film stars [[Rahsaan Noor]], [[Monica Dogra]], [[Kal Parekh]], and Sorab Wadia in pivotal roles.<ref name="Art + Genius"/><ref name="Rati Agrawal">{{cite web|title=Monica Dogra on Life, Music and What Lies Ahead|url=http://idiva.com/reviews-entertainment/monica-dogra-on-life-music-and-what-lies-ahead/30718|website=iDiva|date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Rati Agrawal}}</ref> The film is loosely inspired by true stories of the [[NYPD]], [[FBI]], and [[CIA]]'s use of Muslim informants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahsaan Islam on the BIG Picture with Sumaiya Zaman|url=http://independent24.tv|website=Independent TV}}</ref> The film was produced in English and in [[Hindi]] and premiered in the United States 15 April 2015.<ref name=BusinessStandard>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-spectacular-jihad-inspired-by-9-11-attacks-115052700905_1.html|title='The Spectacular Jihad...' inspired by 9/11 attacks|author=IANS|date=27 May 2015|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=ZeeNews>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/character-of-taz-inspired-from-honey-singh-rahsaan-islam_1613009.html|title=Character of Taz inspired from Honey Singh: Rahsaan Islam|work=Zee News|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Sabrina Jiwan is filming a news piece about a Muslim informant who was encouraged by the NYPD to entrap his victims. She proceeds to interview the informant, Taz Rahim, where he discloses his story.<br />
<br />
Six months earlier, Taz was a struggling rapper living in Jackson Heights, New York, an immigrant Bangladeshi neighborhood. To make ends meet he sells marijuana and is one day arrested by an undercover cop. Around the same time, Sabrina receives permission from Mo Khan to make a documentary about his congressional campaign. Later he is revealed to have impregnated his mistress.<br />
<br />
After spending a few days incarcerated, Taz meets with the undercover cop, whose real name is Nick Patel. Nick threatens to deport Taz unless he agrees to work as a Muslim informant. Taz proceeds to get involved with the neighborhood mosque under the guise that he is trying to turn his life around. While working with his new friends, Taz’s path collides with Sabrina's. On the recommendation of Ali Uncle, Sabrina decides to hire Taz as an intern for her documentary.<br />
<br />
As time passes on, discussions prompted by Taz concern his friends at the mosque. They decide to report to the NYPD and Nick Patel that they believe Taz is a terrorist planning a terror attack. News of accusation spreads through the community and Mo asks Sabrina to fire Taz from her documentary. Nick is also thinking about removing Taz from the operation after the embarrassment but Taz is able to convince Nick to give him one more chance. Taz then convinces Ali Uncle to talk to Mo about giving Taz another chance. In a private discussion, Mo requests Taz to murder his mistress.<br />
<br />
Taz feels that he has enough evidence to arrest Mo but is rebutted by Nick, whom wants to arrest Mo for terrorism not murder. Nick encourages Taz to pretend to move forward with Mo’s request in an attempt to uncover real terrorist activities. Unsure whom to trust, Taz moves forward with the plot to murder Mo’s mistress and then goes missing.<br />
<br />
Nick begins to feel the heat from his superiors and interviews Sabrina about Taz’s disappearance and his connection to the murders of two women at a local [[strip club]]. Sabrina does not have any information. Later she is confronted by Taz on the street where he reveals the truth to Sabrina that he is being framed by Mo. Eventually, she is convinced of Taz’s innocence and she plans to help him gain his freedom by having him confess to being an informant.<br />
<br />
Back in the present, Sabrina releases her interview with Taz. In a final showdown, Taz is able to get Mo arrested with an admission of guilt and the help of Nick. In the end, it is revealed that Taz faked the murder of Mo’s mistress in an effort to put pressure on Nick to arrest Mo. Taz now has his freedom but is scarred by all things he did to let people down in his life.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
* [[Rahsaan Noor]] as Taz Rahim<br />
* [[Monica Dogra]] as Sabrina Jiwan<br />
* [[Kal Parekh]] as Nick Patel<br />
* Sorab Wadia as Mo Khan<br />
* Sana Serrai as Meera<br />
* Farah Bala as Yasmina Khan<br />
* Lipica Shah as Natasha<br />
* Marc Goldberg as Roy Kellogg<br />
* Gerrard Lobo as Imran Qureshi<br />
* Subhan Choudhury as Ali Uncle<br />
* Kabir Chopra as Asad<br />
* Nikita Chaudhry as Samira<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
<br />
After watching ''[[Simanaheen]]'', Zaki Hossain approached [[Rahsaan Noor]] to cast the latter in a film they would make together.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Actor Rahsaan Islam on Bangla movie Simanaheen, his Background and the Future|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34662913-interview-actor-rahsaan-islam-bangla-movie-simanaheen-his-background-and-future-hos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307054539/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34662913-interview-actor-rahsaan-islam-bangla-movie-simanaheen-his-background-and-future-hos|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 March 2013|website=Washington Bangla Radio|publisher=Gurjeet Singh}}</ref> The result of their collaboration was the script of ''The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim'', which was finalized in February 2014. [[Kal Parekh]] and Sana Serrai were next to be cast.<ref name="Art + Genius"/> Parekh was noticed by the casting team by his work in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Television's [[Pan Am (TV series)|Pan Am]] and Serrai was noticed after being named one of the "ten sexiest Indian models who wooed America" by ''Technology'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kal Parekh to Fly to Superstardom with New Pan Am Role?|url=http://www.nwasianweekly.com/2011/10/kal-parekh-to-fly-to-superstardom-with-new-"pan-am"-role/|website=Northwest Asian Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ten Sexiest Indian Models Who Wooed America|url=http://www.technology.am/ten-sexiest-indian-models-who-wooed-america-074038.html|website=Technology.am|date=June 2012 |publisher=Technology Magazine}}</ref> The producers had a desire to work with [[Monica Dogra]] ever since the release of her [[Star World]] television show ''[[The Dewarists]]'' and were able to cast her in the lead role of ''The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim''.<ref name="Rati Agrawal"/><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Shooting for ''The Spectacular Jihad of Taz Rahim'' began in June 2014 in [[New York City]].<ref name="Rati Agrawal"/> The film was shot exclusively in the city until August 2014 and took place in every borough of New York City except for the Bronx.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Film Looks at Muslim Queens Rapper Who Becomes NYPD Informant|url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150401/jackson-heights/new-film-looks-at-muslim-queens-rapper-who-becomes-nypd-informant|publisher=DNAinfo|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125333/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150401/jackson-heights/new-film-looks-at-muslim-queens-rapper-who-becomes-nypd-informant|archivedate=20 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|3675676}}<br />
* {{Facebook|SJTRtheMovie}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spectacular Jihad Of Taz Rahim, The}}<br />
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the Central Intelligence Agency]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department]]<br />
[[Category:Comedy films about Asian Americans]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollodotus_I&diff=487138Apollodotus I2026-02-25T06:25:24Z<p>Juanita09O: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox monarch<br />
| name = Apollodotus I<br />
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king<br />
| image = Apollodotus portrait.jpg<br />
| caption = Portrait of Apollodotus as shown on his coins<br />
| reign = 180–160 BC or between 174–165 BC<br />
| coronation = <br />
| full name = <br />
| predecessor = [[Agathocles of Bactria]]<br />
| successor = [[Demetrius II of India]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = <br />
| royal house = <br />
| dynasty = Diodotid or Eucratid<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bactria]] in [[Central Asia]]<br />
| death_date = ca. 163–162 BC<br />
| death_place = Ohind near [[Taxila]], India (modern day [[Pakistan]])<br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Coin of Indo-Greek king Apollodotos I.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Attic Tetradrachm of Apollodotus I shown wearing a Macedonian [[kausia]] hat. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ, ''Basileōs Apollodotou,'' "of King Apollodotus". The reverse shows [[Athena]] holding [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] in right hand, spear in left, resting her left elbow on shield.]]<br />
'''Apollodotus I''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ἀπολλόδοτος Α΄ ὁ Σωτήρ}}, ''Apollódotos ho Sōtḗr'', "Apollodotus the Saviour"), known in Indian sources as '''Apaladata''', was an [[Indo-Greek]] king from 180&nbsp;BC to 160 BC, or between 174 and 165&nbsp;BC (first dating by Osmund [[Bopearachchi]] and R. C. Senior, second dating by Boperachchi<ref>Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. Bopearachchi kept the earlier dating was as an alternative in SNG9, a later, though less comprehensive work.</ref>) who ruled the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from [[Taxila]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] region to the areas of [[Sindh]] and possibly [[Gujarat]].<ref>The 1st century AD [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] describes numerous Greek buildings and fortifications in [[Bharuch|Barigaza]], although mistakenly attributing them to Alexander (who never went this far south), and the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:<br />
:"The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the expedition of Alexander, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells." Periplus, Chap. 41<br />
:"To the present day ancient Drachmae are current in [[Bharuch|Barygaza]], coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in [[Greek language|Greek]] letters, and the devices of those who reigned after [[Alexander the Great]], Apollodotus I and [[Menander I|Menander]]." Periplus Chap. 47 [https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Periplus]</ref><br />
<br />
==Ruler of the Indo-Greek kingdom==<br />
Apollodotus whose name means "given by [[Apollo]]",<ref>{{Cite web |title=User-submitted name Apollodotos - Behind the Name |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/apollodotos/submitted |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.behindthename.com}}</ref> was not the first to strike bilingual coins outside Bactria, but he was the first king who ruled in India only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom. According to [[William Woodthorpe Tarn|W. W. Tarn]], Apollodotus I was one of the generals of [[Demetrius I of Bactria]], the [[Greco-Bactrian]] king who invaded northwestern [[India]] after 180 BC. Tarn was uncertain whether he was a member of the royal house. It is possible he was an illegitimate son of [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]], making him Demetrius’ half brother. Later authors largely agree with Tarn's analysis,<ref>A.K. Narain did not believe in the existence of Apollodotus I, but credited his coins to [[Apollodotus II]]. Later analyses of their coins, as well as the finding of coins with portraits of Apollodotus I, have proved this view untenable.</ref> though with perhaps even more uncertainty regarding who the king was, for his coins do not give many hints.<br />
<br />
Apollodotus likely ruled at the same time as [[Antimachus I]] and [[Antimachus II]], or was succeeded in India by [[Antimachus II]]. It is also likely that king Antimachus II ruled the more western territories closer to Bactria. Eventually Apollodotus was succeeded by [[Menander I]], and the two kings are mentioned by Pompejus Trogus as important Indo-Greek rulers.<ref>Pompejus Trogus, Prologues, recorded by Justin in ''Epitome of Pompejus Trogus''.</ref><br />
<br />
The 1st-2nd century AD ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' further testifies to the reign of Apollodotus and the influence of the [[Indo-Greeks]] in India:<br />
<br />
{{quote|"To the present day ancient drachmae are current in [[Barygaza]], coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodorus [sic] and [[Menander I|Menander]]."|Periplus Chap. 47.<ref name="sourcebook">{{cite web|url=https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html|title=Internet History Sourcebooks|website=www.fordham.edu|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Coinage==<br />
[[File:Apollodotus I round bilingual.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Bilingual drachm of Apollodotus I. The [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] legend on the obverse reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ, ''Basileōs Apollodotou Sōtēros,'' "of Saviour King Apollodotus". The [[Kharosthi]] legend on the reverse reads: ''Maharajasa Apaladatasa Tratarasa,'' "Of Great Saviour King Apollodotus".]]<br />
[[File:Appolodotus Coin 2.JPG|thumb|320x320px|Indian-standard coin of Apollodotus I. The obverse shows the sacred elephant with decorative belt and [[Greek language|Greek]] legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ, "of Saviour King Apollodotus". The reverse shows a [[Zebu]] bull with [[Kharoshti|Kharosthi]] legend: 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨀𐨤𐨫𐨡𐨟𐨯 𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨪𐨯, ''Maharajasa Apaladatasa Tratarasa'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gandhari.org/a_coin.php?catid=CKC0020|title=Gandhari.org – Editions – Coin Legend|website=gandhari.org|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102001/https://gandhari.org/a_coin.php?catid=CKC0020|url-status=dead}}</ref> "of Great Saviour King Apollodotus". Actual size: 15&nbsp;mm, 1.4&nbsp;grams.]]<br />
The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]], indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is also suggested by the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus]], a 1st-century AD document on trade in the [[Indian Ocean]], which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza ([[Bharuch]]) in Gujarat. [[Strabo]] (XI) also describes the occupation of Patalene ([[Indus River|Indus]] Delta country). While Sindh may have come under his possession, it is not known whether Apollodotus advanced to Gujarat, where the Satavahanas ruled.<br />
<br />
Apollodotus also issued a great number of bilingual Indian-standard square coins. Besides the usual royal title, the exact significance of the animals depicted on the coins is unclear. The sacred elephant may be the symbol of the city of [[Taxila]], or possibly the symbol of the white elephant who reputedly entered the womb of the mother of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Queen Maya]], in a dream, which would make it a symbol of [[Buddhism]], one of the main religions of the Indo-Greek territories.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the sacred bull on the reverse may be a symbol of a city (Pushkhalavati), or a depiction of [[Shiva]], making it a symbol of [[Hinduism]], the other major religion at that time. The bull is often represented in a clearly erectile state, which reinforces its interpretation as a representation of Shiva. Conversely, this also reinforces the interpretation of the elephant as a religious symbol. Alternatively, the Bull, according to [[Alfred Foucher|Foucher]], represents the birth of the Buddha, as it happened during the month of ''Vaicakha'' (April–May), known to Buddhists as [[Vesak]], under the zodiacal sign of the [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]], during the full moon.<ref>"The beginnings of Buddhist Art" Alfred Foucher, Plate I.</ref> The enlightenment and passing of the Buddha also occurred during the Taurus full moon.<br />
<br />
===Buddhist and Hindu symbolism===<br />
[[File:Apollodotus I early coinage symbols.jpg|thumb|320x320px|The first Indian coins of Apollodotus showed symbols and depicted animals. These coins associated the elephant with the Buddhist [[Chaitya]] or [[arched-hill symbol]], sun symbols, six-armed symbol, and a river. The bull had a [[Nandipada]] in front.]]<br />
[[File:Apollodotos I Soter Ai Khanoum.jpg|thumb|320x320px|A damaged Attic tetradrachm of Apollodotus I, shown wearing a Macedonian [[kausia]] hat and a [[diadem]]. The reverse shows seated Athena holding Nike, and resting elbow on shield. This coin was found in the ruins of [[Ai-Khanoum]], a Greek city in Bactria.]]<br />
Before their design was eventually simplified, some of the earlier coins of king Apollodotus directly associate the elephant with Buddhist symbolism, such as the [[stupa]] hill ([[arched-hill symbol]]) surmounted by a crescent or a star (the [[Chaitya]] symbol), also seen, for example on the coins of the [[Mauryan Empire]], many local coins of [[Taxila]] or those of the later [[Kuninda kingdom]].<ref name="Boppearachchi"/><br />
<br />
Also the [[zebu]] bull on the reverse is often shown with a [[nandipada]] taurine mark on its hump on the less-worn coins, which reinforces the role of the animal as a symbol, religious or geographic, rather than just the depiction of an animal for decorative purposes. The nandipada and the zebu bull are generally associated with [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], [[Shiva]]'s humped bull in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Srinivasan">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art, Doris Srinivasan, BRILL, 1997, p.224 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA224]</ref> The same association was made later on coins of [[Zeionises]] or [[Vima Kadphises]].<ref name ="Srinivasan"/> The elephant, pendant to the bull, and shown with a girdle on the obverse, also must have a symbolic role, possibly Buddhism, as it was associated with the [[stupa]] hill in the earliest coins of Apollodotus.<ref name="Boppearachchi">Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Bopearachchi, p.189</ref> <br />
<br />
Apollodotus experimented with different coin standards for his silver, until he settled for a standard lighter than the Attic which would prevail for centuries, though later rulers usually struck round coins instead of the square (typically Indian) shape of most of Apollodotus' silver. He issued a number of bronzes with [[Apollo]]/tripod, that also were repeated for centuries.<br />
<br />
===Bactrian coins===<br />
Apollodotus also issued a small series of monolingual Attic tetradrachms, intended for export into Bactria. For these, Apollodotus I clearly used Bactrian celators to strike a realistic portrait of the king as an aged man in the Macedonian Greek hat called [[kausia]], with a reverse of sitting [[Pallas Athene]] holding [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], a common Hellenistic motif introduced by the [[Diadoch]] [[Lysimachus]]. On these coins, he used no epithet.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Seleucid Empire]]<br />
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]<br />
* [[Indo-Scythians]]<br />
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Kushan Empire]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Tarn, William Woodthorpe. ''The Greeks in Bactria and India''. Cambridge University Press, 1938.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/apollodotos_I/t.html Coins of Apollodotus]<br />
*[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Apollodotos+I+NOT+II+NOT+Philoxenos&Thumb=1 More coins of Apollodotus]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]]<br/>(in [[Paropamisade]])}}<br />
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian king]]<br/>(in [[Paropamisade]], [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]])|years=180 – 160 BC}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Antimachus II]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Pantaleon]]<br />(in [[Gandhara]])}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{Indo-Greek kings}}<br />
{{Hellenistic rulers}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Apollodotus I}}<br />
[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]<br />
[[Category:2nd-century BC Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:160s BC deaths]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visakhapatnam_district&diff=462801Visakhapatnam district2026-02-23T16:15:02Z<p>Juanita09O: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Visakhapatnam district<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br />
| image1 = Simhachalam temple view from the rear side hillock.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam Temple]]<br />
| image2 = Visakhapatnam seaport from Fishing harbour.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Visakhapatnam Port]]<br />
| image3 = Lighthouse on Visakhapatnam beach road.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Lighthouse at Visakhapatnam beach road<br />
}}<br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --><br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.7|83.3|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Andhra|Uttara Andhra]]<br />
| established_title = Created<br />
| established_date = 1 April 1936<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Visakhapatnam]]<br />
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions<br />
| parts = {{bulleted list|<br />
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|02 revenue divisions]]<br />
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|11 mandals]]<br />
}}<br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector and magistrate]]<br />
| leader_name =M N Harendhira Prasad {{small|IAS}} <ref>{{Cite web | title=విశాఖపట్నం జిల్లా, ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ప్రభుత్వం {{!}} The City of Destiny… {{!}} India | url=https://visakhapatnam.ap.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-08-02 | website=visakhapatnam.ap.gov.in}}</ref><br />
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]]<br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name2 = 01 constituency<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|06 constituencies]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/><br />
| area_total_km2 = 1,048<br />
| area_rank = 26th<br />
| area_note = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_ft = <br />
| elevation_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/><br />
| population_total = 1959544<br />
| pop_est_as_of = <br />
| pop_est_footnotes = <br />
| population_est = <br />
| population_rank = 13th<br />
| population_density_km2 = {{Pop density|1959500|1048|sqkm|disp=num}}<br />
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" />{{rp|14}}<br />
| population_urban = 1757542<br />
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" />{{rp|14}}<br />
| population_rural = <br />
| population_density_rank = 1st<br />
| population_blank1_title = Households<br />
| population_blank1 = <br />
| population_blank2_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| population_blank2 = 1006♀️/1000♂️<br />
| population_demonym = <!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --><br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| demographics2_title1 = Literates<br />
| demographics2_info1 = <br />
| demographics3_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]<br />
| postal_code = 530xxx <!--For more info see [[Postal code#India]]--><br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| area_codes = +91–0891<br />
| geocode = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]<br />
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]<br />
| registration_plate = AP-31, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|AP–39]] (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref><br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[GDP]](2022-23)<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|119268|c|year=2023}} <ref>{{Cite web | title=:: DES-AP :: | url=https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609015545/https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications | access-date=2025-08-02 | archive-date=2022-06-09}}</ref><br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Per capita income]] (2022–23)<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|483892|year=2023}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=:: DES-AP :: | url=https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609015545/https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications | access-date=2025-08-02 | archive-date=2022-06-09}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|https://visakhapatnam.ap.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Visakhapatnam district''' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZELmNAkC8R0C&q=Vizagapatnam+District&pg=PA277|title=Raj to Swaraj: A Textbook on Colonialism and Nationalism in India|last=Pradhāna|first=Rāmacandra|date=2008|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-63406-0|language=en}}</ref> is one of the six districts in the [[Uttarandhra]] region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], headquartered at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Visakhapatnam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/122/download/138/DH_2011_2813_PART_A_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{Rp|14}} It is one of the twenty-six [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|districts in Andhra Pradesh]] state. The district shares borders with [[Vizianagaram district]] in North and South-East and with [[Anakapalli district]] in the south-west and [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south respectively.<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2813_PART_A_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|title=District Census Hand Book : Visakhapatnam (Part A)|date=2011|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>{{Rp|15}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
During the [[British Raj|British rule in India]], Visakhapatnam emerged as a district in the year 1802. Chicacole (present-day [[Srikakulam]]) which was in Visakhapatnam district was incorporated into Ganjam when the latter was formed as a district.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=AP new districts: First formed under the empire, Andhra Pradesh's map shaped and reshaped over centuries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/first-formed-under-the-empire-aps-map-shaped-and-reshaped-over-two-centuries/articleshow/90528597.cms|access-date=2 April 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> On 1 April 1936, Bihar and Orissa Province was split to form [[Bihar Province]] and [[Orissa Province]]. Parts of the [[Vizagapatam district (Madras Presidency)|Vizagapatam district]] (i.e., [[Nabarangpur]], [[Malkangiri]], [[Koraput]], [[Jeypore]], [[Rayagada]] etc.) and the [[Ganjam District (Madras Presidency)|Ganjam district]] (excluding Chicacole division) of [[Madras Presidency]] were transferred to [[Orissa Province]] along with portions of the [[Vizagapatam Hill Tracts Agency]] and [[Ganjam Hill Tracts Agency]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm Provinces of British India]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Untouchables|url=https://knappily.com/Features/april-1-1936-odisha-comes-into-being/5ac13b6f5c96e8f11b0cfa78|publisher=Siddharth Books & Google ebooks|date=1948|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=April 1,1936: Odisha comes into being|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iH2nqo7ADeUC&dq=vizagapatam+and+ganjam+areas+tranferred+to+orissa+province&pg=PA35|publisher=Knappilly|date=1 April 2018|isbn = 9788190568920|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> The Chicacole division (i.e., [[Ichchapuram]], [[Palasa]], [[Tekkali]], [[Pathapatnam]] and [[Srikakulam]]) was merged with Visakhapatnam district.<br />
<br />
Later, in 1950, [[Srikakulam district]] was carved out from the erstwhile Visakhapatnam district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District level information of Srikakulam|url=https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/andhrapradesh/srikakulam-district|access-date=11 October 2022|website=Districts of India|language=en}}</ref> In 1979, part of the district was split to form [[Vizianagaram district]].<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web|last=Law|first=Gwillim|date=25 September 2011|title=Districts of India|url=http://www.statoids.com/yin.html|access-date=11 October 2011|work=Statoids}}</ref> Visakhapatnam district is currently a part of the [[Red corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 April 2022, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] created 13 new districts in the state, hence the district was once again divided into three i.e., Visakhapatnam, [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] and [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]] districts. This made Vizag the only district with 90% urban population in AP.<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
<br />
There are two parliamentary and seven assembly constituencies in Visakhapatnam district. The parliamentary constituencies are <br />
<br />
• Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency) {{bulleted list<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
}}<br />
The assembly constituencies are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number<br />
!Name<br />
!Parliament<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Bhimli (Assembly constituency)|Bheemili]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] <br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam East (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam East]] <br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam West (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam West]]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam North (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam North]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam South (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam South]] <br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Gajuwaka (Assembly constituency)|Gajuwaka]] <br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|[[Pendurthi (Assembly constituency)|Pendurthi (partially)]] Pendurthi and Pedagantyada mandals<br />
|[[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Administrative divisions ==<br />
[[File:Collectorate_Building,_Visakhapatnam,_AP_06.jpg|thumb|Collectorate Building, Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[File: Visakhapatnam.png|alt=Eluru District|thumb|Satellite view of Visakhapatnam district]]<br />
<br />
The district is divided into two revenue divisions: [[Bheemunipatnam revenue division|Bheemunipatnam]] and [[Visakhapatnam revenue division|Visakhapatnam]], which are further subdivided into a total of eleven [[Tehsil|mandal]]s, each headed by a sub-collector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adminsistrative divisions of Visakhapatnam district|url=http://visakhapatnam.nic.in/at-a-glance.html|website=Official Website of Visakhapatnam District|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Mandals ===<br />
The list of eleven mandals in Visakhapatnam district, divided into two revenue divisions, is given below.<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
# [[Bheemunipatnam revenue division]]<br />
## [[Bheemunipatnam mandal|Bheemunipatnam]]<br />
## [[Anandapuram mandal|Anandapuram]]<br />
## [[Padmanabham mandal|Padmanabham]]<br />
## [[Visakhapatnam Rural mandal|Visakhapatnam Rural]]<br />
## [[Seethammadhara mandal|Seethammadhara]]<br />
# [[Visakhapatnam revenue division]]<br />
## [[Gajuwaka]] <br />
## [[Pedagantyada mandal|Pedagantyada]] <br />
## [[Gopalapatnam mandal|Gopalapatnam]] <br />
## [[Mulagada mandal|Mulagada]] <br />
## [[Maharanipeta mandal|Maharanipeta]] <br />
## [[Pendurthi]]<br />
{{Div end}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=9,92,833|13=1911|14=10,56,683|15=1921|16=10,57,223|17=1931|18=11,75,984|19=1941|20=13,14,362|21=1951|22=14,83,653|23=1961|24=16,65,213|25=1971|26=20,35,831|27=1981|28=25,76,474|29=1991|30=32,85,092|31=2001|32=38,32,336|33=2011|34=42,90,589|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] Visakhapatnam district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,290,589. This gives it a ranking of 44 in India (out of a total of [[List of districts in India|640 districts]]) and fourth in the state. The district has a population density of {{convert| 384 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.89%. It has a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1003 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 67.7%.<br />
<br />
After reorganization, Visakhapatnam district had a population of 1,959,544, of which 1,757,542 (89.69%) live in urban areas. The district has a sex ratio of 983 females per 1000 males. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 167,272 (8.54%) and 22,574 (1.15%) of the population respectively.It has a literacy rate of 80.1%.<ref name="census2011"/><br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Visakhapatnam district (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.47}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.68}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Visakhapatnam district (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 92.93 <br />
|color1 = steelblue <br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] <br />
|value2 = 2.47 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |<br />
value3 = 1.96 <br />
|color3 = orange<br />
|label4 = Others <br />
|value4 = 2.64 <br />
|color4 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 92.93% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2.47% [[Urdu]], and 1.96% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Although in the past ten years many people from outside AP have migrated to Vizag for a living, so the linguistic statistics have rapidly changed. In Vizag one can find sign boards of busy markets written in languages namely English, and Hindi respectively. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Statistics for Old Vizag district<br />
|-<br />
|Total population<br />
|42,90,589<br />
|-<br />
|Males<br />
|21,38,910<br />
|-<br />
|Females<br />
|21,51,679<br />
|-<br />
|Growth (2001-2011)<br />
| 11.89%<br />
|-<br />
|Rural<br />
|22,54,667 (52.55%)<br />
|-<br />
|Urban<br />
|20,35,922 (47.45%)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], freedom fighter<br />
