Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bydgoszcz

2026-05-28T18:25:12Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Stub

{{Short description|City in Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Poland}}
{{for|the town in Gmina Lipnica|Bydgoszcz, Pomeranian Voivodeship}}
{{redirect|Bromberg}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bydgoszcz
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Kamienica przy placu Wolności 1 2023.jpg
| alt1 = Downtown with Freedom Square
| caption1 = Downtown with [[Freedom Square, Bydgoszcz|Freedom Square]]
| image2 = Bydgoszcz - Stary Rynek - Poludniowy fragment 2023.jpg
| alt2 = Old Market Square
| caption2 = [[Old Market Square, Bydgoszcz|Old Market Square]]
| image3 = Poczta Główna w Bydgoszczy.jpg
| alt3 = Main Post Office
| caption3 = [[Main Post Office, Bydgoszcz|Main Post Office]]
| image4 = Opera Nova przystan edit.png
| alt4 = Opera Nova
| caption4 = [[Opera Nova Bydgoszcz|Opera Nova]] seen from [[Mill Island, Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]]
| image5 = Katedra w Bydgoszczy 2023.jpg
| alt5 = Bydgoszcz Cathedral
| caption5 = [[Bydgoszcz Cathedral|St Martin's and St Nicholas' Cathedral]]
| image6 = Spichrze w Bydgoszczy 07 2024.jpg
| alt6 = Banks of the Brda River in the Old Town
| caption6 = Banks of the [[Brda (river)|Brda]] River in the Old Town
}}
| nicknames = ''Little Berlin'',<ref name="LitBer1">{{cite web|url=http://www.camerimage.pl/en/bydgoszcz-2.html|title=Camerimage – International Film Festival|first=3W Design|last=Team|website=www.camerimage.pl|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803023331/http://www.camerimage.pl/en/bydgoszcz-2.html|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/explore/visitor-itineraries/4160-bydgoszcz-as-klein-berlin|title=Bydgoszcz as "Klein Berlin"|access-date=24 February 2024|website=visitbydgoszcz.pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/bydgoszcz/ul-cieszkowskiego_156851v|title=ul. Cieszkowskiego, Bydgoszcz|website=inyourpocket.com|access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="LitBer2">{{cite web|url=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/7,48722,28281683,berlin-i-klein-berlin-na-jednej-pocztowce-dziela-tych-samych.html|access-date=24 February 2024|title=Berlin i "klein Berlin" na jednej pocztówce. Dzieła tych samych architektów w Niemczech i Bydgoszczy|website=wyborcza.pl}}</ref> the [[Venice of the North]], Polish [[Amsterdam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiopik.pl/2,90386,bydgoszcz-jak-amsterdam-tak-mowia|title= Bydgoszcz jak Amsterdam! Tak mówią! |website=Radio PiK|date= 12 January 2021 |access-date=12 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://metropoliabydgoska.pl/bydgoszcz-w-top-10-miejsc-ktore-warto-odwiedzic-to-polski-amsterdam/ |title=Bydgoszcz w TOP 10 miejsc, które warto odwiedzić. "To polski Amsterdam" |website=Metropolia Bydgoska|date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,1502.pdf |title=Supreme Chamber of Control Annual Report 2025 |website=[[Supreme Audit Office (Poland)]]}}</ref>
| image_flag = POL Bydgoszcz flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Bydgoszcz COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Bydgoszcz LOGO b.png{{!}}class=skin-invert
| blank_emblem_type = Brandmark
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship|Kuyavian-Pomeranian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties of Poland|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
| leader_title = [[List of city mayors of Bydgoszcz|City mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Rafał Bruski]] ([[Civic Platform|PO]])
| leader_title1 = [[Bydgoszcz City Council|City Council Chairperson]]
| leader_name1 = Monika Matowska (PO)
| governing_body = [[Bydgoszcz City Council]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = before 1238 (or before 150 if identified as [[Askaukalis]])
| established_title3 = City rights
| established_date3 = 1346
| area_total_km2 = 176
| population_as_of = 31 December 2022
| population_total = 330,038 {{decrease}} ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|8th]])<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/ludnosc-stan-i-struktura-ludnosci-oraz-ruch-naturalny-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-stan-w-dniu-31-grudnia,6,34.html|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-06-02|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0461011.</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1875
| population_demonym = Bydgoszczanin (male) Bydgoszczanka (female) ([[Polish language|pl]]) [[Bromberger (disambiguation)|Bromberger]] (de)
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area
| demographics2_info1 = €10.871 billion (2020)
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|53|7|19|N|18|00|01|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m = 60
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 85-001 to 85–915
| area_code = (+48) 52
| blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Poland|Car plates]]
| blank_info = CB
| blank_name_sec2 = Primary airport
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:S5-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S5 (Poland)]] [[File:S10-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S10 (Poland)]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bydgoszcz.pl
}}
}}
'''Bydgoszcz'''{{efn|
* Pronunciation:
** British English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|ɡ|ɒ|ʃ|tʃ}} {{respell|BID|goshtch}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bydgoszcz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061249/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bydgoszcz |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-07-27 |title=Bydgoszcz |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
** American English: {{IPAc-en|US|-|ɡ|ɔː|ʃ|(|tʃ|)}} {{respell|-|gawsh(tch)}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bydgoszcz">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bydgoszcz|title=Bydgoszcz|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref>
** Polish: {{IPA|pl|ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ|-|Pl-Bydgoszcz.ogg}}
* {{langx|de|Bromberg}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʁɔmˌbɛʁk|pron|De-Bromberg.ogg}}
* {{langx|la|Bidgostia/Bydgostia}},<ref>Wiesław Wydra, ''Chrestomatia staropolska. Teksty do roku 1543.'' Wrocław. Ossolineum. 1984. ISBN 83-04-01568-4.</ref> ''Brombergum''<ref>''Brombergum'' attested e.g. in: [Anon.]: Geographica Globi Terraquei Synopsis [...]. [[Trnava]] 1745, p. 278; Laur. Mizlerus de Kolof: Historiarum Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Scriptorum [...] Collectio Magna [...]. Vol. 2. Warsaw 1769, p. 456; Fran. Math. Stan. Val. Hoefft: De Sanguinis Transfusione. Ph.D. thesis, Berlin 1819, p. 47.</ref>
* {{langx|yi|בידגאש|translit=Bidgash}}}} is a city in northern [[Poland]] and the largest city in the historical region of [[Kuyavia]].{{TERYT}} Straddling the confluence of the [[Vistula River]] and its [[bank (geography)|left-bank]] tributary, the [[Brda (river)|Brda]], the strategic location of Bydgoszcz has made it an inland port and a vital centre for trade and transportation. With a city population of 339,053 as of December 2021,<ref name = population /> Bydgoszcz is the eighth-largest city in Poland. Today, it is the seat of [[Bydgoszcz County]] and one of the two capitals of the [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]] as a seat of its centrally appointed governor, a [[voivode]].

[[Bydgoszcz metropolitan area]] comprising the city and several adjacent communities is inhabited by half a million people, and forms a part of an extended polycentric [[Bydgoszcz-Toruń metropolitan area]] with a population of approximately 0.8 million inhabitants. Since the [[Middle Ages]], Bydgoszcz served as a [[Royal city in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|royal city]] of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] until [[partitions of Poland|partitions]] and experienced the industrialisation period bolstered by the construction of the [[Bydgoszcz Canal]] in the late 18th century. Its academic and cultural landscape is shaped by [[Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz|Casimir the Great University]], [[Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology]], the [[Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz|Medical College]] of [[Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń|Nicolaus Copernicus University]], [[Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy]], the [[Pomeranian Philharmonic]], and the [[Opera Nova Bydgoszcz|Opera Nova]]. Bydgoszcz also plays a role of the biggest centre of [[NATO forces in Poland|NATO headquarters in Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miasta.pl/aktualnosci/bydgoszcz-polska-stolica-nato|title=Bydgoszcz - Polska stolica NATO|website=miasta.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/bydgoszcz-umacnia-swa-pozycje-w-strukturach-nato/|title=Bydgoszcz umacnia swą pozycję w strukturach NATO|website=bydgoszcz.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref> The city is served by an [[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport|international airport]] and is a member of [[Eurocities]].

Bydgoszcz is an architecturally rich city, with [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicist]], [[Gothic Revival|Neo-Gothic]], [[Baroque Revival|Neo-Baroque]], [[Modernist architecture|Modernist]] and [[Art Nouveau]] styles present, for which, combined with extensive green spaces, it has earned the nickname ''Little Berlin''.<ref name="LitBer1"/> The notable granaries on [[Mill Island, Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]] and along the riverside belong to one of the most recognized [[Timber framing|timber-framed]] landmarks in Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/explore/what-to-see/2129-granaries|title=Granaries on the Brda – Bydgoszcz, Official Tourism Website, visitbydgoszcz.pl|website=www.visitbydgoszcz.pl|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> In 2023, the city entered the [[UNESCO]] [[Creative Cities Network]] and was named UNESCO [[City of Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/55-new-cities-join-unesco-creative-cities-network-world-cities-day |title=55 new cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on World Cities Day |website=unesco.org |access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Bydgoszcz'', originally ''Bydgoszcza'', derives from ''Bydgost'', a personal name, and the suffix -''ja'', denoting ownership. The German name ''Bromberg'' is an alteration of ''Braheberg'', meaning "hill on the Brahe River" (Polish: ''Brda'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch|editor-last=Niemeyer|editor-first=Manfred|date=2012|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn= 978-3-11-025802-8|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olXnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94}}</ref> The [[Latin]] names for the city are ''Bidgostia'' and ''Civitas Bidgostiensis''.

In [[Polish language|Polish]], the city's name has feminine grammatical gender.

== History ==
{{see also|Timeline of Bydgoszcz|History of the Bydgoszcz water junction}}

===Early history and first settlements===
[[File:Zamek Bydgoski - makieta.jpg|thumb|left|Mockup of the old castle in the Old Town]]
In [[ancient history|ancient]] times, there was a development of settlements related to lively trade contacts with the [[Roman Empire]], as [[Askaukalis]] a convenient location of today's Bydgoszcz laid on the [[Amber Road]] heading northwest to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] coastline avoiding crossing the Vistula river.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ptolemy|date=150|title=Photo Gallery: Ptolemy's Geography|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513.html#fotostrecke-264ad0d0-0001-0002-0000-000000059994|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=The Mirror - International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dygaszewicz|first=Elżbieta|date=2000|title=From Paleolithic to the Middle Ages|journal=Bydgoszcz Calendar|location=Bydgoszcz|publisher=Society for the Lovers of Bydgoszcz City|issn=0209-3081|oclc=1150533527|ref=none}}</ref><ref>*{{Cite book|last=Wilke|first=Gerard|title=History of Bydgoszcz|publisher=State Publishing House, Sciences|year=1991–2015|isbn=8301066660|editor-last=Biskup|editor-first=Marian|volume=I|location=Warsaw|chapter=Prehistory and Early Middle Ages in the Light of Archaeological Sources (until the Beginning of the 12th Century)|oclc=27641385|editor-last2=Naukowe|editor-first2=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo|ref=none}}</ref>

During the [[West Slavs|early Slavic]] period a fishing settlement called ''Bydgoszcza'' ("Bydgostia" in Latin) became a stronghold on the Vistula [[trade route]]s.

The [[gród]] of Bydgoszcz was built between 1037 and 1053 during the reign of [[Casimir I the Restorer]]. In the 13th century it was the site of a [[castellany]], mentioned in 1238, probably founded in the early 12th century during the reign of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]]. In the 13th century, the church of [[Saint Giles]] was built as the first church of Bydgoszcz. The Germans later demolished it in the late 19th century.<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} The first bridge was constructed at the reign of [[Casimir I of Kuyavia]]. In the early 14th century, the [[Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród]] was created, with Bydgoszcz serving as its capital with Wyszogród, a settlement today within its borders.

During the [[Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)]], the city was captured and destroyed by the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1330.<ref name=TB>{{cite web|url=http://www.turystyka.bydgoszcz.pl/art/10/historia-bydgoszczy.html|title=Historia Bydgoszczy|website=Bydgoski Serwis Turystyczny|access-date=27 October 2019|language=pl}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} Briefly regained by Poland, it was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1331 to 1337 and annexed to their [[State of the Teutonic Order|monastic state]] as{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}{{dubious|date=June 2024}} ''Bromberg''. In 1337, it was recaptured by Poland and was relinquished by the Knights in 1343 at their signing of the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1343)|Treaty of Kalisz]] along with [[Dobrzyń Land|Dobrzyń]] and the remainder of [[Kuyavia]].

===Royal city of Poland===
King [[Casimir III the Great|Casimir III of Poland]] granted Bydgoszcz [[Town privileges|city rights]] (charter) on 19 April 1346.<ref>[[Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler]]: ''Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter''. Volume I, Enke, Erlangen 1863, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA403 pp. 403–404] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA976 pp. 976–977.]
</ref> The king granted a number of privileges, regarding river trade on the [[Brda (river)|Brda]] and [[Vistula]] and the right to mint coins, and ordered the construction of the castle, which became the seat of the castellan.<ref name=VB>{{cite web|url=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/pl/poznaj/134-historia-bydgoszczy|title=Historia Bydgoszczy|website=VisitBydgoszcz.pl|access-date=27 October 2019|language=pl}}</ref> Bydgoszcz was an important [[royal city in Poland|royal city of Poland]] located in the [[Inowrocław Voivodeship]].

The city increasingly saw an influx of [[Jew]]s after that date.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1555, however, due to pressure from the clergy, the Jews were expelled{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} and returned only with their annexation to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1772.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} After 1370, Bydgoszcz castle was the favourite residence of the grandson of the king and his would-be successor Duke [[Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir IV]], who died there in 1377.<ref name=VB/> In 1397 thanks to Queen [[Jadwiga of Poland]], a [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] convent was established in the city, the third in Poland after [[Gdańsk]] and [[Kraków]].<ref name=VB/>

[[File:Bydgoszcz, Katedra św. Marcina i Mikołaja w Bydgoszczy.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brick Gothic]] [[Bydgoszcz Cathedral]]]]

During the [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]] in 1409 the city was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights.<ref name=TB/> In the mid-15th century, during the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]], King [[Casimir IV of Poland]] often stayed in Bydgoszcz. At that time, the defensive walls were built<ref name=TB/> and the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] parish church (the present-day [[Bydgoszcz Cathedral]]). The city was developing dynamically thanks to river trade. Bydgoszcz [[pottery]] and beer were popular throughout Poland. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Bydgoszcz was a significant location for [[wheat]] trading, one of the largest in Poland.<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} The first mention of a school in Bydgoszcz is from 1466.<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1480, a Bernardine monastery was established in Bydgoszcz.<ref name=VB/> The Bernardines erected a new Gothic church and founded a library, part of which has survived to this day.<ref name=VB/> A [[Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland]] was held in Bydgoszcz in 1520.<ref>{{cite book|last=Konopczyński|first=Władysław|year=1948|title=Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=[[Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences|Polska Akademia Umiejętności]]|page=135}}</ref> In 1522, after a decision taken by the Polish king, a [[salt]] depot was established in Bydgoszcz, the second in the region{{which|date=June 2024}} after [[Toruń]].<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} In 1594, Stanisław Cikowski founded a private [[Mint (facility)|mint]], which in the early 17th century was transformed into a royal mint, one of the [[Bydgoszcz Mint|leading mints in Poland]].<ref name=VB/>

In 1621, on the occasion of the Polish victory over the [[Ottoman Empire]] at [[Battle of Khotyn (1621)|Chocim]], one of the most valuable and largest coins in the history of Europe was minted in Bydgoszcz – 100 ducats of [[Sigismund III Vasa]].<ref name=VB/> In 1617 the [[Jesuits]] came to the city, and subsequently established a Jesuit college.<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}}

[[File:Bydgoszcz 1657 sztych E Dalhberga.jpg|left|thumb|Panorama of Bydgoszcz in 1657 by [[Erik Dahlbergh]] at the time of Swedish occupation.]]
During the year of 1629, shortly before the end of the [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)|Polish-Swedish War of 1626–29]], the town was conquered by Swedish troops led by king [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph]] of [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] personally. During this war, the town suffered destruction.<ref>Ludwig Kühnast: ''Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme''. Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA64 pp 64–68].</ref> The town was conquered a second and third time by Sweden in 1656 and 1657 during the [[Second Northern War]]. On the latter occasion, the castle was destroyed completely and has since remained a ruin. After the war only 94 houses were inhabited, 103 stood empty and 35 had burned down. The suburbs had also been considerably damaged.<ref>Ludwig Kühnast (1837), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 pp. 112–117].</ref>

The [[Treaty of Bromberg]], agreed in 1657 by King [[John II Casimir Vasa]] of [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] and Elector [[Frederick William II of Prussia|Frederick William II]] of [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], created a military alliance between Poland and Prussia while marking the withdrawal of Prussia from its alliance with Sweden.

After the [[Convocation Sejm (1764)|Convocation Sejm of 1764]], Bydgoszcz became one of three seats of the [[Crown Tribunal]] for the [[Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown]] alongside [[Poznań]] and [[Piotrków Trybunalski]].<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} In 1766 royal cartographer [[Franciszek Florian Czaki]], during a meeting of the Committee of the Crown Treasury in [[Warsaw]], proposed a plan of building a canal, which would connect the Vistula via the Brda with the [[Noteć]] river. [[Józef Wybicki]], Polish jurist and political activist best known as the author of the lyrics of the [[Poland Is Not Yet Lost|national anthem of Poland]], worked at the Crown Tribunal in Bydgoszcz.<ref name=kd>{{cite web|url=https://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/historia/rocznica-smierci-jozefa-wybickiego-razem-z-generalem-dabrowskim-wyzwalal-bydgoszcz|title=Rocznica śmierci Józefa Wybickiego. Razem z generałem Dąbrowskim wyzwalał Bydgoszcz|author=Krzysztof Drozdowski|website=Tygodnik Bydgoski|access-date=7 September 2021|language=pl}}</ref>

===Late modern period===
[[File:Bitwa o most Gdański 1794 r.jpg|thumb|right|Battle of Bydgoszcz in 1794 during [[Kościuszko Uprising]].]]
In 1772, in the [[First Partition of Poland]], the town was acquired by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] as Bromberg and incorporated into the [[Netze District]] in the newly established province of [[West Prussia]]. At the time, the town was seriously depressed and semi-derelict.<ref name="AEP">August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. Königsberg 1835, [[iarchive:bub gb L sAAAAAcAAJ/page/n403|p. 381.]]</ref> Under [[Frederick the Great]] the town revived, notably with the construction of a canal from Bromberg to [[Nakło nad Notecią|Nakel]] (Nakło) which connected the north-flowing Vistula River via the Brda to the west-flowing [[Noteć]], which in turn flowed to the [[Oder River|Oder]] via the [[Warta]].<ref>Baedeker, Karl, ''Northern Germany'', London, 1904, p.163.</ref> From this period until the end of the German Empire, a large majority of the city's inhabitants spoke German as their main language, and the city would later acquire the nickname "little Berlin" from its similar architectural appearance to the prewar image of the German capital and the work of shared architects such as [[Friedrich Adler (architect)|Friedrich Adler]], [[Ferdinand Lepcke]], [[Heinrich Seeling]], or [[Henry Gross (architect)|Henry Gross]].<ref name="LitBer2"/> During the [[Kościuszko Uprising]], in 1794 the city was briefly recaptured by Poles, commanded by General [[Jan Henryk Dąbrowski]],<ref name="VB" /> and the local Polish administration was co-organized by [[Józef Wybicki]].<ref name="kd" />

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| align = left
| image1 = Bydgoszcz - plac teatralny i most gdanski 1899-1916 (70484985) (cropped).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A postcard (ca 1899-1916), on the left the [[Municipal Theatre, Bydgoszcz|municipal theatre]], demolished in 1945.
| image2 = Bromberg, Posen - Kgl. Preuß. Handwerks-Gewerbeschule (Zeno Ansichtskarten).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Bydgoszcz Canal]] was one of the key contributions to the city's industrialisation.
| image3 = Wenecja Bydgoska stara pocztówka.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = An architectural ensemble of tenements built along the leat canal of the [[Brda (river)|Brda]] river near [[Mill Island, Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]] would often become inspiration for local artists.
| image4 = Bromberg, Bahnhofstraße.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = [[Dworcowa Street]] developed rapidly after the construction of the main railway station in 1851 and became a home for the [[Prussian Eastern Railway]] [[Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters, Bydgoszcz|headquarters]].
}}

In 1807, after the defeat of Prussia by [[Napoleon]] and the signing of the [[Treaty of Tilsit]], Bydgoszcz became part of the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], within which it was the seat of the [[Bydgoszcz Department]]. With Napoleon's defeat at the [[Battle of Nations]] in 1813, the town was re-annexed by Prussia as part of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] (Poznań), becoming the capital of the [[Bromberg (region)|Bromberg Region]]. During the [[November Uprising]], a [[Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)|Polish insurgent organization]] was active in the city and local Poles helped smuggle volunteers, weapons and ammunition to the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Umiński|first=Janusz|year=1998|title=Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego|magazine=Jantarowe Szlaki|volume=4 |language=pl|issue=250|page=13}}</ref> After the fall of the uprising, one of the main escape routes for surviving insurgents and civilian insurgent authorities from partitioned Poland to the [[Great Emigration]] led through the city.<ref>Umiński, p. 16</ref>

In 1871 the Province of Posen, along with the rest of the Kingdom of Prussia, became part of the newly formed [[German Empire]]. During German rule, the oldest church of the city (church of Saint Giles), the remains of the castle,<ref name=TB/><ref name=VB/> and the Carmelite church and monastery were demolished. In the mid-19th century, the city saw the arrival of the [[Prussian Eastern Railway]]. The first stretch, from Schneidemühl ([[Piła]]), was opened in July 1851.

At the time of [[World War I]], Poles in Bydgoszcz formed secret organizations, preparing to regain control of the city in the event of Poland regaining its independence.<ref name=TYG>{{cite web|url=http://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/historia/bydgoszcz-w-rece-polskie-przeszla-pokojowo-14-07-19|title=Bydgoszcz w ręce polskie przeszła pokojowo|website=Tygodnik Bydgoski|access-date=27 October 2019|author=Stefan Pastuszewski|language=pl}}</ref>

===Interbellum===
[[File:Bdg Bazylika front 6 07-2013.jpg|thumb|right|The construction of [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] [[Saint Vincent de Paul Basilica, Bydgoszcz|Saint Vincent de Paul Basilica]] was dedicated to the return of the city to the Poles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/56,48722,22613344,bydgoszcz-niepodlegla-kadry-przedmioty-i-gmachy-xx-lecia,,15.html|title=Bydgoszcz niepodległa. Kadry, przedmioty i gmachy XX-lecia|website=Gazeta Wyborcza|access-date=25 February 2024|language=pl}}</ref>]]

After the war, Bydgoszcz was assigned to the [[Second Polish Republic|recreated Polish state]] by the 1919 [[Versailles Treaty]]. Now officially Bydgoszcz again, the city belonged to the [[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]. The local populace was required to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a drastic decline in ethnically [[German minority in Poland|German residents]], whose number within the town decreased from over 40.000 in 1910 to 11,016 in 1926.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVg_tMs_ZPIC&q=adelnau&pg=PA365|title=Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939|first1=Albert S.|last1=Kotowski|page=56|publisher=Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, [[University of Dortmund]] |year=1998 |language=de|isbn=3-447-03997-3}}</ref> A Nazi German youth organization was subsequently founded, which distributed [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]] books from Germany among the German minority.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=23}}

The city's boundaries were greatly expanded in 1920 to include the surrounding suburbs of Okole, Szwederowo, Bartodzieje, Kapuściska, Wilczak, Jachcice and more, which made Bydgoszcz the third largest city in the [[Second Polish Republic]]<ref>Infrastruktura i gospodarka komunalna. ''Historia Bydgoszczy''. Tom II. Część druga 1920-1939: red. Marian Biskup: Bydgoszcz: Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe 2004. s. 233–249, {{ISBN|83-921454-0-2}}</ref> in terms of area. In 1938, the city was made part of the Polish [[Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938|Greater Pomerania]].

===World War II===
{{Main|German repressions against the people of Bydgoszcz}}
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 275
| header = Public executions of Poles by Nazis on 9 September 1939
| image1 = Public execution of Polish hostages in Bydgoszcz 1939.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Execution of Polish civilians caught by the Germans in a street roundup
| image2 = Bydgoszcz 1939 Polish priests and civilians at the Old Market.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Execution of Polish priests and civilians in the [[Old Market Square, Bydgoszcz|Old Market Square]]
}}
During the [[invasion of Poland]], at the beginning of [[World War II]], on September 1, 1939, Germany carried out air raids on the city. The Polish [[15th Infantry Division (Poland)|15th Infantry Division]], which was stationed in Bydgoszcz, fought off German attacks on September 2, but on September 3 was forced to retreat. During the withdrawal of Poles, as part of the diversion planned by Germany, local Germans opened fire on Polish soldiers and civilians. Polish soldiers and civilians were forced into a defensive battle in which several hundred people were killed on both sides. The event, referred to as the ''[[Bloody Sunday (1939)|Bloody Sunday]]'' by the [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|propaganda of Nazi Germany]], which exaggerated the number of victims to 5,000 "defenceless" Germans, was used as an excuse to carry out dozens of [[Executions in the Valley of Death|mass executions of Polish residents]] in the Old Market Square and in the [[Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)|Valley of Death]].<ref name=TB/><ref name=VB/> Between September 3–10, 1939, the Germans executed 192 Poles in the city.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=110}}

On September 5, while the [[Wehrmacht]] entered the city, German-Polish skirmishes still took place in the Szwederowo district, and the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]] of the city began. The German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe IV]]'', ''[[Einsatzkommando|Einsatzkommando 16]]'' and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-Totenkopf-Standarte "Brandenburg" entered the city to commit [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against the Polish population]], and afterwards some of its members co-formed the local German police.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=55, 61–62}} Many of the murders were carried out as part of the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', aimed at exterminating the Polish elites and preventing the establishment of a [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]],{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=71}} which emerged nevertheless. On September 24, the local German ''[[Kreisleiter]]'' called local Polish city officials to a supposed formal meeting in the city hall, from where they were taken to a nearby forest and exterminated.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=102}} The ''Kreisleiter'' also ordered the execution of their family members to "avoid creating martyrs".{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=102}} By decision from September 5, 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland was established in Bydgoszcz.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2009|title=Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8–9 (103–104)|page=62|issn=1641-9561}}</ref>

The Germans established several camps and prisons for Poles.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=110}} As of September 30, 1939, over 3,000 individuals were imprisoned there, and in October and November, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of over 7,200 people.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=157–158}} Many of those people were then murdered.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} Poles from Bydgoszcz were massacred at various locations in the city, at the Valley of Death and in the nearby village of [[Tryszczyn]].{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} The victims were both men and women, including activists, school principals, teachers, priests, local officials, merchants, lawyers, and also boy and girl scouts, gymnasium students and children as young as 12.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=158–160}} The executions were presented as punishment for supposedly "murdering Germans" and "destroying peace", and were used by Nazi propaganda to show the world that it was alleged "Polish terror" that forced [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to start the war.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=158}} On the [[National Independence Day (Poland)|Polish National Independence Day]], November 11, 1939, the Germans symbolically publicly executed Leon Barciszewski, the mayor of Bydgoszcz.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=160}} On November 17, 1939, the commander of the local [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]]-[[Einsatzkommando|EK]] unit declared there was no more Polish [[intelligentsia]] capable of resistance in the city.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|p=160}}

{{multiple image
| width = 200
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Pologne Bydgoszcz 321x329px- Synagoga 1920 detruit.jpg
| image2 = Judenfrei Bydgoszcz synagoga.jpg
| footer = The local synagogue was destroyed during the German occupation. The inscription reads in German: "This city is free of Jews".
}}

The city was annexed to the newly formed province of [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]] as the [[seat (legal entity)|seat]] of the district or county (''kreis'') of Bromberg. However, the annexation was not recognised in international law. Extermination of the inhabitants continued throughout the war, and in total, around 10,000 inhabitants, mostly [[Polish people|Poles]], but also [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]], were killed.<ref name=TB/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2024}} Some Polish inhabitants were also murdered in the village of [[Jastrzębie, Świecie County|Jastrzębie]] in January 1940, and local teachers were also among Polish teachers murdered in both [[Mauthausen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] concentration camps.{{sfn|Wardzyńska|2009|pp=180–182}} The history of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] in Bydgoszcz ended with the [[German invasion of Poland]] and the [[Holocaust]]. The city's Jewish citizens, who constituted a small community in the city (about two percent of the prewar population)<ref name="EP">{{cite web|url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/10867_1.html |title=Encyklopedia PWN |publisher=Encyklopedia.pwn.pl |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324124849/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/10867_1.html |archive-date=March 24, 2005 }}</ref> and many of whom spoke German, were sent to [[extermination camps]] or murdered in the town itself. The city renamed ''Bromberg'' was the site of [[Bromberg-Ost]], a women's subcamp of the [[Stutthof concentration camp]]. A deportation camp was situated in Smukała village, now part of Bydgoszcz. On February 4, 1941, the first mass transport of 524 Poles came to the [[Potulice concentration camp]] from Bydgoszcz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Molesztak|first=Aldona|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=[[Kraków]]|publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]|page=193|chapter=Doświadczenia obozowe dzieci w niemieckim obozie przesiedleńczym i pracy w Potulicach i Smukale - wspomnienia więźniarek}}</ref> The local train station was one of the locations, where Polish children aged 12 and over were sent from the Potulice concentration camp to slave labor.<ref name=ap>{{cite magazine|last=Paczoska|first=Alicja|year=2003|title=Dzieci Potulic|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=61|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The children reloaded freight trains.<ref name=ap/>

During the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupation]], the Germans destroyed some of the city's historic buildings to erect new structures in the [[Nazi architecture|Nazi style]].<ref name=VB/> The Germans built a huge secret dynamite factory (''[[Bromberg Dynamit Nobel AG Factory|DAG Fabrik Bromberg]]'') hidden in a forest in which they used the [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labor]] of several hundred forced laborers,<ref name=VB/> including [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[prisoners of war]] from the [[Stalag XX-A]] POW camp in Toruń.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bukowska|first=Hanna|year=2013|title=Obóz jeniecki Stalag XXA w Toruniu 1939-1945|magazine=Rocznik Toruński|publisher=Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia, [[The Nicolaus Copernicus University Press|Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika]]|language=pl|volume=40|page=107|issn=0557-2177}}</ref> In 1943, local Poles managed to save some [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped Polish children]] from the [[Zamość]] region, by buying them from the Germans at the local train station.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kozaczyńska|first=Beata|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|page=123|chapter=Gdy zabrakło łez... Tragizm losu polskich dzieci wysiedlonych z Zamojszczyzny (1942-1943)}}</ref>

The Polish resistance was active in Bydgoszcz. Activities included distribution of underground Polish press, sabotage actions, stealing German ammunition to aid Polish partisans, espionage of German activity{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|pp=30, 40–41, 47–48, 57, 62}} and providing shelter for British POWs who escaped from the Stalag XX-A POW camp.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|title=Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)|journal=Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum|language=pl|volume=5|pages=30, 33–34|issn=0137-5377}}</ref> The [[Gestapo]] cracked down on the Polish resistance several times.{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|p=39}}

In spring 1945, Bydgoszcz was occupied by the advancing [[Red Army]]. Those German residents who had survived [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|fled or were expelled]] and the city was returned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. The Polish resistance remained active in Bydgoszcz.{{sfn|Chrzanowski|2022|p=74}}

===Post-war period===
[[File:Stary Rynek w Bydgoszczy edit.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Contemporary rear view of the [[Old Market Square, Bydgoszcz|Old Market Square]] with [[Mill Island, Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]], [[Opera Nova Bydgoszcz|Opera Nova]], and [[Nordic Haven]] in the background.]]
In the same year 1945, the city was made the seat of the [[Pomeranian Voivodship]], the northern part of which was soon separated to form [[Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)|Gdańsk Voivodship]]. The remaining part of the Pomeranian Voivodship was renamed [[Bydgoszcz Voivodeship]] in 1950. In 1951 and 1969, [[Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology]] and [[Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz]] were founded respectively.

In 1973, the former town of [[Fordon (Bydgoszcz district)|Fordon]], located on the left bank of the Vistula, was included in the city limits<ref name="EP"/> and became the easternmost district of Bydgoszcz. In March 1981, [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]'s activists [[Bydgoszcz events|were violently suppressed in Bydgoszcz]].

With the [[Polish local government reforms]] of 1999, Bydgoszcz became the seat of the governor of a province entitled [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]]. In 2005, [[Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz|Casimir the Great University]] was opened in Bydgoszcz.

Currently, Bydgoszcz is the biggest center of [[NATO]] headquarters in Poland, the most known being the [[Joint Force Training Centre]]. In May 2023, debris of a Russian [[Kh-55]] [[Air-to-surface missile|air-sol missile]] was found in the forest of the near village [[Zamość, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship|Zamość]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title=Military object found in Polish forest was Russian missile - media |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/military-object-found-polish-forest-was-russian-missile-media-2023-05-10/ |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>

== Main sights ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
The oldest building in the city is the [[Bydgoszcz Cathedral|Cathedral of St Martin and St Nicolas]], commonly known as Fara Church. It is a three-aisle late Gothic church, erected between 1466 and 1502, which boasts a late-Gothic painting entitled ''Madonna with a Rose'' or ''the Holy Virgin of Beautiful Love'' from the 16th century. The colourful 20th-century polychrome is also especially worthy of note.

[[File:Bdg wiezacisnien 2 07-2013.jpg|thumb|upright|19th-century water tower]]

The [[Poor Clares' Church, Bydgoszcz|Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin]], commonly referred to as "The Church of [[Poor Clares]]," is a famous landmark of the city. It is a small, Gothic-Renaissance (including [[Neo-Renaissance]] additions), single-aisle church built between 1582 and 1602. The interior is rather austere since the church has been stripped of most of its furnishings. This is not a surprising fact, considering that in the 19th century the Prussian authorities dissolved the [[Order of Poor Ladies|Order of St Clare]] and turned the church into a warehouse, among other uses. Nonetheless, the church is worth visiting. In particular, the original wooden polychrome ceiling dating from the 17th century draws the attention of every visitor.

[[File:Bdg SpichrzStrPort 7 07-2013.jpg|thumb|left|The Old Port Granary built in 1835]]

''Wyspa Młyńska'' ([[Mill Island in Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]]) is among the most spectacular and atmospheric places in Bydgoszcz. What makes it unique is the location in the very heart of the city centre, just a few steps from the old Market Square. It was the 'industrial' centre of Bydgoszcz in the Middle Ages and for several hundred years thereafter, and it was here that the famous [[Bydgoszcz Mint|royal mint]] operated in the 17th century. Most of the buildings which can still be seen on the island date from the 19th century, but the so-called ''Biały Spichlerz'' (the White Granary) recalls the end of the 18th century. However, it is the water, footbridges, historic red-brick tenement houses reflected in the rivers, and the greenery, including old chestnut trees, that create the unique atmosphere of the island.

[[File:Bdg hotel Pod Orlem 2 07-2013.jpg|thumb|[[Hotel Pod Orlem, Bydgoszcz|Hotel Pod Orlem]]]]

[[Hotel "Pod Orlem" in Bydgoszcz|"Hotel pod Orłem"]] (The Eagle Hotel), an icon of the city's 19th-century architecture, was designed by the distinguished Bydgoszcz architect Józef Święcicki, the author of around sixty buildings in the city. Completed in 1896, it served as a hotel from the very beginning and was originally owned by Emil Bernhardt, a hotel manager educated in Switzerland. Its façade displays forms characteristic of the Neo-baroque style in architecture.

[[St. Vincent de Paul Basilica Minor in Bydgoszcz|Saint Vincent de Paul's Basilica]], erected between 1925 and 1939, is the largest church in Bydgoszcz and one of the biggest in Poland. It can accommodate around 12,000 people. This monumental church, modeled after the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome, was designed by the Polish architect Adam Ballenstaedt. The most characteristic element of the neo-classical temple is the reinforced concrete dome 40 metres in diameter.

The [[Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz#Grain Granaries|three granaries]] in [[Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz|Grodzka Street]], picturesquely located on the Brda River near the old Market Square, are the official symbol of the city. Built at the turn of the 19th century, they were originally used to store grain and similar products, but now house exhibitions of the city's Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum.

The building of the former [[Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters, Bydgoszcz|Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters]] erected between 1886 and 1889 in Dutch Mannierist style is another notable structure in the city. Initially it served as a headquarters of the Prussian Eastern Railway and later it belonged to the Polish State Railways. Since 2022 it is privately owned.

The city is mostly associated with water, sports, [[Art Nouveau]] buildings, waterfront, music, and urban greenery. Bydgoszcz boasts the largest city park in Poland (830 ha). The city was also once famous for its industry.

Some major landmarks have been destroyed, for example, the church in the Old Market Square and the [[Former Municipal Theatre in Bydgoszcz|Municipal Theatre]]. Additionally, the Old Town lost a few characteristic tenement houses, including the western frontage of the Market Square. The city also lost its Gothic castle and defensive walls. In Bydgoszcz, there are a great number of villas in the style of typical [[Garden city movement|garden suburbs]].

[[File:Widok z mostu Sulimy-Kamińskiego w Bydg zmierzch panorama1.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Buildings on the Brda River at dusk, with the 2004 Tightrope sculpture (Man Crossing the River ({{langx|pl|Przechodzący przez rzekę}}).]]

== Economy and demographics ==
[[File:ED161-004, Trako 2015, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg|left|thumb|[[Pojazdy Szynowe Pesa Bydgoszcz|PESA SA]] is headquartered in Bydgoszcz]]
{{Historical populations|1950|162524|1960|232007|1970|282200|1978|338014|1988|377807|2002|373804|2011|363926|2021|337666|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}}In the city, there are 38 banks represented through a network of 116 branches (including the headquarters of the [[Bank Pocztowy|Bank Pocztowy SA]]), whilst 37 insurance companies also have offices in the city. [[JP Morgan Chase]], one of the largest financial institutions in the world, has established a branch in Bydgoszcz. Most industrial complexes are scattered throughout the city. Of note are the [[Zachem Chemical Plant in Bydgoszcz|'Zachem' chemical works]], covering dozens of square kilometers in the south-east of the city. These remnants of the German explosives factory built in World War II occupy an area which has its own rail lines, internal communication and housing, plus a large forested area. An [[open-air museum]], the [[Exploseum]], is located here as well.

Since 2001, Bydgoszcz has been annually subjected to international 'verification' ratings. In February 2008 the '[[Fitch Ratings]]' Agency recategorised the city, increasing its rating from BBB-(stable forecast) to BBB (stable estimate).

In 2004, Bydgoszcz launched an Industrial and Technology Park of 283 hectares, an attractive place for doing business as companies that relocate there receive tax breaks, 24-hour security, access to large plots of land and to the media, the railway line Chorzów Batory – Tczew (passenger, coal), the DK5 and DK10 national roads, and future freeways [[Expressway S10 (Poland)|S10]] and [[Expressway S5 (Poland)|S5]]. Bydgoszcz Airport is also close by.

=== Population growth since 17th century ===
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:760 height:300
PlotArea = left:50 right:20 top:30 bottom:30
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = late
Colors =
id:linegrey2 value:gray(0.9)
id:linegrey value:gray(0.7)
id:cobar value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.8)
id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:400000
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey2
PlotData =
color:cobar width:20 align:center
bar:XVII from:0 till:4900
bar:1717 from:0 till:150
bar:1800 from:0 till:4691
bar:1849 from:0 till:10263
bar:1875 from:0 till:31308
bar:1910 from:0 till:57700
bar:1921 from:0 till:90095
bar:1930 from:0 till:117945
bar:1939 from:0 till:143100
bar:1945 from:0 till:135491
bar:1955 from:0 till:202044
bar:1965 from:0 till:256582
bar:1975 from:0 till:322657
bar:1985 from:0 till:366424
bar:1998 color:cobar2 from:0 till:386855
bar:2002 from:0 till:372104
bar:2010 from:0 till:364443
bar:2014 from:0 till:357652
bar:2020 from:0 till:346739
PlotData=
textcolor:black fontsize:S
bar:XVII at: 9900 text: 4900 shift:(0)
bar:1717 at: 5150 text: 150 shift:(0)
bar:1800 at: 9691 text: "4 691" shift:(0)
bar:1849 at: 15263 text: "10 263" shift:(0)
bar:1875 at: 36308 text: "31 308" shift:(0)
bar:1910 at: 62700 text: "57 700" shift:(0)
bar:1921 at: 95095 text: "90 095" shift:(0)
bar:1930 at: 122945 text: "117 945" shift:(0)
bar:1939 at: 148100 text: "143 100" shift:(0)
bar:1945 at: 140491 text: "135 491" shift:(0)
bar:1955 at: 207044 text: "202 044" shift:(0)
bar:1965 at: 261582 text: "256 582" shift:(0)
bar:1975 at: 327657 text: "322 657" shift:(0)
bar:1985 at: 371424 text: "366 424" shift:(0)
bar:1998 at: 391855 text: "386 855" shift:(0)
bar:2002 at: 377104 text: "372 104" shift:(0)
bar:2010 at: 369443 text: "364 443" shift:(0)
bar:2014 at: 357652 text: "357 652" shift:(0)
bar:2020 at: 346739 text: "346 739" shift:(0)
</timeline>

== Culture ==
[[File:Bdg kasyno 1a 05-2013.jpg|thumb|The Arts House on Gdańska Street, currently in the hands of [[Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy]].]]
Bydgoszcz is a major cultural centre in the country, especially for music. Traditions of the municipal theatre date back to the 17th century, when the Jesuit college built a theatre. In 1824, a [[Former Municipal Theatre in Bydgoszcz|permanent theatre building]] was erected, and this was rebuilt in 1895 in a monumental form by the Berlin architect Heinrich Seeling. The first music school was established in Bydgoszcz in 1904; it had close links to the very well-known European piano factory of Bruno Sommerfeld. Numerous orchestras and choirs, both German (Gesangverein, Liedertafel) and Polish (St. Wojciech Halka, Moniuszko), have also made the city their home. Since 1974, Bydgoszcz has been home to a very prestigious [[Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski"|Academy of Music]]. Bydgoszcz is also an important place for contemporary European culture; one of the most important European centers of jazz music, the Brain club, was founded in Bydgoszcz by Jacek Majewski and Slawomir Janicki.

Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2016.
<ref name="MW">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100714/http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/ City of Bydgoszcz Municipal website]</ref> It joined the list of [[UNESCO]]'s [[City of Music (UNESCO)|Cities of Music]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/55-new-cities-join-unesco-creative-cities-network-world-cities-day|title=55 new cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on World Cities Day|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{multiple image
| width = 200
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Miedzywodzie 2023.jpg
| image2 = Młyny Rothera z powietrza.jpg
| footer = Postindustrial landscape of Mill Island is today a home to many museum and cultural facilities.
}}
[[File:Muzeum Okregowe Gdańska 4 2023.jpg|thumb|The seat of [[Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz|Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum]], originally a 17th-century nunnery.]]
Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego ([[Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum]]) is a municipally owned museum. Apart from a large collection of [[Leon Wyczółkowski]]'s works, it houses permanent as well as temporary exhibitions of art. It is based in several buildings, including the old granaries on the [[Brda (river)|Brda]] River and [[Mill Island in Bydgoszcz|Mill Island]] and the remaining building of the Polish royal mint. [[Exploseum]], a museum built around the [[World War II]] [[Nazi Germany]] munitions factory, is also part of it.

In Bydgoszcz, the [[Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz#Main edifices|Pomeranian Military Museum]] specializes in documenting 19th- and 20th-century Polish military history, particularly the history of the Pomeranian Military District and several other units present in the area.

The city has many art galleries, two [[Pomeranian Philharmonic|symphony orchestras]], many chamber orchestras and choirs. Bydgoszcz's cultural facilities also include libraries, including the [[Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Bydgoszcz|Provincial and Municipal Public Library]] with an extensive collection of volumes from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The municipally owned [[Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko]] near the city contains the [[Andrzej Szwalbe]] Collection of Historical Pianos, one of the largest such collections in Poland.

=== Classical music ===
[[File:Filharmonia Pomorska 2.jpg|thumb|[[Pomeranian Philharmonic|Pomeranian Philharmonic Orchestra House]]]]
* The [[Pomeranian Philharmonic]] performance home with full name ''Filharmonia Pomorska im. Ignacego Paderewskiego'' (Ignacy Paderewski's [Concert Hall]) includes its 880-seat main hall, the [[Arthur Rubinstein]] Hall, a key European, rectangular, concert hall with superb acoustic qualities, still mainly hosting all types of [[classical music]]. The [[International Paderewski Piano Competition]] is held there every three years.

=== Popular music ===
* Concerts of [[popular music]] in Bydgoszcz are usually held in Filharmonia Pomorska, [[Łuczniczka]], Zawisza and Polonia stadiums as well as [[Grassland|open plains]] of Myslecinek's Rozopole on the outskirts of the city.
* [[Alternative rock|Alternative music]] festival "Low Fi"<ref>[http://www.lowfi-festival.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121221743/http://lowfi-festival.com/ |date=2015-11-21 }}</ref>
* Smooth Festival Złote Przeboje Bydgoszcz
* Eska Music Festival Bydgoszcz
* Hity na Czasie Festival Bydgoszcz
* Bydgoszcz Hit Festival

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Bdg Luczniczka 13 10-2013.jpg|left|thumb|[[Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz]]]]
[[Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz|Teatr Polski im Hieronima Konieczki]] (Hieronim Konieczka's Polish Theatre): Despite its name, the theatre offers a wide variety of shows both of national and foreign origin. It also regularly plays host to a large number of touring shows. Founded in 1949, since 2002 the theatre has taken part in the "Festiwal Prapremier" where the most renowned Polish theatres stage their latest works. There are also a number of private theatre companies operating in Bydgoszcz.

From 1960 to 1986, there was an outdoor theater, the reactivation of which is currently being pursued by the Theatre Culture Association, "Fides" and the Acting School A. Grzymala-Siedlecki.
[[File:Bdg OperaNova 8 07-2013.jpg|right|thumb|''Opera Nova'' on the Brda River bank]]
The [[Pomeranian Philharmonic]] named after [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] has existed since 1953. The concert hall, which can hold 920 people is classified, in terms of sound, as one of the best in Europe, which is confirmed by well-known artists and critics (including [[Jerzy Waldorff]]). Due to the phenomenon of acoustics, it attracts the interest of many famous artists. Bydgoszcz's stage has been frequented by many global celebrities, including [[Arthur Rubinstein]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Witold Małcużyński]], [[Luciano Pavarotti]], [[Shlomo Mintz]], [[Mischa Maisky]], [[Kevin Kenner]], [[Kurt Masur]], [[Kazimierz Kord]], [[Jerzy Maksymiuk]] and [[Antoni Wit]]. In recent years, the city has also hosted an excellent range of bands such as the BBC Radio Symphony Orchestra, the [[Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra]], and others.

The [[Opera Nova Bydgoszcz|Opera Nova]], in existence since 1956, started the construction of a new building in 1974 which was to consist of three main halls, situated on the Brda. The Opera Nova has become a cultural showcase of Bydgoszcz in the world. Considering the short history of the Opera, its success has been astounding; a large number of famous opera singers have performed there and theatrical troops from the Wrocław Opera, Theatre of Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev, Minsk, and Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon have also made appearances.

=== Cinematography ===
* The International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography [[camerimage|CAMERIMAGE]] is a festival dedicated to [[cinematography]] and its creators [[cinematographer]]s.

== Education ==
[[File:Wydział Matematyki, Fizyki i Techniki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz]]]]
{|
|-
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz|Kazimierz Wielki University]]
* [http://www.utp.edu.pl/ University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz]
* [[Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski"]]
* University Collegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Akademia Medyczna)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214022442/http://www.wszif.bydgoszcz.pl/ Ośrodek Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu]
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* Sekcja Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
* [[WSB Merito Universities|WSB Merito University in Toruń]],<ref>[http://www.wsb.pl/english/about-wsb-group/wsb-torun WSB University in Toruń] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301132031/http://www.wsb.pl/english/about-wsb-group/wsb-torun |date=2016-03-01 }} – WSB Universities</ref> department of Finance and Management
* [http://www.kpsw.edu.pl/ Kujawsko-Pomorska Szkoła Wyższa]
* [http://www.wsg.byd.pl/ Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki]
* [http://www.wsinsp.edu.pl/ Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Nauk Społeczno-Prawnych] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201152755/http://www.wsinsp.edu.pl/ |date=2021-02-01 }}
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [http://www.wsos.edu.pl/ Wyższa Szkoła Środowiska]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214022442/http://www.wszif.bydgoszcz.pl/ |date=December 14, 2007 |title=Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Finansów }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717065335/http://bydgoszcz.wsinf.edu.pl/ Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki] in [[Łódź]], Branch in Bydgoszcz
* Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych
* Niepubliczne Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych
|}

== Transport ==
=== Airports ===
* [[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport]]

=== Railways ===
Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest railway junctions in Poland, with two important lines crossing there – the east–west connection from [[Toruń]] to [[Piła|Pila]] and the north–south line from [[Inowrocław]] to [[Gdańsk]] (see: [[Polish Coal Trunk-Line]]). There are also secondary-importance lines stemming from the city, to [[Szubin]] and to [[Chełmża]]. Among rail stations located in the city, there are:

{|
|-
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
* [[Bydgoszcz Główna]] – main station
* Bydgoszcz Leśna
* Bydgoszcz Wschód
* Bydgoszcz Zachód
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
* Bydgoszcz Łęgnowo
* Bydgoszcz Bielawy
* Bydgoszcz Osowa Góra
* Bydgoszcz Fordon
|}

=== Buses and trams ===
* Local buses and [[trams in Bydgoszcz|trams]] are operated by [[:pl:Zarząd Dróg Miejskich i Komunikacji Publicznej w Bydgoszczy|Zarząd Dróg Miejskich i Komunikacji Publicznej w Bydgoszczy]]
* [[Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej|PKS Bydgoszcz]] – operates inter-city and international bus routes.

<gallery widths="175px" heights="175px" perrow="4">
File:Bydgoszcz-0492 IMG.jpg|[[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport]]
File:BydgoszczGlowna ww5 11-2015.jpg|Historic main railway station in Bydgoszcz
File:Bydgoszcz Main Railway Station Glavna železnička stanica u Bidgošču.jpg|Modern part of the main railway station
File:Pesa 122NaB Swing.JPG|Tram in Bydgoszcz
</gallery>

== Sports ==
[[File:Luczniczka-hala.jpg|thumb|The sport, show and fair arena ''[[Łuczniczka]]''.]]
[[File:Bydgoszcz 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships9 19-07-2016.jpg|thumb|[[Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium]]]]
[[File:Bdg Polonia stadion 1 4-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Józef Piłsudski Municipal Stadium]]]]
[[File:Bdg Artego Arena 2 09-2014.jpg|thumb|[[Grupa Moderator Arena]] (formerly called Artego Arena and Sisu Arena)]]
[[File:Bdg Torbyd pnr1 2-2018.jpg|thumb|[[Torbyd]]]]

=== Sports clubs ===
* [[Basket 25 Bydgoszcz]] – women's basketball team playing in [[Basket Liga Kobiet]], the country's top division.
* [[Astoria Bydgoszcz]] – men's [[basketball]] team playing in [[Polish Basketball League]], the country's top division (as of [[2022–23 PLK season|2022–23]]).
* [[Bydgoszcz Archers]] – American football team playing in [[Polish Football League]], the country's top division.
* [[Pałac Bydgoszcz]] – women's volleyball team playing in [[Polish Women's-Volleyball League|Polish Women's Volleyball League]], the country's top division.
* [[BKS Visła Bydgoszcz]] – men's [[Volleyball in Poland|volleyball]] team playing in [[Polish Volleyball League]], the country's top division.
* [[KKP Bydgoszcz]] – women's football team playing in [[Ekstraliga (women's football)|Ekstraliga]], the country's top division.
* [[Chemik Bydgoszcz (football)|Chemik Bydgoszcz]] – men's football team playing in the country's lower league.
* [[Polonia Bydgoszcz]] – [[Motorcycle speedway|speedway]] team, seven-time [[Team Speedway Polish Championship|Polish League champions]] (lately in 2002) and three-time [[European Speedway Club Champions' Cup|European Speedway Club Champions']] (lately in 2001) and football team, which played in the [[Ekstraklasa|top tier]] in the 1950s and 1960s.
* [[Zawisza Bydgoszcz]] – [[Football in Poland|football]] team, which played in the past in the [[Ekstraklasa|country's top flight]], most recently in 2015, currently playing in the lower league.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024037/http://bydgostia.org.pl/en/ RTW Bydgostia Bydgoszcz] – [[Rowing (sport)]] Bydgostia Regional Rowing Association was founded on 4 December 1928. The club was A Team Polish Champion in the following years: 1938, 1966, 1967, 1970 and for the successive seventeen years from 1993 to 2009.
* [[Gwiazda Bydgoszcz]] – men's [[table tennis]] team playing in Superliga, the country's top division. The club is also successfully competing in table tennis [[ETTU Cup|Europe Cup]].

=== Sports facilities ===
* [[Łuczniczka]], Show and Fair Arena
* [[Grupa Moderator Arena]], a closed indoor arena
* [[Stadion Zawiszy Bydgoszcz im. Zdzisława Krzyszkowiaka|Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium]]
* [[Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium|Polonia Stadium]]
* [[Hala Torbyd]], a closed indoor arena

=== Sports events ===
*[[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
**[[2003 European Athletics U23 Championships]]
**[[2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics]]
**[[2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships]]
**[[2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships]]
**[[2016 World Junior Championships in Athletics]]
**[[2017 European Athletics U23 Championships]]
**[[2019 European Team Championships]]
**[[European Athletics Festival Bydgoszcz]] (annual event part of the European [[European Athletic Association#Outdoor Permit Meetings|Permit Meetings]] circuit)
* [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]
** [[Speedway Grand Prix of Poland|Grand Prix of Poland]]: (1998–1999, 2001–2009)
** [[Speedway Grand Prix of Europe|Grand Prix of Europe]]: (2000)
** [[Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces]] (1951–1960, since 1982)
*Team sports
** [[Eurobasket 2009]]
** [[2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship|Women's European Volleyball Championships 2009]]
** [[2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]

== Politics ==

=== Bydgoszcz constituency ===
'''[[List of Sejm members (2005–2007)|Members of Polish Sejm 2007–2011]]''' elected from Bydgoszcz constituency:
{|
|-
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* Anna Bańkowska, [[Left and Democrats]]
* [[Krzysztof Brejza]], [[Civic Platform]]
* Jarosław Katulski, Civic Platform
* [[Eugeniusz Kłopotek]], [[Polish People's Party]]
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Tomasz Latos]], [[Law and Justice]]
* [[Wojciech Mojzesowicz]], Law and Justice
* [[Paweł Olszewski (politician)|Paweł Olszewski]], Civic Platform
* [[Teresa Piotrowska]], Civic Platform
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Grzegorz Roszak]], Civic Platform
* [[Radosław Sikorski]], Civic Platform
* [[Andrzej Walkowiak]], Law and Justice
* [[Janusz Zemke]], Left and Democrats
|}

'''Members of [[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Polish Senate]] 2007–2011''' elected from Bydgoszcz constituency:
* Zbigniew Pawłowicz, Civic Platform
* [[Jan Rulewski]], Civic Platform

== International relations ==
===Consulates===
{{multiple image|align=right|caption_align=center|perrow=2|total_width=230
| image1 = Bdg Mickiewicza9 2 07-2013.jpg
| image2 = Bdg Mickiewicza3 2 07-2013.jpg
| image3 = Bdg hotelSepia konsulatBelgii 2 6-2015.jpg
| image4 = Dworcowa 19 2.jpg
| image5 = Willa, Bydgoszcz, ul. Garbary 2 by AW.jpg
| footer = From top, left to right: honorary consulates of Austria, of Czechia, of Belgium, of Germany, and of Slovakia, Ukraine and Montenegro}}
There is an Honorary Consulate General of [[Hungary]] in Bydgoszcz, and nine honorary consulates, of [[Austria]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.um.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/Konsulaty_Honorowe_w_Bydgoszczy.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092912/http://www2.um.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/Konsulaty_Honorowe_w_Bydgoszczy.aspx | archive-date=18 April 2018 | title=Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy - Konsulaty Honorowe w Bydgoszczy }}</ref> [[Belgium]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Montenegro]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/promocja/wspolpraca-z-zagranica/konsulaty-honorowe-w-bydgoszczy/konsulat-honorowy-czarnogory-w-bydgoszczy/ | title=Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy - Konsulat Honorowy Czarnogóry w Bydgoszczy }}</ref> [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/misje-dyplomatyczne-urzedy-konsularne-i-organizacje-miedzynarodowe-w-polsce|title=Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce|website=Portal Gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Twin towns and friendship relations ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
[[File:Bdg miastapartnerskie 10-2014.jpg|thumb|Twin town signs of Bydgoszcz]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#e6e6e6
| colspan = 3 align=center| Twin Towns
|-
! City/Town
! Country
! Year
|-
| [[Reggio nell'Emilia|Reggio Emilia]] || {{flag|Italy}} ||align="center"| 12.04.1962
|-
| [[Kragujevac]]<ref name="Kragujevac Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/Gradovi_prijatelji-59-1|title=Kragujevac Twin Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]]2009 Information service of Kragujevac City|access-date=2009-02-21|archive-date=2010-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310055617/http://www.kragujevac.rs/Gradovi_prijatelji-59-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{flag|Serbia}} ||align="center"| 23.07.1971
|-
| [[Mannheim]]<ref name="Mannheim twinnings">{{cite web|url=https://www.mannheim.de/stadt-gestalten/partnerstaedte-staedtepartnerschaften-partnerstadt|title=Partner und Freundesstädte|access-date=2013-07-26|work=Stadt Mannheim|language=de}}</ref> || {{flag|Germany}} ||align="center"| 26.11.1991
|-
| [[Hartford]] || {{flag|United States}} ||align="center"| 30.09.1996
|-
| [[Pavlodar]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} ||align="center"| 10.04.1997
|-
| [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] || {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie |url=http://www.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/miasta_partnerskie.aspx?page=10|language=pl |quote="Perth, Szkocja" |website=City of Bydgoszcz |date=18 October 2007 |access-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> ||align="center"| 9.05.1998
|-
| [[Cherkasy]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} ||align="center"| 13.09.2000
|-
| [[Kremenchuk]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} ||align="center"| 30.06.2004
|-
| [[Patras]] || {{flag|Greece}} ||align="center"| 8.10.2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-patras.gr/portal/web/pressoffice/367 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730030515/http://www.e-patras.gr/portal/web/pressoffice/367 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-30 |title=Διεθνείς Σχέσεις |publisher=e-patras.gr |access-date=2011-09-16 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ningbo]] || {{flag|China}} ||align="center"| 28.12.2005
|-
| [[Wilhelmshaven]] || {{flag|Germany}} ||align="center"| 19.04.2006
|-
| [[Pitești]] || |{{flag|Romania}} ||align="center"| 22.06.2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/miasta_partnerskie.aspx?page=13|title=Twinning Agreement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015907/http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/miasto/wspolpraca_z_zagranica/miasta_partnerskie.aspx?page=13|publisher=Bydgoszcz City Hall|archive-date=9 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bydgoszcz.pl/miasto/wspolpraca-z-zagranica/miasta-partnerskie/pitesti/|title=Pitesti (Rumania)|publisher=Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy|language=pl|date=6 October 2016|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sliven]] || {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||align="center"| 9.09.2019
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="175px" heights="175px" perrow="4">
File:Ulica Gdanska - Plac Wolnosci 2023.jpg|[[Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz|Gdańska Street]]
File:Ulica Gdanska w Bydgoszczy.jpg|[[Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz|Gdańska Street]]
File:Bydgoska Aleja Autografów 2023.jpg|[[Długa street in Bydgoszcz|Długa Street]]
File:Ulica Dworcowa 2023.jpg|[[Dworcowa Street in Bydgoszcz|Dworcowa Street]]
File:Bdg Sniadeckich 2 07-2013.jpg|[[Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki Street in Bydgoszcz|Śniadeckich Street]]
File:Stary Rynek 24 - 2023.jpg|[[Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Bydgoszcz|Main Library]] on the Old Market Square
File:Copernicanum 2.jpg|[[Copernicanum building in Bydgoszcz|Institute of Applied Informatics (Kazimierz the Great University)]]
File:Most Fordonski 2023.jpg|[[Ralph Modjeski]] Bridge in [[Fordon, Bydgoszcz|Fordon District]]
File:Bydgoszcz, ul Słowackiego 7 AW.jpg|[[Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy|Academy of Music]]
File:Bdg Dyrekcja Kolei 01.jpg|Former headquarters of the {{break}}[[Prussian Eastern Railway]]
File:Technikum mechaniczne 3465.jpg|[[Mechanical School N°1, Bydgoszcz|School of mechanics]] ([[secondary education]])
File:Ratusz w Bydgoszczy.jpg|Former Jesuit College (1617), now the City Hall
File:Bdg Katedra 13 07-2013.jpg|[[Bydgoszcz Cathedral]]'s façade
File:Bydgoszcz, dom, ok. 1775.JPG|Bydgoszcz Scientific Society
File:Bdg Wilenska 5 07-2008.jpg|Birthplace of [[Marian Rejewski]]
File:Bdg nabrzezepldBrdy 15 07-2013.jpg|[[Brda (river)|Brda]] River in the city centre
File:European Centre for Money in Bydgoszcz 01.jpg|Former [[Bydgoszcz Mint|Polish Royal mint]], now a museum
File:Bydgoszcz stary kanał sluza V.jpg|Sluice gate on [[Bydgoszcz Canal]]
File:Sąd Wojewódzki Bydgoszcz, ul. Wały Jagiellońskie 2, by AW.jpg|The district court building
File:Bdg LakaWM 21 07-2013.jpg|Czerwony Spichlerz – Museum of Contemporary Art in Bydgoszcz
File:Bdg Plastyk 3 6-2015.jpg|School of Fine Arts
File:Main Post Office in Bydgoszcz (3).jpg|[[Main Post Office, Bydgoszcz|Main Post Office]]
File:Bdg Eljazz 1 07-2013.jpg| Music Club Eljazz
File:Bdg Nordic Haven 3 2018 3.jpg| Nordic Haven apartment block
File:Bdg kscBernardynow 13 07-2013.jpg| Bernardine church
File:Trasa Uniwersytecka - Pylon 2023.jpg|The University Bridge
File:Pomnik Jana Nepomucena 2023.jpg| Statue of [[John of Nepomuk]]
File:Biały Spichrz 03 2011.jpg|The White Granary, seat of the Archeological Museum in Bydgoszcz
File:Bydgoszcz Luczniczka.JPG|''[[The Archer (Lepcke)|Łuczniczka]]'' (''The Archeress'', ({{langx|pl|Łuczniczka}}, {{langx|de|Bogenspannerin}})
</gallery>

==Climate==
Bydgoszcz has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'').

{{Weather box
| location = Bydgoszcz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1982 and 1992–2015)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 13.0
| Feb record high C = 14.1
| Mar record high C = 22.8
| Apr record high C = 30.7
| May record high C = 31.9
| Jun record high C = 35.5
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 37.0
| Sep record high C = 33.4
| Oct record high C = 28.2
| Nov record high C = 19.5
| Dec record high C = 15.9
| year record high C = 38.3
| Jan avg record high C = 8.2
| Feb avg record high C = 9.4
| Mar avg record high C = 15.7
| Apr avg record high C = 23.3
| May avg record high C = 27.5
| Jun avg record high C = 30.6
| Jul avg record high C = 31.7
| Aug avg record high C = 31.1
| Sep avg record high C = 25.5
| Oct avg record high C = 20.0
| Nov avg record high C = 13.1
| Dec avg record high C = 8.8
|year avg record high C = 33.1
| Jan high C = 1.1
| Feb high C = 2.7
| Mar high C = 6.9
| Apr high C = 14.1
| May high C = 19.4
| Jun high C = 22.1
| Jul high C = 24.6
| Aug high C = 23.9
| Sep high C = 18.6
| Oct high C = 12.7
| Nov high C = 6.2
| Dec high C = 2.0
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -1.5
| Feb mean C = -0.4
| Mar mean C = 2.5
| Apr mean C = 8.5
| May mean C = 13.7
| Jun mean C = 16.7
| Jul mean C = 19.1
| Aug mean C = 18.2
| Sep mean C = 13.3
| Oct mean C = 8.2
| Nov mean C = 3.5
| Dec mean C = -0.3
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -3.7
| Feb low C = -3.0
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 3.5
| May low C = 8.1
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 13.7
| Aug low C = 13.1
| Sep low C = 9.3
| Oct low C = 5.1
| Nov low C = 1.3
| Dec low C = -2.4
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = -14.9
| Feb avg record low C = -12.4
| Mar avg record low C = -8.3
| Apr avg record low C = -3.1
| May avg record low C = 0.9
| Jun avg record low C = 5.6
| Jul avg record low C = 8.8
| Aug avg record low C = 7.6
| Sep avg record low C = 2.7
| Oct avg record low C = -2.3
| Nov avg record low C = -5.9
| Dec avg record low C = -11.7
|year avg record low C = -18.3
| Jan record low C = -29.9
| Feb record low C = -26.6
| Mar record low C = -25.4
| Apr record low C = -8.5
| May record low C = -5.1
| Jun record low C = -1.8
| Jul record low C = 2.5
| Aug record low C = 1.9
| Sep record low C = -4.0
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -19.6
| Dec record low C = -24.2
| year record low C = -29.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 34.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 26.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 36.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 28.2
| May precipitation mm = 52.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 56.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 83.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 48.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 33.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.9
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan snow depth cm =
| Feb snow depth cm =
| Mar snow depth cm =
| Apr snow depth cm =
| May snow depth cm =
| Jun snow depth cm =
| Jul snow depth cm =
| Aug snow depth cm =
| Sep snow depth cm =
| Oct snow depth cm =
| Nov snow depth cm =
| Dec snow depth cm =
| year snow depth cm =
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.0
| Feb precipitation days = 13.4
| Mar precipitation days = 12.9
| Apr precipitation days = 10.5
| May precipitation days = 12.4
| Jun precipitation days = 12.4
| Jul precipitation days = 14.2
| Aug precipitation days = 12.0
| Sep precipitation days = 10.9
| Oct precipitation days = 12.7
| Nov precipitation days = 13.7
| Dec precipitation days = 16.9
| year precipitation days = 158.4
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days =
| Feb snow days =
| Mar snow days =
| Apr snow days =
| May snow days =
| Jun snow days =
| Jul snow days =
| Aug snow days =
| Sep snow days =
| Oct snow days =
| Nov snow days =
| Dec snow days =
| year snow days =
| Jan humidity = 86.8
| Feb humidity = 86.6
| Mar humidity = 81.4
| Apr humidity = 71.5
| May humidity = 69.7
| Jun humidity = 71.1
| Jul humidity = 73.6
| Aug humidity = 75.4
| Sep humidity = 81.7
| Oct humidity = 86.3
| Nov humidity = 90.5
| Dec humidity = 89.3
| year humidity =
| Jan sun =
| Feb sun =
| Mar sun =
| Apr sun =
| May sun =
| Jun sun =
| Jul sun =
| Aug sun =
| Sep sun =
| Oct sun =
| Nov sun =
| Dec sun =
| year sun =
| Jan dew point C = -4
| Feb dew point C = -3
| Mar dew point C = -1
| Apr dew point C = 2
| May dew point C = 7
| Jun dew point C = 10
| Jul dew point C = 13
| Aug dew point C = 13
| Sep dew point C = 10
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 3
| Dec dew point C = -1
|source 1 = Meteomodel.pl<ref name=bydgoszcz19922018>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=253180220&par=tm&max_empty=2
| title = Średnie i sumy miesięczne
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=bydgoszcz19511982>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353170240&par=tm&max_empty=2
| title = Średnie i sumy miesięczne
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 July 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/bydgoszcz/climate
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Bydgoszcz
| publisher = Time and Date
| access-date = 24 July 2022}}</ref>}}

== People born in Bydgoszcz ==
{|
|-
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Maximilian Piotrowski]] (1813–1875), painter, [[Kunstakademie Königsberg]] professor
* [[Alexander Schimmelfennig]] (1824–1865) and [[Charles L. Matthies]] (1824–1868), [[American Civil War]] generals (Union)
* [[Morris D. Rosenbaum]] (1831–1885), businessman
* [[Georg von Schleinitz]] (1834–1910), explorer, governor of [[German New Guinea]]
* [[Adolf Rosenberg]] (1850–1906), theater critic and art historian
* [[Martensite|Adolf Martens]] (1850–1914), metallurgist
* [[Max von Boehn (general)|Max von Boehn]] (1850−1921), general
* [[Jan Biziel]] (1858–1934), physician
* [[Clara Hammerl]] (1858–1931), first woman to lead a Spanish financial institution
* [[Józef Święcicki]] (1859–1913), architect
* [[Hugo Hergesell]] (1859–1938), meteorologist
* [[Hermann Dietz]] (1861–1944), physician
* [[Imro Fox]] (1862–1910), chef, magician
* [[Louis Jacobsohn-Lask]] (1863–1941), neurologist and neuroanatomist
* [[Walter Leistikow]] (1865–1908), painter
* [[Julian Borchardt]] (1868–1932), socialist politician
* [[Julius Gehl]] (1869–1945), vice president of the Senate of the [[Free City of Danzig]]
* [[Martin Gorecki]] (1871–1928), brewery worker and Socialist member of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]]
* [[Max Friedlaender (lawyer)|Max Friedlaender]] (1873–1956), lawyer
* [[Gertrud von Kunowski]] (1877–1960), painter
* [[Emil Warmiński]] (1881–1909), physician
* [[Erich Regener]] (1881–1955), physicist, designer of instruments to measure [[cosmic ray]] intensity
* [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel]] (1882–1936), theatrical impresario, [[Amanda Peet]] great-grandfather
* [[Erwin von Sigel]] (1884–1967), Olympic runner
* [[Eberhard von Mackensen]] (1889–1969), general
* [[Margarete Schlegel]] (1899–1987), actress and soprano operetta singer
* [[George Adamski]] (1891–1965), metaphysics teacher, UFO contactee
* [[Erich Buchholz]] (1891–1972), painter
* [[Hermann Souchon]] (1895–1982), naval officer, executed [[Rosa Luxemburg]]
* [[Mieczysław Garsztka]] (1896–1919), aviator
* [[Bronisław Kłobucki]] (1896–1944), sculptor and painter
* [[Hermann Maaß]] (1897–1944), German Resistance fighter
* [[Teodor and Franciszek Gajewski]] (1897–1969), sculptors and painters
* [[Kurt Tank]] (1898–1983), aerospace engineer
* [[Marten von Barnekow]] (1900–1967), equestrian, Olympic gold medalist
* [[Max Jacobson]] (1900–1979), physician of [[John F. Kennedy]]
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Wolfgang Schmieder]] (1901–1990), music librarian and musicologist
* [[Alfred Ingemar Berndt]] (1905–1945) German writer and propagandist
* [[Marian Rejewski]] (1905–1980), mathematician and cryptologist
* [[Franciszek Bronikowski]] (1907–1964), Olympic rower
* [[Klara Prillowa]] (1907–1991), sculptor
* [[Eric Seelig]] (1909–1984), boxing champion
* [[Lothar Wolff]] (1909–1988), film editor, producer
* [[Ola Obarska]] (1919–1994), actress, operetta singer
* [[Hilde Zadek]] (1917–2019), operatic soprano
* [[Zbigniew Kuźmiński]] (1921–2005), film director and screenwriter
* [[Stefan Klajbor]] (1924–1991), architect
* [[Juliusz Bogdan Deczkowski]] (1924–1998), soldier, writer
* [[Danuta Kleisinger]] (1924–2017), [[Righteous Among the Nations]]
* [[Richard Ogorkiewicz]] (1926–2019), engineer
* [[Teodor Kocerka]] (1927–1999), rower
* [[Edmund Michał Piszcz]] (1929–2022), archbishop of [[Archbishopric of Warmia|Warmia]]
* [[Kazimierz Karabasz]] (1930–2018), documentary filmmaker
* [[Eulalia Szwajkowska]] (1932–2009), Olympic sprinter
* [[Zbigniew Syka]] (1936–1996), sprinter
* [[Włodzimierz Jastrzębski]] (born 1939), historian
* [[Jan Wróblewski (glider pilot)|Jan Wróblewski]] (born 1940), glider pilot
* [[Ekkehard Schulz]] (born 1941), businessman, [[ThyssenKrupp]] CEO
* [[Jan Lewan]] (born 1941), singer, portrayed by [[Jack Black]] in [[The Polka King]]
* [[Andrzej Przybielski]] (1944–2011), jazz trumpeter
* [[Jan Rulewski]] (born 1944), politician
* [[Wojciech Gryniewicz]] (born 1946), sculptor
* [[Piotr Moss]] (born 1949), composer
* [[Jan Kulczyk]] (1950–2015), businessman and billionaire
* [[Ryszard Kubiak]] (1950–2022), rower
* [[Jan Krzysztof Bielecki]] (born 1951), [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland]]
* [[Mieczysław Cieniuch]] (born 1951), general
* [[Grażyna Szapołowska]] (born 1953), film actress
* [[Wojciech Mojzesowicz]] (born 1954), politician
* [[Marian Sypniewski]] (born 1955), fencer
* [[Zbigniew Boniek]] (born 1956), football player
* [[Mariusz Klimczyk]] (born 1956), pole vaulter
* [[Stefan Majewski]] (born 1956), football player
* [[Jan Kaja]] (born 1957), painter
| style = "vertical-align:top; width:33%;"|
* [[Jacek Soliński]] (born 1957), painter
* [[Julia Przyłębska]] (born 1959), [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|President of the Constitutional Tribunal]]
* [[Mariusz Kazana]] (1960–2010), diplomat
* [[Janusz Turowski (footballer)|Janusz Turowski]] (born 1961), football coach
* [[Marek Leśniewski]] (born 1963), racing cyclist
* [[Radosław Sikorski]] (born 1963), [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland]]
* [[Wojciech Zajączkowski]] (born 1963), diplomat, [[List of ambassadors of Poland to China|ambassador to China]]
* [[Mirosław Chmara]] (born 1964), pole vaulter
* [[Wiesław Tarka]] (born 1964), diplomat
* [[Jacek Gollob]] (born 1969), top speedway rider
* [[Katarzyna Radtke]] (born 1969), race walker
* [[Alicja Pęczak]] (born 1970), swimmer
* [[Sebastian Chmara]] (born 1971), decathlete
* [[Tomasz Gollob]] (born 1971), speedway rider
* [[Robert Sycz]] (born 1973), rower
* [[Ewa Kowalkowska]] (born 1975), volleyball player
* [[Daniel Stefański]] (born 1977), football referee
* [[Robert Wulnikowski]] (born 1977), football goalkeeper
* [[Sylwester Szmyd]] (born 1978), cyclist (road)
* [[Michał Śledziński]] (born 1978), cartoonist
* [[Paweł Olszewski (politician)|Paweł Olszewski]] (born 1979), politician
* [[Filip Dylewicz]] (born 1980), basketball player
* [[Caesar Twins]] (born 1980), theatrical-gymnastics
* [[Wojciech Gutorski]] (born 1982), rower
* [[Wojciech Łobodziński]] (born 1982), football player
* [[Michał Winiarski]] (born 1983), volleyball player
* [[Piotr Hojka]] (born 1984), rower
* [[Beata Mikołajczyk]] (born 1985), canoer
* [[Łukasz Michalski]] (born 1988), pole vaulter
* [[Iga Baumgart-Witan]] (born 1989), sprinter
* [[Paweł Wojciechowski (pole vaulter)|Paweł Wojciechowski]] (born 1989), pole vaulter
* [[Martyna Mikołajczak]] (born 1991), rower
* [[Patryk Dudek]] (born 1992), speedway rider
* [[Jacek Góralski]] (born 1992), footballer
* [[Przemek Karnowski]] (born 1993), basketball player
* [[Klaudia Breś]] (born 1994), sport shooter
* [[Damian Knyba]] (born 1996), boxer
* [[Bedoes]] (born 1998), rapper and songwriter
* [[Oskar Repka]] (born 1999), footballer
* [[Helena Wiśniewska]] (born 1999), sprint canoeist
* [[Katarzyna Dondalska]], coloratura soprano
|}

== See also ==
{{Commons}}
{{wikivoyage|Bydgoszcz}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bromberg}}
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bydgoszcz dialect]]
* [[Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)]]
* [[Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz|Gdańska Street]]
* [[Dworcowa Street in Bydgoszcz|Dworcowa Street]]
* [[Theatre square in Bydgoszcz|Theatre square]]
* [[Freedom Square, Bydgoszcz|Freedom Square]]
* [[Church of St. John the Apostle and Evangelist in Bydgoszcz]]
* [[Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz|Grodzka Street]]
* [[Nakielska street in Bydgoszcz|Nakielska street]]
* [[August Cieszkowski Street in Bydgoszcz|Cieszkowskiego Street]]
* [[Independence Estate (Bydgoszcz)]]
* [[Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz|Jagiellońska street]]
* [[Stary Port Street in Bydgoszcz|Stary Port Street]]
* [[Bernardyńska Street in Bydgoszcz|Bernardyńska Street]]
* [[Podwale Street in Bydgoszcz|Podwale Street]]
* [[Długa street in Bydgoszcz|Długa street]]
* [[Adam Mickiewicz Alley]]
* [[Ossoliński Alley in Bydgoszcz|Ossoliński Alley]]
* [[Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki Street in Bydgoszcz|Śniadeckich Street]]
* [[Pomorska Street in Bydgoszcz|Pomorska Street]]
* [[Marshal Ferdinand Foch Street in Bydgoszcz|Focha Street]]
* [[Zygmunt Krasiński Street in Bydgoszcz|Krasińskiego Street]]
* [[Bydgoszcz Synagogue]], former synagogue in the city
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz]]
* [[Piastowski Square in Bydgoszcz|Piastowski Square]]
* [[Father Stanisław Konarski Street in Bydgoszcz|Konarskiego Street]]
* [[Piotra Skargi Street in Bydgoszcz|Piotra Skargi Street]]
* [[Kołłątaja street in Bydgoszcz]]
* [[Gimnazjalna, Libelta and Szwalbego Streets in Bydgoszcz|Gimnazjalna, Libelta and Szwalbego Streets]]
* [[Mikołaja Reja Street in Bydgoszcz|Mikołaja Reja Street]]
* [[Swiętej Trojcy street in Bydgoszcz|Swiętej Trojcy street]]
* [[Kopernika Street in Bydgoszcz|Kopernika Street]]
* [[Krakowska Street in Bydgoszcz|Krakowska Street]]
* [[Osowa Góra (Bydgoszcz district)|Osowa Góra]]
* [[Flisy (Bydgoszcz district)]]
* [[Glinki (Bydgoszcz district)]]
* [[Freedom Hill, Bydgoszcz|Freedom Hill]]
|}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bydgoszcz.pl/ Bydgoszcz.pl homepage] (Polish)
* [http://www.visitbydgoszcz.pl/ Visit Bydgoszcz.pl homepage] (Polish, English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100714/http://www.bydgoszcz.eu/ Municipal website] {{in lang|en}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|year=2022|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945|language=pl|location=Gdańsk|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|isbn=978-83-8229-411-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]}}

== Further reading ==
* Ludwig Kühnast: ''Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme'' (Historical news about the town of Bromberg – From the town's founding to the Prussian occupation). Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837 ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6tkAAAAAcAAJ Online]) (in German).
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles related to Bydgoszcz
| list =
{{Cities of Poland}}
{{Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}}
{{Bydgoszcz County|state=autocollapse}}
{{Vistula}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bydgoszcz| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former countries]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities with powiat rights]]
[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Vistula]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Sites of Nazi war crimes in the Invasion of Poland]]

Sunetra Pawar

2026-05-07T08:56:06Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = President of India, Pratibha Patil (left) with Sunetra Ajitdada Pawar (right) at Rashtrapati Bhavan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pawar in 2010
| birth_name = Sunetra Bajirao Patil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Ter, Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web | title=From low-profile wife of politician to centre stage: Sunetra Pawar's journey to deputy CM's post | website=[[The Print]] | date=31 January 2026 | url=https://theprint.in/india/from-low-profile-wife-of-politician-to-centre-stage-sunetra-pawars-journey-to-deputy-cms-post/2841963/? }}</ref>
| office = 11th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| alongside = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| governor = * [[Acharya Devvrat]] ''(additional charge)''
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = * [[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)|State Excise]]
* [[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare]]
* [[Ministry of Minority Development and Aukaf (Maharashtra)|Minority Development and Aukaf]]
| term_start = 31 January 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 21 June 2024
| term_end1 = 6 May 2026
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Praful Patel]]
| successor1 = 
| office2 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|National President of Nationalist Congress Party]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| successor2 =
| term_start2 = 26 February 2026
| term_end2 =
| office3 = [[Guardian minister (Maharashtra)|Guardian Minister]] of [[Pune District]] & [[Beed District]] in [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| predecessor3 = Ajit Pawar
| term_start3 = 3 February 2026
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 4 May 2026
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ajit Pawar]]|1985|2026|end=died}}
| children = 2; including [[Parth Pawar|Parth]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|agriculturist|social worker|industrialist|academic administrator}}
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
| organisation = {{ubl|Baramati Textile Company|Environmental Forum of India}}}}
| website = https://sunetrapawar.com/
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Sunetra Ajit Pawar''' (''[[née]]'' '''Patil'''; 18 October 1963) is an Indian politician serving as 11th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] alongside [[Eknath Shinde]] since 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunetra Pawar takes oath as Maharashtra deputy CM|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1090394/sunetra-pawar-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-deputy-cm|website=[[Scroll]]|date=31 January 2026|access-date=|language=|first=|last=}}</ref> She is the first woman to hold the office. Sunetra also serves as the National President of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/sunetra-pawar-takes-oath-as-deputy-chief-minister-mlas-chant-slogans-of-long-live-ajit-pawar-a-a607/|title= Sunetra Pawar takes oath as Deputy Chief Minister, Becoming Maharashtra's Second Woman Deputy CM.| work= [[Lokmat]]|date=31 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> and has previously represented [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. She is the widow of her predecessor and husband, [[Ajit Pawar]], who [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash|died in a plane crash]] in 2026.

== Early and personal life ==
Sunetra was born in [[Ter, Maharashtra]] on 18 October 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From low-profile wife of politician to centre stage: Sunetra Pawar's journey to deputy CM's post|url=https://theprint.in/india/from-low-profile-wife-of-politician-to-centre-stage-sunetra-pawars-journey-to-deputy-cms-post/2841963/|website=[[The Print]]|date=31 January 2026|access-date=|language=|last=}}</ref> She is the sister of [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] a former senior cabinet minister and who served more than 20 years in Maharashtra government as minister and [[Member of Parliament]] representing Maharashtra in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Zeeshan |last=Shaikh |date=30 January 2026 |title=Sunetra Pawar: The reluctant politician set to carry forward husband Ajit Pawar's legacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sunetra-pawar-reluctant-politician-carry-forward-ajit-pawar-legacy-10503885/ |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130132405/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sunetra-pawar-reluctant-politician-carry-forward-ajit-pawar-legacy-10503885/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Kumar |date=31 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar's wife Sunetra takes oath as Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawars-wife-sunetra-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-first-woman-to-take-up-the-post-2860896-2026-01-31 |archive-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131171840/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawars-wife-sunetra-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-first-woman-to-take-up-the-post-2860896-2026-01-31}}</ref> A member of the [[Political families of Maharashtra#P|Pawar family]], she was married to [[Ajit Pawar]] from 1985 until his [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash|death]] in 2026. She has two sons, Jay and [[Parth Pawar]] .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajit Pawar's Fascinating Family Tree and Political Legacy|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ajit-pawars-fascinating-family-tree-and-political-legacy-1503196437.html|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=3 July 2023|access-date=|language=|first=|last=}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sunetra entered active electoral politics during the [[2024 Indian general election]]. She contested from the [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] against her sister-in-law and incumbent MP [[Supriya Sule]]. She lost by 150,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supriya Sule beat Sunetra in Lok Sabha polls. Now, she's bhabhi's pillar in tragedy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawar-death-plane-crash-supriya-sule-sunetra-pawar-sons-jay-parth-family-bond-political-differences-rift-baramati-bond-viral-image-2859721-2026-01-29|website=[[India Today]]|date=29 January 2026|access-date=|language=|first=Sharangee|last=Dutta}}</ref><ref name="k2832">{{cite web |title=Sunetra Pawar eyes ministerial berth in Modi govt as she is set to be Rajya Sabha MP|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 June 2024|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sunetra-pawar-ministerial-berth-modi-govt-rajya-sabha-mp-9394507/|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="s6982">{{cite web |author=|title=Ajit Pawar's wife Sunetra elected Rajya Sabha member|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 June 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/sunetra-pawar-from-ncp-elected-rajya-sabha-member/article68305465.ece|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="w6552">{{cite web |last=Nair|first=Ardhra|title=City NCP unit seeks RS seat, MoS post for Sunetra Pawar|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-ncp-unit-seeks-rs-seat-mos-post-for-sunetra-pawar/articleshow/110887304.cms|access-date=}}</ref>

Although she was unsuccessful in the general election, she was subsequently elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from Maharashtra in June 2024.<ref name="RS2024">{{cite news |title=Sunetra Pawar elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sunetra-pawar-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed/articleshow/111054321.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra ===
On 31 January 2026, following the death of her husband and sitting [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|deputy chief minister]], [[Ajit Pawar]], Sunetra was elected as the leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. She was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister later that day, becoming the first woman to hold the office in the state's history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunetra Pawar Becomes First Woman Deputy CM of Maharashtra |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/sunetra-pawar-first-woman-deputy-cm-maharashtra |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Vinaya Deshpande |title=Sunetra Pawar becomes the first woman DCM of Maharashtra, to handle three portfolios |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/sunetra-pawar-sworn-in-as-first-woman-deputy-chief-minister-of-maharashtra/article70574006.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=31 January 2026}}</ref> She was also given the charge of [[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)|State Excise]], [[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare]], [[Ministry of Minority Development and Aukaf (Maharashtra)|Minorities Development and Aukaf]] ministries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunetra Pawar gets Excise, Sports ministries; Finance portfolio held by Ajit Pawar goes to CM Fadnavis {{!}} Today News|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sunetra-pawar-gets-ajit-pawar-s-portfolios-not-finance-fadnavis-bjp-praful-patel-ncp-deputy-cm-devendra-fadnavis-11769866329867.html|website=mint|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Sunetra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women deputy chief ministers of Indian states]]

Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T14:07:45Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: stub...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajkot
| type = LS
| map_image = રાજકોટ – Rajkot.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 1952
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Parshottam Rupala]]
| incumbent_image = Parshottam Rupala addressing the inaugural session of the NEDAC (Network for Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Asia) General Assembly, in New Delhi.JPG
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons =[[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]] [[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]] [[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]] [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]] [[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]] [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]] [[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|reservation=None}}

'''Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|gu|રાજકોટ લોકસભા મતવિસ્તાર}}) is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Rupala won as Kshatriya stir polarised voters in favour of BJP: Rajkot Congress president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/rupala-won-as-kshatriya-stir-polarised-voters-in-favour-of-bjp-rajkot-congress-president-9376990/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|archivedate=2009-04-16}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|66
|[[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|67
|[[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|None
|-
|68
|[[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|69
|[[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|None
|-
|70
|[[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|None
|-
|71
|[[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]]
|SC
|-
|72
|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|None
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Himmatsinhji (general)|Himmatsinhji]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]]
|-
||-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Minoo Masani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}

[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[U. N. Dhebar]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Minoo Masani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Ghanshyambhai Oza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Keshubhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Ramjibhai Mavani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Ramaben Patel]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivlal Vekaria]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan=4|[[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kuvarjibhai Bavalia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Kundariya]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Parshottam Rupala]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Parshottam Rupala]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 857984
|percentage= 67.37
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Paresh Dhanani]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=3,73,724
|percentage= 29.35
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 15,922
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,84,260
|percentage =37.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,74,866
|percentage =60.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajkot]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mohan Kundariya]]
|votes = 758600
|percentage = 63.47
|change = +4.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kagathara Lalitbhai
|votes = 3,90,238
|percentage = 32.65
|change = -2.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 18,318
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Parmar
|votes = 15,388
|percentage = 1.29
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,68,407
|percentage = 30.82
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,96,300
|percentage = 63.49
|change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajkot]]<ref name="auto1">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mohan Kundariya]]
|votes = 6,21,524
|percentage = 58.80
|change = +15.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya
|votes = 3,75,096
|percentage = 35.48
|change = -11.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jivanbhai Parmar
|votes = 12,653
|percentage = 1.20
|change = -1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 18,249
|percentage = 1.73
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,46,428
|percentage = 23.31
|change = +19.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,57,783
|percentage = 63.89
|change = +24.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +15.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajkot]]<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2013-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya
|votes = 3,07,434
|percentage = 50.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kirankumar Patel
|votes = 2,82,742
|percentage = 43.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Daleechandbhai Dhedhi Patel
|votes = 14,653
|percentage = 2.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,735
|percentage = 3.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,49,606
|percentage = 44.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajkot]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
|votes = 3,20,604
|percentage = 59.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Bachubhai Manvar
|votes = 1,76,634
|percentage = 32.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Karanbhai Maldhari
|votes = 22,666
|percentage = 4.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,43,970
|percentage = 26.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,38,630
|percentage = 32.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajkot district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22.3|70.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]

Borobekra

2026-04-30T21:27:13Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: data

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Borobekra
| other_name = Barabekra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6329|93.0963|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 114.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 741
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Borobekra''', also spelt '''Barabekra''', is a village in the [[Jiribam district]] in [[Manipur]], [[India]], and the headquarters of an eponymous subdivision. It is about 30 km south of [[Jiribam]], the headquarters of the district. The village is on the bank of the [[Barak River]], near the confluence of a tributary that flows down from the [[Vangaitang]] range to the east. The Barak River flows north in this region, up to [[Jirimukh]], where it turns northwest. The Barak River also forms the border with the [[Assam]] state of India.

The villages surrounding Borobekra include '''Guakhal''',{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Gwakhal",<ref name="Gazette 1956"/> "Guwakhal".<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/security-forces-hold-joint-combing-operations-in-jiribam-after-attempt-to-torch-home/article68337005.ece Security forces hold joint combing operations in Jiribam after attempt to torch home], The Hindu, 27 June 2024.
</ref>}}
'''Harinagar''' and '''Jakuradhor'''.{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Jakurador", "Jakuradhar"<ref name="Gazette 1956"/> and "Jakhradawr".}}
All of them are broadly considered as part of the Borobekra region. The Borobekra Police Station is at Jukuradhor.<ref name="IFP 31 Oct 2016">
Ibobi seeks time for Jiribam district, Imphal Free Press, 31 October 2016. {{ProQuest|1835307404}}
</ref>
The north–south-running [[Jiribam]]–[[Tipaimukh]] highway passes through the Guakhal village, close to Borobekra, and continues on to Harinagar and Jakuradhor.

== Geography and History ==
The entire [[Vangaitang]] range adjacent to the present-day Jiribam district was part of the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Cachar kingdom]] at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British transferred the Vangaitang range to Manipur, setting the border along the western stretch of Barak River{{efn|The Barak River flows south till [[Tipaimukh]] and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh.}} and the Jiri River.<ref>
{{Citation |last=Sanjeev |first=Thingnam |chapter=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |page=243}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=YAOL |year=2019 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |via=archive.org |pages=24–25, 251}}
</ref>
In 1907, the Manipur government opened the "Jiribam valley" between the rivers and the Vangaitang range for agricultural settlement,<ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=44}}
</ref>
and, by 1911, 14,346 ''bighas'' of land is said to have been settled.<ref name="1911 annual report">
{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}
</ref>
Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from Cachar, very few from the [[Imphal Valley]] (Manipur valley).<ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55}}
</ref>
They included Bengalis as well as Meiteis. Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and [[betel leaf]] (''pan'') in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.<ref name="1911 annual report"/>

The Vangaitang range itself is the traditional abode of the [[Hmar people|Hmar tribes]] (part of the [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] conglomeration). The Hmars live in small settlements at the foothills and at the edges of forest areas.

=== Independent India ===
Borobekra and all the surrounding villages (Guakhal, Harinagar and Jakuradhor) were already settled prior to India's independence.<ref name="Gazette 1956">
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>
Borobekra was a market town that ran a Friday market which was the main market for the people on Barak River, as far way as [[Pherzawl]].<ref>
{{citation |title=Village Survey Monograph: 16—Pherzawl |series=Census of India 1961 |publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, Manipur |year=1965 |page=2 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32844/download/36025/51909_1961_PHE.pdf}}
</ref>{{efn|Pherzawl itself is not on the bank of the Barak River, but it could access the river through a port called [[Taithu|Taithu-ghat]] nearby.}}

Initially, Jiribam subdivision was formed to encompass the Vangaitang range from the Jiri River in the north and [[Tipaimukh]] in the south. In due course, the southern and eastern hill regions were transferred to the [[Churachandpur district]] (now [[Pherzawl district]]), leaving only the valley and some of the foothills regions in the Jiribam subdivision.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=12–19}}
</ref>
The foothill villages to the east of Borobekra, such as Phailian, Tuisen and Buangmun, are administratively in Pherzawl district.<ref>
{{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2001 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4407/1/38770_2001_CHU.pdf |page=92}}
</ref>

The Jiribam subdivision was divided into two revenue circles: the Jiri Circle in the north, and Barak Circle in the south. The Barak Circle was headquartered at Borobekra.

In December 2016, the Jiribam subdivision was made an independent district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Creation of new districts could be game-changer in Manipur polls | opinion |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/creation-of-new-districts-could-be-game-changer-in-manipur-polls/story-UPuB37G5kcybvNQqCCf61I.html |access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> The two revenue circles were upgraded to Jiribam subdivision and Borobekra subdivision respectively.<ref>
[https://jiribam.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ Subdivision & Blocks], Jiribam district administration, Government of Manipur, retrieved 21 November 2024.
</ref>

A police station for the Jiribam region was approved in 2011,<ref>
Govt approves financial implication for deployment of addl police force in Jiribam, Imphal Free Press, 11 December 2011.
</ref>
and was eventually inaugurated in 2016.<ref>
Ibobi seeks time for Jiribam district, Imphal Free Press, 31 October 2016. {{ProQuest|1835307404}}
</ref>
It is in the Jakuradhor village, within a compound that also contains a camp of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF).<ref name="HT 12 Nov">
[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-bodies-of-2-men-recovered-after-jiribam-encounter-6-missing-101731414037292.html Manipur: 2 men found dead day after Jiribam encounter; 6 missing], Hindustan Times, 12 November 2024.
</ref>
There is also an [[Assam Rifles]] camp at Guakhal.<ref>
Swapnaneel Bhattacharjee, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rajnath-meet-over-security/cid/1442754 Rajnath meet over security], The Telegraph (India), 23 February 2018.
</ref>

=== Insurgencies ===
According to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) and [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring [[Cachar district]] of Assam as their main area of operations.<ref>
{{citation |title=North-East in Benthic Zone |first=Dhanabir |last=Laishram |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |year=2007 |isbn=9788183701143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbWfAAAAMAAJ |page=90 |quote=UNLF and PLA's main area of operation is Manipur's Jiribam valley and Cachar. In the recent past, a unified command of MPLF enduringly engaged with the Border Security Force in a gun-fight for four days in which the latter had to withdraw without attaining any significant result.}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first=Wasbir |last=Hussain |chapter=Ethno-Nationalism and the Politics of Terror in India's Northeast |editor1=P. R. Kumaraswamy |editor2=Ian Copland |title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781317967729 |page=89 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZceMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 |quote=Insurgent politics in the region registered a very important development in the year 2000—the signing of a deal for joint operations by the Assamese ULFA and the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a Manipuri insurgent group whose primary area of operation has been Manipur's Jiribam valley and neighbouring Assam's Cachar district.}}
</ref>
The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh.<ref>
{{citation |first=Maloy Krishna |last=Dar |title=Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA, Al Qaeda Nexus |publisher=Manas Publications |location=Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=81-7049-278-5 |page=108 |url=https://archive.org/details/fulcrumofevilisi0000dhar |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}
</ref>

Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]{{efn|NH-37 was earlier calleld [[National Highway 53 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 53]].}} in the north, [[Thangjing Hills]] in the east, [[Tipaimukh Road]] in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and [[Hmar People's Convention]]–Democracy for setting up camps and bases.<ref name="Rammohan">
{{citation |first=E. N. |last=Rammohan |title=Manipur: A degenerated insurgency |journal=USI Journal |date=April 2021 |url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425011633/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-date=25 April 2021}}
</ref>
The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur|Kuki-Naga conflict]] (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in [[Churachandpur district]] and obtaining land in return.<ref>
{{citation |first=Vivek |last=Chadha |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lowintensityconf0000chad |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |pages=318–319}}
</ref>
Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF.<ref name="Rammohan"/>

In the 1990s, UNLF is said to have forcibly driven out many Bengali residents of Borobekra, settling Meiteis in their place. The Bengalis that remained were subject to violence and extortion.<ref name="Kuthar"/>

The entente between UNLF and the Hmar community came to an end in 2006 after the mass rape of 21 women and girls allegedly carried out by the UNLF and the allied group [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP) in the neighbouring [[Tipaimukh subdivision]].<ref>
{{citation |first=Ruth |last=Hmingchullo |chapter=Ethics in Journalism from a Human Rights Perspective |title=Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights |editor1=Paromita Das |editor2=Charu Joshi |editor3=G. P. Pandey |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781443878326 |pages=118–120 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118}}
</ref><ref>
[https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/201609180123336398494Report.pdf Role of Women in Conflict Management: A study of insurgency in valley areas of Manipur], Human Development Society, New Delhi, retrieved 20 November 2024.
</ref>
Afterwards, the insurgent groups were forced to leave the area.<ref>
[https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11.14.230106.jan06 Parbung, Thanlon cleared of UGs : GOC], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 22 January 2006.
</ref><ref>
[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/unlf-thumbs-nose-at-army-militants-ready-to-face-any-challenge/cid/821433 UNLF thumbs nose at Army - Militants ready to 'face any challenge'], The Telegraph (India), 9 February 2006.
</ref>
The local people credited the 7th [[India Reserve Battalion]] (IRB) forces stationed at Jakuradhor,<ref>
Sit in demands 7th IRB in Barak Circle, Imphal Free Press, 17 July 2014. {{ProQuest|1545673732}}
</ref>
and the 37th battalion of [[Assam Rifles]] stationed at Guakhal,<ref>
Swapnaneel Bhattacharjee, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rajnath-meet-over-security/cid/1442754 Rajnath meet over security], The Telegraph (India), 23 February 2018.
</ref>
for re-establishing peace in the region.

== Demography ==
The Borobekra census village has a population of 741 people as per the 2011 census, of which 27% is made of [[Scheduled Tribes]] ([[Kuki-Zo people]]).<ref>
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/848 Imphal EastDistrict Census Handbook], Census of India, 2011.
</ref><ref name="Imphal East PCA">
{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Imphal East - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6469 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107165932/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6469 |archive-date=7 January 2023}}
</ref>
The other major communities in the region are [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] and [[Meitei people|Meiteis]]. [[Bishnupriya Manipuris]] are also known to live in Borobekra.<ref>Namdev Sinha, [https://archive.org/details/history-of-manipur-namadev-sinha/page/131 History Of Manipur - Political & Social Aspects], page 131.
</ref>

The villages Guakhal (population: 824), Harinagar (population: 421), and Jakuradhor–Part 1 (population: 1486) have only small fractions of Scheduled Tribe populations. But Jakuradhor–Part 2 (population: 1171) has 18 percent Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="Imphal East PCA"/>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
When the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic conflict in Manipur]] erupted between the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] and [[Kuki-Zo people]] on 3 May 2023, the Jiribam district remained relatively at peace for almost a year. The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by [[Arambai Tenggol]] started torching houses in the Jiribam area, prompting the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and [[Thadou Kukis]] to flee to relief camps in neighbouring Assam.<ref name="Kuthar">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
</ref>

This invited retaliation by Hmars and Thadou Kukis in the Borobekra subdivision in the south. On 8 June, armed tribals (referred to as "suspected militants" in the media) set fire to a police outpost at [[Chotobekra]] and continued by torching several houses. The district authorities evacuated 239 Meitei people from their villages and to a shelter in the sports complex in [[Jiribam]].<ref name="Scroll 8 Jun">
[https://scroll.in/latest/1069012/ Manipur: Suspected militants set fire to houses, police outpost in Jiribam district], Scroll.in, 8 June 2024.
</ref>
Some Meiteis who felt vulnerable also took shelter in the Borobekra police station at Jakuradhor. They said that, soon after they left, their houses were torched.<ref name="IE 11 Jun">
Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-assam-jiribum-violence-displacement-kukis-zo-tribe-9384585/ In Manipur, a fresh displacement as 2,000 pour into neighbouring Assam], The Indian Express, 11 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="Hindu 12 Jun">
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/tribal-people-of-jiribam-separated-from-the-meitei-community-following-recent-violence-says-manipur-tribal-body/article68278685.ece Tribal people of Jiribam separated from the Meitei community following recent violence, says Manipur tribal body], ''The Hindu'', 12 June 2024.
</ref>

On 1 August, the Jiribam district administration brokered a peace agreement between Meiteis and Hmars in order to facilitate the return of displaced residents. The agreement was disowned by Hmar Inpui. Nevertheless, on 7 August, the residents of the Mongbung Meitei village were escorted back to their homes.<ref name="Hindu 7 Aug">
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/133-manipur-villagers-displaced-by-ethnic-conflict-in-jiribam-return-home/article68494049.ece 133 Manipur villagers displaced by ethnic conflict in Jiribam return home], The Hindu, 7 August 2024.
</ref> In early October, the Hmar villagers of [[Zairawn]] felt safe enough to return to their village.<ref name="IE 19 Nov">
Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/a-small-manipuri-village-had-escaped-the-brunt-of-violence-a-surprise-attack-there-has-now-put-the-state-on-edge-9676724/ A small Manipuri village had escaped the brunt of violence. A surprise attack there has now put the state on edge], The Indian Express, 19 November 2024.
</ref>

The Zairawn village was attacked on 7 November, alleged by Arambai Tenggol militia joined by the Pambei faction of UNLF which had signed a peace agreement with the government the previous November.<ref name="Kuthar 24 Nov">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/manipur-biren-singh-violence-bjp-congress-kuki-zo-community-assam-rifles-crpf-amit-shah-narendra-modi/article68897452.ece Mayhem continues in Manipur], Frontline, 24 November 2024.
</ref>
The villagers were chased out and some 17 houses were burnt down. A 31-year-old school teacher, a mother of three, was captured, brutally tortured, and burnt alive along with her house.<ref>
Prabin Kalita, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mom-of-3-was-brutally-tortured-before-being-set-ablaze-in-manipur-autopsy/articleshow/115273837.cms Mom of 3 was brutally tortured before being set ablaze in Manipur: Autopsy], The Times of India, 14 November 2024.
</ref><ref name="Kuthar 24 Nov"/>
The grisly killing of the woman sent shock waves through the Kuki-Zo community, and initiated a spiral of violence in various parts of th state resulting in at least 21 deaths.<ref>
Meenakshi Ganguly, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/19/authorities-fail-address-ethnic-violence-indias-manipur-state Authorities Fail to Address Ethnic Violence in India’s Manipur State], Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2024.
</ref><ref>
Karishma Hasnat, [https://theprint.in/india/more-bodies-recovered-in-manipurs-jiribam-toll-in-fresh-spate-of-violence-climbs-to-20/2360719/ More bodies recovered near Manipur’s Jiribam, toll in fresh spate of violence climbs to 20], The Print, 17 November 2024.
</ref><ref>
[https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/no-abduction-in-cachar-clarifies-cachar-police-denying-kuki-inpis-claim/ "No abduction in Cachar" Clarifies Chachar Police, Denying Kuki Inpi's Claim], Barak Bulletin, 18 November 2024.
</ref> The worst of these incidents was near Borobekra.

On 11 November, roughly two dozen Hmar armed men<ref>
Rokibuz Zaman, [https://scroll.in/article/1075742/in-manipur-relief-camp-that-came-under-attack-a-grieving-meitei-family-wants-a-passage-out In Manipur relief camp that came under attack, a grieving Meitei family wants a passage out], Scroll.in, 18 November 2024. "That afternoon, a group of 25-30 armed Hmar people came from the Barak riverside and reached the Jakuradhor market, eyewitnesses and the security officials told Scroll."
</ref>
arrived at a market area called Jakuradhor Karong on the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road, perhaps some in shared [[auto rickshaw]]s and others via the river. They asked the Meiteis to leave their properties and started burning them down. According to journalist Greeshma Kuthar, this was done in the presence of CRPF personnel, who had a camp adjacent to the police station a few hundred metres to the south. After fifteen minutes, the CRPF personnel asked the Hmar men to leave, and soon afterwards a CRPF bullet-proof vehicle that arrived on the scene opened fire, killing 10 Hmar men.<ref name="Kuthar 24 Nov"/>

The Manipur Police however released a statement saying that the Hmar men attacked the police station cum CRPF camp further south, and that the deaths occurred under retaliatory fire by the CRPF. They said that one of the CRPF men was also injured and was being treated in a hospital.<ref name="TOI 11 Nov">
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-violence-11-suspected-militants-killed-in-encounter-with-crpf-in-jiribam-district/articleshow/115182140.cms Manipur violence: 11 suspected militants killed in encounter with CRPF in Jiribam district], The Times of India, 11 November 2024.
</ref>

The surviving Hmar men are believed to have abducted an elderly Meitei woman, along with her two daughters and three grandchildren. All six people were subsequently killed, whose bodies were found in the Jiri River and the Barak River a few days later, some showing marks of torture inflicted on them.<ref name="NDTV 24 Nov">
Debanish Achom, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/autopsy-reveals-chilling-details-of-meitei-family-kidnapped-killed-by-kuki-militants-in-manipur-7095454 Autopsy Reveals Chilling Details Of Meitei Family Kidnapped, Killed By Kuki Militants In Manipur], NDTV News, 24 November 2024.
</ref>

{{Asof|November 2024}}, the cases remain under investigation by the [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref name="Hindu 26 Nov">
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/nia-begins-probe-into-three-manipur-violence-cases/article68914285.ece NIA begins probe into three Manipur violence cases], The Hindu, 26 November 2024.
</ref>
The killing of women and children led to widespread protests by the Meitei population of the [[Imphal Valley]], inviting curfews and Internet shutdowns. The central government has also declared six police station jurisdictions, including Jiribam, as "disturbed areas" under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]],<ref name="HIndu 14 Nov">
Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/govt-reimposes-afspa-in-manipurs-six-police-station-areas-including-jiribam/article68867696.ece Centre reimposes AFSPA in six police station limits in Manipur], The Hindu, 14 November 2024.
</ref>
and sent 70 additional companies of central armed police forces to maintain law and order.<ref name="TOI 23 Nov">
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-to-get-70-more-capf-companies-as-toll-in-19-months-hits-258/articleshow/115585468.cms Manipur to get 70 more CAPF companies as toll in 19 months hits 258], The Times of India, 23 November 2024.
</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_BOROBEKRA.pdf Borobekra Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.

[[Category:Villages in Jiribam district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)

2026-04-30T04:47:46Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: started new article

{{Short description|Mughal prince (1749–1788)}}
{{distinguish|Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1841)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jahandar Shah II جہاندار شاہ ثانی
| title = [[Crown Prince|Wali Ahad]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire]] [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/595548/past-present-emperors-new-names Mughal title ''Mirza''], the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.</ref>
| image = MirzaJavanbakht.jpg
| caption = Portrait by Charles Smith after one by [[Johan Zoffany]], {{Circa|1783}}
| succession = [[Heir-apparent]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| reign = 1760–1784
| coronation = 10 October 1760 at [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]]
| predecessor = [[Shah Alam II]]
| successor = [[Akbar II]]
| spouse = {{Ubl|Nawab Mulka-i-Afaq Qutlaq Sultan Begum
| Jahanabadi Begum Sahiba
| Zeb un-nisa Begum Sahiba
| Mahal-i-Khas Sahiba
| Halim un-nisa Khanum
| Zahar un-nisa Khanum
}}
| issue = {{Ubl|Mirza Muhammad Shagufta Bakht Bahadur
| Khurram Bakht Bahadur

| }}
| full name = Shahzada Mirza Jawan Bakht Jahandar Shah Bahadur
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Shah Alam II]]
| mother = Nawab Taj Mahal Begum Sahiba
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1749}}
| birth_place = [[Red Fort]], [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Maratha Empire]] (now in [[Delhi]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1788|05|31|1749|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Benares]], [[Oudh State|Awadh Subah]], [[Maratha Empire]] (modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| burial_place = [[Benares]], [[Oudh State]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
}}

[[File:Javanbakht.jpg|thumb|Portrait of The Nawab Vizier Asaf-ud-Daula, seated, full-length; and Portrait of Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht, heir apparent to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, seated, full-length]]
[[File:A Mughal nobleman on horseback, a Mughal miniature, c.1656-1661.jpg|thumb|Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht coordinated and commanded various contingents of [[Mughal Army|Mughal troopers]], who cut off the supply lines of the [[Maratha Empire]] prior to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].]]

'''Shahzada Mirza Jawan Bakht Bahadur'''{{Efn|alternative spelling '''Mirza Javan Bakht''', '''Mirza Jawan Bakht''' also known as '''Mirza Jahandar Shah'''}} ([[Persian language|Persian]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|شہزادہ مرزا جوان بخت بہادر}}}}; 1749 – 31 May 1788{{Efn|25th [[Shaban]] 1202 A.H.}}) was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lxgaAAAAIAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lxgaAAAAIAAJ/page/n205 190]|quote=jahan,dar shah jawan bakht.|title=An Oriental Biographical Dictionary: Founded on Materials Collected by the Late Thomas William Beale|first1=Thomas William|last1=Beale|first2=Henry George|last2=Keene|date=1 December 1894|publisher=W.H. Allen|accessdate=1 December 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and the eldest son of Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and the grandson of Emperor [[Alamgir II]]. He was born in 1749 at the [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]]. Jawan Bakht was a very influential [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] Prince of the [[Mughal Empire]] and he also briefly served as the [[Heir-apparent]] of the Mughal Empire.

== Early life ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht grew up during very turbulent times in the [[Mughal Empire]], his grandfather's relations with the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] backed [[Grand Vizier]] [[Imad-ul-Mulk]] had begun to worsen as the imperial [[Nawab]]s sought to re-centralize the empire.

The Vizier [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]] was clearly a man of no principles and was commonly criticized for his extreme selfishness. He put all the imperial revenues into his own pocket and starved the [[Alamgir II]]'s family for three days because [[Timur Shah Durrani]] had become the son-in-law of the emperor. Mirza Jawan Bakht often recalled the days he wandered around [[Delhi]] begging for food supplies and firewood during those three days.

Angered by the disrespect and arrogance exhibited by Imad-ul-Mulk, Ahmad Shah Durrani set out on another invasion and appointed [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] as the new [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] in accordance to the wishes of [[Alamgir II]] and Shah Waliullah. Ahmad Shah Durrani then returned to [[Kabul]], while the experienced [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] consolidated the remains of the Mughal Empire by uniting distant [[Faujdar]]s, [[Nawab]]'s and [[Nizam]]s into a common cause against the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]].

Mirza Jawan Bakht was among the Mughal Princes in the service of Najib-ul-Daula, and received military training from his new mentor [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]].

Fearing the wrath of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s new coalition the deposed Imad-ul-Mulk consolidated himself with an old ally the Maratha leader [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] and launched a ferocious attack which lasted 15 days and caused the defeat of Najib-ud-Daula and the [[Mughal Army]] in the imperial heartlands around [[Delhi]]. Najib-ud-Daula conceded defeat and ordered his forces to retreat northwards after being completely overrun.

Things got a lot worse when [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]] persecuted Mirza Jawan Bakht's activist father Prince [[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]]. When Ali Gauhar realized that Imad-ul-Mulk was planning to have him assassinated he fled eastwards and sought refuge with [[Ahmad Shah Bangash]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] the [[Nawab of Awadh]].

Imad-ul-Mulk then feared that the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II would recall Ahmad Shah Durrani, or use his son Prince Ali Gauhar, to dispossess him of his newfound power with the Marathas. Therefore, Imad-ul-Mulk and [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] plotted to murder the Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir II]] and his family. In November, 1759, the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II was told that a pious man had come to meet him, Alamgir II, ever so eager to meet holy men, set out immediately to meet him at Kotla Fateh Shah, he was stabbed repeatedly by Imad-ul-Mulk's assassins. The Mughal Emperor Alamgir II's death was mourned throughout the Mughal Empire.

==Shah Jahan III the usurper==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
After the assassination of Alamgir II in 1759, the [[Peshwa]] under the sway of [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] had reached the peak of its short-lived power particularly when their involvement in the assassination had become eminent when he discussed abolishing the [[Mughal Empire]] and placing [[Vishwasrao]] on the throne in [[Delhi]] by bribing or deposing [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India | url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |year=1841 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog/page/n318 276]}}</ref>

However, [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] then personally chose [[Shah Jahan III]] as the new [[Mughal Emperor]] and began a campaign of plundering the [[Jewels]] and [[Jewelry|ornaments]] of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imperial court, he also defaced mosques, tombs and shrines that the Mughals had built in [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]], he then desecrated the imperial [[Moti Masjid (Delhi)|Moti Masjid]] and looted its exquisite jeweled decorations into booty for the ravaging Marathas.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq-g5YF1QzEC&q=desecrated&pg=PA37 |title=The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal |author=Shaharyar M. Khan|date=28 July 2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781860645280 }}</ref> Sadashivrao Bhau's domination over the [[Mughal Empire]] had a profound impact on the divided and degenerative Muslim aristocracy and hierarchy, many began to look up to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] as their savior.

Mirza Jawan Bakht is known to have witnessed the looting and this event completely changed his opinion regarding the legitimacy and the immoral authoritarianism of the [[Maratha]] renegades.

==Third Battle of Panipat==
Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht coordinated and commanded various contingents of [[Mughal Army|Mughal troopers]], who cut off the supply lines of the [[Maratha]]s prior to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and eventually overthrew the usurping [[Shah Jahan III|Jahan Shah III]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=mirza+jawan+bakht&pg=PA767 |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume= 3 |author= S.R. Sharma|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788171568192 }}</ref> after the victory of the coalition of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and proclaimed [[Shah Alam II]] as the rightful ruler of the [[Mughal Empire]]

==Mirza Jawan Bakht regent of the Mughal Empire==
After the [[Battle of Buxar]], Shah Alam II's absence from Delhi meant that his son Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht and [[Najib-ul-Daula]], were the actual representatives of the emperor for the next 12 years. As the Administrator of [[Delhi]] and the imperial heartlands including [[Agra]], Najib-ul-Daula, was unprepared to halt the [[Jat]] peasant uprisings led by the deviant [[Suraj Mal]]. During one massive assault Jat renegades and their leaders overran the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] garrison at [[Agra]] they plundered the city and the two great [[silver]] doors to the entrance of the famous [[Taj Mahal]] were looted and thoughtlessly melted down by [[Suraj Mal]] in 1764.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006091033/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 1999|title=Frontpage - MANAS|website=Sscnet.ucla.edu|accessdate=1 December 2018}}</ref> Since then many [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Faujdar]]s and commanders such as [[Sayyad Muhammad Khan Baloch]] vowed to avenge the ruins of the [[Mughal Empire]] caused by the tyrannical Jat's and during an ingenious counterattack [[Suraj Mal]] was defeated and executed by the [[Mughal Army]].

The [[Jat]]s then sacked [[Jaipur]] and invited the Marathas in 1766, Ahmad Shah Abdali tried to reinforce [[Delhi]] by organizing another campaign against the [[Sikh]]s, who killed [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], the Sikh renegades were ultimately defeated by the Durrani forces.

In the year 1768 the Marathas pillaged [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], and the [[Mughal Army]] began to crumble once again mainly due to the death of [[Najib-ul-Daula]]. Mirza Jawan Bakht and Hafiz Rahmat Khan never trusted [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ul-Daula's]] manipulative son [[Zabita Khan]], who was often compared with the unpopular Imad-ul-Mulk.

==Arrival of Shah Alam II==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
[[File:The royal procession of Shah Alam II with his army processing from right to left along the banks of a river..jpg|thumb|The [[Mughal Army]] of [[Shah Alam II]] arrives in [[Delhi]].]]

Soon after the emperor's arrival in [[Delhi]], Zabita Khan began to align himself with [[Jat people|Jat]] rebels and in response to this particular alliance [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], Mirza Jawan Bakht and his armies attacked [[Zabita Khan]], who fled from his position and the chief of the [[Rohilla]]s, but was restored once again after negotiating peace with Shah Alam II. Zabita Khan caused even greater tribulations when he intentionally attacked and provoked the weakened Marathas, who then overran and set ablaze a large portion of [[Rohilkhand]] and captured [[Najafgarh]]. The Marathas were defeated soon after at Asadpur, when [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] successfully gained reinforcements by his longtime ally by [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], together their combined forces expelled the [[Maratha]]s out of Rohilkhand and Delhi also.

===Mirza Jawan Bakht, champion of the new Mughal Army===
[[File:A Mughal Infantryman.jpg|thumb|A [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] infantryman, under the command of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], well capable of defending the [[Mughal Empire]].]]

One of his first acts was to strengthen and raise a new [[Mughal Army]], under the command of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] capable of defending the [[Mughal Empire]]. This new army consisted of infantrymen who successfully utilized both [[Flintlock]]s and [[Talwar]]s in combat formations,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=footmen+were+armed+with+flintlock+muskets&pg=PA41 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |author=Kaushik Roy|date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136790874 }}</ref> they utilized elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery and cavalry. [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] is also known to have introduced the more-effective [[Firelock]] muskets through his collaboration with [[Mir Qasim]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=shah+alam+jean+law+de+lauriston&pg=PA41 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |author=Kaushik Roy|date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136790874 }}</ref>

The new Mughal Army carried the standard of Mirza Jawan Bakht, and soon controlled a vast territory that stretched from the [[Satluj Valley]] in the west to the territories around [[Allahabad]] in the east, from [[Srinagar]] in the north to [[Gwalior]] in the south, however times were troubled and the Mughal Empire was surrounded by enemies on every side.

===Coup by Ghulam Qadir===
After Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht's fruitless attempts to halt [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] and his renegade forces, Ghulam Qadir with his renegade Sikh and Hindu allies entered the imperial palace and forced [[Shah Alam II]] to appoint him as the [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Petty, avaricious and insane the eunuch ravaged the palaces in search of the Mughal treasure believed to be worth Rs 250 million. Unable to locate even a fraction of that sum and angered by the Mughal Emperor's attempts to eliminate him and his [[Sikh]] allies, Ghulam Qadir had Shah Alam II blinded on August 10, 1788.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBVpaCu7XA8C&q=ghulam+qadir+sikh&pg=PA392 |title=Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be ... |author= Misbah Islam|date=May 2008 |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=9781436310123 }}</ref> A drunken ruffian, Ghulam Qadir behaved with gross brutality to the emperor and his family. Three servants and two water-carriers who tried to help the bleeding emperor were beheaded and according to one account, Ghulam Qadir would pull the beard of the elderly Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. After ten horrible weeks, during which Ghulam Qadir stripped the princesses of the royal family naked and forced them to dance naked before him (after which they jumped into Yamuna river to drown) and the honour of the royal family and prestige of the Mughal Empire reached its lowest ebb, Mahadaji Shinde intervened and killed Ghulam Qadir, taking possession of Delhi on 2 October 1788.