* [[Tenneti Viswanadham]], politician<br />
* [[Sri Sri (writer)]], writer<br />
* [[Parasuram (director)]], writer and director<br />
* [[Sricharan Pakala]], music director<br />
* [[Ramana Gogula]], music director<br />
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]], film actor<br />
* [[Nikita Dutta]], Bollywood actress<br />
* [[Devika Rani]], Bollywood actress<br />
* [[Waheeda Rehman]], Bollywood actress<br />
* [[Mayuri Deshmukh]], Indian television actress<br />
* [[Prince Cecil]], Tollywood actor<br />
* [[Viva Harsha]], Tollywood comedian<br />
* [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]], Tollywood actor<br />
* [[Raja Abel]], Tollywood actor<br />
* [[Raj Tarun]], Tollwood actor<br />
* [[Rashmi Gautam]], TV host and actress in Tollywood<br />
* [[L. V. Revanth]], Indian singer<br />
* [[Shanmukha Priya]], singer and a former child prodigy<br />
*[[K. S. Bharat]], Indian cricketer<br />
<br />
== Municipalities in district ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!S.No.<br />
!City / town<br />
!Civic status of town<br />
!No.of <br />
Wards<br />
!Municipality<br />
Formation year<br />
!2011 census population<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|GVMC]]<br />
|Municipal corporation<br />
|98<br />
|1979<br />
|20,37,944<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Visakhapatnam district occupies an area of approximately {{convert|1048|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1111–1112 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[United States]] [[Atka Island]].<ref name="Islands">{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 11 October 2011 | date = 18 February 1998 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Cape Breton Island 10,311km2}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Climate'''<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Visakhapatnam<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|Jan high C = 28.9<br />
|Feb high C = 31.3<br />
|Mar high C = 33.8<br />
|Apr high C = 35.3<br />
|May high C = 36.2<br />
|Jun high C = 35.3<br />
|Jul high C = 32.9<br />
|Aug high C = 32.7<br />
|Sep high C = 32.5<br />
|Oct high C = 31.7<br />
|Nov high C = 30.4<br />
|Dec high C = 28.9<br />
|year high C = 32.5<br />
|Jan low C = 18.0<br />
|Feb low C = 19.9<br />
|Mar low C = 23.0<br />
|Apr low C = 26.1<br />
|May low C = 27.7<br />
|Jun low C = 27.3<br />
|Jul low C = 26.1<br />
|Aug low C = 26.0<br />
|Sep low C = 25.6<br />
|Oct low C = 24.3<br />
|Nov low C = 21.6<br />
|Dec low C = 18.6<br />
|year low C = 23.7<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.4<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 7.7<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 7.5<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 27.6<br />
|May precipitation mm = 57.8<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 105.6<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 134.6<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 141.2<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 174.8<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 204.3<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 65.3<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 7.9<br />
|year precipitation mm = 945.7<br />
|source 1 = <br />
|date = August 2010}}<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is {{INRConvert|73276|c|abbr=on}} and it contributes 14% to the [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)]]. For the FY 2013–14, the [[per capita income]] at current prices was {{INRConvert|124162}}. The [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]], [[secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] of the district contribute {{INRConvert|6300|c|abbr=on}}, {{INRConvert|21654|c|abbr=on}} and {{INRConvert|45321|c|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|title=Economy of Visakhapatnam District|url=http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> The major products contributing to the [[Gross value added|GVA]] of the district from agriculture and allied services are, [[sugarcane]], [[paddy field|paddy]], [[Betel|betel leaves]], [[mango]], [[milk]], [[meat]] and [[Fishery|fisheries]]. The [[Gross value added|GVA]] to the industrial and service sector is contributed from [[manufacturing]], [[construction]], minor minerals, software services and unorganised trade.<ref name="apedb" /><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
{{Expand section|date=March 2021}}<br />
The total road length of [[state highway]]s in the district is {{Convert|964|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|title=Existing State Highways|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122729/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They include 162 government, 2,793 mandal and zilla parishads, 9 residential, 1225 private, 5 model, 34 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 147 municipal and 829 other types of schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 609,587.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522011144/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Temples ==<br />
There are thirty six temples under the management of Endowments Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/binfo|title=Trust Boards Abstract|website=AP Temples Portal, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cricket: ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium ==<br />
[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] also known as '''Andhra Cricket Association–Visakhapatnam District Cricket Association Cricket Stadium''' is an international cricket stadium located at [[Madhurawada]], Visakhapatnam. <br />
<br />
The stadium had its inaugural ODI match against Pakistan, during which [[MS Dhoni|Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] achieved his first one-day international century, scoring 148 runs, in 2005. Following its elevation to Test status, the stadium held its inaugural test match in November 2016, featuring India and England. In February 2016, it hosted its first T20I match, featuring India and Sri Lanka. Additionally, the stadium served as the venue for several IPL matches and served as the home ground for the [[Deccan Chargers]] in 2012.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Visakhapatnam district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vizagapatam | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q15394}}<br />
* [http://visakhapatnam.nic.in/ Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.vizagport.com/ Vizagport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503082444/http://www.vizagport.com/ |date=3 May 2014 }}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Visakhapatnam district<br />
|North = [[Vizianagaram district]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Vizianagaram district]]<br />
|East = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''<br />
|Southeast = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''<br />
|South = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''<br />
|Southwest = [[Anakapalli district]]<br />
|West = [[Anakapalli district]]<br />
|Northwest = [[Vizianagaram district]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Cities and towns in Visakhapatnam district}}<br />
{{Eastern Ghats |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Visakhapatnam district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]<br />
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeddanapudi_mandal&diff=546144Yeddanapudi mandal2026-02-21T04:51:33Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating A Pg Added Tags!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Yeddanapudi mandal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15.996|N|80.172|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Yeddanapudi]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| parts = <br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 105.27<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 28373<br />
| population_as_of = 2011 <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q60165571|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yeddanapudi''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Bapatla revenue division]] of the [[Bapatla district]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bapatla district - Mandals |access-date= 2 June 2023}}</ref> in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its headquarters are in [[Yeddanapudi]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Yeddanapudi mandal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.18}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.47}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 28,373 in 8,138 households. The total population constitutes <br />
13,417 males and 14,956 females — a sex ratio of 1115 females per 1000 males. 2,453 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,280 are boys and 1,173 are girls — a sex ratio of 916 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 65.30% with 16,927 literates. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9,280 (32.71%) and 617 (2.17%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Prakasam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/126/download/154/DH_2011_2818_PART_A_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Yeddanapudi mandal (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|thumb = left<br />
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 95.35 |color1 = steelblue<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 4.62 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.03 |color3 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 95.35% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 4.62% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Bapatla district}}<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Bapatla district]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramdarash_Mishra&diff=529219Ramdarash Mishra2026-02-05T04:43:53Z<p>Juanita09O: adding the page initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language poet, writer and academic (1924–2025)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <br />
| name = Ramdarash Mishra<br />
| image = File:Ramdarash Mishra.jpeg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1924|08|15}}<br />
| birth_place = Dumri, [[Gorakhpur district]], United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India (now [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|10|31|1924|08|15}}<br />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| occupation = Poet, writer, academic<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]<br />
| genre = Poetry, short stories, novels, literary criticism<br />
| awards = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)<br />
* [[Saraswati Samman]] (2021)<br />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2015)<br />
* [[Vyas Samman]] (2011)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ramdarash Mishra''' (15 August 1924 – 31 October 2025) was an Indian poet, writer and academic known for his contributions to modern Hindi literature. His literary career spanned over seven decades, encompassing poetry, fiction, criticism and essays. As of 2024, he had authored over 150 books, including 32 poetry collections, 30 short-story collections, 15 novels, and multiple volumes of literary criticism and memoirs.<ref name="HT2022">{{cite web |title=Ramdarash Mishra selected for Saraswati Samman 2021 |date=5 April 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ramdarash-mishra-selected-for-saraswati-samman-2021-101649097203340.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="AajTak2023">{{cite web |title=डॉ. रामदरश मिश्र के 100वें जन्मदिन पर जानें कैसा रहा उनका रचनात्मक सफर |date=15 August 2023 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/profile/story/dr-ramdarash-mishra-at-100-professor-ramdarash-mishra-100th-birthday-1757573-2023-08-15 |publisher=Aaj Tak |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Mishra was born in Dumri village of [[Gorakhpur district]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his higher education at [[Banaras Hindu University]], later serving as a professor in the Hindi department at the [[University of Delhi]]. His literary work was marked by a deep connection with rural life, philosophical reflection and humanist themes.<ref name="TV9Hindi2022">{{cite web |title=Professor Ramdarash Mishra: जानिए कौन हैं प्रोफेसर रामदरश |date=6 April 2022 |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/career-photos/professor-ramdarash-mishra-receiving-prestigious-saraswati-samman-know-his-career-and-education-1158337.html |publisher=TV9 Hindi |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
His notable poetry collections included ''Banaya Hai Maine Ye Ghar Dhire Dhire''<ref>{{cite web |title=रामदरश मिश्र की प्रसिद्ध कविता: बनाया है मैंने ये घर धीरे-धीरे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/kavita/ramdarash-mishra-famous-poem-banaya-hai-maine-ye-ghar-dhire-dhire |publisher=Amar Ujala |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> and ''Main Toh Yahan Hoon'', for which he received the Saraswati Samman. His short stories and novels often explore social change, village life, and existential questions. Critics regard him as one of the most enduring voices of post-independence Hindi literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writings and poems of oldest Hindi writer Ramdarash Mishra: An analysis |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/profile/story/writings-and-poems-of-oldest-hindi-writer-ramdarash-mishra-an-analysis-1520086-2022-08-17 |publisher=Aaj Tak |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Even past the age of 100, Mishra remained active in writing and public life. He was featured in several national media profiles as one of India's most prolific and resilient writers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Delhi’s 6 mavericks defying old age to pursue their passion |url=https://thepatriot.in/reports/meet-delhis-6-mavericks-defying-old-age-to-pursue-their-passion-63369 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> Literary critics and scholars have widely acknowledged his unique role in shaping modern Hindi literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=During birth centenary celebration of Sahitya Akademi, veteran litterateur Prof. Ramdarash Mishra discloses the secret of his long life |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/profile/story/during-birth-centenary-celebration-of-sahitya-akademi-veteran-litterateur-prof-ramdarash-mishra-discloses-the-secret-of-his-long-life-1982226-2024-07-10 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mishra died in [[Delhi]] on 31 October 2025, at the age of 101.<ref>{{cite news |title='पिया खुद ही अपना जहर धीरे-धीरे'... गोरखपुर के 101 वर्षीय महान रचनाकार रामदरश मिश्र का निधन, शोक की लहर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/gorakhpur-renowned-101-year-old-writer-ramdarash-mishra-passes-away-in-delhi-grief-spreads-in-literary-world/articleshow/124999470.cms |access-date=31 October 2025 |publisher=NBT |date=31 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
* In 2025, Mishra was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |publisher=Bru Times News |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
* He received the [[Saraswati Samman]] in 2021 for his poetry collection ''Main Toh Yahan Hoon''.<ref name="HT2022"/><br />
* In 2015, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his poetry collection ''Agni Ki Hansi''.<ref>{{cite web |title=आग की हंसी के लिए राम दरश मिश्र को साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-sahitya-akademi-award-will-give-ram-darash-mishra-13318303.html |publisher=Jagran |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
* 2011: He received the [[Vyas Samman]] for lifetime contribution to Hindi poetry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramdarash Mishra gets Vyas Samman for his poems |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/ramdarash-mishra-gets-vyas-samman-for-his-poems/story-QHpSTmzkVTe7ufq0Afgq5H.html |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hindi literature]]<br />
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature &#38; Education}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}<br />
{{Saraswati Samman}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Ramdarash}}<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]] <br />
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Weather_Football_Championship&diff=503128Hot Weather Football Championship2026-02-05T04:26:08Z<p>Juanita09O: New details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football tournament<br />
|name = Hot Weather Football Championship<br />
|logo = Hot_weather_football_championship.jpg<br />
|organiser = All India Hot Weather Football Championship Organising Committee<br />
|founded = {{Start date and age|1972}} (current format)<br />
|region = India<br />
|number of teams = Various<br />
|current =<br />
|current champions = Morning Star, Haryana<br />
|most successful team = [[FC Punjab Police]]<br />(4 titles)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hot Weather Football Championship''', also known as the '''All India Hot Weather Football Championship''', is an Indian [[Association football|football]] tournament held in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]] and organized by the All India Hot Weather Football Championship Organising Committee (AIHWFCOC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Football meet begins at Mandi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/football-meet-begins-at-mandi-405555 |website=The Tribune |date=20 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621070709/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/football-meet-begins-at-mandi-405555 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tournament was first started in 1970,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/hotweathercup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Hot Weather Football Championship: Himachal Pradesh|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022122020/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/hotweathercup.html|archive-date=22 October 2020|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref> which was won by Sports School Jalandhar. [[FC Punjab Police]] has won the tournament for a record four times. The current champions are Morning Star, Haryana who won the title by defeating Zinc Football at the 50th edition of the tournament in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=RBI Mumbai win Hot Weather Football Championship|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rbi-mumbai-win-hot-weather-football-championship-343986|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102040336/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rbi-mumbai-win-hot-weather-football-championship-343986|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Venue ==<br />
All matches are played at Paddal Ground of Mandi Himachal Pradesh.{{fact|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+'''List of Hot Weather Football Championship finals'''<br />
!Year<br />
!Champions<br />
!Score<br />
!Runners-up<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|'''Sports School Jalandhar'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|'''Punjab State Electricity Board'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<ref name="PPFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/team/punjabpolice.html|title=Indian Football – Punjab Police|website=indianfootball.com|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122045/http://www.indianfootball.com/team/punjabpolice.html|archive-date=16 May 2008|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=26 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|2–1<br />
|Punjab State Electricity Board<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<ref name="PPFC"/><br />
|<br />
|Rail Coach Factory<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |''Tournament not held''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|'''Oriental Bank of Commerce'''<br />
|{{pso|3–1}}<br />
|LRED Bangalore<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<ref name="PPFC"/><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<ref name="PPFC"/><br />
|5–1<br />
|Punjab Police Academy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|'''Hydrabad Globe FC'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Tata Football Academy]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |''Tournament not held''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|'''[[Amity United FC|Amity United]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|Hydrabad Globe FC<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|'''Hydrabad Globe FC'''<br />
|1–1, {{pso|4–3}}<br />
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]'''<br />
|0–0, {{pso|3–2}}<br />
|DFA Hoshiarpur<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-24|title=Competitive Times: BSF won the 43 rd All India Hot Weather Football Tournament|url=https://competitivetimes.blogspot.com/2014/06/bsf-won-43-rd-all-india-hot-weather.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Competitive Times|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102040337/https://competitivetimes.blogspot.com/2014/06/bsf-won-43-rd-all-india-hot-weather.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|'''Triumph FC, Mandi'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|'''Union Bank of India'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|Reserve Bank of India<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Siddharth|date=2018-06-20|title=UBI triumphs in 47th All India Hot Weather Football Tournament|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/ubi-triumphs-all-india-hot-weather-football-tournament/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102040338/https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/ubi-triumphs-all-india-hot-weather-football-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|'''[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=News Service|first=Tribune India|title=Delhi football club win|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/delhi-football-club-win-799333|date=9 July 2019|access-date=2022-01-02|website=tribuneindia.com|publisher=The Tribune India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102041800/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/delhi-football-club-win-799333|archive-date=2 January 2022|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|'''Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai'''<br />
|1–1, {{pso|5–3}}<br />
|Tamil Nadu Police<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hot Weather Football Championship : तमिलनाडु पुलिस को हराकर आरबीआइ मुंबई बना हाट वेदर फुटबाल चैंपियन|url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-rbi-mumbai-becomes-hot-weather-football-champion-by-defeating-tamil-nadu-police-22247530.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=m.jagran.com|language=hi|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102040338/https://m.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-rbi-mumbai-becomes-hot-weather-football-champion-by-defeating-tamil-nadu-police-22247530.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|'''Morning Star Haryana'''<br />
|2–1<br />
|[[Zinc Football]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/himachal-pradesh/city/mandi/all-india-hot-weather-football-competition-conclude-in-mandi/hp20220627084056597597879|title=हॉट वेदर फुटबॉल प्रतियोगिता: मॉर्निंग स्टार हरियाणा का ट्रॉफी पर कब्जा, राजस्थान रहा उपविजेता|website=etvbharat.com|publisher=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]|date=27 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|location=[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]|language=hi|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628163653/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/himachal-pradesh/city/mandi/all-india-hot-weather-football-competition-conclude-in-mandi/hp20220627084056597597879|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|'''Rajasthan Police'''<br />
|3–1<br />
|Triumph FC, Mandi<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/triumph_fc_himachal/p/DAgnLT0T3nj/|title=Results|publisher=[[Instagram]] (Triumph FC Himachal)|date=29 September 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Facebook|104605581997852}}<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]<br />
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1970]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4456942002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election2026-01-27T20:15:04Z<p>Juanita09O: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br />
| country = India<br />
| flag_year = <br />
| type = Legislative<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| party_colour = <br />
| previous_election = 1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 1996<br />
| next_election = 2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 2007<br />
| seats_for_election = All 403 seats of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority_seats = 202<br />
| election_date = February - March 2002<br />
| opinion_polls = <br />
| turnout = 53.80% ({{decrease}} 1.93%)<br />
<!-- SP -->| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=06}}<br />
| leader1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br />
| party1 = Samajwadi Party<br />
| leader_since1 = <br />
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''<br />
| alliance1 = <br />
| last_election1 = 107<br />
| seats1 = '''143'''<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 36<br />
| popular_vote1 = '''13,612,509'''<br />
| percentage1 = '''25.37%'''<br />
| swing1 = {{increase}} 3.57%<br />
<!-- BSP -->| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mayawati.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}<br />
| leader2 = [[Mayawati]]<br />
| party2 = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| leader_since2 = <br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Harora Assembly constituency|Harora]]<br />[[Jahangirganj Assembly constituency|Jahangirganj]]<br />
| alliance2 = <br />
| last_election2 = 65<br />
| seats2 = 98<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 33<br />
| popular_vote2 = 12,374,388<br />
| percentage2 = 23.06%<br />
| swing2 = {{increase}} 3.42%<br />
<!-- BJP -->| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}<br />
| leader4 = [[Rajnath Singh]]<br />
| party4 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| leader_since4 = <br />
| leaders_seat4 = [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]<br />
| alliance4 = National Democratic Alliance (India)<br />
| last_election4 = 151<br />
| seats4 = 88<br />
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 63<br />
| popular_vote4 = 10,776,078<br />
| percentage4 = 20.08%<br />
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 12.44%<br />
<!-- INC -->| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pramod Tiwari at Parliament Library Building, New Delhi.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=00}}<br />
| leader5 = [[Pramod Tiwari]]<br />
| party5 = Indian National Congress<br />
| leader_since5 = <br />
| leaders_seat5 = [[Rampur Khas Assembly constituency|Rampur Khas]]<br />
| alliance5 = -<br />
| last_election5 = 31<br />
| seats5 = 25<br />
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 6<br />
| popular_vote5 = 4,810,231<br />
| percentage5 = 8.96%<br />
| swing5 = {{increase}} 0.61%<br />
<!--RLD-->| image7 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ajit Singh at press conference.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=17}}<br />
| leader7 = [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]]<br />
| party7 = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
| leader_since7 = <br />
| leaders_seat7 = ''Not Contested''<br />
| alliance7 = <br />
| last_election7 = ''New''<br />
| seats7 = 14<br />
| seat_change7 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote7 = 1,332,810<br />
| percentage7 = 2.48%<br />
| swing7 = ''New''<br />
<!--RTKP-->| image8 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalyan_Singh_2.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}<br />
| leader8 = [[Kalyan Singh]]<br />
| party8 = Rashtriya Kranti Party<br />
| colour7 = 008000<br />
| leader_since8 = <br />
| leaders_seat8 = [[Atrauli Assembly constituency|Atrauli]]<br />
| alliance8 = <br />
| last_election8 = ''New''<br />
| seats8 = 4<br />
| seat_change8 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote8 = 1,812,535<br />
| percentage8 = 3.38%<br />
| swing8 = ''New''<br />
<!-- map -->| map_image = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <!-- bottom --><br />
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br />
| before_election = [[Rajnath Singh]]<br />
| after_election = [[Mayawati]]<br />
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| after_party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Elections to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in 2002. Following a spell of 56 days of President's Rule from 3 March to 2 May 2002, [[Mayawati]] became Chief Minister on 3 May 2002 for the third time after the BJP extended support to the BSP. BJP state president [[Kalraj Mishra]] resigned, and was replaced by [[Vinay Katiyar]], who thought up slogans like "Haathi nahin Ganesh hai, Brahma Vishnu Mahesh hai" to defend the alliance. But the problems kept mounting, and Mayawati resigned in August 2003.<br />
<br />
On 29 August 2003, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister with the support of BSP dissidents and ran the government until 2007. It is said that BJP leaders convinced Vajpayee that Yadav would help in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections — Mulayam did not, however, help, and while the NDA lost power at the centre. Some BJP leaders continue to believe that Mulayam would have been marginalised had he not been helped in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017-bjp-samajwadi-party-akhilesh-yadav-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-mayawati-mulayam-singh-yadav-congress-4562628/ | title=Uttar Pradesh: A political history | website=indianexpress.com/| date=11 March 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right<br />
!colspan=2 align=center|[[File:Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Result in 2002.svg]]<br />
|-<br />
!Party name<br />
!Seats<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|143<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|98<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
|88<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]<br />
|14<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] <br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]] <br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress]]<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[National Loktantrik Party]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Rashtriya Kranti Party]]<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Independents<br />
|16<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
|align=left|'''Total'''<br />
|'''403'''<br />
|- class=sortbottom<br />