Unable to gather any assistance from his cousin [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] and isolated by the subjects of Shah Alam II, Mirza Jawan Bakht refused to ally himself with the powerful [[Maratha]] chieftain [[Mahadaji Shinde]], the Mughal Prince suddenly died mortified in May 1788, while gathering relief forces in [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofthemoghule01470gut |title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan |first=Henry George |last=Keene |authorlink=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Alamgir II]]
*[[Shah Alam II]]
*[[Third Battle of Panipat]]

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakht, Mirza Jawan}}
[[Category:1749 births]]
[[Category:1788 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

All Tai Ahom Students' Union

2026-04-26T05:17:58Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All Tai Ahom Students' Union
| native_name = Chom Hom Lik Hen Tai Ahom Tang Mung
| native_name_lang = [[Tai Ahom language]]
| image = File:CHOM HOM LIK HEN TAI AHOM TANG MYOUNG.png
| logo =
| abbreviation = ATASU
| formation = 14 July 1988
| founder =
| founding_location =
| type = Ethnic
| status = Active
| purpose = Spearheading the demand of the Tai-Ahom people for being granted the Scheduled Tribe status to the Tai-Ahom people.
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]; [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]]
| region_served = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| language = [[Ahom language]]
| general_secretary = Chao Bhaskarjyoti Borgohain
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Chao Milan Buragohain
| leader_title2 = Working President
| leader_name2 = Chao Shashanka Dihingia
| website = https://sites.google.com/site/alltaiahomstudentsunion
}}
The '''All Tai Ahom Students' Union''' ('''ATASU''') ({{Langx|aho|[[File:CHOM HOM LIK HEN TAI AHOM TANG MYOUNG.png|150px]]}}, [[Romanization|romanised]]: Chom Hom Lik Hen Tai Ahom Tang Mung) is a [[students' union]] in [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/All-Tai-Ahom-Students-Union-ATASU-on-Saturday-urged-the-state-government-to-give-the-Ahom-community-tribal-status-and-also-demanded-the-inclusion-of-Assams-history-and-geography-in-the-school-syllabus-up-to-class-X-and-make-them-compulsory-for-students-/articleshow/7432448.cms All Tai Ahom Students' Union (ATASU) on Saturday urged the state government to give the Ahom community tribal status and also demanded the inclusion of Assam's history and geography in the school syllabus up to class X and make them compulsory for students.], ''Times of India''</ref>

==History==
The All Tai Ahom Students Union or ATASU is a students' organization in Assam, India, founded on 14 July 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Tai Ahom Student's Union - About |url=https://sites.google.com/site/alltaiahomstudentsunion/About-ATASU |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>{{Ref|a|[a]}} It is the leading students organization of the [[Ahom people]] in the state.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140703/jsp/frontpage/story_18572490.jsp#.VKF_aV4BgA Tai Ahom students back CM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230212717/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140703/jsp/frontpage/story_18572490.jsp#.VKF_aV4BgA |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''The Telegraph''</ref> The Ahom people were the previous ruling elite of the state of Assam in Northeast India. Amrit Kumar Chetia, Promod Boruah, Daya Krishna Gogoi, Arun Gogoi, Puspadhar Saikia, Tutumoni Gogoi and Dimbeswar Gogoi, and Bhuban Gohain were the Chief Adviser, President, Working President, General Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Organizing Secretaries and Executive Member of the Founder Committee respectively. Dimbeswar Gogoi, was murdered by the [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] on 3 November 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110103/jsp/northeast/story_13382613.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109061212/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110103/jsp/northeast/story_13382613.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2011|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Northeast {{!}} Ulfa told to explain killing|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref>

==Demands==
The ATASU is spearheading the demand for the Ahom people to be granted [[Scheduled Tribe]] status.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug2214/state055 Tai Ahom students stage dharna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002610/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug2214/state055 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''Assam Tribune''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130909081002/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130904/jsp/northeast/story_17306968.jsp#.VKGAEl4BgA ATASU protests over ST status], ''The Telegraph''</ref>

The ATASU has been using various forums and forms of protest and agitations such as road blockades, bandhs, strikes, etc. to demand the ST status for the Ahom people in the state.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Tai-students-agitation-against-ST-status-denial/articleshow/17513473.cms Tai students' agitation against ST status denial], ''The Times of India''</ref>

==Organizational structure==
The ATASU has the following district committees :
# Tinisukia District Committee
# Dibrugarh District Committee
# Dhemaji District Committee
# North Lakhimpur District Committee
# Sivasagar District Committee
# Charaideo District Committee
# Jorhat District Committee
# Golaghat District Committee
# Kamrup District Committee
# Karbi Anglong District Committee
# Nagaon District Committee
# Morigaon District Committee
# Pasighat District Committee (Arunachal Pradesh)

Karbi Anglong Tai Ahom Students' Union hosted Brihattar Bokajan Rongali Bihu Adoroni (Greater Bokajan Rongali Bihu Celebration) in the middle of April from the year 2010 as a grand festival of Bokajan sub-division of the district. They also host Assam Divas (Sukapha Divas) every year at 2 December. Among the notable members of Karbi Anglong District Tai Ahom Students' Union, Pradyut Pawan Gogoi founded Greater Guwahati Tai Ahom Freshmen Social at Cotton College and the official website of All Tai Ahom Students' Union as the Education Secretary of the organization. He was the first Education Secretary of this ethnic group's organization.

==See also==
*[[Ahom people]]
*[[Ahom language]]
*[[Ahom Kingdom]]
*[[All Assam Students Union|All Assam Students’ Union]]

==Notes==
a. {{Note|a|}}The founding is celebrated over 2 days, from 14 to 15 July<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentinel Digital Desk |first= |date=2022-07-05 |title=All Tai Ahom Students' Union to observe 34th foundation day in Lakhimpur |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/all-tai-ahom-students-union-to-observe-34th-foundation-day-in-lakhimpur-600923 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Sentinel Assam |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Citation|title=Phukan 2005|last=Phukan|first=Monuj|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5CfAAAAMAAJ|publication-date=2005|isbn=8183640060}}

==External links==
*[https://sites.google.com/site/alltaiahomstudentsunion alltaiahomstudentsunion] – ATASU Official website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141227202309/http://tadcassam.org/ tadcassam.org] – Tai Ahom Development Council website

{{Assam}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Students' unions in India]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1988]]

Sahib Singh Bedi

2026-04-25T18:25:34Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made Basic Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Descendant of Guru Nanak}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Sahib Singh Bedi
| image = Pahari equestrian miniature painting of Sahib Singh Bedi, circa 19th century.webp
| caption = Pahari equestrian miniature painting of Sahib Singh Bedi, circa 19th century
| honorific prefix = [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=y|1756|4|7}}
| birth_place = [[Dera Baba Nanak]], Punjab
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1834|7|17|1756|4|7}}
| death_place = Una, Himachal Pradesh
| children = Bishan Singh Bikram Singh Attar Singh
| office1 = Bhai Daya Singh Samparda
| predecessor1 = Baba Sobha Singh (Anandpur Sahib)
| successor1 = Baba Bhag Singh (Kuri)
| parents = Baba Ajit Singh Bedi Mata Sarupan Devi
| known_for = *[[Brahmgiani]] Saint
*Direct Descendant of Guru Nanak Dev ji
*Being a central figure in establishing the Sikh Empire
*Preaching the teachings of the Sikh Guru to the masses, initiating countless into [[Khalsa]]
*Head of Bhai Daya Singh Samparda
*Rajguru of the Sikh Empire
}}

'''Baba Sahib Singh Bedi''' (Punjabi: ਬਾਬਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਬੇਦੀ, 7 April 1756 – 17 July 1834) was a renowned Sikh [[Brahmgiani]] Saint, who was a direct tenth-generation lineal descendant of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh Guru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bhai Sher Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/sri_bir_mrigaish_gur_bilas_devtaru/page/n11/mode/2up |title=Sri Bir Mrigaish Gur Bilas Devtaru - Bhai Sher Singh |date=1911}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=4; S-Z |location=Patiala |pages=18–19 |oclc=29703420}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Early Nineteenth-Century Panjab. |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |others=Indu Banga |isbn=978-1-317-33694-5 |location=London |oclc=1018168644 |quote=Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, son of Kala Dhari, a descendant of Baba Asa Chand, also has been a man of felicity and miracle. He came into possession of Una. He died there and his samadh is a place of pilgrimage.}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Baba Sahib Singh Bedi was born to parents Baba Ajit Singh Bedi (died 1773) and Mata Sarupan Devi on 7 April 1756 at [[Dera Baba Nanak]] (in present-day [[Gurdaspur district]]) in the traditional Punjabi month of ''[[Chet (month)|Chet]]'' ''sudi.''<ref name=":0" /> His birth is said to be prophesised by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. Ajit Singh, Sahib Singh's father, had been [[Amrit Sanskar|baptized]] by Guru Gobind Singh himself.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Seema Anand |date=22 April 2021 |title=Of Gurus and Gaddis- Vaisakhi Remembrance |url=https://www.timelesstrails.in/2021/04/22/of-gurus-and-gaddis-vaisakhi-remembrance/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=Timeless Trails}}</ref> In 1770, his family shifted from Dera Baba Nanak to [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] located at the foothills of the [[Sivalik Hills]] region (in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]), where they held land.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> His grandfather, Baba Kaladhari (died 1737), had been the one to establish the Bedi family at Una earlier in 1695 and Ajit Singh was the one who constructed a family-compound at the location.<ref name=":8" />

When he was around 18 years old (c.1774), Sahib Singh Bedi visited [[Anandpur Sahib]], where he was initiated into the [[Khalsa]] by Baba Sobha Singh of ''[[Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh]] Samparda'', who was a beloved Sikh of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Jivanpal |last2=Singh |first2=Inderjit |title=Thirteen Diamonds {{!}} The Treasures of Bhai Daya Singh Ji |url=https://www.santisharsinghji.com/product/thirteen-diamonds-the-treasures-of-bhai-daya-singh-ji/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CA%20Gilmpse%20into%20the%20history,:%20Jivanpal%20Singh,%20Inderjit%20Singh. |access-date= |website=Sant Ishar Singh Ji {{!}} Salana Barsi {{!}} Rara Sahib UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sobha Singh was given the duty of taking care of [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib]] by the tenth Guru, becoming known as [[Jathedar]] Baba Sobha Singh amongst the Sikhs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Giani Isher Singh Ji Nara |url=https://archive.org/details/tat-saar-granth-bir-mrigesh-giani-ishe/mode/2up |title=Tat Saar Granth Bir Mrigesh - Giani Isher Singh Ji Nara |date=2023-05-04}}</ref> He preached the message and the teachings of [[Sikhism|Sikhi]] and initiated many into the Khalsa through [[Amrit Sanskar]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqoS0IqmJhk&t=4791s |title=Unveiling the History & Contributions of Sikh Sampardas |date=2023-05-07 |last=BoS TV |access-date=2025-02-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Later life ==

According to one account, Sahib Singh Bedi attacked and destroyed [[Malerkotla|Maler]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bigelow |first=Anna |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |date=Sep 8, 2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400831388 |editor-last=Metcalf |editor-first=Barbara D. |pages=150}}</ref>[[File:Sahib_Singh_Bedi_Seated_With_His_Son_Tegh_Singh_Bedi_North_India.jpg|thumb|Painting of Sahib Singh Bedi (seated right) seated with his son, Tegh Singh Bedi (seated left), North India, dated 1838–39 CE]]
[[File:Mural depicting Sahib Singh Bedi with his sons and relatives (Suraj Singh, Attar Singh Bedi, and Bikram Singh Bedi, Sujan Singh), and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.jpg|thumb|Mural of Sahib Singh Bedi with his sons and relatives (Suraj Singh, Attar Singh, and Bikram Singh Bedi, Sujan Singh), and Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar]]
Baba Sahib Singh Bedi was greatly respected by the Sikh ''misldars'' (chiefs) during the era of the [[Sikh confederacy|Sikh Confederacy]] and acted as a common uniting cause between the various bickering, rival chiefs against an outside enemy.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=9789357046602 |edition=1st |pages=15 |quote=Sahib Singh Bedi (1756-1834), a contemporary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was tenth in direct descent from Guru Nanak. He was a selfless man and by virtue of his descent from the holy Guru and his age, he enjoyed the status of father of the Sikhs. He was always wont to appear as a saviour when the Sikhs were in a crisis and threatened with disruption. The venerable Sahib Singh Bedi united the Sikhs when there were differences between them and stopped them from being misled by the enemy when he was trying to sow seeds of discord among them. Such was the prestige of the man that the Sardars obeyed without demur; they readily and implicitly lay down their swords at his feet and agreed to abide by his decision.}}</ref> He played a pivotal role in the unification of the Sikh Misls and the establishment of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":6" /> Furthermore, Baba Sahib Singh was responsible for applying the ''[[Tilaka|tilak]]'' and saffron paste during the coronation ceremony of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] on 11th or 12th April 1801 in Lahore.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony : Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. |date=2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-504-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1101028781 |quote=For instance, it was decided that a big gathering was to be held where Ranjit Singh would take the title of 'Maharaja'. The gathering took place on 12 April 1801 in which all the notable persons, including mukaddams, nambardars, chaudharis (government officials), came from far and near to congratulate him. In this gathering, Ranjit Singh declared that from then onwards he should be addressed as sarkar. Waheeduddin writes in his account based on his family archival material that Baba Sahib Singh Bedi daubed Ranjit Singh with saffron paste and proclaimed him the Maharaja of Punjab.}}</ref>

Baba Sahib Singh was respected as the ''Rajguru'' of the Sikh Empire, admired by not only the [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja]] and the Sikhs, but also the non-Sikh population.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> He was also the founder of the locality of [[Bedian]] located near Lahore on tracts of land allotted to him by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |title=Walking With Nanak |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2022 |isbn=9789354928475 |quote='Bedian village was occupied by the descendants of Guru Nanak before Partition. They were called Bedi, hence Bedian. They were referred to as Bedi because in ancient times they used to recite the Vedas, from which they earned the title of Vedis or Bedis,' continued Iqbal Qaiser. 'Baba Nanak had two sons, Sri Chand and Sri Lachman. Sri Chand became an ascetic and never married but Sri Lachman did and had children. Baba Nanak's lineage is therefore preserved through his younger son. During the tenure of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, there was a man called Baba Sahib Singh Bedi who was respected widely because of his piety and religious lifestyle. Ranjit Singh allotted him vast tracts of land around the cities of Gujranwala and Lahore. It was on this land that Sahib Singh Bedi founded the village of Bedian near the city of Lahore. Here he also founded a religious centre that would preach the teachings of Guru Nanak. He chose this spot because he wanted to counter the propaganda being spread by the sect founded by Prithi Chand at Heir, which as you can see is not far from Bedian. When the British took over Punjab they allowed the Bedi community settled here to retain their land. At the time of Partition all of them migrated to India to be replaced by Mewatis and Arains from Amritsar.}}</ref> He established a Sikh religious educational school at Bedian, partly choosing this location to combat the rival heretic [[Mina (Sikhism)|Mina sect]], founded by the disgruntled and rebellious [[Prithi Chand]], which was headquartered at Heir village nearby.<ref name=":2" /> Baba Sahib Singh is renowned for preaching the teachings of the [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Gurus]] to the masses, initiating countless into Khalsa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Giani Mohan Singh |url=https://rarasahib.com/online-library/ |title=Pachhami Parkash |publisher=Gurdwara Karamsar Rara Sahib |language=Punjabi |trans-title=Biography of Sant Karam Singh ji (Hoti Mardan)}}</ref>

Baba Sahib Singh died on 17 July 1834 in Una.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was survived by two sons, Bishan Singh and [[Bikram Singh Bedi|Bikram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |isbn=0-9695964-2-1 |edition=1st |location=Edmonton, Alb., Canada |pages=588–89 |oclc=37769917}}</ref> His many students included Baba Bhag Singh of Kuri, who was given [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] by Baba Sahib Singh himself.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
Sobha Ram wrote an ''[[Gurbilases|Gurbilas]]'' text on Sahib Singh Bedi called ''Gurbilas Baba Sahib Singh Bedi''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=Mar 27, 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191004117 |pages=187}}</ref> In the text, supernatural powers are attributed to Sahib Singh.<ref name=":7" /> Furthermore, Sahib Singh is portrayed not only as a descendant of Guru Nanak but also as an incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":7" />

The [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadh]] of Sahib Singh Bedi is located in Una, Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":8" /> Gurdwara Damdama Sahib in Gujranwala, Pakistan is dedicated to him but now has been re-purposed as a private residence for a Muslim family from Patiala and is in risk of collapse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |year=2015 |title=Exploring Tourism Opportunities: Documentation of the Use of Spaces of the Pre-Partitioned Temples and Gurudwaras in Punjab, Pakistan |url=https://chitrolekha.com/temples-and-gurudwaras-in-punjab-pakistan/ |journal=Chitrolekha |location=Jamshoro, Pakistan |publisher=Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Sindh |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>

== Lineage ==
The direct lineage going down to Sahib Singh Bedi from Guru Nanak is as follows:<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |location=Denmark |pages=501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Tree of Baba Sahib Singh Bedi Sahib Ji |url=https://bedifoundation.org/family-tree-of-baba-sahib-singh-bedi-sahib-ji.php |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=Bedi Foundation}}</ref>

# Guru Nanak
# Lakhmi Das
# Dharam Chand
# Mehar Chand/Manik Chand
# Datār Chand
# Pahar Chand
# Harkaran Chand
# Nihal Chand
# Baba Kaladhari
# Ajit Singh Bedi/Jit Singh
# Sahib Singh Bedi

== See also ==

* [[Khem Singh Bedi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:1756 in India]]
[[Category:1756 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]

S. Shivaraj Patil

2026-04-25T07:01:37Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: article...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = S Shivaraj Patil
| image = Dr Shivaraj Patil.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|5|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Raichur Assembly constituency|Raichur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Syed Yasin]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = Janata Dal Secular
| occupation = Doctor, Politician
}}
'''Dr. S Shivaraj Patil''' (born 8 May 1970) is an [[Indian politician]] serving as member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] since 2013. He was re elected to [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from Raichur City in the 2023 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] election to the house as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shivaraj Patil S – MLA from Raichur (54) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/dr.-shivaraj-patil-s.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Constituencies List 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka MLA's BJP Karnataka |url=https://karnataka.bjp.org/state-legislators/karnataka-mla/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=karnataka.bjp.org}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shivaraj Patil was born on 8 May 1970, in [[Raichur]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naraboli |first=Staff Reporter & Ravikumar |date=15 April 2022 |title=Ambedkar's birth anniversary celebrated in Yadgir and Raichur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ambedkars-birth-anniversary-celebrated-in-yadgir-and-raichur/article65321029.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title=BJP Wins Devadurga, Congress wrests Raichur Rural; Check Other Winning Candidates of Raichur District 🇮🇳 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/karnataka-raichur-district-election-results-2018-who-is-winning-from-devadurga-manvi-raichur-and-sindhanur-assembly-seats-159950.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Anusha Ravi |date=14 October 2021 |title='Was highlighting neglect': Karnataka BJP MLA under fire for saying 'attach Raichur to Telangana' |url=https://theprint.in/india/was-highlighting-neglect-karnataka-bjp-mla-under-fire-for-saying-attach-raichur-to-telangana/750479/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied in Tagore Memorial School. Later on he did his MBBS degree from [[Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College]]. Further, completed his MD General Medicine from the same college.

==Political career==
In 2013 he joined Jantha Dal Secular Party. And in the 2013 Vidhan Sabha elections, he triumphed over [[Syed Yasin]] of the Congress party by a margin of 7871 votes.<ref name="HDK: No tickets for Patil, Vajjal">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=HDK: No tickets for Patil, Vajjal|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/070118/hdk-no-tickets-for-patil-vajjal.html|accessdate=21 April 2025|work=|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421083050/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/070118/hdk-no-tickets-for-patil-vajjal.html|archivedate=21 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> In 2018 he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]],<ref name="Two JD(S) MLAs from Raichur resign, join BJP">{{cite news|title=Two JD(S) MLAs from Raichur resign, join BJP|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/two-jds-mlas-from-raichur-resign-join-bjp-659969.html|accessdate=21 April 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=18 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421083235/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/two-jds-mlas-from-raichur-resign-join-bjp-659969.html|archivedate=21 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> and won again against Syed Yasin of the Congress party in the 2018 Vidhan Sabha elections by a margin of 10,991 votes by representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections 2018: Aurad Assembly Constituency – Past Results, Demographics and Latest News |url=https://www.news18.com/election-result-2013/karnataka/aurad-assembly-elections-results-2013/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shivaraj Patil S – MLA from Raichur (54) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/dr.-shivaraj-patil-s.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live RAICHUR Seat Election Result 2018 in Karnataka |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/raichur-mla-results |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> He won again in 2023 karnataka assembly elections by 3728 votes against Mohammed Shalam of congress and created a record of winning a hattrick in raichur city assembly constituency since the Indian independence, which was never seen before.<ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, S. Shivaraj}}
[[Category:People from Raichur]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

Vasudev Gaonkar

2026-04-23T05:46:44Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made Initial Entry Needs Work!

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vasudev Gaonkar
| image = Vasudev Meng Gaonkar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gaonkar in December 2020
| birth_name = Vasudev Meng Gaonkar
| birth_place = [[Curdi]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|2|16|df=y}}
| office1 = President of BJP Kisan Morcha [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Goa]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| term_start1 = 4 September 2020
| office2 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| education = [[Industrial Training Institute|Government Industrial Training Institute]], [[Curchorem]]
| constituency2 = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| majority2 = {{plainlist|
* 5,747 (43.46%){{efn|for the year 2002–2007; followed by the next term.}}
* 7,754}}
| predecessor2 = [[Prabhakar Gaonkar]]
| successor2 = [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
| term_start2 = 1 June 2002
| term_end2 = 2 March 2012
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2002–2012) (2020–present)
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2012–2017)
* [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (2017–2020)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-bjp-sanguem-mla-joins-mgp-says-bjp-cold-shouldered-him/articleshow/56332516.cms|title=Former BJP Sanguem MLA joins MGP, says BJP cold shouldered him | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2017 }}</ref>}}
| spouse = Vanita Gaonkar
| children = 2
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Government Assurances
* Delegated Legislation
* Library
* Public Undertakings
* Panel of Presiding Members
* Privileges
* Budget
* Agriculture and Forests}}
}}

'''Vasudev Meng Gaonkar''' (born 16 February 1961){{efn|his first name, Vasudev is also spelled as Vasudeo according to [https://goa.bjp.org/committee.html#data10]}} is an Indian politician. He is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 2002 to 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=74 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> He is the current serving president of the [[BJP]] Kisan Morcha in the [[Government of Goa]].

==Early and personal life==
Vasudev Meng Gaonkar was born at [[Curdi]], Goa to Meng Shambu Gaonkar and Parvati Meng Gaonkar, he belongs to the [[scheduled tribe]] community. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from Sacred Heart of Jesus High School, [[Curdi]] in 1982.

Gaonkar has also completed a course in diesel mechanic from Government [[Industrial Training Institute]], [[Curchorem]] in 1984. He is married to Vanita Gaonkar, the couple has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasudev Gaonkar(Maharashtrawadi Gomantak):Constituency- SANGUEM(SOUTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=147 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
Gaonkar was a ten-year term member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. He first contested in the [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) ticket and emerged victorious. He defeated [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate, Satyawan Bhadru Dessai by a margin of 837 votes. He then successfully contested in the [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the same consistency on the BJP ticket, he lost to INC candidate, Minguelino D'Costa by a margin of 2,305 votes.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

On 3 January 2017, Gaonkar quit the BJP party to join the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) due to not being "respected as a senior partyman" even after he was denied the party ticket ahead of the [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]], Gaonkar stated that the BJP party had "cold shouldered" him, despite his contribution in the party's victory in the 2012 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Sanguem BJP MLA joins MGP |url=https://www.thegoan.net//former-sanguem-bjp-mla-joins-mgp/28240.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> He next unsuccessfully contested in the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the Sanguem constituency on the MGP ticket and lost to [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate, [[Prasad Gaonkar]] by a margin of 7,152 votes.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In August 2020, Gaonkar quit MGP after serving for more than three years to join the BJP party. On 4 September 2020, he was elected as the president of Goa BJP Kisan Morcha at the presence of Goa BJP President, [[Sadanand Tanavade]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hub |first=Goa News |date=10 August 2020 |title=Former Sanguem MLA Vasudev Meng Gaonkar to quit MGP and will join bjp4goa |url=https://twitter.com/goanewshub/status/1292799293032521728?lang=en |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goa |first=Digital |date=2020-09-04 |title=Vasudev Meng Gaonkar elected president of Goa BJP Kisan Morcha |url=https://digitalgoa.com/vasudev-meng-gaonkar-elected/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Digital Goa |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Member of Committee on Government Assurances (2002–2003)
* Member of Committee on Delegated Legislation (2002–2003)
* Member of Library Committee (2002–2003)
* Member of Committee on Public Undertakings (2002–2003)
* Member of Committee on Panel of Presiding Members (July 2007 – 2012)
* Member of Privileges Committee (September 2007 – 2012)
* Member of Budget Committee (September 2007 – 2012)
* Member of Demands related ''Ad hoc'' Committee on Agriculture and Forests (April 2008–August 2008)
* Member of Demands related ''Ad hoc'' Committee on Agriculture and Forests (27 April 2009 – 2012)
* Member of Budget Committee (9 September 2009 – 2012)
* Member of Panel of Presiding Members (9 September 2009 – 2012)
* Member of Committee of Privileges (9 September 2009 – 2012)<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaonkar, Vasudev}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]

Yarlagadda Venkata Rao

2026-04-23T01:04:50Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made First Bio W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Kanuru]], [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]], [[Krishna district]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
| successor =
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}} (2023 – present)
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| year =
| parents = Rama Sheshagiri Rao (father)
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| other_party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}} (2018 – 2023)
}}

'''Yarlagadda Venkata Rao''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidate Details - Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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}}</ref> and current [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Yarlagadda Venkata Rao wins Gannavaram with 135552 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/gannavaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548262-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Before joining the [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2023-08-18 |title=Yarlagadda Venkata Rao decides to quit YSR Congress Party and join Telugu Desam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/yarlagadda-venkata-rao-decides-to-quit-ysr-congress-party-and-join-telugu-desam/article67210018.ece |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he was a member of [[YSR Congress Party]] which he left due to the inclusion of [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-27 |title=TDP MLA Vallabhaneni Vamsi quits party, post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tdp-mla-vallabhaneni-vamsi-quits-party-post-1613277-2019-10-27 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former YSRCP leader Yarlagadda Venkata Rao meets Chandrababu Naidu in Hyderabad">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Former YSRCP leader Yarlagadda Venkata Rao meets Chandrababu Naidu in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-ysrcp-leader-yarlagadda-venkata-rao-meets-chandrababu-naidu-in-hyderabad/article67216323.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615131052/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-ysrcp-leader-yarlagadda-venkata-rao-meets-chandrababu-naidu-in-hyderabad/article67216323.ece |archive-date=15 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
|-
! S.No
! Year
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Votes
! Margin
! Result
|-
|1
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|MLA]]
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Krishna)]]
|{{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
|103,043
| -838
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|MLA]]
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Krishna)]]
|{{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|135,552
| +37,628
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Darwha Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T16:59:02Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Darwha
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Washim district|Washim]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Yavatmal-Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Darwha]]''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Darwha seat existed from 1972 until the 2004 elections. Darwha is in [[Yavatmal district]].

It is a segment of the [[Yavatmal-Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)]] with adjoining [[Washim district]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. [[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim (SC)]], [[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]], [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon (ST)]], [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal (ST)]] and [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwha Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/darwha-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Deoram Shirom Patil
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Alihasan Mamdani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Vishwasrao alias Balasaheb Ghuikhedkar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Alihasan Mamdani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" |Harish Mandhana
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Manikrao Thakre]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Sanjay Rathod]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : See [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Rathod]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 68,586 |percentage = 48.94% |change = {{increase}}34.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,044 |percentage = 33.57% |change = {{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thokal Subhas Madhukarrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 16,775 |percentage = 11.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Pundlikrao Dhoke |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,409 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saturwar Ramesh Vithalrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,979 |percentage = 1.41% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Nemichand Ramprasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,133 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,542 |percentage = 15.37% |change = {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,251 |percentage = 75.57% |change = {{increase}}13.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,134}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,581 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,474 |percentage = 46.84% |change = {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marotrao Vitthalrao Alias Babu Patil Jait |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,821 |percentage = 25.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aembadwar Deepak Nanubhau |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 13,206 |percentage = 14.23% |change = {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satturwar Ramesh Vitthalrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,497 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Sitaram Kashiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,469 |percentage = 3.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tayade Sudhakar Amrutrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Yusuf Shakil M. Suleman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nana Baburao Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,653 |percentage = 21.17% |change = {{increase}}18.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,997 |percentage = 62.07% |change = {{decrease}}15.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,813}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,708 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,645 |percentage = 36.09% |change = {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Makharam Banduji |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 41,677 |percentage = 33.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dehankar Vinod Chintaman |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 25,737 |percentage = 20.81% |change = {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gorde Sudhir Marotrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,921 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohod Nitin Purushottam |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,159 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,968 |percentage = 2.40% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,606 |percentage = 77.74% |change = {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,572 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,781 |percentage = 28.75% |change = {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhar Dhondabaji Mohod |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 21,504 |percentage = 23.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jait Marotrao Vitthalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,325 |percentage = 17.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Telang Chandan Raghobaji |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 12,770 |percentage = 13.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Imgole Sandhya Vasantrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 11,370 |percentage = 12.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nimkar Devidas Ramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,500 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Londhe Kesharao Sambhaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,277 |percentage = 5.66% |change = {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,366 |percentage = 66.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,151}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,013 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,594 |percentage = 43.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathode Shankarrao Gopal |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 31,911 |percentage = 41.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wankhade Chandrabhan Ambadas |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,204 |percentage = 8.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanone Udebhanji Tanaji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,370 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Majure Madhukarrao Rajaramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Gaffar Qarshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 627 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{decrease}}8.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,288 |percentage = 68.22% |change = {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,217}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,753 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mandhana Harish Rameshwar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,881 |percentage = 45.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Shankar Gopala |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 21,929 |percentage = 34.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingole Pandurang Yashwant |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 8,498 |percentage = 13.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ikramulla Alimulla |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,407 |percentage = 3.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakare Madhaorao Keshaorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khadare Deoba Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 546 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,952 |percentage = 10.87% |change = {{decrease}}24.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,836 |percentage = 60.71% |change = {{decrease}}15.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,799 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mandhana Harish Rameshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 45,194 |percentage = 59.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghuikhedkar Vishwasrao Balkrushna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,218 |percentage = 24.00% |change = {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Syed Moinuddin Kazi Bashiruddin |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 10,343 |percentage = 13.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramdas Mukunda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,253 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhukar Dadarao Gudadhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 889 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,976 |percentage = 35.54% |change = {{increase}}29.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,293 |percentage = 76.63% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,897}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,860 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}25.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ali Hasan Jiwabhai Mamdani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,261 |percentage = 33.61% |change = {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Rameshwar Mandhana |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 17,512 |percentage = 27.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahure Gulabrao Anandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,709 |percentage = 24.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadpavale Ramdas Somaji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 7,168 |percentage = 11.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavhan Ramdas Sawai |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,749 |percentage = 5.93% |change = {{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,252 |percentage = 75.68% |change = {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,258}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,223 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}17.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. B. Ghuikhedkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,163 |percentage = 51.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Mahure |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,320 |percentage = 32.34% |change = {{decrease}}22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Sirsat |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 8,087 |percentage = 14.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Dhotkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,843 |percentage = 19.14% |change = {{decrease}}12.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,285 |percentage = 77.40% |change = {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,647}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,887 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ali Hasan Jiwabhai Mamdani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,582 |percentage = 54.81% |change = {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanawantgir Mahadeogir |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,701 |percentage = 23.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiraman Bakaram Sondawle |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 10,537 |percentage = 20.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeo Shankar Bhowate |party = Independent politician |votes = 500 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,881 |percentage = 31.56% |change = {{increase}}19.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,805 |percentage = 75.25% |change = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,320}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,503 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deorao Sheoram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,517 |percentage = 52.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chhabubai W/o Uttamrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,453 |percentage = 40.38% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Pundlik Madhao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 4.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawalakhe Kisan Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,064 |percentage = 11.72% |change = {{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,219 |percentage = 68.02% |change = {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,219}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,536 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Darwha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deorao Sheoram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,579 |percentage = 50.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Baburao Mahindre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,337 |percentage = 35.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baheshwar Mohanlal Mandhana |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,866 |percentage = 11.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshaorao Sitaram Shelke |party = Independent politician |votes = 510 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Deoba Thakre |party = Independent politician |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,242 |percentage = 15.14% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,616 |percentage = 66.51% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,616}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,047 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.31|77.77|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darwha Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Olish Shilshi

2026-04-20T06:39:26Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: done...

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = SS. Olish
| birth_name = Olish Shilshi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1977
| birth_place =
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chandel (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandel]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Letpao Haokip]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = SS. Mohring
| education = B.A. (Pol. Science)
| alma_mater = Manipur University
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Olish Shilshi''' or '''S. S. Olish''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. She was elected from [[Chandel Assembly constituency]] in [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and became first from [[Lamkang Naga people|Lamkang]] tribe and second Naga woman to be elected to [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SS. Olish |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=168 |website=My Neta |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naga Women Union hails SS Olish for becoming Second Naga Women MLA in Manipur |url=https://thenewsmill.com/nwu-hails-ss-olish-for-becoming-second-naga-women-mla-in-manipur/?amp |website=The News Mill |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP candidate SS Olish secure landslide victory |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/bjp-candidate-ss-olish-secures-landslide-victory-in-chandel-letpao-wins-in-tengnoupal |access-date=20 May 2022 |agency=Imphal Free Press |publisher=Imphal Free Press}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilshi, Olish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Chandel district]]

{{Manipur-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nanda Kishore Sinha

2026-04-20T05:35:42Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: started post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nanda Kishore Sinha
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Pulakeshi Singh]]
| constituency = [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Nanda Kishore Sinha''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai constituency]] in the 1952 and [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_ASSAM.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}</ref><ref name="AssamECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Assam_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1957-62.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1957–62 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Nanda Kishore}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Gadhadhar Hazra

2026-04-19T08:56:14Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gadadhar Hazra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2016
| predecessor1 = Jaydeb Hazra
| successor1 = [[Shyamali Pradhan]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Gadadhar Hazra''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nanoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nanoor constituency]] in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2011 to 2016.<ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2011]</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data, AC No| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =9 July 2015| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
Gadadhar Hazra was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2011. At that time, he was associated with the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. In the 2016 election, he contested from his constituency but was defeated by [[CPI(M)]] candidate [[Shyamali Pradhan]]. However, in 2019, he changed his party affiliation and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/monirul-gadadhar-in-bjp/articleshow/69566188.cms |title=Monirul, Gadadhar join BJP |access-date=2025-07-06 |archive-date=2019-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013142930/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/monirul-gadadhar-in-bjp/articleshow/69566188.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=169161&P=4#nogo Gadadhar Hazra joins BJP, Kajol Sheikh revives TMC in Nanur]{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempt=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazra, Gadhadhar}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chhindwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:54Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: done.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhindwara
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| established = 1951
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 126
| map_image = 126-Chhindwara.svg
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kamal Nath 2012.jpg
| mla = [[Kamal Nath]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Deepak Saxena
}}

'''Chhindwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|230 Legislative Assembly constituencies]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election in India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is part of [[Chhindwara District]].

[[Kamal Nath]], the former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], is the incumbent MLA of this constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|K. G. Rekhade
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |Vidyawati Vidyashanker Mehta
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jagdish Prasad Chandrakar
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bijay Kumar Panti
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vijaykumar Dhanpal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kamleshwari Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Choudhari Chandra Bhan Singh Kuber Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Deepak Saxena
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Choudhari Chandra Bhan Singh Kuber Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Deepak Saxena<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Chandrabhan Singh Chaudhary]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Deepak Saxena<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2019{{efn|by poll}}
| Rowspan=2 | [[Kamal Nath]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===

{{Election box begin
| title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhindwara<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamal Nath]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:132302}}
|percentage = 56.44
|change = +5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vivek Bunty Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95708}}
|percentage = 40.83
|change = -2.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1741}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36594}}
|percentage = 15.61
|change = +8.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234427}}
|percentage = 82.89
|change = +2.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 bypoll ===

{{Election box begin
| title=2019 By-election: Chhindwara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamal Nath]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,14,459
|percentage = 55.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Vivek Bunty Sahu]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=88,622
|percentage=43.00
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes=2,027
|percentage=0.98
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=25,837
|percentage=12.54
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=2,08,465
|percentage=79.21
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhindwara<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Deepak Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:104034}}
|percentage = 50.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Choudhary Chandrabhan Singh Kuber Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:89487}}
|percentage = 43.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Suryawanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:2326}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Pushpa Devi Masram
|votes = {{formatnum:2211}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2800}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14547}}
|percentage = 7.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206124}}
|percentage = 80.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

*[[Chhindwara]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.06|78.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Usha Narayanan

2026-04-13T00:24:55Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made A Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|10th First Lady of India (1922 – 2008)}}
{{For|the author|Usha Narayanan (author)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Usha Narayanan
| image = Usha Narayanan.jpg
| image_size = 185px
| caption = Narayanan in 2000
| order = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]]
| term_label = In role
| term_start = 25 July 1997
| term_end = 25 July 2002
| president = [[Kocheril R. Narayanan]]
| predecessor = [[Vimala Sharma]]
| successor = [[Devisingh Shekhawat]] (First Gentlemen)
| order2 = Second Lady of India
| term_label2 = In role
| term_start2 = 21 August 1992
| term_end2 = 24 July 1997
| vice_president2 = [[Kocheril R. Narayanan]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vimala Sharma]]
| successor2 = Shreemathi Suman
| birth_name = Tint Tint
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1922}}
| birth_place = [[Yamethin]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|01|24|1922}}
| death_place = [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[K. R. Narayanan]]|8 June 1951|9 November 2005|end=died}}
| children = 2 (including [[Chitra Narayanan]])
| website = 
}}

'''Usha Narayanan,''' born '''Tint Tint''' ({{langx|my|တင့်တင့်}}; 1922 — 24 January 2008), was the [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]] from 1997 to 2002. She was married to [[K. R. Narayanan]], the tenth [[President of India]]. Usha Narayanan was India's second foreign-born first lady (also second foreign-born second lady) after [[Janaki Venkataraman]]. She played a key role in women social welfare activities initiated by the presidency.<ref name="matthew">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xRTTVgpPc6llFXcJrddTPI/Views--The-first-ladies-of-Rashtrapati-Bhavan.html|title=The first ladies of Rashtrapati Bhavan|last=Mathew|first=Liz|date=25 July 2012|work=Live Mint|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Usha Narayanan was born as '''Tint Tint''' in 1922, in [[Yamethin]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]].<ref name="pti">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/former-presidents-wife-usha-narayanan-passes-away/538363|title=Former President's wife Usha Narayanan passes away|date=24 January 2008|work=Outlook India|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> She attended [[Rangoon University]], earning a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree. Thereafter, she worked as a lecturing tutor at the Department of Burmese Language and Literature.<ref name="pti"/> She continued her graduate studies at the [[Delhi School of Social Work]] through a scholarship, earning a [[Master of Arts]] degree with a specialty in juvenile delinquency.<ref name="pti"/>

== Later life ==
[[File:The President of India, Shankar Dayal Sharma and the first lady greeting the Vice President K. R. Narayanan on his birthday.jpg| thumb|President Shankar Dayal Sharma(Centre Right) & First Lady Vimala Sharma(Centre Left) greet Vice President K.R. Narayanan(Right) on his Birthday alongside his wife Second Lady Mrs Usha Narayanan (Left).]]
While working in [[Rangoon]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] (now Myanmar), K. R. Narayanan met Tint Tint, whom he later married in [[New Delhi|Delhi]] on 8 June 1951. Ms Tint Tint was active in the [[YWCA]] and on hearing that Narayanan was a student of Laski, approached him to speak on political freedom before her circle of acquaintances. While K. R. Narayanan and Tint Tint had been born in the same country, the British colony of India, by the time they met they had different citizenship. Their marriage needed a special dispensation from [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] per Indian law, because Narayanan was in the IFS and she was a foreigner. Ms Tint Tint adopted the Indian name ''Usha'' and became an Indian citizen.

They have two daughters, [[Chitra Narayanan]] (former Indian ambassador to Switzerland, Liechtenstein and [[The Holy See]])<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2008 |title=Chitra Narayanan concurrently accredited Ambassador to Holy See |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/07/chitra-narayanan-concurrently-accredited-ambassador-to-holy-see-1218119649.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009050939/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/08/07/chitra-narayanan-concurrently-accredited-ambassador-to-holy-see-1218119649.html |archive-date=9 October 2012 |access-date=10 January 2012 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> and Amrita Narayanan.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Work ==
Usha Narayanan worked on several social welfare programs for women and children in India and had completed her Masters in Social Work from [[Delhi School of Social Work]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Her Excellency Tin Tin|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203801|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=The OutLook|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> She also translated and published several [[Burmese language|Burmese]] short stories; a collection of translated stories by [[Thein Pe Myint]], titled ''Sweet and Sour'', appeared in 1998.

== Death ==
Usha, was suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]], for the last few years of her life, and died at the age of 86 on 24 January 2008 at 5:30 pm, at [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]].<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/exfirst-lady-usha-narayanan-dies-at-86/265309/|title= Ex-First Lady Usha Narayanan dies at 86|date=25 January 2008|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> She was buried in the Christian Cemetery on Prithivraj Road, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-28 |title=K R Narayanan was Hindu, mother wanted his ashes buried alongside her, claim daughters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/father-was-hindu-mother-wanted-his-ashes-buried-alongside-her-4770596/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, a controversy erupted when her husband's name was also found in her grave.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
* [[First ladies and gentlemen of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Usha}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mandalay Region]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of India]]
[[Category:Second ladies and gentlemen of India]]
[[Category:Burmese emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Burmese descent]]
[[Category:University of Yangon alumni]]
[[Category:Burmese social workers]]
[[Category:Burmese translators]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Rowdy (2014 film)

2026-03-30T23:49:42Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{short description|2014 film by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rowdy
| image = Rowdy 2014 poster.jpg
| writer = Ram Gopal Varma
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnu Manchu]]
*[[Mohan Babu]]
*[[Jayasudha]]
*[[Shanvi Srivastav]]
}}
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| cinematography = Satish Mutyala
| producer = {{plainlist|
*R. Vijay Kumar
*P. Gajendra Naidu
*M. Parthasarathi Naidu
}}
| editing = Santosh Bammidi Kamal R.
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[24 Frames Factory]]
*AV Pictures
}}
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|04}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| gross = 
}}
'''''Rowdy''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. A remake of the director's Hindi film ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005), it stars [[Vishnu Manchu]] and his father [[Mohan Babu]] with [[Jayasudha]] and [[Shanvi Srivastav]] in important roles.

[[Sai Karthik]] composed the music for this film, while Satish Mutyala handled the cinematography.<ref name="RWD SHT BWL">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/rowdy-first-look-ram-gopal-varma-and-mohan-babu-carve-a-realistic-image/ |title=Rowdy first look: Ram Gopal Varma and Mohan Babu carve a realistic image! |publisher=Bollywood Life|date=21 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> The principal photography commenced on 26 December 2013<ref name="RWD SHT SRT INDG" /> and ended on 21 February 2014 in 30 working days.<ref name="RWD SHT BWL" /> It was dubbed into Hindi by the same name. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/rowdy_feb052014.php|title=RGV and Mohan Babu film titled 'Rowdy'|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|date=5 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054542/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/rowdy_feb052014.php|archive-date=26 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Shanvi-in-RGVs-next-film/articleshow/29914009.cms|title=Shanvi in RGV's next film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> The film also used sync sound and a three camera setup to reduce the work of dubbing and camera angles while in post production.<ref name="RWD SHT 123T">{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rgvs-rowdy-progressing-briskly.html |title=RGV's 'Rowdy' progressing briskly|publisher=123telugu.com|date=20 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

The film released on 4 April 2014 (worldwide) and 3 April 2014 ([[United States]]) in over 50 screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realtime.rediff.com/news/india/Rowdy-gets-big-US-release-hits-over-50-multiplexes/28067f56444eef80|title='Rowdy' gets big US release, hits over 50 multiplexes|publisher=Rediff Realtime News|date=3 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/rowdy-us-release-hits-50-multiplexes--13141.html|title='Rowdy' gets big US release, hits over 50 multiplexes|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=3 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rowdy-release-4april.html |title={{-'}}Rowdy' to release all over on 4th April; USA on 3rd April|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=19 March 2014|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> Upon release, the film received positive reviews, with critics praising the narrative and the performances of Mohan Babu, Vishnu Manchu and Jayasudha.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Mohan-Babu-steals-the-show-with-Rowdy/articleshow/33267794.cms Mohan Babu steals the show with Rowdy – The Times of India]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/546687/20140404/rowdy-review-mohan-babu-vishnu-manchu-rgv.htm|title='Rowdy' Review Roundup: Watch it for Mohan Babu|publisher=[[International Business Times]] India|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> The film minted {{INRConvert|11.13|c}} on the first weekend of its release.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6412 RGV finally scores a commercial success after six years with Rowdy | Latest Movie Features – Bollywood Hungama]</ref> The film minted a worldwide share of {{INRConvert|33|c}} at the end of the second week of its run, and was declared a box office hit.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/547746/20140411/legend-box-office-rowdy-balakrishna-mohan-babu.htm Box Office: 'Rowdy' Performs Well; 'Legend' Ends 2nd Week on Decent Note – International Business Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/547146/20140408/legend-box-office-hrudaya-kaleyam-rowdy-collections.htm Box Office Report: 'Legend', 'Rowdy', 'Hrudaya Kaleyam' – International Business Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/546798/20140406/rowdy-box-office-legend-collection-balakrishna-mohanbabu.htm Box Office: Balakrishna's 'Legend', Mohan Babu's 'Rowdy' Collections – International Business Times]</ref>

== Plot ==
The film opens at night on a street in Hyderabad with Krishna ([[Vishnu Manchu]]) saving Sirisha ([[Shanvi Srivastava]]) from some eve-teasers and accompanying her to the hostel where she stays. On the journey, they find out that they both hail from the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. When Sirisha asks Krishna about the details of his father, the scene shifts to Krishna's native place, where his father, a don fondly called Anna ([[Mohan Babu]]) and as Annagaru with respect, punishes a teacher named Sankar Rao for harassing his pregnant wife for dowry on the complaint of the woman's father Rama Rao. Anna is a sexagenarian who always thinks about the welfare of the people of Rayalaseema, and they also revere him as equal to god. He is also a powerful and influential don who controls Rayalaseema's political affairs. His close friend Ananda Rao ([[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]]) is a ruling party politician. He, along with the party, extends full support to Anna to stop the Nandavaram project, which could destroy 34 villages. On the other hand, a group of influential people working under a mysterious man tries to make the project earn crores. The group consists of KR, Vedantham Murthy aka Vedam ([[Tanikella Bharani]]), Chandi ([[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]), and Seshagiri.

Krishna visits his home, where Anna kills his opponent Guruva Reddy ([[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]) and appoints the latter's henchmen as his henchmen by promising a slightly higher salary. Then, Anna's family is introduced. Anna lives with his wife Lakshmi ([[Jayasudha]]), elder son Bhushan ([[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]), and Krishna. Bhushan is married and has a son, but he never loved them. Unlike Anna and his dutiful, devoted brother Krishna, Bhushan is a spoiled brat who often terrorizes people in Anna's name, creating fear in their hearts. When a young woman's brother warns Bhushan, Bhushan comes to their home, kidnaps the woman, and conducts a sexual assault on her in his farmhouse. Bhushan, angry at his father and having a greed for money, joins KR's group to form the Nandavaram project. Meanwhile, Krishna and Sirisha are deeply in love, and Anna's trusted henchman Ramudu finds out that she is the daughter of Gavarraju, Anna's enemy, whom he killed at Tirupathi during an assassination attempt. Though Sirisha is aware of it, she has no objection to joining his family. Anna also respects Krishna's decision to marry her and accepts their alliance.

Meanwhile, Sirisha informs Krishna in their regular meeting that her friend has been kidnapped and kept in Anna's farmhouse by Bhushan, who thrashed her brother recently. She also adds that no one dared to convey the same to Anna because of Bhushan. Krishna tells the whole matter to Anna, and when he finds the woman assaulted there, he apologizes to her and tells Ramudu to drop her off at her home. He also imposes a house arrest on Bhushan there forever to ensure the safety of the innocent people, but on the request of Lakshmi, he lets him enter his house again. Later, Ramudu invites Anna and Lakshmi to attend his daughter's wedding, and they accept it happily. However, Sirisha's brother reveals to Krishna that Anna is going to be fatally attacked on the way. At the time of the execution, firing starts on Anna's vehicles. In this confusion, Bhushan kills his wife and son, but nobody knows this. Anna is severely injured and attacked by the rivals, whom Krishna kills. Anna is sent to the nearby hospital. Inspector Gogin Rao ([[Ravi Babu]]) asks Anna's men to leave the hospital, as the patients and their relatives are frightened of seeing them carrying weapons. This results in a brawl between Krishna and Gogin Rao, and the former is arrested for attacking a police officer on duty.

However, it is later revealed that Gogin Rao is not as sincere as he appears and works for KR. Sirisha goes to the police station and tells Krishna that Anna will be attacked again by the rivals' men. Krishna goes there and saves Anna from the goons. Later, as both plans fail, Bhushan goes to the hospital carrying oranges and soon leaves. However, he keeps explosives inside the oranges so that Anna dies in a blast, as suggested by KR and Vedam. Unfortunately, Lakshmi cuts them, and the blast occurs. Anna, who was in the way to the room conducting medical tests, collapses and understands what happened then. After Lakshmi's funeral is conducted, Krishna meets Anna; tells him that KR, Gogin Rao, Chandi, Vedam, Seshagiri, and Bhushan are the culprits; and vows to kill all of them. Krishna kills Gogin Rao by strangling him with a thin wire; Seshagiri by feeding him a poisoned cake; Chandi by suffocating him after locking him in a car filled with gas; Vedam by hanging him from a tree; and KR by setting him on fire. Later, Krishna meets Bhushan and tells him about the latter's plans and deeds. When Bhushan feels guilty, Krishna calls him a mad dog and shoots him.

Finally, during Lakshmi's last rites, the person behind the group is revealed as Ananda Rao. His close associates hold more than 50% stake in the Nandavaram project, and with that money, he planned to shift to the opposition party and win the elections. Since Anna would oppose it, he wanted to murder him and joined hands with KR and his group. On Anna's request, Krishna himself murders Ananda Rao. The film ends with Anna conducting Lakshmi's death rituals and Krishna appointing Ananda Rao's gunmen as his henchmen, promising a slightly higher salary, as Anna did regarding Guruva Reddy's henchmen.

== Cast ==
*[[Vishnu Manchu]] as Krishna
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Anna
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Shanvi Srivastav]] as Sirisha
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Bhushan
*[[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]] as Anand Rao
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Vedantham Murthy aka Vedam
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Gogin Rao
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Chandi
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Guruva Reddy
*Kalicharan Sanjay

== Production ==
In mid November 2013, it was reported that [[Ram Gopal Varma]] would direct [[Vishnu Manchu]], which was confirmed by the actor in an interaction with the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/entertainment-tollywood/article/manchu-vishnu-ram-gopal-varma%E2%80%99s-next|title=Manchu Vishnu in Ram Gopal Varma's next|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=15 November 2013|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> In mid-December 2013, the project materialized, and it was also reported that Ram Gopal Varma wanted to recruit [[Regina Cassandra]] as the heroine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/RGV-to-direct-Vishnu-Manchu/articleshow/27170224.cms|title=RGV to direct Vishnu Manchu|work=The Times of India|date=10 December 2013|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> In the end of December 2013, [[Mohan Babu]] was said to be a part of the film, and the shooting started on 26 December 2013 after a simple launch event.<ref name="RWD SHT SRT INDG">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mohan-babu-rgv-movie-ottu-shooting-from-26th-december-telugu-news-101429|title=Mohan Babu - RGV Movie 'Ottu' Shooting From 26th December|website=IndiaGlitz|date=23 December 2013|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> The filming continued at an incredible pace, and in early January 2014, a song on Mohan Babu and 2,000 extras was shot at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad in which the people hailed him as their supremo and godfather.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mohan-baburgv-movie-filming-song-in-rfc-telugu-news-101938|title=Mohan Babu-RGV Movie Filming Song In RFC|website=IndiaGlitz|date=6 January 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

After their previous film ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' released and became a success at the box office, it was declared in early February that the film was titled ''Rowdy'' which was confirmed by Mohan Babu at his office contrary to the reports that the film was titled ''Ottu'', ''Annagaru'' and ''Seema Lekka''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/mohanbabu-rgvfilmtitled-as-rowdy.html|title=Mohan Babu - RGV film titled as Rowdy|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=5 February 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> At the same time, [[Shanvi Srivastav]], who was well known for her performances in the films ''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]'' and ''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'', was selected for a short yet essential role in the film and was paired with Vishnu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/february-2014/shanvi-thrilled-to-be-a-part-of-rgv-s-rowdy-070214.html|title=Shanvi thrilled to be a part of RGV's Rowdy|publisher=cinegoer.net|date=7 February 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> In the third week of February 2014, it was reported that the film's shoot is nearing completion at an incredible speed with a romantic song on Vishnu and Shanvi being shot in just two days.<ref name="RWD SHT 123T"/>

The filming finally ended on 21 February 2014 in just 30 working days.<ref name="RWD SHT BWL"/> The producers said that they had a very tough time at the time of the shooting of action sequences, because of RGV's insistence on reality. The producers spoke "Rowdy is a film, we were really passionate about".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/105143.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325114539/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/105143.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2014|title='Rowdy' producers had a tough time with RGV|website=IndiaGlitz|date=23 March 2014|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> It was also reported that an 11-minute action episode on Mohan Babu and Vishnu by firmly focusing the camera on them. "The interval sequence is by far one of the best fights I have ever done. Entire Credit to RGV. He has captured great action timing and finely tuned aggression by the two lead actors in the film" said Vishnu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/11-minute-high-voltage-action-sequence-rowdy.html|title=11 Minute high voltage action sequence 'Rowdy'|publisher=123telugu.com|date=26 March 2014|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/11-Minute-High-Voltage-Action-Sequence-in-RGVs-Rowdy-telugu-news-105280|title=11 Minute High Voltage Action Sequence in RGV's 'Rowdy'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=26 March 2014|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>

The producers also hailed Ram Gopal Varma regarding the handling of sentimental scenes in the film. They said "Though the director has included lots of action and drama in the film, we admired the sentimental scenes between Mohan Babu and Jayasudha. We never expected Ram Gopal Varma to add this element with such vigour. He surprised not only me but also the lead stars, with his neat direction of the sentimental sequences. The chemistry between Mohan Babu and Jayasudha that once fluttered the hearts of moviegoers has been captured well all over again with much more intensity" in a statement issued to the IANS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sentimental-scenes-in-ram-gopal-verma-s-rowdy-impress-its-makers-1973907|title=Sentimental scenes in Ram Gopal Verma's Rowdy impress its makers|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=31 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's first look was released on 21 February 2014 on the occasion of completion of shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rowdy-shoot-complete-2.html|title=Rowdy shoot complete|publisher=123telugu.com|date=21 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-rowdy.html|title=Mohan Babu's Avatar in RGV's High Voltage Action Film "Rowdy"|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=21 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> The first look received unanimously positive response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/solid-response-for-rowdy-first-look.html|title=Solid response for 'Rowdy' first look|publisher=123telugu.com|date=21 February 2014|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> The film's trailer released on 7 March 2014 by Vishnu himself from USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Vishnu-Manchus-Rowdy-trailer-released/articleshow/31602839.cms?|title=Vishnu Manchu's Rowdy trailer released|work=The Times of India|date=7 March 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> The trailer received great positive response from all the corners though some opined that the film had shades of Ram Gopal Varma's Hindi film ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/542354/20140308/rowdy-trailer-vishnu-manchu-mohan-babu-rgv.htm|title=Ram Gopal Varma's 'Rowdy' Trailer: Vishnu Manchu High on Action|publisher=International Business Times India|date=8 March 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> On 11 March 2014 Ram Gopal Varma unveiled the promo of the romantic song ''Nee Meeda Ottu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rgv-unveils-new-romantic-song-from-rowdy.html|title=RGV unveils new romantic song from 'Rowdy'|publisher=123telugu.com|date=11 March 2014|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> The teaser of 107 seconds, which portrayed on screen chemistry between the lead stars Vishnu Manchu and Shanvi Srivastav, garnered tremendous response in means of shares and views on social networking sites within few hours of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Duet-Song-in-Rowdy-Ignites-Desire-and-Passion-telugu-news-104630|title=Duet Song in 'Rowdy' Ignites Desire and Passion|website=IndiaGlitz|date=12 March 2014|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

As a part of the promotion, Ram Gopal Varma and Vishnu Manchu visited Visakhapatnam where they interacted with media and audiences at VMax Multiplex theater. The full videos of ''Nee Meeda Ottu'' and ''Seema Lekka'' along with an action sequence were shown to the media and audiences there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/rgv-to-promote-rowdy-in-vizag-today-telugu-news-105449|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184241/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rgv-to-promote-rowdy-in-vizag-today-telugu-news-105449|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=RGV to promote 'Rowdy' in Vizag today|website=IndiaGlitz|date=29 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref> After receiving good response there, the team of the film including Ram Gopal Varma, Mohan Babu and Vishnu Manchu visited Mallikharjuna theatre in Hyderabad where the team interacted with media and the audiences at the theater and also projected about 10 mins of songs and scenes from the film there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Rowdy-promotions-today-at-Mallikharjuna-theatre-telugu-news-105539|title='Rowdy' promotions today at Mallikharjuna theatre|website=IndiaGlitz|date=1 April 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rowdy-promotions-gather-steam.html|title=Rowdy promotions gather steam|publisher=123telugu.com|date=1 April 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Rowdy (2014 soundtrack)}}
[[Sai Karthik]] composed the music and the background score for the film. The film's audio launch was held on 20 March 2014 at the [[Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust|Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College]] in [[Tirupati]], and the album was distributed under the [[Puri Sangeet]] label.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/I-used-to-hate-Mohan-Babu-a-lot-RGV-telugu-news-105028|title=I used to hate Mohan Babu a lot: RGV|website=IndiaGlitz|date=20 March 2014|access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Rowdy-Audio-In-Tirupathi-On-The-20th-March-telugu-news-104700|title='Rowdy' Audio In Tirupathi On The 20th March|website=IndiaGlitz|date=13 March 2014|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> On 29 March, a separate album featuring the original score was released as a tribute to veteran composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], whom Varma worked on ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Background-Score-of-Rowdy-Tribute-to-Illayaraja-RGV/2014/03/29/article2137988.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140401082833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Background-Score-of-Rowdy-Tribute-to-Illayaraja-RGV/2014/03/29/article2137988.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2014|title=Background Score of 'Rowdy' Tribute to Illayaraja: RGV|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDMyVcjlQBQ|title=RGV Rowdy Sounds Jukebox - 22 Background Sound Tracks|publisher=24 Frames Factory official YouTube account|date=29 March 2014|access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref> The cycle chase theme from ''Siva'' was integrated as the main theme for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rgv-s-tribute-to-music-maestro-ilayaraja-114032900487_1.html|title=RGV's tribute to music maestro Ilayaraja|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rgv-cycle-rowdy-atribute-to-musicmaestro-Ilayaraja.html|title=RGV 'Cycle Rowdy' a tribute to Music Maestro Ilayaraja|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=29 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

== Release ==
In early March 2014, it was reported that the film would release worldwide on 28 March 2014 clashing with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]'s ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rowdy-to-release-on-march-28th.html|title=Rowdy to release on March 28th|publisher=123telugu.com|date=9 March 2014|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Rowdy-to-release-on-March-28/articleshow/31784961.cms|title=Rowdy to release on March 28|work=The Times of India|date=10 March 2014|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> On 19 March 2014 it was officially declared that the film would release on 4 April 2014 in India and a day before i.e. on 3 April 2014 in USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rowdy%20to%20release%20all%20over%20on%204th%20april;%20usa%20on%203rd%20april-telugu-news-104908|title='Rowdy' to release all over on 4th April; USA on 3rd April|website=IndiaGlitz|date=19 March 2014|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> It was also reported later that the film will release with English subtitles in major markets worldwide to take full advantage of RGV film's pull across India and in the global markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rowdy-released-englishsubtitles-worldwide.html|title=Ram Gopal Varma's 'Rowdy' will be released with English Subtitles World Wide|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=25 March 2014|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> However, the leaders of Uttarandhra Joint Action Committee launched a morcha in Visakhapatnam demanding to ban the release of the movie. Alleging that the movie promotes rowdyism, the protesters stated that they will be filing a petition with the Election Commission to ban the film's release. The protesters contested that the episodes in the movie could be inflammatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Protests-against-Mohan-Babus-Rowdy/articleshow/32676804.cms|title=Protests against Mohan Babu's Rowdy|work=The Times of India|date=25 March 2014|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, the film was awarded an A certificate without any cuts from [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Rowdy-censor-completed-telugu-news-105425|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209033931/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Rowdy-censor-completed-telugu-news-105425|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2015|title=Rowdy censor completed|website=IndiaGlitz|date=28 March 2014|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received positive reviews from critics, though they drew comparisons and similarities with Varma's previous film ''Sarkar''.

[[The Hindu]] gave a review stating "The film is helped hugely by good performances from Mohan Babu, Vishnu and Jayasudha. While Varma can be commended for channelising Mohan Babu’s aggression in an apt role, one wishes he hadn’t made the actor say ‘respect’ so many times that it becomes a joke. Rowdy is one of the better films from Varma is recent times but offers nothing new in content."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/rowdy-another-ode-to-the-godfather/article5871365.ece|title=Rowdy: Another ode to 'The Godfather'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> [[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]] gave a review stating "Overall, Ram Gopal Varma has taken the story from his Sarkar and weaved a different screenplay for Rowdy keeping Telugu audience in mind. He has also added a few commercial ingredients to it. It is a good entertainer and will be a treat for action lovers. Must watch the film for Mohan Babu fans" and rated the film 3/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/rowdy-movie-review-135776.html|title=Rowdy - Movie Review|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave a review stating "Varma’s films are always technically good and ‘Rowdy’ is no exception. The action sequences are well choreographed, especially the one where goons surround Mohan Babu. RGV, however, is still out of touch and most of the scenes and camera angles are mere repetitions of his earlier films. If you haven't seen ‘Sarkar’, you can watch ‘Rowdy’, especially for Mohan Babu's performance" and rated the film 2.5/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140404/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-rowdy-mohan-babu-steals-show|title=Movie review 'Rowdy': Mohan Babu steals the show|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

123telugu.com gave a review stating "‘Rowdy’ is an intense action thriller that makes for a good watch. If you have seen Godfather, the impact may be a little less. The movie's appeal might be limited to A centers alone. Watch the film for Mohan Babu" and rated the film 3.25/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-rowdy-mohan-babus-masterclass.html|title=Review : Rowdy – Mohan Babu's Masterclass|publisher=123telugu.com|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> idlebrain.com gave a review stating "Mohan Babu is a superb actor. After M Dharmaraju MA and Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary, this is the most compelling character he has done in his career. It took a director of Ram Gopal Varma calibre to present Mohan Babu in a natural avatar. Plus points of the film are Mohan Babu, Vishnu Manchu, and their characterizations. On the flip side, a toned-down violence and a compelling second half would have made the movie more universal. On a whole, Rowdy is a special film that adds a feather to the cap of Mohan Babu" and rated the film 3/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rowdy.html|title=Rowdy Jeevi Review|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "If you wanted to see Mohan Babu do an [[Amitabh Bachchan]] while retaining his irreverent style, 'Rowdy' fulfills that urge. The discerning might lament it as a dumbed-down version of Sarkar, though" and rated the film 3.25/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/18466.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530140309/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/18466.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2014|title=Rowdy - Watch it for Mohan Babu|website=IndiaGlitz|date=4 April 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3657434}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2014 crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Siva Sambo

2026-03-26T15:25:30Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Infobox film
| name = Siva Sambo
| image = Siva Sambo.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. P. Bagavathy Bala
| writer = S. P. Bagavathy Bala
| producer = Arumandhai Dr. Radhidevi Kanji Arima Selva Kumar S. P. Bagavathy Bala
| starring = C. B. Thil Natraj Shivani
| cinematography = Magi Bala
| editing = Lakhsman
| music = '''Songs:''' [[John Peter (composer)|A. C. John Peter]] '''Score:''' [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = S Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|20}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Siva Sambo''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller film]] written, produced, and directed by S. P. Bagavathy Bala , who costars alongside C. B. Thil Natraj and Shivani. The songs were composed by [[John Peter (composer)|A. C. John Peter]] and the film was released on 20 February 2026.