|colspan=2 align=left|Elections.in<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2002|website=elections.in|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> EIC<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to The Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Reserved for<br/>([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/None)<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| Seohara || None || Qutubudeen || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhampur || None || [[Mool Chand]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Afzalgarh || None || Indra Dev || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagina || SC || [[Omvati Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nazibabad || SC || Ram Swroop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bijnor || None || Kunwar [[Bharatendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandpur || None || [[Swami Omvesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kanth || None || [[Rizwan Ahmed Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Amroha || None || [[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mehboob Ali]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Parivartan Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hasanpur || None || [[Devendra Nagpal]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangeshwari || SC || Jagram || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sambhal || None || Iqbal Mahmood || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bahjoi || None || [[Aqeelur Rehman Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandausi || SC || [[Gulab Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kunderki || None || Mohd. Rizwan || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad West || None || Mohd. Aaqil Urf Munna Miyan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad || None || Sandeep Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Moradabad Rural || None || Shamimul Haq || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Thakurdwara || None || [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]] Alias Rakesh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Suar Tanda || None || [[Nawab Kazim Ali Khan]] Alias Naved Mian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rampur || None || Mohd. [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilaspur || None || Beena Bhardwaj || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahabad || SC || Kashi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bisauli || None || Yogendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gunnaur || None || Ajit Kumar Urf Raju Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sahaswan || None || Omkar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilsi || SC || Ashutosh Maurya Urf Raju || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Budaun || None || Vimal Krishana Agarwal Urf Pappi || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Usehat || None || Ashish Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Binawar || None || Bhupendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dataganj || None || Prem Pal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aonla || None || [[Dharm Pal Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sunha || None || Dharmendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Faridpur || SC || Dr. Siyaram Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || Shahlin Islam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bareilly City || None || [[Rajesh Agrawal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Bhagwat Saran Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhojipura || None || Virendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kawar || None || Sultan Beg || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baheri || None || Manzoor Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pilibhit || None || [[Riaz Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barkhera || SC || Peetam Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bisalpur || None || Anis Ahmad Khan Alias Phool Babu || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Puranpur || None || Dr. Vinod Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Powayan || SC || Mithlesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nigohi || None || Kovid Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tilhar || None || [[Virendra Pratap Singh]] "munna" || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad || None || Sharadveer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dadraul || None || Avdhesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shahjahanpur Assembly constituency|Shahjahanpur]] || None || [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohamdi || SC || Banshi Dhar Raj || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haiderabad || None || Arvind Giri || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Paila || SC || Rajesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lakhimpur || None || [[Kaushal Kishor]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Srinagar || None || Mayavati || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nighasan || None || [[R. S. Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhaurehra || None || Yashpal Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Behta || None || Mahendra Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Biswan || None || Ram Pal Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmudabad || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sidhauli || SC || Shyam Lal Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Laharpur || None || Anil Kumar Verma || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sitapur || None || Radheshyam || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hargaon || SC || Ram Het || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Misrikh || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Machhrehta || SC || Ram Krishana || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Beniganj || SC || Santu Alias Satya Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sandila || None || Abdul Mannan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ahirori || SC || [[Usha Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hardoi || None || [[Naresh Chandra Agrawal]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bawan || SC || Anil Kumar Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pihani || None || [[Ashok Bajpai]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahabad || None || Ganga Bhakt Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilgram || None || Vishram Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mallawan || None || Krishana Kumar Singh Alias Satish Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bangarmau || None || Ramshanker || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Safipur || SC || Sundar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Unnao || None || Kuldeep Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hadha || None || Ganga Bux Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhagwantnagar || None || Natthu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Purwa || None || Udai Raj || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hasanganj || SC || Mast Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Malihabad || SC || [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahona || None || Rajendra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lucknow East Assembly constituency|Lucknow East]] || None || [[Vidya Sagar Gupta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow West || None || [[Lalji Tandon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lucknow Central || None || [[Suresh Kumar Srivastava]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lucknow Cantonment Assembly constituency|Lucknow Cantonment]] || None || [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarojininagar || None || Mohd. Irshad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohanlalganj || SC || [[R. K. Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bachhrawan || SC || Ram Lal Akela || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tiloi || None || [[Mayankeshwer Sharan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rae Bareli || None || [[Akhilesh Kumar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sataon || None || Surendra Vikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sareni || None || Devendra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dalmau || None || [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Salon || SC || Asha Kishor || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kunda || None || Kunwar [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]] Raja Bhaiya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || SC || Ramnath || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rampur Khas || None || [[Pramod Tiwari ]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gadwara || None || Raja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pratapgarh || None || Hari Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Birapur || None || Prof. Shivkant Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Patti || None || Rajendra Pratap Singh Alias Moti Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Amethi || None || [[Amita Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gauriganj || None || Noor Mohammad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jagdishpur || SC || Ram Sewak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Issauli || None || Chandra Bhadra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sultanpur || None || Om Prakash Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jaisinghpur || None || Om Prakash ( O.p. Singh ) || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chanda || None || Anil Kumar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kadipur || SC || Bhagelu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Katehari || None || [[Dharam Raj Nishad]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Akbarpur || None || [[Ram Achal Rajbhar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalpur || None || [[Rakesh Pandey (UP politician)|Rakesh Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jahangirganj || SC || [[Mayawati]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tanda || None || [[Lalji Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ayodhya || None || [[Lallu Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bikapur || None || Sita Ram Nishad || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Milkipur || None || [[Anand Sen Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sohawal || SC || [[Awadhesh Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rudauli || None || Abbas Ali Zaidi Urf Rushdi Miyan || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dariyabad || None || Rajeev Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siddhaur || SC || Kamla Prasad Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haidergarh || None || [[Rajnath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Masauli || None || [[Rakesh Kumar Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Chhote Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur || SC || Raj Rani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramnagar || None || Raj Laxmi Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kaiserganj || None || [[Mukut Bihari Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fakharpur || None || Arun Veer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahsi || None || Ali Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nanpara || None || [[Jata Shankar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charda || SC || Shabbir || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhinga || None || Chandramani Kant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bahraich || None || Dr. [[Waqar Ahmad Shah]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ikauna || SC || [[Akshaibar Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gainsari || None || [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tulsipur || None || Mashood Khan || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Balrampur || None || Geeta Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Utraula || None || Anwar Mahmood || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadullanagar || None || Ram Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mankapur || SC || Ram Bishun Azad || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mujehna || None || Ghanshyam Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gonda || None || Vinod Kumar Alias [[Pandit Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Katra Bazar || None || [[Baij Nath Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Colonelganj || None || Yogesh Pratap Singh Alias Yogesh Bhaiya || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dixir || SC || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Harraiya || None || Raj Kishor Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Captainganj || None || Ram Prasad Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagar East || SC || Ram Karan Arya || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Basti || None || [[Jagadambika Pal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramnagar || None || Anoop Kumar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Domariaganj || None || Kamal Yusuf Malik || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Itwa || None || [[Mata Prasad Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shohratgarh || None || Dinesh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naugarh || None || Aneel || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansi || None || Jai Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khesraha || None || Aditya Vikram Singh (bonku Singh) || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Menhdawal || None || Abdul Kalam || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khalilabad || SC || Dawarika Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hainsarbazar || SC || [[Sankhlal Manjhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansgaon || SC || [[Sadal Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhuriapar || None || Jaiprakash Yadva || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chillupar || None || [[Harishankar Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kauriram || None || [[Ram Bhuwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mundera Bazar || SC || Sharadadevi || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pipraich || None || Jitendra Kumar Jaiswal Urf Pappu Bhaiya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]] || None || Dr.[[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maniram || None || Kamlesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sahjanwa || None || Dev Narayan Alis G.m. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Paniara || None || Fateh Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pharenda || None || Shyam Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lakshmipur || None || [[Amarmani Tripathi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siswa || None || Shivendra Singh Urf Shiv Baboo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maharajganj || SC || Chandra Kishor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shyam Duerwa || None || Gyanendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naurangia || SC || Purnmasi Dehati || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ramkola || None || Radhey Shyam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hata || SC || Ramapati Alies Ramakant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Padrauna || None || Kr. Ratan Jeet Pratap Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Seorahi || None || Dr. P.k. Rai || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fazilnagar || None || Jagdish Misra Balti Baba || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kasia || None || [[Brahma Shanker Tripathi]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gauri Bazar || None || Shakir Ali || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rudrapur || None || Anugrah Narain Alias Khokha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deoria || None || [[Dinanath Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|National Loktantrik Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhatpar Rani || None || Kameshwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Salempur || None || [[Ghazala Lari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barhaj || None || Durga Prasad Misra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Natthupur || None || Kapildeo || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghosi || None || Fagoo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sagri || None || Malik Masood || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gopalpur || None || Waseem Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Azamgarh || None || Durga Prasad Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nizamabad || None || Alambadi || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Atraulia || None || Balram Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Phulpur || None || Ram Naresh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saraimir || SC || Hira Lal Gautam || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mehnagar || SC || Vidya Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lalganj || None || [[Sukhdev Rajbhar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mubarakpur || None || Chandradeo Ram Yadav Karailee || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammadabad Gohna || SC || Baijnath || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mau || None || Mokhtar Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rasra || SC || Ghoora Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siar || None || Sharada Nand Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chilkahar || None || Ram Ikabal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikandarpur || None || Jiyauddin Rijvi || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bansdih || None || Ram Govind Chowdhari || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Doaba || None || Bharat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ballia || None || [[Narad Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kopachit || None || Ambika Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Zahoorabad || None || Kali Charan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] || None || [[Krishnanand Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dildarnagar || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Zamania || None || Kailash || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ghazipur Sadar Assembly constituency|Ghazipur]]|| None || [[Umashankar Kushwaha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jakhania || SC || Chhedi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadat || SC || Biju Pat Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saidpur || None || Kailash Nath Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dhanapur || None || Prabhu Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chandauli || SC || Sharda Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chakia || SC || Shivtapasya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mughalsarai || None || Ram Kishun || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Varanasi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Varanasi Cantonment]] || None || [[Harish Chandra Srivastava]] (harish Ji) || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Varanasi South Assembly constituency|Varanasi South]] || None || [[Shyamdev Roy Chaudhari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi North]] || None || [[Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)|Abdul Kalam]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chiraigaon || None || Ramjit Rajbhar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kolasla || None || [[Ajay Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangapur || None || Surendra Singh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aurai || None || Uday Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gyanpur || None || Vijay Kumar Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhadohi || SC || Deenanath Bhaskar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barsathi || None || Shachindra Nath Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mariahu || None || Paras Nath Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kerakat || SC || Somaru Ram Saroj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Beyalsi || None || Jagdish Narayan (rai) || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jaunpur || None || Surendra Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rari || None || Dhananjay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shahganj || SC || Jagdis Sonkar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khutahan || None || Shailendra Yadav "lalai" || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garwara || None || Lal Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Machhlishahr || None || Vinod Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dudhi || SC || Vijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Robertsganj || SC || Parmeshwar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rajgarh || None || Anil Kumar Maurya || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chunar || None || Om Prakash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Majhwa || None || Dr. Ramesh Chand Vind || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mirzapur || None || Kailash Chaurasiya || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhanvey || SC || [[Pakauri Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meja || SC || Ram Kripal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karchana || None || [[Rewati Raman Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bara || None || Udai Bhan Karvaria || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jhusi || None || Vijaya Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Handia || None || Mahesh Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pratappur || None || Shyam Surat Upadhya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Soraon || None || Mohd Mujtaba Siddiqui || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nawabganj || None || Ansar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad North || None || Dr. Narendra Kumar Singh Gaur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad South || None || [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Allahabad West || None || [[Atiq Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chail || SC || Dayaram || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Manjhanpur || SC || [[Indrajeet Saroj]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sirathu || SC || Matesh Chandra Sonkar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khaga || None || Mohd. Shafir || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kishunpur || SC || Krishna Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Haswa || None || [[Ayodhya Prasad Pal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur || None || Anand Prakash Lohdi || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jahanabad || None || Madan Gopal Varma || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bindki || None || Amar Jeet Singh "jansewak" || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aryanagar || None || Haji Mushtaq Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sisamau || SC || Sanjeev Daryawadi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Generalganj || None || Salil Vishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kanpur Cantonment || None || [[Satish Mahana]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Govindnagar || None || [[Ajay Kapoor (politician)|Ajay Kapoor]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kalyanpur || None || Prem Lata Katiyar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarsaul || None || Aruna Tomar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghatampur || None || [[Rakesh Sachan]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhognipur || SC || Arun Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rajpur || None || Mahesh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarvankhera || None || Ram Swaroop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chaubepur || None || Ashok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bilhaur || SC || Shiv Kumar Beria || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Derapur || None || [[Kamlesh Kumar Pathak]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Auraiya || None || [[Ram Ji Shukla]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ajitmal || SC || Madan Singh Alias Santosh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lakhana || SC || Sukhdevi Verma || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etawah || None || [[Mahendra Singh Rajpoot]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaswantnagar Assembly constituency|Jaswantnagar]] || None || [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bharthana || None || Vinod Kumar Yadav "kakka" || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bidhuna || None || [[Vinay Shakya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kannauj || SC || [[Kalyan Singh Dohare]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Umardha || None || Vijay Bahadur Pal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhibramau || None || [[Ram Prakash Tripathi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kamalganj || None || Jamaluddin Siddiqui || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Farrukhabad || None || Bijai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kaimganj || None || [[Luis Khursheed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammdabad || None || Narendra Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Manikpur || SC || [[Daddu Prashad]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karwi || None || [[R. K. Singh Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baberu || None || Gaya Charan Dinkar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tindwari || None || [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Banda || None || [[Babu Lal Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Naraini || None || Dr. Surendra Pal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hamirpur || None || Sheo Charan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Maudaha || None || Badshah Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rath || None || Dhooram || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charkhari || SC || Ambesh Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahoba || None || Siddha Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mehroni || None || [[Pooran Singh Bundela]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Lalitpur || None || Birendra Singh Bund Bhagatraja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jhansi || None || Ramesh Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Babina || SC || Ratan Lal Ahirwar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mauranipur || SC || Pragilal Ahirwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garoutha || None || Brijendra Kumar Vyas "damdam Mahraj" || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Konch || SC || Daya Shanker Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Orai || None || Babu Ram M.com || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kalpi || None || Arun Kumar Meharotra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Madhogarh || None || Brajendra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhongaon || None || Alok Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kishni || SC || Sandhya Katheriya || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Karhal || None || Sovran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shikohabad || None || Hari Om || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jasrana || None || Ramvir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghiror || None || Jaibir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mainpuri || None || Ashok Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aliganj || None || Rameshwer Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Patiali || None || Rajendra Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sakit || None || [[Suraj Singh Shakya]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Soron || None || Devendra Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kasganj || None || Manpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etah || None || Shishu Pal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nidhauli Kalan || None || Anil Kumar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jalesar || SC || Anar Singh Diwakar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Firozabad || None || Azim Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bah || None || Raja [[Mahendra Aridaman Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehabad || None || [[Chhotelal Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tundla || SC || Mohan Dev Shankhvar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Etmadpur || SC || Ganga Prasad Pushkar || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dayalbagh || None || Seth Kishan Lal Baghel || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra Cantonment || None || Mohammad Basheer || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra East || None || [[Jagan Prasad Garg]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agra West || SC || Dr. [[Ram Babu Harit]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kheragarh || None || Ramesh Kant Lawania || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Chaudhary Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Goverdhan || SC || Shyam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mathura || None || [[Pradeep Mathur]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chhata || None || Tej Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mat || None || [[Shyam Sunder Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gokul || None || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sadabad || None || Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hathras || None || [[Ramvir Upadhyay]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sasni || SC || Devki Nandan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikandara Rao || None || Amar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Gangiri || None || Vireshwar || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Atrauli || None || [[Kalyan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Aligarh || None || Vivek Bansal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Koil || SC || Mahender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Iglas || None || [[Vijendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barauli || None || [[Thakur Jaiveer Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khair || None || Pramod Gaur || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jewar || SC || Narendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khurja || None || Anil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Debai || None || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Anupshahr || None || Hoshiyar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siana || None || Sunder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Agota || None || Kiran Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bulandshahr || None || [[Mahendra Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shikarpur || SC || Munshi Lal Gautam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sikandrabad || None || Ved Ram Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dadri || None || Nawab Singh Nagar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ghaziabad || None || [[Surendra Prakash Goel]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muradnagar || None || [[Rajpal Tyagi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Modinagar || None || Narendra Singh Sisodiya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hapur || SC || [[Dharampal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Garhmukteshwar || None || Madan Chouhan || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kithore || None || Shahid Manzoor || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hastinapur || SC || Prabhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sardhana || None || Prof. [[Ravindra Pundir]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meerut Cantonment || None || [[Satya Prakash Agarwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meerut || None || Dr. [[Laxmikant Bajpai]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kharkhauda || None || Haji Yaqoob || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Siwalkhas || SC || Ranveer Rana || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khekra || None || [[Madan Bhaiya]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baghpat || None || Kawkab Hameed Khan || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Barnawa || None || [[Samar Pal Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]] || None || [[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kandhla || None || Virendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Khatauli || None || [[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jansath || SC || Yashwant || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Morna || None || [[Rajpal Singh Saini]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Chitranjan Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Charthawal || SC || Uma || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Baghra || None || [[Anuradha Chaudhari]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| Kairana || None || Hukum Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Thana Bhawan || None || Kiran Pal || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nakur || None || [[Dr. Sushil Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| Sarsawa || None || Dharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nagal || SC || Ilam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deoband || None || [[Rajendra Singh Rana]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Harora || SC || [[Mayawati]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Saharanpur || None || [[Sanjay Garg]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| Muzaffarabad || None || Jagdish Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh|2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabaddi_in_India&diff=455279Kabaddi in India2026-01-19T03:30:19Z<p>Juanita09O: fix intro after review and added references per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Contact sport, native to the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{Infobox sport overview<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| union = [[Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India]]<br />
| country = {{IND}}<br />
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]<br />
| nickname = <!-- nicknames --><br />
| first = <!-- date first played --><br />
| registered = <!-- number of registered players --><br />
| clubs = <!-- number of clubs --><br />
| national_list = <!-- list of national competitions --><br />
| club_list = [[Pro Kabaddi League]] (2014–present)<br />
| intl_list = <!-- list of international competitions --><br />
| match = <!-- single match audience record --><br />
| league = <!-- league audience record --><br />
| nationalteam = [[India men's national kabaddi team]]<br>[[India women's national kabaddi team]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kabaddi''', is a [[contact sport]], native to the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Sen2015">{{cite book|first= Ronojoy |last= Sen|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ|date=27 October 2015|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn= 978-0-231-53993-7}}</ref> It is one of the most popular sports in India, played mainly among village people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=S|first1=Akila|last2=Chinnadurai|first2=D.|date=2017|title=Traditional Kabaddi Vs Techno Kabaddi|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3417056|s2cid=226957448 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free}}</ref> India has taken part in four [[Asian Games]] in [[kabaddi]], and won gold in all.<br />
<br />
Four forms of kabaddi played in India are Amar, Suranjeevi, huttuttoo, and Gaminee. Amar is generally played in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world, mostly by Punjabi sportsmen. Suranjeevi is the most played form of kabaddi in India and the world. This is the form generally used in international matches and also the form used in the Asian Games. Huttuttoo is played by men in [[Maharashtra]]. In Gaminee style, seven players play on each side and a player that is put out has to remain out until all of his team members are out. The team that is successful in outing all of the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven points are secured. There is no fixed time duration.<br />
<br />
==History and development==<br />
[[File:Kabaddi on the beach (16062994543).jpg|thumb|People playing Kabaddi at the [[Veraval]] beach, Gujarat]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Kabaddi is a sport developed centered on [[Jallikattu]]. It was common among the [[Ahir|Ayar]] tribal people who lived in the [[Sangam landscape|Mullai]] geographical region of ancient [[Tamilakam|Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabaddi: Origins, History, And How It Became India’s Fastest Growing Sport|url=https://www.casino.org/blog/kabaddi-history/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.casino.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 'ஜல்லிக்கட்டு' ஆன 'சல்லிக்கட்டு'... தொன்மையும் வரலாறும் - ஒரு பார்வை|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/90987/History-of-Jallikattu |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.puthiyathalaimurai.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= ஈராயிரம் ஆண்டுகளைக் கடந்து தமிழர் வாழ்வில் அங்கமாக திகழும் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு - வரலாறு என்ன?|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/jallikkattu-2022-jallikkattu-in-the-tamils-life-history-skd-665141.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.tamil.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> A player going to the opposition is treated like a Bull. It is like taming a bull without touching it, as it is mentioned in [[Sangam Literature]] that the game Sadugudu was practiced for ages. There are also accounts of [[Gautam Buddha]] having played the game recreationally.<ref name="Sen2015" /><ref name="Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |last=Hoque |first=Shishir |date=December 14, 2016 |title=A tale of kabaddi, Bangladesh's national sport |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] it was started by sidra<br />
|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/other-sports/2016/12/15/tale-kabaddi-bangladeshs-national-sport/ |access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> There is another version to this sports origins and rich history, Legend has it that kabaddi originated in Tamil Nadu over 4,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Kabbadi - Pro Kabbadi League Success Story & Song - Star India |url=https://www.disneystar.com/our-stories/game-on-india/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.disneystar.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The game was said to have been popular among the [[Yadava]] people. An [[Abhang]] by [[Tukaram]] stated that the lord [[Krishna]] played the game in his youth.<br />
<br />
<br />
Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names. Kabaddi received international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympic Games at Calcutta in 1938.<br />
<br />
In 1950 the All India Kabaddi Federation came into existence and compiled standard rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973. After formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first men's nationals were held in Tamil Nadu (Madras) (renamed Chennai), while the women's were in AKFI has given new shape to the rules.<br />
<br />
The Asian Kabaddi Federation (AKF) was founded under the chairmanship of kabaddi.<br />
<br />
In 1979, a return test between Bangladesh and India was held at different places of India including Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Punjab. The Asian Kabaddi Championship was arranged in 1980 and India emerged as champion and Bangladesh runner-up. Bangladesh became runner-up again in 1985 in the Asian Kabaddi Championship held in Jaipur, India. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990. India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh took part. India won the gold medal and has also won gold at the following six Asian Games in Hiroshima in 1994, Bangkok in 1998, Busan in 2002, Doha in 2006 and Guangzhou in 2010.<br />
<br />
An attempt to popularise kabaddi in Great Britain was carried out by Channel 4, who commissioned a programme dedicated to the sport. The programme, kabaddi in the early 1990s, however, failed to capture viewer attention despite fixtures such as West Bengal Police versus the Punjab. Kabaddi was axed in 1992. Alt-rock band [[The Cooper Temple Clause]] formed a kabbadi team in 2001 and were, at one stage, ranked seventh in the British domestic standings.[10] [better source needed]<br />
<br />
In the 1998 Asian games held at Bangkok (Thailand), the Indian kabaddi team clinched the gold medal. The chief coach of the team was former kabaddi player and coach Flt. Lt. S P Singh.<br />
<br />
In a major upset, seven-time gold medalist India suffered their first-ever loss in 28 years at the [[2018 Asian Games]] to South Korea in the men's Kabaddi group A game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL/2018/08/21&entity=Ar02303&sk=DCE0E87B&mode=text|title=KABADDI: INDIA SUFFER SHOCK DEFEAT TO KOREA - The Times Of India - Delhi, 2018-08-21|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> In the semi-final, Iran sent the seven-time Asiad champions packing with a 27–18 win. India, who took home the bronze for reaching the semi-finals, did not play in the final since the introduction of the Games in the Asiad in 1990 at Beijing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-kings-of-kabaddi-get-rude-iranian-lesson/articleshow/65524231.cms|title=Asian Games: Kings of kabaddi get rude Iranian lesson - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Variation==<br />
===Standard style===<br />
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of {{convert|10|x|13|m|ft}} in case of men and {{convert|8|x|12|m|ft}} in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves, with a 5-minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides. During each raid, a player from the attacking side—known as the "raider"—runs into the opposing team's side of the field and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the baulk line in the defending team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also chant the word "kabaddi", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single rhythm. A 30-second [[shot clock]] is also enforced on each raid.<br />
<br />
A point is scored for each defender tagged, and a point can also be scored if the raider can step into the area past the territory's bonus line. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of bounds are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once, an "All Out" is scored for two bonus points, and they are automatically revived.<br />
<br />
Additional rules are used in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]]; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on his/her raid or else he/she will be out ("do-or-die raid"). Additionally, when a defending team has less than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points ("super tackle").<ref name="kabaddiikf">{{cite web|url=http://kabaddiikf.com/RULES_Regularikf.doc|title=Rules of Kabaddi|publisher=International Kabaddi Federation (IKF)|access-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070523/http://kabaddiikf.com/RULES_Regularikf.doc|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kabaddi-world-cup-2016-a-handy-guide-to-the-format-rules-and-how-the-sport-works-3034132.html|title=Kabaddi World Cup 2016: A handy guide to the format, rules and how the sport works|date=2016-10-05|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/kabaddi/story/_/id/20169474/all-need-know-pro-kabaddi-league-2017|title=Kabaddi 101: Raid, defend, revive, repeat|work=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/sports-blogs/everything-you-need-to-know-about-kabaddi/|title=Everything you need to know about Kabaddi|date=2016-01-30|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Circle style===<br />
[[File:Kabaddi Match (Bhimber).jpg|thumb|right|Circle Kabaddi]]<br />
Four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out&nbsp;– one out. The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn't leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[Punjabi kabaddi]] is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a radius of {{convert|22|m}}.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book|title=Kissa 2 Kabaddi da|year=2014 |publisher=Sarwan Singh Sangam Publications|isbn=978-93-83654-65-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International competitions==<br />
Note that all of the following competitions are played in standard style.<br />
<br />
===Kabaddi World Cup competitions===<br />
{{further|Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}<br />
The [[International Kabaddi Federation]] has organised three "Kabaddi World Cup" tournaments for men and one for women, and plans to hold another men's tournament in 2025 and a women's tournament in 2026.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Thus far, these events have all been held in India, and India has always won first place and Iran has always come in second.<br />
<br />
A different organisation called [[World Kabaddi]] held its own standard style [[2019 Kabaddi World Cup (World Kabaddi)|Kabaddi World Cup tournament in 2019]] with both men's and women's competition, and it plans to hold [[2025 Kabaddi World Cup (World Kabaddi)|another one in March 2025]]. The 2019 event was held in Malaysia, and both the men's and women's competitions were won by India.<br />
<br />
As of February 2025, the governments of [[Punjab, India]], and [[Punjab, Pakistan]], have organised circle style World Cup tournaments seven times since 2010.<br />
<br />
===Pro Kabaddi League===<br />
{{further|Pro Kabaddi League}}<br />
'''Pro Kabaddi League''' was introduced in 2014 in [[India]] based on [[Indian premier league]]. The first edition of the tournament had begun at 26 July 2014 with eight franchises based in eight cities in India consisting of players from all over the world. The [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] is owned by [[Bollywood]] star [[Abhishek Bachchan]] who said he wants to promote kabaddi. The other teams are the [[U Mumba]] based at [[Mumbai]], the [[Bengaluru Bulls]], the [[Dabang Delhi K.C.|Delhi Dabbangs]], the [[Puneri Paltan]]s, the [[Telugu Titans]] based at [[Vizag]], the [[Bengal Warriors]] based at [[Kolkata]] and the [[Patna Pirates]] based at [[Patna, Bihar]]. Among all seasons, Patna Pirates is the most successful team with three times title winner while U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers shares 1-1 title.<br />
<br />
The organisers have added four new teams in the PKL season 5, 2017: the [[Haryana Steelers]], the [[Tamil Thalaivas]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]], and the [[UP Yoddha]].<br />
<br />
The opening match was held at Mumbai where [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was found cheering for his son's team. [[Aishwarya Rai]] was also present with [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. Together with them Bollywood stars [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Farah Khan]], [[Boman Irani]] and producer [[Ronnie Screwvala]] cheering for his team Jaipur Pink Panthers were present at the stadium.<br />
<br />
Indian star cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] was present with his wife and daughter who said he enjoyed the speed, agility, and strength of the players of the sport very much.<br />
<br />
Rakesh Kumar the captain of the Indian kabaddi team who has received an [[Arjuna Award]] and also the captain of [[Patna Pirates]] was also present at the inaugural matches who said it is a pleasure to see kabaddi getting recognition through the tournament.<br />
<br />
Rakesh Kumar was the highest bought player in the auction by Patna pirates for 12.80 lakhs held before the tournament.<br />
<br />
The broadcast rights were won by the [[Star sports|Star Sports]] network.<br />
<br />
==Domestic competitions==<br />
*Kabaddi nationals<br />
<br />
The [http://www.kabaddiseniornationals.com/ Kabaddi Senior Nationals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128135931/http://www.kabaddiseniornationals.com/ |date=2019-01-28 }} is the pre-eminent tournament conducted by AKFI to promote the sport of kabaddi within India. In 2019 the 66th Edition of the tournament is being conducted in Roha, Raigad, with 31 teams competing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/news/roha-raigad-all-set-host-66th-senior-nationals-kabaddi|title=Roha Raigad all set to host the 66th Senior Nationals Kabaddi|website=Kabaddi Adda|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Federation Cup<br />
*Telangana Premier Kabaddi League<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://telanganapremierkabaddi.com/|title=Telangana premier kabaddi {{!}} Telanganapremierkabaddi.com|website=telanganapremierkabaddi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003022823/http://telanganapremierkabaddi.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/news/silly-monks-buys-telangana-premier-kabaddi-league|title=Silly Monks buys Telangana Premier Kabaddi League|website=Kabaddi Adda|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Performance by India national team in international competitions==<br />
===Men's team===<br />
<br />
[[India national kabaddi team]] represents India in international [[kabaddi]] and India national kabaddi team competitions.<ref>[[India national kabaddi team]]</ref> India won gold medals at Asian Games in [[Kabaddi at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]], [[Kabaddi at the 1994 Asian Games|1994]], [[Kabaddi at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Kabaddi at the 2002 Asian Games|2002]], [[Kabaddi at the 2006 Asian Games|2006]], [[Kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]], and [[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]. The [[Kabaddi at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]] edition is Indian Team's not winning the gold medal first time.<br />
<br />
====World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)====<br />
India has hosted and won all of the IKF world cups till now, and Iran has always come in second place. All these tournaments were held in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/results2007.htm |title=Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713131447/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/results2007.htm |archive-date=2011-07-13 }} | World Cup 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcup.htm |title=Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |access-date=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204114129/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcup.htm |archive-date=2011-12-04 }} | World Cup 2004</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Host<br />
! colspan="3" |Final<br />
|-<br />
! width="15%" |Winner<br />
! width="8%" |Score<br />
! width="15%" |Runner-up<br />
|-style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2004<br />
{{DetailsLink|2004 Kabaddi World Cup (standard style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Mumbai]] & [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''55–27'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2007<br />
{{DetailsLink|2007 Kabaddi World Cup (standard style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Navi Mumbai]], [[India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''29–19'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2016<br />
{{DetailsLink|2016 Kabaddi World Cup (standard style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Ahmedabad, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''38–29'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====World Cup (circle style)====<br />
India has won six Kabaddi world cups out of seven played till now.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Host<br />
! colspan="3" |Final<br />
! colspan="3" |Third place match<br />
|-<br />
! width="15%" |Winner<br />
! width="8%" |Score<br />
! width="15%" |Runner-up<br />
! width="15%" |3rd place<br />
! width="8%" |Score<br />
! width="15%" |4th place<br />
|-style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2010<br />
{{DetailsLink|2010 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''58–24'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Pakistan}}<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Canada}}<br />
|'''66–22'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|ITA}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2011<br />
{{DetailsLink|2011 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''59–25'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Canada}}<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Pakistan}}<br />
|'''60–22'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|ITA}}<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2012<br />
{{DetailsLink|2012 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''59–25'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|PAK}}<br />
| width="15%" |{{Kabaddi-big|CAN}}<br />
|'''51–35'''<br />
| width="15%" |{{WKabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2013<br />
{{DetailsLink|2013 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''48–39'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|PAK}}<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|US}}<br />
|'''62–27'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|ENG}}<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2014<br />
{{DetailsLink|2014 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''45–42'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|PAK}}<br />
| width="15%" |{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|'''48–31'''<br />
| width="15%" |{{Kabaddi-big|ENG}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2016<br />
{{DetailsLink|2016 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''62–20'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|ENG}}<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|US}}<br />
|'''43–39'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
{{DetailsLink|2020 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
| '''43–41'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|IRN}} <br />
|'''54-33'''<br />
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Australia<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Asian Games====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 98%; text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%;"|Host<br />
| rowspan="10" style="width:1%;" |<br />
!colspan=3|Final<br />
| rowspan="10" style="width:1%;" |<br />
!colspan=3|Third place match<br />
|-<br />
!width=15%|Winner<br />
!width=8%|Score<br />
!width=15%|Runner-up<br />
!width=15%|3rd place<br />
!width=8%|Score<br />
!width=15%|4th place<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|1990<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 1990 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|CHN|size=30px}}<br>[[Beijing]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|<br />
| {{kd-big|JPN}}<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 1994 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|JPN|size=30px}}<br>[[Hiroshima]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|<br />
| {{kd-big|JPN}}<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|1998<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 1998 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|THA|size=30px}}<br>[[Bangkok]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|SRI}}<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2002 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|KOR|size=30px}}<br>[[Busan]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|JPN}}<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|2006<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2006 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|QTR|size=30px}}<br>[[Doha]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''35–23'''<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|'''37–26'''<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|CHN|size=30px}}<br>[[Guangzhou]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''37–20'''<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|JPN}}<br />
|-style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|2014<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|KOR|size=30px}}<br>[[Incheon]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''27–25'''<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|KOR}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2018 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|INA|size=30px}}<br><br />
[[Jakarta]]–[[Palembang]]<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
|'''26-16'''<br />
| {{flagicon|KOR<br />
|size=30px}}<br>[[South Korea]]<br />
| {{kd-big|IND}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Men|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|CHN|size=30px}}<br>[[Hangzhou]]<br />
|<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''33–29'''<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
|<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|No playoffs<br />
| {{kd-big|TPE}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Asian Indoor games====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 98%; text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%;"|Host<br />
| rowspan="4" style="width:1%;" |<br />
! colspan=3|Final<br />
| rowspan="4" style="width:1%;" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Third place<br />
|-<br />
!width=15%|Gold<br />
!width=8%|Score<br />
!width=15%|Silver<br />
!width=15%|Bronze<br />
!width=15%|Bronze<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|2007<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|MAC|size=30px}}<br>[[Macau]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''35–17'''<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br>''[[Indoor kabaddi at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|VIE|size=30px}}<br>[[Hanoi]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
|'''57–33'''<br />
| {{kd-big|IRN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|SRI}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====South Asian Games====<br />
India is very strong in Kabaddi as these results show. India won 10 gold medals out of a possible 11 until the 2019 [[South Asian Games]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 98%; text-align: center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! Runner-up<br />
! 3rd Place<br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br>''[[1985 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|1987<br>''[[1987 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1989<br>''[[1989 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br>''[[1993 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|1995<br>''[[1995 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br>''[[1999 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|SRI}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br>''[[2004 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br>''[[2006 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd-big|BAN}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2010 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd|BAN}}<br>{{kd|NEP}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|2016<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2016 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|PAK}}<br />
| {{kd|BAN}} <br> {{kd|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2019 South Asian Games|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>India<br />
| {{kd-big|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| {{kd|PAK}} <br> {{BAN}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Women's team===<br />
<br />
[[India women's national kabaddi team]] represents [[India]] in international women's kabaddi events.<ref>[[India women's national kabaddi team]]</ref><br />
<br />
====Circle style World Cup events====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Host<br />
! colspan="3" |Final<br />
|-<br />
! width="15%" |Winner<br />
! width="8%" |Score<br />
! width="15%" |Runner-up<br />
|-style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|2012<br />
{{DetailsLink|2012 Women's Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Patna]], [[India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''25–19'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|Iran}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|2013<br />
{{DetailsLink|2013 Kabaddi World Cup}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''49–21'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|NZL}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border: 3px solid red"|2014<br />
{{DetailsLink|2014 Women's Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)}}<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Punjab, India]]<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|India}}<br />
|'''36–27'''<br />
|{{Kabaddi-big|NZL}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Asian Games====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 98%; text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 width=5%|Year <br />
! rowspan=2 width=10%|Host <br />
| rowspan="5" width="1%" | <br />
! colspan=3|Final <br />
| rowspan="5" width="1%" | <br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Third place<br />
|-<br />
!width=15%|Winner <br />
!width=8%|Score <br />
!width=15%|Runner-up <br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|2010<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Games – Women|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|CHN|size=30px}}<br>[[Guangzhou]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>[[India women's national kabaddi team|India]]<br />
|'''28–14'''<br />
| {{flagicon|THA|size=30px}}<br>[[Thailand women's national kabaddi team|Thailand]]<br />
| {{flagicon|BAN|size=30px}}<br>[[Bangladesh women's national kabaddi team|Bangladesh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI|size=30px}}<br>[[Iran women's national kabaddi team|Iran]]<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|KOR|size=30px}}<br>[[Incheon]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>[[India women's national kabaddi team|India]]<br />
| '''31–21'''<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI|size=30px}}<br>[[Iran women's national kabaddi team|Iran]]<br />
| {{flagicon|BAN|size=30px}}<br>[[Bangladesh women's national kabaddi team|Bangladesh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|THA|size=30px}}<br>[[Thailand women's national kabaddi team|Thailand]]<br />
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"<br />
|2018<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|INA|size=30px}}<br>[[Jakarta]]–[[Palembang]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>[[India women's national kabaddi team|India]]<br />
| '''27-24'''<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI|size=30px}}<br>[[Iran women's national kabaddi team|Iran]]<br />
| {{flagicon|TPE|size=30px}}<br>[[Chinese Taipei women's national kabaddi team|Chinese Taipei]]<br />
| {{flagicon|THA|size=30px}}<br>[[Thailand women's national kabaddi team|Thailand]]<br />
|- <br />
|2022<br>''[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|Details]]''<br />
| {{flagicon|CHN|size=30px}}<br>[[Hangzhou]]<br />
|<br />
| {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}<br>[[India women's national kabaddi team|India]]<br />
| '''26-25'''<br />
| {{flagicon|TPE|size=30px}}<br>[[Chinese Taipei women's national kabaddi team|Chinese Taipei]]<br />
|<br />
| {{flagicon|IRI|size=30px}}<br>[[Iran women's national kabaddi team|Iran]]<br />
| {{flagicon|NPL|size=30px}}<br>[[Nepal women's national kabaddi team|Nepal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Federation==<br />
<br />
===India===<br />
The Kabaddi Federation of India (KFI) was founded in 1950, and it compiled a standard set of rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973. The AKFI has given new shape to the rules and it has also the rights of modification in the rules. The Asian Kabaddi Federation was founded under the chairmanship of [[Sharad Pawar]].<br />
<br />
The Governing body of Kabaddi in Asia is the Asian Kabaddi Federation (AKF) headed by Mr. Janardan Singh Gehlot. AKF is affiliated to the Olympic Council of Asia.<br />
<br />
The parent body to regulate the game at the international level is the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF). India won the world cup in December 2013 by defeating Pakistan in finals at Punjab. In 2016 India had won world cup finals by defeating Iran.<br />
<br />
===List of National Sports award recipients in Kabaddi, showing the year, award, and gender===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"<br />
|+ <br />
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year<br />
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient<br />
! scope="col" style="width:19%" | Award<br />
! scope="col" style="width:16%" | Gender<br />
|- {{anchor|KabaddiAA}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1972<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. M. |Shetty|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1973<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhola Nath |Guin|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. P. |Khatavkar|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1980–1981<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shantaram |Jadhav|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1981<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monika |Nath|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1983<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maya |Kashinath|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1986<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rama |Sarkar|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1990<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardeep |Singh|dab=kabaddi player|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1994<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subbiah |Rajaratnam|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1994<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok D. |Shinde|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1995<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. |Ganesan|dab=kabaddi player|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1996<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shriram |Bhavsar|link=Raju Bhavsar}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1996<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neta Moreshwar |Dadwe|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1997<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Randhir |Singh|dab=kabaddi player|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1998<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashan |Kumar|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1998<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Biswajit |Palit|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1999<br />
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Tirath |Raj|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br />
<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1999<br />
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Balwinder |Singh}} {{sup|+}}<br />
<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2000<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. |Honappa|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2001<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. C. |Ramesh|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2002<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Mehar |Singh|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2003<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjeev |Kumar|dab=kabaddi player|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2004<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunder |Singh|dab=kabaddi player|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2005<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramesh |Kumar|dab = kabaddi}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2006<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navneet |Gautam}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2009<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pankaj Navnath |Shirsat|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2010<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh |Kumar|dab=kabaddi|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2011<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rakesh |Kumar|dab = kabaddi}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2011<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tejaswini Bai |V.|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2012<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anup |Kumar|dab = kabaddi}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2014<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mamatha |Poojary}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2015<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manjeet |Chhillar}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2015<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhilasha |Mhatre}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2017<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasvir |Singh|dab = kabaddi}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2019<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajay |Thakur}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2020<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak Niwas |Hooda}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2021<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Narwal|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2022<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sakshi|Kumari|nolink=1}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2007<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shamsher|Singh|dab=kabaddi|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2020<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manpreet|Singh|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2021<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vikas|Kumar|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2022<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B.C.|Suresh|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2019<br />
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Rambir Singh|Khokar|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2020<br />
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Krishan Kumar|Hooda|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2021<br />
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Ashan|Kumar|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2002<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|E. Prasad|Rao|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2005<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Balwan|Singh|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2012<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Dabas}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Female<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2017<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Heera Nand|Kataria|nolink=1}}<br />
| Dronacharya Award || Male<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Key<br />
|-<br />
|{{legend|#E9D4C9| + Indicates a Lifetime contribution honour|outline=orange|border=1px solid red}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Films about kabaddi==<br />
* ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Bheemli Kabadi Jattu]]'' (2010)<br />
* ''[[Kennedy Club]] '' (2019)<br />
* ''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]'' (2020)<br />
* ''[[Seetimaarr]]'' (2021)<br />
'''Pop culture references'''<br />
In the 1993 movie ''[[Little Buddha]]'' in which Keanu Reeves plays the Siddhartha Gautama, a game of kabbadi is depicted.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[India national kabaddi team]]<br />
* [[India women's national kabaddi team]]<br />
* [[Pro Kabaddi League]]<br />
* [[Women's Kabaddi Challenge]]<br />
* [[Kabaddi at the Asian Games]]<br />