== Cast ==

* C. B. Thil Natraj as Arjun
* Shivani as Shivani
* [[Senthil]] as Minor Kunju
* [[Imman Annachi]] as London bridegroom
* Trichi Sathana
* Sarabambu Subburaj
* Bagavathy Bala

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by S. P. Bagavathy Bala. It is produced by Arumandhai Dr. Radhidevi, Kanji Arima Selva Kumar, and S. P. Bagavathy Bala under S Films. Cinematography is handled by Magi Bala, while editing is done by Lakhsman. The music for the film is composed by [[Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=“சிவ சம்போ” திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் – பெண்கள் விழிப்புணர்வுக்கான ஒரு முயற்சி! |url=https://captainnews.tv/siva-sambo-movie-updates-and-review/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=captainnews.tv |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic wrote that director Bhagavathy Bala has presented a crime thriller film about a case of cheating where a single person marries multiple women in crimes against women. The critic added that there are flaws in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2026-02-19 |title=சிவ சம்போ திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Siva Sambo Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/siva-sambo-movie-review-810322 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Virakesari]]'' critic stated that senior actor Senthil appears in a couple of scenes and makes his presence felt among the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சிவ சம்போ - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/239972 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt39980503}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 thriller films]]

Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989

2026-03-25T18:56:43Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=November 2016}}{{primary sources|date=November 2016}}}}

The '''Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989''' is an Act of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] which [[Alcohol prohibition|prohibits]] the possession, sale, consumption, and manufacture of [[liquor]] in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]], as well as the import and export thereof.<ref name=na>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagaland.gov.in/storage/PostFiles/The-Nagaland-Liquor-Total-Prohibition-Act,-1989.pdf|title=NLTP Act 1989}}</ref>

The Act further bans the use or possession of [[Denatured alcohol|denatured spirit]] or any material, utensil, implement, or apparatus used for manufacturing liquor. Publishing or display of advertisements for liquor or any other preparation fit for use as liquor in newspapers and periodicals is also banned.<ref name=na />

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Alcohol in India}}
[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Prohibition in India|Naga]]
[[Category:Alcohol law in India]]
[[Category:State legislation in India]]

Khelna Bari

2026-03-20T06:53:03Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series (2022–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khelna Bari ZB.jpg
| creator = Samrat Ghosh
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| screenplay = Malova Majumder
| story = Souvik Chakraborty
| director = Snehasish Jana
| creative_director = Srijit Ray
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| endtheme =
| composer = Suvam Moitra
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 519
| executive_producer = Krishanu Ganguly Srijita Chakraborty (Zee Bangla)
| producer = [[Zee Bangla]]
| company = Zee Bangla Productions
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| cinematography = Bishwajit Mitra
| editor = Jishu Nath Biplab Mandal Sumonto
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|05|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Khelna Bari''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[Romance film|romantic thriller drama]] television series that aired on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-26 |title=TV show ‘Khelna Bari’ completes 100 episodes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-khelna-bari-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/93796228.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=টিভিতে এবার পুতুল বানানোর গল্প, আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'খেলনা বাড়ি' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/new-serial-khelna-bari-is-coming-soon-on-tv/wb20220512102626926926359 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> The show premiered on 16 May 2022 and concluded its final episode on 23 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=কেমন হবে 'খেলা বাড়ি' গল্প? শ্যুটিং ফ্লোর থেকে শেয়ার করলেন অভিনেতারা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/video/new-bangla-serial-khelna-bari-casts-aratrika-maity-biswajit-ghosh-neil-chatterjee-shares-story-shooting-floor-bangla-television-suc-soc-372923-2022-05-11 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> It was produced by Zee Bangla<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=মাহি আর আরাত্রিকার পুতুলের সংসার বদলে দেবেন বিশ্বজিৎ? আসছে 'খেলনাবাড়ি' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/khelna-bari-new-serial-starting-in-zee-bangla-named-khelna-bari-888236 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref> and starred [[Aratrika Maity]] and Biswajit Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=Aratrika Maity-Biswajit Ghosh starrer ‘Khelna Bari’ set for a time leap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/aratrika-maity-biswajit-ghosh-starrer-khelna-bari-set-for-a-time-leap/articleshow/99138637.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=বরকে বাঁচাতে দোষ না করেই জেলে মিতুল! 'খেলনা বাড়ি'র নতুন প্রোমো দেখে চটল দর্শকরা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/viewers-criticised-and-trolled-heavily-khelna-bari-serial-s-new-promo-video-31685765486544.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603171137/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/viewers-criticised-and-trolled-heavily-khelna-bari-serial-s-new-promo-video-31685765486544.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=আরাত্রিকা আর মাহির 'খেলনা বাড়ি' -তে পা রাখছেন বিশ্বজিৎ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/khelna-bari-new-serial-starting-in-zee-bangla-named-khelna-bari-888169 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Aratrika Maity]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-16 |title='I was afraid to shoot with Biswajit Da but he made me feel really comfortable,' says Khelna Bari’s Mitul aka Aratrika Maity |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-was-afraid-to-shoot-with-biswajit-da-but-he-made-me-feel-really-comfortable-says-khelna-baris-mitul-aka-aratrika-maity/articleshow/91590420.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Mitul Paul Lahiri: Indrajit's wife, Googly's adopted mother, and Shiva's mother.
*Biswajit Ghosh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title=Biswajit Ghosh-Mishmee Das team up again for ‘Khelna Bari’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/biswajit-ghosh-mishmee-das-team-up-again-for-khelna-bari/articleshow/96449825.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Biswajit Ghosh to play a successful businessman in ‘Khelna Bari’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/biswajit-ghosh-to-play-a-successful-businessman-in-khelna-bari/articleshow/91171467.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Indrajeet Lahiri aka Indra: Mitul's husband, Antara's ex-husband, Googly and Shiva's father.
*Indrani Bhattacharya as Sohag Chowdhury (née Lahiri) aka Googly: Indra and Antara's daughter, Mitul's adoptive daughter, Shiva's stepsister, Dr. Sanchayan's wife.
**Mahi Singh as Young Sohag Lahiri aka Googly
*Sabuj Bardhan as Dr. Sanchayan Chowdhury: Googly's husband, Subrata and Monorama's son.
*Saptarshi Basu Roy Chowdhury as Ador Lahiri aka Shiva: Indra and Mitul's son, Googly's stepbrother.

===Recurring===
*Samir Biswas as Late Devkumar Lahiri: Indra's grandfather.
*[[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Kanika Lahiri: Devkumar's wife, Sushovon and Sumi's mother, Indra, Rono, Shubho and Koli's grandmother.
*Sohan Bandopadhay as Sushovon Lahiri: Indra's father.
*Nandini Chatterjee as Debjani Lahiri: Indra's stepmother, Rono and Shubho's mother.
*Mayna Banerjee as Susmita Chakraborty (née Lahiri) aka Sumi: Sushovon's sister, Koli's mother, Indra, Rono and Shubho's aunt.
*Sayantan Sarkar as Late Ronojit Lahiri aka Rono: Sushovon and Debjani's son, Indra's stepbrother, Shubho's brother, Anamika's husband, Simi's ex-husband.
*Ashmita Chakraborty as Dr. Kothakoli Basu (née Chakraborty) aka Koli: Sumi's daughter, Indra, Rono and Shubho's cousin sister, Arka's wife.
*Neil Chatterjee as Arkaprava Basu aka Arka: Koli's husband, Indra's friend & business partner.
*Rishav Chakraborty as Shubhajit Lahiri aka Shubho: Sushovon and Debjani's son, Indra's stepbrother, Rono's brother, Aloka's husband.
*Piyali Sasmal as Alokananda Mitra Lahiri aka Aloka: Shubho's wife.
*Srijita Dona Chakrabarty as Dona: Shubho's student and fake fiance.
*Surojit Banerjee as Dr. Pulak Chakraborty: Sumi's husband, Koli's father.
*Anindya Chakrabarti as Palash: Debjani's brother, Swarnali's husband, Srishti's father, Rono and Shubho's uncle.
*Lopamudra Sinha as Swarnali: Palash's wife, Srishti's mother, Rono and Shubho's aunt.
*Bristi Roy as Srishti: Palash and Swarnali's daughter, Rono and Shubho's cousin sister.
*Mishmee Das
**Anamika Lahiri: Antara's twin sister, Rono's second wife.
**Late Antara Lahiri: Googly's biological mother, Indra's first wife.
*[[Ayendri Lavnia Roy]] as Anuradha Apte: Indra's obsessive lover.
*Swagata Sen as Simantini Lahiri aka Simi: Rono's ex-wife.
*Amitava Das as Anirban: Koli's fiance.
*Riya Ganguly Chakraborty as Mohini Roy: Googly's fake mother.
*Abhijeet Debroy as Swapan Roy: Googly's fake father.
*Tanushree Goswami as Sudeshna: Sohini's lawyer.
*Joy Badlani as Raghunath Apte: Anuradha's father.
*Suparna Patra as Sohini: Indra's office worker.
*Gulshanara Khatun as Rajani: Shiva's adopted mother.
*Sanjay Basu as Dr. Shubhobrata: Indra's Kidnapper.
*Rupam Singha as Santu Yadav: Bihar jail criminal.
*Shubhosree Chakraborty as Rajashree: Mitul and Googly's University teacher.
*Suddhosatva Majumdar as Bittu Lahiri: Ronojit and Anamika's son.
*Rayati Bhattacharya as Monorama Chowdhury: Sanchayan's mother.
*Animesh Bhaduri as Subrata Chowdhury: Sanchayan's father.
*Ankusree Maity as Monjusha Chowdhury aka Monju: Sanchayan's elder sister, Subrata and Monorama's daughter.
*Oliva Bhattacharya as Chandrani Chowdhury: Sanchayan's aunt, Supratip's wife.
*Siddhartha Ghosh as Supratip Chowdhury: Sanchayan's uncle, Chandrani's husband, Arjya's biological father.
*Raima Sengupta as Sreetoma Chowdhury aka Sree: Sanchayan's cousin sister, Supratip and Chandrani's daughter.
*[[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] as Sutirtha Chowdhury aka Tirtha: Sanchayan's younger brother, Subrata and Monorama's youngest son.
*Pranabhi Bose as Sutanuka

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{nowrap|TRP ratings for 2022}}
! rowspan="2" | Week
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 20
|4.5
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: অনেকটা নম্বর কমল 'ধুলোকণা'-র! জোর টক্কর দিয়ে সেরা 'মিঠাই' না 'গাঁটছড়া'?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-20th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-377778-2022-05-26 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|5.5
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'মন ফাগুন', ব্যাপক রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-22nd-week-mithai-mon-phagun-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-382247-2022-06-09 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|5.5
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিয়ে দারুণ স্কোর করল 'গৌরী এলো'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-23rd-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-384489-2022-06-16 |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|5.5
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP:বিরাট চমক রেটিং চার্টে! শীর্ষে 'আলতা ফড়িং', কেমন স্কোর মিঠাই- খড়িদের?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-24th-week-mithai-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-386799-2022-06-23 |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|5.7
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'ধুলোকণা'! এক ঢাক্কায় অনেকটা নামল 'মিঠাই'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-25th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-419360-2022-06-30 |access-date=30 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|5.7
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট নম্বর কমে অনেক পিছনে 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'ধুলোকণা' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-26th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-gouri-elo-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-422003-2022-07-07
|access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|5.3
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা'-র! প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা... মিঠাই, খড়ি, ফুলঝুরিদের স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-27th-week-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gouri-elo-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-424566-2022-07-14 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|5.6
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে পিছনে ফেলে শীর্ষে 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...!' বিরাট পরিবর্তন রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-28th-week-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-mithai-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-427051-2022-07-21 |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|5.6
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে টেক্কা দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-29th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-429629-2022-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|5.1
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে পুরনো ফর্মে 'মিঠাই'! রেটিং চার্টে কোন মেগার স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-30th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-432128-2022-08-04 |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|5.2
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে এগিয়ে 'গাঁটছড়া'! রেটিং চার্টে প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-31st-week-mithai-gantchhora-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-434599-2022-08-11 |access-date=11 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|5.5
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুণ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! গৌরী, ফড়িংদের ঝুলিতে কত নম্বর? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-33rd-week-mithai-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-439741-2022-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|5.9
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই মিঠাই- গৌরীর! এই সপ্তাহে সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-34th-week-mithai-gouri-elo-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-442767-2022-09-02 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|5.9
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: প্রথম তিনে নেই 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'গৌরী এলো'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-35th-week-mithai-not-top-position-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-444845-2022-09-08 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|5.9
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বড় অঘটন রেটিং চার্টে! বিরাট নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র, প্রথম তিনে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-36th-week-mithai-not-top-4-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-447292-2022-09-15 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|6.1
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: আরও নামল 'মিঠাই'! 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে টেক্কা দিয়ে বেঙ্গল টপার কোন মেগা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-37th-week-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-mithai-score-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-know-who-bengal-topper-week-soc-450007-2022-09-22 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|6.2
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে মিঠাই, খড়ি না ফুলঝুরি? চমকে দিয়ে প্রথম পাঁচে এই নতুন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-38th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-jagadhhatri-top-5-mithai-scores-bad-again-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-452761-2022-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|6.0
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিশাল রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! চমক গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, খড়ি- মিঠাইদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-39th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-455701-2022-10-07 |access-date=7 October 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|6.1
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: একেবারে তলানিতে 'মিঠাই'! ব্যাপক স্কোর গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, বাকিদের? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/trp-list-2022-40th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-dhulokona-gantchhora-khelna-bari-top-five-mithai-performance-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-458205-2022-10-13 |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|6.2
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া সেরা তিনে, গাঁটছড়াকে টপকালো জগদ্ধাত্রী, ধুলোকণা হল কি টপার? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106060223/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=31 October 2022 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|6.7
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুন স্কোর 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! তলানি থেকে অনেকটা উঠল 'মিঠাই' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-45th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-dhulokona-top-three-mithai-scores-better-after-new-twist-gantchhora-gouri-elo-bad-performance-trp-soc-471590-2022-11-17 |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|6.8
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: মিঠি- শাক্যর নয়া ট্রাকে নম্বর বাড়ল 'মিঠাই'-র! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত করল 'নিম ফুলের মধু' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-46th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-better-new-track-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-aalta-phoring-top-three-soc-474437-2022-11-24 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|7.1
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: জায়গা ধরে রাখল 'মিঠাই'! প্রথম দশে ১৪ মেগা, এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-47th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-aalta-phoring-top-3-know-score-mithai-gouri-elo-dhulokona-gantchhora-and-others-top-bangla-serials-soc-477392-2022-12-01 |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|8.2
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরার সেরা 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু'! 'মিঠাই'-র স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-48th-week-jagadhhatri-khelna-bari-anurager-chhowa-top-three-mithai-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-soc-480452-2022-12-08 |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|7.7
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শুরুতেই ছক্কা হাঁকালো 'পঞ্চমী'! 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র মধ্যে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-49th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-panchomi-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-score-mithai-gouri-elo-and-other-top-10-serials-soc-483808-2022-12-15 |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|8.3
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি টক্কর একাধিক ধারাবাহিকে! এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-50th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-top-three-bangla-dharabahik-rating-soc-486989-2022-12-22 |access-date=22 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|8.0
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রকাশ্যে বছরের শেষ টিআরপি! একাধিক মেগার স্কোরে রদবদল, বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-51st-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-2023-last-trp-list-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-top-three-bengali-mega-serial-latest-updates-soc-490154-2022-12-29 |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|7.9
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নতুন বছরের শুরুতেই বড় চমক টিআরপি-তে! এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-1st-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-top-three-bengali-television-news-soc-493237-2023-01-05 |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|+ {{nowrap|TRP ratings for 2023}}
! rowspan="2" | Week
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 1
|8.1
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: জব্বর টক্কর বাংলা সিরিয়ালে! টিআরপি-তে উঠে এল 'মিঠাই', বাকিরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-1-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-better-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-khelna-bari-top-three-bengali-television-latest-news-soc-496495-2023-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|7.8
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: টিআরপি-তে তলানিতে 'মিঠাই', সেরা দশে ১৪ মেগা! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-2-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-very-bad-14-mega-serials-top-10-know-who-bengal-topper-week-bengali-television-latest-news-soc-499922-2023-01-19 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|6.9
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুণ চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', খারাপ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-3-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-mithai-elo-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-list-top-10-serials-soc-503790-2023-01-27 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|7.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা দশে নেই 'মিঠাই', তলানিতে 'গাঁটছড়া'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত করল 'মেয়েবেলা' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-4-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-mithai-not-in-top-10-gaatchhora-scores-worst-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-506459-2023-02-02 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|7.8
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: এবারও বেহাল 'মিঠাই'! বেঙ্গল টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' না 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-5-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-bengal-topper-this-week-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-score-of-mithai-gaantchhora-soc-509897-2023-02-09 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|8.3
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা দশে এল 'মিঠাই'? জানুন 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' না 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', কে টপার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-6-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-bengal-topper-and-top-10-serials-list-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-bengali-television-soc-513582-2023-02-16 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|8.4
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: ফের দারুণ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' না 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-7-barc-bengali-serial-trp-list-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-mithai-scores-well-again-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-ten-mega-serials-soc-517369-2023-02-23 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|5.7
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', টিআরপি-তে এবার সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-8-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-neem-phuler-modhu-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-520873-2023-03-02 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|7.9
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা সিরিয়ালে, টিআরপি-তে এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-9-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-bengali-television-updates-soc-524790-2023-03-10 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|7.5
|3
|<ref>{{cite news|title=TRP: ফের নিজের জায়গা হারাল 'মিঠাই', কে এই সপ্তাহের সেরার সেরা মেগা?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-10-bengali-serial-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-best-bengali-serials-list-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-527696-2023-03-16|access-date=16 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|7.3
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট টক্কর বাংলা মেগাতে! এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-11-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-soc-531165-2023-03-23|access-date=23 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|7.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: টপার সূর্য- দীপারা, চমক দিল পর্ণা- সৃজন! বাকি মেগার স্কোর কেমন?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-12-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-bengali-television-soc-534686-2023-03-30|access-date=30 March 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|6.7
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: বিরাট চমক এবারের টিআরপি-তে! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র সঙ্গে শীর্ষে এই মেগা
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-13-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-khelna-bari-ranga-bou-in-top-four-trp-top-10-serials-soc-538401-2023-04-06|access-date=6 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|6.0
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: জগদ্ধাত্রী না সূর্য- দীপা, টপার কোন মেগা? জানুন বাকিদের কেমন স্কোর
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-14-barc-bangla-mega-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-gouri-elo-in-top-three-trp-top-10-best-bengali-serials-soc-542199-2023-04-13|access-date=13 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|5.7
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: শীর্ষ স্থান খোয়াল 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! টপার কে, জগদ্ধাত্রী না পর্ণা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-15-barc-trp-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-545769-2023-04-20|access-date=20 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|5.5
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List: TRP List: চমক 'কমলা ও শ্রীমান পৃথ্বীরাজ'-র! শীর্ষ স্থানে 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' না 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-16-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-jagaddhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-in-top-three-komola-o-sreeman-prithviraj-scores-good-trp-top-10-serials-soc-549422-2023-04-27|access-date=27 April 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|4.4
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP List: পিছিয়ে গেল জগদ্ধাত্রী, টপার অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া! আর কে টিআরপি-র সেরা দশে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-20-anurager-chhowa-once-again-on-number-1-position-beating-jagadhatri-here-is-top-10-bengali-serial-31684996305159.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525110244/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-20-anurager-chhowa-once-again-on-number-1-position-beating-jagadhatri-here-is-top-10-bengali-serial-31684996305159.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2023|access-date=25 May 2023 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|5.3
|10
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! প্রথম দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-serials-this-week-soc-613883-2023-07-13 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|5.4
|10
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রকাশ্যে বাংলার মেগার টিআরপি, সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-28-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-617765-2023-07-20 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|5.5
|10
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=TRP List: ফের বেঙ্গল টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! জগদ্ধাত্রী- ফুলকিরা কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-29-bangla-serial-barc-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-soc-621457-2023-07-27|website=Aajtak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|6.0
|9
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: চমক 'সন্ধ্যাতারা'-র! নম্বর বেড়ে কোন স্থানে 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-sandhyatara-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-625972-2023-08-03 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|5.7
|9
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রথম দশে আলোচিত নতুন মেগা 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', বাকিদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-controversial-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-629503-2023-08-10 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|6.0
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List: আবারও চমক 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-32-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-scores-well-top-10-bengali-serials-list-soc-636389-2023-08-18 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|6.3
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! 'ফুলকি', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-দের স্কোর কত?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-33-bangla-serial-barc-trp-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-639546-2023-08-24|access-date= 24 August 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|5.8
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: শুরুতেই বাজিমাত ওমের মেগার! সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-35-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-love-aajkal-biye-sandhyatara-kar-kache-ki-moner-kotha-score-well-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-674291-2023-09-07|access-date= 31 August 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|6.4
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: সেরা তিনে নেই 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', চমক নতুন মেগাদের! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-jagaddhatri-loses-position-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-678022-2023-09-14|access-date= 14 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|6.5
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া, 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' -র! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-37-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-best-serials-list-soc-682602-2023-09-22 |access-date= 22 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|6.5
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা মেগাতে, টিআরপি-তে সেরা দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-38-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-best-three-serials-in-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-685744-2023-09-28|access-date= 28 September 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Mandovi River

2026-03-19T10:43:54Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: rework references

{{Short description|River in southwest India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Mandovi River
|
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Panaji, Goa, India, Sunset, Mandovi River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Mandovi River in 2007
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Location in Goa

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = Goa
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|81|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|200|m3/s|cuft/s|0|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhimgad]]
| source1_location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = Arabian Sea, [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|29|38|N|73|48|40|E|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Mandovi''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|kok|maːɳɖɔwĩː}}) or '''Mahadayi''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|kn|məɦəd̪ɑːji}}), formerly known as the '''Rio de Goa''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa do territorio portuguez de Goa : mostrando também os princiapes lugares da Sattari|url=https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/acervo/handle/20.500.12156.3/47054}}</ref> is a [[river]] described as the lifeline of the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]]. The Mandovi and the [[Zuari River|Zuari]] are the two principal rivers in the state of Goa. The Mandovi joins the Zuari at a common [[Creek (tidal)|creek]] at Cabo Aguada, forming the [[Mormugao]] harbour. [[Panaji]], the state capital, and [[Old Goa]], the former [[Capital city|capital]] of Goa, are both situated on the left bank of the Mandovi.

==River course==
[[File:Mandovi River view on cloudy day in winter, Goa, India.JPG|thumb|Mandovi River view on cloudy day in winter]]
The river has a total length of {{convert|81|km|abbr=off}}—{{convert|1|km|abbr=off}} in [[Maharashtra]], {{convert|35|km|abbr=off}} in [[Karnataka]], and {{convert|45|km|abbr=off}} in Goa. It originates from a cluster of 30 springs at [[Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhimgad]] in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Belagavi district|Belgavi district]] in Karnataka state.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mahadayi-River-52126.htm|title=Mahadayi River|publisher=India9.com|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> The river has total 2,032 km2 catchment area of which 1,580 km2, 375 km2 and 77 km2 catchment area are in Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra respectively.<ref name=mah/><ref>{{cite web|title=Turmoil over Mhadei River|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=30865&n_tit=Turmoil+over+Mhadei+River+-++Spot+Report+by+Daijiworld+Correspondent|publisher=Daijiworld|access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> With its cerulean waters, [[Dudhsagar Falls]] and [[Varapoha Falls]], it is also known as the Gomati in a few places.

The Mandovi enters Goa from the north via the Sattari Taluka and from [[Uttara Kannada]] District of Karnataka near the [[Castle Rock railway station, Karnataka|Castle Rock railway station]]. The Mandovi flows through [[Belagavi]], [[Uttara Kannada]] in Karnataka and [[Cumbarjua]], Divar and Chorão in Goa, eventually pouring into the [[Arabian Sea]]. The tributaries of Mandovi or Mhadei include [[Nerul River]], [[St Inez Creek]], [[Rio de Ourém]], [[Mapusa River]], [[Valvanti River]], [[Udnai River]], [[Dudhsagar River]], [[Ragada River]] and [[Kotrachi Nadi]].

The [[Cumbarjua Canal]], which links both rivers, has made the interiors of the Mandovi accessible to ships carrying [[iron ore]]. [[Iron ore]] is Goa's prime mineral and it is mined in the eastern hills. Three large freshwater isles — [[Divar]], [[Chorão (island)|Chorão]] and [[Vanxim]] are present in the Mandovi near the town of Old Goa. The island of Chorão is home to the [[Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]], named after the renowned ornithologist [[Salim Ali]]. A regular ferry transports the inhabitants between the isles and the mainland.

==Bridges==
Spanning across the Mandovi River near [[Panjim]] are three parallel [[Mandovi Bridge(Goa)|Mandovi Bridge]]s. The older bridge collapsed in the 1980s before a new bridge was constructed to accommodate heavy transport vehicles. The Mandovi Bridge links the towns of [[Panjim]] to [[Porvorim]]. On 14 June 2014, the foundation stone for the third bridge, which is the largest bridge in Goa, was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It will span {{convert|5|km|abbr=off}} and will be {{convert|15|m|abbr=off}} higher than the existing bridges and will be spaced in between the two. The 3rd Mandovi bridge is named Atal Setu after former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The bridge was inaugurated on 27 January 2019 by Union Roads Minister Nitin Gadkari, Goa CM Manohar Parrikar.

During the winter months, the peak tourist season, dusk cruises on the Mandovi operate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=2008100545|title=Oh!Mandovi|publisher=[[Navhind Times]]|access-date=2008-10-16}}</ref>

==Interstate water sharing==
The sharing of the waters of this river is a cause of dispute between the governments of Karnataka and Goa. The Karnataka government proposes to divert some water from the Mahadayi river to the [[Malaprabha River]] basin as part of [[the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project]], as approximately 188 [[tmcft]] of water at 75% dependability is available in the river. [[Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal]] under [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] has been constituted to decide the sharing of the river waters by the riparian states. In August 2018, Mahadayi Water Tribunal verdict permitted Goa to use 24 tmcft (excluding the 9.395 tmcft prevailing uses), Karnataka to use 13.42 tmcft of which 5.5 tmcft is meant for use within the river basin and for diversion to the Malaprabha reservoir, and around 8 tmcft for power generation (including 3.9 tmcft for export outside the basin) and Maharashtra to use 1.33 tmcft for consumptive purposes.<ref name=mah>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/current-inter-state-river-water-disputes-tribunals/mahadayimandovi-river|title=Mahadayi water dispute tribunal report (pages 2693 to 2706, Volume XII)|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> The tribunal assessed the water generated in the river catchment area of Karnataka and Maharashtra as 32.11 tmcft and 7.21 tmcft respectively at 75% dependability. The tribunal has apportioned only 40.125 tmcft of Mandovi river water for consumptive uses among the three riparian states.<ref name=mah/> Karnataka approached the Supreme Court alleging injustice is done in allocation of water to the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahadayi-row-karnataka-petitions-sc-challenging-tribunal-decision-water-allocation-91461|title=Mahadayi row: Karnataka petitions SC challenging tribunal decision on water allocation |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Goa}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Goa]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]
[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]
[[Category:Geography of Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Geography of Uttara Kannada district]]

Gautham P. Krishna

2026-03-18T19:34:25Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: stub.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautham P. Krishna
| image = Gauthamm.jpg
| native_name =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Changanassery]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| othername = Gautham
| known for = [[Yakshiyum Njanum]] [[Manal Naharam]]
| years active = 2010–2021
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Gautham P. Krishna''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in lead roles of [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Gautham|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=5224|publisher=മലയാള ചലച്ചിത്രം|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref> as well as [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] language films. He was introduced by director [[Vinayan]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=വിനയൻ ചിത്രത്തിലെ നായകന്മാർ|journal=Nana Film Weekly |pages=46–47|date=2010-03-14}}</ref> with his 2010 surprise hit ''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review-Yakshiyum Njanum is substandard|author=Paresh C Palicha|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-malayalam-review-yakshiyum-njanum/20100824.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yakshiyum Njanum Review-Masala entertainer|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yakshiyum-njanum-review-malayalam-pclxFdgefjffd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021014559/http://www.sify.com/movies/yakshiyum-njanum-review-malayalam-pclxFdgefjffd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref>

==Film career==

Gautham was selected to play the lead role along with [[Meghana Raj]] by director [[Vinayan]] in his ghost flick ''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]'', an [[Onam]] release of 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|title=യക്ഷികഥയുമായി വിനയൻ വീണ്ടും|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]] |page=3|date=2009-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=യക്ഷിയും ഞാനും – വിനയന്റെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം|journal=Nana Film Weekly |page=48|date=2009-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=യുവതരംഗം – യക്ഷിയും പുതുമുഖങ്ങളും|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]] |pages=24–25|date=2010-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=ന്യൂ റിലീസ് – യക്ഷിയും ഞാനും|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]] |pages=18–21|date=2010-08-05}}</ref> The success of the film prompted Vinayan to offer another lead role to Gautham in ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya]]'', a 2011 release.<ref>{{cite journal|title=എന്തൊരു ഹോട്ട്!|journal=Vanitha Page-52|date=2011-11-16}}</ref> Gautham also played important role in ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'', the sequel of ''[[Kasarkode Khaderbai]]'' directed by [[Thulasidas]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=താര വിശേഷം – ഗൗതം|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]] |pages=24–29|date=2010-11-25}}</ref>

After a small break, Gautham made his [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] language debut with ''[[Manal Naharam]]'' directed by [[Shankar Panikkar|Oru Thalai Ragam Shankar]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shankar directs Tamil Film|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/entertainment-kollywood/article/shankar-directs-tamil-film|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2013-12-16|access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> which was released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2015/02/27122025/Manal-Nagaram-Movie-Review.vpf|publisher=[[Maalai Malar]]|title=மணல் நகரம் (2015)- விமர்சனம்|date=2015-01-27|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shankars-Impressive-Tamil-Debut/2015/02/28/article2690185.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402224345/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shankars-Impressive-Tamil-Debut/2015/02/28/article2690185.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|title=Shankar's Impressive Tamil Debut-Manal Naharam|work=The New Indian Express|date=2015-01-28|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=2249414|title=Actor Shankar takes new avatar|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2015-02-02|accessdate=2015-03-01}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=നടൻ ശങ്കറിന്റെ സംവിധാനത്തിൽ സാൻഡ് സിറ്റി റിലീസിന്|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/357686/Outside-Kerala/17-OCTOBER-2014#page/2/1|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=2014-10-17|accessdate=2016-08-18}}</ref>

In 2016, Gautham had a Malayalam release ''Poyi Maranju Parayaathe'' co-starring [[Vimala Raman]] and late [[Kalabhavan Mani]]. The film was earlier known as ''Amazon Turning Point''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poy Maranju Parayaathe in MSI|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?7153 |publisher=malayalasangeetham|accessdate=2016-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=ആമസോൺ ടെർണിങ് പോയിന്റ്|journal=[[Cinema Mangalam]] |pages=26–28|date=2012-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Gautham & Vimala's Turning Point|journal=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |pages=24|date=2012-03-06}}</ref> [[Vettai Naai]] is Gautham's new release.<ref>[https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/02/26194302/2386107/vettai-naai-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf Vettai Naai Movie Review in Tamil || தாதாவிடம் அடியாட்களாக இருப்பவர்களின் நிலைமை – வேட்டை நாய் விமர்சனம்]</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]''
|Shyam
| rowspan="3" |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|-
|''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''
|[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Faizal Mohammed
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Raziya]]''
|Riyaz
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Manal Naharam]]''
|Anand
|[[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]
|<ref name="Manal Nagaram">{{cite web|title=Shankar directs Tamil film|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/entertainment-kollywood/article/shankar-directs-tamil-film|publisher=deccanchronicle|date=2013-12-16|access-date=2014-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''Poyi Maranju Parayaathe''
|
|[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
|''[[Vettai Naai]]''
|Jomon
|[[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=S |first1=Gautham |title=Waiting for a turn |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/211118/waiting-for-a-turn.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |accessdate=21 November 2018 |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''Catman''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| '' Randam Yamam ''
|Yathi
|
|-
| ''[[Padai Thalaivan]]''
|
|[[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4178984|Gautam}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautham}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moral police

2026-03-10T16:09:54Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: minor cleanup

{{short description|Category of vigilante groups which act to enforce a code of morality in India}}
{{For|other uses of the term|Moral policing (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

'''Moral police''' is an umbrella category of [[vigilante]] groups which act to enforce a code of morality in [[India]].<ref name=MoralRunsRiot>{{cite news|title=Moral police runs riot in capital|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100215/jsp/jharkhand/story_12106579.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144207/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100215/jsp/jharkhand/story_12106579.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=15 February 2010}}</ref><ref name=ControlVigilante>{{cite news|title=Who will control the vigilantes? Moral policing|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/who-will-control-the-vigilantes-moral-policing/article1334563.ece|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 September 2008}}</ref> Some of India's laws, and some actions of [[Law enforcement in India|police forces in India]] are also considered to be instances of moral policing.<ref name=CopMajnu/> The target of moral policing is any activity that vigilante groups, the government or police deem to be "immoral" and/or "against [[Culture of India|Indian culture]]".<ref name="theage2006">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/indias-moral-police-declare-war-on-decadence/2006/11/10/1162661900519.html |title=India's moral police declare war on decadence |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=11 November 2006 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="cops moral">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Do-we-need-cops-as-moral-police/articleshow/1621097.cms |title=Do we need cops as moral police? |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2006 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>

==Overview==

India has several vigilante groups that claim to protect the [[Indian culture]]. They resist and oppose cultural concepts that they deem to have been imported from the [[Western culture]].<ref name=Immoral/> They have been known to attack bars and pubs.<ref name=MangalorePub>{{cite news|title='Moral police' attack Mangalore pub|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/26sri-ram-sena-attacks-mangalore-pub.htm|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Some of these groups have attacked or have forced [[art exhibitions]] to shut down, where they claim obscene paintings were being displayed.<ref name=ArtAttack>{{cite news|title=Art attack: Moral police threaten nudes exhibition|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Art-attack-Moral-police-threaten-nudes-exhibition/articleshow/18342297.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=VadodaraArt>{{cite news|title=Vadodara art student lands in jail|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vadodara-art-student-lands-in-jail/article1-221807.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216100939/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vadodara-art-student-lands-in-jail/article1-221807.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2014|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 May 2007}}</ref> Right-wing groups have canvassed door-to-door and put up posters against western-style clothing.<ref name=WearTight>{{cite news|title=Don't let your daughter wear tight jeans, moral police tell parents in Maharashtra|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-don-t-let-your-daughter-wear-tight-jeans-moral-police-tell-parents-in-maharashtra-1430651|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=30 August 2010}}</ref> Some have also condemned [[beauty salon|beauty parlours]].<ref name=Veiled>{{cite news|title='Veiled' moral policing in J&K|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/30veil.htm|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=31 August 2005}}</ref> Some members of the media have also colluded with such groups.<ref name=MangalorePub/>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} Some politicians have supported such viewpoints and occasionally such activities.<ref name=Immoral>{{cite news|title=(Im)moral policing|url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/immoral-policing_2223.html|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Zee News]]|date=7 February 2009}}</ref>

==Laws==
In India, the Sections 292 to 294 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] are used to deal with obscenity. Most of these laws date back to 1860.<ref name=AfraidKissing>{{cite news|title=Who's afraid of kissing?|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090218/jsp/opinion/story_10552589.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324084623/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090218/jsp/opinion/story_10552589.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2009|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=18 February 2009}}</ref> The Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code deals with sales and distribution of obscene books and other material. It criminalises materials like books and paintings if it is deemed to be "lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest".<ref name=IPC>{{cite web|title=The Indian Penal Code, 1860|url=http://chddistrictcourts.gov.in/THE%20INDIAN%20PENAL%20CODE.pdf|publisher=Chandigarh District Courts|accessdate=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114135350/http://chddistrictcourts.gov.in/THE%20INDIAN%20PENAL%20CODE.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Section 292 was amended in 1969 to exclude material that are for public good (like condom ads),<ref name=AfraidKissing/> scientific material, art and religious figures.<ref name="FreedomOfPress">{{cite book|title=Freedom of the Press: Using the Law to Defend Journalists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBkNQZT0fLQC&pg=PA39|accessdate=7 December 2014|year=2009|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|isbn=978-81-89479-59-6|page=39}}</ref> Police also use Section 292 of the IPC to file cases against film posters and advertisement hoardings that are deemed to be "obscene".<ref name=posters>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Zeher-poster-makers-face-obscenity-plaint/articleshow/1067343.cms?referral=PM |title='Zeher' poster makers face obscenity plaint |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2005 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>

The Section 293 deals with the sale of obscene material to people under 20.<ref name=IPC/> The [[Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code]] deals with "obscene acts and songs" and it states that:

{{Cquote|''Whoever, to the annoyance of others''

''(a) Does any obscene act in any public place, or'' 
''(b) Sings, recites or utters any obscene song, ballad or words, in or near any public place,''

''Shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine, or with both.''<ref name=KissingObscene/>}}

There is no proper definition of an obscene act and it is open to interpretation.<ref name=KissingObscene>{{cite news|title=Is kissing in public an obscene act?|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5DKL9wuITBg8LosTQFFX8O/Is-kissing-in-public-an-obscene-act.html|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=4 November 2014}}</ref> It is frequently used by the police to justify acts of moral policing.<ref name="Loopholes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-22/india/27851674_1_ipc-obscene-act-public-place |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131006110554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-22/india/27851674_1_ipc-obscene-act-public-place |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |title=Loopholes in IPC drive moral police |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 December 2005 |accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Prostitution in India#Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act|Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956]] (also known as Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act or PITA) was originally passed to prevent [[human trafficking]].<ref name="Trafficking">{{cite book|title=Trafficking in Women and Children in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xFnEyqFupUC&pg=PA194|accessdate=17 December 2014|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2845-1|page=194}}</ref> It allows police to raid hotels if they suspect a sex racket is being run there.<ref name=LawFoxPolice>{{cite news|title=Law and 'morals' fox police|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Law-and-morals-fox-police/articleshow/8902646.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2002}}</ref> Police have used this law to raid hotels and arrest consenting couples.<ref name=GhaziaHotel>{{cite news|title=Suspecting prostitution, police detain 56 young couples from Ghaziabad hotel|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suspecting-prostitution-police-detain-56-young-couples-from-ghaziabad-hotel/article1-1106321.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122030008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suspecting-prostitution-police-detain-56-young-couples-from-ghaziabad-hotel/article1-1106321.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2013|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 August 2013}}</ref>

India's obscenity laws have also been frequently compared to the [[Hicklin test]].<ref name="FreedomOfPress"/><ref name="Kumar1997">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Girja|title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA172|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0525-2|pages=172}}</ref><ref name="Rana1990">{{cite book|author=Inder S. Rana|title=Law of Obscenity in India, USA & UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Yq_SrrBQC&pg=PA144|accessdate=7 December 2014|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-169-4|page=144}}</ref> Despite demands to criminalize moral policing, there are no laws, due to which such incidents continue to happen.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-10382-criminalizing-of-moral-policing.html|title= Criminalizing of Moral Policing}}</ref>

Following increasing incidents of moral policing, with complaints against police officers involved in such acts, the Supreme Court of India passed a ruling in December 2022 stating that police officers cannot indulge in any kind of moral policing.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/even-policemen-not-required-to-do-moral-policing-says-sc/articleshow/96355991.cms|title= Even policemen not required to do moral policing, says SC}}</ref> Due to a backlash following a raid in August 2015 on a hotel in Mumbai where consenting couples were arrested for indecent behaviour in public, then commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]] ordered cops not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/end-to-moral-policing-in-mumbai-cops-wont-use-section-110-of-bombay-police-act-anymore_1826173.html|title= End to 'moral policing' in Mumbai: Cops won't use Section 110 of Bombay Police Act anymore}}</ref>

==Incidents of moral policing==

===By vigilante groups, various organizations and mobs===
Moral policing by vigilante groups, various organizations and mobs in India is a common occurrence. Motives for such incidents are protection of religious or cultural identity and imposition of personal views and moral codes on everyone involving, for example, religious views, objection to [[Interfaith marriage|inter-faith]] or [[Caste system in India|inter-caste relationships]], views on women, views on [[Gambling in India|gambling]] and [[Beer in India|alcoholism]], and [[public display of affection]] between consenting adults. Often these views and sentiments are heavily politicized and is sometimes also reflected in laws and also gains support from officials ranging from police officers to judges.
* In the early 1990s, an Islamic women's separatist organization called [[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] began forcing local women to cover their faces and threatening them with [[acid attack]]s.<ref name="BearTheBrunt">{{cite news|title=Kashmiri women bear the brunt again|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/09/14/stories/0214000k.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141207161648/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/09/14/stories/0214000k.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2014|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 September 2001}}</ref><ref name="TheBurqa">{{cite news|title=The Burqa Manoeuvre|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Burqa-Manoeuvre/213048|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=3 September 2001}}</ref><ref name="MillatMoral">{{cite news|title=Now Dukhtaran-e-Millat steps in as moral police|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Now-DukhtaraneMillat-steps-in-as-moral-police/320066|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=30 August 2005}}</ref> During the period, they also attacked cinemas, video parlours, beauty parlours and wine shops.<ref name="BearTheBrunt" /> In 2005, they attacked hotel bars and restaurants, and destroyed liquor bottles.<ref name="MillatMoral" />
* In 1996, a Hindi magazine Vichar Mimansa published an article titled "M. F. Husain: A Painter or a Butcher?" which contained reprints of paintings [[M. F. Husain]] had created in 1975. They depicted various Hindu goddesses in nude or copulating poses. Eight different lawsuits were filed against him.<ref name="FamousPainterDies">{{cite news|title=Maqbool Fida Husain, India's Most Famous Painter, Dies at 95|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/10/arts/design/maqbool-fida-husain-indias-most-famous-painter-dies-at-95.html?ref=deathsobituaries&_r=0|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref> In 2008, the Delhi High Court quashed three cases which had been transferred to it.<ref name="DelhiHCHusain">{{cite news|title=Delhi HC quashes obscenity case against MF Husain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-HC-quashes-obscenity-case-against-MF-Husain/articleshow/3023286.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2008}}</ref>
* The 1996 [[Miss World]] pageant was held in [[Bangalore]]. It faced criticism from protestors who claimed that event was demeaning women and India's culture. Several self-immolation threats were made. The police arrest 1,500 protestors, including several from the [[BJP]]. One man died in a self-immolation attempt.<ref name="MissKills">{{cite news|title=Critic of Miss World Contest Kills Himself|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/11/15/critic-of-miss-world-contest-kills-himself/|access-date=13 December 2014|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=15 November 1996}}</ref><ref name="ContestofWills">{{cite news|title=Beauty pageant in India becomes a contest of wills|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/17/miss.world/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102095741/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/17/miss.world/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2013|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[CNN]]|date=17 November 1996}}</ref><ref name="IndianPoliceWorst">{{cite news|title=Indian police prepare for worst in beauty pageant clash|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/22/india.miss.world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161341/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/22/india.miss.world/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[CNN]]|date=22 November 1996}}</ref><ref name="MissWorldCrowned">{{cite news|title=Miss World Crowned As Indians Protest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/miss-world-crowned-as-indians-protest.html|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 1996}}</ref> Among other organizations which had protested the event were: [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha]] and [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="MissKills" /><ref name="ShowOfProtest">{{cite news|title=Show of protest: Miss World contest draws flak in Bangalore|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19961031-miss-world-contest-draws-flak-in-bangalore-834023-1996-10-30|access-date=13 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=31 October 1996}}</ref>
* In 1997, a lawyer named Sabu Thomas from [[Kerala]] filed an obscenity case against the author [[Arundhati Roy]], claiming that the 21st chapter of [[The God of Small Things]] contains obscene scenes.<ref name="NovelistBang">{{cite news|title=A Novelist Beginning With a Bang|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/books/a-novelist-beginning-with-a-bang.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=29 June 1997}}</ref> The book was also criticized by politician [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]].<ref name="EMSNovel">{{cite news|title=EMS attacks literary content of Arundhati Roy's novel|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/29roy.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=29 November 1997}}</ref>
* In May 2005, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) workers stormed a pub in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], broke window panes, and damaged furniture. The move came days after [[Pune Police]] had forced five pubs to shut before the closing time of 12:30 am.<ref name="PuneNightLife">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/70139/ |title=Moral police hit Pune nightlife |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 May 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref>
* In September 2005, [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] actress [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] said during an interview with a magazine that it was fine for girls to indulge in [[pre-marital sex]] as long as they took precautions against diseases and pregnancies.<ref name="Khushboo1">{{cite news|title=Khushboo's comments stir controversy|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26khushboo.htm|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=26 September 2005}}</ref> Various political parties, notably [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and [[Dalit Panther|Dalit Panthers of India]], took offence at the statement.<ref name="Khushboo2">{{cite news|title=Khushboo's sex comment takes political tones|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/06khush.htm|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=6 October 2005}}</ref> They claimed that the comment "denigrates the chastity of Tamil Women" and over 20 lawsuits were filed against the actress in the state of Tamil Nadu. During a hearing in November, protestors hurled eggs, rotten tomatoes and slippers at her car.<ref name="EggsSlipper">{{cite news|title=Eggs and slippers greet Kushboo|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051117/asp/nation/story_5486972.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319031311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051117/asp/nation/story_5486972.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2006|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=17 November 2005}}</ref> In April 2010, the Supreme Court of India dropped all 23 defamation cases against her.<ref name="QuashKhushboo">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court quashes criminal proceedings against Kushboo|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/supreme-court-quashes-criminal-proceedings-against-kushboo/article413559.ece|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 April 2010}}</ref>
* In September 2005, a [[fatwa]] against tennis player [[Sania Mirza]] was issued by a cleric named Haseeb-ul-hasan Siddiqui of the Sunni Ulema Board. The fatwa said that her attire on the tennis court and billboard advertisements were un-Islamic.<ref name="FatwaTennis">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/10/india.randeepramesh|title=Fatwa orders Indian tennis star to cover up|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=10 September 2005}}</ref> Mirza later decided to hire bodyguards.<ref name="MostWanted">{{cite news|title=India's most wanted|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/feb/05/features.india|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=5 February 2006}}</ref>
* In September 2005, a court in [[Rajasthan]] fined an [[Israelis|Israeli]] couple {{currency|1,000|INR}} for kissing during their wedding ceremony. The couple had decided to get married in a Hindu ceremony at [[Pushkar Lake]]. However, the priests were offended when the couple started kissing and hugging during the ceremony, and filed a lawsuit.<ref name="DeclareWar" /><ref name="WeddingFine">{{cite news|title=Israelis fined for wedding kiss|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4268058.stm|access-date=4 December 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=21 September 2005}}</ref>
* On 14 February 2006, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] activists attacked a private celebration of Valentines Day in Mumbai. Shiv Sena leader [[Bal Thackeray]] condemned the attack and apologised, making a statement that "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed."<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Thackeray-condemns-V-Day-attacks-by-Sainiks/articleshow/1419743.cms |title=Thackeray condemns V-Day attacks by Sainiks |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2006 |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-18/india/27813894_1_sena-mouthpiece-saamna-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-shiv-sainiks |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In December 2006, an obscenity case was filed against [[Rajasthan]] Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] and [[Biocon]] India Chief [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw]] for allegedly kissing at a public function.<ref name="RajeSunday">{{cite news|title=Case against Raje to be heard on Saturday|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Case-against-Raje-to-be-heard-on-Saturday/articleshow/677251.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="CaseRajaShaw">{{cite news|title=Court to hear obscenity case against Raje, Mazumdar-Shaw|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/court-to-hear-obscenity-case-against-raje-mazumdar-shaw_339399.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Zee News]]|date=2 December 2006}}</ref> The lawsuit came after newspapers published the pictures of a cheek-to-cheek [[air kiss]] from a peculiar angle.<ref name="BadCameraAngle">{{cite news|title=Much ado about air-kissing bad camera angle raises a storm|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-01/news/27425007_1_channels-picture-friendly-kiss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831083920/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-01/news/27425007_1_channels-picture-friendly-kiss|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2013|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 December 2006}}</ref>
* [[2008 Imphal bombing]]: In October 2008, an explosion occurred at Ragailong, a tribal village near [[Imphal]] where people had gathered to play a traditional [[gambling]] game. Seventeen people were killed, and many more injured, in the blast. The [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (Military Council) claimed responsibility for the blast, stating they wanted to stop the game because it "affects Manipuri culture adversely".<ref name="KillingGame">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081024/jsp/opinion/story_10009987.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042033/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081024/jsp/opinion/story_10009987.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2013 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]| title=Killing game |date=24 October 2008 |accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref>
*[[2009 Mangalore pub attack]]: On 24 January 2009, members of the [[Sri Ram Sena]] barged into the pub "Amnesia – The Lounge" in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], and beat up a group of young women and men, claiming the women should not be drinking in a public place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090622-150075.html|title=Indian students riled by jeans ban|last=Jayaram|first=P.|date=22 June 2009|work=The Straits Times|accessdate=2 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225100158/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090622-150075.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In December 2011, Vinay Rai, the editor of a Delhi-based Urdu daily called Akbari, filed an obscenity case against 21 websites including [[Facebook]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Google]], for allegedly distributing obscene material. The companies appealed the Delhi High Court to drop the case, but the Delhi HC on 13 January allowed the case to proceed.<ref name="VinayRai">{{cite news|title=The curious case of Vinay Rai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-curious-case-of-vinay-rai/article2893650.ece|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=15 February 2012|date=15 February 2012}}</ref>
*[[2012 Mangalore homestay attack]]: On 28 July 2012, activists belonging to the Hindu Jagarana Vedike attacked a birthday party at an unlicensed homestay in Mangalore, Karnataka. The 12 people at the party, including 5 girls, were allegedly beaten, stripped and molested. The faces of some girls were blackened. The activists claimed the youngsters were consuming alcohol and were involved in "some indecent activities".<ref name="MangaloreGirls">{{cite news|title=Mangalore: Girls thrashed for partying, 4 arrested|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-girls-thrashed-for-partying-4-arrested/275807-62-129.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141203082433/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-girls-thrashed-for-partying-4-arrested/275807-62-129.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=29 July 2012}}</ref>
* In February 2013, three girls who were members of a rock band in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] began receiving threats and hate messages on the internet. Later, the [[Grand Mufti]] of Kashmir, Bashir-ud-din Farooqi, issued a [[fatwa]] against them, asking them to stop such immoral activities.<ref name="All-girlRockBand">{{cite news|title=After threats, fatwa issued against Kashmir's all-girl rock band|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/after-threats-fatwa-issued-against-kashmirs-all-girl-rock-band_826901.html|accessdate=16 January 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Ayaz Akbar, the spokesperson of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] said that western culture had no place in the Kashmir valley,<ref name="All-girlRockBand" /> and [[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]] also supported the fatwa.<ref name="ShariaMillat">{{cite news|title=Girl band should be stopped, must abide by sharia: Dukhtaran-e-Millat leader|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/girl-band-should-be-stopped-must-abide-by-sharia-dukhtaranemillat-leader/370937-3-245.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208064204/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/girl-band-should-be-stopped-must-abide-by-sharia-dukhtaranemillat-leader/370937-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|accessdate=16 January 2015|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Later, the girls shut down the band.<ref name="bandcontroversy">{{cite news|title=Muslim Girls Quit Rock Band After National Controversy|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/muslim-girls-quit-rock-band-after-national-controversy/?_r=0|accessdate=16 January 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 February 2013}}</ref>
* On 23 October 2014, a restaurant in [[Kozhikode]] was attacked and vandalised by members identified as part of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], a youth wing of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |title=Kochi youths plan ‘kiss day’ after cafe vandalism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kochi-youths-plan-kiss-day-after-cafe-vandalism/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The attackers claimed that eatery was facilitating immoral activities.<ref name="KozhikodeVandalism">{{cite news|title='Moral police' attack restaurant in Kozhikode|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/moral-police-attack-restaurant-in-kozhikode/article6530107.ece|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> The attack came after [[JaiHind TV]], a local Malayalam-language TV channel owned by [[Indian National Congress]], broadcast a report claiming that some [[Coffeehouse|coffee shops]] and restaurants in Kozhikode had become centres of "immoral activities" in a series of events leading to [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|Kiss of Love protest]].<ref name="BJPworkersvandals">{{cite news|title=Congress channel alleges 'immorality' at Kerala cafe, BJP workers vandalise it|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/congress-channel-alleges-immorality-at-kerala-cafe-bjp-workers-vandalise-it/|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* On 14 July 2015, a [[Madhyamam Daily]] journalist and her husband were attacked by a group at her office. They did not accept that they were married. The police arrived before the incident escalated. Later, a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader was arrested for leading the attack.<ref name="ThiruHusband">{{cite news|title=CPI(M) local leader arrested for 'moral police' attack on journalist and husband|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cpim-local-leader-arrested-moral-police-attack-journalist-and-husband-32216|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="AttackJourna">{{cite news|title=Bid to Attack Journalist, Husband|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Bid-to-Attack-JournalistHusband/2015/07/13/article2917258.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815002437/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Bid-to-Attack-JournalistHusband/2015/07/13/article2917258.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2015|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
* In 2016, a Mumbai-based live-in couple committed suicide after their family opposed their marriage in Andheri east area of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/live-in-couple-suicide-andheri-east-mumbai-dhanlaxmi-society-338987-2016-09-03|title = Mumbai: Family opposes marriage, live-in couple commits suicide}}</ref> This was one of the few instances where couples cohabitating faced moral policing for bringing dishonor to the family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Violence against women in Live-in relationships and the legal safeguards |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4315618 |website=SSRN |year=2023 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4315618 |ssrn=4315618 |s2cid=256484254 |access-date=6 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* On March 8, 2017 Moral policing happened in marine drive [[Kochi]] against the kiss of love activists. As the ‘moral police’ unleashed attack on a few couples who were reluctant to disperse, about 20 other couples present at the spot fled in fear. ‘‘Some of the couples were seen pleading to let them go. But the group abused some of the females and caned them,’’ said an eyewitness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2017 |title=Moral policing rears its ugly head in Kochi again |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/moral-policing-rears-itsugly-head-in-kochi-again/article17428969.ece}}</ref>
* On February 19, 2020 a man was attacked in [[Kochi]] by three people while he was riding on a motorcycle with his wife. The three people hit the man and he became unconscious. Police later arrested three of the culprits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=ഭാര്യയുമായി ബൈക്കിൽ പോയ യുവാവിന് നേരെ സദാചാര ആക്രമണം; ബോധം പോയ യുവാവിനെ ആശുപത്രിയിൽ എത്തിച്ചതും അക്രമികൾ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/crime/moral-police-attack-against-husband-and-wife-in-perumbavoor-tv-svj-nj-208661.html |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
* On June 10, 2025, a [[Influencer|social media influencer]] Kanchan Tiwari, also known as ‘Kamal Kaur Bhabi' was murdered by three assailants for finding her content to be obscene. The incident drew divided opinion by the Sikh community with Giani Malkit Singh, the head [[Granthi]] of [[Akal Takht]], which is the highest temporal seat of Sikhism, claiming "If someone from another religion changes their name and indulges in such acts to defame the Sikh community, the person should meet the same fate (as Kamal Tiwari). Nothing wrong has happened". Police officials requested people to approach them with evidence of any wrongdoing and that its social media analysis centre (SMAC) and a round-the-clock cyber-patrolling unit (CPU) will remove posts with potential to disturb communal harmony following a three-tier filtering process.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=‘Talibanisation of society’: After Punjab influencer Kamal Kaur Bhabi's killing, cops go hard on vigilantes; debate rages on what defines vulgarity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/talibanisation-of-society-after-punjab-influencer-kamal-kaur-bhabis-killing-cops-go-hard-on-vigilantes-debate-rages-on-what-defines-vulgarity/articleshow/121916643.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Valentine's Day ====
{{main|Valentine's_Day_in_India#Criticism_and_protests}}
Valentine's Day is often notably opposed through violent means by [[Hindutva]] militant groups like [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Sri Ram Sena]], and [[Sangh Parivar]] organizations such as [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], [[Hindu Munnani]], also political organizations like [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] and organizations with political affiliation such as [[Shiv Sena]] affiliated Bharatiya Kamgar or [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]] affiliated Students' Federation of India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Groups tell couples to boycott Valentine's Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/groups-tell-couples-to-boycott-valentines-day/articleshow/1606384.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ProtestsAgainst">{{cite news |date=15 February 2013 |title=Protests against Valentine's Day celebrations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/protests-against-valentines-day-celebrations/article4417173.ece |accessdate=27 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="reuters2007">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Krittivas |date=23 May 2007 |title=Cultural bigotry rises as India sees social change |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-intolerance-idUKMOL34834320070523 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222183100/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-intolerance-idUKMOL34834320070523 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |accessdate=11 November 2013 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Couples are often beaten up for holding hands or kissing in public.<ref name="reuters2007" /> Vigilante groups have been known to attack gift and [[greeting card]] shops prior on the occasion.<ref name="UnderFire">{{cite news |date=13 February 2003 |title=Valentine's Day celebrations under fire |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2757473.stm |access-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Events organized in recognition of Valentine's Day are often vandalized by mobs organized through such groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Hindu activists vandalise Indore college's pre-Valentine's Day event |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/indore/story/indore-narsee-munjee-institute-hindu-organisations-bajrang-dal-activists-viral-videos-vandalism-valentines-day-celebrations-2867621-2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Couples are secretly videographed to be shared online or threatened with as intimidation or pursuing police complaint under the country's [[Public Display of Affection|public display of affection]] law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-12 |title=On Valentine’s Day, Bajrang Dal to deploy 250 activists to make videos of couples |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/on-v-day-bajrang-dal-to-deploy-250-activists-to-make-videos-of-couples/articleshow/67947965.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Conservative Islamic organizations such as [[Students Islamic Organisation of India]], [[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]], [[Raza Academy]] and [[Girls Islamic Organisation]] are known for staging protests and calling for boycott of the date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-15 |title=Girls’ Islamic Organization, Bajrang Dal protest Valentine’s Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/girls-islamic-organization-bajrang-dal-protest-valentines-day/articleshow/67999510.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai News: Raza Academy Urges Muslim Youth To Boycott Valentine’s Day, Calls Celebrations Against Islamic Teachings |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-news-raza-academy-urges-muslim-youth-to-boycott-valentines-day-calls-celebrations-against-islamic-teachings |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Leaders of such organizations hold the position that it an attack of the west on [[Indian culture]] and that it is attracting youth for commercial gain.<ref name="ToughLove">{{cite news |date=14 February 2001 |title=Tough love for Indian Valentines |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1169077.stm |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Anger">{{cite news |date=11 February 2003 |title=Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2749667.stm |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Occasionally, the police also try to restrict these groups although such groups remain to be active.<ref name="CityCops">{{cite web |date=2 February 2010 |title=City cops turn moral police ahead of V-Day |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/city-cops-turn-moral-police-ahead-of-vday/574377/0 |accessdate=7 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===By police===
Police authorities often take actions permitted through vague and unclear laws to file complaints against individuals or even organizations for various 'immortal' activities. For example, [[Kiss|kissing]], [[Hug|hugging]] or even holding hands in public have been subject to complaint as [[Public display of affection#India|public display of affection]] is a punishable offense with maximum 3 months imprisonment and/or fine under section 292 and section 294 of [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] which does not define but rather leaves to the discretion of the courts to decide what constitutes as an offending action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Guest |date=2024-08-23 |title=Is kissing illegal in India |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/whats-kiss-public-display-affection-legal-india/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US}}</ref> Police authorities have also been reported to interfere with personal lives of citizen based on suspicions of immoral activities. Politicians cite [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology (IT) Act]] to call for monitoring and blocking of social media for 'vulgar' content under cyber wing of police departments due to the power it grants as well as its unclear definitions, having the potential to emerge as new methods for censorship.<ref name=":2" /> Despite the repeal of section 66A of the Act in 2015 by the Supreme Court, most police departments continued to use it.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Apar |last2=Sekhri |first2=Abhinav |date=2018-11-04 |title=The ghosts of laws past: on the application of Section 66A of IT Act |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-ghosts-of-laws-past/article25419971.ece |access-date=2022-07-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* In October 1993, [[Mumbai Police]] began arresting street-hawkers selling [[girlie magazine]]s. The publishers of ''[[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]]'' issued a letter to retailers declaring that their magazine was not banned. They petitioned Bombay High Court against seizures of its issues. Another magazine, ''Chastity'', delayed its November issue until it could acquire legal support against seizures.<ref name=PleasureTrade>{{cite news|title=The heat is on Bombay police crack whip on obscenity business, give pleasure trade unpleasant fright|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19941231-bombay-police-crack-whip-on-obscenity-business-give-pleasure-trade-unpleasant-fright-810093-1994-12-30|work=[[India Today]]|date=31 December 1994}}</ref>
* In September 2000, [[Mumbai Police]] banned kissing in the Marine Drive area. They cited the Section of 110 Mumbai Police Act, 1951 which allows the police to interfere in "disorderly behaviour." The decree was later withdrawn after protests.<ref name=KillingCupid>{{cite news|title=Killing cupid: Thanks to Mumbai Police, Marine Drive no longer a lovers' point|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20000925-thanks-to-mumbai-police-marine-drive-no-longer-a-lovers-point-778881-2000-09-24|access-date=11 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=25 September 2000}}</ref>
* In September 2005, the license of a [[Chennai]] night club was suspended by the police, after photographs of some couples kissing were published by two newspapers, [[Tamil Murasu (India)|Tamil Murasu]] and [[Dinamalar]]. The reason for the license suspension was given that the club served alcohol after midnight.<ref name=ChennaiKiss>{{cite news|title=When in Chennai, don't kiss or hug|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-when-in-chennai-don-t-kiss-or-hug-4083|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=1 October 2005}}</ref> Following the incident, several clubs and bars in the city banned cellphones with cameras.<ref name=ChennaiLoseSleep>{{cite news|title=Chennai nightclubs lose sleep over camera phones|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chennai-nightclubs-lose-sleep-over-camera-phones-6939|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=23 October 2005}}</ref>
* On 19 December 2005, police personnel raided a public park in [[Meerut]], accompanied by cameras crews from TV channels. They attacked couples sitting in the park in front of cameras. The raid was termed "Operation Majnu" (named after the [[Majnu|folklore]]) and it was claimed by the police that the purpose was to check sexual harassment.<ref name=CopMajnu>{{cite news|title=Cops didn't trip, lovers were target - Operation Majnu: crackdown on couples, not eve-teasers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051222/asp/nation/story_5630920.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224024640/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051222/asp/nation/story_5630920.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2005|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=21 December 2005}}</ref><ref name=MeerutGirls>{{cite news|title=Moral police beat up Meerut girls|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Moral-police-beat-up-Meerut-girls/pmredirectshow/1339622.cms?curpg=1|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2005}}</ref>
* In November 2006, police raided a [[trance music]] festival in [[Jamwa Ramgarh|Ramgarh]] near [[Jaipur]] after local complained about alcohol, drug and sex. They also said that the laser lights at the venue were disturbing the local wildlife.<ref name=DeclareWar>{{cite news|title=India's moral police declare war on decadence|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/indias-moral-police-declare-war-on-decadence/2006/11/10/1162661900519.html|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Age]]|date=11 November 2006}}</ref><ref name=SexOverdose>{{cite news|title=Sex 'overdose' party raided|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sex-overdose-party-raided/articleshow/360875.cms|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2006}}</ref>
* In January 2008, the police from [[D.N. Nagar]] of [[Mumbai]] arrested a [[Belgians|Belgian]] fashion photographer named Vandelanotte Gaetan for taking nude pictures of two Indian models, Tushar Narvekar and Nitin Gupta.<ref name=FashionNude>{{cite news|title=Year-long trauma for shooting nude pictures|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Year-long-trauma-for-shooting-nude-pictures/articleshow/15898874.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=19 February 2009}}</ref> A court discharged him in March 2009 saying a laptop is akin to a personal diary and photos stored on it cannot be used as evidence of obscenity.<ref name=NudeLaptop>{{cite news|title=Nude pics on laptop no grounds for obscenity|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Nude-pics-on-laptop-no-grounds-for-obscenity/articleshow/15902938.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=4 March 2009}}</ref>
* In August 2008, 22 customs officers were arrested from a party at a bungalow near [[Lonavla]]. They were allegedly watching porn on a laptop and were undressed. The police also arrested 10 girls and a husband-wife duo.<ref name=22Customs>{{cite news|title=22 Mumbai customs officials arrested|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-22-mumbai-customs-officials-arrested-1186147|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=27 August 2008}}</ref> The Mumbai High Court dropped the case in September 2010 stating watching pornography in a private residence is not an offence.<ref name=PornHome>{{cite news|title=Watching porn at home isn't obscenity: Bombay high court|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-watching-porn-at-home-isn-t-obscenity-bombay-high-court-1471681|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=25 November 2010}}</ref>
* In September 2008, an officer from [[Delhi Police]] filed a case of obscenity against a married couple for kissing in the Dwarka court complex. The couple appealed in the [[Delhi High Court]]. The Court noted that even though the charge-sheet claimed that the case was filed because the passerby were feeling bad, no one was mentioned by name. The Court said that kissing in public by married couples cannot be termed obscene.<ref name=HCSnubs>{{cite news|title=Delhi HC snubs anti-kissing moral police|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/delhi-hc-snubs-anti-kissing-moral-police/article1-374015.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/delhi-hc-snubs-anti-kissing-moral-police/article1-374015.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=CourtNotice>{{cite news|title=Court notice to Delhi police over couple's plea|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/court-notice-to-delhi-police-over-couples-plea/article345693.ece|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2009}}</ref> The Court passed its verdict on 25 May 2009 and asked the police to drop the case against the couple. The police was asked to pay {{currency|5,000|INR}} to both husband and wife.<ref name=DelhiHCKiss>{{cite court|litigants =A & B v. State Thr. N.C.T. of Delhi & Anr. |vol = |reporter = |opinion = |pinpoint = |court = [[Delhi High Court]]|date = 25 May 2009|url=http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/SMD/judgement/27-05-2009/SMD25052009CRLMM2832009.pdf }}</ref>
* On 29 November 2011, the [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] police launched its own "Operation Majnu". The police caught couples in parks and made the men do sit-ups in front of TV cameras. The head of the operation an officer called Alka Pandey said it was to prevent "innocent girls being trapped by boys with evil motives".<ref name=GhaziaCouples>{{cite news|title=Love under siege: Cops harass couples in parks in Ghaziabad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Love-under-siege-Cops-harass-couples-in-parks-in-Ghaziabad/articleshow/10923488.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2011}}</ref>
* In 2012, Assistant Police Commissioner [[Vasant Dhoble]] carried out a series of raids on bars and clubs in and around Mumbai, claiming to rescue prostitutes.<ref name=MumbaiParty>{{cite news|title=Mumbai partygoers fear police chief on moral crusade|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/19/mumbai-police-chief-moral-crusade|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=19 July 2012}}</ref> In one instance, he labelled four German women wrongly as sex workers in front of cameras when he arrested them on 30 March 2014 from the Voodoo pub.<ref name=DetainedGerman>{{cite news|title=Dhoble wrongly detained German women from pub|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/dhoble-wrongly-detained-german-women-from-pub-2/|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> On 5 June 2012, Dhoble raided Masala Curry restaurant after he felt suspicious of women being allowed free entry.<ref name=NightRaider>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's Night Raider|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120625-mumbai-acp-dhoble-raids-nightclubs-lables-girls-as-prostitutes-758788-2012-06-16|access-date=7 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=16 June 2012}}</ref> Two cousins who were picked up in the raid later filed a defamation case against Dhoble.<ref name=DhobleHC>{{cite news|title=Defamation case against Mumbai top cop Vasant Dhoble: High Court order expected today|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/defamation-case-against-mumbai-top-cop-vasant-dhoble-high-court-order-expected-today-233305|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
* On 10 August 2013, [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] police raided a hotel on a tip-off and detained 56 adult couples. It was later found out of them, 52 couples were married or consenting friends. The police had carried out the raid after locals noticed usual traffic to the hotel and told the police.<ref name=GhaziaHotel/><ref name=NoRacket.>{{cite news|title=Police eats its own words, says there was only sex, no racket in Ghaziabad hotel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/only-sex-no-racket-in-hotel-ghaziabad-police-hotel-173480-2013-08-10|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>
* Following the [[gang rape]] of a photojournalist in [[Mumbai]] in August 2013, then Mumbai Police Commissioner [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satyapal Singh]] was severely criticized by the public for defending moral policing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/aug/280813-mumbai-commissioner-of-police-satyapal-singh-controversial-comments-public-ire.htm |title=Top cop Satyapal Singh attracts public ire with for his comments during TV interview |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=28 August 2013 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> The Commissioner was quoted to have said, "On the one hand you want to have a promiscuous culture and on the other hand you want a safe and secure environment for the people."<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2013 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-28/news/41538769_1_satyapal-singh-mumbai-police-police-commissioner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134432/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-28/news/41538769_1_satyapal-singh-mumbai-police-police-commissioner |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2013 |title=Photojournalist rape: Mumbai ? police commissioner Satyapal Singh 'promiscuous' comment sparks ire|work= [[The Economic Times]] |accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Hyderabad Police]] raided a gay party at a club in the city on 3 September 2013. The police defended that raid under the Sector 294 of IPC that it was obscenity in a public place and that bar was serving alcohol after closing time.<ref name=GayParty>{{cite news|title=Gay party busted in Begumpet|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130903/lifestyle-relationship/article/gay-party-busted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209034255/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130903/lifestyle-relationship/article/gay-party-busted|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> [[LGBT]] activists denounced the raid as "a classic example of moral policing" and discrimination against the LGBT community.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/raid-on-gay-party-an-act-of-moral-policing-say-activists/article5094130.ece |title=Raid on gay party an act of moral policing, say activists |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 September 2013|accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref>
* On 14 February 2014, the police in [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] attacked a party of about 200 foreigners with sticks. The police claimed that the party was going on after established time limit.<ref name=Gokarna1>{{cite news|title=200 foreigners accuse Gokarna cops of brutal assault at V-Day party|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/200-foreigners-accuse-Gokarna-cops-of-brutal-assault-at-V-Day-party/articleshow/30633255.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> The victims alleged that initially the police had demanded bribes to let the party continue, but attacked them after they refused. A petition was sent to various embassies to interfere in the matter.<ref name=TrashForeigner>{{cite news|title=Karnataka Police thrash foreigners for partying beyond permissible time|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-police-thrash-foreigners-for-partying-beyond-permissible-time-182272-2014-02-22|access-date=7 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
* On 6 August 2015, [[Malvan region|Malwani]] police in [[Mumbai]], raided hotels and guest houses near [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Madh Island]], and detained about 40 couples. Most of them were consenting couples in private rooms, but they were charged under Section 110 (Indecent behaviour in public) of the Bombay Police Act and fined {{INRConvert|1200}}.<ref name=Malwani2015>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Couples picked up from hotel rooms, charged with 'public indecency'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-couples-picked-up-from-hotel-rooms-charged-with-public-indecency/16437186|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref> Only three cases were filed under [[Prostitution in India#Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act|Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act]]. Following a backlash and criticism, Mumbai Police Commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]] ordered an inquiry into the raids.<ref name=ProbeOrdered>{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police Hotel Raid: Commissioner Rakesh Maria orders probe into alleged moral policing|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-police-hotel-raid-commissioner-rakesh-maria-orders-probe-into-alleged-moral-policing-2112723|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, Maria passed an order department wide not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/end-to-moral-policing-in-mumbai-cops-wont-use-section-110-of-bombay-police-act-anymore_1826173.html|title= End to 'moral policing' in Mumbai: Cops won't use Section 110 of Bombay Police Act anymore}}</ref>
* In 2017, Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] started the anti-romeo squads in the department for safety of women and young girls from sexual harassment and eve-teasing. However, the squads were found to be involved in acts of moral policing, harassment of couples, as well as extortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/moral-policing-to-extortion-yogi-adityanath-must-disband-anti-romeo-squads/story-JQFxHCA0LSYp108XfTVjMN.html|title= Moral policing to extortion: Yogi Adityanath must disband anti-Romeo squads}}</ref> Due to such incidents, the Police force and the Government came under fire from media for such incidents of moral policing, as well as misuse of authority, eventually demanding that the squads be disbanded.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-launches-anti-romeo-squads-heres-how-international-media-reacted-4597597/|title= UP CM Yogi Adityanath’s anti-Romeo squads: ‘Moral policing’, ‘Taliban-like’, International media has its say}}</ref>
* In 2021, Chennai Police intervened in a case regarding a [[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|lesbian couple]], who willingly fled their houses fearing interrogation and harassment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=7 June 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607064921/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> The couple approached the [[Madras High Court]]; the verdict passed by judge [[N Anand Venkatesh]] ruled in their favor, ruling the need to reform and introduce a specific clause while dealing with same sex couples.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Aaratrika |date=2021-09-01 |title=Madras High Court Issues Directions To Curb Police Harassment, Insensitive Media Reporting Against LGBTQ + Community, Calls For Change In Queerphobic MBBS Curriculum |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-lgbtq-community-police-harassment-directions-180682 |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, in the interim ruling, Judge Venkatesh prohibited [[Conversion therapy|Conversion Therapy]], besides suggesting comprehensive measures to sensitize the society and remove prejudices against the LGBTQIA+ community.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Madras High Court bans medical attempts to "cure" sexual orientation, issues guidelines for LGBTQIA+ community safety|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-to-cure-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-for-lgbtqia-community-safety/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=India Legal|language=en-US}}</ref>
* In September 2024, an influencer wearing a bikini at a beach in Udupi was asked to wear decent clothes by 2 police officers, after being warned that goons would beat them up. She subsequently posted on Instagram about the moral policing.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/can-i-not-wear-bikini-in-udupi-influencer-claims-moral-policing-by-karnataka-cops-101725179777866.html#google_vignette|title= ‘Can I not wear bikini in Udupi?’: Influencer claims moral policing by Karnataka cops}}</ref>
* In December 2025, a Station House Officer in Mau, Uttar Pradesh, was transferred, after she was found questioning a school girl and her brother, warning them not to be roaming around without guardians after suspecting a relationship between the siblings, which sparked widespread condemnation of moral policing. As a result of this, Mau Superintendent of Police stated to the media about sensitising and counselling all police personnel regarding their behavior with the public.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-roam-without-guardian-up-cops-advice-to-girl-sparks-row-9821195|title= Moral Policing Gone Wrong. UP Cop Schools Sister For Roaming With Brother}}</ref>