* [[World Kabaddi League]]<br />
* [[Global Indian Pravasi Kabaddi League]]<br />
* [[Punjabi Kabaddi]]<br />
* [[Kho kho]]<br />
* [[Tag (game)|Tag]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Sport in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kabaddi in India| ]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na_J%C4%81taka&diff=488608Aṭṭhāna Jātaka2026-01-05T18:43:33Z<p>Juanita09O: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|One of Buddhist jatakas}}<br />
'''Aṭṭhāna Jātaka''' is the 425th story in the [[List of Jatakas|''Jataka'' tales]], a canonical corpus of literature in [[Theravāda Buddhism]] that recounts the previous lives of [[the Buddha]]. It belongs to the ''Aṭṭhaka-nipāta'' ({{gloss|The Book of Eights}}). The story shows that some things are impossible (aṭṭhāna), no matter how hard you try, and it stresses the importance of being able to tell the difference and make good decisions.<ref name="df">{{cite book |last1=Win |first1=U Aung Nyunt |title=ငါးရာ့ငါးဆယ် အနှစ်ချုပ် |publisher=Khin Cho Tun Sarpay |page=555 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYUR0AEACAAJ|date= 2008|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Story==<br />
<br />
According to the canonical account, the story was narrated by [[the Buddha]] while he was staying at [[Jetavana]] about a [[bhikkhu|monk]] who had become dissatisfied with his [[upasampadā|monastic life]] and wished to disrobe. The monk was lovesick for his former wife, who had persuaded him to return to the lay life. The Buddha told this story to demonstrate that this same woman had been ungrateful and treacherous to the monk in a past existence as well, and that he had once been wise enough to reject her.<ref name="a">{{cite book |title=The Jataka Tales (Complete) |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=978-1-4655-7312-4 |page=425 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYaZ3E_ym9IC&dq=A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na+Jataka&pg=PT1738 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="df"/><br />
<br />
In the past, when Brahmadatta was ruling in [[Varanasi]], the Bodhisatta (the Buddha-to-be) was born into a wealthy merchant family. The Bodhisatta fell in love with a beautiful courtesan. For many years, he visited her daily, paying her a fee of one thousand pieces of money for her companionship. He was a loyal patron and lavished his fortune upon her.<ref name="a"/><br />
<br />
One evening, the Bodhisatta arrived at her residence late and empty-handed, having forgotten to bring the usual fee. Despite their long-standing relationship and the immense wealth he had previously given her, the courtesan refused to receive him. She ordered her servants to physically remove him from the premises, stating that she did not extend credit to her company. This act of cold calculation broke the Bodhisatta's infatuation. He lost faith in the world after realizing that her love was purely materialistic and devoid of genuine affection. He left the city right away, journeyed to the [[Himalayas]], and developed ''[[Dhyana in Buddhism|jhānas]]'' (meditative absorptions) as an [[ascetic]].<ref name="a"/><br />
<br />
The King Brahmadatta, a friend of the merchant, inquired about his disappearance. The King summoned the courtesan after learning that her greed had driven his friend away. He told her to bring the merchant back and said he would kill her if she did not. The courtesan was so frightened that she entered the woods and finally found the Bodhisatta's hermitage. She begged him to forgive her and asked him to come back to Vanarasi so they could live together again.<ref name=s/> <br />
<br />
The Bodhisatta declined. He did not show anger, instead analogizing the reunion to other impossibilities:<ref name="s">{{cite book |last1=Cowell |first1=Edward B. |title=The Jātaka or stories of the Buddha's former births |date=1897 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwMXx1OOibUC&dq=Atthana+Jataka&pg=PA282 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{verse translation|lang1=pi|lang2=en<br />
|Ganggā kumudinī santā,<br />
saṅkhavaṇṇā ca kokilā<br />
Jambū tālaphalaṃ dajjā,<br />
atha nūna tadā siyā.<br />
|When the Ganges stands still and becomes covered with [[Sacred lotus in religious art|sacred lotus]]; <br />
When the [[black cuckoo]]s turn white like a [[conch|conch-shell]]; <br />
When the [[Syzygium jambos|rose-apple tree]] bears [[palm fruit]]s— <br />
then, and only then, might [our reunion] be.}}<br />
<br />
The courtesan returned to the King and repeated these verses to the King. The King, understanding that his friend would never return, spared the courtesan's life but accepted that his friend was gone forever. Having delivered this discourse and expounded the Truths, the Bodhisatta became a [[sotāpanna]], someone who has reached the first stage of [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Enlightenment]].<ref name="s"/><br />
<br />
== Analysis ==<br />
The ''Aṭṭhāna Jātaka'' is frequently cited by Indologists as an example of the "motif of impossible conditions" in Indian literature. The American philologist [[Maurice Bloomfield]] categorized the story as a rhetorical "fable of impossible conditions" (''adynaton''), where a character uses a string of natural impossibilities.<ref name="Bloomfield1919">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/289311?seq=4 |last=Bloomfield |first=Maurice |date=1919 |title=The Fable of the Crow and the Palm-Tree: A Psychic Motif in Hindu Fiction |journal=American Journal of Philology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.2307/289311 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|jstor=289311 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
The story features the economic power of courtesans (''[[gaṇikā]]'') in ancient India. The courtesan in the ''Aṭṭhāna Jātaka'' is depicted as a strong woman who manages her own finances and household. The Indian scholar Anil Kumar Tyagi describes her as an "omnipotent dictator" in her home, with the authority to dismiss even a long-term lover if he cannot pay her daily fee.<ref name="IHC">{{cite journal |last1=Tyagi |first1=Anil Kumar |title=Women Workers in the Jatakas |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=45 |year=1984 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=121–128 |jstor=44140189 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140189}}<br />
</ref> Her rule, "I do not give my favours without a thousand pieces," shows that her work was purely business in the Mauryan era and that emotional feelings were seen as harmful to that business.<ref name="IHC"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atthana Jataka}}<br />
[[Category:Jataka tales]]<br />
[[Category:Early Buddhist texts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literature]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Pali Buddhist texts]]<br />
[[Category:Theravada Buddhist texts]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aalok_Shrivastav&diff=483997Aalok Shrivastav2025-12-31T07:41:01Z<p>Juanita09O: Added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian poet, lyricist and journalist (born 1971)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Aalok Shrivastav<br />
| image = Aalok Shrivastav.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Aalok Shrivastav<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|12|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Shajapur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Journalist<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = MA (Hindi)<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Poetry]], [[Narrative|Story]]<br />
| subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --><br />
| notable_works = ''Aameen'' (2007), ''Aafreen'' (2012)<br />
| awards = {{bulleted list|Dushyant Kumar Award by [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Academy]] (MP) (2009)|International Pushkin Award (2011)|Sambhulal Sukhan Award by [[Urdu Academy]] (MP) (2018)}}<br />
| years_active = 1993–present<br />
}}<br />
'''Aalok Shrivastav''' is an Indian poet, lyricist and journalist.<ref name=Amarujala>{{cite news |title=अमर उजाला काव्य की नई श्रृंखला 'कवि, किस्सा और कविता' में आलोक श्रीवास्तव ने सुनाईं अपनी ग़ज़लें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/halchal/news-series-of-talk-on-amar-ujala-kaya-kavi-kissa-or-kavita-first-poet-is-alok-shrivastava |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=12 June 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> His critically acclaimed works include ''Aameen'' (2007),<ref name=fourth/> a poetry collection and ''Afreen'' (2012), a story collection, both published by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]].<ref name=Ajtak/> Aalok's works have won a number of accolades for his works, including the International Pushkin Award<ref name=aajtak/> and [[Dushyant Kumar |Dushyant Kumar Award]] by [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name=navbharat>{{cite news |title=नामवर-जावेद अख्तर ने लोकार्पित की 'आमीन' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uncategorized/267148.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=24 February 2015 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
He hails from [[Vidisha]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. He was born on 30 December 1971, in the [[Shajapur]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He holds an MA in [[Hindi]].<ref name=Amarujala/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Writing===<br />
He published his first collection of poetry, ''Aameen'' by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], in 2007. ''Aameen'' is a [[Ghazal]] collection explaining human values and human relationships. He won the [[Dushyant Kumar|Dushyant Kumar Award]] from [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] [[Sahitya Akademi]] for his debut poetry collection ''Ameen'' in 2009, followed by International Pushkin Award in 2011.<ref name=aajtak>{{cite news |title=आलोक को मिला पुश्किन सम्मान |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india-today-hindi/story/Alok-respect-to-Pushkin-108673-2011-09-01 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=1 September 2011 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The fourth edition of Aalok's Aameen was released by [[Namvar Singh]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] at the [[New Delhi World Book Fair]] in February 2015.<ref name=fourth>{{cite news |title='आमीन' का चौथा संस्करण रिलीज, नामवर सिंह और जावेद अख्तर ने किया लोकार्पण |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/amen-release-of-the-fourth-edition-289975-2015-02-23 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=23 February 2015 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{<br />
cite news |title=आमीन ! हिंदी ! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/268435.html |publisher=[[News18]] |date=3 January 2011 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
He published his second book, ''Aafreen'', a story collection published by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]] in 2012. It was released by Chitra Mudgal and Uday Prakash in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] in the [[World Hindi Conference]].<ref>{{cite news |title=आलोक श्रीवास्तव की पुस्तक आफरीन का विमोचन, फ़जल इमाम को सम्मान |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing/alok-srivastavas-book-afreen-released-15042.html |publisher=Samachar4media |date=27 September 2012 |language=Hindi}}</ref> It was well-received by the readers and critics.<ref name=Ajtak>{{cite news |last1=Ansari |first1=Sayeed |title=इंसानी रिश्तों की कहानियां हैं आलोक श्रीवास्तव के कहानी संग्रह 'आफरीन' में |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/review/story/book-review-aalok-srivastava-story-book-aafreen-206501-2014-03-25 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=25 March 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref> [[Harish Naval]] writing for ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', placed the book, ''Aafreen'' in the list of '13 Most Popular Books of 2013'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naval|first1=Dr. Harish |title=2013 के सबसे चर्चित किताबें |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/other/sunday-nbt/book-review/famous-books-of-2013/articleshow/28063338.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=23 December 2013 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has performed poetry in various countries, including [[United States]], [[England]], [[Russia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[South Africa]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. His works have also been translated into various other languages, including [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] languages.<ref name=Amarujala/><br />
<br />
His literary works have been given voice by [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Ustad Rashid Khan]], [[Shubha Mudgal]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name=Sansad/><ref name=indiatoday/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Anand |title=मशरूफ़ हम बहुत हैं मगर... |journal=The Sunday Indian |date=5 August 2012 |pages=58, 59 |url=}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has written lyrics for the 2011 film, ''Patang'', directed by [[Prashant Bhargava]], followed by writing the lyrics for the 2014 documentary film, ''[[Can't Take This Shit Anymore]]'' and the thriller film ''[[Vodka Diaries]]'' (2018).<ref name=Sansad>{{cite news |title=Shakhsiyat with Aalok Shrivastav |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQzMA3bdcME |publisher=[[Sansad TV]] |date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |title=Aalok Shrivastav's poetry in thriller film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aaloks-poetry-in-thriller-film-14966-2016-06-18 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Abhishek |title='वोदका डायरीज' में होंगी आलोक श्रीवास्तव की कविताएं |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/alok-srivastava-poems-in-vodka-diaries-movie-434143-2017-01-30 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=30 January 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In 2020, he also wrote songs for [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]'s musical drama film, ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh Maa Meri Maa - Atkan Chatkan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTFa2F9uZxM |publisher=[[Zee Music Company]] |date=10 September 2020}}</ref> He has written theme songs called ''Dhadak Dhadak Be Dhadak Dhadak'' for [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]] and ''Na Jaam, Na Jhanjhat'' for [[Lucknow Metro]]. These songs were made for the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] and were directed by [[Kushal Srivastava]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gite |first1=Manish |title=UP की मेट्रो बेधड़क चलाई, अब वोदका डायरी के पन्ने खोलेंगे आलोक |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/ghazals-and-songs-of-aalok-shrivastava-full-profile-biography-1521606/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=7 March 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
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He has written the song ''Watan'' for [[Doordarshan]] and [[Prasar Bharti]], which Javed Ali sung and released by [[Prakash Javadekar]], the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=क्या आपने सुना है देशप्रेम से भरा पत्रकार आलोक श्रीवास्तव व जावेद अली का ये गीत |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing-news/journalist-alok-srivastava-and-javed-ali-new-song-release-51486.html |publisher=Samachar4media |date=14 August 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{<br />
cite news |title=केंद्रीय मंत्री श्री प्रकाश जावडेकर ने दूरदर्शन द्वारा निर्मित देशभक्ति गीत "वतन" देश को समर्पित किया |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1581823 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=13 August 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> His poem, ''Mai Naye Bharat Ka Chehra Hun'', which he wrote for [[Doordarshan]], was recited by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and was launched at the celebratory event of the 60th anniversary of [[Doordarshan]] in September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ratnesh |title=अमिताभ बच्चन का स्वर और आलोक श्रीवास्तव की कविता: दूरदर्शन के 60 साल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/halchal/amitabh-bachchan-recited-the-aalok-shrivastav-poem-on-the-occasion-of-doordarshan-celebration |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=16 September 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
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His music album ''Eternal'' was sung and composed by ghazal singer [[Jaswinder Singh (singer)|Jaswinder Singh]], won the AAMA Award for the Best Album Of the Year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Rajeev Dutt |title=मेरा फ़िल्मी लेखन भी महान शायरों को श्रद्धांजलि है: आलोक श्रीवास्तव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-my-film-writing-is-a-tribute-to-great-shayars-alok-shrivastav-2211829.html |publisher=Hindustan |date=8 October 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Aalok has also written the lyrics for [[Anoushka Shankar]]'s album, ''[[Traveller (Anoushka Shankar album)|Traveller]]'' (2012), released in the US and was nominated for [[Grammy Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=आलोक श्रीवास्तव के गीत वाला अनुष्का शंकर का 'ट्रैवलर' ग्रैमी में नॉमिनेट |url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/old1/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B5/ |publisher=Bhadas4media.com |date=17 December 2012 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In June 2015, he released his [[Ghazal]] album, ''Khwaabon Ki Kahaani'', sung by [[Pankaj Udhas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बहुत दिनों बाद छाई ग़ज़ल की खुशबू- पंकज उधास का नया म्यूजिकल एलबम 'ख्वाबों की कहानी' रिलीज |url=https://mayapuri.com/after-a-long-time-dominated-the-scent-of-ghazal-pankaj-udhas-new-musical-album-the-story-of-dreams-release/ |publisher=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]] |date=28 June 2015 |language=Hindi |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208043100/https://mayapuri.com/after-a-long-time-dominated-the-scent-of-ghazal-pankaj-udhas-new-musical-album-the-story-of-dreams-release/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of his other notable music albums includes ''Eternal'' (2016) by [[Jaswinder Singh (singer)|Jaswinder Singh]] and ''Noor'' (2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=Eternal – Jaswinder Singh featuring Aalok Shrivastav |url=https://english.webdunia.com/article/bollywood-masala/eternal-%E2%80%93-jaswinder-singh-featuring-aalok-shrivastav-116082300006_1.html |publisher=Webdunia |date=23 August 2016}}</ref> by Sudeep Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news |title=जब मॉडल बनीं ऋचा अनिरुद्ध, लाए आलोक श्रीवास्तव 'नूर' का खजाना |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing/singal-ghazal-noor-of-aalok-shrivastav-and-sudeep-banerji-released-48291.html |publisher=Samachar4media |date=8 August 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Journalism ===<br />
Aalok worked with media organisations like ''[[Aaj Tak]]'', ''[[India TV]]'' and ''[[Doordarshan]]'' for almost 15 years as a print and television journalist. He began freelancing for ''[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]'' and other newspapers in the 1990s. He started TV journalism with ''[[India TV]]'' in 2005. In 2007, he joined ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' and produced significant TV programs on religion, sports, politics. In July 2014, Srivastav joined ''[[DD National]]'', a state-owned public TV channel, as National Channel Advisor in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aalok Srivastav joins DD National as National Channel Advisor |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/aalok-srivastav-joins-dd-national-as-national-channel-advisor-56358.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sanjukta |title=DD National appoints Aalok Srivastav as channel advisor |url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/media-buzz/dd-national-appoints-aalok-srivastav-as-channel-advisor/12914 |publisher=Bollywood Helpline |date=2 July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
; As writer<br />
* ''Aameen'' (2007) (5 editions); [[Rajkamal Prakashan]] (Poetry collection) {{ISBN|978-8126714308}}<br />
* '' Aafreen'' (2012); [[Rajkamal Prakashan]] (Story collection) {{ISBN|978-8126723478}}<br />
; As editor<br />
* ''Nai Duniya Ko Salaam'' ([[Ali Sardar Jafri]]) (1998)<br />
* ''Humkadam'' ([[Nida Fazli]]) (1999)<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
; As lyricist<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Singer(s) !! Song<br />
|-<br />
| 2011|| ''Patang : The Kite''|| [[Shubha Mudgal]] || ''Udaan'' and ''Sundar Sapna Toot Gaya''<br />
|-<br />
| 2014|| ''[[Can't Take This Shit Anymore]]''|| Women of [[Kushinagar]] || ''Tatti''<br />
|-<br />
| 2018|| ''[[Vodka Diaries]]''|| [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Ustad Rashid Khan]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]|| ''Sakhi Ri''<br />
|-<br />
| 2020|| ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''|| Runa Sivamani|| ''Oh Maa Meri Ma''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Albums ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Album !! Artist(s) !! Lyricist !! Label<br />
|-<br />
| ''Koshish''|| [[Shubha Mudgal]]|| Aalok Shrivastav|| [[Underscore Records Pvt. Ltd.|Underscore Records]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Tarana-E-Percussion''|| [[Shubha Mudgal]]|| Aalok Shrivastav|| [[Underscore Records Pvt. Ltd.|Underscore Records]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Inteha'' (2009)|| [[Jagjit Singh]]|| Aalok Shrivastav|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Traveller (Anoushka Shankar album)|Traveller]]'' (2011)|| [[Anoushka Shankar]] || Aalok Shrivastav|| [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aakhir Kyon''|| [[Shubha Mudgal]]|| Aalok Shrivastav|| [[Underscore Records Pvt. Ltd.|Underscore Records]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Voice Forever'' (2013)|| [[Jagjit Singh]] || Aalok Shrivastav || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Khwaabon ki Kahaani'' (2015)|| [[Pankaj Udhas]] || Aalok Shrivastav || [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ehsaas Ki Khushboo'' (2015)|| [[Pankaj Udhas]] || Aalok Shrivastav || [[Times Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Eternal'' (2016)|| [[Jaswinder Singh (singer)|Jaswinder Singh]] || Aalok Shrivastav || [[ArtistAloud.com|ArtistAloud]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Noor'' (2018) || Sudeep Banerji || Aalok Shrivastav || [[ArtistAloud.com|ArtistAloud]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
* He won the Dushyant Kumar Award, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009 for his poetry collection, ''Ameen''.<ref name=navbharat/><ref>{{cite news |title=मेरा फन समझ सकेगा, जरा देर से जमाना... |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/RAJ-AJM-OMC-MAT-latest-ajmer-news-044031-2681988-NOR.html/ |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=20 September 2015}}</ref><br />
* In 2009, he was awarded the Hemant Memorial Poetry Award by the Hemant Foundation for his book ''Aameen''.<ref>{{cite news |title=हेमंत फाउंडेशन का "विजय वर्मा कथा सम्मान" एवं "हेमंत स्मृति कविता सम्मान" |url=http://www.sahityakunj.net/SAMACHAR/India/hemant_foundation_katha_kavita_samman_2009.htm |publisher=Sahityakunj |date=2 July 2009 |language=Hindi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129025122/http://www.sahityakunj.net/SAMACHAR/India/hemant_foundation_katha_kavita_samman_2009.htm |archive-date=29 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* In 2011, he was awarded the International Pushkin Award by the Bharat Mitra Mandal, [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] for his work, ''Aameen'', which is also translated into the [[Russian language]]. The award was bestowed by poet [[Alexander Senkevich]].<ref name=aajtak/><br />
* In April 2014, Aalok was honoured with the International Hindi Award by International Hindi Association for his contribution to Hindi [[Ghazal]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], USA.<ref>{{cite news |title=आज तक के आलोक श्रीवास्तव को अमेरिका में मिला अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हिंदी सम्मान |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/renowned-poet-and-aaj-tak-journalist-aalok-shrivastav-recieved-international-hindi-award-in-usa-207962-2014-04-13 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=13 April 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* In November 2015, Aalok Shrivastav was honoured with Hindi Ghazal Award at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] by Katha UK, a British cultural organisation.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |last1=Naveen |first1=P |title=Aalok Shrivastav, gazal writer from Madhya Pradesh honoured in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aalok-shrivastav-gazal-writer-from-madhya-pradesh-honoured-in-london/articleshow/49703480.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='रिश्तों को बचा रही है भारत की नई गजल: ब्रिटिश सांसद |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/alok-srivastava-gets-katha-uk-hindi-ghazal-samman-318058-2015-11-07 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=7 November 2015 |location=[[London]] |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* In May 2015, he was honoured with the 'Rashtriya Dushyant Kumar Alankaran' Award by Dushyant Kumar Smarak Pandulipi Sangrahlaya, Bhopal, for the year 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |title=कवि, लेखक और टीवी पत्रकार आलोक श्रीवास्तव 'राष्ट्रीय दुष्यंत कुमार अलंकरण' हेतु चयनित |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-1426845819-2 |agency=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |publisher=Jagran Josh |date=20 March 2015 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=आलोक श्रीवास्तव को दुष्यन्त कुमार अलंकरण |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/poet-and-lyricist-aalok-shrivastav-will-be-given-dushyan-kumar-alankaran-292328-2015-03-18 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=18 March 2015 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* He also received the [[Firaq Gorakhpuri |Firaq Gorakhpuri Award]] for poetry in 2017.<ref name=Amarujala/><br />
* In 2018, he was awarded the Sambhulla Sukhan Award by the [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Urdu Academy]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Department of Culture]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=आलोक को मप्र की उर्दू अकादमी करेगी सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-vidisha-news-062504-1669209.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=10 May 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.aajtak.in/literature/poems/story/50-shayri-of-famous-poet-aalok-shrivastva--230281-2014-12-30 Poetry of Aalok Shrivastav] at ''[[Aaj Tak]]''<br />
* [https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/ek-kavita-roz-3-ghazals-by-alok-srivastava/ 3 Ghazals by Aalok Shrivatav] at ''[[The Lallantop]]''<br />
* [http://www.vishwahindidb.com/show_scholar.aspx?id=325 Aalok Shrivastav's Profile] at [[World Hindi Secretariat]]<br />
* [https://www.amarujala.com/kavya-charcha-with-poet-aalok-shrivastav कवि, किस्सा और कविता] at ''[[Amar Ujala]]''<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrivastav, Aalok}}<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shajapur]]<br />
[[Category:People from Vidisha]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Fytche&diff=471902Albert Fytche2025-12-27T19:03:48Z<p>Juanita09O: cleaned up content to improve readability to improve readability</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|honorific-prefix = [[Lieutenant-General]]<br />
|name = Albert Fytche<br />
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]<br />
|image = Albert Fytche.PNG<br />
|office = 2nd [[List of colonial heads of Burma|Chief Commissioner of Burma]]<br />
|term_start = 16 February 1867<br />
|term_end = 18 April 1871<br />
|monarch = <br />
|predecessor = [[Arthur Purves Phayre]]<br />
|successor = [[Ashley Eden]]<br />
|birth_date = 21 September 1820<ref>{{cite book |last1= List|first1= Army|title=Official Quarterly Half-Yearly Army List |date=1881 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ff8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|birth_place = <br />
|death_date = 16 June 1892 (aged 71)<br />
|death_place = [[Bournemouth]], Dorset, England<br />
|nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]<br />
|spouse = <!---{{marriage||}}---><br />
|relations = <br />
|children = <br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|occupation = [[Administrator of the Government|Administrator]]<br />
|religion = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Fytche Square, Rangoon.jpg|thumb|Fytche Square, Rangoon, (now [[Maha Bandula Park|Mahabandula Garden]]), looking towards the Sule Pagoda. The square dates from 1867 to 1868, when a vacant, swampy site originally known as Tank Square was cleared and laid out as a public recreation ground.]]<br />
[[Lieutenant-General]] '''Albert Fytche''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (21 September 1820 – 16 June 1892) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer who served as [[British rule in Burma|Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma]] from February 1867 to April 1871. Educated at [[Rugby School]] and commissioned in the 1830s, he was promoted to captain in the 1840s. A string of promotions followed: major in 1853, lieutenant-colonel in 1862, colonel in 1864, major-general in 1868 and lieutenant-general in 1877.<br />
<br />
The bird ''[[Bambusicola fytchii]]'' is named in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beolens |first1=Bo |last2=Watkins |first2=Michael |last3=Grayson |first3=Michael |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Birds |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-8269-8 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_3QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was the son of John Fytche of Thorpe Hall, Louth, Lincolnshire, and Anne Wilson. He was a descendant of [[Ralph Fitch]] and [[William Fytche]]. His father's sister, Elizabeth, married Rev. George Clayton Tennyson,<ref>{{cite book |title=Fitch of Louth |date=1906 |publisher=The Harleian Society |page=1226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIE_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1226 |language=en}}</ref> making him a first cousin of [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], to whom he dedicated his book, ''Burma, Past and Present''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vibart |first1=Henry Meredith |title=Addiscombe: Its Heroes and Men of Note |date=1894 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Company |page=478 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8TbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA478 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryley |first1=John Horton |last2=Fitch |first2=Ralph |title=Ralph Fitch, England's Pioneer to India and Burma: His Companions and Contemporaries, with His Remarkable Narrative Told in His Own Words |year=1899 |publisher=T. F. Unwin |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YZCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA200 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* {{Citation |title=Official Narrative of and Papers connected with the Expedition to explore the Trade Routes to China via Bhamo under the guidance of Major E. B. Sladen, Political Agent, Mandalay |date=1869 |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Tibet%20and%20China/1869%20Expedition%20to%20explore%20Trade%20Routes%20to%20China%20via%20Bhamo%20by%20Sladen%20s.pdf |place=Rangon |publisher=British Burma Press}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Fytche |first=Albert |title=Burma, Past and Present |year=1878 |publisher=C. K. Paul & Co.}} [[iarchive:b29352393_0001|Volume I]] [[iarchive:burmapastpresen02fytc/page/n10|Volume II]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Myanmar World Statesmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401111651/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Myanmar |date=1 April 2019 }}<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{succession box|title=[[Chief Commissioner]] of [[British Crown Colony]] of [[Burma]]|years=1867&ndash;1871|before= Sir [[Arthur Purves Phayre]]<br />
|after= [[Ashley Eden]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fytche, Albert}}<br />
[[Category:1820 births]]<br />
[[Category:1892 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Administrators in British Burma]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century British writers]]<br />
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{{UK-gov-bio-stub}}</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_oath_of_office_ceremony_of_Narendra_Modi&diff=533859Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi2025-12-14T03:21:30Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating The Info W/ Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox historical event<br />
| Image_Name =PM Modi Swearing in 2019 LS.jpg <br />
| Image_Caption = Narendra Modi takes the oath of office as the<br />[[Prime Minister of India]], with President Ram Nath Kovind administering the oath.<br />
| Participants = [[Prime Minister of India]],&nbsp;[[Narendra Modi]]<br />[[Second Modi ministry]] {{center|<small>''Assuming office''</small>}}[[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]]{{center|<small>''Administering oath''</small>}}<br />
| Location = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]], India<br /> {{coord|28.6143|77.199|display=inline,title}}<br />
| Date ={{Start date and age|2019|05|30}}<br />
| URL = <br />
|notes={{Succession links|left=[[First oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|2014]]|right=[[Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|2024]]}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Narendra Modi series}}<br />
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|200px|Forecourt of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the venue of the ceremony]]<br />
{{quote box<br />
|title= Oath of office<br />
|quote= I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Prime Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.<br />
|source= [[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part I<br />
|width=33%<br />
}}<br />
{{quote box<br />
|title= Oath of secrecy<br />
|quote= I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Prime Minister for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister.<br />