===By the Governing bodies and Judiciary systems===

====Central Board of Film Certification====
{{main|Central Board of Film Certification|List of films banned in India}}

The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) or the Censor Board, which is tasked with regulating the public exhibition of films under the provisions of the "Cinematograph Act, 1952", has been accused of moral policing by some filmmakers. Director [[Anurag Kashyap]] has argued that it is infeasible to have a single body for a large and diverse country like India.<ref name=censor-board>{{cite news|title=Censor board or moral police?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/opinion/2011/sep/090911-moral-police-Censor-board-Anurag-Kashyap.htm|accessdate=23 February 2014|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=9 September 2009|last=Shetty-Saha|first=Shubha|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050553/http://www.mid-day.com/opinion/2011/sep/090911-moral-police-Censor-board-Anurag-Kashyap.htm|archivedate=7 October 2013}}</ref> Director [[Prakash Jha]] has pointed out that even if a film is certified by the Board, it is often not allowed a release in some states due to protests from local political parties or moral police. He has also said that the Board should be scrapped and each film-maker should simply state the type of content in the film because the society is mature enough to understand it.<ref name=AilsCensor>{{cite news|title=What ails the Indian Censor Board?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/what-ails-the-indian-censor-board/15534160|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=16 August 2014}}</ref> [[Sudhir Mishra]] has noted that censor committees have been influenced to giving films lighter ratings.<ref name=AilsCensor/>

The former chief of the Censor Board, [[Sharmila Tagore]], has defended the body saying that it does not carried out moral policing.<ref name=SharmilaCensor>{{cite news|title=Censor Board not for moral policing: Sharmila Tagore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/129508/censor-board-not-moral-policing.html|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 January 2011}}</ref> In August 2014, then chief of the Censor Board, Rakesh Kumar, was arrested for allegedly delaying certifications to films and demanding bribes to speed up the process.<ref name=CBIArrestCEO>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-arrests-censor-board-CEO-Rakesh-Kumar-for-taking-bribe/articleshow/40379497.cms|title=CBI arrests censor board CEO Rakesh Kumar for taking bribe|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

====Restrictions on night life and alcohol====
{{see also|Prohibition in India}}
Throughout India, restrictions have been place by some [[State governments of India|state governments]] on timings for pubs, bars and other establishments that sell liquor.<ref name="theage2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/india-assumes-the-moral-position/2005/11/25/1132703377098.html |title=India assumes the moral position |work=[[The Age]] |date=25 November 2005|accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref>

* The 2005 ban on [[dance bar]]s in [[Maharashtra]] was considered to be an act of moral policing. Prior to the ban, the state government had claimed that the bars had a "corrupting influence on youth and compromised the moral standards of local men". As a result of the ban thousands of women employed by the 750 bars in the state lost their jobs and many were forced into prostitution.<ref name="theage2005"/> In June 2011, the state raised the legal age of drinking to 25, from previous 21.<ref name=25Hard>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra raises age for consumption of hard liquor to 25|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-raises-age-for-consumption-of-hard-liquor-to-25/article2068901.ece|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=2 June 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, an old law called "Bombay Prohibition of Foreign Liquor Act, 1949", mandates anyone seeking to buy, possess or consume alcohol to obtain a special permit.<ref name=PermitPIL>{{cite news|title=PIL urges scrapping of 'archaic' and 'superfluous' liquor permit system in Maharashtra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/PIL-urges-scrapping-of-archaic-and-superfluous-liquor-permit-system-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/39898075.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
* The state of [[Karnataka]] has a law dating back to 1967, called Rule 11(1) of the "Karnataka Excise Licenses Rules of 1967", which prohibits dancing in establishments which serve alcohol. In July 2014, the [[Karnataka High Court]] asked the government of amend the law, stating that it was unconstitutional as it violated the [[Freedom of Expression]].<ref name=ReverseBanDancing>{{cite news|title=Reverse Ban on Dancing in Bars, HC Tells State Govt|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Reverse-Ban-on-Dancing-in-Bars-HC-Tells-State-Govt/2014/07/10/article2323287.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929224901/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Reverse-Ban-on-Dancing-in-Bars-HC-Tells-State-Govt/2014/07/10/article2323287.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2014|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 July 2014}}</ref> This law had been used by the local police to ban dancing in bars and clubs, especially in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=BangaloreRight>{{cite news|title=Is Bangalore right about its right to dance?|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/blogs/thewatercooler/bangalore-dance-103114787.html|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[Yahoo News]]|date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

====Opposition to sex education in schools====

The Adolescence Education Programme (AEP) was a [[Sex education in India|sex education]] program designed by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]] and [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] (NACO) to implement the policies of the National AIDS Control Programme II (NACP II).<ref name=NACO>{{cite web|title=Adolescence Education Programme (AEP)|url=http://naco.gov.in/NACO/Quick_Links/Youth/School_Age_Education_Program_SAEP/|publisher=[[National AIDS Control Organisation]]|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314020408/http://naco.gov.in/NACO/Quick_Links/Youth/School_Age_Education_Program_SAEP/|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it faced opposition in various states, including [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=SexEdAngers>{{cite news|title=Sex education curriculum angers Indian conservatives|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/world/asia/24iht-letter.1.5851113.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 March 2007}}</ref>

* In February 2007, [[Gujarat]] government in a press release stated that it would not be introducing sex education in the state. It stated that the books suggested in the program by the Central government were inappropriate for children.<ref name=GujaratSexEd>{{cite news|title=No more sex education in Gujarat schools|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/No-more-sex-education-in-Gujarat-schools/articleshow/1634848.cms|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2007}}</ref> However, in April 2010, it reintroduced sex education in a diluted form.<ref name=GujImprovisedSexEd>{{cite news|title=Gujarat introduces 'improvised' module for sex education|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gujarat-introduces--improvised--module-for-sex-education/610528/|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 April 2010}}</ref>
* In March 2007, [[Maharashtra]] government banned sex education in schools.<ref name=MHSexEdBan>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra resorts to another ban|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/maharashtra-resorts-to-another-ban/article1822059.ece|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 April 2007}}</ref> The ban came after the ruling and opposition [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] protested in the state assembly claiming that western countries had forced the Central government to implement the program.<ref name=MahaCorrupts>{{cite news|title=No sex education please, it corrupts, and this is Maharashtra|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-sex-education-please-it-corrupts-and-this-is-maharashtra/27130/0|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 March 2007}}</ref>
* In April 2007, the [[Karnataka]] Minister for Primary and Secondary Education Basavaraj Horatti said that the program has been put on hold after complaints from teachers. The teachers had complained that the books was oriented towards increasing the sales of condoms, and that the illustrations were against Indian culture and sexually provocative.<ref name=KarSexEd>{{cite news|title=No sex education in Karnataka schools now: Minister|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/18/no-sex-education-in-karnataka-schools-now-minister-1176893759.html|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=One India|date=18 April 2007}}</ref>
* In May 2007, [[Madhya Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] banned sex education in schools claiming that [[sex education]] has no place in [[Indian culture]].<ref name=MPbansSexEd>{{cite news|title=Madhya Pradesh bans sex education|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/madhya-pradesh-bans-sex-education/25871/|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 March 2007}}</ref>
* In May 2007, [[Rajasthan]] Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] wrote a letter to [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], then Union Minister of Human Resource Development. In the letter, she stated that children in Class IX and XI, at whom the course was directed, do not require sex education as they are in the early stages of puberty. The state Education Minister Ghansyam Tiwari stated that they already had a [[life skill]]s course called Jeevan Shaili, and sex education will have a negative impact on young minds.<ref name=TooHotForVHP>{{cite news|title=Sex education course too hot for VHP|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sex-education-course-too-hot-for-vhp-/29953/|accessdate=6 January 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 May 2007}}</ref>

====Others====
* In 1996, it was announced by a Chandigarh-based company Global Internet Ltd. that an adult entertainment [[Pay television|pay channel]]<ref name="Oza2012"/> called Plus 21 would be launched in India. In response to this, the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) filed a lawsuit in the Delhi High Court.<ref name="Women'sMovement">{{cite book|title=Writing the Women's Movement: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Efv3V7Y9WzsC&pg=PA493|accessdate=26 December 2014|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-81-86706-99-2|page=493}}</ref> NCW claimed that it was performing its stipulated functions of protecting the interests of women and preventing culture shock to viewers. NCW was represented by notable [[feminist]] lawyer [[Indira Jaising]]. NCW claimed that channel would be showing pornography which would violate Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986. The argument also cited the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.<ref name="Oza2012">{{cite book|last=Oza|first=Rupal|title=The Making of Neoliberal India: Nationalism, Gender, and the Paradoxes of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Uz6tDR5L4gC&pg=PT82|accessdate=26 December 2014|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-08226-9|pages=71–73}}</ref> The High Court put an injunction against the launch of the channel.<ref name=NCW>{{cite web|title=National Commission for Women|url=http://wcddel.in/ncfw.html|website=Department of Women and Children|publisher=Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|accessdate=26 December 2014|quote=The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi put an injection on the launching of +21 adult channel by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India.}}</ref>
* In the 2001, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting ministry]] banned two television channels TB6 and [[Fashion TV]].<ref name=banSushmaFTV>{{cite news|title=Centre considering ban on FTV: Sushma|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/01/stories/0201000k.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118165253/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/01/stories/0201000k.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 January 2001}}</ref><ref name="O'brei2009">{{cite book|author=Comp. & Edited By Derek O'brei|title=Penguin Cnbc-Tv18 Business Yearbook 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHrgZYS9fI4C&pg=PA140|accessdate=11 January 2015|date=1 June 2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306570-8|page=140}}</ref>
* In December 2000, after [[Priyanka Chopra]] was crowned [[Miss World]], beauty contests were banned in her home state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] under the orders of then Chief Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]. He claimed that beauty contests were against traditional culture and were vulgar. [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] praised the ban.<ref name=BarsBeauty>{{cite news|title=Home State of Miss World Bars Beauty Pageants|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-16-mn-1355-story.html|access-date=24 December 2014|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=16 December 2000}}</ref><ref name=strangehome>{{cite news|title=Strange Homecoming: Miss World evokes an odd reaction: a ban on beauty shows|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Strange-Homecoming/210657|accessdate=24 December 2014|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=8 January 2001}}</ref>
* In 2003, Union Information and Broadcasting Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] removed condom ads, funded by [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] (NACO), from public broadcasting channel [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=CondomAdBan>{{cite news|title=Condom, Condemned Health experts are flummoxed by Sushma Swaraj's moral turn on AIDS awareness|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Condom-Condemned/220387|accessdate=5 March 2015|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=9 June 2003}}</ref>
* In January 2007, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting ministry]] banned the TV channel [[AXN#2007 AXN India ban|AXN]] for two months. The channel was allegedly adversely affecting public morality by broadcasting a show called 'World's Sexiest Commercials' after 11 pm.<ref name=AXNbanned>{{cite news|title=AXN banned for 'indecent' programme|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AXN-banned-for-indecent-programme/articleshow/1260124.cms|accessdate=24 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2007}}</ref>
* In March 2007, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] banned [[Fashion TV]] for two months for broadcasting programs that were capable of corrupting public morality.<ref name=FTVbanned>{{cite news|title=FTV banned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ftv-banned/article1817756.ece|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 March 2007}}</ref>
* In June 2009, the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] issued a notice to various internet service providers and directed them to block the pornographic [[webcomic]] called [[Savita Bhabhi]].<ref name=SavitaNoMore>{{cite news|title='Savita Bhabhi' is no more|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-savita-bhabhi-is-no-more-1269660|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=30 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=ToonPornSavita>{{cite news|title=Govt bans toon porn star Savita Bhabhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/govt-bans-toon-porn-star-savita-bhabhi-51769-2009-07-08|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 July 2009}}</ref>
* In March 2013, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] ordered [[Fashion TV]] to be taken off air for 10 days, for violating the Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994. The government claimed the channel was showing obscene and vulgar visuals which were unsuitable for the public and children. This was the 3rd time the channel was ordered to go off-air.<ref name=FTV>{{cite news|title=Fashion TV ordered off air in India for 'indecent' visuals|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fashion-tv-ordered-off-air-in-india-for-indecent-visuals/1094444/0|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 March 2013}}</ref>
* In May 2014, the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] suspended the TV channel [[Comedy Central]] for 10 days. The ministry claimed that Comedy Central had violated Cable Television Networks Regulation Act, 1995, by showing shows which were obscene and denigrated women.<ref name=CCban10days>{{cite news|title=Comedy Central banned for 10 days|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/comedy-central-banned-for-10-days/article4750821.ece|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2013}}</ref> In November 2014, Delhi High Court upheld the government's order. By this time, the channel had gone off air for 4 days. They had appealed in the court claiming that their right to broadcast was protected under Article 19 of the Constitution. The court had also upheld a fine of {{currency|20,000|INR}}.<ref name=NoLaughs>{{cite news|title=No laughs for Comedy Central as Delhi High Court upholds Centre's ban on transmission|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-no-laughs-for-comedy-central-as-delhi-high-court-upholds-centre-s-ban-on-transmission-2038387|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=25 November 2014}}</ref> However, later in the same month the Supreme Court stayed the order and allowed further hearing.<ref name=SCstaysCCban>{{cite news|title=SC stays Delhi high court order on Comedy Central ban|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/FbPhn3NjhXkx9JhoLgESGI/SC-stays-Delhi-high-court-order-on-banning-Comedy-Central.html|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=28 November 2014}}</ref>
* In March 2015, local authorities in the [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]] cancelled a women's football match, featuring national team players, between a Kolkata side and a North Bengal team in March 2015. The order came after Muslim residents and local [[maulvi]]s objected to women playing sports. Biplab Roy, the Block Development Officer (BDO) of Harishchandrapur, Malda explained, "When I came to know about the local opposition, I referred the matter to the [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] and the [[District Magistrate|DM]], and the local police station. The order came from the top that the match should be cancelled, and I acted accordingly in the interest of peace and tranquillity and public order."<ref name=MaulvisaClothers>{{cite news|title=West Bengal: Mamata's officials stop women's football match after maulvis object to players' clothes|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mamata-banerjees-officials-stop-womens-football-match-after-maulvis-object-to-players-clothes/|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
* In 2016, a man was killed in [[Mankada]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]] for visiting his girlfriend in the night. The victim was a 42-year-old man called Nazeer from the same locality. Around three in the morning some of his neighbours spotted him in a house where a woman was living alone. They attacked him and killed as an act of ''moral policing''. Kerala police have arrested three persons in connection with this incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-29 |title=Man beaten to death at Mankada, moral policing suspected |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Man-beaten-to-death-at-Mankada-moral-policing-suspected/articleshow/52953956.cms |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Accusations of obscenity against personalities===
* In 1993, during [[Nelson Mandela]]'s visit to India, he kissed actress [[Shabana Azmi]] on the cheek. The incident created a controversy and drew criticism from the Muslim community.<ref name=KissMeans>{{cite news|title=When a kiss means more|url=http://mg.co.za/article/1993-12-23-when-a-kiss-means-more|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=[[Mail and Guardian]]|date=23 December 1993}}</ref><ref name=ShabanaKiss>{{cite news|title=Know what happened when Nelson Mandela kissed Shabana Azmi|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-what-happened-when-nelson-mandela-kissed-shabana-azmi-31180.html|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=[[India TV]]|date=7 December 2013}}</ref>
* In 1995, an obscenity case was filed against model-turned actor [[Milind Soman]] and [[Madhu Sapre]] for posing nude in a shoe advertisement. They were acquitted by a Mumbai court in December 2009.<ref name=MilindAcquited>{{cite news|title=Models Milind Soman, Madhu Sapre acquitted in obscenity case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Models-Milind-Soman-Madhu-Sapre-acquitted-in-obscenity-case/articleshow/5279293.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 November 2009}}</ref> The court said that what may consider obscene for one, may not be so for others.<ref name=TuffAd>{{cite news|title='Tuff ad didn't bring impure thoughts'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tuff-ad-didn-t-bring-impure-thoughts-1320879|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=7 December 2009}}</ref>
* In February 2000, a Mumbai court heard an obscenity case against actresses, [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Mamta Kulkarni]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Tabassum Hashmi]], [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. The main complainant in the case was Archana Chavan, head of the [[Baroda]]-based Nari Shakti Sanghatna. She claimed that the actresses were corrupting Indian culture. The court dropped the case stating the allegation of obscenity were vague.<ref name=NotGuilty2000>{{cite news|title=Not guilty|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/16obseen.htm|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=16 February 2000}}</ref>
* In July 2000, an obscenity case against Mamta Kulkarni was heard in a Mumbai court. She was accused of posing obscenely on the cover of magazine called [[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] in 1993.<ref name=BurqaKulkarni>{{cite news|title=Cover girl Fundamentalist group in Mumbai threatens Mamta Kulkarni for wearing burqa to court|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000814-fundamentalist-group-in-mumbai-threatens-mamta-kulkarni-for-wearing-burqa-to-court-777862-2000-08-13|access-date=13 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 August 2000}}</ref> The court fined her {{currency|15,000|INR}} however the judgement was quashed by the [[Mumbai High Court]] as lower court didn't have authority to levy fines over {{currency|5,000|INR}}.<ref name=MamtaTightSpot>{{cite news|title=Mamta in a tight spot!|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/07mamta.htm|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=7 September 2000}}</ref>
* In January 2005, a case was filed against [[Pooja Bhatt]], the director of a film called [[Rog]]. The complainant was a St Xavier's College lecturer, Pratibha Naithani, who considered the posters of film obscene.<ref name=PosterAgain>{{cite news|title=Pooja Bhatt in trouble over 'obscene' poster again|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Pooja-Bhatt-in-trouble-over-obscene-poster-again/articleshow/7255253.cms|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=HotPoster>{{cite news|title=Hot Poster: Cops on Pooja's trail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hot-Poster-Cops-on-Poojas-trail/articleshow/992306.cms|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 January 2005}}</ref> The case was dropped in 2008 by a [[Bandra]] court. But it was reopened in 2011, after the petition of one Vinod Jain. In November 2012, the Bombay High Court dropped the case.<ref name=RogContinues>{{cite news|title=Pooja Bhatt's fight for 'Rog' obscenity case continues|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pooja-bhatts-fight-for-rog-obscenity-case-continues/448382-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130150753/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pooja-bhatts-fight-for-rog-obscenity-case-continues/448382-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=28 January 2014}}</ref>
* In 2006, a [[Madurai]]-based lawyer, Dakshninammorthy, filed a case against actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Reema Sen]], under Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code, Prevention of Publication of Obscene Pictures Act and Section 3 of the Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act. The lawsuit came in response to some photographs published in a newspaper called [[Tamil Murasu (India)|Tamil Murasu]]. The petitioner claimed that the pictures polluted the minds of the youth. The court had issued non-bailable warrants against the actresses.<ref name=ReemaSen>{{cite news|title=Arrest warrants against Shilpa Shetty, Reema Sen|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/20shilpa.htm|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=20 June 2006}}</ref> On 23 April 2008, the [[Madras High Court]] dropped that case against the two actresses, but added that the case could be continued against the publishers.<ref name=ReemaQuash>{{cite news|title=Case against Shilpa Shetty and Reema Sen quashed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/case-against-shilpa-shetty-and-reema-sen-quashed/article1245418.ece|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 April 2008}}</ref>
* In May 2006, a case filed against an [[item girl]], [[Rakhi Sawant]], after a live performance for "indecent behaviour" and "destroying public peace" under Section 110, 112, 117 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951. The organizer was also indicted in the case.<ref name=SawantBooked>{{cite news|title='Item girl' Rakhi Sawant booked for obscenity|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-item-girl-rakhi-sawant-booked-for-obscenity-1030327|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=20 May 2006}}</ref><ref name=RakhiSawant>{{cite news|title=Rakhi Sawant booked for indecency|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rakhi-Sawant-booked-for-indecency/pmredirectshow/1540132.cms?curpg=1|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2006}}</ref>
* In 2006, Shailendra Dwivedi, an Indore-based lawyer, filed an obscenity case against actors [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Hrithik Roshan]] for kissing in the movie [[Dhoom 2]]. The lawyer claimed that the scene was vulgar and couldn't be watched by Indian families.<ref name=BollywoodStars>{{cite news|title=Obscenity charge filed against Bollywood stars|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/obscenity-charge-filed-against-bollywood-stars-1.625627|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[CBC News]]|date=3 December 2006}}</ref><ref name=ManWhoFiled>{{cite news|title=The man who filed a case against Ash, Hrithik|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/11sfa.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> A separate case had been filed by a [[Muzaffarpur]]-based lawyer named Sudhir Kumar Ojha.<ref name=SummonsKissDhoom2>{{cite news|title=Court summons Ash, Hrithik for kiss in 'Dhoom-2'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-court-summons-ash-hrithik-for-kiss-in-dhoom-2-1093329|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=27 April 2007}}</ref>
* In January 2007, Vinod Jain tried to file an obscenity case against actress [[Mallika Sherawat]] in the [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] police station after watching the telecast of a New Year's performance on television.<ref name=SeeksMallikaAction>{{cite news|title=Activist seeks police action against Mallika|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mal/20070104.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=4 January 2007}}</ref> The police examined the footage and decided not file a case after pointing out that Sherawat was wearing a skin-coloured suit.<ref name=MallikaStrip>{{cite news|title=Mallika will strip all men|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/10mallika.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=10 January 2007}}</ref> However, later a [[Bandra]] court had accepted the petition.<ref name=MallikaSummoned>{{cite news|title=Mallika summoned in obscenity case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mallika-summoned-in-obscenity-case-1191496|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=19 September 2008}}</ref> In June 2007, Narendra Tiwari, the President of the [[Baroda]] bar association, filed an obscenity case against her for the same performance.<ref name=MallikaDirty>{{cite news|title=Mallika caught in another 'dirty' case|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mallika-caught-in-another-dirty-case/31116-8.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217205330/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mallika-caught-in-another-dirty-case/31116-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=17 June 2007}}</ref> In January 2011, Sherawat was acquitted in one of the cases but Vinod Jain said that he will appeal in the Mumbai High Court.<ref name=SherawatAcquitted>{{cite news|title=Mallika Sherawat acquitted from obscenity case|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mallika-sherawat-acquitted-from-obscenity-case/743555/|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 January 2011}}</ref> In the other case, Sherawat appealed to the Gujarat High Court to drop the case, but the Court rejected the appeal on 2 March 2013. On 16 August 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the proceedings on appeal.<ref name=SCStaysSherwat>{{cite news|title=Obscenity case: SC stays proceedings against Mallika Sherawat|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-obscenity-case-sc-stays-proceedings-against-mallika-sherawat-1875322|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
* [[Shilpa Shetty#Richard Gere kissing incident|Shilpa Shetty and Richard Gere kissing incident]]: In April 2007, effigies of Hollywood actor [[Richard Gere]] and Bollywood actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] were burnt after Gere kissed Shetty on the cheek at an AIDS awareness function in [[Delhi]], and a [[Rajasthan]] court ordered Gere's arrest on obscenity charges.<ref name="reuters2007"/> The lawsuit had been filed by a lawyer named Poonam Chand Bhandari claimed to have been annoyed by the obscene act.<ref name=RajasthanCourt>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan court issues warrant against Gere|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-court-issues-warrant-against-gere/article1-218850.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216114141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-court-issues-warrant-against-gere/article1-218850.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 April 2007}}</ref> Former [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]] [[Soli Sorabjee]] described the court order as reminiscent of the "Taliban moral police".<ref name="GereOutrage">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Geres-arrest-warrant-outrages-legal-experts/articleshow/1962371.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007052611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-27/india/27884503_1_arrest-warrant-hollywood-actor-richard-gere-aids-awareness |url-status=live |archive-date=7 October 2013 |title=Gere's arrest warrant outrages legal experts|work= [[The Times of India]] |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Talibanstyle>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/taliban-style-in-bjp-s-karnataka-moral-cops-assault-girls-in-pub/415303/0 |title=Taliban style in BJP's Karnataka: moral cops assault girls in pub |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2010|accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref> In April 2008, the [[Supreme Court of India]] dropped the arrest warrant against Gere and said that he is free to enter and leave India anytime.<ref name=GereCleared>{{cite news|title=Richard Gere cleared of obscenity|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7295797.stm|access-date=3 December 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=14 April 2008}}</ref> In November 2011, the Supreme Court shifted the case against Shetty to a Mumbai court.<ref name=TransferShetty>{{cite news|title=Kissing row:SC transfers cases against Shilpa Shetty to Mumbai|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kissing-rowsc-transfers-cases-against-shilpa-shetty-to-mumbai/878697/|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2011}}</ref>
* In 2009, an obscenity case was filed against actor [[Akshay Kumar]] and his wife [[Twinkle Khanna]] by an activist named Anil Nair. During a fashion show in Mumbai, Kumar had allegedly walked down the ramp and asked his wife who was seated in the front to unbutton his jeans.<ref name=AkshayTwinkle>{{cite news|title=Obscenity case filed against Akshay, Twinkle|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/obscenity-case-filed-against-akshay-twinkle/89505-8.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217141926/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/obscenity-case-filed-against-akshay-twinkle/89505-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=5 April 2009}}</ref>
* In 2009, Rajnikant Borile, a social worker, filed an obscenity case against [[Mallika Sherawat]] in [[Yavatmal]], claiming she had performed obscene acts in her various films which affected the society and the younger generation.<ref name=MallikaToFight>{{cite news|title=Mallika Sherawat to fight against obscenity charge|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/mallika-sherawat-to-fight-against-obscenity-charge/article1-598463.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915064413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/Mallika-Sherawat-to-fight-against-obscenity-charge/Article1-598463.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2010|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 September 2010}}</ref>
* In December 2011, a [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]]-based lawyer Sai Krishna Azad filed an obscenity case against actress [[Vidya Balan]]. According to him, poster and advesitisement of the film [[The Dirty Picture]], starring Balan, were spoiling the minds of people and causing harm to the society. The court accepted petition, it directed police to book Balan and take action against the posters.<ref name=VidyaBook>{{cite news|title=Court asks police to book Vidya for obscenity|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-asks-police-to-book-vidya-for-obscenity/210039-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109145546/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-asks-police-to-book-vidya-for-obscenity/210039-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2012|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=8 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Balan1>{{cite news|title=Obscenity case against Vidya Balan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Obscenity-case-against-Vidya-Balan/articleshow/11150727.cms|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
* On 2 February 2015, Akhilesh Tiwari, president of Brahman Ekta Seva Sanstha filed a complaint against film-maker [[Karan Johar]], and actors [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] in Mumbai. They claimed that they had appeared in a [[YouTube]] comedy channel's [[Roast (comedy)|roast]] event held in December 2014, [[All India Bakchod Knockout]], whose videos were uploaded to the internet. The complaint accused the three of using filthy language. The [[Maharashtra]] government also ordered an inquiry. The video removed from on 3 February by the channel. Later, in a separate complaint filed by one Wazir Shaikh in Pune, accusations against 14 people were included. It named [[Deepika Padukone]], who was kissed by Ranveer Singh. [[Sonakshi Sinha]] was also named in it. [[YouTube]] was accused of distributing the obscene content. The charges filed were Indian Penal Code Section 292 (distribution of obscene content) and Section 294 (obscene act in public place); and Section 67a of [[Information Technology Act 2000|IT Act]] (transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act in electronic form).<ref name=AIBRoastFilthyLanguage>{{cite news|title=AIB roast: Police complaint lodged against Bollywood stars for filthy language|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/AIB-roast-Police-complaint-lodged-against-Bollywood-stars-for-filthy-language/articleshow/46098072.cms|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Deepika14Others>{{cite news|title=AIB Roast row: FIRs against Deepika, Sonakshi and 14 others|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/aib-roast-row-fir-against-deepika-padukone-sonakshi-sinha-238906-2015-02-05|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=DeepikaNewComplaint>{{cite news|title=Ranveer, Deepika, YouTube, AIB All Named in New Complaint: Police|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-police-register-fir-against-aib-roast-youtube-737303|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
* On 10 February 2025, podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia, known as BeerBiceps, appearing as a guest judge in [[India's Got Latent]] asked the following question to a contestant: "Would you rather watch your parents have sex every day for the rest of your life or join in once to make it stop forever?". Due to its vulgar nature, various personalities involved in the episode faced public criticism as well as having [[FIR (India)|FIR]] filed against for "promoting obscenity" and using offensive language.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Trouble mounts for Ranveer Allahbadia & others linked to Samay Raina's show: Top developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trouble-mounts-for-ranveer-allahbadia-others-linked-to-samay-rainas-show-indias-got-latent-top-developments/articleshow/118151638.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-10 |title=Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma announces FIR against YouTubers, influencers for obscenity on India’s Got Latent |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-announces-fir-against-youtubers-influencers-for-obscenity-on-indias-got-latent/articleshow/118124913.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The controversy as well as the politicized nature of the incident lead to cancellation of the show, arrest two personalities involved in the show who have been granted bail and protection from arrest,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2025-03-07 |title=Ranveer Allahbadia appears before Assam Police in connection with ‘India’s Got Latent’ case {{!}} Video {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ranveer-allahbadia-appears-before-assam-guwahati-police-in-connection-with-in-india-s-got-latent-case-samya-raina-11741344455157.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-08 |title=Gauhati HC grants anticipatory bail to Ashish Chanchlani in 'India's Got Latent' case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gauhati-hc-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-ashish-chanchlani-in-indias-got-latent-case/articleshow/118803248.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> death threats including a bounty by a [[The far-right in India|far-right Hindutva group]], rape and acid attack threats on a female cast member,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2025-04-08 |title=Rape-death threats: Rebel Kid Apoorva Mukhija exposes trolls, gets massive support, ‘More power to you’ {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/the-rebel-kid-apoorva-makhija-rape-death-threats-india-s-got-latent-11744112492556.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> as well as [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] recommendation for Union to draft regulations for online content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“He must have some repentance,” SC permits Ranveer Allahbadia to resume his show |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/he-must-have-some-repentance-sc-permits-ranveer-allahbadia-to-resume-his-show/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The incident has sparked criticism of hypocrisy of the judiciary and police about not taking any legal action against political figures who have made derogatory comments about women and hate-speech in the past as well as concerns of the BJP government spreading [[moral panic]] and using the controversy to tighten [[internet censorship]] [[Internet censorship in India|in India]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecqkmjv9i9I |title=BeerBiceps, Samay Raina & The Hypocrisy of TV News Anchors {{!}} TV Newsance 286 |date=2025-02-14 |last=newslaundry |access-date=2026-02-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire Talks {{!}} After Beer Biceps Case, Could Broadcast Bill Be Pushed Through the Backdoor? |url=https://thewire.in/culture/media/the-wire-talks-after-beer-biceps-case-could-broadcast-bill-be-pushed-through-the-backdoor |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Begam |first=Amana |date=2025-02-14 |title=Moral panic over Ranveer Allahbadia comes from India's family hierarchy |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/moral-panic-over-ranveer-allahbadia-india-family-hierarchy/2494687/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Other===
* Some colleges and universities enforce a [[dress code]] on their students, usually restricting girls from wearing Western clothing. The rationale behind such restriction has been that such clothes attract "[[eve-teasing]]".<ref name="jeans ban">{{cite news |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090622-150075.html |title=Indian students riled by jeans ban |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=11 November 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225100158/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090622-150075.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Protests against moral policing==

In 2009, following the [[2009 Mangalore pub attack]], an organisation called "Consortium of Pubgoing, Loose forward Women" started a movement called the "[[Pink chaddi campaign]]". The movement requested people to mail pink underwear to [[Pramod Muthalik]] the leader of [[Sri Ram Sena]] which was behind the attacks. About 34,000 people participated.<ref name=Chaddi>{{cite news|title='Pink chaddi' campaign a hit, draws over 34,000 members|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pink-chaddi-campaign-a-hit-draws-over-34000-members/articleshow/4126529.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2009}}</ref>

In the state of [[Kerala]], a public hugging and kissing campaign by name [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|'Kiss of Love']] was launched in protest against moral policing on 2 November 2014.<ref name=Toix1>{{cite news|last1=B|first1=Viju|title='Kiss of love' movement: They came, dared the mob, did it|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiss-of-love-movement-They-came-dared-the-mob-did-it/articleshow/45016955.cms|accessdate=3 November 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Similar events were later organized in [[Delhi]],<ref name=RSSKissofLove>{{cite news|title='Kiss of love' fest near RSS office in Delhi turns slugfest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiss-of-love-fest-near-RSS-office-in-Delhi-turns-slugfest/articleshow/45083193.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2014}}</ref> [[Kolkata]],<ref name=KolkataKiss>{{cite news|title='Kiss of Love' spreads to Kolkata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kiss-of-Love-spreads-to-Kolkata/articleshow/45056988.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> and various other cities.

==See also==
* [[Nanny state]]
* [[Pink chaddi campaign]]
* [[2014 Kiss of Love protest]]
* [[List of books banned in India]]
* [[List of films banned in India]]
* [[Vigilante attacks in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist|3|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Conservatism in India]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:Vigilantes]]

Wajida Tabassum

2026-03-09T04:56:30Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made First Info Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Indian writer (1935–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Wajida Tabassum
|image =
|caption =
|alt =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 16 March 1935
|birth_place = [[Amravati]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|12|07|1935|03|16}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|nationality = Indian
|language = [[Urdu]]
|occupation = Writer
|notable_works =
}}

'''Wajida Tabassum''' (16 March 1935 – 7 December 2011) was an Indian writer of fiction, verses and songs in the [[Urdu language]]. She wrote 27 books. Some of her stories have been made into movies and Indian television serials. Her controversial 1975 story titled "Utran" (translated as 'Cast-Offs' or 'Hand-Me Downs') was made into a popular soap opera on Indian television in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic and Political Weekly|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20819|year=1994|publisher=Sameeksha Trust}}</ref>{{Sfn|Butalia|2013|p=119}}{{Sfn|Kali for Women|1990|p=131}} "Utran" was reprinted in English translation as part of an anthology of 20 short stories titled ''Such Devoted Sisters'' in 1994,{{Sfn|Muir|2006|p=113}} and from there was made into a movie in 1996 under the title ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'', with a script by [[Mira Nair]] and [[Helena Kriel]].{{Sfn|Muir|2006|p=113}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Variety International Film Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T95kAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Andre Deutsch}}</ref><ref>"Utran" has been anthologized in three different English translations. The first, by Manisha Chaudhry, was titled "Hand-Me-Downs" and first published in ''The Slate of Life'' ([[Kali for Women]], 1990) and reprinted in ''Such Devoted Sisters'' ([[Virago Press]], 1993); it was this translation on which the film was based. A translation by Rasheed Moosavi, Vasantha Kannabiran and Syed Sirajuddin appeared under the title "Castoffs" in ''Women Writing in India'' ([[The Feminist Press]], 1993). A third translation by Syeda S. Hameed and Sughra Mahdi was published under the title "Cast-Offs" in ''Parwaaz: A Flight of Words'' (Kali for Women, 1996).</ref>

== Biography ==
Wajida Tabassum was born in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]] in 1935. She graduated from [[Osmania University]] with a degree in Urdu language. After graduation her family moved from Amravati to [[Hyderabad]] where she started writing stories in Urdu in the [[Dakhini]] dialect from 1940 in the backdrop of the aristocratic social life of Hyderabad.{{Sfn|Kali for Women|1990|p=131}}<ref name=Youth>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Wajeda-Tabassum.html|title= Wajeda Tabassum|accessdate=10 April 2016|publisher=Urdu Youth Forum}}</ref><ref name=Khan>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=AG|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/441-wajida-tabassum-a-defiant-writer-urdu|title=Wajida Tabassum: a defiant writer|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=10 April 2016|newspaper=The Milli Gazette}}</ref>
She married her cousin Ashfaq Ahmad in 1960; he was employed with [[Indian Railways]]. After his retirement he published all her books. They settled in [[Bombay]] and had five children, four sons and one daughter.<ref name=Youth />

Wajida Tabassum's stories started appearing in the monthly magazine ''[[Biswin Sadi]]'' ('twentieth century'). These stories were erotic in style as she brought out the life styles of the Hyderabadi [[nawab]]s, which was considered "luxurious and amorous". Her collection of stories was first published as ''Shahr-e Mamnu'' ('Forbidden City') in 1960; it became very popular and received critical acclaim. Literary critic [[Mujtaba Hussain]] observed that "she was the first story writer after [[Ismat Chughtai|Chughtai]] who can be called ''sahib-e-asloob'', a writer with distinct style." He also lamented that she crossed the "limits of decorum (and decency)" in her stories. The story titled "Utran" (meaning 'discarded clothes'), which was made into a film and a Hindi TV serial, was a literary achievement for her. Her other stories titled "Nath ka bojh" (Burden of The Nose-Ring), "Haur Upar" (A little Higher) and "Nath Utarwai" (Removal of the nose-ring) were controversial, as there was more of an erotic element in these stories. During the 1960 and 1970s the erotic stories which she wrote were published in the magazine titled ''[[Shama (magazine)|Shama]]'', for which she received very handsome payments at that time. However, she withdrew from the writing scene as she suffered from arthritis and led a secluded life in her home in [[Mumbai]], although her house was used for shooting of films. She died on 7 December 2011 in Mumbai.<ref name=Youth /><ref name=Khan />

== Publications ==
Apart from "Utran", some of her other published books are:
*''Teh Khana'' (1968)
*''Kaise Samjhaoon'' (1977)
*''Phul Khilne Do'' (1977)
*''Zakhm-e Dil aur Mahak, aur Mahak'' (1978)<ref>
Vājidah Tabassum, [https://lccn.loc.gov/78903954 Zak̲h̲m-i dil aur mahak, aur mahak]. Bombay: Overseas Book Centre, 1978.</ref>
*''Zar Zan Zamin'' (1989).<ref name=Youth /><ref name=Khan />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Butalia |first=Urvashi |title=Katha: Short Stories by Indian Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC4hBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT119|date=2 January 2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=978-1-84659-169-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Kali for Women|authorlink=Kali for Women|title=The Slate of Life: More Contemporary Stories by Women Writers of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iol0n7497OcC&pg=PA131|year=1990|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-088-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Muir |first=John Kenneth |title=Mercy in Her Eyes: The Films of Mira Nair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEte5ilhCTcC&pg=PA113|year=2006|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-1-55783-649-6}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0845907}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tabassum, Wajida}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Mumbai Central–New Delhi Duronto Express

2026-03-09T04:39:48Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: started info...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Mumbai Central - Hazrat Nizamuddin ''Duronto Express''
| image = 22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express - Train Board.jpg
| caption = MMCT-NZM Duronto Express train board.
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|03|23}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT)
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|1378|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 33 minutes; as 22209, 17 hrs 30 mins as 22210
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], AC 3 Tier Economy
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Pantry Car
| baggage = Underhead Space
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| el = Yes, 25 kV at 50 Hz
| trainnumber = 22209 / 22210
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, 
{{convert|82|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Mumbai Central-New Delhi Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22209 / 22210 '''Mumbai Central – Hazrat Nizamuddin Durunto Express''', is a [[Duronto Express|Duronto Express Train]] between stations {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin]] of New Delhi. Operated by Western Railways (WR), Mumbai Division, it is currently the fastest amongst the Duronto series of express trains at an average speed of 83km/h.

The maiden run of the train was on 18 March 2012, as 02209 from Mumbai Central to New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/akshaypatilwcam/6849617756/|title = 02209 down Mumbai central-Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Inaugural Special at platform no.4 of Bovrivali|date = 18 March 2012}}</ref> and was flagged off by the [[List of mayors of Mumbai|Mayor of Mumbai]], Sunil Prabhu.

22210 Mumbai Duronto used to arrive Mumbai Central at 17:00 hrs initially but changes were made and the arrival time at Mumbai was made 45 mins earlier i.e. at 16:15 hrs. Now it is again changed by 25 mins earlier and reaches Mumbai at 15:50 hrs. Similarly, the down train used to arrive at New Delhi at 16:55 hrs, 10–20 mins early on average and then it was changed to arrive at New Delhi at 16:30 hrs. Now, after changing its terminal to Hazrat Nizamuddin, it reaches at 15:50 hrs<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/arrdephistory/arrival-departure-history-mumbai-central-hazrat-nizamuddin-ac-duronto-express-22209-bct-to-ndls/17125/297/664|title = Mumbai Central - Hazrat Nizamuddin AC Duronto Express/22209 Arrival/Departure History - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

==Route, halts and speed==
Initially, like other Duronto Express trains, 22209/10 did did not make any commercial halts in the past, but currently it stops at the following stations:

* [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
* [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]]
* [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam Junction]]
* [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]
* [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]

After the extension of Sealdah–New Delhi Duronto upto Bikaner, this train is currently the fastest Duronto Express in Indian Railways.

22210 Mumbai Duronto used to arrive Mumbai Central at 17:00 hrs initially but changes were made and the arrival time at Mumbai was made 45 mins earlier i.e. at 16:15 hrs. Now it is again changed by 25 mins earlier and reaches Mumbai at 15:50 hrs. Similarly, the down train used to arrive at New Delhi at 16:55 hrs, 10–20 mins early on average and then it was changed to arrive at New Delhi at 16:30 hrs. Now, after changing its terminal to Hazrat Nizamuddin, it reaches at 15:50 hrs<ref name=":0" />

==Coach composition==
The rolling stock in this train consists of [[LHB coach|LHB coaches]] manufactured in India. While they arrive with the Rajdhani's distinctive red livery, Duronto Express' coaches are pasted with the Duronto vinyl or wallpaper. Known as Maa Mati Manush, the livery was designed by the former Minister of Railways [[Mamta Banerjee]], who led the creation of Duronto series of express trains.

22209/10 consists of four Third AC Economy (3E), 6 Third AC (3A), 3 Second AC (2A), 1 pantry, 1 First AC (1A), 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake, and 1 Generator car luggage car guard van, hence, a total of 17 coaches.

; Rake composition

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:lightblue;"
! Loco !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17
|-
| [[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || EOG || M1 || M2 ||M3 || M4 || B1 || B2 || B3|| B4 ||B5 || B6 || A1 || A2 || A3 || PC || H1 || DL1
|}
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express with HOG equipped Vadodara based WAP 7.jpg|22209 Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express with HOG-equipped [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara loco shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]
File:22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express - AC 1st Class coach.jpg|22209 Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]] coach
File:22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express - AC 2 tier coach.jpg|22209 Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]] coach
File:22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express - Pantry Car coach.jpg|22209 Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express – [[Pantry car|Pantry]] coach
File:22209 Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|22209 Mumbai–New Delhi Duronto Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
File:BCTDRNT.JPG|Mumbai Duronto at Mumbai Central on 18 March 2012
</gallery>

==Other trains==

Other prominent trains that connect Mumbai and Delhi are:
# [[Chandigarh–Bandra Terminus Superfast Express]]
# [[Swaraj Express]]
# [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Haridwar AC Superfast Express|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Haridwar AC]]
# [[Paschim Express]]
# [[Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express]]
# [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]]
# [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Yuva Express]]
# [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]]
# [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]]
# [[Golden Temple Mail]]
# [[Punjab Mail]]
# [[Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] Terminus–Amritsar Express
# [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
# [[Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express]]
# [[Mumbai CSMT–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]]
# [[Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express|Bandra Terminus-Haridwar SF Express]]
# [[Bandra Terminus–Lal Kuan Weekly Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
#{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/new-delhi-mumbai-central-ac-duronto-express-22210-ndls-to-bct/17126/664/297|title=22210/New Delhi-Mumbai AC Duronto Express Duronto New Delhi/NDLS to Mumbai/BCT - India Rail Info - A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}
#{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-central-new-delhi-ac-duronto-express-22209-bct-to-ndls/17125/297/664|title=22209/Mumbai Central - New Delhi AC Duronto Express Duronto Mumbai/BCT to New Delhi/NDLS - India Rail Info - A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2014-05-30}}
# http://www.indianrail.gov.in/train_Schedule.html (type 22209 or 22210 and search)
#{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Biweekly-Mumbai-Delhi-Duronto-from-Friday/articleshow/12321923.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126074505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-19/mumbai/31210352_1_mumbai-central-ac-duronto-express-inaugural-train|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-01-26|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Biweekly Mumbai–Delhi Duronto from Friday|access-date=2014-05-30}}

==Sister trains==
* [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin AC Superfast Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Yuva Express]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin AC Express]]
* [[Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Mumbai CSMT–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]]

{{Duronto Express}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Western Railway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai Central-New Delhi AC Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Delhi–Mumbai trains]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

Ora Egaro Jon

2026-03-07T06:33:33Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ora Egaro Jon
| image = Ora Egaro Jon.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]]
| producer = [[Sohel Rana (actor)|Masud Parvez]]
| writer = Al Masood
| screenplay = Kazi Aziz Ahmed
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list | [[Kamrul Alam Khan Khasru|Kamrul Alam Khasru]]| | [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]]| | [[Shabana (actress)|Afroza Sultana Shabana]]| | [[Nuton|Farhana Amin Nuton]]| | [[Sumita Devi]]| | [[Rawshan Jamil]]| | [[Khalil Ullah Khan]]| | [[ATM Shamsuzzaman]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Khandaker Nurul Alam]]
| cinematography = Abdus Samad
| editing = [[Bashir Hossain]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Parvez Films
* Star Film Corporation Ltd.
}}
| distributor = Star Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|08|11|Dhaka}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = Bangladesh
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{BDT|500 k}} ({{USD|68493}})<ref name="jamuna" />
| gross = {{BDT|40 [[lakh]]}} ({{USD|519480}})<ref name='dj'>{{cite news |title='Ora 11 Jon' Muktijuddher Jibonto Dolil |trans-title='Ora 11 Jon' A Living Document of the Liberation War |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-anando-nagar/1036297 |newspaper=[[Daily Jugantor]] |date=December 3, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ora Egaro Jon''''' ({{langx|bn|ওরা ১১ জন}}) is a 1972 [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bengali]] historical drama film written by Al Masood and directed by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]], based on the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. Director Islam and lead actor [[Kamrul Alam Khan Khasru]] were both members of [[Mukti Bahini]] (liberation army).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Mainul |date=16 December 2011 |title=Ora Egaro Jon and Chashi Nazrul Islam |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_16-12-2011_Ora-Egaro-Jon-and-Chashi-Nazrul-Islam_435_1_7_1_0.html |newspaper=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105123507/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_16-12-2011_Ora-Egaro-Jon-and-Chashi-Nazrul-Islam_435_1_7_1_0.html |archive-date=5 November 2014 |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>

After Bangladesh won their independence, this was the first film about [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=33 |script-title=bn:চাষী নজরুল ইসলাম |trans-title=Chashi Nazrul Islam |last=Mostafiz |website=[[Gunijan|Gunijan Trust]] |language=bn |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Khosru (Khosru) and his sister Mita ([[Shabana (actress)|Shabana]]) live at their maternal uncle's home in [[Dhaka]]. Khosru's marriage with his neighbor Sheela ([[Nuton]]) is fixed. On the other hand, Sheela's engineer brother Parvez ([[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Razzak]]) grew a romantic bond with Mita, a medical college student. Everything was going well until [[Bangladesh Liberation War|the war]] broke out.

Khosru joined the war and formed a guerilla force with ten other companions. The force was led by Khosru himself. Parvez was captured by the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan army]] for helping the [[Mukti Bahini|freedom fighters]]. In the midst of Parvez's torturous interrogation, Pak forces killed Parvez's mother and younger brother in front of him as the Pak major wanted to know about the whereabouts of the freedom fighters. His sister Sheela was also tortured and raped in the Pak cantonment.

Mita joined a medical team in Bikrampur to serve the wounded freedom fighters. However, one day, the Pakistani army also got hold of the medical centre she was working in. The Pak forces killed all the wounded freedom fighters in the medical centre and they also raped Mita in the process. She was later rescued by some freedom fighters; disgraced she later tried to commit suicide but was stopped by her senior doctor. The war later ended with the surrender of the enemy and the victory of the freedom fighters. Parvez returned wounded from Pak captivity and was treated in the medical centre where Mita was serving. Mita felt ashamed to show herself to Parvez but despite learning about Mita's persecution, he willingly reunited with Mita.

Back in the Pak cantonment Parvez's sister and Khosru's fiance, Sheela is freed along with other [[Birangona|Birangonas]]. Khosru was able to find her but she succumbed to the immense persecution she suffered at the Pak army's hands and died at Khosru's arms.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kamrul Alam Khan Khasru]] as ''Khosru'', Guerrilla fighter's leader
* Murad as ''Murad'', Guerrilla fighter
* Helal as ''Helal'', Guerrilla fighter
* Abu as ''Abu'', Guerrilla fighter
* Ata as ''Ata'', Guerrilla fighter
* Monju as ''Monju'', Guerrilla fighter
* Alin as ''Alin'', Guerrilla fighter
* Altaf as ''Mijan'', Guerrilla fighter
* Firoj as ''Firoj'', Guerrilla fighter
* Siddique Jamal Nantu as ''Nantu'', Guerrilla fighter
* [[Baby Zaman]] as ''Zaman'', Guerrilla fighter
* [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]] as ''Parvez''
* [[Shabana (Bangladeshi actress)|Shabana]] as ''Mita'', Khosru's sister
* [[Nuton]] as ''Shila'', Parvez's sister
* [[Mita Rahman]] as ''Keya''
* [[Rawshan Jamil]] as ''Abu's mother''
* [[Sumita Devi]] as ''Khosru's mother''
* [[Syed Hasan Imam (actor)|Sayed Hasan Imam]] as ''Doctor''
* Kazi Mehfuzul Haque as ''Hafizur Rahman'', Parvez's father
* Sabita as ''Paroma''
* Sitara Begum as ''Aunt''
* [[Mirana Zaman]] as ''Parvez's mother''
* Sawpna Kazi as ''Baby''
* Kazi Kamal as ''Khokon''
* Hafizur Rahman Ayek as ''Khosru's uncle''
* [[Suja Khondokar]] as ''Suja Afgan'', Pakistani soldier
* [[Khalil Ullah Khan]] as ''Pakistani Major''
* [[ATM Shamsuzzaman]] as ''Bejar Ali'' ([[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]])
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Background===
The film 'Ora Egaro Jon' was directed by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] and produced by freedom fighter and then [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Chhatra League]] leader Md. Masood Parvez,<ref name="ap11Aug2022">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:৫০-এ ওরা ১১ জন |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/227297/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |work=Ajker Patrika |date=11 August 2022 |language=bn |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> popularly known as [[Sohel Rana (actor)|Sohel Rana]]. He was a student of Dhaka University during Bangladesh Liberation War. After the war, Masud Parvez planned to make a film on the liberation war after returning to the university. The plan to make the film was taken on 19 December 1971. Famous freedom fighter Kamrul Alam Khan Khosru played the lead role in the film. He was the guerrilla commander of [[Greater Dhaka|Dhaka region]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]].

All those who acted in this film as freedom fighters were members of [[Mukti Bahini]] including Khusru with 10 other freedom fighters who had returned from the war, a few days before the shooting of the film.

===Development===
This was [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]]'s first film as a director. Before that he was working as an assistant director. Mustafizul Hoque, one of the famous director at that time wanted to make the film at that time without remuneration.<ref name="pa13Aug2022">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:‘ওরা ১১ জন’ পঞ্চাশে |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/lhlw75cnkw |work=Prothom Alo |date=13 August 2022 |language=bn |access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref> But after hearing that [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] was also joining the project, Mustafiz said, “He has been working for a long time. He can do it".<ref name="ap11Aug2022" /> The producer of the film [[Sohel Rana (actor)|Masud Parvez]] was funded by many of his friends, relatives and well known personnel. His mother Delwara Begum gave a part of his pension money to his son. The producer also took {{BDT|10000}} ({{USD|1369}}) given by his sister [[Ferdous Ara Begum]]. After the shooting of some scenes, a five-year contract of {{BDT|450000}} ({{USD|61643}}) was signed with the Star Film Distributor. The signing money was {{BDT|10000}} ({{USD|1369}}).<ref name="ap11Aug2022" /><ref name="pa13Aug2022" /> It is said that the investment money of the movie came from the advance money from the owners before the release.

The weapons and ammunition used in the liberation war were also used in the shooting of the movie. Sohel Rana went to Air Vice Marshal AK Khandkar along with his close friend Noore Alam Siddiqui. After hearing that arms and ammunition would be needed to make the movie, he told the then Major Shaukat. A major was attached to the shooting team to look after the Pakistan Army and Bangladesh Army uniforms. With the help of Major [[Ziaur Rahman]], one of the sector commanders of the liberation war, the battle scenes were shot with the weapons and logistics left behind by the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="bdn16Dec2016">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ওরা ১১ জন: আলোচনার আলোয় |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1258458.bdnews |work=bdnews24.com |date=16 December 2016 |language=bn |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref> Arms and ammunition were supplied from Gazipur Cantonment for use in the film. Basically this initiative was taken to make the battle scenes more realistic. Army personnel from Gazipur cantonment also acted in the film.

===Filming===
{{multiple image
| align =
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Beautiful Joydebpur, Gazipur - 4.jpg
| image2 = BFDC Gate.jpg
| footer = ''Joydebpur village'' and ''[[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|BFDC]] garden''; much of ''Ora Egaro Jon'' was shot in these locations.
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
}}

The use of real weapons also entails considerable risk in film shooting. Even cameraman Abdus Samad refused to capture some of the scene.

The film had a scene where [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]] was killed. For the sake of the scene, some Razakars detained in Iqbal Hall were caught and taken to the shooting. Sohel Rana said, the Razakars were asked to play death by shooting in water. Another scene also featured real Pakistani soldiers.<ref name="pa13Aug2022" />

Another scene was to kill a captured Pakistani soldier. Two Pakistani soldiers, who were trapped during the liberation war were then imprisoned near the film's unit. They have not yet been handed over to the [[Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh government]]. The scene is acted out with these two soldiers. They were then handed over to the cantonment authorities.

The film also featured some parts of the historic [[7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|7th march speech]] of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].

The film was shot for 190 days starting from 3 February 1972, at various locations including Joydebpur, Gazipur Cantonment and [[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|Bangladesh Film Development Organization]].

===Casting===
Although the movie was planned to be made only with [[Mukti Bahini|freedom fighters]], but [[Iftekharul Alam Kislu]] of the Star Film, suggested adding familiar faces alongside the freedom fighters. So the stars of that time were offered to act. To whom it was said, all agreed unanimously, even without remuneration. later stars like [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]], [[Shabana (actress)|Shabana]] were added to the cast for the film.<ref name="ap11Aug2022" /> Beside [[Kamrul Alam Khan Khasru]], the other 10 freedom fighters who acted in the film are Manju, Aleen, Helal, Abu, Ata, Nantu, Baby, Murad, Altaf and Feroze. Apart from [[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Razzak]] and [[Shabana (actress)|Shabana]], Actress [[Nuton]], [[Rawshan Jamil]], Mirana Zaman, Sumita Debi, Actor Mehfuz, Syed Hasan Imam, [[Khalil Ullah Khan]], Raj and others starred this film. [[ATM Shamsuzzaman]] played the role of [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakar]] in the film.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ora Egaro Jon
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Khandaker Nurul Alam]] [[Sabina Yasmin]], Saiful Islam and others
| cover =
| producer =
| alt =
| released = 1972
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Film music
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label =
| misc =
}}

The music of the film is directed by renowned composer [[Khandaker Nurul Alam|Khondaker Nurul Alam]].
{{track listing
| headline = ''Ora Egaro Jon'' Soundtrack&nbsp;– Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length =
| title1 = [[O Amar Desher Mati]]
| extra1 = Saiful Islam
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| title2 = Amay Ekti Khudiram dao
| extra2 =
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| title3 = Ek Sagar Rokter Binimoye
| extra3 = [[Sabina Yasmin]]
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 11 August 1972 in [[Dhaka]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Reviews were broadly positive nationwide. The film was discussed or reviewed by many critics and film makers and media. Notable among them is an edited book by Anupam Hayat, an article written by Chinmoy Mutsuddi and a research paper by Dr. Kaveri Gayen.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" />

Everyone mentioned this film as a documentary film of the liberation war in their writings. Also, the panelists have given importance to innovation, technical skills and positive representation of women in the editing of the movie.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" />

Ahmad Zaman Chowdhury said, {{blockquote|Some of the camera work in this black-and-white film was extraordinary. Soldiers running in rows. Scenes of the brutal killing of blindfolded, naked women were artistic. The use of metaphors and montages have played a significant role in establishing the film as a war film. In some cases, the influence of Sergei Eisenstein's war movie 'Battleship Potemkin' is seen in the film's editing and cinematography.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" />|}}

Evaluating the film as an important film in the history of [[Cinema of Bangladesh]], film analysts and producer Matin Rahman said, {{blockquote|The director of the movie, the producer, the cameraman and most of the artisans made the movie with the experience of the liberation war. They did not erase the horrors of the Liberation war, they were transformed into scenes planning.<ref name="pa13Aug2022" />|}}

The film was also praised by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] who formed the [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation movement]] against the ruling party of Pakistan in the pre-Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After the release of the film, producer [[Sohel Rana (actor)|Masud Parvez]] went to his Dhanmondi residence to know about his opinion on the film. Mujib hugged him and said, {{blockquote|Well done, go ahead.<ref name="pa13Aug2022" />|}}

In the discussion of film critic Chinmoy Mutsuddi, he said, {{blockquote|Those who played the role of 11 freedom fighters in this film are all freedom fighters but none of them are actors. So while the acting in other scenes is not that great, the battle scenes are realistic enough.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" />|}}

In fact, this was one of the strengths and weaknesses of this film The actors of the film are all freedom fighters. So their actions and shots on the battlefield were every bit believable and realistic. But the lack of emotion and expression in proportion to the weakness and necessity of their dialogue as actors is quite noticeable.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" /> Also, the story slows down a bit in the middle of this almost two-hour film. In some cases, the director has added extra time, which otherwise would not have harmed the film. There was no climax throughout the whole movie. The director must be said to have failed somewhat in creating the necessary excitement in directing the flow of events. But there was enough opportunity to create this tension or climax in the story.<ref name="bdn16Dec2016" />

However, even 50 years after its release, the film is considered as a masterpiece.<ref name="jamuna">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:‘ওরা ১১ জন’ এর পেছনের গল্প |url=https://jamuna.tv/news/413470 |work=Jamuna TV |language=bn |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> It has been selected for preservation by the [[Bangladesh Film Archive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfa.gov.bd/movie/details.html?id=140 |script-title=bn:ওরা ১১ জন |website=Bangladesh Film Archive |language=bn |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was a commercial success. It is known that within a week of the release, the production cost of the film had recovered.<ref name="pa13Aug2022" /> It grossed {{BDT|40 [[lakh]]}} ({{USD|519480}}) at the box office.<ref name='dj'/>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| Source
|-
| [[Bachsas Awards]]
| {{win}}
| <ref name="jamuna" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ora Egaro Jon}}
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 drama films]]
[[Category:1972 war films]]
[[Category:1972 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi war drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Films set in 1971]]
[[Category:Films scored by Khandaker Nurul Alam]]
[[Category:Parvez Films films]]

Vasant Chavan

2026-03-04T10:42:58Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Distinguish|Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vasant Chavan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| residence = City - [[Pune]], State - [[Maharashtra]], Country - [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|07|11|1942|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 25 April 2005
| term_end = 11 July 2006
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| successor = [[Supriya Sule]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| website =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Vasant Chavan''' (Born 1942) was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Maharashtra]] state during the terms 25 April 2005 to 2 April 2006 as [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate,<ref name=RSbio>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> in bye-elections unopposed after the resignation of then Shiv Sena Rajya Sabha member [[Sanjay Nirupam]].<ref name=DNA>{{cite news|title=NCP leader Vasant Chavan dies of heart attack|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ncp-leader-vasant-chavan-dies-of-heart-attack-1040891|accessdate=2 October 2015|agency=DNA India}}</ref> He was elected for second term from 03/04/2006 to 02/04/2012.<ref name = RSbio/>

He had member of Maharashtra Legislative Council for 3 terms until 2004. Chavan had a large following among the Mehtar Valmiki community and his brilliant academic record had earned him many admirers, including the political leader like [[Sharad Pawar]].

<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=NCP leader Vasant Chavan dead|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/NCP-leader-Vasant-Chavan-dead/articleshow/1740333.cms|accessdate=2 October 2015|agency=Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavan, Vasant}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Chavan Vasant]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

35 Chinna Katha Kaadu

2026-03-03T09:14:28Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: starting first article basic info!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Nanda Kishore Emani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 35 Chinna Katha Kaadu
| image = 35 - Chinna Katha Kaadu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nanda Kishore Emani
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Srujan Yarabolu
* Siddharth Rallapalli
}}
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Prashanth Vignesh Amaravadhi
* Nanda Kishore Emani
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nivetha Thomas]]
* Arundev Pothula
* [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
}}
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cinematography = [[Niketh Bommi]]
| editing = T. C. Prasanna
| studio = {{Plain list|
* [[Suresh Productions]]
* S Originals
* Waltair Productions
}}
| distributor = Suresh Productions
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = 

₹5.90 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=35 Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/35-movie-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=29 October 2024 |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''35''''' '''''Chinna Katha Kaadu''''' ({{translation|35 Not a small story}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by Nanda Kishore Emani in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Daggubati Presents Movie Titled 35; Unveils Poster, Title |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/rana-daggubati-presents-35-movie-unveils-poster-and-title-article-111251420 |work=Times Now |date=25 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625080059/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/rana-daggubati-presents-35-movie-unveils-poster-and-title-article-111251420 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Nivetha Thomas]], Arundev Pothula, [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] and [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyadarshi: The role I played in 35 is a tribute to my math teacher |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/03/priyadarshi-the-role-i-played-in-35-is-a-tribute-to-my-math-teacher |work=Cinema Express |date=8 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 6 September 2024 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=35 trailer: A realistic tale with characters straight out of a classic Telugu novel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/35-trailer-a-realistic-tale-with-characters-straight-out-of-a-classic-telugu-novel |date=2 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Vivek Sagar]] composed the music, T. C. Prasanna is the editor and [[Niketh Bommireddy|Niketh Bommi]] handled the cinematography. It was featured at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-in-iffi-race-1839758|title=Kalki 2898 AD, 35 Chinna Katha Kaadu in IFFI race|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=20 November 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2067711|title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Nivetha Thomas won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
The story is set in a traditional [[Telugu Brahmin]] household in [[Tirupati]], centered around Saraswati, a devoted homemaker; her husband Prasad, who works as a bus conductor with the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]]; and their two children, Arun and Varun. Together, they lead a simple yet beautiful middle-class life.

Arun, the elder of the sons, is curious by nature. He likes to ask questions and learn the why of everything. His only question nobody seems to know the answer to: how can zero, a number with no value, increase the value of another number when placed to its right? Despite Arun struggling with maths in school, getting zeros on exams, he gets promoted till the 6th grade. This worries Prasad.

At the same time, a new maths teacher named Chanakya Varma joins Arun and Varun's school. He is arrogant and strict, but appears to care for the futures of his students. Arun, who continuously pesters and challengers Chanakya with his questions, irritates the teacher. He tries disciplining him, which in turn makes Arun rebellious.

Chanakya suggests that Prasad and the principal Buchi Reddy demote Arun to the 5th grade (Varun's grade) in order to get him to work on his maths foundation. Prasad agrees, but this enrages Saraswati. Over a course of events, Arun is publicly challenged to score 35 marks (the passing grade) in the 5th grade annual exam. The rest of the story is about how the seemingly valueless zero ignites events that test the family's resilience and unity, and stirs up rifts and friendships in his class. It's ''not a small story'' (''Chinna Katha Kadhu''), as Arun's father often says.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nivetha Thomas]] as Sripathi Panditharadhyula Venkata Padma Kamala Kantha Pranava Manjula Bala Saraswati
*Arundev Pothula as Sripathi Panditharadhyula Siva Shanmuka Venkata Satya Sai Arun Sarma
*[[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] as Sripathi Panditharadhyula Venkata Pavana Subramanya Sathya Prasad
*[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Chanakya Varma, M.A.
*[[Gautami]] as Sarada
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Principal Bucchi Reddy
*Abhay Shankar as Sripathi Panditharadhyula Varun Sarma
*Ananya as Kiranmayee "Kiran"
*Krishna Teja as "Prasadams, Darsanam and Rooms"(PDR) Murthy
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Srujan Yarabolu and Siddharth Rallapally under the banners of [[Suresh Productions]], S Originals, and Waltair Productions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Daggubati to present Telugu film '35', starring Gauthami, Nivetha Thomas and Priyadarshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-to-present-telugu-film-35-starring-gauthami-nivetha-thomas-and-priyadarshi/article68331141.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=25 June 2024 |language=en-IN |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625101235/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-to-present-telugu-film-35-starring-gauthami-nivetha-thomas-and-priyadarshi/article68331141.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Nivetha Thomas discusses about the unique appeal of '35-Not a Short Story' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nivetha-thomas-discusses-about-the-unique-appeal-of-35-not-a-short-story-903781 |work=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> The film's budget was under {{INR|10 crore}}.<ref name=":OTTp1">{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas' 35-Chinna Katha Kaadu locks a new release date, deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nivetha-thomas-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-locks-a-new-release-date-deets-inside/0c7d6f96c0445 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=25 August 2024}}</ref> The film's story is set in [[Tirupati]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Nanda Kishore Emani: '35 - Chinna katha kaadu' is a story of relationships, mathematics is just the backdrop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanda-kishore-emani-35-is-a-story-of-relationships-mathematics-is-just-the-backdrop/article68459496.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=30 August 2024 |language=en-IN |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902054027/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanda-kishore-emani-35-is-a-story-of-relationships-mathematics-is-just-the-backdrop/article68459496.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast, including [[Nivetha Thomas]], underwent training from the [[dialect]] coach and co-writer of the film Prashanth Vignesh, in the local Telugu dialect, covering [[phonetics]] and [[Lexical corpus|lexical]] aspects, as well as its distinct [[Tamil language|Tamil]] influences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Nivetha Thomas: It would have been an injustice had I turned down '35' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivetha-thomas-it-would-have-been-an-injustice-had-i-turned-down-35/article68588835.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=31 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Nivetha underwent physical transformation, gaining weight, to portray the character Saraswati in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas looks unrecognisable as she undergoes massive physical transformation - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/nivetha-thomas-looks-unrecognisable-as-she-undergoes-massive-physical-transformation-to-play-a-stay-at-home-mother/articleshow/112965517.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902150246/https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/nivetha-thomas-looks-unrecognisable-as-she-undergoes-massive-physical-transformation-to-play-a-stay-at-home-mother/amp_articleshow/112965517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Nivetha Thomas' Transformation Pics For 35-Chinna Katha Kaadu Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-nivetha-thomas-transformation-pics-for-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-viral-9035985.html |work=News18 |date=2 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The title of the film was unveiled on 25 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyadarshi's next with Suresh Productions titled 35 - Chinna Katha Kaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/25/suresh-productions-next-project-titled-35-chinna-katha-kaadu |work=Cinema Express |date=12 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Daggubati to present Telugu film '35', says it will touch everyone's hearts |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/rana-daggubati-to-present-telugu-film-35-says-it-will-touch-everyones-hearts-791861 |work=dtnext |date=25 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography was by [[Niketh Bommireddy|Niketh Bommi]], while the editing was handled by T. C. Prasanna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas' next titled "35-Chinna Katha Kaadu" |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/nivetha-thomas-next-titled-35-chinna-katha-kaadu.html/amp |work=[[NTV (India)|NTV ENGLISH]] |date=25 June 2024}}</ref> The film received a U certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas starrer 35 completes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/nivetha-thomas-starrer-35-completes-censorship-formalities |work=Cinema Express |date=3 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Vivek Sagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=35 Chinna Katha Kaadu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/35-chinna-katha-kaadu/pi4SKZW2OO8_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=4 September 2024 |date=4 August 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902132204/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/35-chinna-katha-kaadu/pi4SKZW2OO8_ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Infobox album
| name = 35 Chinna Katha Kaadu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cover =
| caption =
| released = {{Start date|2024|10|10|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=10}}
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Vivek Sagar
| prev_title = [[Darling (2024 film)|Darling]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Swag (film)|Swag]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|tK7qZGrde9I|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sayyare Sayya
| length1 = 4:33
| lyrics1 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title2 = Chinna Idi Vintha Lokam
| length2 = 3:53
| lyrics2 = Bharadwaj Gali
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title3 = Neeli Meghamulalo
| length3 = 4:52
| lyrics3 = Bharadwaj Gali
| extra3 = Prithvi Harish
| title4 = Taaralainaa Cheraalante
| lyrics4 = Bharadwaj Gali
| extra4 = [[Mangli]], Priyanka Harish (slokam)
| title5 = Bhashalona Rayaleni Bhavame
| lyrics5 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra5 = Vivek Sagar
| title6 = Chinna Kadha Kaadey
| lyrics6 = Team 35
| extra6 = Ritesh G Rao, Sindhuja Srinivasan
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 15 August 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Heartwarming Teaser Of 35 Chinna Katha Kaadu Launched |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/heartwarming-teaser-of-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-launched-article-111473626 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> but was released on 6 September 2024, with limited paid premieres on 5 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas Interview on 35 Chianna Katha Kaadu: The script and emotions blew my mind |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/nivetha-thomas-interview-on-35-chianna-katha-kaadu-the-script-and-emotions-blew-my-mind/dca9b262f8868 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904110935/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/interview/nivetha-thomas-interview-on-35-chianna-katha-kaadu-the-script-and-emotions-blew-my-mind/dca9b262f8868 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=OTT Family Drama Movie: ఓటీటీలో స్ట్రీమింగ్‍కు వచ్చేసిన ఫీల్ గుడ్ ఫ్యామిలీ మూవీ.. మిస్ అవొద్దు! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-steaming-started-on-aha-ott-platform-121727829523865.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and announced the premiere date to be 27 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=35 Chinna Katha Kaadu new OTT release date out: When and how to watch Nivetha Thomas's family drama online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-new-ott-release-date-out-when-and-how-to-watch-nivetha-thomass-family-drama-online/articleshow/113786019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> but was later released on 2 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=35 Chinna Katha Kaadu new OTT release date out: When and how to watch Nivetha Thomas's family drama online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-new-ott-release-date-out-when-and-how-to-watch-nivetha-thomass-family-drama-online/articleshow/113786019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-27 |title=Nivetha Thomas starrer 35 to have its OTT premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/27/nivetha-thomas-starrer-35-to-have-its-ott-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Television satellite rights were acquired by [[Zee Telugu]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} and was premiered on 22 December 2024, coinciding with [[National Mathematics Day (India)|National Mathematics Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-12-19 |title=Zee Telugu to celebrate National Mathematics Day with '35 Chinna Katha Kaadu' on December 22 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/zee-telugu-to-celebrate-national-mathematics-day-with-35-chinna-katha-kaadu-on-december-22 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> It was premiered at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] in November 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Five International and Two Indian Debut Directors to Compete for Silver Peacock at IFFI 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2073654&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The Tamil version titled ''35 Chinna Vishayam Illa'' was released on 25 December 2024.

== Reception ==
Aditya Devulapally of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and, cited the film as a "h<bdi>eartfelt love letter to childhood curiosity</bdi>" with extended praise to the direction, screenplay and the music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-07 |title='35' movie review: A heartfelt love letter to childhood curiosity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/07/35-movie-review-a-heartfelt-love-letter-to-childhood-curiosity |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' gave a positive review with particular praise to screenplay, dialogues, Nanda Kishore Emani's work and the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=35 Chinna Katha Kadu Review: రివ్యూ: 35 చిన్న క‌థ కాదు.. నివేదాథామస్‌ నటించిన మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే..? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/35-chinna-katha-kadu-review/0203/124163388 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "an uplifting tale of triumph" while praising performance of Nivetha Thomas and the child actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-09-06 |title='35: Chinna Katha Kaadu' movie review: Nivetha Thomas and a bunch of children in an uplifting tale of triumph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-movie-review-telugu-film-led-by-nivetha-thomas-is-a-tale-of-triumph/article68609164.ece |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jalapathy Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' particularly praised the performance of Nivetha Thomas, Vivek Sagar's music and Nanda Kishore Emani's screenplay, and storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=35 Chinna Katha Kaadu review: An endearing film! |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-review-an-endearing-film |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sruthi Kuruganti of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' stated in her review that, "The charm of ''35 – Chinna Katha Kaadu'' lies in its simplicity and humanism. The subtle interplay between mathematics and human relationships creates a layered story that celebrates the beauty of questioning and learning, both inside and outside the classroom".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-09-06 |title="35 – Chinna Katha Kaadu" Movie Review: Definitely not a small story |url=https://telanganatoday.com/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-movie-review-definitely-not-a-small-story |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> Calling Nivetha Thomas's performance as "stellar", Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' praised the dialogues and background score. He further stated, "A lot of detailing has gone when it comes to locations, costumes, and sets. All this was showcased so well and became a character in the film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=35 Chinna Katha Kaadu Review: It is a Nivetha Thomas show all the way |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-review-nivetha-thomass-stellar-performance-makes-all-the-difference/6656badb19770 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[70th Filmfare Awards South|21 February 2026]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| Srujan Yarabolu and Siddharth Rallapalli
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nominations-for-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81365.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| Nanda Kishore Emani
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Nivetha Thomas]]
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | [[International Film Festival of India]]
| rowspan="1" | [[55th International Film Festival of India|28 November 2024]]
| [[IFFI Best Debut Director Award|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
| Nanda Kishore Emani
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="1" | <ref name=":0" />
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|5 September 2025]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Nivetha Thomas]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=siima awards 2025: సైమా అవార్డ్స్‌ 2025.. అత్యధికంగా 11 నామినేషన్లతో 'పుష్ప2' |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/siima-awards-2025-nominations/0210/125132835 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2025 Winners (Telugu): Allu Arjun, Rashmika Are Best Actors; Kalki 2898 AD Bags Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/siima-2025-winners-telugu-allu-arjun-rashmika-are-best-actors-kalki-2898-ad-bags-best-film-9552659.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
| Nanda Kishore Emani
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]
| 14 June 2025
| Best Leading Actress
| [[Nivetha Thomas]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-06-14 |title=First Gaddar film awards ceremony in city today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/first-gaddar-film-awards-ceremony-in-city-today-979545 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32750432}}

[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about examinations and testing]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films set in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2020s children's drama films]]
[[Category:2024 children's films]]

Ganesha Meendum Santhipom

2026-03-03T03:01:45Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: article.

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Ratheesh Earate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganesha Meendum Santhipom
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ratheesh Earate
| producer = Arun Vikraman Krishnan
| writer = Ratheesh Earate
| starring = [[Prithvi Rajan]] [[Oviya]]
| music = NLB Siby
| cinematography = Vibind V
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| studio = HariGeetha Pictures, Skyway Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|4|5}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
}}

'''''Ganesha Meendum Santhipom''''' is a 2019 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[comedy film]] directed by Ratheesh Earate. Produced by Arun Vikraman Krishnan, the film features [[Prithvi Rajan]] and [[Oviya]] in the lead roles while [[I. M. Vijayan]], [[Singampuli]], and [[Crane Manohar]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by NLB Siby, and the film released on 5 April 2019.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a con artist named Solomon ([[Prithvi Rajan]]) who plays around with Keerthi ([[Oviya]]). She approaches Solomon, who pretends to be a local thug in Chennai, for avoiding her stalker. Solomon reaches Chennai after getting into trouble and being chased by the thug of Madurai, Katthari ([[I. M. Vijayan]]). The trouble starts when Solomon and his partner Famous Paandi ([[Singampuli]]) break Kattari's legacy motorcycle. The film evolves when Solomon is exposed in front of Keerthi and confronts Katthari's brother in Chennai.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prithvi Rajan]] as Solomon
*[[Oviya]] as Keerthi
*[[Devika Nambiar]]
*[[I. M. Vijayan]] as Katthari
*[[Singampuli]] as Famous Paandi
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Auto Driver
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]]
*[[Ambani Shankar]]
*Bomb Ramesh
*Sakthi
*Guna Selvaraja
*Mippu
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*Shiv Raj
}}

== Production ==
The film's promotions cashed in on Oviya's popularity after she participated in [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 1)|Bigg Boss Tamil season 1]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cashing in on the Oviyaa effect in Ganesha Meendum Santhipom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/03/cashing-in-on-the-oviya-effect-in-ganesha-meendum-santhipom-10869.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The film is set with two songs, both composed by debutant music director Siby.

== Reception ==
Thinkal Menon of ''The Times of India'' opined that "The movie doesn't have anything which impresses the regular film buffs and starts testing one's patience after a few minutes into it".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesha Meedum Santhipom Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Ganesha Meedum Santhipom by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ganesha-meedum-santhipom/movie-review/68752771.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''Cinema Express'' wrote that "On the whole, the Prithvi Rajan-Oviyaa-starrer tries to do a lot but fails to be worth our time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesha Meendum Santhipom Review: A cesspool of bad ideas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/apr/05/ganesha-meendum-santhipom-review-a-cesspool-of-bad-ideas-10895.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Wandoor, Kerala

2026-03-02T21:23:36Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made First Data V1!

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wandoor
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Wandoor Town 2017.jpg
| image_caption = Wandoor Town in 2007
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|11|44|N|76|14|09|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nilambur
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 47.32
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total = 50973
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679328
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 04931
| registration_plate = KL-71
}}

'''Wandoor''' is a town in Nilambur Taluk, [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located on the southeast of the [[Chaliyar river|Chaliyar River]], about 24 kilometres northeast of the district seat [[Malappuram]] and 8 km south of the taluk seat [[Nilambur]]. In the year 2011, the town has a population of 50,973.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Wandoor is located in the central area of Malappuram District. The [[State Highway 73 (Kerala)|State Highway 73]] [[ valanchery]]-[[nilambur]] [[state highway]] passes through the town. Its average elevation is 48 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandoor topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-v22vm2/Wandoor/?center=11.19575,76.23696 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Wandoor has [[Tropical monsoon climate|Tropical Monsoon Climate]] (Am) under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen Climate Classification]]. It sees the most rainfall in June, with 654 mm of average precipitation; and the least in January, with 28 mm of average precipitation.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Wandoor
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 32.1
| Feb high C = 33.5
| Mar high C = 33.6
| Apr high C = 31.4
| May high C = 30
| Jun high C = 27.8
| Jul high C = 27.3
| Aug high C = 27.5
| Sep high C = 28.4
| Oct high C = 28.7
| Nov high C = 29.3
| Dec high C = 30.3
| Jan mean C = 25.9
| Feb mean C = 27.1
| Mar mean C = 27.9
| Apr mean C = 27.3
| May mean C = 26.5
| Jun mean C = 24.8
| Jul mean C = 24.4
| Aug mean C = 24.5
| Sep mean C = 24.9
| Oct mean C = 25.1
| Nov mean C = 25.2
| Dec mean C = 25
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 19.1
| Feb low C = 20.6
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Apr low C = 23.5
| May low C = 23.5
| Jun low C = 22.8
| Jul low C = 22.3
| Aug low C = 22.3
| Sep low C = 22.2
| Oct low C = 21.9
| Nov low C = 20.9
| Dec low C = 19.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 28
| Feb rain mm = 29
| Mar rain mm = 95
| Apr rain mm = 232
| May rain mm = 371
| Jun rain mm = 654
| Jul rain mm = 599
| Aug rain mm = 445
| Sep rain mm = 294
| Oct rain mm = 425
| Nov rain mm = 269
| Dec rain mm = 77
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandoor climate: Temperature Wandoor & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/wandoor-294392/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Wandoor has 10,663 households. Among the 50,973 inhabitants, 24,516 are male and 26,457 are female. The total literacy rate is 80.59%, with 20,176 of the male population and 20,901 of the female population being literate. The census location code of the town is 627481.<ref name=":0" />

==Landmark==
*[[Wandoor Siva Temple]]

==Notable people==
* [[Pulikkottil Hyder]], renowned [[Mappila songs|''Mappila Paattu'']] poet.
* [[T. K. Hamza]], former minister of Kerala and former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malappuram district}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Nilambur area]]

Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T03:23:06Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: done...

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| map_alt = Location of Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra, India
| location = Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = Gadchiroli
| coordinates = {{coord|19.80|80.15|display=inline,title|region:IN-MH|name=Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary}}
| area_km2 = 418.85
| established = 27 August 2014
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Gadchiroli district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The sanctuary was notified by the Government of Maharashtra on 27 August 2014 under the provisions of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972]] and covers an area of approximately 418.85 km2. It lies along the [[Pranahita River]], a major tributary of the [[Godavari River]], and forms a contiguous ecological landscape with the [[Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the neighbouring state of [[Telangana]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=State gets 3 new sanctuaries in Pranhita, Isapur, Sudhagad|publisher=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/mumbai/state-gets-3-new-sanctuaries-in-pranhita-isapur-sudhagad/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger from Telangana disperses to Pranahita sanctuary|publisher=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/tiger-from-telangana-disperses-to-pranahita/articleshow/71145033.cms}}</ref>

The sanctuary forms part of the Eastern [[Vidarbha]] landscape and plays an important role in maintaining habitat connectivity between protected areas across Maharashtra and Telangana.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Preliminary assessment of tigers, co-predators and prey in Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|url=https://digitalrepository.wii.gov.in/items/c888531b-4006-45c1-8668-771d82e19c36}}</ref>

==History==
Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary was notified in 2014 as part of the Maharashtra government's initiative to expand the protected area network in eastern Vidarbha. The sanctuary encompasses forest tracts primarily in the Aheri and Sironcha talukas of [[Gadchiroli district]] and was established to conserve dry deciduous forests, riverine habitats, and wildlife populations along the Pranhita River, which also forms the inter-state boundary between Maharashtra and Telangana.<ref name=":0" />

==Geography and habitat==
The sanctuary is situated in eastern Maharashtra within the [[Pranahita River|Pranhita River]] basin and comprises gently undulating terrain with southern tropical dry deciduous forests interspersed with riparian vegetation. The river and associated streams provide perennial water sources and contribute to the ecological continuity of the forest landscape across state boundaries.<ref name=":2" />

==Flora and fauna==
Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary is characterised by southern tropical dry deciduous forests dominated by [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis''), bamboo, and associated dry-deciduous tree and shrub species typical of eastern Vidarbha. Riverine vegetation along the Pranhita River supports grasses, reeds, and riparian plant communities that provide important habitat and water resources for wildlife.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary Gazette Notification|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/10/pranhita.pdf}}</ref>

The sanctuary supports a variety of mammal species including tiger (''Panthera tigris''), leopard (''Panthera pardus''), sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus''), wild dog or dhole (''Cuon alpinus''), [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), sambar deer (''Rusa unicolor''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), Indian porcupine (''Hystrix indica''), langur, and smaller carnivores. The forest and riverine habitats also sustain diverse birdlife, reptiles, and amphibians associated with dry deciduous and riparian ecosystems.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-16 |title=Tiger from Telangana disperses to Pranahita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/tiger-from-telangana-disperses-to-pranahita/articleshow/71145033.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Management and conservation==
The sanctuary is administered by the [[Maharashtra Forest Department]] and is managed for wildlife conservation, habitat protection, and mitigation of human–wildlife conflict. Its location within the Eastern Vidarbha landscape makes it significant for maintaining wildlife corridors, particularly for large carnivores dispersing between Maharashtra and Telangana. Conservation measures include habitat management, anti-poaching activities, and regulation of development within and around the protected area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Administration Report 2020–21|publisher=Maharashtra Forest Department|url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/writereaddata/report_file/1675161871AAR2020-21.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Telangana)
* [[Wan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gadchiroli district]]

List of Puru and Yadu dynasties

2026-02-19T11:30:20Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: started new article...

{{Short description|Legendary dynasties in Hinduism}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{one source|date=October 2020}}
{{religious text primary|date=October 2020}}
{{original research|date=October 2020}}
}}
In Hindu texts, the '''Puru and Yadu Dynasties''' are the descendants of legendary King [[Pururavas]] who was a famous Hindu ruler in the [[Treta Yuga]]. Pururavas was the son of [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] and [[Budha]]. Some of the dynasties' important members were [[Yayati]], [[Yadu]], [[King Puru]], Turvasu, Druhyu and Anu. According to [[Hindu mythology]], Yayāti was one of the ancestors of [[Pandava]]s and the [[Yadava|Yadavas]].

== Chandravamsha clan ==
{{main|Lunar Dynasty}}

King Pururavas was a ruler of Treta Yuga. According to the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], Pururavas was the son of Ila and Budha. Some important members were Yayati, Yadu, Puru, Turvasu, Druhyu, and Anu. According to the Mahabharata, the Pandavas and the [[Kaurava]]s were from the lineage of Puru. [[Kartavirya Arjuna]], [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] were from the lineage of Yadu. Turvasu's descendants are named to be the Mlecchas of Balochistan and Dravidas of South India. Druhyu's descendants included the [[Gandhara]]s and [[Shakuni]]. Anu's descendants included [[Shakuni|e]]<nowiki/>hy [[Madra]]s, [[Kekaya]]s, Ushinara, and [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]].

# [[Brahma]]
# [[Atri]]
# [[Chandra]]
# Budha

=== The Lunar Dynasty descendants ===

The Lunar Dynasty started in the Treta Yuga.

# Pururavas
# Ayu, Shrutayu, Satyayu, Raya, Jaya and [[Amavasu Dynasty|Vijaya]] were the sons of Pururavas
# [[Nahusha]], Kshatravrdhdha, Raji, Rabha and Anena were the sons of Ayu
# Yati, [[Yayati]], Samyati, Ayati, Viyati, Nishanta, and Kriti were the sons of Nahusha

Yayati had two wives and five sons. Yadu, Turvasu, Druhyu, Anu, and Puru were the five sons of Yayati. [[Devayani]] and [[Sharmishtha]] were the two wives of Yayati.

=== Genealogy ===

{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Brah0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Brah0=[[Brahma]] |
boxstyle_Brah0=border-width:2px; border-color:black; }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Atri|y|Anasuya| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Atri=[[Atri]] |
boxstyle_Atri=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Anasuya=[[Anasuya]] Wife of Atri |
boxstyle_Anasuya=border-width:2px; border-color:black; }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |Kan|~|Durvasa| | | | |Tara|y|Chandra|y|Rohini| | | |Datta|~|Anag| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Kan=Kandali Wife of Durvasa |
boxstyle_Kan=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Durvasa=[[Durvasa]] |
boxstyle_Durvasa=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Tara=[[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]] illegitimate Wife of Chandra |
boxstyle_Tara=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Chandra=[[Chandra]] |
boxstyle_Chandra=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Rohini=[[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] Wife of Chandra |
boxstyle_Rohini=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Datta=[[Dattatreya]] |
boxstyle_Datta=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Anag=Anagha Wife of Dattatreya |
boxstyle_Anag=border-width:2px; border-color:black; }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Budha| |Varch| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
}}
Budha=[[Budha]]

illegitimate son of Chandra |
boxstyle_Budha=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
Varch=[[Varchas]]

legitimate son of Chandra |
boxstyle_Varch=border-width:2px; border-color:black; |
{{tree chart/end}}

== Emperor Puru dynasty ==
{{main|King Puru}}
[[File:Puru enthroned by yayati (cropped).jpg|thumb|312x312px|[[King Puru|Puru]] enthroned by Emperor [[Yayati]], made by Bhawani from Razmnama]]
The Puru Dynasty Kings such as King Puru and Janamejaya were once defeated by [[Ravana]] of [[Lanka]].
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes|content=#Puru (contemporary to Suryavanshi Emperor [[Mandhatri]])
#Janamejaya I
#Prachinwan (contemporary to Suryavanshi king Mulaka)
#Pravira
#Manasyu
#Risheyu
#Matinara I
#Charupada
#Suduyu
#Bahugava
#Sanyati
#Ahamyati
#Sarvabhauma I
#Jayatsena
#Arachina
#Arihana I
#Mahabhauma
#Ayutanayin
#Akrodhana I
#Devaththi I
#Arihana II
#Riksha II
#Matinara II
#Rantinava
#Tansu
#Illina
#[[Dushyanta]]
#[[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Emperor Bharata]]}}

=== Emperor Bharata dynasty ===
{{main|Emperor Bharata}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Bharata.jpg|thumb|[[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] (Sarvadamana), the son of Dushyanta and [[Shakuntala]]. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]
[[Bharata (Mahabharata)]] conquered the whole world from [[Kashmir]] (pole) to Kumari (coast) and established the great [[Lunar dynasty]] and by the glory, zenith and name of this king, India was called as ''Bharatavarsha or Bharatakhanda or Bharatadesha or Bharata''. He was named so because he had the blessings of Goddess [[Saraswati]] and Lord [[Hayagriva]]. [[India]] developed Vedic studies in the [[Vedic Period]].
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes|content=#Bhumanyu
#Suhotra
#Ajamida I
#Riksha II
#Samvarana I
#Kuru I
#Anasawan I
#Parikshit I
#Janamejaya II
#Dhritarashtra I
#Brihadkshatra
#Hasthi (founder of [[Hastinapur]])
#Vikuntana
#Ajamida II
#Rishin (became a [[Rajarshi]])
#[[Samvarana|Samvarna II]]
#[[List of characters in the Mahabharata#Kuru|Kuru II]] (By the name and glory of this king, the dynasty was called Kuru Kingdom and was the founder of Magadha Kingdom.)}}

==== Ajamida dynasty ====

Once in [[Treta Yuga]], there lived a sage called Chuli. He was named so because he worships the lord [[Shiva]] always with a Shulam (Trident). Apsara Somada who was the daughter of Apsaras Urmila came to him. Then Sage asked what she wanted. Somada asked him to marry her and to give a brave and a valiant son. Soon they were married and in short time a son was born to them. He was Brahmadatta I who married 100 daughters of Kushanabha who was the grandfather of Sage Vishwamitra and this king formed his kingdom's capital named [[Kampilya]] long before the 5 Panchala brothers. But his dynasty's reign were very short.

After his descendants' reign, it came under the control of the Paurava, Ajamida II, who was a descendant of Puru.

==== Panchala dynasty====
{{main|Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)}}
[[File:The Pandavas in Drupada's Court.jpg|thumb|The [[Pandava]]s in [[Drupada]]'s court]]
Ajamida II had a son named Rishin (a saintly king). Rishin had 2 sons namely Samvarana II whose son was Kuru and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas.

{{Div col|colwidth=20em|content=#Rishin
#Samvarana II and Brihadvasu
#Brihadbhanu was the son of Brihadvasu.
#Brihatkaya
#Puranjaya
#Riksha
#Bramhyaswa
#Aramyaswa (Contemporary of [[Nala]], [[Damayanti]], and [[Rituparna]])
#Mudgala (Rajrshi who married Nala and Damayanti's daughter)
#Yavinara
#Pratiswa, Kampilya (Founder of Kampilya - Capital of Panchala Kingdom) and Srnjaya were the sons of Aramyaswa and were the founders of Panchala Kingdom and were called as Panchalas.
#Dritimana was the son of Mudgala
#Drdhanemi
#Sarvasena was the founder of Ujjain Kingdom
#Mitra
#Rukmaratha
#Suparswa
#Sumathi
#Sannatimana
#Krta
#Pijavana
#Somadutta
#Jantuvahana
#Badhrayaswa
#Brihadhishu
#Brihadhanu
#Brihadkarma (Possibly [[Pravahana Jaivali]])
#Jayaratha (Possible Contemporary of Suryavanshi Emperor [[Rama]]chandra)
#Visvajit
#Seinyajit
#Nepavirya (after this King's name the country was named Nepal)
#Samara
#Sadashva
#Ruchiraswa
#Pruthusena
#Prapti
#Prthaswa
#Sukrthi
#Vibhiraja
#Anuha
#Bramhadatta II was a Saintly King (Rajarishi)
#Vishwaksena was a Devotee of Lord Vishnu
#Dandasena
#Durmukha
#Durbuddhi
#Dharbhya
#Divodasa
#Sivana I
#Mitrayu
#Maitrayana
#Soma
#Sivana II
#Sadasana
#Sahadeva
#Somaka
#Sugandakrthu and Prihasta ( Somaka had 100 sons; whom the eldest was Sugandakrthu and youngest was Prishata. However, in a war the 99 elder sons died and Prishata Survived and became the king of Panchala)
#[[Drupada]] (son of Prishata and rival of [[Drona]])
#[[Dhrishtadyumna]], [[Draupadi]] and [[Shikhandi]] (Who played major roles in the [[Mahabharata]])}}

==== Kuru dynasty ====
{{main|Kuru Kingdom}}
[[File:Santanu and Ganga.JPG|thumb|King [[Shantanu]] and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]]]
[[File:Bhisma on arrows bed.jpg|thumb|282x282px|The end of the [[Kurukshetra War]], and the final moments of [[Bhishma]], surrounded by the victorious [[Pandava]]s and [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]].]]
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishitra]], with his [[Pandava]] brothers and their common wife [[Draupadi]].]]
Kuru II, a king of Puru dynasty after whom the dynasty was named 'Kuruvansha' or 'Kaurava'. After his name, the district in [[Haryana]] was called as [[Kurukshetra]]. This battlefield before the birth of [[Bhishma]], [[Shantanu]] and [[Pratipa]] was the Yagnabhumi (sacred place or sacrificial place or capital city of Kuru Kingdom) of this King in [[Dvapara Yuga]]. By the glory, zenith and name of this king the dynasty was hence the Kuru Dynasty and the kingdom was renamed from Paurava Kingdom to Kuru Kingdom. After these Kings several kings of this dynasty established several kingdoms. He had three sons, namely Vidhuratha I who became the ruler of [[Pratisthana]], [[Vyushitaswa]] who died at a very young age, and Sudhanva, who became the ruler of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. Henceforth, Vidhuratha became the king of Hastinapura.

{{Div col|colwidth=70em|content=#Vidhuratha I
#Jahnu
#Suratha
#Vidhuratha II
#Sarvabhauma II
#Jayasena
#Radhika
#Ayutayu
#Akrodhana II
#Devaththi II
#Riksha III
#Dilipa
#Anaswan II
#Parikshit II
#Janamejaya III
#Bheemasena
#Pratishravas
#[[Pratipa]]
#[[Shantanu]]
#[[Chitrāngada]] (Son of Shantanu, who was killed prematurely). Devavrata Bhishma was the eldest sin of Shantanu. Vichitravirya was the aon of Shantanu and legal father of Pandu, Dhritarashtra II and Vidura.
Note: Krishna Dvaipayana (Ved Vyas) is technically a maharishi who was the real biological father of Pandu, Vidura, Dhritarashtra II. Many people think that the Kuru dynasty ended as Vichitravirya didn't have any real kids but fortunately Ved Vyas's mother was Satyavati (wife of Shantanu) and Satyavati's biological father was Uparichara Vasu (Kuru King belonging to the Kurus of Magadha branch)
#[[Pandu]] ( Son of Vichitravirya and Ambalika). [[Vidura]], who was his half brother, served as his, and his elder brother's Prime Minister.
#[[Dhritarashtra|Dhritarashtra II]] (Older half-brother of Pandu, and son of [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] who didn't succeed Vichitravirya directly due to his blindness).
#The [[Kauravas]], led by [[Duryodhana]] (Sons of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari, who were slain in the Kurukshetra War). They
#The Pandavas, led by [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti Samrat]] [[Yudhishtira]] (Who were the main protagonists of the Mahabharata).
Yaudheya was the son of Yudhishthira and Devika. [[Ghatotkacha]] was the son of Bhima and [[Hidimbi]], [[Abhimanyu]] was the son of Arjuna and [[Subhadra]]. [[Babruvahana]] was the son of Arjuna and [[Chitrāngadā]]. [[Iravan]] was the son of Arjuna and [[Ulupi]]. Niramitra was the son of [[Nakula]] and Karenumati. Suhotra was the son of [[Sahadeva]] and Queen Vijaya. [[Upapandavas]] were the 5 sons of Pandava and [[Draupadi]] (Daughter of King [[Drupada]] of [[Panchala]]).

The following, are monarchs who reigned after the main Mahabharata eneded
note: all of them should actually be in the Kurus's of Magadha branch as Parikshit's mother was Uttara who belonged to the Matsya Dynasty which was started by Matsya twin brother of Satyavati and a son of yet again Uparichara Vasu (but I am not transferring all those names to the Magadha section as it's right below this section and I am to lazy)
These are the rulers who belonged to the Pandava Dyansty (yes their surname was Pandava and after the death of the 5 Pandavas the family took Pandava as the dyansty and surname)
#[[Parikshit|Parikshit III Pandava]] was the son of [[Abhimanyu]]; and grandson of the Pandava [[Arjuna]]
#[[Janamejaya|Janamejaya IV]]
#Śatānīka
#Ashwamedhatta (Ashwamedhaja)
#Asīmakṛṣṇa
#[[Nicakṣu|Nemicakra]]
#Citraratha
#Vṛṣṭimān
#Suṣeṇa
#Sunītha
#Nṛcakṣu (he had such a horrible name that the Ganga flooded Hastinapura and ended the Kurus/ Pandavs of Hastinapura (don't panic). It ended them by name as after Nrcakṣu's time the Dynasty became the Vatsa Dynasty)
#Sukhīnala
#Pariplava
#Sunaya
#Nṛpañjaya
#Timi
#Bṛhadratha
#Sudāsa
#Śatānīka
#[[Udayana (king)|Durdamana]]
#Mahīnara
#Daṇḍapāṇi
#Nimi
#[[Kṣemaka]] (this is not the end) The Vatsa's were politically extincted by King Mahapadma Nanda (who forced the Vatsa's to flee their own capital) but several Rajput and other factions are Kṣemaka's descendents

==== Magadha dynasty ====
{{main|Magadha}}

[[Sudhanva]], son of Kuru II, became the King of Magadha.

# [[Sudhanva]]
# Sudhanu
# Suhotra II
# Chyavana
# Chavana
# Krtri
# Kriti
# Krta
# Krtyagya
# Krtavirya
# Krtasena
# Krtaka or Kriti II
# [[Uparichara Vasu]] (Devotee of Lord Vishnu and a friend of Devaraja Indra) conquered [[Chedi Kingdom]].
# [[Brihadratha]] (father of Jarasandha and the King of Magadha), Pratyagraha became the King of Chedi whose Great-Grandson was [[Shishupala]], Kusambhi (Vatsa), Mavella, Yadu and Matsya (founder of Matsya Kingdom whose Great-Grandson was Virata who was the founder of Viratanagara) were the sons of Vasu and Vasu daughter [[Satyavati]] who later married [[Shantanu]].)
# [[Jarasandha]]
# Jayatsena and [[Sahadeva of Magadha|Sahadeva]] (the sons of Jarasandha and allies of Pandavas.)

==== Brihadratha dynasty ====
{{main|Brihadratha dynasty}}

[[Brihadratha]], King of [[Brihadratha dynasty|Magadha]], started the [[Brihadratha dynasty]].

{{Div col|colwidth=30 em|content=#Brihadratha
#Kusaagra
#Rishabha
#Satyahita
#Pushpa
#Satershita
#Sudhanva
#Sarva
#Bhuvan
#Jarasanda
#Sahadeva
#Marjari
#Srutasrava
#Apratipa
#Niramitra
#Sukshatra
#Brihatkarma
#Syenajit
#Srutamja
#Mahabala
#Succhi
#Kshemya
#Anhvrata
#Dharmanetra
#Nirvrutti
#Suvrata
#Mahasena
#Sumita
#Subala
#Sunetra
#Satyajita
#Viswajit
#[[Ripunjaya]]}}

== Emperor Yadu dynasty ==
{{main|Yadu}}

Once Yadu dynasty King [[Yayati]] was suffering from a curse, he requested his five sons to help relieve him from that curse. All the four sons disagreed to help except the youngest. Yayati cursed his eldest son [[Yadu]] that his descendants are not worth to be a royal one. Yadu apologized for the mistake he committed. Yayati gave him a boon that Lord [[Narayana]] himself will born in his dynasty. The descendants of Yadu were Sahasrabahu [[Kartavirya Arjuna]], Krishna etc.

=== Heheya Kingdom ===
{{main|Heheya Kingdom}}

Sahasrajit was the eldest son of Yadu whose descendant were Haihayas. After [[Kartavirya Arjuna]], his grandsons Talajangha and his son, Vitihotra had occupied [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] which was ruled by Rama's ancestor [[King Sagara|Sagara]]'s father Bahuka who was also known as Asita. Talajangha, his son Vitihotra were killed by King Sagara. Their descendants (Madhu and Vrshni) exiled to Kroshtas, a division of Yadava Dynasty.

# Sahasrajit
# Satajit
# Mahahaya, Renuhaya and Haihaya (the founder of Haihaya Kingdom). (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Mandhatri)
# Dharma was the son of Haihaya.
# Netra
# Kunti
# Sohanji
# Mahishman was the founder of [[Mahishmati]] on the banks of River Narmada.
# Bhadrasenaka (Bhadrasena) (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king [[Trishanku]])
# Durmada (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Harischandra)
# Durdama
# Bhima
# Samhata
# Kanaka
# Dhanaka
# Krtavirya, Krtagni, Krtavarma and Krtauja. (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king [[Rohitashva]])
# Sahasrabahu [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] was the son of Krtavirya who ruled 88 years and was finally killed by Lord [[Parashurama]].
# Jayadhwaja, Vrshabha, Madhu and Urujit were left by Parshurama and 995 others were killed by Lord Parashurama. Pajanya was adopted by Kroshta king Devamidha
# Talajangha (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Asita)
# Vithihotra (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Sagara)
# Madhu
# Vrshni

=== Kroshta dynasty ===

Yadu had a son named Kroshta whose descendant was Krishna. Once, Satvata and his son Bhima caught hold of Lord Rama's Ashwamedha sacrifice horse and then they were defeated by [[Hanuman]] and [[Shatrughna]] and the Yadava Kingdom was given to Ikshvaku Dynasty. Rama then gave the kingdom to Shatrughna's son Subahu before his journey to Vaikunta. Then, finally Andhaka (Son of Bhima) recovered his paternal kingdom from Subahu after the journey to Vaikunta of Rama.

# Yadu was the Founder of Yadu Dynasty and [[Yadava]] Kingdom (contemporary of God Parashurama)
# Kroshta
# Vrajnivan
# Vrajpita
# Bhima I
# Nivriti
# Viduratha
# Vikrati
# Vikravan
# Swahi
# Swati
# Ushnaka
# Rasadu
# Chitraratha I
# Sashabindu (Contemporary to Suryavanshi King Mandhata)
# Madhu I (By the name and glory of this king, Lord Krishna was called Madhava and the Yadavas were called Madhu Yadava or Madhavas)
# Prithushrava
# Vrishni I was a Yadava king whose dynasty was called as Vrshni Dynasty.

====Vrishni dynasty====
{{main|Vrishni}}

Vrishni I was a great Yadava king. His descendants were the Vrishni Yadavas, Chedi Yadavas and Kukura Yadavas. His son was Antara.
# Antara
# Suyajna
# Ushna
# Marutta
# Kambhoja was a Bhoja King who founded the Kamboja Kingdom and his descendants were Kambhojas
# Shineyu
# Ruchaka
# Rukmakavacha
# Jayamadha
# [[Vidarbha]] was the Founder of Vidarbha Kingdom (Contemporary to Suryavanshi King Bahuka)
# Kratha (Contemporary to Suryavanshi [[King Sagara]])
# Raivata
# Vishwagarbha
# Padmavarna
# Sarasa
# Harita
# Madhu II
# Madhava
# Puruvasa
# Purudvan
# Jantu
# Satvata was a Yadava King whose descendants were called Satvatas. (Contemporary to Lord Rama)
# Bhima II (Contemporary to Suryavanshi King [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]])
# Andhaka was another Yadava King whose descendants were called Andhakas.
# Mahabhoja
# Raivata (Contemporary to Suryavanshi King Athithi)
# Vishwagarbha
# Vasu
# Kriti
# Kunti
# Dhrishti
# Turvasu
# Darsha
# Vyoma
# Jimuta
# Vikruthi
# Bhimaratha
# Rathvara
# Navratha
# Dashratha
# Ekadasharatha
# Shakuni
# Karibhi
# Devarata
# Devakshetra
# Devala
# Madhu
# Bhajmana
# Puruvasha
# Puruhotra
# Kumaravansha
# Kumbalabarhi
# Rukamatwacha
# Kuruvasha
# Anu
# Pravarta
# Purumitra
# Shrikara was a Yadava King who was the disciple of lord Hanuman. After completing education from lord Hanuman, he got a boon from lord Hanuman was that lord Narayana will take birth in Yadu's dynasty.
# Chitraratha II
# Viduratha
# Shoora
# Sharma
# Prathikshara
# Swayambhoja
# Hridhika
# Vrishni II
# Devamidha
# [[Surasena]] was the son of Madisha and Parjanya was the son of Vesparna(2nd wife of Devamidha).
# Vasudeva and others were the son of Surasena and Nanda Baba was the son of Parjanya
# Balarama, Krishna and others were the sons of Vasudeva.
Yogmaya was daughter of Nanda Baba.
# [[Pradyumna]] was the son of Krishna.
# [[Aniruddha]]
# [[Vajra (king)|Vajranabha]]
# Pratibahu
# Subahu
# Shantasena
# Shatasena

==== Chedi dynasty ====
{{main|Chedi Kingdom}}

Yadu's descendant Vidarbha, who was the founder of the [[Vidarbha Kingdom]], has three sons: Kusha, Kratha and Romapada. Kusha was the founder of [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]]. Romapada was given central India [[Madhya Pradesh]]. King Romapada's descendants were the Chedis. During the reign of Lord Rama, Tamana and his father Subahu II fought against Rama while doing Ashvamedha sacrifice and were defeated by Lord Hanuman. Later, [[Uparichara Vasu]] conquered Chedi.

# Romapada
# Babhru
# Krti
# Ushika
# Chedi was the founder of the [[Chedi Kingdom]]
# Subahu I (contemporary of Suryavanshi King [[Rituparna]] and [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]])
# Virabahu
# Subahu II
# Tamana (contemporary of Lord Rama)

==== Kukura dynasty ====

Vishwagarbha, a descendant of [[Vrishni]] had a son named Vasu. Vasu had two sons, Kriti and Kukura. Kriti's descendants were Shurasena, [[Vasudeva]], [[Kunti]], etc. Kukura's descendants were [[Ugrasena]], [[Kamsa]] and [[Devaki]], adopted daughter of [[Ugrasena]]. After Devaka, his younger brother [[Ugrasena]] reigned at [[Mathura]].

# Kukura
# Vrshni
# Riksha
# Kapotarma
# Tittiri
# Punarvasu
# Abhijit
# Dhrshnu
# Ahuka
# Devaka and Ugrasena
# Kamsa and 10 others were the children of Ugrasena while Devaki, the daughter of Devaka, was the adoptive daughter of Ugrasena.

== See also ==
* [[Vedic Period]]
* [[Puranic chronology]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Solar dynasty]] & [[Lunar dynasty]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties]]
* [[List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings in Hinduism|List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

== References ==

* ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)

== External links ==
{{Reflist}}

# [http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/MahabharataOfVyasa-EnglishTranslationByKMGanguli.pdf Mahabharata ]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

Yelabara Assembly constituency

2026-02-08T11:24:17Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made New Article W/ Sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yelabara
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 75,603
| mla = Mahadeo Baliram Khandate
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
Yelabara Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Mahadeo Baliram Khandate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelabara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadeo Baliram Khandate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,975 |percentage = 67.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhdeo Pundlik Wooike |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,272 |percentage = 25.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Bhima Morey |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jairampant Yeshwant Lulekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 899 |percentage = 2.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,703 |percentage = 42.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,291 |percentage = 57.26% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,603|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1961]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Anthrenus hartmanni

2026-02-07T00:40:58Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: starting initial stub basic info!