|source= [[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part II<br />
|width=33%<br />
}}<br />
<section begin="lead section" /><!--This is necessary so that this section can be transcluded to [[2019 Indian general election]] – please do not remove-->[[Narendra Modi]], parliamentary leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], started his tenure after his oath of office as the 16th [[Prime Minister of India]] on 30 May 2019. Several [[Second Modi ministry|other ministers]] were also sworn in along with Modi. The ceremony was noted by media for being the first ever oath of office of an Indian Prime Minister to have been attended by the heads of all [[BIMSTEC]] countries.<section end=lead section /><!--This is necessary so that this section can be transcluded to [[2019 Indian general election]] – please do not remove--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{Main|2019 Indian general election}}<br />
After the [[Results of the 2019 Indian general election|declaration of election results]] in May 2019, Modi met the [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in May where Kovind invited Modi to form the next government. The BJP had won 303 seats and their alliance [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] won a total of 353 seats in the 543-seat [[Lok Sabha]], the strongest mandate since the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 elections]] where [[Indian National Congress]] had won. The BJP then announced that Modi would be sworn in on 30 May 2019 at 7&nbsp;p.m. For the first time in India, a non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government was re-elected.<br />
<br />
==Invitees==<br />
Along with [[Mauritius]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], all the countries in [[BIMSTEC]] were invited distinct from invitation to SAARC countries in [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|first ceremony]].<ref>{{citation |title=High-profile world leaders to attend PM Modi's swearing-in ceremony. A look at guest list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-narendra-swearing-ceremony-prime-minister-guest-list-world-leaders-bimstec-rashtrapati-bhavan-1537283-2019-05-29 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 May 2019 }}</ref> Over 8,000 Indian and international guests including various politicians, diplomats, government officials, constitutional authorities and [[Head of state|heads of the states]] were invited.<ref name = "Livemint oath ceremony 2019">{{Cite news|title = Modi Swearing-in Highlights: New team blend of youthful energy, experience: PM|url = https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-narendra-modi-swearing-in-oath-ceremony-live-updates-1559197877056.html|date = 31 May 2019|accessdate = 3 May 2019|newspaper = [[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]]}}</ref><br />
[[File:BIMSTEC (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|BIMSTEC on world map]]<br />
<br />
===International dignitaries===<br />
{{main|Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government}}<br />
Eight foreign leaders attended Prime Minister Modi's oath of office ceremony.<br />
<br />
*{{flag|Bangladesh}} -[[Mohammad Abdul Hamid|Abdul Hamid]], President of Bangladesh attended the ceremony on behalf of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and reiterated the importance of strengthening bilateral ties.<ref>{{Cite news|title = President Abdul Hamid to Modi: Bangladesh waiting to see Teesta issue resolved|url = https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/05/31/president-abdul-hamid-to-modi-bangladesh-waiting-to-see-teesta-issue-resolved|date = 31 May 2019|accessdate = 3 May 2019|newspaper = [[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Bhutan}} - Prime Minister [[Lotay Tshering]] attended the ceremony on behalf of Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite news|title = PM Narendra Modi holds bilateral meetings with Bhutan Prime Minister Lotay Tshering|url= https://orissadiary.com/pm-narendra-modi-holds-bilateral-meetings-bhutan-prime-minister-lotay-tshering/|date = May 31, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|newspaper = Orissa Diary}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} - President [[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]] as representative and guest from [[Kyrgyz Republic]]. The leader reiterated his invitation to Modi for [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] summit which is due to be held in Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite news|title = After taking oath, PM Modi holds bilateral talks with Kyrgyzstan President Sooronbay Jeenbekov|url = https://www.freepressjournal.in/headlines/after-taking-oath-pm-modi-holds-bilateral-talks-with-kyrgyzstan-president-sooronbay-jeenbekov/1536953|date = May 31, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|newspaper = [[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Mauritius}} - Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]] as the guest from Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/mauritius-pm-arrives-in-delhi-to-attend-modis-swearing-in-ceremony20190530070657|title = Mauritius PM arrives in Delhi to attend Modi's swearing-in ceremony|date = May 30, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|publisher = [[Asian News International]]}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Myanmar}} - Myanmar President [[Win Myint (politician, born 1951)|Win Myint]] attended the ceremony on behalf of state counsellor [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] who was on her visit to Europe. Raveesh Kumar, spokesperson of Indian external ministry described Myanmar as a "pillar" of India's [[Act East policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Myanmar Prez reaches Delhi to attend Modi's swearing-in|url = https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/myanmar-prez-reaches-delhi-to-attend-modi-s-swearing-in-119053000478_1.html|date = May 30, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|newspaper = [[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Nepal}} - Prime Minister [[KP Sharma Oli]] attended ceremony. Oli conveyed invitation extended by President [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]] to Indian President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Modi accepts Oli's invite to visit Nepal|url = https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-accepts-prime-minister-kp-sharma-oli-invite-to-visit-nepal/|date = June 1, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|newspaper = [[The Himalayan Times]]}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}} - Sri Lankan President [[Maithripala Sirisena]] attended the ceremony and invited Narendra Modi to visit Sri Lanka in June. Visit is scheduled between June 7 and 9.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Sri Lanka President, Indian PM commit to closer bilateral cooperation for peace and security|url = http://www.colombopage.com/archive_19A/May31_1559315730CH.php|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190531174233/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_19A/May31_1559315730CH.php|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 31 May 2019|date = May 31, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|newspaper = Colombo Page}}</ref><br />
*{{flag|Thailand}} - Special envoy Grisada Boonrach attended the ceremony as representative and guest from Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Grisada Boonrach, Special Envoy of the Kingdom of Thailand arrives in New Delhi for attending swearing-in ceremony of Prime Minister|url = https://mea.gov.in/newsdetail1.htm?7092/|date = May 30, 2019|accessdate = June 3, 2019|work = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===National dignitaries===<br />
[[Chief minister (India)|Chief Ministers]] of all the Indian states were listed among invitees. However, [[Navin Patnaik]], Chief Minister of [[Odisha]], [[Bhupesh Baghel]], Chief Minister of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jagan Mohan Reddy]], Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]] were unable to attend ceremony. [[Mamata Banerjee]], Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]] rejected the invitation.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Complete guest list of PM Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complete-guest-list-of-pm-narendra-modi-s-swearing-in-ceremony-1538012-2019-05-30|date = May 30, 2019|accessdate = June 4, 2019|newspaper = [[India Today]]}}</ref> Besides that, various opposition leaders including [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Sonia Gandhi]] and former Prime Ministers were invited. A number of Indian businessmen, sportsmen and film artists also made it into the list of guests invited.<br />
<br />
Families of BJP workers who were left dead in violence by [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] in [[West Bengal]] were also invited to the ceremony. Many religious leaders belonging to all major religions were also invited.<br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
{{flag|Pakistan}} - [[Imran Khan]], Prime Minister of Pakistan congratulated Narendra Modi just after [[2019 Indian general election#Opinion polls, exit polls and seat projections|exit polls]]. Pakistani Foreign Minister [[Shah Mehmood Qureshi]] and various Pakistani media outlets accused Modi of pursuing anti Pakistan policy for political gains for not inviting Pakistani head of the state to ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Qureshi makes light of no invitation for PM to Modi's oath-taking|url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1484989|date = May 28, 2019|accessdate = June 4, 2019|newspaper = [[Dawn (newspaper)|The Dawn]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} - The [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company]] (ADNOC) marked the occasion by lighting up the [[ADNOC Headquarters]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] with the colors of the Indian and UAE flags and portraits of Narendra Modi and Abu Dhabi Crown Prince [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Video: ADNOC marks Modi's inauguration as Prime Minister of India |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/adnoc-marks-modis-inauguration-as-prime-minister-of-india-12 |website=Khaleej Times |accessdate=31 May 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235824/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/adnoc-marks-modis-inauguration-as-prime-minister-of-india-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Abu Dhabi celebrates PM Modi swearing-in, lights up Adnoc tower in tricolour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/watch-abu-dhabi-celebrates-pm-modi-swearing-in-lights-up-adnoc-tower-1538981-2019-05-30 |website=India Today |date=30 May 2019 |accessdate=31 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UAE govt marks Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony by lighting up iconic ADNOC building with tricolour, PM's potrait [sic&#93; |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/uae-govt-marks-narendra-modis-swearing-in-ceremony-by-lighting-up-iconic-adnoc-building-with-tricolour-pms-potrait-6732221.html |website=Firstpost |date=31 May 2019 |accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Now this is true friendship!' Here's how UAE celebrated PM Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony {{!}} India News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/now-this-is-true-friendship-here-s-how-uae-celebrated-pm-narendra-modi-s-swearing-in-ceremony/428575 |website=Times Now |accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref><br />
{{clear|right}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Narendra Modi}}<br />
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]<br />
[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Modi administration]]<br />
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]<br />
[[Category:Oaths]]<br />
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]<br />
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Inaugural addresses]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]<br />
[[Category:2019 in international relations]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naduar_Assembly_constituency&diff=519786Naduar Assembly constituency2025-12-13T08:03:49Z<p>Juanita09O: Made redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Nadaur Assembly constituency]]<br />
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{{R from misspelling}}</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhila_Kishore&diff=485275Akhila Kishore2025-11-23T12:17:25Z<p>Juanita09O: New</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Akhila Kishore<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = Alankrit Chona (m.2018)<br />
| height = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2013–2016<br />
| homepage =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akhila Kishore''' is a former Indian actress who has appeared in Kannada and Tamil language films. After making her debut in the Kannada film ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'' (2013).She won critical acclaim for her performances in ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014).<ref name="sify">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/what-s-next-for-akhila-kishore-imagegallery-1-kannada-oi1lT0ffcdjjb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828022800/http://www.sify.com/movies/What-s-next-for-Akhila-Kishore-imagegallery-1-Kannada-oi1lT0ffcdjjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2014 |title=What's next for Akhila Kishore? |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
After completing her college and gaining a BE in Computer Science from the Global Academy of Technology, the 6 feet tall Akhila chose to venture into modelling and gained success participating in beauty pageants.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Techies-and-doctors-invade-silver-screen-in-Karnataka/articleshow/22041045.cms |title=Techies and doctors invade silver screen in Karnataka |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2013 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Five-heroines-in-Boys-but-no-cat-fights-yet-Akhila-Kishore/articleshow/24671997.cms |title=Five heroines in Boys, but no cat-fights yet: Akhila Kishore |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> She received recognition, gaining awards at the [[Femina Miss India Bangalore 2013]] competition including ''MISS FASHION ICON'' along with [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] . Akhila made her film debut with the 2013 Kannada film, ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'', with a critic noting she was "good" for the role.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-pade-pade-is-a-neat-entertainer/20130218.htm |title=Review: Pade Pade is a neat entertainer - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> The actress was then asked to audition for a role in ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' by director [[R. Parthiepan]], and was subsequently selected to work on the film alongside several other newcomers.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-want-to-do-more-films-across-genres-akhila-kishore/article6345119.ece |title=I want to do more films across genres: Akhila Kishore |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2014 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> The film won positive reviews, as did Akhila for her performance, and she was subsequently signed on to work on the sequel.<ref name="silverscreen">{{cite web |url=http://silverscreen.in/news/akhila-kishore-joins-kadhai-irukku/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223031102/http://silverscreen.in/news/akhila-kishore-joins-kadhai-irukku/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2014 |title=Akhila Kishore Joins Kadhai Irukku |date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Silverscreen.in |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
She subsequently signed on to appear in a role alongside [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] in ''Inimey Ippadithan'', which released in June 2015.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} <br />
She completed ''Masters'' from ''[[San Jose State University]]'' and working in Intel. She got married on 2 December 2018 to Alankrit Chona.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2013 || ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'' || Kanchana || [[Kannada]]|| Nominated, [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Kannada Female Debut]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2014 || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Daksha|| Tamil || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''Q Premaku Chavuku'' || rowspan="2" | Dona || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || rowspan="2" |Bilingual film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Q Preethigu Saavigu'' || Kannada <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Inimey Ippadithaan]]'' ||Akhila || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2016 || ''[[Moondraam Ullaga Por]]'' || Madhivadhani / Madhi || Tamil ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=5859392|name=Akhila Kishore}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://akhilakishore.com/ |title=I, Me & Myself |last=Kishore |first=Akhila |website=Official Website |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302120559/http://akhilakishore.com/ |url-status=dead }}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Akhila}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_council_(India)&diff=461667District council (India)2025-11-04T17:01:34Z<p>Juanita09O: refined section for consistency and fixed typos to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Third and highest tier of the Panchayati Raj system of local governance}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{One source|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{More footnotes|date=August 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Politics of India}}<br />
{| class="infobox" style="width:300px; font-size:90%; text-align:left;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%; background:#d5e5f5;" | District Council (Zilla Parishad)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Emblem of India.svg|100px]]<br />
|-<br />
! Also known as<br />
| Zilla Parishad, District Panchayat<br />
|-<br />
! Level of government<br />
| [[List of districts in India|District]] (Rural local government)<br />
|-<br />
! Part of<br />
| [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj System]]<br />
|-<br />
! Constituting instrument<br />
|<br />
* [[Constitution of India|73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992]]<br />
<br />
* State legislation<br />
|-<br />
! Jurisdiction<br />
| Entire district (except urban areas/municipal areas)<br />
|-<br />
!Constituencies / Wards<br />
|Each district divided into territorial constituencies (number varies by population and state law)<br />
|-<br />
! Head<br />
| President<br />
|-<br />
! Deputy Head<br />
| Vice president<br />
|-<br />
! Administrative officer<br />
(Secretary)<br />
| [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]/[[Civil Services of India|State Civil Service]])<br />
|-<br />
! Term length<br />
| 5 years<br />
|-<br />
! Voting system<br />
| [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]<br />
|-<br />
! Parent department<br />
| [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]<br />
|}<br />
The '''Zila Panchayat''' or '''District Development Council''' or '''Zilla Parishad''' or '''District Panchayat''' is the third tier of the [[Panchayati Raj]] system and functions at the [[List of districts in India|district]] levels in all states. A Zila Parishad is an elected local body representing the entire rural area of a district. A District Panchayat is headed by a president, (also known as ''Adhyaksha''), who is elected from among its elected members. The vice president (''Upadhyaksha'') assists the president. The executive functions are carried out by the chief executive officer or secretary, a senior administrative officer appointed by the [[State governments of India|state government]]. The Zila parishad acts as the link between the state government and the block-level [[Panchayat samiti|Block Panchayat]].<ref name=":0">Kerala Panchayat Raj Act <br />
<br />
https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/17251/1/the-kerala-panchayat-raj-act-1994.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
The District Panchayat oversees development planning, coordination, and implementation of government schemes across rural areas of the district.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Zila Parishad are Panchayats at Apex or District Level in Panchayat Raj Institutions, and Gram Panchayat is the base unit at village level in [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]].<br />
<br />
The 73rd Amendment is about ''Governments''' (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions [http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm?keps2=8-10]<br />
* ''Panchayat at District (or apex) Level''<br />
* ''Panchayat at Intermediate Level''<br />
* ''Panchayat at Base Level''<br />
<br />
==Composition==<br />
[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|500x500px|Administrative structure of India]]<br />
The Zilla Parishad is headed by a president and vice president. The Zilla Parishad consists of a president and vice president, elected members and ex-officio members and various standing committees.<br />
<br />
The Zilla Parishad encompasses the entire area of Gram Panchayats within that respective district. This Zila Parishad area is divided into divisions, and each represented by a member, elected by the people of that division.<br />
<br />
The chairmen of all the '''[[Panchayat Samiti]]s''' under the district are the ex officio members of Zila Parishad.<br />
<br />
The chief executive officer, who is an IAS officer or state civil service officer, heads the administrative setup of the Zila Parishad. He/ She supervises the divisions of the parishad and is assisted by deputy CEOs and other officials at district- and block-level officers. The deputy chief executive officer from General Administration department at district level is ex-officio secretary of Zila Parishad.<br />
<br />
== Election ==<br />
Elections occur every 5 years. The Zilla Parishad is divided into divisions or wards, and people in each division vote for their representative. These elected members, along with the president and vice president, form the Zilla Parishad. The president and vice president in a Zilla Parishad are elected from among the elected meffice for elected members in a Zilla Parishad, including the president and vice-president, is typically five years. All people over the age of 18 who are residents of the territory of that district's Zilla Parishad can vote.<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&orderno=100 Qualification of membership for election to Zilla Parishad]</ref><br />
<br />
Elections are conducted by the respective [[State election commission (India)|state election commissions]].<br />
<br />
==Administrative structure==<br />
The chief executive officer (CEO), who is a [[Civil Service|civil servant]] under [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] or '''State Administrative Service''' cadre, heads the administrative machinery of the Zila Parishad. He is also nominated by the government. He may also be district magistrate in some states. The CEO supervises the divisions of the parishad and executes its development schemes.In some states, like Kerala, the chief executive officer of the District Panchayat is known as the secretary.This provision is by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.<br />
<br />
== Function ==<br />
# The Zila Parishad is an official body that coordinates the activities of the Panchayats in all its developmental activities, such as minor irrigation works, vocational and industrial schools, village industries, sanitation and public health among others.<br />
#It advises the State Government on all matters relating to the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis under its supervision and the needs of the rural population living therein.<br />
#It also supervises the work of the Panchayats. It also scrutinizes the budget estimates of Panchayat Samitis in some states like Assam, Bihar and Punjab.<br />
#It functions mostly through various Standing Committees, which oversee and coordinate the common programmes of the villages under its jurisdiction.<br />
<br />
== Sources of income ==<br />
#taxes on water, pilgrimage, markets, etc. Fixed grant from the State Government in proportion with the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishad. The Zila Parishad can collect some money from the panchayats with the approval of the government.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gram panchayat]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* ''Our Civic Life (Civics and Administration)'' Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune<br />
<br />
{{Local government in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrawal&diff=466518Agrawal2025-10-27T03:52:16Z<p>Juanita09O: brief correct formatting for clarity additionally and added references per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bania community in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Agrawal<br />
| image = Maharja Agrasena.jpeg<br />
| caption = [[Agrasen|Maharaja Agrasen]], the legendary king who was the forefather of Agrawals<br />
| regions = [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]<br />
| rels = Majority: [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] <br> Minority: [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]<ref name="Harrison2015">{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Selig S. |title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades |date=8 December 2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7780-5 |page=115 |language=English |quote=Some subsects of the Oswals and Agarwals were converted to Jainism in the 16th century.}}</ref><ref name="SikandKatju1994"/><br />
}}<br />
'''Agrawal''' ('''Agarwal''', '''Agerwal''', '''Agrawala''', '''Agarwala''', '''Agarwalla''', '''Aggarwal''', '''Agarawal''', '''Agarawala''', or '''Aggrawal''') is a [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] [[Vaishya]] caste. The Banias of northern [[India]] are a cluster of several communities.<ref name=AakarPatel>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |date=2015-02-06 |title=A history of the Agarwals |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TYwWWYXGX3L72a1psxhe3N/A-history-of-the-Agarwals.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
They are found throughout [[North India|northern India]], mainly in the states of [[Rajasthan, India|Rajasthan]], [[Haryana, India|Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Delhi NCR|Delhi]], [[Chhattisgarh|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They are also found in the Pakistani provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]], though at the time of the [[partition of India]], most of them migrated across the newly created border to independent India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Babu Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJQrAAAAIAAJ |title=Trade and Commerce in Rajasthan During the 18th Century |page=88 |date=1987 |publisher=Jaipur Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das2012">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Sibir Ranjan |title=Resilience and Identity in Urban India: Anthropology of Barmer and Tehri |date=2012 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-922974-9-1 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Gulzar Ahmed Chaudhry|date=4 June 2014|title=Nagar Mahal – from Agarwals to Sukheras |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1110497 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |location=Pakistan}}</ref> Most Agrawals follow [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Hinduism]] or [[Jainism]], while a minority adhere to Islam or Christianity.<ref name="Harrison2015"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goh |first=Robbie B. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyJLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |title=Protestant Christianity in the Indian Diaspora: Abjected Identities, Evangelical Relations, and Pentecostal Visions |date=2018-02-08 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6944-7 |language=en |quote=Agarwal recounts how the news of his own conversion was greeted by his grandmother in Punjab...}}</ref><ref name="SikandKatju1994">{{cite journal |last1=Sikand |first1=Yoginder |last2=Katju |first2=Manjari |title=Mass Conversions to Hinduism among Indian Muslims |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=20 August 1994 |volume=29 |issue=34 |pages=2214–2219 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Agrawal are the descendants of Maharaja [[Agrasen]] (b. 4250 or 3082 BCE), a [[Kshatriya]] king of the [[Agroha Mound|Agroha Kingdom]].<ref name="Jodhka2023">{{cite book |last1=Jodhka |first1=Surinder S. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Caste |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-889671-5 |page=393 |language=en}}</ref> He is claimed to have been one of the descendants of the Hindu deity [[Rama]]. Their primary goddess was [[Lakshmi]] Mahalaxmi, who blessed the king and his descendants to be prosperous always by her and her consort God [[Vishnu]]'s kindness. Maharaja Agrasen himself adopted the [[Vaishya]] tradition of Hinduism.<ref name="Jodhka2023"/> <br />
<br />
The Agrawal are [[Suryavamsha]] and belong to the [[Raghuvamsha]] house.<br />
<br />
The Agrawal are also known for their entrepreneurship and business acumen.<ref name="Jodhka2023" /> In modern-day tech and e-commerce companies, they continue to dominate. It was reported in 2013, that for every 100 rupees in funding for e-commerce companies in India, 40 went to firms founded by Agrawals.<ref>{{cite news |first=Harsimran |last=Julka |author2=Radhika P. Nair |date=12 February 2013 |title=Why young Aggarwals dominate India's e-commerce start-ups |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news/37059057_1_e-commerce-founder-agrawals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216065338/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news/37059057_1_e-commerce-founder-agrawals |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |work=[[The Economic Times]] | location=Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Agrasen ki Baoli, New Delhi, India - 20070127.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Agrasen Ki Baoli]] in Delhi, which was built by the Agrawal community during the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Down to Earth: Science and Environment Fortnightly, Volume 16, Issues 16-24 |date=2008 |publisher=Society for Environmental Communications |page=71 |language=en |quote=Resembling Tughlak period architectures, it was probably constructed by the Agrawal community (tracing back to Maharaja Agrasen).}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Agrawals are one of the [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] (merchant) communities in India, which includes other mercantile communities like [[Maheshwari]], and [[Oswals]].<ref name="Hanks2003">{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |page=xcvi |language=en|quote=The Banias of northern India are really a cluster of several communities, of which the Agarwal Banias, Oswal Banias, and Porwal Banias are mentioned separately in connection with certain surnames.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harishchandra |first=Bharatendu |title=Agarwalon ki utpatti |date=2020-10-23 |publisher=[[bharatenduHarichandra]] |location=खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास अध्यक्ष : श्रीवेंकटेश्वर प्रेस, ९१/१०९, खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास मार्ग, ७ वी खेतवाडी बैंक रोड कार्नर, मुंबई - ४०० ००४. दूरभाष/फैक्स-०२२-२३८५७४५६. खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास ६६, हडपसर इण्डस्ट्रियल इस्टेट, पुणे - ४११०१३. दूरभाष-०२०-२६८७१०२५, फेक्स -०२०-२६८७४१०७. गंगाविष्णु श्रीकृष्णदास, लक्ष्मी वेंकटेश्वर प्रेस व बुक डिपो श्रीलक्ष्मीवेंकटेश्वर प्रेस बिल्डींग, जूना छापाखाना गली, अहिल्याबाई चौक, कल्याण, बि. ठाणे, महाराष्ट्र - ४२१ ३०१ दूरभाष/फेक्स-०२५१-२२०९०६१. खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास चौक, वाराणसी (उ.प्र.) २२१ ००१. दूरभाष - ०५४२-२४२००७८. |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
In inscriptions and texts, the original home of the Agrawal community is stated as [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]], near [[Hisar, Haryana]].<br />
<br />
*In Pradumna Charita of [[Samvat (calendar eras)|samvat]] 1411 (1354 AD), the Agrawal poet Sadharu wrote "अग्रवाल की मेरी जात, पुर अग्रोहा महि उतपात" ("My [[jāti]] is Agrawal, and I trace my roots to the city of Agroha).<ref>Dr. Kasturachand Kasliwal, Khandelwal Jain Samaj ka Vrihad Itihas, 1969, p. 49</ref><br />
* In his ''[[Rama in Jainism|Padma Purana]]''<ref>Muni Sabhachandra aur Unaka Padmapurana, Kasturchanda Kasliwal, 1984</ref> of VS 1711 (AD 1654), Muni Sabhachandra writes "अग्रोहे निकट प्रभु ठाढे जोग, करैं वन्दना सब ही लोग|| अग्रवाल श्रावक प्रतिबोध, त्रेपन क्रिया बताई सोध||", (When Lohacharya was near Agroha, he taught the 53 actions to the Agrawal shravakas).<br />
*In a Sanskrit inscription, the Agrawals are referred to as ''Agrotaka'' ("from Agroha"). A 1272 AD inscription states: "सं १३२९ चैत्र वुदी दशम्यां बुधवासरे अद्येह योगिनिपुरे समस्त राजावलि-समलन्कृत ग्यासदीन राज्ये अत्रस्थित अग्रोतक परम श्रावक जिनचरणकमल".<ref>Parmananda Jain Shastri. ''Agrawalon ka Jain sanskriti mein yogadan''. Anekanta Oct. 1966, p. 277-281</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the Agrawals adapted Jainism under the influence of Lohacharya.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |title=People of India: Bihar |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |page=46 |language=en |quote=The bulk of the Agrawals belong to Vaishnava sect of Hinduism. ... Agrawals, it is believed, were converted to Jainism by Sri Loha Charyaji between 27 and 77 years of the Vikram era.}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Migration to Delhi===<br />
The Agrawal merchant [[Nattal Sahu]] and the Agrawal poet [[Vibudh Shridhar]] lived during the reign of [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] King Anangapal of Yoginipur (now [[Mehrauli]], near [[Delhi]]).<ref>Richard J. Cohen. "An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 1989, p. 513-519</ref> Vibudh Shridhar wrote ''Pasanahacariu'' in 1132 AD, which includes a historical account of Yoginipur then.<br />
<br />
In 1354, [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] had started the construction of a new city near Agroha, called ''Hisar-e-Feroza'' ("the fort of Firuz"). Most of the raw material for building the town was brought from Agroha.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010818/windows/slice.htm The story of Hisar]</ref> The town later came to be called [[Hisar, India|Hisar]]. Hisar became a major center of the Agrawal community. Some Agrawals are also said to have moved to the Kotla Firoz Shah fort in Delhi, built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
===Migration to Rajput kingdoms===<br />
During the era of [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic administrative rule in India]], some Agrawal, as with the [[Sarawagi|Saraogi]], migrated to the [[Bikaner State]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} The [[Malkana]] include Muslim Agrawals, who converted from Hinduism to Islam during this time and were given land tracts along the [[Yamuna]] by Afghan rulers.<ref name="SikandKatju1994"/><br />
<br />
In the early 15th century, Agrawals flourished under the [[Tomaras of Gwalior]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Dr. K. C. Jain (1963). ''Kashtha Sangha Bhattarakas of Gwalior and Agrawal Shravakas'', p. 72</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2021}} According to several Sanskrit inscriptions at the [[Gwalior Fort]] in [[Gwalior District]], several traders (Sanghavi Kamala Simha, Khela Brahmachari, Sandhadhip Namadas etc.) belonging to ''Agrotavansha'' (Agrawal clan) supported the sculptures and carving of idols at the place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webdunia.com/dharm/jain/gopachal/19_gopachal9.htm<br />
| title=गोपाचल के जिन मन्दिर एवं प्रतिमाएँ<br />
| publisher=Webdunia.com<br />
| language=hi<br />
| access-date=2007-06-02<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224031241/http://www.webdunia.com/dharm/jain/gopachal/19_gopachal9.htm<br />
| archive-date=24 December 2004<br />
| url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
Historian K. C. Jain comments:<br />
{{cquote|Golden Age of the Jain Digambar Temple in Gwalior under the Tomara rulers inspired by the [[Kashtha Sangh|Kashtha]] Bhattarakas and their Jaina Agrawal disciples who dominated the Court of father and son viz. Dungar Singh (1425-59)and Kirti Singh (1459–80) with the Poet-Laureate [[Raighu]] as their mouthpiece and spokesman, a centenarian author of as many as thirty books, big and small of which two dozen are reported to be extant today. Verify the advent of the Hisar-Firuza-based Jain Agrawals who functioned as the ministers and treasurers of the ruling family had turned the Rajput State of Gwalior into a Digambara Jain Centre par excellence representing the culture of the Agrawal multi-millionner shravakas as sponsored by them.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}<br />
<br />
===Migration to Eastern India===<br />
<br />
Later, during the Mughal rule, and during the [[British East India Company]] administration, some Agrawals migrated to [[Bihar]] and [[Calcutta]], who became the major component of the [[Marwaris]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Hardgrove |title=Community and Public Culture: The Marwaris in Calcutta, c. 1897–1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-23112-216-0}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Gotras ==<br />
<br />
Agrawals belong to various [[gotra]]s, traditionally said to be seventeen and a half in number. According to [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]]'s ''Agrawalon ki Utpatti'' (1871), [[Agrasen]] - the legendary progenitor of the community - performed 17 sacrifices and left the eighteenth incomplete, resulting in this number. [[Bharatendu Harishchandra|Bharatendu]] also mentions that Agrasen had 17 queens and a junior queen, but does not mention any connection between the number of gotras and the number of queens, or describe how the sacrifices led to the formation of the gotras.{{sfn|Lawrence A. Babb|2004|pp=201-202}} Another popular legend claims that a boy and girl from the Goyan gotra married each other by mistake, which led to the formation of a new "half" gotra. Another popular belief that since Maharaj Agrasen had 17 sons and one daughter, so when his daughter was married the gotra of daughter-in-laws were adopted as half gotra in Agrawals, thus 17.5 gotra.{{sfn|M. S. Gore|1990|p=69}}<br />
<br />
Historically, there has been no unanimity regarding number and names of these seventeen and a half gotras, and there are regional differences between the list of gotras. The Akhil Bhartiya Agrawal Sammelan, a major organization of Agrawals, has created a standardized list of gotras, which was adopted as an official list by a vote at the organization's 1983 convention.{{sfn|Lawrence A. Babb|2004|pp=193-194}} Because the classification of any particular gotra as "half" is considered insulting, the Sammelan provides a list of following 18 gotras:{{sfn|Lawrence A. Babb|2004|p=192}}<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|<br />
# [[Bansal]]<br />
# [[Goel (disambiguation)#Goyal|Goyal]]<br />
# [[Kuchchal|Kuchhal]]<br />
# [[Kansal]]<br />
# Bindal<br />
# [[Jindal]]<br />
# [[Mittal (surname)|Mittal]]<br />
# Tingal<br />
# Tayal<br />
# [[Garg (surname)|Garg]]<br />
# Nangal<br />
# Mangal<br />
# Airan<br />
# Madhukul<br />
# Goyan/Gangal<br />
# Singhal/Singhala/Singla<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The existence of all the gotras mentioned in the list is controversial, and the list does not include several existing clans such as Kotrivala, Pasari, Mudgal, Tibreval, and Singhal.{{sfn|Lawrence A. Babb|2004|p=193}}{{request quotation|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Notable Agrawals==<br />
{{main |List of Agrawals}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Agrawal Jain]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Lawrence A. Babb |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74tUY0le33UC&pg=PA200 |year=2004 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=M. S. Gore |author-link=Madhav Sadashiv Gore |title=Urbanization and Family Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpLeY2_oT8kC&pg=PA69 |year=1990 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-262-6 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Agrawal| ]]<br />
[[Category:Bania communities]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]<br />
[[Category:Aggarwal]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debapratim_Purkayastha&diff=495870Debapratim Purkayastha2025-10-16T15:47:39Z<p>Juanita09O: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian academic (1976–2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Debapratim Purkayastha<br />
| image = Prof Debapratim Purkayastha.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1976}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|05|07|1976|05|24}}<br />
| education = {{ubl|B.Sc. (Honors)|MBA|PhD}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|Cotton College, Gauhati University|Utkal University|Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology}}<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist | Professor | academic leader | author}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Debapratim Purkayastha''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: দেবপ্রতিম পুরকায়স্থ; born 1976) was a professor of strategy, academic leader and [[case method]] expert.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Chakravorty|first=Reshmi|date=13 December 2016|title=Professor Debapratim Purkayastha: The case study expert|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/131216/professor-debapratim-purkayastha-the-case-study-expert.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Sauerbronn, Fernanda Filgueiras, Diochon, Pauline Fatien, Mills, Albert J. and Raufflet, Emmanuel (Eds)|title=The Dark Side 3: Critical Cases on the Downside of Business|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781783537570|pages=XI}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Purkayastha was born in [[Hailakandi]], [[Assam]], to Dilip Kumar Purkayastha, a bureaucrat and former Regional Passport Officer, and Anima Purkayastha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2016|title=Cotton alumnus bestselling author of case studies in management|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov1716/city051|access-date=2020-08-18|website=The Assam Tribune Online}}</ref> He spent most of his childhood and did his early education in [[Guwahati]], completing his BSc from [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]], [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2015|title=Āntaḥrāsṭriẏa pōrajāẏōt jilikila adhyāpak Dēbapratim Purakāẏastha|work=Ājir Dainik Bāṭōri (Assamese Daily Newspaper)}}</ref> Purkayastha completed his MBA from [[Utkal University]], and PhD from [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=E. I. S.|date=26 October 2020|title=Case Method Virtuoso Debapratim Purkayastha Tops Bestselling List Again!|url=https://eastindiastory.com/case-method-virtuoso-debapratim-purkayastha-tops-bestselling-list-again/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=East India Story|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career and roles ==<br />
Purkayastha joined [[ICFAI]] in 2006 after a stint in the pharmaceutical industry.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Before that, he had worked in sales, sales force management and product management, at companies such as [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]], [[Zydus Cadila]], Themis Medicare, and [[Hetero Drugs]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
In addition to teaching Strategy at [[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad]] ([[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]], [[Hyderabad]]), Purkayastha headed the IBS Case Research Center first as an Associate Dean,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=13–26 April 2015|title=Case for a Cause|journal=Business India Magazine|pages=96}}</ref> Dean and then as Director.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=27 April 2020|title=ICFAI Business School among world's most successful case publishers|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/icfai-business-school-among-worlds-most-successful-case-publishers/article31447853.ece|access-date=2020-06-03|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=McCracken|first=Richard|date=16 November 2019|title=Teaching cases: Vision, realisation and impact|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/importance-of-case-study-method/article29991706.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=InsideIIM Career Services|date=28 August 2020|title=Dr. Debapratim Purkayastha's Expert Views Published In "India's Top 500 Companies 2020"|url=https://insideiim.com/dr-debapratim-purkayasthas-expert-views-published-in-indias-top-500-companies-2020|access-date=2020-09-09|website=InsideIIM|language=en}}</ref> His main areas of scholarship include [[corporate social responsibility]] as strategy; [[inclusive business model]]s; and [[social entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=40th anniversary bestselling author: Debapratim Purkayastha|url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/purkayastha|access-date=2020-11-07|website=thecasecentre.org|language=en|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114081530/https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/purkayastha|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Purkayastha was also the consulting editor of ''Case Folio – The IUP Journal of Management Case Studies'',<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Diochon, Pauline Fatien, Raufflet, Emmanuel and Mills, Albert J. (Eds)|title=The Dark Side 2: Critical Cases on the Downside of Business|publisher=Greenleaf Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-906093-92-1|pages=126}}</ref> a member of the [[Editorial board|Editorial Board]] for ''Case Research Journal'', published by North American Case Research Association;<ref name=":2" /> and an Editorial Advisory Board member of ‘''The CASE Journal''’, the official journal of The CASE Association (published by the [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Group]]) and ‘''Case Focus''’, published by [[The Case Centre]].<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
Purkayastha was conferred the 'Outstanding Contribution to the Case Method' award in 2015, from The Case Centre's executive committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Outstanding Contribution to the Case Method 2015 winner|url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/casemethod/awards/winners/contribution2015|access-date=2020-06-03|website=thecasecentre.org|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603160528/https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/casemethod/awards/winners/contribution2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamath|first=Vinay|date=9 June 2015|title=Case studies help students apply theories and concepts in a real-world scenario|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/case-studies-help-students-apply-theories-and-concepts-in-a-realworld-scenario/article7298776.ece|access-date=2020-06-06|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> He was the youngest, and the first educator from India to receive this award.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=27 February 2015|title=ICFAI B-school professor gets global recognition|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/icfai-b-school-professor-gets-global-recognition-115022701381_1.html|access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> He was also the first educator from outside [[North America]] and [[Europe]] to feature on the list of The Case Centre's all-time top authors list<ref>{{Cite web|last=Open Magazine|date=8 November 2019|title=Dr. Debapratim Purkayastha: Best Selling Case Author|url=https://openthemagazine.com/open-avenues/dr-debapratim-purkayastha/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> (covering 40 years, i.e., from 1974 to 2014) released in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hindustan Times|date=9 April 2015|title=Achieving New Milestones in Education|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20150409/281895886761430|access-date=2020-06-04|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=40th anniversary bestselling authors|url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/intro|access-date=2020-06-19|website=thecasecentre.org|language=en|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426035331/https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/intro|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Purkayastha was The Case Centre's bestselling author every year since 2016, when the list was first made public.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 40 Bestselling Case Authors 2018/19|url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/casemethod/bestsellingauthors/2019/intro|access-date=2020-06-03|website=thecasecentre.org|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616095148/https://thecasecentre.org/educators/casemethod/bestsellingauthors/2019/intro|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICFAI Business School Professor Tops 2018-19 Bestselling Authors List|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/icfai-business-school-professor-tops-2018-19-bestselling-authors-list20191023190157/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=The New Indian Express|date=28 October 2020|title=Hyderabad prof in bestselling author list|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/oct/28/hyderabadprof-in-bestselling-author-list-2215826.html|access-date=2020-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He was recognized for developing [[Case study|case studies]] in different innovative topics and formats including [[graphic novel]] ([[comic book]]) format.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Dhoul|first=Tim|date=Spring 2017|title=Cinematic Scenarios and Comics: The Case Method in Context|url=https://www.topmba.com/why-mba/faculty-voices/cinematic-scenarios-and-comics-case-method-context|access-date=2020-06-04|website=QS TopMBA Career Guide. pp. 16-17|language=en}}</ref> For instance, in 2019, his case 'Turbulence on the Tarmac', illustrated by Sid Ghosh, won the 'Outstanding Compact Case' award from The Case Centre.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Ethier|first=Marc|date=25 February 2019|title=Who Is Writing, & Who Is Teaching, The Best MBA Cases?|url=https://poetsandquants.com/2019/02/25/who-is-writing-who-is-teaching-the-best-mba-cases/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Poets&Quants|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Purkayastha's other awards are from the [[Academy of Management]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telangana Today|date=3 September 2018|title=ICFAI Business School Wins Dark Side Case Award in the US|url=https://telanganatoday.com/icfai-business-school-wins-dark-side-case-award-us|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=21 August 2018|title=ICFAI Business School wins Dark Side Case Award|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/icfai-business-school-wins-dark-side-case-award/article24744637.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Telangana Today|date=28 August 2017|title=ICFAI Business School case on sexual harassment wins award|url=https://telanganatoday.com/icfai-business-school-case-award|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Association of MBAs]],<ref name=":9" /> [[EFMD]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradshaw|first=Della|date=19 April 2012|title=Oxford and IBS in photo finish for case competition|url=https://www.ft.com/content/13de5212-8898-11e1-a526-00144feab49a|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=The Hans India|date=1 May 2019|title=IBS wins three EFMD Case awards|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/ibs-wins-three-efmd-case-awards-525810|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad Wins EFMD Case Award|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/ICFAI-Business-School-Hyderabad-Wins-EFMD-Case-Award/23-06-2017-120713|access-date=2020-06-04|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=17 June 2016|title=Authors from IBS Hyderabad win big at European case study awards|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/authors-from-ibs-hyderabad-win-big-at-european-case-study-awards/article8742063.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> [[Central and East European Management Development Association|CEEMAN]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=CEEMAN|date=4 September 2013|title=19th CEEMAN Case Writing Competition in Cooperation with Emerald|url=http://www.ceeman.org/news/19th-ceeman-case-writing-competition-in-cooperation-with-emerald|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.ceeman.org}}</ref> [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Group]], North American Case Research Association,<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2011|title=IBS Hyderabad wins CMA-Alberta Award for outstanding case in Corporate Governance|url=https://indiacsr.in/ibs-hyderabad-wins-cma-alberta-award-for-outstanding-case-in-corporate-governance/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=India CSR|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=17 October 2015|title=Case from ICFAI Business School Wins Best Case Award at NACRA 2015|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/case-from-icfai-business-school-wins-best-case-award-at-nacra-2015/article7774638.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> [[oikos International]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vatyam|first=Nirupa|date=8 June 2018|title=ICFAI Business School sweeps Oikos Case Writing Competition 2018 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/icfai-business-school-sweeps-oikos-case-writing-competition-2018/articleshow/64506304.cms|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Case Centre,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=26 February 2020|title=ICFAI Business School bags two Case Centre awards|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/icfai-business-school-bags-two-case-centre-awards/article30921669.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Telangana Today|date=6 March 2018|title=IBS wins 'Outstanding Case Writer' Award|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ibs-wins-outstanding-case-writer-award|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradshaw|first=Della|date=22 February 2015|title=Harvard scoops the trophies in the business school 'Oscars'|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0b601360-b8fa-11e4-b8e6-00144feab7de|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2014|title=ICFAI Business School faculty wins The Case Centre, UK Award|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/ICFAI-Business-School-faculty-wins-The-Case-Centre-UK-Award/article20873695.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> [[John Molson School of Business]] ([[Concordia University]]),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2019|title=ICFAI B-school wins two prizes in an International Writing Contest -|url=https://unstop.com/bites/icfai-b-school-wins-two-prizes-in-an-international-writing-contest/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Unstop|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Past cases {{!}} John Molson MBA International Case Competition|url=https://mbacasecomp.com/past-cases/|access-date=2020-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> [[China Europe International Business School]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sridhar|first=G. Naga|date=26 May 2016|title=ICFAI Business School authors win global case studies contest|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/icfai-business-school-authors-win-global-case-studies-contest/article8649325.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Eds.|title=China-Focused Cases Selected Winners of the CEIBS Global Case Contest|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-981-13-2706-3|pages=57 and 137}}</ref> AESE Business School,<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2014|title=ICFAI study wins Case Award|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/ICFAI-study-wins-Case-Award/article20734249.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|date=7 June 2019|title=ICFAI B-school wins two prestigious awards|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/icfai-b-school-wins-two-prestigious-awards/article27682949.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2016|title=Faculty from ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad, win Case Centre awards|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/faculty-from-icfai-business-school-hyderabad-win-case-centre-awards/article8304700.ece|access-date=2020-06-04|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Irish Sun|date=30 October 2020|title=ICFAI Business School Professor Tops Case Authors List|url=https://www.irishsun.com/news/266835881/icfai-business-school-professor-tops-case-authors-list|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Irish Sun|language=en}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dare2Compete rebrands to Unstop|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Dare2Compete-Rebrands-To-Unstop-/27-04-2022-426730/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625114434/http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Dare2Compete-Rebrands-To-Unstop-/27-04-2022-426730/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2022|website=Unstop.com (formerly Dare2Compete)|access-date=2021-05-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2018, Purkayastha received the Career360's “Faculty Research Awards”, which recognized India's top educators. The award was presented by [[Prakash Javadekar]], the then [[Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telangana Today|date=26 March 2018|title=IBS professor in top faculty|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ibs-professor-top-faculty|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Purkayastha won his eleventh Case Centre Awards, placing him just two awards behind the record thirteen awards won by [[Sumantra Ghoshal|Sumantra Ghosal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=E. I. S.|date=5 March 2021|title=ICFAI Prof Purkayastha Wins 11th "Case Oscars"|url=https://eastindiastory.com/icfai-prof-purkayastha-wins-11th-case-oscars/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-12|website=East India Story|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306072216/https://eastindiastory.com/icfai-prof-purkayastha-wins-11th-case-oscars/ |archive-date=6 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Financial Express|date=3 March 2021|title=ICFAI Business School Winner in 31st Case Centre Awards|url=https://epaper.financialexpress.com/m5/3013348/Hyderabad/March-03-2021#page/18/1|access-date=2021-03-23|website=epaper.financialexpress.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
On 7 May 2021, Purkayastha died due to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='A true explorer': COVID-19 claims ICFAI's Debapratim Purkayastha|url=https://news.careers360.com/debapratim-purkayastha-covid-19-death-coronavirus-icfai-b-school-mba-ibs-hyderabad|access-date=2021-06-08|website=news.careers360.com|date=25 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Purkayastha, Debapratim}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Business school deans]]<br />
[[Category:Business theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian business writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bestselling case authors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian business theorists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]<br />
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhabatarak_Bhattacharyya&diff=490592Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya2025-09-28T09:10:44Z<p>Juanita09O: Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian biologist (born 1944)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|12|2}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| fields = {{ublist | [[Structural biology]] | [[Biochemistry]]}} <br />
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] | [[Bose Institute]]}} <br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[Calcutta University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[National Institutes of Health]]}} <br />
| doctoral_advisor = Uma Shankar Nandi<br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = [[Fluorescence]] of [[colchicine]]<br />
| awards = {{ubl|1988&nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]|P. S. Sharma Memorial Award|[[Bose Institute]] Foundation Day Award}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya''' (born 2 December 1944), popularly known as '''Bablu Bhattacharyya''', is an Indian structural biologist, biochemist and academic, known for his studies on the [[colchicine]]-[[tubulin]] interaction.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=406 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> He is a former professor and the head of the department of biochemistry at the [[Bose Institute]], Kolkata and an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N96-1196 | title=Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1988, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Born on 2 December 1944 in [[Kolkata]], in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] to Bhabaranjan-Malancha couple, Bhattacharyya graduated in chemistry from the [[University of Calcutta]] and secured his master's degree in physical chemistry from [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus of the same university.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya" /> Subsequently, he joined the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata and pursued his doctoral studies to secure the degree under the guidance of Uma Shankar Nandi of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Moving to the US, he completed his post-doctoral studies at the laboratory of Jan Wolff of the [[National Institutes of Health]]. He returned to India in 1976 to join [[Bose Institute]] as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] pool officer where he shifted to academics as a lecturer in 1978 and continued his service until his superannuation as a professor and head of the department of biochemistry.<ref name="Fellow profile - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Bhattacharyya,_Prof._Bhabatarak | title=Fellow profile - Indian Academy of Sciences | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> He has also been associated with [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] as a professor at their Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.<ref name="Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry">{{cite web | url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/chemistry.php | title=Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry | publisher=Presidency University | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhattacharyya's early work during his post-doctoral studies at Jan Wolff's laboratory were on [[tubulin]] and its binding mechanism with [[antimitotic]] drugs.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya" /> Later, he focused his researches on colchicine-tubulin interaction and elucidated the effect of the ''carbonyl group on the side chain of B-ring'' in the irreversible binding of [[colchicine]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=28 September 2016 | pages=29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He demonstrated the fluorescence of colchicine-tubilin bind which is reported to have offered an alternative to radio-labeled colchicine in pharmacological [[assays]] and made the study of the kinetics of colchicine binding easier. He studied the ''mechanism of chaperone-like activity of tubulin and microtubule associated proteins'' and his studies have known to be of significance in the design of lead compounds as well as new drugs for the treatment of cancer.<ref name="Faculty Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya">{{cite web | url=http://bic.boseinst.ernet.in/biochem/bablu.html | title=Faculty Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya | publisher=Bose Institute | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105347/http://bic.boseinst.ernet.in/biochem/bablu.html | archive-date=5 October 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has published several articles detailing his research findings,<ref name="Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya on Microsoft Academic Search">{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/11083556/bhabatarak-bhattacharyya | title=Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya on Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> has registered patents for his work<ref name="Patents by Inventor Abhik Saha">{{cite web | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/abhik-saha | title=Patents by Inventor Abhik Saha | publisher=Justia Patents | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and has mentored many scholars in their doctoral studies.<ref name="Dr. Gopa Mitra">{{cite web | url=http://www.sjri.res.in/mmkeyperson/560 | title=Dr. Gopa Mitra | publisher=St. John's Research Institute | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="About Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.wellcomedbt.org/fellowsprofile/dr-abhik-saha-222 | title=About Fellow | publisher=Wellcome Trust | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> His scientific career has been documented in an article, ''Dr. Bablu Bhattacharyya: A Journey of Four Decades with Tubulin'', published in 2015.<ref name="Dr. Bablu Bhattacharyya: A Journey of Four Decades with Tubulin">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jpp.org.in/index.php/jpp/article/view/133 | title=Dr. Bablu Bhattacharyya: A Journey of Four Decades with Tubulin | author=Dulal Panda, Tapas K Manna | journal=Journal of Proteins and Proteomics | year=2015 | volume=6 | issue=3}}</ref> He has also been associated with the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]],<ref name="Isothermal Titration Calorimetry">{{cite web | url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/seminar/Workshop_Proteomics.pdf | title=Isothermal Titration Calorimetry | publisher=Calcutta University | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as a member of their various technical committees.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1988. He is an elected fellow of several science academies including the Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B | title=NASI fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717005033/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B | archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> and [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{cite web | url=http://twas.org/member/bhattacharyya-bhabatarak | title=TWAS fellow | publisher=TWAS | date=2016 | access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the P. S. Sharma Memorial Award of the Society for Biological Chemists, India and the Foundation Day Award of Bose Institute.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Bhattacharya" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Colchicine]]<br />
* [[Tubulin]]<br />
{{Portal|India|Biology}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite journal | url=https://eurekamag.com/research/008/062/008062499.php | title=A partially folded Intermediate during tubulin unfolding: Its detection and spectroscopic characterization |author1=Guha, Suranjana |author2=Bhattacharyya, Bhabatarak | journal=Biochemistry | year=1995 | volume=34 | issue=21 | pages=6925–6931 | doi=10.1021/bi00021a003| pmid=7766601 | url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal | title=Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of taxol-induced polymerization of purified tubulin |author1=Goutam Ghosh Choudhury |author2=Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya |author3=Birendra Bijoy Biswas | journal=Biochemistry and Cell Biology | year=1987 | volume=65 | issue=6 | pages=558–564 | doi=10.1139/o87-072|pmid = 2892503}}<br />
<br />
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Bhabatarak}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br />
[[Category:Structural biologists]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_Opera_House_heist&diff=4819691987 Opera House heist2025-09-22T16:35:47Z<p>Juanita09O: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Theft of jewels in Bombay, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox news event<br />
| title = 1987 Opera House heist<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1987|03|19}}<br />