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| parent = Florilinus
| species = hartmanni
| authority = Háva, 2000
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Florilinus) hartmanni''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal.<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10734296}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|hartmanni]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2000]]
[[Category:Fauna of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fauna of Nepal]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1980–81

2026-02-04T22:23:29Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: page fix

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1980–81
| team1_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team1_name = New Zealand
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 14 February
| to_date = 18 March 1981
| team1_captain = [[Geoff Howarth]]
| team2_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[John Fulton Reid|John Reid]] (250)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Sandeep Patil]] (186)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Lance Cairns]] (13)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravi Shastri]] (15)
| player_of_test_series = [[John Fulton Reid|John Reid]] (NZ)
| no_of_ODIs = 2
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Bruce Edgar]] (100)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kapil Dev]] (51)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Gary Troup]] (4)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Karsan Ghavri]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[India cricket team]] toured New Zealand in the 1980–81 season to play a three-match [[Test cricket|Test]] series and a two-match [[One Day International]] (ODI) series against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. The tour also included two tour matches against [[Cricket in New Zealand|New Zealand]]'s first-class sides. After the tour ended, India played [[Fiji national cricket team|Fiji]] in a two-day game in [[Lautoka]], defeating them by 220 runs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiji v Indians|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/140/140830.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018095452/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/140/140830.html|archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> New Zealand won the ODI series 2–0 and the Test series that followed 1–0. It was their first series win against India in Tests in seven attempts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramchand|first1=Partab|title=New Zealand register their first series win against India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/113154.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

India arrived in New Zealand on the back of a series-levelling win in the final Test [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1980–81|against Australia]]. However, failing to capitalize on the momentum, India lost both ODIs played on consecutive days, before [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawing]] a game against a first-class side. India missed the services of [[Shivlal Yadav]] for the entire Test series that followed, and of [[Dilip Doshi]] for the first Test after they sustained injuries on the Australia tour. New Zealand defeated India by 62 runs in the first Test, their first win against India in seven Tests, while India managed to secure draws in the next two. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' reasoned India's "inept batting" for their loss of the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indians in Australia and New Zealand, 1980-81|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152228.html|work=Wisden|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

==Tour matches==

===Three-day: Central Districts v Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–19 February 1981
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 312/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (90 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 127[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[David O'Sullivan (cricketer, born 1944)|David O'Sullivan]] 3/89 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 277/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (78 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jock Edwards]] 103
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 3/70 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 195/3[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (64 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[T. E. Srinivasan]] 90
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Murray Jamieson]] 1/47 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 29/0 (12 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Andrew Jones (New Zealand cricketer)|Andrew Jones]] 11[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Yograj Singh]] 0/8 (6 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_IN_NZ/IND_CD_17-19FEB1981.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]
| umpires = [[David Kinsella]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm =
| toss = Central Districts won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[T. E. Srinivasan]] (Indians) passed 3,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Districts v Indians|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/40/40960.html|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022073059/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/40/40960.html|archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref>
}}

===Three-day: Otago v Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 28 February–2 March 1981
| team1 = [[Otago cricket team|Otago]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 187 (78 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bruce Blair]] 65
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 6/50 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 318 (99.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 89
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[John Bracewell]] 7/155 (40.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 117 (64 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Geoffrey Blakely]] 33
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 5/21 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Indians won by an innings and 14 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_IN_NZ/IND_OTAGO_28FEB-02MAR1981.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]]
| umpires = [[George Morris (umpire)|George Morris]] and [[Neil Tapper]]
| motm =
| toss = Otago won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 February 1981
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 218/6 (45 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bruce Edgar]] 99[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 3/40 (10 overs)
| score2 = 140/9 (45 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 50 (68)
| wickets2 = [[Lance Cairns]] 2/33 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 78 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64177.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Bricknell]] (NZ) and [[Fred Goodall]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Bruce Edgar]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 February 1981
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 210/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jeremy Coney]] 46 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 153 (45.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 41 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Gary Troup]] 3/18 (9.2 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 57 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64178.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]
| umpires = [[John Hastie (umpire)|John Hastie]] (NZ) and [[Robert Monteith (umpire)|Robert Monteith]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Jeremy Coney]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Gary Robertson (cricketer)|Gary Robertson]] (NZ) made his ODI debut.
}}
This series was the first where players wore coloured clothing played with white balls and black sighscreens used outside Australia

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =21–25 February 1981
| team1 ={{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =375 (119 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Geoff Howarth]] 137
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 3/54 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =223 (72.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Sandeep Patil]] 64
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Lance Cairns]] 5/33 (19.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =100 (49 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Bruce Edgar]] 28
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Kapil Dev]] 4/34 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =190 (75.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Sandeep Patil]] 42
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Richard Hadlee]] 4/65 (22.3 overs)

| result =New Zealand won by 62 runs
| venue =[[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]]
| umpires =[[Fred Goodall]] (NZ) and [[Steve Woodward]] (NZ)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63286.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| motm=[[Geoff Howarth]] (NZ) and [[Sandeep Patil]] (Ind)
| notes = [[Kirti Azad]], [[Ravi Shastri]] and [[Yograj Singh]] (Ind) and [[Martin Snedden]] (NZ) made their Test debuts.
*''24 February was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =6–11 March 1981
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 ={{cr|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 =255 (127 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Chetan Chauhan]] 78 (216)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Richard Hadlee]] 5/47 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =286/5 (145 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[John Fulton Reid|John Reid]] 123[[not out|*]] (429)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 2/65 (42 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]
| umpires =[[John Hastie (umpire)|John Hastie]] (NZ) and [[David Kinsella]] (NZ)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63287.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=[[John Fulton Reid|John Reid]] (NZ)
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =13–18 March 1981
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 ={{cr|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 =238 (130.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Syed Kirmani]] 78 (230)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[John Bracewell]] 4/61 (42.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =366 (186 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] 110 (434)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 5/125 (56 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =284 (120.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sandeep Patil]] 57 (93)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[John Bracewell]] 5/75 (41 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =95/5 (62 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Jock Edwards]] 47 (96)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Dilip Doshi]] 2/18 (19 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Fred Goodall]] (NZ) and [[Steve Woodward]] (NZ)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63288.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=[[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] (NZ) and [[Ravi Shastri]] (Ind)
| notes= [[T. E. Srinivasan]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''16 March was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62317.html Tour home] at ESPNcricinfo
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_IN_NZ/ Tour Directory] at ESPNcricinfo archives
* {{CricketArchive|ref=/Archive/Events/0/India_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand_1980-81|name=India in Australia and New Zealand 1980/81}}

{{International cricket tours of New Zealand|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1980-81}}
[[Category:1981 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1981 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of New Zealand|1980-81]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1980–81 to 1985]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{NewZealand-cricket-tour-stub}}

Trichy Road, Coimbatore

2026-02-01T10:15:36Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: updated page

{{Short description|Arterial road in Coimbatore, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox street
|marker_image=
|name=Trichy Road
|native_name=
|alternate_name=
|maint= [[National Highways Authority of India]] [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]
|image=Tr 001 001.jpg
|map=
|length_mi=16.2
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|length_notes=
|established=
|decommissioned=
|direction_a=west
|terminus_a=[[Coimbatore Medical College]], [[Coimbatore]]
|junction= State Bank Road/Big Bazar Street( Coimbatore Medical College Hospital ) Arts College Road/Sungam Lake Road(LIC Divisional Office) Nirmala College Road/Puliakulam Road/Sungam Bypass Road(Sungam Nanjundapuram Road/Puliakulam Road(Ramanathapuram) Sowripalayam Road/Thiruvalluvar Nagar Road(Sowripalayam Pirivu) Perks Arch Road/Kallimadai Road(Kallimadai) Masakalipalayam Road(Coimbatore Boat House) Kamarajar Road/Vellalore Road(Singanallur) Neelikonampalayam Road/Anayangadu Road(Vasantha mills) SIHS Colony road (SIHS Colony road junction) Irugur Road/Nesavalar Colony Road(Ondipudur) Peedampalli Road(Kathiri Mills) Irugur Road(Irugur Pirivu) Coimbatore Bypass Road(Chinthamanipudur L&T Bypass Junction) Pallapalayam Road(Pappampatty Pirivu) Ravathoor Road/Kannampalayam Road(Ravathoor Pirivu) Kannampalayam Road(Ranganathapuram) Neelambur Road(Sulur LIC junction) Neelambur Road/Kalangal Road(Sulur) [[National Highway 181|National Highway 181(India)]]/Somanur Road/Pollachi Road(Karanampettai)
|direction_b=east
|terminus_b=[[Karanampettai]], [[Coimbatore]]
|coordinates=
|counties=
|cities=
|system=
}}

'''Trichy Road''' is an [[arterial road]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]. This road connects the city to [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] and [[Sulur Air Force Station]] and the east and south-east suburbs in the [[Coimbatore metropolitan area]]. This road, along with [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]] reveals Coimbatore's development, mostly along the eastern and western sides of these roads. It is considered to be one of the arterial roads with lesser traffic congestion.

==Description==
[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] is located at the road's western end. Trichy Road is the main gateway into the city by road from Southern and Eastern parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] such as [[Palladam]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Karur]] and [[Madurai]]. This road is a part of [[National Highway 81 (India)|NH 81]] (Coimbatore - Chidambaram Highway). It is maintained by the [[National Highways Authority of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/work-on-karur-coimbatore-bypass-begins/article23660611.ece|title=Work on Karur-Coimbatore bypass begins|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> This road is a 23-km stretch running diagonally across the city in the east–west orientation, slightly moving along the South East tangent. Trichy road starts near the Coimbatore Medical College Hospital in Gopalapuram, and passes through the neighbourhoods of [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore|Ramanathapuram]], [[Ondipudur]], [[Pallapalayam, Coimbatore|Chinthamanipudur]], [[Sulur]] and finally [[Karanampettai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/singanallur-junction-is-now-citys-traffic-inferno/articleshow/69588943.cms|title=Singanallur Junction is now Coimbatore’s traffic inferno|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref>

==Alignment==
[[File:Trichy Road near Kamatchipuram.jpg|alt=flyover Railway line|thumb|Trichy Road near Ondipudur Flyover]]
The road is a four lane road in most stretches except between Chinthamanipudur L&T Bypass Junction and Pappampatty Pirivu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/sulur-road-to-be-widened-for-eight-km/article26394383.ece|title=Sulur road to be widened for eight km|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=28 Feb 2019}}</ref>

==Flyovers==
[[File:Trichy Road near Ondipudur.jpg|alt=flyover Railway line|thumb|Ondipudur Flyover]]
In Trichy Road, the Ondipudur Flyover overpassing the Irugur-Podanur railway line opened in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-section-of-nh-67-handed-over-to-state-government/article5541069.ece|title=Coimbatore section of NH 67 handed over to State Government|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> and [[Trichy Road Flyover]] bypassing the Ramanathapuram and Sungam junctions is under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/flyover-work-not-to-affect-vehicle-movement-on-trichy-road/article30946546.ece|title=Flyover work not to affect vehicle movement on Trichy Road|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> A four-lane flyover has been proposed at [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], the most congested traffic junction on the road, to reduce traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/singanallur-junction-waits-for-a-flyover/article28733771.ece|title=Singanallur junction waits for a flyover|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://simplicity.in/coimbatore/english/news/81590/80-work-completed-for-the-newly-constructed-flyover-on-Trichy-Road-in-Coimbatore|title=80 percent of Trichy Road flyover completed|publisher=The Simplicity |accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/trichy-road-flyover-work-to-be-completed-by-september-end/article35225431.ece|title=Trichy Road flyover work to be completed by September-end|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref>

==Bus terminals==
[[File:Singanallur bus.jpg|thumb|Singanallur Bus Terminus]]
The [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] is located along the road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/tnstc-to-ply-special-buses-to-handle-pongal-rush/articleshow/73103713.cms|title=TNSTC to ply special buses to handle Pongal rush|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> The [[Sulur Bus Terminus]], a suburban bus terminal, is located on the road, which is famous to be handled as temporary mofussil bus terminal of the city to handle festival rush.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/minister-inaugurates-sulur-bus-stand/articleshow/79598160.cms|title=Minister inaugurates Sulur bus stand|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref>

== Airforce Station ==
*[[Sulur Air Force Station]], Coimbatore

== Places ==
[[File:Coimbatore junction.jpg|thumb|Coimbatore Junction is located to the west end of Trichy Road]]
*Coimbatore Junction and Coimbatore Medical College Hospital Junction
*LIC junction
*Sungam junction
*Ramanathapuram junction
*Sowripalayam Pirivu
*Kallimadai junction
*Coimbatore Boat House junction
*[[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]] junction
*Vasantha mills
*SIHS Colony road junction
*Ondipudur Sungam Road junction
*[[Ondipudur]]
*Kathir Mills
*Irugur Pirivu
*Chinthamanipudur L&T Bypass Junction
*Pappampatty Pirivu Junction
*Ravathoor Pirivu
*Ranganathapuram
*Sulur LIC junction
*[[Sulur]] junction
*[[Karanampettai]] junction

== Landmarks ==
[[File:Coimbatore Medical College Hospital India 201.jpg|thumb|Coimbatore Medical College Hospital located on Trichy Road was built in 1909]]
*[[Coimbatore Medical College|Coimbatore Medical College Hospital]]
*LIC Divisional Office
*[[Coimbatore Stock Exchange]]
*Coimbatore City Boat House
*Singanallur Farmers Market
*Shanthi Social Services
*Miraj Cinemas

=== Restaurants===
*Hotel Sri Surya
*Sri Balaji Arul Jothi
*Shree Anandhaas
*Hotel Kandha
*HMR Briyani Hut
*Kock Racko
*Junior Kupannna
*Canteen Savira
*Absolute Biriyani
*RHR Hotel

=== Hotels===
*Oceandrive Hotel

=== Parks and recreation ===
*SSS Park
*Coimbatore City Boat House
*Sulur Boat House

=== Educational institutions ===
*Kendria Vidyalaya School
*Trinity Matric Hr Sec School
*Alvernia Matric Hr Sec School
*St.Josephs School
*Venkatalakshmi Matric School
*Perks Matric School
*Air Force School
*Coimbatore Corporation Hr Sec School
*Nirmala Matric School
*Nirmala College for Women
*Carmel Garden Matric School
*RVS College of Arts & Science
*RVS School of Architecture
*RVS College of Engineering and Technology
*Hindustan International School

=== Other notable landmarks ===
*NGR Statue, Sungam
*NGR Statue, Singanallur

=== Cinemas ===
[[File:Miraj Cinemas Kamatchipuram Coimbatore .jpg|thumb|Miraj Cinemas, Ondipudur]]
*Miraj Cinemas- 5 Screens
*Jaishanthi Theatre
*Ambal Theatre (defunct)
*Radharani Theatre (defunct)

=== Hospitals ===
*Kovai Medical Center Hospital (KMCH Sulur)
*Saraswathi Hospital
*Dr.Muthu's Hospital
*Singanallur Corporation Health Care Centre
*NG Hospital
*ESI dispensary, Singanallur
*Coimbatore Child Trust Hospital
*VGM Hospital
*Medwin Hospital
*Deepam Hospital
*Richmond Hospital
*N.M. Hospital
*Sri Bala Medical Centre Hospital
*Arthy Hospital
*Masonic Medical Centre for Children
*Coimbatore Medical College Hospital

=== Markets ===
*Farmers Market, Singanallur

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Coimbatore]]

Qidwai

2026-01-29T12:14:55Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Community of Muslims in India and Pakistan}}
{{redirect|Kidwai|other uses|Kidwai (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Qidwai/ Kidwai
|image=
|caption= [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], a notable Qidwai in Muslim history
|populated_states=[[Uttar Pradesh]] [[India]] and [[Sindh]] [[Pakistan]] [[Middle East region]]
|languages= [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]
|religions=[[Islam]]}}

The '''Qidwai''' or '''Kidwai''' ({{langx|ur|قدوائی}}, {{langx|ar|قدوائی}}) are a community of [[Muslim]] [[Shaikhs in North India|Shaikhs]] in [[South Asia]]. They are mostly settled in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]] and [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Lucknow/><ref name=Singh/> They are also settled in areas of the [[Middle East]] specifically, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Qatar]].<ref name="Biswas">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftDpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Qidwai+clan&pg=PT30|title=Rafi Ahmed Kidwai: BRIDGING REGION and nation: a political biography|author=Rathin Biswas|date=2020|quote=Qidwai Mohalla. The long lineage of Qazi Qidwa sttled in and around the Barabanki District near Lucknow. Nearby Village of Masauli, Rudauli, Gadia, Mahmudabad, Daryabad and Baragaon became the main epicenter of the Kidwai clan.|publisher=Notion Press, 2020|isbn=9781648929915}}</ref>

The Qidwai, together with the [[Khan (surname)|Khan]], [[Milki]], [[Malik (clan)|Malik]] and [[Chaudhary]] form a community of substantial landowners.

==History and origin==
The Qidwa claim descent from [[Qazi Qidwat-ud-din]], a son of the [[Sultan of Rum]]. Qazi Qidwa fell out with his brother who was the then ruling Sultan, and migrated to India with his wife and son. There he became a close associate of the famous Sufi saint, [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]] (1143-1236). The Sufi saint is said to have sent Qazi Qidwa to the [[Awadh]] region to spread [[Islam]], where he is said to have won over fifty villages to [[Islam]] over some time. These fifty villages were later awarded to him by King of Delhi Shahab-ud-din Ghori [[Muhammad Of Ghor]]., and the region became known as Qidwara., later they moved in Barabanki and settled permanently. <ref name=Biswas/>

[[File:Shuja Daulah Cavalry.png|thumb|Camp of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Awadh]]]]
The Qidwai's Fought [[Third Battle of Panipat]]., under the Nawab of Awadh [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the Qidwai were recruited in the household cavalry of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadi.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sheikzadi&pg=PA73 |page=73 |author= Pradeep Barua |title=The state at war in South Asia |date=2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803213449}}</ref><ref name=Lucknow>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Qidwai+clan |title= Lucknow, Fire of Grace:The Story of Its Revolution, Renaissance and the Aftermath (Qidwai clan)|page=28|author=Amaresh Misra |date=1998 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers India |isbn= 9788172232887}}</ref>

These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or a civil officer.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R8As_JziO2kC&dq=sheikhs+kakori+awadh&pg=PA9 |author=Surya Narain Singh |date=2003 |title=The Kingdom of Awadh - Its History, Polity and Administration|page=9 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn= 9788170999089}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
The abolishment of the [[zamindar]] system by the newly independent [[India]] in 1947 had a major impact on the Qidwai community. The larger estates were broken, and land given to the [[farmers]] who worked on their lands. This led to some emigration of the Qidwais to [[Pakistan]].<ref>''Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims'' (Manohar, 1978), edited by Imtiaz Ahmed, pp. 209-215.</ref>

The Qidwais are still found mainly in the districts of [[Lucknow District|Lucknow]].<ref name=Singh/>
==Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award==
The [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] was created in 1956 by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) to recognize Indian researchers in the agricultural field. Awards are distributed every second year, and take the form of medals, citations, and cash prizes.<ref name=icar>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/merits.html |title=Merits & Awards of India|access-date=2024-11-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603012010/http://www.icar.org.in/merits.html |archivedate=3 June 2008 |df=dmy-all |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) website}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Raja Farzand Ali Khan]] of [[Jahangirabad Raj]]
*[[Raja Sir Tassaduq Rasul Khan]] of [[Jahangirabad Raj]].
*[[Maharaja Sir Ejaz Rasul Khan]] of [[Jahangirabad Raj]]
*[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] (18 February 1894 - 24 October 1954), Veteran Indian politician, Indian independence activist and the Minister of Communications in the first Cabinet of Independent India (First Nehru Ministry).
*[[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]]
*[[Shafey Kidwai]]
*[[Syed Amir-uddin Kedwaii]]
*[[FS Hussain|Fuad Shahid Hussain Qidwai]] (1924-1969), Indian [[World War II]] pilot, later [[Pakistan Air Force]] pilot

==See also==
* [[Sayyid]]
* [[Siddiqui]]
* [[Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology]]
* [[Shaikhs in South Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]

Tangail saree

2026-01-29T03:23:07Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: Made A Post W/ Sources

{{Short description|Traditional hand-woven cotton saree of Bangladesh}}{{infobox Sharee
| name = Tangail saree
| image = BD Tangail 3.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Colored cotton threads hung to dry during production of Tangail saree in [[Tangail district]], [[Bangladesh]]
| country = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| state =
| location = Tangail
| origin_place = [[Tangail]]
| origin‌‌_date =
| created_by =
| creation_date =
| ingredients = Cotton and silk
| cotton_thread_count =
| length =
| breadth =
| anchal =
| style of anchal =
| colour =
| style = Bengal tradition
| borders =
| style of borders =
| usage = Everyday
| variants =
| related_saree =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| gi_status =
| file_no =
| website =
}}{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH = Traditional saree weaving art of Tangail
| Country = Bangladesh
| ID = 02322
| Region = APA
| Year = 2025
| Session = 20th
| List = Representative
}}
'''Tangail saree''' is a traditional handwoven [[sari]] of [[Bangladesh]]. It originated in the [[Tangail district]] of the country. The traditional weaving art of Tangail saree was recognized as [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sheikh Saifur|last=Rahman|title=ইউনেসকোর সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যের তালিকায় এবার উঠে এল টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ির বুননশিল্প|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/56ziflgwlx|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=9 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main| Handloom industry in Tangail}}
At the end of the 19th century, the [[handloom industry in Tangail|handloom industry of Tangail]] in Bengal flourished. Tangail [[sari]] weavers of Bangladesh are descendants of traditional [[muslin]] weavers. Dhamrai and Chauhatta of Dhaka district were the original residence of Tangail Saree weavers of Bangladesh. Later settled in Tangail and in the beginning they made cloth without designs.<ref>{{cite news |title=টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ি নিজেদের দাবি করে সমালোচনার মুখে ভারত |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-02-02/uTMvQ5DF |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

At one time, cotton weaving was a very important industry in [[Nadia district]]. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, [[Shantipur]] was the center of a large and prosperous [[weaving]] industry. In 1898 AD, almost all the villages in this district had a few weavers. The weaving industry of Shantipur faced a major threat in the late nineteenth century due to the introduction of cloth from England. The weavers found the trade unprofitable and switched to other professions, resulting in a gradual decline in the number of weavers in the industry. However, according to a survey conducted in 1940 by the Department of Industries, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], 10,000 out of a total of 27,000 people in Shantipur were reported to be members of weaving families.<ref name="ipindia2">{{cite web |title=G.I. Application Number – 702 |url=https://archive.org/details/702-gi-journal-copy-31-08-2023 |publisher=[[Intellectual property in India]] |access-date=3 February 2024 |location=Chennai |date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

Every member of the weaver's family was involved in the weaving of Tangail sarees produced in [[Bengal Presidency|undivided Bengal]] i.e. East-Bengal of [[British India]]. No weavers or laborers were hired, which was the practice of not letting the weaving technique go outside the weaver's family. The Basak families were the original saree weaving families of [[Tangail District|Tangail]]. These weavers were mainly from the [[Hindus|Hindu]] "Basak" community. After the partition of the country in 1947, most of the traditional weavers, including most of the Basak weavers community, of this region started migrated to [[West Bengal]] from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). The process of migration intensified in 1965, and reached its peak in 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pak War]] and the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="ipindia2"/><ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Kedarnath |title=সুদিন কি আদৌ ফিরবে, 'জিআই' তকমা পাওয়ার পরে প্রশ্ন তাঁতশিল্পীদের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/artisans-hopes-better-income-after-district-received-the-gi-tag-of-tangail-saree/cid/1486695 |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |agency=ABP |date=6 January 2024 |location=Purbasthali |language=bn}}</ref> Due to the fear of [[Persecution of Hindus#Bangladesh|communal violence]], cost of raw materials increasing several times, non-availability of loans from the government, crisis in transportation of goods, lack of business security Hindu weavers gradually migrated from Bangladesh to India, which was mentioned in a research paper published in a journal in 2014.<ref name="Prothomalo2">{{cite news |last1=Ghalib |first1=Rafsan |title=টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ি কীভাবে ভারতের হয় |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/acpgtfam03 |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=Prothomalo |date=4 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

At present, Muslim weavers also weave this saree along with the weavers of the "Basak" community in Tangail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Kamrul |title=টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ি: শেকড় ফিরে দেখা |url=https://egiyecholo.com/article/tangail-saree |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=egiyecholo.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203163610/https://egiyecholo.com/article/tangail-saree |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2024 |title=গর্বের ধন ‌'টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ি' বেহাত হলো কার দোষে |url=https://www.samakal.com/opinion/article/221154/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8-%E2%80%8C%E2%80%98%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87 |work=[[Samakal]]}}</ref>

=== West Bengal saree ===
Traditionally, [[Shantipur]] of [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Kalna City]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] districts are famous centers for handwoven fabrics, hence basak weavers settled in these places and surrounding areas. However, the Basak community maintained their weaving technique through many adversities. Most of the weavers with the help of looms brought with them from [[East Pakistan]] ([[East Bengal]], now [[Bangladesh]]) and Others with the help of looms provided by the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of West Bengal]] continued to weave sarees even in [[East Bengali refugees|refugee camps]]; many weavers joined the weaving industry of West Bengal as workers in looms owned by local weavers in santipur, Dhatrigram and Samudragarh.<ref name="ipindia2"/>
[[File:Weaving Tant Saree by Handloom - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1802.JPG|thumb|right|A weaver weaves a saree in [[Phulia]].]]
With government encouragement and assistance, weavers from East Bengal soon revived their ancestral profession and the weaving industry flourished again. The weavers of the Basak community of East-Bengal mastered the technique of weaving and designing the [[Shantipuri sari|Shantipuri loom saree]] while employed as laborers in the weaving centers of the local weavers of West Bengal and with the help of the local weavers. Later, the weavers of the Basak community were able to mixing the Dhaka-Tangail style with the Shantipuri loom sari. In this mixing a new sari is produced; this new saree produced in West Bengal came to be known as "Tangail saree", which was different from the Tangail saree produced in East-Bengal. Like the Bangladeshi Tangail saree, it is also a simplified version of the famous [[Jamdani|Jamdani technique]].<ref name="ipindia2"/>

Tangail sarees in West Bengal are traditionally woven on fly shuttle pit looms using 100S cotton [[yarn]], silk yarn of various counts (14/16-20/22 denier), [[tasar]] yarn and also synthetic filament yarn. Sarees are woven using two or more shuttles. The sarees have a variety of border features including plain border or extra warp jacquard designs, with simple traditional color patterns on the ''anchal'' (আঁচাল) or colorful cross borders with extra weft designs. The body of the fabric (saree) may be plain or decorated with booties using additional warp/weft with or without Jacquard. In this Tangail saree (Jamdani variety), extra weft threads are inserted to create an extra-weft design, maintaining a ratio of 1:2 between extra weft and ground weft. The specialty of the design is that the edges of the design are like steps, which is similar to the graphical design.<ref name="ipindia22">{{cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=G.I. APPLICATION NUMBER – 702 |url=https://archive.org/details/702-gi-journal-copy-31-08-2023 |access-date=3 February 2024 |publisher=[[Intellectual property in India]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

The traditionally produced Tangail saree in [[West Bengal]] is characterized by a special physical finish, which makes it free from "reed mark" (''jorebhanga'') giving it a special look and feel. Also characterized by the stiff finish.<ref name="ipindia22" />

The "Basak" weaver community was the first to start making this saree. In 2024, 20,000 weavers are involved in Tangail saree weaving in Nadia and [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] districts of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="timesofindia1">{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Sarthak |date=5 January 2024 |title=Honey, Tangail, Garad among 5 more West Bengal products to get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/honey-tangail-garad-among-5-more-state-products-to-get-gi-tag/articleshow/106557464.cms |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="thestatesman1">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arundhati |date=30 January 2024 |title=Bengal weaves beautiful handloom stories |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/evolve/bengal-weaves-beautiful-handloom-stories-1503264820.html |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> This saree is folded in ''Guti Bhanj''.<ref name="ipindia1">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Tangail Saree of Bengal – Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/702 |access-date=21 January 2024 |publisher=Intellectual Property India}}</ref>

==== Criticism ====
''West Bengal State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society Limited'' applied for [[Geographical indication]] or GI tag for West Bengal's Tangail saree in 2020. On 2 January 2024, Geographical indication or GI tag under the title "Tangail Saree of Bengal" or ''Banglar Tangail Sari'' was issued from the office in [[Chennai]], India. According to the certificate received, the registration of the product will be valid till 7 September 2030.<ref name="ipindia12">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Tangail Saree of Bengal – Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/702 |access-date=21 January 2024 |publisher=Intellectual Property India}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia12">{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Sarthak |date=5 January 2024 |title=Honey, Tangail, Garad among 5 more West Bengal products to get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/honey-tangail-garad-among-5-more-state-products-to-get-gi-tag/articleshow/106557464.cms |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite news |date=4 January 2024 |title=Three varieties of handloom sarees in West Bengal get GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/04/three-varieties-of-handloom-sarees-in-west-bengal-get-gi-tag-2647857.html |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="thestatesman12">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arundhati |date=30 January 2024 |title=Bengal weaves beautiful handloom stories |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/evolve/bengal-weaves-beautiful-handloom-stories-1503264820.html |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

Criticism started in Bangladesh, when West Bengal's Tangail saree was given a Geographical Indication or GI tag.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |last1=Soumitra |first1=Shubhra |date=3 February 2024 |title='টাঙ্গাইল শাড়ির' উৎপত্তি ভারতে দাবি করায় বাংলাদেশে বিস্ময় ও বিতর্ক |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cjqj77872eko |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=BBC News Bangla |location=Dhaka |language=bn |agency=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Prothomalo1">{{cite news |date=3 February 2024 |title=ভারত যেভাবে টাঙ্গাইলের শাড়ি নিজেদের বলে নিবন্ধন করল, আমাদের এখন যা করতে হবে |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/mcsabcuf6w |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> As per Bangladeshi media, [[Biswa Bangla|Biswa Bangla Biponi]] of Kolkata is selling Tangail sarees as [[Phulia]] products by taking advantage of the GI tag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=Whose Tangail saree are you? Bangladesh or West Bengal? |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/foreign/india/779086/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%C2%A0 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On the other hand, according to Journal No. 178 published by the Chennai-based office of Geographical Indication, the West Bengal's Tangail saree – basically a fusion of East Bengal and West Bengal handwoven sarees – is a different saree from the Bangladeshi [[Tangail Saree (Bangladesh)|Tangail saree]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sari}}
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA}}

[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi handicrafts]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Bangladesh]]

Dasha (astrology)

2026-01-26T06:08:31Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: cleanup

{{Short description|Ruling period of a planet set into sub-periods}}
{{Distinguish|Dosha}}
'''Dasha''' ([[Devanagari]]: दशा, [[Sanskrit]], ''{{IAST|daśā}}'', 'condition', 'state', 'circumstances', 'period of life', 'planetary period'.) The dasha pattern shows which planets according to [[Hindu astrology]] would be ruling at particular times.<ref>Sutton, Komilla (1999). ''Fundamentals of Vedi Astrology'', The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, England, p. 211.</ref>

==Overview==
The Sanskrit term "dasha" in [[Hindu astrology]] is used to indicate planetary periods. The planetary periods indicate when the good or bad effects are produced according to their placement by sign (Rasi), house (Bhava), combinations ([[Yoga (Hindu astrology)|Yogas]] or [[Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)|Raja Yogas]]) or aspects ([[Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology)|Drishti]]). The Dasha Paddhati (system) of Directional Astrology is unique to the Hindus; it is found nowhere else. There are many kinds of Dasha systems, [[Parashara]] mentions forty-two of them, but of these only two are in vogue, namely, "Vimshottari" and "Ashtottari".<ref name=Rele>V.G. Rele (1970). Directional Astrology of the Hindus as propounded in Vimshottari Dasa, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Private Ltd, Mumbai, India</ref>{{rp|4}} ''Dashas'' provide a system to judge the effects of the [[Planets in astrology|planets]] throughout a person's life, by indicating how the planets distribute their effects. Each ''dasha'' is controlled by one of the nine planets, and the quality and relative benevolence of each period is determined by the condition and position of that planet in the [[natal chart]]. There are nine planets or [[navagraha|''grahas'']] which severally rule the nine ''dashas'': the seven classical planets, plus the north node, [[Rahu]], and south node, [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]], of the Moon.

There are at least 43 different ''dasha'' systems. "Dasha" is the major period of a planet. It is called the "Poorna Dasha" if the planet is the most powerful or is in its sign of exaltation, which dasha gives health and wealth; the dasha of a powerless planet is called the "Rikta dasha", "Rikta" means poor or devoid of any power. [[Varahamihira]] explains that the dasha of the planet occupying unfriendly sign and [[Navamsa (astrology)|navamsa]] will produce Aristaphala i.e. undesirable or miserable results; the planet that has fallen from exaltation but is in friendly or exalted navamsa gives ordinary results, and the planet that is ascending from debilitation but is in debilitated or unfriendly navamsa, gives a worthless period.<ref>B. Suryanarain Rao (1957). Varahamihira’s Brihat Jataka (4th Edition), Raman Publications, Bengaluru, India, p. 249.</ref>

==Vimshottari Dasha==

Vimshottari in Sanskrit stands for the number 120.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rockingbaba.com/blog/index.php/2015/07/25/dasha-system-vimshottari-dasha/|title=Vimshottari Dasha System {{!}} Vimshottari Dasha Calculator|date=2015-07-25|website=RockingBaba|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> Vimshottari Dasha assumes that the maximum duration of life of an individual human being is 120 '''Solar''' [[sidereal time|sidereal years]] which is the aggregate duration of all nine planetary periods i.e. [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] 7, [[Venus (astrology)|Venus]] 20, [[Sun (astrology)|Sun]] 6, [[Moon (astrology)|Moon]] 10, [[Mars (astrology)|Mars]] 7, [[Rahu]] 18, [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] 16, [[Saturn (astrology)|Saturn]] 19 and [[Mercury (astrology)|Mercury]] 17, in the order of their operation. It is not known when this system was discovered and why the number of years allotted to each varies.<ref name=Gopesh>Gopesh Kumar Ojha (1972), Hindu Predictive Astrology, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Private Ltd, Mumbai, India</ref> The year of the Vimshottari dasha is the astronomical solar year of 365.25 days. The classic text [[Phaladeepika|Phala Dipika]] explains:

"Note the exact position of the Sun in the zodiac at the time of birth. When the Sun in the next round arrives at the same position, it is considered as one Solar year which is also the year taken for Udu Dasa system. By sub-dividing the same, days also are calculated." ''Phala Dipika'' 19.4 Thus indicating that a year is to be taken as 365.25 days, the length of time for the Sun to return to its original place.<ref>How Long is a Year in Vimsottari Mahadasa? http://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/resources/articles/how_long_year/how_long_year_1.html</ref>{{rp|4}}

V. B. Rele concluded that in this system the trine is the base used in calculations of planetary periods, that each trine begins with a Janma Nakshatra, and that a certain order was once visible in the sky (which order was also visible in the year 649 A.D. when 0 Degree of Aries sign very nearly coincided with Ashwini Nakshatra) the order in which the nine planetary periods or dashas operate. Hindus calculate their year on the basis of a Savan day of 60 {{Transliteration|bn|ghatikas}} from sun-rise to next sun-rise, each {{Transliteration|bn|ghatika}} is of 24 minutes duration, 30 Savan Days make one month and 360 Savan Days make one year.<ref name=Rele/>{{rp|26, 27}}

==Significance of Moon==
The divisional longitude of each of the 27 [[nakshatra]]s beginning with Ashwini and ending with Revati is 13 degrees and 20 minutes further divided into four quarters or padas. Each of the nine planets presides over a set of three nakshatras situated on the zodiac at a trine from each other. The commencing dasha or mahadasha at the time of birth will be that of the lord of the nakshatra in which the Moon is placed, which particular nakshatra is known as the "Janma nakshatra". If the Moon is in Taurus in Mrigsira the first dasha will be of Mars, the second will be that of Rahu and so on. The distance already covered by the Moon in Mrigsira will be the portion of the dasha of Mars that has elapsed; the distance yet to be covered will represent the portion of the dasha of Mars that is yet to be experienced. The balance is calculated on the basis of the rule of three only in the case of the first mahadasha; the subsequent mahadashas will have their full quota. The balance mahadasha at birth on the basis of the exact longitude of the Moon can be ascertained by using the ready reckoner provided in all Panchangas. The Antar-dashas or the sub-periods and the Prayantar-dashas of each planet is calculated on pro-rata basis in proportion of the years allotted to them in the 120 years cycle of Vimshottari dasha system.<ref name=Gopesh />{{rp|253}} [[Saravali]] insists that the sign occupied by the Moon and the influences exercised on it by other planets through aspects etc.; at the time of the commencement of its mahadasa should be noted and examined, the same principle should also be applied to other mahadasa lords. If at the time of the commencement of the mahadasa its lord is in the lagna or in benefic or friendly vargas or in an {{Transliteration|bn|upachyasthana}} from the Birth ascendant or if the Moon occupies the friendly sign or exaltation sign of the lord of the mahadasa or is in an {{Transliteration|bn|upachyasthana}} from the mahadasa lord and the mahadasa lord is in a trine from the Moon then the mahadasa will give exceptionally good results.<ref>Murlidhar Chaturvedi (1981), Kalyan Verma’s Saravali, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, India, p. 355.</ref> The order and times of the dashas or mahadashas are shown in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Graha
!Mahadasha
!colspan="3"|Lord of Nakshatras
|-
|-
|[[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu (south node)]]
|7 Years
|[[Ashvini|Ashwini]]
|[[List of Nakshatras|Magha]]
|[[Mula (nakshatra)|Mula]]
|-
|[[Venus|Venus (Shukran)]]
|20 Years
|[[Bharani]]
|[[Purva Phalguni|Purva Phalguni(pubba)]]
|[[List of Nakshatras|Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|[[Sun|Sun (Adityan)]]
|6 Years
|[[Krittika]]
|[[List of Nakshatras|Uttara Phalguni(uttara)]]
|[[Uttara Ashadha]]
|-
|[[Moon|Moon (Chandran)]]
|10 Years
|[[Rohini (nakshatra)|Rohini]]
|[[Hasta (nakshatra)|Hasta]]
|[[Shravana (nakshatra)|Shravana]]
|-
|[[Mars|Mars (Chevva/mangal/kuja)]]
|7 Years
|[[Mrigashira|Mrigashirsha]]
|[[List of Nakshatras|Chitra]]
|[[Dhanishtha]]
|-
|[[Rahu|Rahu (north node)]]
|18 Years
|[[Ardra (nakshatra)|Ardra]]
|[[Svati|Swati]]
|[[Lambda Aquarii|Shatabhishak]]
|-
|[[Jupiter|Jupiter (Vyazhan/guru)]]
|16 Years
|[[Punarvasu]]
|[[Vishakha]]
|[[Purva Bhadrapada]]
|-
|[[Saturn|Saturn (Shani)]]
|19 Years
|[[Pushya]]
|[[Anuradha (nakshatra)|Anuradha]]
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
|-
|[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury (Budhan)]]
|17 Years
|[[Ashlesha]]
|[[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Jyestha]]
|[[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]]
|}

==Implication==
The sign, the navamsa and the nakshatra occupied by the Moon is of paramount importance; they form the basis for predicting future events. All planets are rendered weak when the Moon is devoid of strength. The results about all astrological problems are to be deduced from the relevant bhava, its lord, its karaka, and their respective dispositors in the light of the intricacy displayed by the various yoga-formations caused by concerned planets. The good or bad results of all yoga-formations are felt during the course of the mahadasha or antra-dashas of planets participating in those yoga-formations. All planets give results in accordance with their basic and acquired qualities, as also in accordance with the quality and status of the nakshatra they rule and occupy.

The nakshatra–wise position of planets and the nakshatras ruled by them cannot be overlooked. Therefore, [[Jataka Parijata]] draws attention to an ancient principle and states that counted from the Janma nakshatra the dasas of the planets occupying the first nine nakshatras reflect the effects of the past, from the tenth to the eighteenth nakshatra, the future, and the results of the dasa of planets occupying the nineteenth to the twenty-seventh nakshatra bear no results. The nine nakshatras beginning with the one occupied by the Moon at the time of birth are the "Janma nakshatra", the "Sampata nakshatra", the "Vipat nakshatra", the "Kshema nakshatra", "Pratayari nakshatra", the "Sadhaka nakshatra", "Vadha nakshatra", the "Mitra nakshatra" and the "Ati-mitra nakshatra". The dasas and the antra-dasas of planets occupying the Sampata (2nd), the Sadhaka (6th), the Mitra (8th) and the Param-mitra (9th) confer wealth etc.; the 5th is called the Uttpanna, the 8th the Adhana and the 4th the Maha nakshatra. Planets ruling favourable nakshatras generally tend to give favourable results if they occupy a favourable nakshatra and the nakshatras they rule are not afflicted by planets that rule unfavourable nakshatras.

==Considerations in judging planetary periods==
[[Vaidyanatha Dikshita]] in his [[Jataka Parijata]] states that a planet will give better or exceptional results if it is situated in the centre of the bhava occupied by it, the results will minimise the more it is removed from the centre or if it has gained more and more benefic bindus in the Sarva Ashtakavarga or if it occupies the lagna, the 10th or the 11th house or it is exalted, in own or friendly vargas or occupies favourable bhavas in yoga with benefic bhava-lords and karakas. The mahadasa of the planet owning the sign occupied by either Mandi or Gulika or in conjunction with Mandi or gaining very few benefic bindus or occupying its inimical or debilitation sign or combust or afflicted by papa-grahas or in Rasi-sandhi or in Bhava-sandhi or in adverse association with malefics will give poor results.<ref>Gopesh Kumar Ojha (1994), Jataka Parijata, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, India, p. 1031.</ref>

The results of the planetary periods or dashas depend on the specific strength or weakness of the concerned planet; for the planet to give its best results it should be strong in Shadabala and auspiciously placed with reference to the lagna without being afflicted by inimical malefic planets. Saturn situated in the 5th house from the lagna does not generally confer good results, though it can confer a long span of life but usually makes one evil-minded and quarrelsome. In the case of Gemini lagna, Saturn situated in the 5th will be in its sign of exaltation as a benefic and as the lord of the 9th house; it will give rise to yoga and [[Dhana yoga (Hindu astrology)|Dhana yoga]]. An exalted planet occupying a trikonabhava makes one fortunate and famous; additionally if the lord of the navamsa of occupation is also situated in a quadrant (kendra) or a trine (trikona) from the lagna in own or exaltation sign then one undoubtedly becomes very fortunate and occupies an eminent position in life.<ref name=Ravinder>Ravinder Kumar Soni (2011), Planets and Their Yoga Formations, Pigeon Books India, New Delhi, India,</ref>{{rp}} All planets give their good or bad results during the course of their {{Transliteration|bn|mahadasas}} and antra-dasas; the results vary from person to person because of the varying conditions and circumstances of their individual births and family background, place and country of birth etc., and because planets are never found identically conditioned in any two individual horoscopes. A planet may give a weak constitution but at the same time it may also produce financial and professional prosperity. The mental disposition is judged by reference to the Moon, and the liability to diseases and accidents is judged from the planets associating with the Moon, the Sun and the lagna.<ref>B.V. Raman (1981), How to Judge a Horoscope, IBH Prakashana, Bengaluru, India, pp. 31, 32</ref>
[[Jataka Parijata]] (Ch. XVIII. Sl.58) states that in the beginning the mahadasa lord gives results in accordance with the house it occupies, in the middle, as per the sign it occupies, and at the close, as per the influence of the planetary aspects that improve or afflict the mahadasa lord. And, [[Mantreswara]] in his [[Phaladeepika]] explains that the gain or loss of things and the events signified by a particular bhava will be experienced when the lord of the lagna transits a trine from the natal position of the bhava-lord or the bhava-lord transits a trine from the natal point of the lagna, or when during the course of their transits they aspect each other or combine in a sign, or when the bhava-karaka transits the natal position of the lord of the lagna or the lord of the sign occupied by the Moon at the time of birth or when the lord of the lagna transits that bhava.<ref>Gopesh Kumar Ojha (1991), Phaladeepika Bhavarthabodhini, Motilal Banarsidas, New Delhi, India, p. 318.</ref>

==Mahadashas==
While all classic texts on Hindu astrology narrate in general the dasha-effects of planets on the health, wealth, happiness, activity, age and the general well-being of human beings on the premise that all events have the tendency to re-occur, the overall effects of the [https://www.thevedichoroscope.com/2020/12/28/vismshotrri-dasha-learn-about-mahadasha-antardasha-in-vedic-astrology/ Vimshottari mahadashas of nine planets] are subject to the effects of their respective antra-dashas and paryantra-dashas that depend largely on their location as counted from the mahadasa-lord and their natural and temporal relationship with it. The author of [[Sarvartha Chintamani]] has remarked that the ancient seers did not approve any other method for assessment of one's lifespan etc.; other than through the aid of the yogas obtaining at the time of birth and the nature of the dashas likely to operate. The twelve signs, their divisions and sub-divisions, the twenty-seven nakshatras and their divisions, and the nine planets by their simple as well as complex combinations, associations and permutations form thousands of yogas and ava-yogas.<ref name=Ravinder/> {{rp|4}} Planets in signs with the hind parts rising may show their full effect in the latter part of the mahadasa; in the signs rising with the front part first, in the initial period, and in Pisces, in the middle. Gopesh Kumar Ojha states that the art of interpretation varies from circumstance to circumstance and with the subjective appreciation of the astrologer.<ref name=Gopesh/> {{rp|4}}

General effects of mahadashas.<ref name=Gopesh/> {{rp|4}}
*Ketu – 7 years.
If Ketu is favourably placed one devotes time and energy to the perusal of philosophy texts and engages in worship, derives much income from practice of medicine, enjoys domestic comforts and luxuries, good luck and freedom from disease. But if Ketu is ill-placed one may suffer intense pain of body and anguish of mind, accidents, wounds and fever, have low company and suffer bad consequences through them.

*Venus – 20 years.
If Venus is strong and favourably placed one may acquire things of art and pleasure, co-operates with others reciprocally in an harmonious manner and gains, falls in love, gets married, love and affection for spouse increases, begets daughters, rise due to the patronage or favour of some lady and well-wishers. But if Venus is weak and afflicted one suffers from ill-health, contracts urinary or venereal diseases, low sexual prowess, monetary loss, lack of favours and support, disharmony at home and outside and earns a bad name.

*Sun – 6 years.
If the Sun is strong and favourably placed the soul will feel strong, one may make efforts for self-realisation, live splendidly, travel far and wide, engage in strife or hostility that yields good dividend, rise in position and status, gains through trading, and benefits from father or father will benefit. If the Sun is weak and afflicted one may feel inner weakness, suffer decline in physical and mental prowess, health troubles, demotion in rank and status, displeasure of the government, trading losses and suffer at the hands of father or his father may suffer ill-health or die.

*Moon – 10 years.
If the Moon is strong and favourably placed one may have a cheerful heart, a happy and a vigorous mind, facial lustre increases, enjoys subtle pleasures and comforts, obtains a good job or rise in status, gains money and favours and pays homage to gods. If the Moon is weak and afflicted one suffers from ill-health, lethargy and indolence, loss of job or demotion, loss from or quarrel with women and mother may fall ill or die.

*Mars – 7 years.
If Mars is strong and favourably placed one may gain from or through brothers, earn favour from persons wielding authority, enter into or promotion in military, para-military or police service, acquires landed property and other valuables, enjoys good health, exhibits optimism, daring and persistence. If Mars is weak and afflicted one may suffer from fall, wounds, deterioration of blood, at the hands of a magistrate, become quarrelsome, exchanges hot words, earns enmities, hates and litigates.

*Rahu – 18 years.
If Rahu is favourable one may gain ruling powers or rise in governmental favours by resorting to falsehoods, tricks and cunning, earn and gain wealth through unscrupulous means, changes place of residence. But if Rahu is unfavourable one suffers very many losses, suffers from snake-bite, aberration of the mind, hallucinations and illusions, asthma, eczema etc. It is the worst mahadasha for education or career which may be broken or disrupted.

*Jupiter – 16 years.
If Jupiter is strong, well-placed and forms good yogas one is inclined to learning and increase of knowledge; if it comes in middle age it confers wealth and bestows sons, one leads a comfortable life, one goes on pilgrimage and has auspicious celebrations, and in old age bestows, better income and finances. If Jupiter is weak and afflicted one gives up education, suffers from failures, poverty and many miseries including fall from position and ill-health, commits evil deeds, becomes frustrated, sons or grandsons may also suffer.

*Saturn – 19 years.
If Saturn is favourable one rises in service by own strenuous efforts and hard work, derives benefits from things signified by Saturn and gains a legacy. But if Saturn is unfavourable one may suffer from diseases due to malnutrition, poverty, litigation etc.; quarrels and disputes with elders, deaths in the family or of near ones, impediments and obstacles in path of progress and miserable life due to distress all around.

*Mercury – 17 years.
If Mercury is strong and favourable one devotes time and energy to studies, writing etc.; remains active, engages in commerce or politics or diplomacy, gains through dealings with others and trade, enjoys company of friends, peace and tranquillity and lives in comfortable surroundings. But if Mercury is weak and afflicted one may suffer from nervous disease, a bad liver, loss due to bad friends and relations, due to own dishonesty and of others, defamation and the like.

==Antar-dasha or Bhukti==
Each mahadasha is also subdivided into planetary periods called Antar-dasha or ''Bhukti'', and each antar-dasha is further divided into Pratyantar-dashas which run their course in the same order as the mahadashas, and with the same proportional length. For example, the first bhukti of Ketu is Ketu/Ketu, the second is Ketu/Venus, the third Ketu/Sun and so on. These subdivisions allow a much more detailed examination of the influence of each mahadasha, and a much clearer indication of what events are expected to occur and when.

The last bhukti of each mahadasha is considered to be a preparatory time for the major shift which the next mahadasha will bring. Thus, the last bhukti of the Sun mahadasha is Sun/Venus, which prepares for the coming Moon mahadasha by emphasizing relationships and family matters. Similarly, the last bhukti of Jupiter is Jupiter/Rahu which prepares the mind for the practical and realistic Saturn mahadasha by reattaching it to stress and worldly concerns. The effects of Antra-dasha will vary for each mahadasha based on the strength of dasha lord. The reason is mahadasa is considered as car and Antar-dasha is considered as driver. If the driver (Bhukti lord) is wise, he can drive very well, even though car (the Dasha lord) is not very powerful but the car will have some limitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.softwareandfinance.com/Magazine/Astrology/Lessions/Index.html|title=Learn Vedic Astrology|website=www.softwareandfinance.com|access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref>

Antar-dasha gives different results according to different ascendents.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Technical factors of Hindu astrology]]

Kalpika Ganesh

2026-01-15T17:11:22Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Kalpika Ganesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
}}

'''Kalpika Ganesh''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She made her film debut with the film ''[[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am like this in real life — outspoken |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/210320/i-am-like-this-in-real-life-outspoken.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kalpika Ganesh was born in [[Hyderabad]], India. She has completed BA from Vivekananda College, Secunderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-13 |title=Kalpika Ganesh’s jaw-dropping pictures on Instagram will blow your mind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalpika-ganeshs-jaw-dropping-pictures-on-instagram-will-blow-your-mind/photostory/67512342.cms?picid=67512368 |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kalpika Ganesh started her career in modeling and later in 2009, she made her film debut from the film ''[[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]]'', directed by ''[[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]''. Later she acted in other movies and web series.<ref name="Kalpika Ganesh of ‘Sita on the Road’ fame looks fabulous and droolworthy in her latest photo-shoot">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2019 |title=Kalpika Ganesh of 'Sita on the Road' fame looks fabulous and droolworthy in her latest photo-shoot |language=en |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalpika-ganesh-of-sita-on-the-road-fame-looks-fabulous-and-droolworthy-in-her-latest-photo-shoot/articleshow/69799439.cms?from=mdr |website = Times of India|access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521061112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalpika-ganesh-of-sita-on-the-road-fame-looks-fabulous-and-droolworthy-in-her-latest-photo-shoot/articleshow/69799439.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> She has also appeared in film like ''[[Sarocharu]]'', ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', ''Sita on the Road''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpika Ganesh to appear on Maa Mahalakshmi game show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/kalpika-ganesh-to-appear-on-maa-mahalakshmi-game-show/articleshow/40342767.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuvvena from Sita On The Road is a pursuit of desire from women's heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/nuvvena-from-sita-on-the-road-is-a-pursuit-of-desire-from-womens-heart/articleshow/69522973.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Apart from films she also appeared in web series like ''[[Loser (web series)|Loser]]'' and ''[[Ekkadiki Ee Parugu]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=An edge-of-the-seat ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jan/07/an-edge-of-the-seat-ride-1921887.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111141143/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jan/07/an-edge-of-the-seat-ride-1921887.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=21 January 2022 |title='Loser 2' web series review: This emotional drama benefits from its able cast led by Priyadarshi and Kalpika |language=en-IN |website=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/loser-2-web-series-review-high-on-emotional-drama/article38302496.ece |access-date=27 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''Note: All films are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films unless otherwise mentioned.''
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2009
|[[Prayanam (2009 film)|''Prayanam'']]
|Moksha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=11 January 2021 |title=Lockdown idea turns a YouTube hit |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lockdown-idea-turns-a-youtube-hit |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|[[Orange (2010 film)|''Orange'']]
|Jaanu's friend
|
|
|-
|''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
|
|
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 January 2021 |title=Lockdown idea turns a YouTube hit |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lockdown-idea-turns-a-youtube-hit |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Maaro (film)|Maaro]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Julayi]]''
|Neha
|
|-
|''[[Sarocharu]]''
|Kalpika
|
|-
|''[[Nippu]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
|Geetha's sister
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''My Dear Marthandam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''
|Vaishali's friend
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=11 January 2021 |title=Lockdown idea turns a YouTube hit |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lockdown-idea-turns-a-youtube-hit |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Sita on the Road''
|Anu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Madhuram Madhuram' from 'Sita on the Road' is refreshing! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/madhuram-madhuram-from-sita-on-the-road-is-refreshing/articleshow/68511356.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Debbaku Tha Dongala Mutha''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Maa Vintha Gaadha Vinuma]]''
|Meghana
|
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The First Case]]''
|Dr. Roopa
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Eakam''
|Nitya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
|[[Parole (2022 film)|''Parole'']]
|Thendral
| Tamil film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linga and Karthiik RS team up for Parole |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/12/linga-and-karthiik-rs-team-up-for-parole-22224.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]''
|Teju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
|''[[8 A.M. Metro]]''
|Mridula
| Hindi film
|
|-
|''[[Atharva (2023 film)|Atharva]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=Simran Choudhary's First Look Poster From Atharva Is Out! |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/simran-choudhary-s-first-look-poster-atharva-out-161737 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simran Choudhary's First Look poster from Karthik Raju, Mahesh Reddy, 'Atharva' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/simran-choudharys-first-look-poster-from-karthik-raju-mahesh-reddy-peggo-entertainments-atharva-released/articleshow/94471798.cms |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mario (2025 film)|Mario]]''
|
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Ekkadiki Ee Parugu]]''
|Dr.Saira
|rowspan="2" | [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=An edge-of-the-seat ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jan/07/an-edge-of-the-seat-ride-1921887.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111141143/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jan/07/an-edge-of-the-seat-ride-1921887.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Loser (web series)|Loser]]''
|Ruby Shabana
|<ref name="Director Abhilash Reddy wanted strugglers, not stars for his web series ‘Loser’">{{Cite news |date=19 May 2020 |title=Director Abhilash Reddy wanted strugglers, not stars for his web series 'Loser' |website=The Hindu |publisher=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-abhilash-reddy-wanted-actors-who-looked-like-strugglers-for-his-telugu-web-series-loser-that-stars-priyadarshi-shashank-annie-and-kalpika-ganesh/article31621391.ece/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521065950/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-abhilash-reddy-wanted-actors-who-looked-like-strugglers-for-his-telugu-web-series-loser-that-stars-priyadarshi-shashank-annie-and-kalpika-ganesh/article31621391.ece/amp/ |archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 May 2020 |title=Priyadarshi Pulikonda is an air rifle shooter in Zee5's Telugu web series 'Loser' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyadarshi-pulikonda-is-an-air-rifle-shooter-in-zee5s-telugu-web-series-loser/article31554821.ece |access-date=27 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==Controversy==
In June 2025, Kalpika Ganesh was named in a police complaint following an incident at Odeum by Prism, a pub in Gachibowli, Hyderabad. According to the pub's management, Ganesh and a guest allegedly refused to pay a bill of ₹2,200 and became verbally aggressive after being denied a complimentary dessert. She was also accused of damaging property, making inappropriate remarks toward staff, and livestreaming the incident on social media while making serious allegations. Based on a complaint filed by the establishment, the Gachibowli police registered an FIR under Sections 324(4), 352, and 351(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. The case is under investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Case registered against influencer Kalpika Ganesh following alleged misconduct at Hyderabad restaurant |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/case-registered-against-influencer-kalpika-ganesh-following-alleged-misconduct-at-hyderabad-restaurant-11749719590874.html |work=Mint |agency=ANI |date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Kalpika Ganesh booked for abuse, intimidation at Hyderabad pub |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Jun/13/actor-kalpika-ganesh-booked-for-abuse-intimidation-at-hyderabad-pub |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalpika Ganesh booked for allegedly misbehaving in Hyderabad pub; Case filed and investigations underway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalpika-ganesh-booked-for-allegedly-misbehaving-in-hyderabad-pub-case-filed-and-investigations-underway-reports/articleshow/121821220.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=3544047}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, Kalpika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Horace Alexander

2025-12-26T19:13:45Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: done

{{Short description|English author and ornithologist (1889–1989)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Horace Alexander
|image = Horace Alexander.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Alexander (left), {{circa|1970}}
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|04|18}}
|birth_place = [[Croydon]], England
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1989|09|30|1889|07|30}}
|death_place = [[Pennsylvania]], United States
|occupation = {{Flatlist|
*Pacifist
*ornithologist
}}
|nationality = [[British people|British]]
|period =
|genre = Non-fiction
|subject = {{Flatlist|
*[[Ornithology]]
*[[Quakerism]]
*[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]
*India
}}
|movement =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
}}
'''Horace Gundry Alexander''' (18 April 1889 – 30 September 1989) was an English [[Quaker]] teacher, [[writer]], [[pacifist]] and [[ornithology|ornithologist]]. He was the youngest of four sons of Joseph Gundry Alexander (1848–1918),{{sfn |Chmielewski}} two other sons being the ornithologists [[Wilfred Backhouse Alexander]] and [[Christopher James Alexander]] (1887–1917).{{sfn |Carnall |Wood |2004}} He was a friend of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

==Life and work==
Horace Gundry Alexander was born on 18 April 1889 in [[Croydon]], [[Surrey]]. His father, Joseph Gundry Alexander (1848–1918), was an eminent lawyer, who had worked to suppress the [[opium]] trade between India and China. His mother was Josephine Crosfield Alexander (1847-1917). His early schooling was at [[Bootham School]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bootham School Register |place=York, England |publisher=BOSA |first=Jenny |last=Woodland |year=2011}}</ref> in [[York]], after which he studied history at [[King's College, Cambridge]] and graduated in 1912. When the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out in 1914, he served as secretary on various anti-war committees. In 1916, as a [[conscientious objector]], he was initially exempted only from combatant [[military service]], but after two levels of appeal he was exempted on condition of teaching, which he took up via General Service with the [[Friends' Ambulance Unit]], holding posts at [[Sibford School]], [[Warwick School]] and [[Cranbrook School, Kent]].

Alexander married Olive Graham (1892–1942) on 20 July 1918 and joined the staff of [[Woodbrooke College|Woodbrooke]], a Quaker college in [[Birmingham]], teaching international relations, especially in relation to the [[League of Nations]], from 1919 to 1944. His wife died in 1942, having used a wheelchair for several years. That year Alexander joined a section of the [[World War II]] [[Friends Ambulance Unit]] and went to parts of India that were threatened by Japan. In 1958, he married Rebecca Bradbeer (née Biddle, 1901–1991), an American Quaker. After ten years they moved to [[Pennsylvania]], United States, where he spent the remaining twenty years of his life.{{sfn |Carnall |Wood |2004}} He was also, for its first ten years, a governor of [[Leighton Park School]], a leading Quaker school in England. He died of a [[Stomach|gastrointestinal]] illness at Crosslands, a Quaker retirement community in [[Kennett Square, Pennsylvania|Kennett Square]], Pennsylvania.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0DC1E31F936A35753C1A96F948260 Obituary. New York Times 5 October 1989]</ref>

==Ornithology==
Alexander was a lifelong, dedicated and gifted [[birdwatching|birdwatcher]], keenly involved in the 20th-century movements for the protection and observation of birds. He and two of his older brothers, Wilfred and Christopher, he took a keen interest in nature. Growing up in a Quaker home devoid of any other forms of entertainment, his interest in birds began at the age of eight, when his older brother Gilbert gave him a book on natural history.{{sfn |Moss |2004 |p=87}} In his autobiography he traced the beginnings of this interest in birds to 8.45 am on 25 March 1897, when an uncle pointed out a singing [[Common chiffchaff|chiffchaff]] in their garden.{{sfn|Fitter|1990}} It was not until he was 20 that he obtained his first pair of binoculars.{{sfn |Moss |2004 |p=88}} He was one of a small group of amateur birdwatchers who developed skills and set new standards for combining the pleasures of birdwatching with the satisfaction of contributing to ornithological science. He made many significant observations, mainly in Britain, but also in India and the United States.