| time = 2:15 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| place = [[Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri]] & Sons Jewellers, [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Opera House]], [[Bombay]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|55|30|N|72|49|11|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| also known as = TBZ Opera House robbery<br />
| participants = <br />
| outcome = Jewellery and cash worth {{INR}} 2.3 to 3.5 million stolen<br />
| reported injuries = <br />
| reported death(s) = <br />
| reported property damage = <br />
| burial = <br />
| inquiries = <br />
| inquest = <br />
| coroner = <br />
| verdict = <br />
| charges = <br />
| convictions = <br />
| publication bans = <br />
| litigation = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 19 March 1987, a group posing<br />
as [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] officers executed a fake raid on the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Opera House]] branch of [[Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri]] & Sons Jewellers in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India. The raid was led by an unknown man who had assembled the group by inviting the candidates for fake recruitment interview. The unknown man disappeared with the spoils of the raid. The case remains unsolved.<br />
<br />
== Heist ==<br />
<br />
The person posing as Mon Singh<ref name=md>{{cite news|title=2017 theft, police still in the dark:Goss from Mumbai's underbelly|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/may/090510-tribhuvandas-bhimji-zaveri-robbery-1987-police-still-clueless.htm|date=9 May 2010|place=Mumbai|work=Midday|accessdate=4 February 2014|archive-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323232023/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/may/090510-tribhuvandas-bhimji-zaveri-robbery-1987-police-still-clueless.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> or Mohan Singh<ref name=et>{{Cite news |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |title=Story of unsolved opera house burglary in Mumbai, Rs 30-L heist amused everyone by its slick execution |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/story-of-unsolved-opera-house-burglary-in-mumbai-rs-30-l-heist-amused-everyone-by-its-slick-execution/articleshow/18619056.cms |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> had placed a classified advertisement in the 17 March 1987 issue of ''[[The Times of India]]'', asking for "Dynamic Graduates for Intelligence Officers Post and Security Officers Post". Applicants were told to report to the hotel [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Intercontinental]] between 10 am and 5 pm the next day. He rented an office at Mittal Towers in [[Nariman Point]] to interview the candidates. Singh selected at least 26 candidates and asked them to report to the Taj the following day and were briefed about the 'mock raid' by Singh.<ref name=md/><ref name=et/><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
On 19 March, they arrived at the Opera House branch of Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri & Sons Jewellers around 2:15 pm. Singh introduced himself to the owner, Pratap Zaveri, and produced a '[[search warrant]]'. He ordered the owners to turn off [[CCTV]] cameras and surrender a licensed revolver held on the premises. Singh and the fake contingent of [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) officers did not allow any phone calls and took samples of ornaments for assessment of the quality of the gold. Singh picked 'samples' of jewellery and had them sealed in polybags. Cash was also collected. After 45 minutes Singh asked two men to put the briefcases in the bus. He asked others to keep watch on the shop and left in the bus to 'supervise' another raid. After about an hour, the owners called the [[Mumbai Police|Bombay Police]].<ref name=md/><ref name=et/><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
Police investigation revealed that Singh booked room number 415 at the Taj on 17 March and he put an advertisement in the newspaper. Police found that he reached the hotel after leaving the jewellery shop and hired a taxi from there. The taxi dropped him at [[Vile Parle]] where he hired an auto.<ref name=md/><ref name=et/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Swami |first=Parthasarathi |date=1987-04-15 |title=Conman in CBI garb loots Bombay's leading jewellers Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime-stories/story/19870415-conman-in-cbi-garb-loots-bombays-leading-jewellers-tribhovandas-bhimji-zaveri-798743-1987-04-14 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=India Today |language=}}</ref> He was last seen there and there was no trail. The police put out a nationwide alert. They sent a team to [[Kerala]] as his hotel record showed that he hailed from [[Trivandrum]]. A person named George Augustine Fernandes was arrested there but it was later found that he was not involved. They also sent a team to [[Dubai]] but no headway was reported.<ref name=et/><br />
<br />
According to 1987 report, the cash of {{INRconvert|3.75|l}} and the jewellery worth about {{INRconvert|20|l}} was looted.<ref name=":0" /> Other reports place the heist amount ranging from {{INR|30 lakh}} to {{INRConvert|35|l|year=1987}}. The case has remained unsolved.<ref name="md" /><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai cops still clueless about a 1987 theft |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/mumbai-cops-still-clueless-about-a-1987-theft-417485 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year before, in October 1986, a similar advertisement was published in ''The Times of India'' and about 150 candidates had appeared at the hotel Taj for interview''.'' The CBI had received the tip but the interviewer did not appear. The event was considered as a "dress rehearsal".<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Popular culture ==<br />
* ''[[Kalikkalam]]'' - A 1990 Malayalam film that had an inspired heist sequence in a jewellery store introducing the lead character played by [[Mammootty]] .<br />
* ''[[Khel (film)|Khel]]'' - A 1992 Hindi film had a small heist sequence inspired by this incident.<br />
*<br />
* ''[[Special 26]]'' - A 2013 Hindi film, directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]], is based on the heist. It was remade in 2018 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''.<ref name=et/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/thaana-serntha-kootam-box-office-collection-day-1-suriya-starrer-takes-an-impressive-start-earns-this-much/1013180/|title=Thaana Serntha Kootam box office collection day 1: Suriya starrer takes an impressive start, earns this much|date=13 January 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=16 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* ''The Sialkot Saga'' - A book by [[Ashwin Sanghi]] has referenced the heist.<ref name="ashwinsanghi">{{cite book|last=Sanghi|first=Ashwin|date=2016|title=The Sailkot Saga|publisher=Westland Ltd.|isbn=978-93-86036|author-link=Ashwin Sanghi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1987 crimes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]<br />
[[Category:Robberies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Unsolved crimes in India]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Mumbai]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._R._Madhavan&diff=513956M. R. Madhavan2025-09-18T11:03:09Z<p>Juanita09O: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Businessperson}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = M. R. Madhavan<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1968<br />
| birth_place = [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Businessman, [[public policy]] researcher<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
'''M. R. Madhavan''' is the President and co-founder of [[PRS Legislative Research]],<ref name="PRS_Team">{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/aboutus/team/ |title=Team |author= |accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=}}</ref><ref name="Outlook-1">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236223 |title=Hammurabi's Reading List |author=Anjali Puri |accessdate=13 August 2013 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> a [[public policy]] research institution that focuses on making the legislative process in India better informed, more transparent and participatory. PRS publishes "legislative briefs" (short commented summaries) of Bills in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]] and other articles related to legislation in India.<br />
<br />
Madhavan holds an undergraduate degree in engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] and an MBA and PhD from [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]]. He started his career in [[ICICI Bank|ICICI Securities]] in the equity research group and later headed interest rates research at ICICI. He also worked for [[Bank of America]] as a Principal and Senior Strategist for the Asia region.<ref name="Shine">{{cite web |url=http://info.shine.com/Career-Advice-Articles/Career-Building/3-success-stories-of-successful-career-transitions/5670/cid28.aspx |title=3 success stories of successful career transitions |author= |accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=shine.com |date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="LiveMint-1">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZlRKhG5truaOOKfSJBVecJ/To-the-nation-with-love.html |title=To the nation, with love |author=Sonya Dutta Choudhury |accessdate=13 August 2013 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=11 August 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Madhavan quit Bank of America in September 2005 and joined forces with [[C. V. Madhukar]] to open PRS Legislative Research. At PRS, Madhavan set up and led the Research team before becoming the President of PRS.<br />
<br />
Madhavan was honoured with the Distinguished Alumnus Award by IIM Calcutta in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. M R Madhavan {{!}} IIM Calcutta|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/dr-m-r-madhavan|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.iimcal.ac.in}}</ref> IIT Madras also honoured him with the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations, IIT Madras|url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/connect-with-your-alma-mater/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref> He was selected as the Business Standard Social Entrepreneur of the Year 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2020-03-04|title=BS Social Excellence Awards 2019: Jury picks top three in social sector|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bs-social-excellence-awards-2019-jury-picks-top-three-in-social-sector-120030400047_1.html|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavan, M. R.}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avadi_railway_station&diff=474978Avadi railway station2025-08-24T19:48:21Z<p>Juanita09O: enhance page further and cleaned formatting after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Avadi<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| image = Avadi railway station.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Avadi railway station at night; Avadi.<br />
| address = Tirumalairajapuram, [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1182|80.1016|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]].<br />
| platform = 4<br />
| tracks = 6<br />
| connections = [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]], {{ric|Chennai Metro}}{{rcb|Chennai Metro|red|croute}} - [[Avadi metro station]] ''(Proposed)''<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on-ground station<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = AVD<br />
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]<br />
| opened = <br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/><br />
| former = South Indian Railway<br />
| status = Active<br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| passengers = 40,000/day<ref name="TOI_GoNorthwestBut"/><br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = 2013<br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=West|left1=Hindu College|to-left=Arakkonam Junction|right1=Annanur|to-right1=Chennai Central MMC}}<br />
| route_map = {{West Line, Chennai Suburban}}<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF3210<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Avadi railway station''' (station code: AVD<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327103448/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref>) is an NSG–2 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn" /> It is one of the major railway terminals of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Avadi]], a suburb of [[Chennai]] located 23&nbsp;km west of the city centre. It is situated at Tirumalairajapuram locality of Avadi, with an elevation of 26.85&nbsp;m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. According to a railway release in 2008, there are plans to develop Avadi station as a coaching terminal (satellite terminal) for [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central railway station]], on the lines of [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram station]] being developed as a terminal for [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore railway station]].<ref name="PlansToDevelopAvadiOrAmbattur">{{cite news<br />
| title = Plans to develop Avadi or Ambattur railway station<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 16 November 2008<br />
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Plans-to-develop-Avadi-or-Ambattur-railway-station/articleshow/3718429.cms<br />
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104005947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-16/chennai/27917600_1_railway-station-southern-railway-railway-board<br />
| url-status = live<br />
| archive-date = 4 January 2013<br />
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br />
| access-date = 23 Aug 2012}}</ref> Later in 2023, the plan of making Perambur as 4th railway terminal was considered but not finalised. But, there are repeated requests from commuters to make Avadi as railway terminal.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| title = Residents want Avadi or Tiruvallur as railway terminal<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 4 February 2024<br />
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/residents-want-avadi/tiruvallur-as-rly-terminal/articleshow/107394726.cms<br />
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br />
| access-date = 6 May 2025}}</ref><br />
==History==<br />
The first lines in the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–[[Tiruvallur]] section. The EMU car shed lines at Avadi were electrified on 1 February 1980. Additional lines at the station were electrified on 2 October 1986, with the electrification of the [[Villivakkam railway station|Villivakkam]]–Avadi section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web<br />
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004<br />
| work = History of Electrification<br />
| publisher = IRFCA.org<br />
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html<br />
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The electrification preliminaries, such as poles, were observed on the railway lines passing through Avadi Railway Station as early as 1977. The first broad-gauge electric EMUs were first introduced on the Madras Central–[[Gummidipoondi]] section by 1979 and in the next phase on the Madras Central–Tiruvallur section around 1980. From around 1971 to 1980, there these beastly WP steam locomotives that were hauling the Suburban trains going up to Tiruvallur and Gumidipoondi. The WDS category shuttle diesel were seen pulling the [[Pattabiram]] Military Siding trains going up to [[Pattabiram East Depot railway station|E Depot]] in the Avadi Air Force Station Cantonment Area. It helped identifying the trains. As for the express trains passing through Avadi, those were diesel electrics. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was probably the [[Baldwin Class 10-12-D|Baldwin Class WP steam locos]] that were hauling trains such as [[Dadar Chennai–Egmore Express|Dadar Express]] and [[Imperial Indian Mail|Bombay Mail]] from [[Kalyan]], taking over the duties from the mighty WCM DC Electrics operating on the [[Bombay]]–Kalyan route.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Layout==<br />
The station has six tracks, including two loop lines, and has four platforms. The first platform is a [[side platform]] housing the station's entrance and the ticket counter, and the second and third are part of an [[island platform]]. The fourth platform borders the northern end of the station and is the longest of all the platforms. The platforms are connected by means of a [[footbridge]].<br />
<br />
As of 2013, the station handles about 40,000 passengers a day.<ref name="TOI_GoNorthwestBut">{{cite news<br />
| title = Go northwest, but don't take a train<br />
| newspaper = The Times of India<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| publisher = The Times Group<br />
| date = 27 April 2013<br />
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar00600<br />
| access-date = 28 Apr 2013<br />
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630104528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar00600<br />
| archive-date = 30 June 2013<br />
| url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Station layout ===<br />
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"<br />
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level<br />
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|<small>FOB</small>]]<small>, [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P4''' – '''''Express Lines'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 4'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]<br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 3'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] / [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|<small>FOB</small>]]<small>, [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the left<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P3''' – '''''Express Lines'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 2'''</span><br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Central MMC]] <small>next station is [[Annanur railway station|Annanur]]</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 1'''</span><br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] <small>next station is [[Hindu College railway station|Hindu College]]</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" width="100" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Foot overbridge|<small>FOB</small>]]<small>, [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left</small><br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |South Entrance Street level<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Projects and development ==<br />
Avadi is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> It is also in the Chennai Suburban Railway network that are being developed as Adarsh stations.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| title = Nemilichery station to be ready in three months<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 4 August 2009<br />
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-04/chennai/28201714_1_railway-stations-adarsh-stations-thiruninravur<br />
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103143041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-04/chennai/28201714_1_railway-stations-adarsh-stations-thiruninravur<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = 3 January 2013<br />
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br />
| access-date = 4 Oct 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
A metro rail connectivity from Pattabiram to Koyambedu by [[Line 5 (Chennai Metro)|Red line]] corridor of [[Chennai Metro]], connecting this railway station and Avadi bus terminus, is approved by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], with land acquisition near railway station underway.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |title=TN govt gives in-principle nod for Chennai Metro link from Koyambedu to Pattabiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-for-chennai-metro-link-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/articleshow/120829027.cms |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}<br />
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<br />
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/avadi-avd/1526 Avadi station at Indiarailinfo.com]<br />
<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Avadi|Annanur|DRBCC Hindu College|14|21.02}}<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Avadi|Annanur|DRBCC Hindu College|14|21.02}}<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Avadi|Annanur|DRBCC Hindu College|14|21.02}}<br />
{{Transport in Chennai}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuman,_Chhattisgarh&diff=542105Tuman, Chhattisgarh2025-08-15T23:10:27Z<p>Juanita09O: Creating New Pg More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Chhattisgarh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tuman<br />
| population_total = 1974<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_type2 = State<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = District<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Korba district|Korba]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Tuman''' (also known as '''Tumana''' or '''Tummana''') is a village located in the [[Korba district]] of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It used to be the capital of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]].<br />
<br />
==Landmarks==<br />
[[File:0012323_Mahadeva_temple_group,_Tuman_Chhattisgarh_075.jpg|thumb|Ruins at Tuman.]]<br />
The ruins of several temples are located here.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiralal |first=Rai Bahadur |year=1924 |title=A Visit to Tumana |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.25429/page/267/mode/2up |journal=[[The Indian Antiquary]] |volume=53}}</ref> Among these, the [[Shiva|Mahadev]] temple is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DG List of Centrally Protected monuments under Raipur Circle |url=https://asi.nic.in/admin/whatsnew/download/480}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village had a population of 1974, in 480 households.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/349/download/1046/DH_2011_2205_PART_B_DCHB_KORBA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Chhattisgarh - Series 23 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Korba|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Chhattisgarh |year=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Korba district]]</div>Juanita09Ohttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrestling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games&diff=448035Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games2025-08-06T14:11:26Z<p>Juanita09O: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{WrestlingAt2010CommonwealthGames}}<br />
<br />
The '''[[Wrestling]]''' events for the '''[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]''' were held on [[Indira Gandhi Arena]] from 5 to 10 October 2010. Unlike other major wrestling events only one bronze medal was awarded per event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928232033/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/wrestling|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2010|title = XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi &amp;#124;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Medal table==<br />
{{Medals table<br />
| caption = <br />
| host = IND<br />
| flag_template = flagCGF<br />
| event = 2010<br />
| team = <br />
| gold_IND = 10 | silver_IND = 5 | bronze_IND = 4 | host_IND = yes <br />
| gold_CAN = 4 | silver_CAN = 5 | bronze_CAN = 5<br />
| gold_NGR = 3 | silver_NGR = 3 | bronze_NGR = 7<br />
| gold_PAK = 2 | silver_PAK = 1 | bronze_PAK = 0<br />
| gold_ENG = 1 | silver_ENG = 1 | bronze_ENG = 2<br />
| gold_AUS = 1 | silver_AUS = 1 | bronze_AUS = 1<br />
| gold_RSA = 0 | silver_RSA = 4 | bronze_RSA = 1<br />
| gold_CMR = 0 | silver_CMR = 1 | bronze_CMR = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
===Men's events===<br />
====Freestyle====<br />
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Wrestling (Men’s Freestyle 55Kg) Azhar Hussain of Pakistan (Gold), Ebikewenimo Welson of Nigeria (Silver) and Anil Kumar of India (Bronze), during the medal presentation ceremony.jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Wrestling (Men’s Freestyle 55Kg) Azhar Hussain of Pakistan (Gold), Ebikewenimo Welson of Nigeria (Silver) and Anil Kumar of India (Bronze), during the medal presentation ceremony]]<br />
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Men’s) Wrestling 74Kg Freestyle N.P. Yadav of India won the gold medal, at Indira Gandhi Stadium, in New Delhi on October 09, 2010.jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Men’s) Wrestling 74Kg Freestyle [[Narsingh Yadav]] of India won the gold medal, at Indira Gandhi Stadium, in New Delhi on October 09, 2010]]<br />
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br />
|-<br />
| 55&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 55 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Azhar Hussain]] | PAK|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ebikewenimo Welson]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anil Kumar (wrestler, born 1985)|Anil Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 60&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 60 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Yogeshwar Dutt]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[James Mancini]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sasha Madyarchyk]] | ENG|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 66&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 66 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Heinrich Barnes]] | RSA|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chris Prickett]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 74&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 74 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Narsingh Yadav]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Richard Addinall]] | RSA|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Evan MacDonald]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 84&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 84 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Muhammad Inam]] | PAK|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anuj Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Andrew Dick (wrestler)|Andrew Dick]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 96&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 96 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sinivie Boltic]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Korey Jarvis]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Leon Rattigan]] | ENG|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 120&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 120 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Arjan Bhullar]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Joginder Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Hugues Onanena]] | CMR|2010}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Greco-Roman====<br />
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br />
|-<br />
| 55&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Rajender Kumar (wrestler)|Rajender Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Azhar Hussain]] | PAK|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Promise Mwenga (wrestler)|Promise Mwenga]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 60&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ravinder Singh (wrestler)|Ravinder Singh]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Terence Christopher Bosson]] | ENG|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Romeo Joseph]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 66&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Myroslav Dykun]] | ENG|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jack Bond (wrestler)|Jack Bond]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|Sunil Kumar| IND|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 74&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 74 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sanjay Kumar (wrestler, born 1983)|Sanjay Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Richard Brian Addinall]] | RSA|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Hassan Shahsavan]] | AUS|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 84&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 84 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Efionayi Agbonavbare (wrestler)|Efionayi Agbonavbare]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Manoj Kumar (wrestler)|Manoj Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dean van Zyl (wrestler)|Dean van Zyl]] | RSA|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 96&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 96 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anil Kumar (wrestler, born 1979)|Anil Kumar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kakoma Hugues Bella-Lufu]] | RSA|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Eric Feunekes]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 120&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 120 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ivan Popov (wrestler)|Ivan Popov]] | AUS|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Talaram Mamman (wrestler)|Talaram Mamma]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dharmender Dalal (wrestler)|Dharmender Dalal]] | IND|2010}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Women's events===<br />
====Freestyle====<br />
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br />
|-<br />
| 48&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 48 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Carol Huynh]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nirmala Devi (wrestler)|Nirmala Devi]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Odunayo Adekuoroye]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 51&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 51 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ifeoma Christiana Nwoye]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Babita Kumari (wrestler)|Babita Kumari]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jessica Macdonald (wrestler)|Jessica Macdonald]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 55&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 55 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Geeta Phogat]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Emily Bensted]] | AUS|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lovina Edward]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 59&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 59 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Alka Tomar]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Tonya Verbeek]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Tega Tosin Richard]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 63&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 63 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Justine Bouchard]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Blessing Oborududu]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Suman Kundu]] | IND|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 67&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 67 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anita Sheoran]] | IND|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Megan Buydens]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
|| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ifeoma Iheanacho]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|-<br />
| 72&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 72 kg}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ohenewa Akuffo]] | CAN|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Laure Ali Annabel]] | CMR|2010}}<br />
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Hellen Okus]] | NGR|2010}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Participating nations ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|AUS|2010|19}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|CMR|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|CAN|2010|16}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|CYP|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|ENG|2010|12}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|GAM|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|IND|2010|21}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|KEN|2010|4}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|MLT|2010|1}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|MRI|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|NZL|2010|6}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|NIU|2010|1}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|NIR|2010|1}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|PAK|2010|6}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|SAM|2010|4}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|SCO|2010|10}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|SLE|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|SOL|2010|2}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|RSA|2010|13}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|SRI|2010|3}}<br />
* {{flagCGF|WAL|2010|7}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Popular culture ==<br />
[[Geeta Phogat]] was India's first female wrestler to win at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], where she won the gold medal ([[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 55 kg|55&amp;nbsp;kg]]) while her sister [[Babita Kumari]] won the silver ([[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 51 kg|51&amp;nbsp;kg]]). This came back in the 2016 Indian movie [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Sports}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://rubaisport.com/cwg/?competition=110 Schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Commonwealth Games Wrestling}}<br />
{{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games| ]]<br />
[[Category:Events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:2010 in sport wrestling|Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games|2010]]</div>Juanita09O