Alexander spent most of his time in India and became interested in its birds in 1927. Ornithology at that time was not popular among Indians in India, and when Horace informed Gandhi of an expedition, Gandhi commented, "That is a good hobby, provided you don't shoot them." Horace demonstrated the use of binoculars as an acceptable alternative to the gun and carried them at most times. Horace Alexander joined [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]] on an expedition to the [[Naga Hills]] in 1950. Ripley named a subspecies of the [[aberrant bush warbler]] after Alexander, although this is no longer recognised.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Postilla |volume=6 |year=1951 |title=Notes on Indian Birds. IV. Some recently collected birds from Assam |author=Ripley, S. Dillon |pages=1–7 |url=https://archive.org/stream/postilla150peab#page/n61/mode/2up/}}</ref> In the same year he founded the [[Delhi]] Birdwatching Society, along with Lt. Gen. Harold Williams. One early member of the organisation was the young [[Indira Gandhi]], and the group encouraged Indian ornithologists such as Usha Ganguli.{{sfn |Wood |2003}} Many of his notes were mislaid when one of his suitcases was lost in India in 1946.{{sfn |Moss |2004 |p=102}}{{sfn |Bhutani |1984}} Through his influence on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], he was instrumental in the designation of the [[Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary]] near Delhi.{{sfn |Fitter |1990}}

Alexander was also a founder member, in 1929, of the [[West Midland Bird Club]] (then the Birmingham Bird Club),<ref name="WMBC-chrono">{{Cite web |url=http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/club/chrono|title=Chronology |publisher=West Midland Bird Club |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921053229/http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/club/chrono |archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> and its president,<ref name="WMBC-chrono"/> during his long residence in Birmingham, England.

==Mohandas Gandhi==
Alexander's father-in-law, John William Graham, believed that Gandhi was a subversive and that the Indians were unprepared for self-government. At the Quaker yearly meeting in 1930 the [[Nobel Prize]]-winning poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] attacked colonial rule in India. The Quakers were disturbed by the address and John Graham was particularly outraged. Afterwards it was agreed that a representative would be sent to India to attempt a reconciliation between the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]], [[Lord Irwin]], and Gandhi. This task was assigned to Horace Alexander, who first met Gandhi in March 1928. He made it possible for Gandhi to attend the 1931 round-table conference in London. After the conference he founded the India Conciliation Group along with [[Agatha Harrison]] and [[Carl Heath]].{{sfn |Carnall |Wood |2004}} Becoming a close friend of Gandhi (who, in 1942, described Alexander as "one of the best English friends India has"), he wrote extensively about Gandhi's philosophy.{{sfn|Carnall|2010}} In 1947 he attempted to intervene to control the violence between Muslims and Hindus and was beside Gandhi in Calcutta on 15 August 1947.{{sfn |Carnall |Wood |2004}}

He was consulted by [[Richard Attenborough]] in the making of the 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''. However, he felt that the scripts did not do justice to the people around Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://textualities.net/geoffrey-carnall/gandhis-interpreter-a-life-of-horace-alexander |author=Carnall, Geoffrey |title=Gandhi's Interpreter: a life of Horace Alexander |year=2006}}</ref>

In 1984 he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] medal, the highest honour given to a non-Indian civilian.{{sfn|Carnall|Wood|2004}}

==Radio appearances==
Alexander made several appearances as a presenter on [[BBC Radio]]:
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1933|04|27|df=y}} |event=Adventures in Bird Watching |location= BBC Regional Programme Midland}}<ref name="RT-499">{{Cite journal |date=21 April 1933 |title=Regional Programme Midland, 27 April 1933 22.00 |journal=[[Radio Times]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |volume=39 |issue=499 |url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/857ea361970f4ef68c1169713f853a7a|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018212452/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/857ea361970f4ef68c1169713f853a7a|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|06|14|df=y}} |event=Personalities and Possibilities in Kashmir |location=[[Third Programme]]}}<ref name="RT-1287">{{Cite journal |url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f737d6013a2d482c83df0b8b1ab4d175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024124528/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f737d6013a2d482c83df0b8b1ab4d175 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2014 |date=11 June 1948 |title=Third Programme, 14 June 1948 18.00 |journal=[[Radio Times]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |volume=98 |issue=1287 |page=11}}</ref>
*He also appeared as a guest in the 1950s and 1960s on several programmes about Gandhi.<ref name="Genome">{{Cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=0&q=%22horace+alexander%22&media=all&yf=1923&yt=2009&mf=1&mt=12&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00 |title=Search Results — BBC Genome |work=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

==Publications==
The books and articles written by Horace Alexander include:
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=Joseph Gundry Alexander |date=2 December 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924007754298}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |url=https://archive.org/details/justiceamongnati014924mbp |title=Justice Among Nations |date=1927 |publisher=Leonard & Virginia Woolf At The Hogarth Press}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=The Indian Ferment |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43700 |date=1929}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=India Since Cripps |date=1944 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]}}<ref>[https://archive.org/details/india-since-cripps/mode/2up ''India since Cripps''].</ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=New Citizens of India |date=1951}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=Consider India: An Essay in Values |url=https://archive.org/details/considerindia00hora |date=1961}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=Gandhi Through Western Eyes |date=1969}}
**reissued {{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=Gandhi Through Western Eyes |date=1984 |publisher=New Society Publishers |isbn=978-0-86571-044-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhithroughwes00alex}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-mask=0 |title=70 Years of Birdwatching |date=1974 |publisher=[[T & A D Poyser]] |isbn=0-85661-004-6}}

===Ornithological papers===
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1929}}|event= Some birds seen in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. Ibis, 12 5(1), 41–53.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1931}}|event= Shearwaters in the Arabian Sea. Ibis, 13 1(3), 579–581.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1938}}|event= {{cite web |first1=H. G. |last1=Alexander |author-mask1=0 |url=http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/archive/bittell-38 |title=Bittell Reservoirs, 1938 |publisher=West Midland Bird Club |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516195533/http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/archive/bittell-38 |archive-date=2008-05-16 }} }}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948}}|event= {{Cite news |title=Birds in India |work=[[Birmingham Post]] |first1=H. G. |last1=Alexander |author-mask1=0 |date= 3 March 1943}} }}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948}}|event= The status of the Dusky Willow-Warbler ''Phylloscopus fuscatus'' (Blyth) in India. JBNHS. 47(4), 736–739.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948}}|event= White-winged Wood-Duck ''Asarcornis scutulatus'' (Mueller) on the Padma River, East Bengal. JBNHS. 47(4), 749.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949}}|event= The birds of Delhi and District. JBNHS. 48(2), 370–372.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949}}|event= The Great Crested Grebe ''Podiceps cristatus'' (Linn.) in Orissa. JBNHS. 48(2), 367–368.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949}}|event= Whitecapped Redstart ''Chaimarrhornis leucocephalus'' (Vigors) feeding on berries. JBNHS. 48(4), 806.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= Field identification of birds. JBNHS. 49(1), 123–124.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= Kentish Plovers ''Leucopolius alexandrinus'' (Linn.) at Bombay. JBNHS. 49(2), 311.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= Large Grey Babbler attacking metal hub-cap of wheel of car. JBNHS. 49(3), 550.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= Possible occurrence of the Black Tern ''Chlidonias niger'' (L.) near Delhi. JBNHS. 49(1), 120–121.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= Some notes on the genus ''Phylloscopus'' in Kashmir. JBNHS. 49(1), 9–13.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}}|event= with Sir N. F. Frome — Birds of Delhi and District, The Reference List. JBNHS.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951}}|event= Some notes on birds in Lahul. JBNHS. 49(4), 608–613.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952}}|event= Birds attacking their reflections. JBNHS. 50(3), 674–675.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952}}|event= Identifying birds of prey in the field. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club (BBOC) 72, 55–61.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952}}|event= Letter to the Editor. Ibis 94(2), 369–370.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952}}|event= with [[Humayun Abdulali|Abdulali, H]] - Ardeidae with red legs. Ibis 94, 363.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953}}|event= Rednecked Phalarope near Delhi. JBNHS. 51(2), 507–508.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1955}}|event= Field notes on some Asian leaf warblers. British Birds. 48, [http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/search?id=3033 293–299], [http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/search?id=3045 349–356].}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1957}}|event= Bird life of Madhya Pradesh. JBNHS. 54(3), 768–769.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964}}|event= [https://archive.org/stream/NLBW4#page/n1/mode/1up/ Return to Delhi]. ''Newsletter for Birdwatchers''. 4(1), 1–3.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1969}}|event= Some Notes on Asian Leaf-Warblers (Genus ''Phylloscopus''). Private/TRUEXpress, Oxford. 31 pages.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1972}}|event= [https://archive.org/stream/NLBW12#page/n109/mode/1up On revisiting Delhi]. ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''. 12(9), 1–3.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1972}}|event= [https://archive.org/stream/NLBW12#page/n119/mode/1up Nest building of the Baya Weaver Bird]. ''Newsletter for Birdwatchers''. 12(9):12.}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1974}}|event= What leads to increases in the range of certain birds? ''[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]]'' (JBNHS). 71(3), 571–576.}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite journal |last=Bhutani |first=RK |year=1984 |title=Re-formation of Delhi Birdwatching Society |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW24#page/n15/mode/2up}}
*{{Cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Carnall |title=Gandhi's Interpreter: A Life of Horace Alexander |place=Edinburgh, Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh Univ. Press |year=2010}}
*{{Cite ODNB |first1=Geoffrey |last1=Carnall |first2=J. Duncan |last2=Wood |chapter=Alexander, Horace Gundry (1889–1989) |title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/38403 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38403}}
*{{Cite web |last=Chmielewski |first=Wendy |title=Horace Gundry Alexander – Papers, 1916–1983 |publisher=Swarthmore College Peace Collection |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG100-150/dg140Alexander.htm |access-date=9 May 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122047/http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG100-150/dg140Alexander.htm |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Fitter |first=Richard |pages=484–486 |year=1990 |volume=132 |issue=3 |journal=Ibis |title=Obituary |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01068.x |doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=J. Duncan |title=Horace Alexander: Birds and Binoculars |year=2003 |publisher=Sessions of York |isbn=1-85072-289-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Moss |first=Stephen |year=2004 |title=A bird in the bush: A social history of birdwatching |publisher=Aurum Press}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040705191253/http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG100-150/dg140Alexander.html Papers in the Swarthmore College Peace Collection] (page includes biography)
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/biblio/70Years/WMRes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002218/http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/biblio/70Years/WMRes.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=''70 Years of Birdwatching'' (extract) |publisher=West Midland Bird Club }}
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0DC1E31F936A35753C1A96F948260 Obituary in The New York Times 5 October 1989]
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924007754298 H G Alexander's biography of his father Joseph Gundry Alexander]
*[http://textualities.net/writers/features-a-g/alexanderh01.php Gandhi's interpreter by Geoffrey Carnall]
*[http://www.woodbrooke.org.uk www.woodbrooke.org.uk]
*[http://www.salsa.net/peace/conv/8weekconv2-7.html Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219141200/http://www.salsa.net/peace/conv/8weekconv2-7.html |date=19 December 2007 }}
*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F51991 National Archive]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Horace}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Croydon]]
[[Category:English Quakers]]
[[Category:People educated at Bootham School]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English Christian pacifists]]
[[Category:English conscientious objectors]]
[[Category:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit]]
[[Category:English nature writers]]
[[Category:English ornithologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English men centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]

Crime Next Door

2025-12-22T05:34:24Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: created redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| image_alt =
| genre = [[Crime Series|Crime]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Deepankar Prakash
| starring = [[Anupriya Goenka]] Aijaj Khan [[Aham Sharma]] Trishna Singh [[Gagan Pareek]] Boloram Das Rajendra Gupta [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Ravi Sah]] Mohan Kapur Madhura Welankar Satam Yashpal Sharma Vatsal Sheth Ipshita Chakrabarty Singh Trishna Singh Sahil Vaid
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Abhishek Jain
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 15
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Pranay Garg Karan Mukarka
| editor =
| location = Jaipur
| cinematography = Puneet Dhakar Yogesh Narang
| camera =
| runtime = 10-15 minutes
| company = Neeljai Films Kara Studios
| network = [[Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|05|28|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/disney-hotstar-crime-next-door-mystery/|title=Disney+ Hotstar's 'Crime Next Door' based on whodunit mystery|date=30 May 2021 |publisher=|accessdate=18 June 2021}}</ref>
| related =
| screenplay =
| story = Deepankar Prakash
}}

'''Crime Next Door''' is an Indian web series from [[Disney+ Hotstar]] Quix. The [[Hindi (language)|Hindi language]] mini web series was released on 28 May 2021. It is available on online streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar Quix app to watch online.

==Cast==
* [[Ravi Sah]] as Inspector Shekhawat
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Ranjeet Singh
* Madhura Welankar Satam as Shweta Singh
* [[Anupriya Goenka]] as Sujata
* [[Sahil Vaid]] as Aneer
* [[Aham Sharma]] as Dushyant
* [[Vatsal Sheth]] as Amit
* Ipshita Chakraborty Singh as Shashi
* Trishna Singh as Anjali
* Gagan Pareek as Bus Driver
* Boloram Das as Kishore
* Rajendra Gupta
* Mohan Kapur
* Yashpal Sharma

==Development==
On 27 May 2021, first trailer of the web show was released on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj0B2KmW31U&t=15s|title=Disney+ Hotstar Quix Presents - Crime Next Door - Trailer|date=27 May 2021|publisher=|accessdate=17 June 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref> On 28 May 2021, all episodes of the web series were aired on [[Hotstar]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/crime-next-door/1260062944 ''Crime Next Door''] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt14545262}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crime Next Door}}
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Rashtriya Kranti Party

2025-12-19T18:59:42Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: stub...

{{Short description|Defunct political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Rashtriya Kranti Party
| party_logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}
| founder = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| leader = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| secretary = [[Rajveer Singh]]
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = 1999
| dissolution = 2004
| merged = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| split = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| eci = dissolved party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2003-2004)
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| youth =
| ideology = [[Hindutva]]
| position = [[Right-wing]]
| colours =
| headquarters =
| publication =
| symbol =
| website =
|abbreviation = RTKP
}}

'''Rashtriya Kranti Party''' ('''RTKP''', {{Translation|National Revolutionary Party}}) was a defunct regional political party in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was founded by [[Kalyan Singh]]. The party was formed when [[Kalyan Singh]] had controversy with [[BJP]] Party. In 3 February 2004, The party was formally merged with [[BJP]].

In [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] the party had won 4 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2002|website=elections.in|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to The Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref> And later the party had Coalided with [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2003, and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] became [[chief minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Kalyan Singh]]'s Son [[Rajveer Singh]] became Health Minister in [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'s cabinet lasted from (2003-2007).

== History ==
[[File:Kalyan Singh1.jpg|150px|thumb|
Kalyan Singh, Founder of the party.]]

As a member of the Lodhi community, Singh commanded support among [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) groups, and his affiliation with the BJP had allowed it to expand its support beyond its traditional upper-caste base. However, he began to be seen as a "patron of the backward castes" by upper-caste members of his own party, and to face opposition as a result. Dissension within the party occurred at the same time as an increase in crime that Singh's administration was unable to control, and in May 1999, 36 BJP legislators resigned in protest at the continuation of Singh's administration.

Singh returned to the BJP in January 2004, and was made head of the party's state-level election committee for the [[2004 Indian general election]]. He successfully contested the election from the [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahar Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060517/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
=== Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Lower House) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" | Assembly Election
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" |Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" | Popular votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}};color:white" |% of votes
|-
| 14th Legislative assembly
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| 335
| 4
|1,812,535
|3.38%
|}

== List of RTKP Elected Uttar Pradesh Legislative Members in 2002 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}; color:" | No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}; color:" | Name
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}; color:" | Date of Appointment
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}; color:" | Date of Retirement
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}; color:" | Constituency
|-
!1
|rowspan="2|[[Kalyan Singh]]
|2002
|2004
|[[Atrauli Assembly constituency|Atrauli]]
|-
!2
|2002
|2002
|[[Debai Assembly constituency|Debai]]
|-
!3
|Sundar Singh
|2002
|2007
|[[Siana Assembly constituency|Siana]]
|-
!4
|Devendra Pratap
|2002
|2007
|[[Soron Assembly constituency|Soron]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9" |'''''Legislative member who had won from By-election'''''
|-
!5
|[[Rajveer Singh]]
|2002
|2007
|[[Debai Assembly constituency|Debai]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1999 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party breakaway groups]]

Belle Alliance (1817 ship)

2025-12-15T02:05:34Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: starting new info added tags!

{{other ships|Belle Alliance (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date= November 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|UKGBI|civil}}
| name = ''Belle Alliance''
| nickname=''The Bell of Lions''{{efn|In recollections of a voyage c.1823.{{sfnp|Doveton|1845|pp=321–329}}}}
| namesake = [[La Belle Alliance]]
| owner =
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder = James Macrae, Chittagong{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=253}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down = 1 December 1815,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=253}}
| launched =17 April 1817,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=253}} or 1817{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=178 & 189}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| captured =
| fate = Last listed 1854
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=627, or 637,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=178 & 189}} or 650,<ref name=EIRD>''East-India register and directory'' (1819), p.132.</ref> or 676{{small|{{frac|92|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=253}} or 677, or 700 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length ={{cvt|126|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=SA>[http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/node/944401 South Australian Maritime Museum – Passengers inhistory: "La Belle Alliance".]</ref>
| beam ={{cvt|34|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=253}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Belle Alliance''''' was launched at Chittagong in 1817. She moved her registry to England. In 1820 she carried settlers to South Africa. She then traded with India initially under a license from the British [[East India Company]], which trade continued after the company's demise. In 1847 she carried emigrants to Adelaide, South Australia. She was last listed in 1854.

==Career==
In 1819 ''Belle Alliance'' appeared on the registry at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] with William Rolfe, master, and Alexander & Co., owners.<ref name=EIRD/>

On 12 February 1820 Captain Rolfe sailed from London with 307 settlers bound for South Africa under the auspices of the British government's [[1820 Settlers]] scheme. ''Belle Alliance'' arrived at [[Table Bay]] on 2 May and shortly thereafter arrived at [[Algoa Bay]], Elizabethtown.<ref>[https://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/settlershowship.php?ship=La%20Belle%20Alliance 1820 British Settlers to South Africa: ''La Belle Alliance''.]</ref>

{{see also|Transport vessels of the 1820 British settlers to South Africa}}

On 28 December 1821 a gale at Portsmouth drove ''Belle Alliance'', Rolfe, master, out to sea. She had to cut away one anchor and broke the stock on the other. She was on her way to India.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735032?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 1 January 1822, №5658.]</ref> By 23 January she was at [[Santiago, Cape Verde]]; she reached [[Chennai|Madras]] prior to 11 May.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Source & notes
|-
| 1825
| W. Rolfe
| Rolfe & Co.
| London–Calcutta
| ''LR''
|-
| 1830
| H. Hunter
| Hunter
| London–Calcutta
| ''LR''
|-
| 1830
| Hunter
| Captain & Co.
| London–India
| ''RS''
|-
| 1835
| C. Arkcoll
|
|
| ''LR''
|-
|}

On 13 November 1840 ''Belle Alliance'' arrived at [[Saint Helena]]. Two days later her passengers and crew joined the procession that carried [[Napoleon]]'s body from his grave to the wharf where it was to the [[French frigate Belle Poule (1834)|frigate ''Belle Poule'']] was to convey it to France to be reburied. The crew of ''Belle Alliance'' wore ribbons around their hats with in letters of gold "La Belle Alliance".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Extract from a Narrative of the Disinterment of Napoleon Bonaparle at St. Helena on October 15, 1840 |url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/s3-IX/235/525/4477678 |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=s3-X |issue=235 |pages=525–528 [528] |doi=10.1093/nq/s3-IX.235.525|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Source & notes
|-
| 1840
| C. Arkoll Price
| Farncomb [[Joseph Somes|J.Somes]]
| London–Madras London Transport
| ''LR''; small repairs 1836 & 1837
|-
|}

On 26 February 1841 ''Belle Alliance'' left England with provisions and stores that she was carrying to China. She remained there until her discharge on 30 November.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/australia/transports1839-46.shtml "The Ships List": Transports From Great Britain, 1839-1846.]</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Source & notes
|-
| 1845
| West
| J. Somes
| London–Gibraltar
| ''LR''
|-
|}

On 28 February 1847 ''Belle Alliance'', Abraham Van Der Vord, master, left London with settlers for South Australia. She stopped at Plymouth on 8 March. Near Madeira she encountered a gale that carried away her main top mast. She returned to Plymouth and after affecting repairs sailed again on 4 April. She arrived at [[Adelaide]] on 30 June with 291 emigrants. Port-to-port the voyage had taken 88 days, a remarkably fast transit.<ref name=SA/>

Then on 6 July she ran aground at Adelaide.<ref name=SA060747>{{Cite news |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71608718 |title=Shipping Intelligence |newspaper=The South Australian |location=Adelaide |date=6 July 1847 |page=3 }}</ref>

''Belle Alliance'' sailed on 16 August for Singapore, in ballast.<ref name=SA/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Source & notes
|-
| 1850
| D. Stephens
| J.&F. Somes
| London–Calcutta
| ''LR''; small repairs 1848
|-
| 1854
| G. Bawdens
| Somes, brothers
|
| ''LR''
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite magazine |last1=Doveton |first1=F. B. |year=1845 |title=Souvenirs of a Voyage to India |magazine=Fisher's Colonial Magazine |volume=2 |issue=17 |pages=321–329}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hackman |first1=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Phipps|first1=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

[[Category:1817 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Ships of the 1820 settlers]]
[[Category:Migrant ships to Australia]]

Neelavelicham

2025-12-08T14:14:39Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|Short story written by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer}}
{{About|the short story|the film based on the short story|Neelavelicham (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
"'''Neelavelicham'''" ({{Translation|The Blue Light}}) is a [[Malayalam|Malyalam]] [[short story]] written by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]. Beginning with the introduction of one of the miracles of the narrator's life, the story is about the tender relationship that develops between a young writer who must live in a house notorious for being [[Haunted house|haunted]] and the [[ghost]] of a girl who is believed to haunt the house.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Satchidanandan |title=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and Indian Literature |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=2009 |volume=53 |issue=1 |page=74 |jstor=23348483 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23348483.pdf |access-date=7 February 2023|author1-link=K. Satchidanandan }}</ref> The story is included in Basheer's collection ''Pavapettavarude Veshya'' (The Prostitute of the Poor, 1952).

The story became the basis of a film called ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'' (1964) whose script was also written by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]. A film titled ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'', based on the original short story by Basheer released in April 2023.

== Story ==

=== The rental house ===
A writer is in search of a rental home. He finds a relatively cheap house by the end of his search. He discovers that the house is haunted only after he moved into it, paying two months of rent in advance. The name of the house was 'Bhargavi Nilayam'. The previous resident of the house called Bhargavi kills herself by jumping into the [[well]] behind the house due to a love failure. It is believed that Bhargavi used to give a hard time to the residents of the house, especially men.

=== Stay ===
Despite knowing all this, the writer decides to live there because he does not have other options. He talks to Bhargavi and narrates his problems. He tells her that even if she kills him, no one will be concerned. He tells her that he does not object to Bhargavi living there, and he requests her to let him live there peacefully.

The writer soon makes Bhargavi his partner in everything he is doing, including his writing and music. Their relation grew so much that it became normal for him.

=== 'The Magic' ===
One day, while he was writing an emotional story, the light goes off in the heavy wind. He goes in search of some oil to pour in his oil lamp. He couldn't find it though, so he comes home disappointed. When he came home, he was surprised to see that his room is now well lit. The oil lamp which did not have any oil now has a two-inch-high blue flame.

The writer is amused and confused about who lit the light and where the blue light came from. There the story ends.

== Publication ==
The story is included in the following collections:
* {{cite book |last=[[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] |date=1952 |title=പാവപ്പെട്ടവരുടെ വേശ്യ |trans-title=Pavappettavarude Veshya |url= |language=ml |location=[[Kottayam]] |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] |isbn=978-8-171-30493-6}}
* {{cite book |last=[[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] |date=2003 |title=നീലവെളിച്ചവും മറ്റു പ്രധാന കഥകളും |trans-title=Neelavelichavum Mattu Pradhana Kathakalum |url= |language=ml |location=[[Kottayam]] |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-8-126-40560-2}}

==Translations==
The story is translated into English by V. Abdulla under the title "The Blue Light". There are other translations of the work, including those by [[O. V. Usha]] and C. P. A. Vasudevan, both under the same title. The translations are included in the following collections:

* {{cite book |last1=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer |title=The Love-Letter and Other Stories |date=1983 |publisher=[[Orient Longman|Sangam Books]] |location=India |translator=V. Abdulla |isbn=978-0-861-31447-8|author1-link=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer }}
* {{cite book |last1=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer |title=Poovan Banana and Other Stories |date=1994 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |location=India |translator=V. Abdulla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVAbHQ7aKDEC |isbn=978-8-125-00323-6|author1-link=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer }}
* {{cite book |last1= |title=The Bell and Other Stories: Unforgettable Short Fiction from Some of India's Master Storytellers |date=2000 |editor1=Geeta Dharmarajan |editor2=Keerti Ramachandra |publisher=Katha |location=[[New Delhi]] |chapter = The Blue Light |translator=C. P. A. Vasudevan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuhjAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-8-185-58672-4}}
* {{cite book |last1= |title=A Clutch of Indian Masterpieces: Extraordinary Short Stories from the 19th Century to the Present |date=2014 |editor1=David Davidar |publisher=[[Rupa Publications|Aleph]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |chapter = The Blue Light |translator=[[O. V. Usha]] |url=https://archive.org/details/clutchofindianma0000davi |pages=69–78 |isbn=978-9-382-27736-1}}

== Adaptations ==
The story was made into a film titled ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'' in 1964 when [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] himself wrote the script for the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of a script |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reeltime-column-bhargavi-nilayam/article6605159.ece |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 November 2014}}</ref> It was the first film of director [[A. Vincent]]. [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and [[Vijaya Nirmala]] did the main characters in the film. The film had cinematography by P. Bhaskara Rao and by the music from [[M. S. Baburaj]]. This film became a [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=16 November 2009 |title=Bhargavi Nilayam {{sic|nolink=y|1948}} |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article404945.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016062259/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article404945.ece }}</ref>

Soorya Krishnamoorthi did a light-and-sound show based on the story. Basheer had wanted Krishnamoorthi to write a second part for this show.<ref>{{cite news |title=The love letter continues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-love-letter-continues/article3631216.ece |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2012}}</ref> A 2020 short film titled ''The Blue Light'' was an adaptation of the short story.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11680722/ "The Blue Light"]. IMDB. Retrieved 7 February 2023. {{unreliable source?|date=May 2023}}</ref> The story also had [[theatrical adaptation]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pursuing Bhargavi on stage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fifty-years-on-does-bhargavi-rest-in-peace/article18191718.ece |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 April 2017}}</ref>

A film titled ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'' based on the original short story released in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aashiq Abu's Neelavelicham goes on the floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aashiq-abus-neelavelicham-goes-on-the-floors-7887817/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://kslc.kerala.gov.in/vayana/res/books/nilavelicham.html "Neelavelicham" (Full Text in Malayalam)] at Kerala State Library Council
* [https://archive.org/details/clutchofindianma0000davi "The Blue Light" (Full Text in English)]. Translated from Malayalam by [[O. V. Usha]]. Available to borrow from the [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://ministhysnair.wordpress.com/2017/09/14/neela-velicham-vaikom-muhammad-basheer-story-the-blue-light-translation-from-malayalam-part1/ 1], [https://ministhysnair.wordpress.com/2017/09/14/basheers-neela-velicham-the-blue-light-translation-of-story-continued-part-2/ 2], [https://ministhysnair.wordpress.com/2017/09/14/the-blue-light-basheers-neela-velicham-storytranslation-part-3/ 3], [https://ministhysnair.wordpress.com/2017/09/14/the-blue-light-basheers-neela-velicham-translation-from-malayalam-part-4/ 4] A contemporary English translation of "Neelavelicham"

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230207071144/https://www.nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/109106173/lec5.pdf Part 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230207071141/http://www.nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/109106173/lec6.pdf Part 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230403120000/http://www.nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/109106173/lec7.pdf Part 3]. A three-part lecture series on "Neelavelicham". [[Indian Institute of Technology (Madras)|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]

{{Basheer}}

[[Category:Indian short stories adapted into films]]
[[Category:Malayalam short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]

Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party

2025-12-05T01:55:00Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party
| logo = 
| president = Mehmood Ahmed Saghar
| Chairperson = Mehmood Ahmed Saghar
| spokesperson = Mehmood Ahmed Saghar
| founded = May 1998
| founder = [[Shabir Shah]]
| ideology = Separatism
| headquarters = 
| position = 
| international = 
| website = https://jkdfp.com/
}}
'''Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party''' is a [[separatist]] [[political party]] launched by [[Shabir Shah]] in May 1998.<ref name="Victoria Schofield">{{cite book |author=Victoria Schofield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA203 |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=18 January 2003 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1860648984 |edition=2nd |page=203 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> JKDFP called for tripartite negotiations between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Kashmir]].

== Shabir Shah ==
'''Shabir Ahmad Shah''' (born 14 June 1953), popularly known as '''Shabir Shah''', is an activist and prisoner from Indian Administered Kashmir . He is the founder and president of the Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP). He supports the idea of Jammu and Kashmir being separated. He spent 32 years of his life in jail. In 1992, Amnesty International called him "The Prisoner of Conscience."

In December 2021, it was reported that Shah was "gravely ill" in prison.

== Mehmood Ahmed Saghar ==

'''Mehmood Ahmed Saghar''' (born March 11, 1958, in Srinagar) is a Kashmiri political figure known for his active involvement in the Freedom Struggle for self-determination in the region. He has faced numerous challenges and spent a significant portion (12 years) of his life in various jails across India.

=== Early life and education ===
Mehmood Ahmed Saghar received his early education in his hometown before dedicating himself to the Freedom Struggle at an early age.

=== Freedom Struggle ===
Saghar played a pivotal role in the ongoing struggle for self-determination. He served as the first-ever Convenor of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) Pakistan Chapter when the alliance was established in 1993. Additionally, he was re-elected as the Convenor of APHC Pakistan Chapter in 2010. Currently, Saghar holds the position of Acting Chairman of the Jammu Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP) and continues to be the Convenor of APHC Pakistan Chapter, representing the people of Kashmir.

==See also==
* [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference | Hurriyat and Problems before Plebiscite]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://jkdfp.com/ Party Website].

{{Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement}}

[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Panzer Army Africa

2025-11-29T19:02:49Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003:

{{Short description|German-Italian field army in North Africa during WWII}}
{{Redirect|Panzer Armee Afrika|the wargame|Panzer Armee Afrika (board game)}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Panzer Army Africa
| native_name = {{langx|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} {{langx|it|Gruppo Corazzato Africa}}
| image =
| image_size =
| dates = 15 August 1941 – 13 May 1943
| country = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch =[[File:Heer - decal for helmet 1942.svg|16px]] [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Heer]] ([[File:Balkenkreuz.svg|16px]] [[Wehrmacht]]) {{army|Kingdom of Italy}}
| type = [[Infantry]] Panzer
| size = Field army
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[North African campaign]]
** [[Western Desert campaign]]
** [[Tunisian campaign]]
{{tree list/end}}
| command_structure = [[Comando Supremo]] [[Oberbefehlshaber Süd]]
| past_commanders =
| notable_commanders = [[Erwin Rommel]] [[Georg Stumme]] [[Giovanni Messe]] [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]}}
The '''Panzer Army Africa''' ([[German language|German:]] ''Panzerarmee Afrika''; [[Italian language|Italian:]] ''Gruppo Corazzato Africa'') was a joint German-Italian [[field army]] that fought in the [[North African campaign]] during [[World War II]]. It consisted of one German corps and three Italian corps. In 1943, during the [[Tunisian campaign]], the ''Panzerarmee Afrika'' 's name was changed to ''Army Group Africa'', and its composition became the newly-formed German [[5th Panzer Army|5th Army]] plus the Italian [[Italian 1st Army|1st Army]]. During the campaigns in North Africa, the ''Panzerarmee Afrika'' was subordinate to the Italian command and to German command headquarters in the Mediterranean.

==History==
===Panzer Group Africa===
When the ''[[Afrikakorps]]'' was formed on 11 January 1941 it was subordinated to the Italian chain of command in Africa. In the middle of 1941 the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]] (OKW, Armed Forces High Command) created a larger command structure in Africa, forming a new headquarters, '''Panzer Group Africa''' ({{lang|de|Panzergruppe Afrika}}, {{lang|it|Gruppo Corazzato Africa}}). On 15 August 1941, Panzer Group Africa was activated with newly promoted {{lang|de|[[General der Panzertruppe]]}} [[Erwin Rommel]] in command. The Panzer Group controlled the {{lang|de|Afrikakorps}} and other units that were sent to North Africa.

===Panzer Army Africa===
Panzer Group Africa was renamed '''Panzer Army Africa''' ({{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}}, {{lang|it|Armata Corazzata Africa}}) on 30 January 1942. (A German Panzer group was an army-level headquarters. As the war progressed all of the Panzer groups were renamed Panzer Armies.)

===German-Italian Panzer Army===
Panzer Army Africa was renamed ''German-Italian Panzer Army'' ({{lang|de|Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee}}, {{lang|it|Armata Corazzata Italo-Tedesca}}) and subordinated to the [[Comando Supremo]] and to the [[Oberbefehlshaber Süd]] in October 1942 during the long retreat after the defeat at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] during the [[Western Desert Campaign]].

===Army Group Africa===
In February 1943, the headquarters was expanded and called '''Army Group Africa''' ({{lang|de|Heeresgruppe Afrika}}, {{lang|it|Gruppo d'Armate Africa}}) to manage the defence of [[Tunisia]] during the final stages of the [[North African Campaign]]. Army Group Africa included the [[5th Panzer Army|German Fifth Panzer Army]] ({{lang|de|5. Panzerarmee}}) under General [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]] and the Italian [[1st Army (Italy)|1st Army]] under General [[Giovanni Messe]]. Command of the Army Group was turned over from Rommel to General von Arnim in March. Both General von Arnim and Messe surrendered on May 1943, and the Army Group Africa was disbanded. Thus, ending the Axis presence in Africa.

==Order of battle==
===Panzer Group Africa===
*During the Western Desert Campaign (in 1941):
** [[Deutsches Afrika Korps]]
** [[XX Army Corps (Italy)|Italian XX Army Corps]]
**[[XXI Army Corps (Italy)|Italian XXI Army Corps]]

===Panzer Army Africa===
* During the Western Desert Campaign (in 1942):
** [[Deutsches Afrika Korps]]
** [[XX Army Corps (Italy)|Italian XX Army Corps]]
** [[XXI Army Corps (Italy)|Italian XXI Army Corps]]
** [[X Army Corps (Italy)|Italian X Army Corps]]

===Army Group Africa===
* During the Tunisian Campaign (in 1943):
** [[5th Panzer Army|German Fifth Army]]
** [[1st Army (Italy)|Italian First Army]]

==Commanders==
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| officeholder_title = Commander
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-018-13A, Erwin Rommel(brighter).jpg
| military_rank = ''Generaloberst''
| officeholder = [[Erwin Rommel]]
| officeholder_sort = Rommel, Erwin
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1944
| term_start = 1 September 1941
| term_end = 9 March 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1941|09|01|1942|03|09}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image = Ludwig Cruwell.jpg
| military_rank = ''General der Panzertruppe''
| officeholder = [[Ludwig Crüwell]]
| officeholder_sort = Crüwell, Ludwig
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1958
| term_start = 9 March 1942
| term_end = 19 March 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|03|09|1942|03|19}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 3
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-018-13A, Erwin Rommel(brighter).jpg
| military_rank = ''Generalfeldmarschall''
| officeholder = [[Erwin Rommel]]
| officeholder_sort = Rommel, Erwin
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1944
| term_start = 19 March 1942
| term_end = 22 September 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|03|19|1942|09|22}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 4
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1980-009-34, Georg Stumme.jpg
| military_rank = ''General der Panzertruppe''
| officeholder = [[Georg Stumme]]
| officeholder_sort = Stumme, Georg
| born_year = 1886
| died_year = 1942
| died = y
| term_start = 22 September 1942
| term_end = 24 October 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|09|22|1942|10|24}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 5
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-083-25, Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma.jpg
| military_rank = ''Generalleutnant''
| officeholder = [[Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma]]
| officeholder_sort = Thoma, Wilhelm
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1948
| term_start = 24 October 1942
| term_end = 25 October 1942
| acting = y
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|10|24|1942|10|25}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 6
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-018-13A, Erwin Rommel(brighter).jpg
| military_rank = ''Generalfeldmarschall''
| officeholder = [[Erwin Rommel]]
| officeholder_sort = Rommel, Erwin
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1944
| term_start = 25 October 1942
| term_end = 26 November 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|10|25|1942|11|26}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 7
| image = Gustav Fehn.jpg
| military_rank = ''General der Panzertruppe''
| officeholder = [[Gustav Fehn]]
| officeholder_sort = Fehn, Gustav
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1945
| term_start = 26 November 1942
| term_end = 2 December 1942
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|11|26|1942|12|02}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 8
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-018-13A, Erwin Rommel(brighter).jpg
| military_rank = ''Generalfeldmarschall''
| officeholder = [[Erwin Rommel]]
| officeholder_sort = Rommel, Erwin
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1944
| term_start = 2 December 1942
| term_end = 22 February 1943
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1942|12|02|1943|02|22}}
}}
| {{Officeholder table
| order = 9
| image = Giovanni Messe.jpg
|military_rank = ''Maresciallo d'Italia''
| officeholder = [[Giovanni Messe]]{{efn|The German-Italian ''Panzerarmee Afrika'' was renamed Italian First Army by General Messe and was deployed in the Southern front in Tunisia and fought until May 1943.}}
| born_year = 1883
| died_year = 1968
| term_start = 22 February 1943
| term_end = 13 May 1943
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1943|02|22|1943|05|13}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 10
| image = Jurgen von Arnim.jpg
| military_rank = ''Generaloberst''
| officeholder = [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]
| officeholder_sort = Arnim, Hans
| born_year = 1889
| died_year = 1962
| term_start = 10 March 1943
| term_end = 13 May 1943
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1943|03|10|1943|05|13}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==See also==
* [[List of World War II military units of Germany]]
* [[List of Italian divisions in World War II]]
* [[Panzer Division]]
* {{lang|de|[[Fliegerführer Afrika]]}}
* [[Hans von Luck]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

{{Army Groups Germany}}
{{Armies of the German Army}}

[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:German units in Africa]]
[[Category:Field armies of Italy in World War II]]
[[Category:Panzer armies of Germany in World War II|PA]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1943]]
[[Category:Army groups of the German Army in World War II]]

Mathara dynasty

2025-11-17T20:29:56Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: started new details

{{Short description|4th-5th century dynasty of eastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Mathara dynasty
| common_name = Mathara dynasty
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| year_start = c. 4th century CE
| year_end = c. 5th century CE
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| capital = Simhapura
| common_languages =
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| s1 = Pitrbhakta dynasty
| s2 = Vasishtha dynasty
| image_map =
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s and places of issue of the Mathara inscriptions" width="250" height="250" zoom="8" longitude="83.89" latitude="18.25">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Rakaluva (Ragolu)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [83.893680, 18.349258] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Andoreppa (Andhavaram)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [83.955904, 18.488637] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Simhapura (Singupuram)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [83.973103, 18.351780] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
}}

The '''Mathara''' ([[IAST]]: Māṭhara) dynasty ruled in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region of eastern India during 4th and 5th centuries CE. They were one of the few royal families who were ruling [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (others being [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]] and [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]]). Their territory was mainly confined between the southern part of Odisha and the river [[Godavari|Godavari River]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=କୃଷ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-orissa-1986 |title=History of Orissa |last2=Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |last3=Kr̥ṣṇacandra Pāṇigrāhī |last4=Krishna Chandra Panigrahi |last5=Kr̥ṣṇacandra Pāṇigrāhī |date=1986 |publisher=State Committee for Compilation of History of the Freedom Movement Orissa}}</ref> They appear to have been overthrown by the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty]].

== Genealogy ==

The following members of the Mathara family are known ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=8}}
* Shankara-varman (Śankaravarman)
* Shakti-varman (Śaktivarman)
* Prabhanjana-varman (Prabhañjanavarman)
* Ananta-shakti-varman (Anantaśaktivarman)

The Mathara kings were devotees of Narayana ([[Vishnu]]).{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=7}}

== History ==

The Mathara dynasty ruled Kalinga from the mid-4th century to the end of the 5th century, probably after the forces of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]] withdrew from the region.{{sfn|Shishir Kumar Panda|1995|p=11}} They fought with the [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasisthas]] and the [[Pitrbhakta]]s for the control of Kalinga.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=219}}

=== Shaktivarman ===

Shaktivarman is the earliest known ruler of the dynasty, and bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga").{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=5}} His father was Shankaravarman, who did not bear any royal title.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=9}}

A copper-plate inscription of Shaktivarman, dated to his 13th regnal year, gives describes him as ''Maharajasya-Shri Shaktivarmanah''. It was composed by his minister (''amatya'') Arjunadatta. The inscription was issued at Pishtapura, which is identified with modern [[Pithapuram]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=4}} It records the grant of Rakaluva area (modern Ragolu in [[Srikakulam district]]) to [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]]. The area is described as being located in the Kalinga ''[[vishaya]]'' (district).{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=5}}

The inscription describes Shaktivarman as the son of Vāsiṣṭhi.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=4}} According to historian Snigdha Tripathy, this suggests that his mother came from the [[Vasishtha dynasty]]. Such matronymics were also used by the earlier dynasties such as the [[Satavahana]]s and the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvakus]]. Pishtapura was originally under the control of the Vasishtha dynasty, and Shaktivarman probably inherited it from his mother. Some scholars believe that Pishtapura was the capital of the Matharas. However, none of Shaktivarman's descendants are known to have issued charters from Pishtapura.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=5}}

The inscription suggests that Shaktivarman's Kalinga kingdom extended up to the [[Godavari River]] in the south.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=5}} The Simhapura inscription of his son claims that Shaktivarman ruled the region between the Mahanadi and the Kṛṣṇavennā ([[Krishna River|Krishna]]) river. This claim seems to be an exaggeration: during 5th and the 6th centuries, the area between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers was controlled by the [[Shalankayana]]s and then the [[Vishnukundina]]s. Also, there is no evidence that the Matahara rule extended up to the [[Mahanadi River]] in the north. The "Mahanadi" mentioned in the inscription seems to be a different river in the present-day [[Ganjam district]]; it joins the [[Rushikulya]] River near [[Asika|Aska]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=6}}

=== Prabhanjanavarman ===

Prabhanjanavarman succeeded his father Shaktivarman.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=6}} His only known inscription was issued from Siṃhapura. The inscription describes him as ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of the whole of Kalinga").{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=5}}

The inscription records the creation of Ningondi ''[[agrahara]]'' ([[Brahmin|Brahmana]] village). The village was located on the seashore, although its exact location is not certain. The inscription names Jyeshtha as an officer (''daṇḍanāyaka'') of the king.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=6}}

=== Anantakshaktivarman ===

Anantashaktivarman succeeded his father Prabhanjanavarman. He bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga").{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=7}}

An inscription of the king, dated to his 14th regnal year, has been found. It does not mention its place of issue, but it was presumably issued from Simhapura, which later came under the control of the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]]. The inscription records the grant of Andoreppa village (modern Andhavaram in [[Srikakulam district]]) to [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]]. It names Mātṛvara as an officer (''deśākṣapatalādhikṛta'' and ''daṇḍanāyaka'') of the king.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=7}}

Another inscription of the king, now at the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Museum]], was issued in his 28th regnal year. It names Arjunadatta as a royal officer (''deśākṣapatalādhikṛta''); he seems to be same as the ''daṇḍanāyaka'' mentioned in Shaktivarman's inscription. Arjunadatta's name also appears in the records of the Pitrbhaktas.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=7}}

Anantashaktivarman appears to have been overthrown by the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]] king Umavarman.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1975|p=225}} His officer Mātṛvara later served as the ''deśākṣapatalādhikṛta'' of Umavarman in Simhapura.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=12}} After Anantashaktivarman, Pishtapura seems to have come under the control of the [[Vasishtha dynasty]]. The Vasistha king Anantavarman issued an inscription from this city.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=9}}

== Inscriptions ==

The following copper-plate inscriptions of the Mathara kings are known:{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=xi, 4-8}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Find spot !! Issued by !! Issued from !! Regnal year !! Purpose
|-
| Ragolu || Shaktivarman || [[Pishtapura]] || 13 || Grant of Rakaluva village (modern Ragolu)
|-
| Unknown || Prabhanjanavarman || Simhapura || || Land grant in Ningondi
|-
| Andhavaram || Anantashaktivarman || || 14 || Grant of Andoreppa village (modern Andhavaram)
|-
| Unknown (currently at Madras Museum) || Anantashaktivarman || || 28 || Grant of Sakunaka village (identity uncertain)
|}

All the records are in [[Sanskrit]] language, written in a southern variety of the [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=17-18}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=Historical Geography and Dynastic History of Orissa, Up to the Rise of the Imperial Gaṅgas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcgBAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=2376032 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shishir Kumar Panda |title=The state and statecraft in medieval Orissa under the later eastern Gaṅgas (A.D. 1038-1434) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voNHAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co. |isbn=978-81-7074-153-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://indepigr.narod.ru/orissa/menulisting19.htm Mathara inscriptions]

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]

1985 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T13:43:48Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: starting a article and citations

{{Short description|1985 Assembly election in Odisha, India}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1980
| next_election = 1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1990
| election_date = {{Start date|1985|03|05}}
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Janaki Ballabh Patnaik.JPG|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=27|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 = [[Athagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athagarh]] (retained) [[Khurda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurda]] (vacanted)
| seats1 = 117
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1
| popular_vote1 = 40,07,258
| percentage1 = 51.08
| swing1 = {{increase}} 3.3
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biju-Patnaik.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=12}}
| leader2 = [[Biju Patnaik]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1985|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| party2 = Janata Party
| seats2 = 21
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 18
| popular_vote2 = 24,01,566
| percentage2 = 32.03
| swing2 = {{Increase}} 26.47
| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (I)
| after_election = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| majority_seats = 74
| outgoing_members = 8th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 9th Odisha Legislative Assembly
}}

Elections to the Ninth [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] were held in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa 1985|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3625-orissa-1985/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Constituencies==
The elections were held for 145 instead of 147 constituencies as a result of some candidates death contesting in Kakatpur and Keonjhar constituency. Out of 147 seats, 22 were reserved for Scheduled Castes, 33 for Scheduled Tribes and 92 for unreserved seats.

==Contesting parties==
There are seven national parties [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Janata Party|JNP]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]], [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] and [[Lok Dal|LKD]], One state party [[Indian congres (j)|ICJ]] three registered unrecognised party [[Jharkhand Party]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] and [[Surajya Party|SUC]] and some [[Independent Politician]]s took part in this assembly election. Indian National Congress emerged as the winner by winning 117<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Election Results: 2014 to 1971 Legislative Assembly|url=https://resultuniversity.com/odisha-election#1985|access-date=2021-06-17|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> seats. Janaki Ballabh Patnaik become the [[Chief Minister]] of Odisha and was replaced by Hemananda Biswal<ref>{{Cite web|last=odisha|first=chief minister of|date=2021-06-17|title=list of former chief minister|url=https://cm.odisha.gov.in/former-cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032309/http://cm.odisha.gov.in:80/former-cms |archive-date=2018-03-13 }}</ref> for the last few months of this assembly tenure. [[Biju Patnaik]] become the Leader of Opposition in the 9th Orissa Assembly.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa 1985|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3625-orissa-1985/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|- valign="top"
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,007,258
|51.08
|{{Increase}} 3.3
|147
|117
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Chakra_Haldhar.png|50x50px]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Chakra_Haldhar.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,401,566
|30.61
|{{Increase}} 26.47
|140
|21
|{{Increase}} 18
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 259,508
|3.31
|{{decrease}} 1.78
|27
|1
|{{decrease}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |204,346
|2.60
|{{Increase}} 1.24
|67
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 823,850
|10.50
|{{decrease}} 1.38
|374
|7
|{{steady}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!100
!-
!-
!147
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''7,845,050'''
|51.15
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|171,533
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''8,016,583'''
|'''52.57'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"|7,320,617
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''15,337,200'''
!
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| Karunakar Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| [[Sambhunath Naik]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|3
|[[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| Bhabendra Nath Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Kangoi Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|6
|[[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]
| [[Saraswati Hembram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|8
|[[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Pruthunath Kisku
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|9
|[[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
| Biram Murmu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| Ramaneswar Madhei
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Balasore district|Baleshwar]]
|11
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| Umarani Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|12
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Judisthir Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| Bhupal Chandra Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| [[Gopanarayan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|15
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| Jadunath Das Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Sukumar Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|18
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
| Panchanan Mandal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|19
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Jugal Kishore Pattanayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| [[Jagannath Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|21
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| Netrananda Malik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|22
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| Madhu Sadan Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="26" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|23
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Sarata Rout
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|24
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
| [[Ramachandra Khuntia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|25
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| [[Jagannath Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|26
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
| Kangali Charan Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|27
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Sitakanta Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|28
|[[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|29
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
| Nabakishore Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|30
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| Olagobinda Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|31
|[[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| [[Ganeswar Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|32
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| Nalinikanta Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|33
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|34
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|35
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Nityananda Samntaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|36
|[[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| Krushna Chandra Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|37
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Jyotish Chandra Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|38
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| Kailash Chandra Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|39
|[[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
| Batakrishna Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|40
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| S. K. Matlub Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|41
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Mayadhar Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| [[Trilochan Kanungo]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|43
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| Dola Gobind Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|44
|[[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| Sayad Mustafiz Ahemad
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|45
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
| Rasananda Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|46
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| Akshaya Kumar Pattanaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|47
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|48
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| Lalit Mohan Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="16" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|49
|[[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Raghab Chandra Seth
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|50
|[[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Biju Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|51
|[[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|52
|[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
| [[Pradeep Maharathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|53
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|54
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| [[Surendra Nath Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|55
|[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Rabindra Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|56
|[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|57
|[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| Gangadhar Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|58
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
| Debendranath Manasingh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|59
|[[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|60
|[[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|61
|[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Ramakanta Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|62
|[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| [[Bhagabat Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|63
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|64
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Harihar Karan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
|[[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Damburudhar Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| Umakanta Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|67
|[[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| Sarat Chandra Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
|[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Raghaba Parida
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|69
|[[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| Radha Govinda Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|70
|[[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|71
|[[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|72
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| Ashok Kumar Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|73
|[[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| Udayanath Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|74
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
| Ghana Syama Behere
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|75
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| Sibasankar Sahani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|76
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| Chintamani Dyan Samantara
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|77
|[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| Sarat Kumar Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|78
|[[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Haladhar Karji
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|79
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
| Trinath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|80
|[[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| [[Bhagirathi Gomango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|81
|[[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
| Dambaru Dhar Ulaka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|82
|[[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|83
|[[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
| Anantaram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|84
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
| [[Chandrama Santha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|85
|[[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| Nrushimananda Brahma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|86
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
| Nadiabasi Biswas
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|87
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Madi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|88
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|89
|[[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| Gupta Prasad Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|90
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|91
|[[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
| Bhogabati Pujari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|92
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Domburu Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|93
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| [[Parama Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|94
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
| Ghasi Ram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|95
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| Anup Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|96
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
| Jugaram Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|97
|[[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Rahas Bihari Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|98
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|99
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|100
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| Kumarmani Sabar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|101
|[[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kandhamal district|Phulabani]]
|102
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| Laxmikanta Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|103
|[[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| [[Nagarjuna Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Abhimanyu Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|105
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| Sujit Kumar Padhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Purna Chandra Mahananda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|107
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| Chaitanya Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|108
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| Sushil Kumar Prushty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|109
|[[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Radha Kanta Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|110
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| [[Balgopal Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|111
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| Mahammad Mujafar Hussain Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|112
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Achyuta Biswal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|113
|[[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| Chitaranjan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|114
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Kartika Prasad Taria
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|115
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|116
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Prafulla Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|117
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
| Rabinarayan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|118
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|119
|[[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| Prafulla Kumar Bhanja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|120
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Prasan Pattanayak
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|121
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| Bibhudhendra Pratap Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|122
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| [[Bhajaman Behara]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|123
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| Satyabhusan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|124
|[[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Prakashchandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|125
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| Nikunja Bihari Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|126
|[[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|127
|[[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Jadummani Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|128
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Shraddhakar Supakar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|129
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Prasannakumar Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|130
|[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Birendra Pandey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|131
|[[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|132
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| Jagateshwar Mirdha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|133
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Abhimanyu Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|134
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Raj Kishore Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Bharatendra Sekher Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|136
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| [[Mangala Kisan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|138
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| Remish Kerketta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|139
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| [[Dilip Ray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|140
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
| [[Frida Topno]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|141
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Basanta Kumar Singh Dandpat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Dhanurjay Laguri
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|143
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
| [[Hrushikesh Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|144
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| Chhotaray Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|145
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Pranaballav Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|146
|[[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
| [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|147
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| [[Jayadev Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1985 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]

Praful Bhavsar

2025-10-23T06:25:57Z

Joydeb Sarkar2003: stub...

{{Short description|Indian space scientist (1926–2023)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=April 2013}}

'''Praful D. Bhavsar'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Felicitation of Prof. P.D. Bhavsar on his 97th Birthday, by Director SAC |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SacSliderI_Repository/Vyom/English/777/Felicitation%20of%20Prof.%20P.D.%20Bhavsar_17-8-2022.pdf |website=sac.gov.in |publisher=Space Applications Centre |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> (17 August 1926 – 30 September 2023) was an Indian space scientist who held several major positions in the Indian Space program including the Project Scientist for the first rocket launch into space from Indian soil on 21 November 1963. In 1986, he retired from the position of Director, Space Applications Centre of the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |title=Space Applications Centre |website=www.sac.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093332/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref>
and the Director, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Utilization Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/319625/first-remote-sensing-satellite-programme.html|title=First remote sensing satellite programme team felicitated|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=19 September 2014|date=2013-03-17}}</ref>

Bhavsar was born on 17 August 1926,<ref>{{cite news |title=Felicitation of Prof. P.D. Bhavsar on his 97th Birthday, by Director SAC |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SacSliderI_Repository/Vyom/English/777/Felicitation%20of%20Prof.%20P.D.%20Bhavsar_17-8-2022.pdf |access-date=7 December 2022 |publisher=sac.gov.in |date=17 August 2022}}</ref> and received his Doctorate in Physics from [[Gujarat University]] in 1958 for his research in [[Cosmic Rays]] at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] under the guidance of [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. In the same year he moved to the [[University of Minnesota]] as a research fellow in the laboratory of Professor [[John R. Winckler]] to study high altitude Cosmic Rays using balloons. Whilst at Minnesota, Bhavsar also collaborated with Professor [[Jacques Blamont]] who would later play a key role in India's first rocket launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diploweb.com/_Jacques-BLAMONT_.html|title=Jacques BLAMONT|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

The Scientific and Technical Sub-committee of the [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]] (COSPAR) was established in 1958. One of its objectives was to foster international scientific collaboration. In 1962 Indian National Committee for Space Research [[INCOSPAR]] was established by the Indian government under the chairmanship of Dr [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. One of its first projects was the establishment of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in the district of Trivandrum on the southern tip of India very close to [[Magnetic dip|Earth's magnetic equator]].

Bhavsar was a student<ref>Vikram Sarabhai: A Life by Amrita Shah, 2007, Penguin Viking {{ISBN|0-670-99951-2}} [P97]</ref> of Dr.[[Vikram Sarabhai]], and at his request returned to India and joined a team of scientists as the project scientist that launched India's first rocket from the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS). The two stage Nike-Apache sounding rocket came from the USA and the French payload that left a vertical trail of sodium vapour in the upper atmosphere from a 100 to 120 km altitude. The primary purpose of this flight was to measure atmospheric winds, temperature, diffusion and turbulence by photographing the trail of the ejected sodium.

Bhavsar held many prestigious positions over the years, including: Scientific Co-ordinator, [[ISRO]] (1967–1975); Member-Secretary<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |title=Space Applications Centre |website=www.sac.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093332/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref>[[INCOSPAR]] (1970–1981); Chairman – Remote Sensing Area, [[Space Applications Center]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |title=Space Applications Centre |website=www.sac.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093332/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref> (1976–1984); Director, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Utilization Programme (1981–1986);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |title=Space Applications Centre |website=www.sac.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093332/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref> and Director, [[Space Applications Center]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |title=Space Applications Centre |website=www.sac.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093332/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-pdbhavsar.html |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref> [[ISRO]] (1985–1986).

In 1999 Bhavsar was awarded the Aryabhata Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asindia.org/bhavsar.aspx|title=Astronautical Society of India - ASIndia.org|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref> in recognition of his lifetime achievement in the area of Astronautics by the Astronautical Society of India.

Praful Bhavsar died on 30 September 2023, at the age of 97.<ref>{{cite news |title=India’s rocket hero Prof Praful Bhavsar no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-rocket-hero-prof-praful-bhavsar-no-more/articleshow/104078491.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Publications==
* Winckler, J. R.; Bhavsar, P. D. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ065i009p02637/pdf Low-Energy Solar Cosmic Rays and the Geomagnetic Storm of May 12 1959.]" Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, (1960) p. 2637–2655.
* Winckler, J. R.; Bhavsar, P. D.; Masley, A. J.; May, T. C. "[http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i9/p488_1 Delayed Propagation of Solar Cosmic Rays on September 3, 1960.]" Physical Review Letters, vol. 6, Issue 9, (1961) pp. 488–491.
* Bhavsar, P.D. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ066i003p00679/pdf Scintillation-Counter Observations of Auroral X Rays during the Geomagnetic Storm of May 12, 1959.]" Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 66, issue 3, (1961), pp. 679–692.
* Winckler, J. R.; Bhavsar, P. D.; Peterson, L. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ066i004p00995/pdf The Time Variations of Solar Cosmic Rays during July 1959 at Minneapolis .]" Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 66, issue 4, (1961), pp. 995–1022.
* Bhavsar, P.D. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ067i007p02627/pdf Gamma Rays from the Solar-Cosmic-Ray-Produced Nuclear Reactions in the Earth's Atmosphere and Lower Limit on the Energy of Solar Protons Observed at Minneapolis.]" Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 67, issue 7, (1962) pp. 2627–2637.
* Winckler, J. R.; Bhavsar, P. D.; Anderson, K. A. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ067i010p03717/pdf A Study of the Precipitation of Energetic Electrons from the Geomagnetic Field during Magnetic Storms.]" Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 67, issue 10, (1962), pp. 3717–3736.
* Kasturirangan, K; Bhavsar, P. D.; Nerurkar, N. W. "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JA074i021p05139/pdf Balloon observations of cosmic X rays in the energy range 20–200 kev.]" Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 74, Issue 21, (1969), p. 5139–5144.
* Kasturirangan, K.; Rao, U. R.; Bhavsar, P. D. "[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0032063372901298 Low energy atmospheric gamma rays near geomagnetic equator.]" Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 20, (1972) p. 1961–1977.
* Narayanan, M. S.; Desai, N. J.; Bhavsar, P. D. "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975IJRSP...4...88N Effect of wind and finite exposure in photographic determination of effective radius of luminescent vapour clouds released in the upper atmosphere.]" Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, vol. 4, Mar. 1975, (1975) p. 88–89.
* Narayanan, M. S.; Bhavsar, P. D. "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976IJRSP...5..221N Neutral winds and nighttime F-region.]" Indian J. Radio Space Phys., Vol. 5, No. 3, (1976) p. 221–224.
* Bhavsar P.D. "[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0273117783901588 Earth survey satellites and cooperative programmes.]" Advances in Space Research, Volume 3, Issue 7,(1983), p. 139–147.
* Bhavsar P.D. "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431168308948570 The importance of remote sensing from space to the Indian subcontinent.]" International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 4, issue 3,(1983), pp. 529–536.
* Bhavsar, P. D. "[http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0273117784904113 Review of remote sensing applications in hydrology and water resources management in India.]" Advances in Space Research, Volume 4, Issue 11, (1984) p. 193–200.
* Bhavsar P.D. "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431168508948481 Indian remote-sensing satellite – utilization plan.]" International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 6, issue 3, (1985), pp. 591–597.

== External links ==
*[http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets Sounding Rockets]
* [http://www.asindia.org/bhavsar.aspx Aryabhata award from the Astronautical Society of India]
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JZ067i007p02627/pdf Solar Cosmic Rays – Journal of Geographical Research July 1962]
*[http://www.diploweb.com/_Jacques-BLAMONT_.html Jacques BLAMONT]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavsar, Praful}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]